abstract: 'Objective The study investigates the trends in health-related

  inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different

  educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions.

  Design Individual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data

  (2005-2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.

  Setting 26 European countries in 5 European regions.

  Participants 1 844 915 individuals aged 30-59 years were selected with

  information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age

  and gender.

  Outcome measures Absolute differences were expressed by absolute

  differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with

  and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative

  differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment,

  using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to

  examine the trends of inequalities.

  Results Participants with a chronic illness had consistently lower

  labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational

  inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within

  lower educated (men 21\%-35\%, women 10\%-31\%) than within higher

  educated (men 5\%-13\%, women 6\%-16\%). Relative differences showed

  that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4-1.9 times (women

  1.3-1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than

  low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1-1.2

  among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and

  Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid

  employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern

  region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational

  inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas

  relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons.

  Conclusions Men and women with a chronic illness have considerable less

  access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially

  among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will

  increase health inequalities.'
affiliation: 'Schuring, M (Corresponding Author), Erasmus MC, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam,
  Netherlands.

  Schram, Jolinda L. D.; Schuring, Merel; Hengel, Karen M. Oude; Burdorf, Alex, Erasmus
  MC, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

  Hengel, Karen M. Oude, Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res TNO, Leiden, Netherlands.'
article-number: e024823
author: Schram, Jolinda L. D. and Schuring, Merel and Hengel, Karen M. Oude and Burdorf,
  Alex
author-email: m.schuring@erasmusmc.nl
author_list:
- family: Schram
  given: Jolinda L. D.
- family: Schuring
  given: Merel
- family: Hengel
  given: Karen M. Oude
- family: Burdorf
  given: Alex
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024823
files: []
issn: 2044-6055
journal: BMJ OPEN
keywords-plus: 'SELF-RATED HEALTH; SOCIAL INEQUALITIES; WELFARE REGIMES; CHRONIC

  ILLNESS; ODDS RATIO; CONSEQUENCES; UNEMPLOYMENT; DIFFERENCE; MORTALITY;

  SICKNESS'
language: English
month: MAY
number: '5'
number-of-cited-references: '48'
orcid-numbers: Burdorf, Alex/0000-0003-3129-2862
papis_id: 9987b60f37f603dffa71560bbc1b717a
ref: Schram2019healthrelatededucati
researcherid-numbers: Burdorf, Alex/A-2226-2008
times-cited: '11'
title: 'Health-related educational inequalities in paid employment across 26 European
  countries in 2005-2014: repeated cross-sectional study'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000471192800090
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '1'
volume: '9'
web-of-science-categories: Medicine, General \& Internal
year: '2019'