abstract: 'The aim of this paper is to evaluate the validity of the

  `marginalisation thesis'', which holds that marginalised populations are

  more likely to participate in the undeclared economy, in relation to

  Nordic societies. To do this, a 2013 special Eurobarometer survey is

  reported on who engages in undeclared work conducted in three Nordic

  nations, namely Denmark, Finland and Sweden involving 3,013 face-to-face

  interviews. Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis,

  the finding is that the marginalisation thesis is valid in relation to

  some marginalised populations, namely those having difficulties paying

  their household bills, younger age groups, those defining themselves as

  working class and those who hold non-conformist norms, values and

  beliefs on tax compliance. Other marginalised populations however,

  including the unemployed, those living in rural areas and with less

  formal education, are revealed to be no more likely to engage in

  undeclared work than the employed, those in urban areas and with more

  years in education. Yet others marginalised populations, including women

  and people living in less affluent Nordic nations, are significantly

  less likely to participate in the undeclared economy than men and those

  living in more affluent Nordic countries, thus supporting the

  reinforcement thesis that undeclared work reinforces, rather than

  reduces, the disparities produced by the declared economy. The outcome

  is a call for a more nuanced understanding of the marginalisation thesis

  as valid for some marginalised populations but not others. The paper

  concludes by discussing the implications for theory and policy of this

  more variegated assessment of the marginalisation thesis.'
affiliation: 'Williams, CC (Corresponding Author), Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN,
  S Yorkshire, England.

  Williams, Colin C., Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.

  Alexandru Loan Cuza Univ, Iasi, Romania.'
article-number: '11'
author: Williams, Colin C. and Horodnic, Ioana
author_list:
- family: Williams
  given: Colin C.
- family: Horodnic
  given: Ioana
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.5153/sro.3719
files: []
issn: 1360-7804
journal: SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ONLINE
keywords: 'Informal Sector; Shadow Economy; Marginalisation; Tax Morality; Nordic

  Societies; Scandinavia'
keywords-plus: 'INFORMAL ECONOMY; SAMPLING WEIGHTS; LESSONS; EMPLOYMENT; PARTICIPATION;

  EUROPE; RETHINKING; PAYMENTS; JUSTICE; WOMENS'
language: English
month: AUG 31
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '108'
orcid-numbers: 'Horodnic, Ioana Alexandra/0000-0002-4948-8989

  Williams, Colin C/0000-0002-3610-1933'
papis_id: 5921e2d1bce8879d56f4ab3ddc501a83
ref: Williams2015aremarginalised
researcherid-numbers: 'Horodnic, Ioana Alexandra/Y-7733-2019

  Williams, Colin C/B-1198-2016'
times-cited: '4'
title: Are Marginalised Populations More Likely to Engage in Undeclared Work in the
  Nordic Countries?
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000369745900015
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '13'
volume: '20'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology
year: '2015'