abstract: 'In this paper we analyze, on the one hand, the migratory process of

  women from Morocco to Andalusia in a context of economic crisis. And, on

  the other hand, the categories of influence in their process of social

  participation. For this, we have used a qualitative methodology through

  in-depth interviews. In the same way, it has been investigated in its

  speeches from a longitudinal approach taking into account three key

  moments in this question; the beginning, the transit and the settlement

  in the consolidation versus return to the society of origin. The results

  show how the expectations of women crossing the Mediterranean to reach

  Spain are built and blurred, demonstrating a lack of respect for human

  rights.

  1. Methodology

  In this work, we have not intended to measure the migratory phenomenon

  but to describe its determinants and through the discourses, try to

  identify the deep nature of this social reality, its relationship system

  and its dynamic structure. Neither, we have not started with a

  consolidated explanatory theory in scientific knowledge to, through the

  deductive method, verify or refute the behavior of certain paradigms in

  social reality. This has already been done successfully on occasions as

  we quoted below but, based on these and starting from the reality a

  migratory movement carried out by women, the present work has obtained

  the necessary information for its development from the qualitative

  methodology. The strategy that we carry out is oriented to discover and

  understand a concrete phenomenon and this methodology is what gives

  meaning to our research work. In this sense, we have carefully selected

  the key informants with the intention of collecting their speech and

  obtaining a broad vision of the experiences that come with the migratory

  processes of Morocco women in their process of social integration in the

  Autonomous Community of Andalusia.

  On the other hand, understanding that the phenomenon can not be analyzed

  only from the discourse of the social actors, we carry out an

  ethnographic method through participant observation, culminated through

  registration and observation of the social context, the way in which the

  social actors in their context, the attitude of the professionals, the

  public policies and norms of the context and the behaviors and attitudes

  of the actors who do not intervene in the first person of the migratory

  phenomenon.

  Therefore, in addition to the ethnographic method, the methodology that

  we have used has been qualitative, through the technique of

  semi-structured interview with a sample size defined by saturation,

  which reached 18 cases selected through a Sampling, given the nature of

  the population under study. (Ruiz Olabuenaga, 1996).

  The in-depth interviews were carried out in the city of Tangier and in

  the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The application of the in-depth

  interviews to our key informants was not intended, in any case, the

  statistical representation, but the socio-structural representation in

  relation to the objectives of this research work.

  In the same way we use two fundamental criteria when deciding who and

  how many women to interview: the sampling criteria of a practical nature

  and the sampling outside the control of the design.

  (I). Sample criteria of a practical nature have to do with the

  classification of two general types of interviewees: key and

  representative.

  The four questions or basic criteria that we considered in the selection

  of interviewees were: (i) who has the relevant information?; (ii) who

  are the most accessible women ?; (lii) who are more willing to report?

  And, (iv) who are better able to communicate information more

  accurately?

  Other requirements were also: (i) to be knowledgeable about the object

  to be investigated; (ii) that they were willing to speak, and (iii) that

  they represented different points of view when different perspectives

  existed on what was being studied.

  (II). Sampling out of control of the design synthesized several ideas

  and also had to do with the snowball procedure. Another issue to

  consider is the duration and repetition of the interviews that were part

  of the design tasks, some sample decisions were reviewed during the

  field work. The length of each interview session ranged from about

  forty-five minutes to some interviews over an hour long.

  It is important to emphasize that not only is it enough to ask who and

  how many women to interview, it must be considered that sufficient

  interviews must be conducted so that the interviewer feels that he has

  leamed everything that has to be learned and has verified these

  understandings through the most knowledgeable informants and that They

  deserve more confidence, from there came the principle of saturation.

  We also address two important aspects in the preparation of in-depth

  interviews. On the one hand, the selection of the most suitable

  interviewees. And on the other hand, the decisions on the most suitable

  conditions of date, place and record of the interviews.

  (I). About the researcher; It is interesting to ask how they can affect

  a research-interviewed interaction, since it is interviewed for research

  and knowledge purposes. Some interviews specified the training and

  special knowledge to make pertinent interventions in a conversational

  situation not always is easy. Decisions in this regard depended on the

  purposes of the study and other research contingencies.

  (II). About the date, place and registration; It became necessary to

  condition it to the interests of the study, combining a series of

  elements, without forcing, because to that extent the success of the

  interviews was largely dependent.

