abstract: 'Background: Women with pre-existing diabetes are at high maternal risk

  for comorbidities and death, particularly when early prenatal care is

  not received. Low income is a known barrier to early prenatal care. It

  is unknown whether recent policies to expand access to prenatal care

  have reduced income disparities. We hypothesized that income disparities

  would be minimized and that the odds of receipt of first trimester

  prenatal care among women with pre-existing diabetes would become

  similar across income strata over time. Material and Methods: Using the

  Colorado birth certificate registry from 2007 to 2014, receipt of

  prenatal care was assessed retrospectively in 2,497 women with

  pre-existing diabetes. Logistic regression was used to examine the

  association between high (>\$50,000), medium (\$25,000-50,000), and low

  (<\$25,000) income strata and receipt of first trimester prenatal care

  by birth year, adjusted for demographics. Results: High, medium, and low

  income represented 29.5\%, 19.0\%, and 51.5\% of the cohort,

  respectively. Women with high income were more likely to receive first

  trimester care than women with low income from 2007 {[}adjusted odds

  ratio, 95\% confidence interval: 2.16 (1.18, 3.96)] through 2013 {[}1.66

  (1.01, 2.73)], but significant differences were no longer observed in

  2014 {[}1.59 (0.89, 2.84)]. The likelihood of receiving first trimester

  prenatal care was not significantly different between medium- and

  low-income strata from 2007 {[}1.07 (0.66, 1.74)] through 2014 {[}0.77

  (0.48, 1.23)]. Conclusions: From 2007 to 2013, women in Colorado with

  diabetes were more likely to receive early prenatal care if they were in

  the highest income stratum than in the lowest stratum. In 2014, receipt

  of first trimester care became equitable across all income strata.

  Future work should examine national patterns of income with receipt of

  prenatal care and outcomes among women with pre-existing diabetes.'
affiliation: 'Breathett, K (Corresponding Author), Univ Arizona, Div Cardiol, Sarver
  Heart Ctr, 1501 North Campbell Ave,POB 245046, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.

  Breathett, Khadijah; Peterson, Pamela N., Univ Colorado, Div Cardiol, Anschutz Med
  Campus, Aurora, CO USA.

  Breathett, Khadijah, Univ Arizona, Sarver Heart Ctr, Div Cardiol, Tucson, AZ USA.

  Filley, Jessica; Pandey, Madhaba; Rai, Nayanjot, Univ Colorado, Dept Publ Hlth,
  Anschutz Med Campus, Aurora, CO USA.

  Peterson, Pamela N., Denver Hlth Med Ctr, Denver, CO USA.'
author: Breathett, Khadijah and Filley, Jessica and Pandey, Madhaba and Rai, Nayanjot
  and Peterson, Pamela N.
author-email: kbreathett@shc.arizona.edu
author_list:
- family: Breathett
  given: Khadijah
- family: Filley
  given: Jessica
- family: Pandey
  given: Madhaba
- family: Rai
  given: Nayanjot
- family: Peterson
  given: Pamela N.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6031
eissn: 1931-843X
files: []
issn: 1540-9996
journal: JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH
keywords: pregnancy; socioeconomic status; policy
keywords-plus: PREGNANT-WOMEN; HEALTH; POPULATION; RISK; ADEQUACY; MELLITUS; OUTCOMES
language: English
month: JAN
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '34'
orcid-numbers: 'Rai, Nayanjot Kaur/0000-0001-9614-8234

  Breathett, Khadijah/0000-0001-5397-6419'
pages: 93-98
papis_id: 7643542b9451a8d7a4dbacc15a0b9128
ref: Breathett2018trendsearly
researcherid-numbers: 'Rai, Nayanjot Kaur/AAU-2431-2020

  '
times-cited: '3'
title: 'Trends in Early Prenatal Care Among Women with Pre-Existing Diabetes: Have
  Income Disparities Changed?'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000422647700012
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '0'
volume: '27'
web-of-science-categories: 'Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health; Medicine,
  General \&

  Internal; Obstetrics \& Gynecology; Women''s Studies'
year: '2018'