abstract: 'This work correlates the impact of robotization on employment and

  households'' income at the regional scale with the level of investment in

  R\&D and education policies. This kind of policy, by raising the

  qualitative and quantitative levels of human capital, contributes to

  improving the complementarity effect between humans and robots, thus

  mitigating the substitution effect. To this end, we compute the Adjusted

  Penetration of Robots (APR) (a metric used to measure the extent to

  which robots are being used in a particular industry or sector) at the

  sectoral level, combining the International Federation of Robotics

  database for the stock of robots, EUROSTAT Regional database, and the

  STructural ANalysis database on 150 NUTS-2 regions of the Euro area. We

  then perform a spatial stacked-panel analysis on the investment in R\&D

  and education level. Results supports the idea that regions that invest

  more in R\&D and have higher levels of human capital can turn the risk

  of robotization into an increase in both income and ``quantity of

  work,{''''} by enhancing complementarity between robots and the labor

  force. On the contrary, regions investing less in R\&D and having lower

  levels of human capital may suffer a reduction in households'' disposable

  income.'
affiliation: 'Valentini, E (Corresponding Author), Univ Macerata, Dept Polit Sci Commun
  \& Int Relat, Via Don Minzoni 22, I-62100 Macerata, Italy.

  Valentini, Enzo, Univ Macerata, Dept Polit Sci Commun \& Int Relat, Via Don Minzoni
  22, I-62100 Macerata, Italy.

  Compagnucci, Fabiano, Gran Sasso Sci Inst GSSI, Social Sci, Via Michele Iacobucci
  2, I-67100 Laquila, Italy.

  Gallegati, Mauro, Univ Politecn Marche, Dept Management, Piazzale Martelli 8, I-60129
  Ancona, Italy.

  Gentili, Andrea, Univ Int Roma, Fac Econ, Via Cristoforo Colombo 200, I-00147 Rome,
  Italy.'
author: Valentini, Enzo and Compagnucci, Fabiano and Gallegati, Mauro and Gentili,
  Andrea
author-email: 'enzo.valentini@unimc.it

  fabiano.compagnucci@gssi.it

  mauro.gallegati@univpm.it

  andrea.gentili@unint.eu'
author_list:
- family: Valentini
  given: Enzo
- family: Compagnucci
  given: Fabiano
- family: Gallegati
  given: Mauro
- family: Gentili
  given: Andrea
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s00191-023-00819-5
earlyaccessdate: APR 2023
eissn: 1432-1386
files: []
issn: 0936-9937
journal: JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS
keywords: 'Robotization; Employment; Households'' income; R\&D policies; Adjusted

  Penetration of Robots (APR); Education policies; Regional inequalities'
keywords-plus: 'RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; WAGE INEQUALITY; TECHNOLOGICAL-CHANGE;

  INNOVATION EVIDENCE; KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY; PRODUCTIVITY; ROBOTS;

  UNEMPLOYMENT; SPILLOVERS; AUTOMATION'
language: English
month: 2023 APR 18
number-of-cited-references: '91'
orcid-numbers: 'Gentili, Andrea/0000-0002-5181-5221

  Compagnucci, Fabiano/0000-0002-2589-4907'
papis_id: d39f4f30f1a38ab9010dd1e4ce05ae3e
ref: Valentini2023robotizationemployme
researcherid-numbers: 'Gentili, Andrea/AAI-5993-2021

  Compagnucci, Fabiano/L-6862-2017'
times-cited: '0'
title: 'Robotization, employment, and income: regional asymmetries and long-run policies
  in the Euro area'
type: Article; Early Access
unique-id: WOS:000971520800001
usage-count-last-180-days: '8'
usage-count-since-2013: '8'
web-of-science-categories: Economics
year: '2023'