abstract: 'Purpose The aim of the research is to estimate the level of the early

  career gender wage gap in Russia, its evolution during the early stages

  of a career, gender segregation and discrimination among university

  graduates, and to identify factors which explain early career gender

  differences in pay. Special emphasis is placed on assessing the

  contribution of horizontal segregation (inequal gender distribution in

  fields of studies and industries of employment) to early-career gender

  inequality. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a

  comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university

  graduates, carried out by Russian Federal State Statistics Service in

  2016 (VTR Rosstat). The authors use Mincer OLS regressions for the

  analysis of the determinants of gender differences in pay. To explain

  the factors which form the gender gap, the authors use the

  Oaxaca-Blinder and Neumark gender gap decompositions, including detailed

  wage gap decompositions and decompositions by fields of study. For the

  analysis of differences in gender gap across wage distribution, quantile

  regressions and quantile decompositions based on recentered influence

  functions (RIFs) are used. Findings The study found significant gender

  differences in the early-career salaries of university graduates.

  Regression analysis confirms the presence of a 20\% early-career gender

  wage gap. This gender wage gap is to a great extent can be explained by

  horizontal segregation: women are concentrated in fields of study and

  industries which are relatively low paid. More than half of the gender

  gap remains unexplained. The analysis of the evolution of the gender

  wage gap shows that it appears right after graduation and increases over

  time. A quantile decomposition reveals that, in low paid jobs, females

  experience less gender inequality than in better paid jobs. Social

  implications The analysis has some important policy implications.

  Previously, gender equality policies were mainly related to the

  elimination of gender discrimination at work, including positive

  discrimination programs in a selection of candidates to job openings and

  programs of promotion; programs which ease women labour force

  participation through flexible jobs; programs of human capital

  accumulation, which implied gender equality in access to higher

  education and encouraged women to get higher education, which was

  especially relevant for many developing countries. The analysis of

  Russia, a country with gender equality in access to higher education,

  shows that the early career gender gap exists right after graduation,

  and the main explanatory factor is gender segregation by field of study

  and industry, in other words, the gender wage gap to a high extent is

  related to self-selection of women in low-paid fields of study. To

  address this, new policies related to gender inequality in choice of

  fields of studies are needed. Originality/value It has been frequently

  stated that gender inequality appears either due to inequality in access

  to higher education or after maternity leave. Using large nationally

  representative dataset on university graduates, we show that gender

  equality in education does not necessarily lead to gender equality in

  the labour market. Unlike many studies, we show that the gender gap in

  Russia appears not after maternity leave and due to marital decisions of

  women, but in the earliest stages of their career, right after

  graduation, due to horizontal segregation (selection of women in

  relatively low-paid fields of study and consequently industries).'
affiliation: 'Rudakov, V (Corresponding Author), Natl Res Univ Higher Sch Econ, Ctr
  Inst Studies, Moscow, Russia.

  Rudakov, Victor; Kiryushina, Margarita, Natl Res Univ Higher Sch Econ, Ctr Inst
  Studies, Moscow, Russia.

  Figueiredo, Hugo, Univ Aveiro, Dept Econ Management \& Ind Engn, Aveiro, Portugal.

  Teixeira, Pedro Nuno, Univ Porto, Dept Econ, Porto, Portugal.

  Teixeira, Pedro Nuno, CIPES, Matosinhos, Portugal.'
author: Rudakov, Victor and Kiryushina, Margarita and Figueiredo, Hugo and Teixeira,
  Pedro Nuno
author-email: victor.n.rudakov@gmail.com
author_list:
- family: Rudakov
  given: Victor
- family: Kiryushina
  given: Margarita
- family: Figueiredo
  given: Hugo
- family: Teixeira
  given: Pedro Nuno
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1108/IJM-03-2021-0206
earlyaccessdate: MAY 2022
eissn: 1758-6577
files: []
issn: 0143-7720
journal: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
keywords: 'Gender wage gap; School-to-work transition; Labour market of university

  graduates; Gender discrimination; Gender segregation; Returns to

  education; I24; J16; J31; J71'
keywords-plus: 'LABOR-MARKET ENTRY; EARNINGS GAP; STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION; SAMPLE

  SELECTION; JOB PREFERENCES; COLLEGE MAJOR; PAY GAPS; SEGREGATION;

  DECOMPOSITION; OCCUPATIONS'
language: English
month: 2022 MAY 30
number-of-cited-references: '87'
orcid-numbers: 'Teixeira, Pedro Nuno/0000-0002-7128-8238

  Figueiredo, Hugo/0000-0002-4336-2533

  Kiryushina, Margarita/0000-0002-4576-5926

  Rudakov, Victor/0000-0002-9197-2491'
papis_id: d498b2a7c67d3da564a677f4ec09b468
ref: Rudakov2022earlycareer
researcherid-numbers: 'Teixeira, Pedro Nuno/F-5250-2013

  Figueiredo, Hugo/G-2502-2011

  Rudakov, Victor/F-9014-2016'
times-cited: '1'
title: Early career gender wage gaps among university graduates in Russia
type: Article; Early Access
unique-id: WOS:000800293400001
usage-count-last-180-days: '10'
usage-count-since-2013: '18'
web-of-science-categories: Industrial Relations \& Labor; Management
year: '2022'