abstract: 'India has one of the highest levels of gender inequality in the world.

  Work participation rate of women is among the lowest, with a wide gender

  gap. There are seclusion norms that restrict the mobility of women

  outside the home. However, transport literature in India has not

  explored the impact of this lack of autonomy on gender differences in

  travel demand. I use 2019 population-representative nationwide time-use

  survey of India. The dataset reported both travel and non-travel

  activities for 30-minute episodes over a 24-hour period. For urban

  residents, I analysed gender differences in trip rates and mobility

  rates, where the latter is defined as the per-centage going out of home

  at least once on the reporting day. I developed gender-stratified

  logistic regression models at the individual level with mobility as a

  binary outcome. It was found that 53\% of the females did not report

  going out of the home compared to only 14\% of males. The mobility of

  females reduces steeply from adolescence to young adulthood and then

  remains largely stable at a low level before reducing further for older

  adults. No such variation is observed among males, except their mobility

  is also reduced among older adults. There is a clear dichotomy with

  women mostly participating in in-house activities while men mostly

  involved in out-of-home activities. Adolescence or adulthood, marriage,

  living with one or more household members, having an infant in the

  house, lower income, and less education are associated with a lower

  likelihood of female mobility. The results highlight the need for

  gender-stratified analysis for transportation research, and a need for

  greater engagement across the disciplines of development economics,

  social sciences, and transport planning.'
affiliation: 'Goel, R (Corresponding Author), Indian Inst Technol Delhi, Transportat
  Res \& Injury Prevent Ctr, Delhi, India.

  Goel, Rahul, Indian Inst Technol Delhi, Transportat Res \& Injury Prevent Ctr, Delhi,
  India.'
article-number: '100559'
author: Goel, Rahul
author_list:
- family: Goel
  given: Rahul
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2023.01.004
earlyaccessdate: MAY 2023
eissn: 2214-3688
files: []
issn: 2214-367X
journal: TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY
keywords: Gender; Time use; Trip rate; Mobility; India; Urban
keywords-plus: TRAVEL BEHAVIOR; TIME USE; WOMEN; CITY; EMPLOYMENT; CHILDREN
language: English
month: JUL
number-of-cited-references: '52'
papis_id: 011638cd2872c513369dfeea96934459
ref: Goel2023gendergap
times-cited: '1'
title: Gender gap in mobility outside home in urban India
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:001009264200001
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '3'
volume: '32'
web-of-science-categories: Transportation
year: '2023'