abstract: 'The current surge in forced migration to Europe is probably the largest

  and most complex since the Second World War. As population aging

  accelerates and fertility falls below replacement level, immigration may

  be seen as a key component of human capital to address labor and skill

  shortages. Receiving countries are, however, hesitant about the

  contribution that forced migrants can make to the local economy. Coupled

  with increasing pressure on welfare services, they are associated with

  increased job competition and crime. Underutilization of immigrants''

  skills is, however, a waste of resources that countries can scarcely

  afford. Understanding the labor market integration process of forced

  migrants is thus critical to develop policies that unleash their full

  skills potential and ultimately foster local economic productivity.

  While prior studies have examined the employment and salary outcomes of

  these immigrants at a particular point in time post-migration, they have

  failed to capture the temporal dynamics and complexity of this process.

  Drawing on administrative data from Sweden, we examine the occupational

  pathways of forced migrants using sequence analysis from their arrival

  in 1991 through to 2013. Findings reveal polarized pathways of long-term

  labor market integration with over one-third of refugees experiencing a

  successful labor market integration pathway and an equally large share

  facing a less fruitful employment outcomes. Our findings suggest

  education provision is key to promote a more successful integration into

  the local labor market by reducing barriers of cultural proximity and

  increasing the occurrence of entrepreneurship activity.'
affiliation: 'Backman, M (Corresponding Author), Jonkoping Int Business Sch, Ctr Entrepreneurship
  \& Spatial Econ CEnSE, POB 1026, SE-55111 Jonkoping, Sweden.

  Backman, Mikaela, Jonkoping Int Business Sch, Ctr Entrepreneurship \& Spatial Econ
  CEnSE, POB 1026, SE-55111 Jonkoping, Sweden.

  Lopez, Esteban, Univ Adolfo Ibanez, Escuela Negocios, CEPR, Vina Del Mar, Chile.

  Rowe, Francisco, Univ Liverpool, Dept Geog \& Planning, Geog Data Sci Lab, Liverpool,
  Merseyside, England.'
author: Backman, Mikaela and Lopez, Esteban and Rowe, Francisco
author-email: 'mikaela.backman@ju.se

  esteban.lopez@uai.cl

  F.Rowe-Gonzalez@liverpool.ac.uk'
author_list:
- family: Backman
  given: Mikaela
- family: Lopez
  given: Esteban
- family: Rowe
  given: Francisco
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s11187-019-00312-z
earlyaccessdate: FEB 2020
eissn: 1573-0913
files: []
issn: 0921-898X
journal: SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS
keywords: 'Entrepreneurship; Forced migration; Longitudinal occupational

  trajectories; Sequence analysis; Sweden; Labor market outcomes;

  Entrepreneurship'
keywords-plus: 'LABOR-MARKET; SOCIAL NETWORKS; IMMIGRANTS; REFUGEES; INTEGRATION;

  UNEMPLOYMENT; MIGRATION; PEOPLE; POLICY; YOUTH'
language: English
month: FEB
number: 3, SI
number-of-cited-references: '63'
orcid-numbers: 'Rowe, Francisco/0000-0003-4137-0246

  Lopez, Esteban/0000-0003-1028-3852'
pages: 963-983
papis_id: 79b12edf461130e04165dd2a4a21c31b
ref: Backman2021occupationaltrajecto
researcherid-numbers: 'Lopez, Esteban/AAE-4711-2021

  Lopez Ochoa, Esteban/GRN-7804-2022

  Rowe, Francisco/E-6512-2011

  Lopez, Esteban/H-8766-2018'
times-cited: '22'
title: The occupational trajectories and outcomes of forced migrants in Sweden. Entrepreneurship,
  employment or persistent inactivity?
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000516164300001
usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
usage-count-since-2013: '29'
volume: '56'
web-of-science-categories: Business; Economics; Management
year: '2021'