abstract: 'Women''s labor force participation has increased dramatically over the

  past several decades. Although previous research has documented that a

  wide array of labor market characteristics affect health, more work is

  needed to understand how women are impacted by gender-specific

  employment patterns and exposures. We examine a cohort of 659 employed

  women from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study in the

  USA. Baseline and follow-up data collected 13 years apart are used to

  identify associations between demographic, labor market, work

  organization, and occupational gender inequality with four health

  outcomes: generalized distress, depressive syndrome, anxiety and fair or

  poor health. We also use gender-specific data on the workplace to create

  indicators of occupational gender inequality.

  We found wide gender inequalities in terms of pay and power in this

  sample of employed women. Financial strain was associated with all of

  our mental health outcomes with those reporting financial strain having

  increased odds of distress, depressive syndrome and anxiety for the 13

  years prior to the interview. Workplace factors that were found to be

  associated with the four outcomes included experiencing a promotion or

  demotion in the 13 years prior to the interview; working at a large

  firm; and being a professional. Occupations where women compared to men

  had lower levels of job strain-domestic workers in private households,

  machine operator and transportation-showed increased risk for anxiety or

  fair/poor health.

  Our findings suggest that measuring the complexities of employment

  including promotion or demotion history, firm characteristics and even

  occupational gender inequality can yield important information about

  associations with health among women. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

  reserved.'
affiliation: 'O''Campo, P (Corresponding Author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch
  Publ Hlth, Dept Populat \& Family Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.

  Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Populat \& Family Hlth Sci, Baltimore,
  MD 21218 USA.

  Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21218
  USA.

  Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD USA.

  Univ Maryland, Dept Behav \& Commun Hlth Nursing, Baltimore, MD 20742 USA.

  Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.'
author: O'Campo, P and Eaton, WW and Muntaner, C
author-email: pocampo@jhsph.edu
author_list:
- family: O'Campo
  given: P
- family: Eaton
  given: WW
- family: Muntaner
  given: C
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00230-2
eissn: 1873-5347
files: []
issn: 0277-9536
journal: SOCIAL SCIENCE \& MEDICINE
keywords: 'women''s health; mental health; general health; work organization; gender

  inequality; USA'
keywords-plus: ROLES; ENVIRONMENT; EXPOSURE; STRESS; FAMILY; MEN
language: English
month: FEB
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '42'
pages: 585-594
papis_id: 512a9ddfd3a4a062d16571f537d767fb
ref: Ocampo2004labormarket
researcherid-numbers: Muntaner, C/A-5043-2010
times-cited: '76'
title: 'Labor market experience, work organization, gender inequalities and health
  status: results from a prospective analysis of US employed women'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000187743300012
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '26'
volume: '58'
web-of-science-categories: 'Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health; Social Sciences,

  Biomedical'
year: '2004'