abstract: 'In response to the rising financial pressure on old-age pension systems

  in industrialised economies, many European countries plan to increase

  the eligibility age for retirement pensions. We used data from Sweden to

  examine whether (and if so, how) retirement after age 65 - the

  eligibility age for basic pension - compared to retiring earlier affects

  older adults'' (between ages 70 and 85) cognitive functioning. Using a

  propensity score matching (PSM) approach, we addressed the selection

  bias potentially introduced by non-random selection into either early or

  late retirement. We also examined average and heterogeneous treatment

  effects (HTEs). HTEs were evaluated for different levels of cognitive

  stimulation from occupational activities before retirement and from

  leisure activities after retirement. We drew from a rich longitudinal

  data-set linking two nationally representative Swedish surveys with a

  register data-set and found that, on average, individuals who retire

  after age 65 do not have a higher level of cognitive functioning than

  those who retire earlier. Similarly, we did not observe HTEs from

  occupational activities. With respect to leisure activities, we found no

  systematic effects on cognitive functioning among those working beyond

  age 65. We conclude that, in general, retirement age does not seem to

  affect cognitive functioning in old age. Yet, the rising retirement age

  may put substantial pressure on individuals who suffer from poor health

  at the end of their occupational career, potentially exacerbating

  social- and health-related inequalities among older people.'
affiliation: 'Baumann, I (Corresponding Author), Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Ctr Hlth Sci,
  Winterthur, Switzerland.

  Baumann, I (Corresponding Author), Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Overcoming Vulnerabil Life
  Course Perspect, Natl Ctr Competence Res, Winterthur, Switzerland.

  Baumann, Isabel; Dratva, Julia, Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Ctr Hlth Sci, Winterthur,
  Switzerland.

  Baumann, Isabel, Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Overcoming Vulnerabil Life Course Perspect,
  Natl Ctr Competence Res, Winterthur, Switzerland.

  Eyjolfsdottir, Harpa Sif; Fritzell, Johan; Lennartsson, Carin; Darin-Mattsson, Alexander;
  Kareholt, Ingemar; Agahi, Neda, Karolinska Inst, Aging Res Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.

  Eyjolfsdottir, Harpa Sif; Fritzell, Johan; Lennartsson, Carin; Darin-Mattsson, Alexander;
  Kareholt, Ingemar; Agahi, Neda, Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden.

  Kareholt, Ingemar, Jonkoping Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Aging Res Network Jonkoping, Inst
  Gerontol, Jonkoping, Sweden.

  Andel, Ross, Univ S Florida, Sch Aging Studies, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.

  Andel, Ross, St Annes Univ Hosp, Int Clin Res Ctr, Brno, Czech Republic.

  Dratva, Julia, Univ Basel, Med Fac, Basel, Switzerland.'
article-number: PII S0144686X20000847
author: Baumann, Isabel and Eyjolfsdottir, Harpa Sif and Fritzell, Johan and Lennartsson,
  Carin and Darin-Mattsson, Alexander and Kareholt, Ingemar and Andel, Ross and Dratva,
  Julia and Agahi, Neda
author-email: isabel.baumann@zhaw.ch
author_list:
- family: Baumann
  given: Isabel
- family: Eyjolfsdottir
  given: Harpa Sif
- family: Fritzell
  given: Johan
- family: Lennartsson
  given: Carin
- family: Darin-Mattsson
  given: Alexander
- family: Kareholt
  given: Ingemar
- family: Andel
  given: Ross
- family: Dratva
  given: Julia
- family: Agahi
  given: Neda
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1017/S0144686X20000847
eissn: 1469-1779
files: []
issn: 0144-686X
journal: AGEING \& SOCIETY
keywords: 'retirement timing; retirement policy; health outcomes; cognition;

  occupational activities; leisure activities; propensity score matching'
keywords-plus: 'MINI-MENTAL-STATE; WORKING-CONDITIONS; LIFE-STYLE; FOLLOW-UP; HEALTH;

  MIDLIFE; TRAJECTORIES; INTENTIONS; COMPLEXITY; EMPLOYMENT'
language: English
month: FEB
number: '2'
number-of-cited-references: '73'
orcid-numbers: Baumann, Isabel/0000-0002-8813-9722
pages: 306-330
papis_id: 996ff7a80b322229392fcc1428510b14
ref: Baumann2022docognitively
times-cited: '3'
title: Do cognitively stimulating activities affect the association between retirement
  timing and cognitive functioning in old age?
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000740744700005
usage-count-last-180-days: '9'
usage-count-since-2013: '24'
volume: '42'
web-of-science-categories: Gerontology
year: '2022'