abstract: 'Lithuania, as a part of the former Soviet Union, has a long-standing

  history of perceived equality for women in the workplace. Women played

  an equal role in economic production as it was a constitutional

  expectation that all citizens had both a right and an obligation to

  work. Consequently, at the time of independence in 1990 the levels of

  participation of women in the workplace including at managerial and

  professional levels were much higher than other western European

  countries. In architecture, women achieved parity in terms of numbers,

  but this equality did not transfer into all aspects of economic

  activity. Drawing on qualitative survey and interview data from 31

  Lithuanian women architects, our findings show, despite the historical

  emphasis on equality, the existence of a ``critical mass{''''} of women in

  the profession and the adoption of EU gender equality policy, the

  position of women remains poor with clear evidence of sex

  discrimination, harassment, and lack of opportunities for career

  advancement.'
affiliation: 'Caven, V (Corresponding Author), Nottingham Trent Univ, Ringgold Stand
  Inst, Nottingham, England.

  Caven, Valerie, Nottingham Trent Univ, Ringgold Stand Inst, Nottingham, England.

  Navarro Astor, Elena, Univ Politecn Valencia, Fac Adm \& Direccio Empreses, Ringgold
  Stand Inst, Valencia, Spain.

  Urbanaviciene, Vita, Agcy Sci Innovat \& Technol MITA, Vilnius, Lithuania.

  Urbanaviciene, Vita, Vilniaus Gedimino Tech Univ, Ringgold Stand Inst, Vilnius,
  Lithuania.'
author: Caven, Valerie and Navarro Astor, Elena and Urbanaviciene, Vita
author-email: valerie.caven@ntu.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Caven
  given: Valerie
- family: Navarro Astor
  given: Elena
- family: Urbanaviciene
  given: Vita
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1111/gwao.12715
earlyaccessdate: JUN 2021
eissn: 1468-0432
files: []
issn: 0968-6673
journal: GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION
keywords: architects; equality; gender; inequality; Lithuania; women
keywords-plus: 'WOMEN ARCHITECTS; STATE; UK; EMPLOYMENT; TRANSFORMATION; EXPERIENCE;

  PATRIARCHY; LITHUANIA; SEXUALITY'
language: English
month: SEP
number: '5'
number-of-cited-references: '88'
orcid-numbers: Caven, Valerie/0000-0003-2047-2198
pages: 1658-1675
papis_id: 9b01a6eec9668a9464a38c80cf88fc4f
ref: Caven2022genderinequality
times-cited: '2'
title: Gender inequality in an ``Equal″ environment
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000661130400001
usage-count-last-180-days: '5'
usage-count-since-2013: '29'
volume: '29'
web-of-science-categories: Management; Women's Studies
year: '2022'