abstract: 'Purpose - This chapter examines how gender, parenthood, and partner''s

  employment are related to individual''s employment patterns, analyzing

  paid work at individual and household levels.

  Methodology/approach - Analyses use individual- level data from the

  Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) wave 5 for 19 countries, for adults aged

  25- 45. We use logistic regression and a two-stage Heckman sample

  selection correction procedure to estimate the effects of gender and

  parenthood on the probabilities of employment and full-time employment.

  Findings - The variation between mothers and childless women is larger

  than that between childless men and childless women; differences in

  women''s employment patterns are driven by gendered parenthood,

  controlling for women''s human capital, partnered status and household

  income. Fathers and mothers'' employment hours in the same household vary

  cross-nationally.

  Mothers'' employment behaviors can identify important differences in the

  strategies countries have pursued to balance work and family life.

  Research implications - Important differences between childless women

  and mothers exist; employment analyses need to recognize the variation

  in employment hours among women, and how women''s hours are related to

  partners'' hours. Further research should consider factors that shape

  employment cross-nationally, as well as how these relate to differences

  in wages and occupational gender segregation.

  Practical implications - Employment choices of women and mothers must be

  understood in terms of employment hours, not simply employment, and

  within the context of partners'' employment.

  Originality/value of paper - Our chapter clarifies the wide dispersion

  of employment hours across countries - and how men''s and women''s

  employment hours are linked and related to parenthood.'
affiliation: 'Misra, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
  USA.

  Misra, Joya; Budig, Michelle J.; Boeckmann, Irene, Univ Massachusetts, Amherst,
  MA 01003 USA.'
author: Misra, Joya and Budig, Michelle J. and Boeckmann, Irene
author_list:
- family: Misra
  given: Joya
- family: Budig
  given: Michelle J.
- family: Boeckmann
  given: Irene
booktitle: 'COMPARING EUROPEAN WORKERS, PT A: EXPERIENCES AND INEQUALITIES'
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1108/S0277-2833(2011)0000022009
editor: Brady, D
files: []
isbn: 978-1-84950-946-6
issn: 0277-2833
keywords: Employment; gender; parenthood; motherhood
keywords-plus: 'WOMENS EMPLOYMENT; FAMILY POLICIES; SEX SEGREGATION; INEQUALITY;

  FERTILITY; BEHAVIOR; GERMANY; TRENDS; MENS'
language: English
number: A
number-of-cited-references: '56'
orcid-numbers: Misra, Joya/0000-0002-9427-3952
pages: 169-207
papis_id: d6c7cedb79d168db38f954884ea97d6b
ref: Misra2011crossnationalpattern
researcherid-numbers: 'Budig, Michelle/AAA-9207-2022

  '
series: Research in the Sociology of Work
times-cited: '15'
title: CROSS-NATIONAL PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD EMPLOYMENT AND WORK HOURS
  BY GENDER AND PARENTHOOD
type: Article; Book Chapter
unique-id: WOS:000291032900007
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '8'
volume: '22'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology
year: '2011'