  Regarding the evaluative criteria of the quality of the interviews, we

  distinguished different groups of quality criteria applied. These

  include: (i) reliability criteria; (ii) credibility criteria; (iii)

  transferability; (iv) dependability; (v) authenticity and, (vi) ethical

  criteria.

  Likewise, a moderately alternative redefinition of the internal,

  external validity and reliability standards was applied. In our opinion

  we judge the credibility of the work applied for its transparency and

  coherence, since the quality of the information depended to a great

  extent on the collaboration of the interviewees, which entails serious

  ethical obligations towards them.

  In sum, the quality of the interviews applied is intrinsically related

  to the characteristics of the interviewed women and the ethical

  guidelines of the research. Jointly, informed consent and

  confidentiality play a key role. All these are criteria that we have

  taken into account in the evaluation of the quality of the interviews

  applied.

  Women were selected who:

  1. They intended to emigrate.

  2. In full transit.

  3. They would have completed the migration process for two years or

  less.

  The categories previously selected for the analysis have been defined

  through the following topics:

  1. The system of attributions of the beginning of the migratory process.

  2. The reception process and the contextual conditions of the receiving

  society.

  3. Comparative patterns of well-being in Morocco and Andalusia.

  4. Expectations, desires and feelings.

  5. Familiar social networks around the beginning of the migration

  project.

  6. Difficulties during transit.

  7. Perception of the migration project itself.

  8. Interference of the economic crisis in speeches.

  9. Perceptions about returning to their home society.

  2. The description of the methodological approach, a special condition.

  Work plan and description of the phases.

  The work plan developed in the different phases carried out consisted of

  the following actions:

  Phase I. Initial Conceptual Model.

  In the first phase called the initial conceptual model, we proceeded to

  review and analyze the literature related to our object of study. This

  phase corresponds to the exploration and analysis of the scientific

  production in the issue that concerns us and that directly links gender

  and migration.

  Together, we follow exhaustively the design of the model according to

  Miles and Huberman, (1984) who; ``Establishes that from the categories

  emerged in the bibliographic review, conclusions must be drawn up

  graphically so that the relationships between the named categories are

  described in detail.{''''}

  In this context, we note that the field work was carried out in the city

  of Tangier (Morocco) and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia in the

  framework of various projects for Development Cooperation of the

  University of Jaen and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation

  Development (AECID)''. We resorted to using the intentional sampling

  procedure that allowed us to select the subjects in the sample. The

  sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other

  people they knew.

  At the same time we made use of participant observation or ethnographic

  observation. Three elements of this technique were taken into account at

  the time of its use; (I) social interaction, (ii) data collection

  protocol, and (ii) control of information.

  Phase II. Intermediate Model of Interviewees.

  In this second phase of the research, we proceeded to design the

  intermediate model, which starts from an empirical data, that is, from

  the experience on the subject to be studied.

  For this phase the interviews were structured in depth, whose questions

  were revealed by key informants and interviewed women, both of whom were

  intentionally selected. In order to do so, the criteria they used to

  contribute relevant information to our research were taken as criteria.

  In this sense, we use the snowball procedure. In this respect, the

  sample frame is the meanings. That is, those of the experience emerge.

  The snowball procedure allowed us to select the subjects of the sample

  arbitrarily, that is, allowed us to choose Moroccan women and key

  informants who presented very special characteristics. Once identified

  and with the available information they were asked to locate other

  members of the same study population, either by familiarity, knowledge

  or ease of access. The sample was generated progressively where each

  subject proposed to other people they knew.

  The analysis of the interviews was performed after the transcript. The

  transcripts were then sorted according to the application sequence where

  the statements of the informants were taken into account. Subsequently,

  a first sweep of data was made that allowed to be debugged the

  information that was repeated.

  In this sense, the theoretical basis of the research, the direct

  experience of the researchers, the different contributions of key

  professionals in this issue in Tangier and Andalusia, together with the

  application of the in-depth interviews, are guarantees that allowed to

  develop an exhaustive analysis Which is reflected with the development

  of the present investigation.

  Phase III. Final Conceptual Model.

  In the final conceptual model the observations and the discussion were

  elaborated according to the theoretical positions described in the

  theoretical review and with the answers of the people interviewed. The

  contrast of these two phases made it possible to formulate theorizing.

