abstract: 'The employment of renewable resources and their association with the

  real economy''s growth in mitigating the problem of carbon emission risk

  has been debated in the literature in a specific group of countries and

  regions. However, their relations and effects for a better sustainable

  energy transmission would need further research works in an

  international context. Motivated by that reason, this study contributes

  to the ongoing literature by revisiting the effects of renewable energy

  consumption, electricity output, and economic activities on carbon risk

  using a global sample of 219 countries over the period of 1990-2020.

  Using GMM estimation, simultaneous quantile, and panel quantile

  estimations; the study finds supportive findings showing that the higher

  the countries with renewable energy consumption and electricity output

  the better the capacity those countries can mitigate the environmental

  degradation by reducing the amount of total carbon emission over time.

  However, those relations are changed when using system GMM approaches,

  implying the role of FDI inflows and the difference in income groups in

  the selected sample countries. This can be intuitively explained that

  emerging countries might give more priority to the economic growth

  receiving FDI inflows from more advanced economies and balancing the

  trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection, while

  the developed economies with their advantages in green technologies and

  financial flexibility might have higher advantages in acquiring a

  sustainable transition and maintaining the real economy''s growth without

  significant trade-off concerns. Finally, the study provides important

  policy implications and avenues for further research.'
affiliation: 'Khan, MK (Corresponding Author), Bahria Univ, Bahria Business Sch, Management
  Studies Dept, Islamabad, Pakistan.

  Khan, Muhammad Kamran, Bahria Univ, Bahria Business Sch, Management Studies Dept,
  Islamabad, Pakistan.

  Hai Hong Trinh, Massey Univ, Sch Econ \& Finance, Massey Business Sch, Palmerston
  North 4442, New Zealand.

  Khan, Ikram Ullah, Univ Sci \& Technol Bannu, Inst Management Sci, Bannu, KP, Pakistan.

  Ullah, Subhan, Univ Nottingham, Nottingham Univ Business Sch, Dept Accounting, Nottingham,
  England.'
author: Khan, Muhammad Kamran and Trinh, Hai Hong and Khan, Ikram Ullah and Ullah,
  Subhan
author-email: 'mkkhan.buic@bahria.edu.pk

  H.H.Trinh@massey.ac.nz

  ikram@ustb.edu.pk

  subhan.ullah@nottingham.ac.uk'
author_list:
- family: Khan
  given: Muhammad Kamran
- family: Trinh
  given: Hai Hong
- family: Khan
  given: Ikram Ullah
- family: Ullah
  given: Subhan
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s10668-021-01842-x
earlyaccessdate: SEP 2021
eissn: 1573-2975
files: []
issn: 1387-585X
journal: ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
keywords: 'Renewable energy; Economic activities; Carbon dioxide emissions; Climate

  change'
keywords-plus: 'RENEWABLE ENERGY-CONSUMPTION; RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; NONRENEWABLE

  ENERGY; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT; CO2 EMISSIONS;

  AIR-QUALITY; INNOVATION; IMPACT; POLLUTION'
language: English
month: JUL
number: '7'
number-of-cited-references: '83'
orcid-numbers: 'Khan, Muhammad Kamran/0000-0002-7687-0382

  Khan, Ikram Ullah/0000-0002-1024-0185

  Trinh, Hai Hong/0000-0003-0209-7259

  Ullah, Dr Subhan/0000-0002-9657-8274'
pages: 9642-9664
papis_id: a683b5591d914cfcfc944c530955e22a
ref: Khan2022sustainableeconomic
researcherid-numbers: 'Khan, Muhammad Kamran/AAF-5443-2019

  Khan, Ikram Ullah/C-6130-2018

  Trinh, Hai Hong/AAW-7316-2021

  '
times-cited: '31'
title: 'Sustainable economic activities, climate change, and carbon risk: an international
  evidence'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000700995200001
usage-count-last-180-days: '4'
usage-count-since-2013: '24'
volume: '24'
web-of-science-categories: Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology; Environmental
  Sciences
year: '2022'