abstract: 'Background: Researchers have frequently encountered difficulties in the

  recruitment and retention of minorities resulting in their

  under-representation in clinical trials. This report describes the

  successful strategies of recruitment and retention of African Americans

  and Latinos in a randomized clinical trial to reduce smoking, depression

  and intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Socio-demographic

  characteristics and risk profiles of retained vs. non-retained women and

  lost to follow-up vs. dropped-out women are presented. In addition,

  subgroups of pregnant women who are less ( more) likely to be retained

  are identified.

  Methods: Pregnant African American women and Latinas who were

  Washington, DC residents, aged 18 years or more, and of 28 weeks

  gestational age or less were recruited at six prenatal care clinics.

  Potentially eligible women were screened for socio-demographic

  eligibility and the presence of the selected behavioral and

  psychological risks using an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview.

  Eligible women who consented to participate completed a baseline

  telephone evaluation after which they were enrolled in the study and

  randomly assigned to either the intervention or the usual care group.

  Results: Of the 1,398 eligible women, 1,191 (85\%) agreed to participate

  in the study. Of the 1,191 women agreeing to participate, 1,070

  completed the baseline evaluation and were enrolled in the study and

  randomized, for a recruitment rate of 90\%. Of those enrolled, 1,044

  were African American women. A total of 849 women completed the study,

  for a retention rate of 79\%. Five percent dropped out and 12\% were

  lost-to-follow up. Women retained in the study and those not retained

  were not statistically different with regard to socio-demographic

  characteristics and the targeted risks. Retention strategies included

  financial and other incentives, regular updates of contact information

  which was tracked and monitored by a computerized data management system

  available to all project staff, and attention to cultural competence

  with implementation of study procedures by appropriately selected,

  trained, and supervised staff. Single, less educated, alcohol and drug

  users, non-working, and non-WIC women represent minority women with

  expected low retention rates.

  Conclusion: We conclude that with targeted recruitment and retention

  strategies, minority women will participate at high rates in behavioral

  clinical trials. We also found that women who drop out are different

  from women who are lost to follow-up, and require different strategies

  to optimize their completion of the study.'
affiliation: 'Kiely, M (Corresponding Author), NICHD, NIH, DESPR, Collaborat Studies
  Unit, 6100 Execut Blvd,Rm 7B05, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.

  NICHD, NIH, DESPR, Collaborat Studies Unit, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.

  RTI Int, Stat \& Epidemiol Unit, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.

  Howard Univ, Coll Pharm Nursing \& Allied Hlth Sci, Div Allied Hlth Sci, Washington,
  DC 20059 USA.

  George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Serv, Dept Prevent \& Community
  Hlth, Washington, DC 20037 USA.

  Georgetown Univ Hosp, Div Neonatol, Washington, DC 20007 USA.

  Care Of Allan A Johnson, Howard Univ, Coll Pharm Nursing \& Allied Hlth Sci, Div
  Allied Hlth Sci, Washington, DC 20059 USA.

  Res Triangle Inst Int, Stat \& Epidemiol Unit, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.

  Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Ctr Hlth Serv \& Community Res, Washington, DC 20010 USA.'
article-number: '233'
author: El-Khorazaty, M. Nabil and Johnson, Allan A. and Kiely, Michele and El-Mohandes,
  Ayman Ae and Subramanian, Siva and Laryea, Haziel A. and Murray, Kennan B. and Thornberry,
  Jutta S. and Joseph, Jill G.
author-email: 'nek@rti.org

  ajohnson@Howard.edu

  kielym@nih.gov

  sphaxe@gwumc.edu

  SUBRAMAS@gunet.georgetown.edu

  hlaryea@howard.edu

  kennan17@yahoo.com

  jps@rti.org

  JJoseph@cnmc.org'
author_list:
- family: El-Khorazaty
  given: M. Nabil
- family: Johnson
  given: Allan A.
- family: Kiely
  given: Michele
- family: El-Mohandes
  given: Ayman Ae
- family: Subramanian
  given: Siva
- family: Laryea
  given: Haziel A.
- family: Murray
  given: Kennan B.
- family: Thornberry
  given: Jutta S.
- family: Joseph
  given: Jill G.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-233
eissn: 1471-2458
files: []
journal: BMC PUBLIC HEALTH
keywords-plus: 'COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; CLINICAL-TRIALS; HEALTH;

  PARTICIPATION; BARRIERS; ISSUES'
language: English
month: SEP 6
number-of-cited-references: '40'
papis_id: 5a61bebd51a8674697c5dc7fc13ea686
ref: Elkhorazaty2007recruitmentretention
times-cited: '88'
title: Recruitment and retention of low-income minority women in a behavioral intervention
  to reduce smoking, depression, and intimate partner violence during pregnancy
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000250503000001
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '27'
volume: '7'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
year: '2007'