abstract: 'In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada

  and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational

  educational attainment and different life course activities, with a

  focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course

  theory and related concepts of `time,'' `normative patterns,'' `order and

  disorder,'' and `discontinuities'' are used to inform the analyses. Data

  from the Paths on Life''s Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada

  and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which

  span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life

  trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and

  cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences -

  and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment,

  employment, and other activities across the life course which has an

  impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels.

  `Normative'' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with

  higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so

  than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised

  by `disordered'' and `discontinuous'' life courses in both countries are

  female dominated and associated with lower income levels.'
affiliation: 'Jongbloed, J (Corresponding Author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Educ
  Studies, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

  Andres, Lesley; Jongbloed, Janine, Univ British Columbia, Dept Educ Studies, Vancouver,
  BC, Canada.

  Lauterbach, Wolfgang; Huemme, Hartwig, Univ Potsdam, Fac Humanities Econ \& Social
  Sci, Potsdam, Germany.'
author: Andres, Lesley and Lauterbach, Wolfgang and Jongbloed, Janine and Huemme,
  Hartwig
author-email: janine.jongbloed@ubc.ca
author_list:
- family: Andres
  given: Lesley
- family: Lauterbach
  given: Wolfgang
- family: Jongbloed
  given: Janine
- family: Huemme
  given: Hartwig
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1080/02601370.2021.1924302
earlyaccessdate: MAY 2021
eissn: 1464-519X
files: []
issn: 0260-1370
journal: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFELONG EDUCATION
keywords: 'Comparative life course trajectories; education; gender; work; income;

  labour market inequality'
keywords-plus: 'GREAT-BRITAIN; GERMANY; SEGREGATION; EMPLOYMENT; POLICIES; WORK;

  APPRENTICESHIP; PATTERNS; SKILLS'
language: English
month: MAR 4
number: '2'
number-of-cited-references: '62'
orcid-numbers: 'Jongbloed, Janine/0000-0001-9221-0045

  Lauterbach, Wolfgang/0000-0002-8632-8802'
pages: 170-189
papis_id: c736d389f6bef4ae2981d5327d0fa1e1
ref: Andres2021gendereducation
times-cited: '0'
title: 'Gender, education, and labour market participation across the life course:
  A Canada/Germany comparison'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000649342900001
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '11'
volume: '40'
web-of-science-categories: Education \& Educational Research
year: '2021'