abstract: 'Navigating the labor market in today''s economy has become increasingly

  difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask

  whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are

  able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to

  parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity,

  employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs,

  increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a

  child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and

  Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine

  the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and

  earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low-

  and middle-skill men experience a ``fatherhood premium{''''} after the

  birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men,

  nearly all occupations were associated with a ``wage penalty{''''} after

  the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector.

  However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar

  occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see

  clear evidence of a ``motherhood penalty,{''''} which is partly accounted

  for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or

  making an occupational change.'
affiliation: 'Dill, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Akron, 256 Olin Hall, Akron, OH
  44325 USA.

  Dill, Janette, Univ Akron, Sociol, Akron, OH 44325 USA.

  Frech, Adrianne, Univ Missouri, Hlth Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.'
author: Dill, Janette and Frech, Adrianne
author-email: jdill@uakron.edu
author_list:
- family: Dill
  given: Janette
- family: Frech
  given: Adrianne
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1093/sf/soy106
eissn: 1534-7605
files: []
issn: 0037-7732
journal: SOCIAL FORCES
keywords-plus: 'MOTHERHOOD WAGE PENALTY; FATHERHOOD; MARRIAGE; EARNINGS; JOB;

  PARENTHOOD; INEQUALITY; TRANSITION; POLICIES; EUROPE'
language: English
month: SEP
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '53'
orcid-numbers: Dill, Janette/0000-0002-4044-3127
pages: 183-209
papis_id: 3a9aba2cfaba64b6f015d3c067e003c8
ref: Dill2019providingfamily
researcherid-numbers: 'Dill, Janette/Q-7408-2017

  '
times-cited: '3'
title: 'Providing for a Family in the Working Class: Gender and Employment After the
  Birth of a Child'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000493320600036
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '23'
volume: '98'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology
year: '2019'