  Theorizing, according to Martinez, (1999): ``Is a way to look at the

  facts, to organize them and to represent them conceptually, through a

  new network of relations between the constituent parts.{''''} From this

  point of view, the theory turns out to be the production of human

  intelligence, since imagination and experience have been part of the

  construction of knowledge.

  We consider that the content analysis as a way to approach an

  investigation, is a methodological complement that allows to obtain

  knowledge of precise and effective way. The systematization of

  information leads to the construction of a theorization, which is

  reached, to the extent that we appropriate the acquired knowledge.

  In sum, the design of the final conceptual model originated from the

  interaction and contrast of the matching elements of the categories and

  subcategories extracted from both the initial model and the intermediate

  model.

  Research objectives:

  1. Observe the legislative framework and immigration policies and

  integration models in the context of Andalusia and Tangier.

  2. Analyze the conditions and discourses that are generated in this

  migration process both in the context of departure, in transit and in

  the receiving society.

  3. Analyze the migration process of Moroccan women to Andalusia, based

  on their expectations, experiences and personal assessments.

  4. Identify the discourses around the exclusion processes that affect

  the Moroccan woman in the host society

  5. Design proposals for improvement, achieving the overcoming of the

  more generalist positions insofar as they identify the migratory

  phenomenon as unique.

  Results in relation to objectives.

  1. The exclusionary factors of this particular phenomenon are identified

  in such a way that proposes the adaptation of public policies and

  measures in which integration and socio-labor participation is the key

  axis of action and women are recognized in all areas of performance.

  However, it is recognized that certain changes in their societies of

  origin are also necessary.

  2. The speeches that are generated in the migratory process are

  analyzed. These discourses related to the intention to emigrate that is

  generated in the society of origin, in the transit and in the process of

  consolidation that takes place in the receiving society. It is

  highlighted that migratory flows bring into contact the systems of

  gender and social class inequality of two different societies: the

  society of origin and the host society. Therefore, the importance of

  analyzing these issues is recognized. This is why we have analyzed this

  migratory phenomenon in three key moments.

  {[}GRAPHICS]

  .

  The migratory process of Moroccan women, in their economic character,

  has a specific reception in a segmented labor market, with tasks of

  family and domestic care, surrounded by a great vulnerability, but which

  satisfies to some extent their migratory expectations.

  3. The current economic crisis suffered by Andalusia, for almost a

  decade, provokes that, although this is identified by the protagonists

  in forms that are ignored in their speeches, I acted as a mechanism to

  curb and expel female migration, or Precarization of underemployment to

  which they access.

  4. Different situations related to different moments of the migration

  are exposed within a frame of fatigue and wear. Subsequently, some

  perceptions of well-being are shown, in cases where women understand

  that their expectations have been met.

  5. We believe it is necessary, despite not being evident, an improvement

  in Spanish policies to improve the quality of life of women, to make

  proposals generated by the results of the analysis in the sense of

  improving the integration and social participation of Moroccan women who

  should have institutional resources in different areas, highlighting

  improvements in the current Aliens Act, access to the education system,

  labor insertion, language learning, accreditation of studies, gender

  violence, impartial media and poor housing.

  In our opinion, it is important to develop many positive actions and

  political will to achieve an optimal process of integration and social

  participation of women from Morocco in Andalusia.'
affiliation: 'Martinez, JMM (Corresponding Author), Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain.

  Morcillo Martinez, Juana Ma; Sotomayor Morales, Eva Ma; de la Fuente Robles, Yolanda
  Ma, Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain.'
author: Morcillo Martinez, Juana Ma and Sotomayor Morales, Eva Ma and de la Fuente
  Robles, Yolanda Ma
author_list:
- family: Morcillo Martinez
  given: Juana Ma
- family: Sotomayor Morales
  given: Eva Ma
- family: de la Fuente Robles
  given: Yolanda Ma
da: '2023-09-28'
files: []
issn: 0213-7585
journal: REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES
keywords: 'Migration; Women from the Morocco; Economic aisle; Exclusion processes

  and public policies'
language: Spanish
month: JAN-APR
number: '111'
number-of-cited-references: '19'
pages: 157-180
papis_id: b7a496756fd371a4fa05a882b4c5184a
ref: Morcillomartinez2018triadinitiation
times-cited: '0'
title: 'The triad: initiation, transit and consolidation versus return of women that
  move from Tangier to Andalucia in a context of economic crisis'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000439450400006
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '23'
web-of-science-categories: Environmental Studies
year: '2018'