abstract: 'An accepted framework for `gendering'' the analysis of welfare regimes

  compares countries by degrees of `defamilialization'' or how far their

  family policies support or undermine women''s employment participation.

  This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly

  spotlights women''s labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using

  hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24

  industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across

  multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and

  inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with

  further differences by class. The three core `worlds'' of welfare

  (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive

  pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from

  expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide -

  likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining - place it with Anglophone

  countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support

  the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern

  European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and

  idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are

  `better'' overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall

  behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and

  pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately

  monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying

  on `headline'' indicators or gender equality indices, matters.'
affiliation: 'Kowalewska, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Bath, Dept Social \& Policy
  Sci, Bath BA2 7AY, England.

  Kowalewska, Helen, Univ Bath, Dept Social \& Policy Sci, Bath, England.

  Kowalewska, Helen, Univ Bath, Dept Social \& Policy Sci, Bath BA2 7AY, England.'
author: Kowalewska, Helen
author-email: hk775@bath.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Kowalewska
  given: Helen
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1177/09589287221148336
earlyaccessdate: JAN 2023
eissn: 1461-7269
files: []
issn: 0958-9287
journal: JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY
keywords: 'Cluster analysis; comparative family policy; comparative social policy;

  defamilialization; gender inequality; gendered trade-offs; welfare state

  outcomes; welfare state paradox; welfare state typologies; women''s

  employment'
keywords-plus: 'FAMILY POLICY REGIMES; WELFARE-STATE REGIMES; CHILD-CARE; OCCUPATIONAL

  SEGREGATION; PAY GAP; WORK; EQUALITY; INEQUALITY; VARIETIES; FAMILIALISM'
language: English
month: MAY
number: '2'
number-of-cited-references: '94'
pages: 151-168
papis_id: 96230b4375ff472f74289095d41d6302
ref: Kowalewska2023genderedemployment
times-cited: '0'
title: 'Gendered employment patterns: Women''s labour market outcomes across 24 countries'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000918368000001
usage-count-last-180-days: '7'
usage-count-since-2013: '13'
volume: '33'
web-of-science-categories: Public Administration; Social Issues
year: '2023'