abstract: 'We examine the penalties faced by veiled and unveiled Muslim women when

  applying for jobs in three European labour markets: Germany, the

  Netherlands, and Spain. We rely on recent literature comparing public

  opposition towards Muslims in general and opposition to Muslims''

  religious practices, such as the wearing of the hijab. Based on a

  cross-nationally harmonized field experiment on hiring discrimination,

  we use two different signals of Muslimness (volunteering activities in a

  Muslim community centre or wearing the Muslim headscarf) to identify

  whether employers discriminate against Muslims as a group or against

  Muslims adhering to specific Muslim practices-in this case, wearing the

  headscarf. We present robust evidence that veiled Muslim women are

  discriminated against in Germany and the Netherlands, but only when

  applying for jobs that require a high level of customer contact. In

  Spain, however, the level of discrimination against veiled Muslim women

  is much smaller than in the other two countries. The high level of

  discrimination we found in the Netherlands, where the institutional

  context has traditionally been open to the accommodation of religious

  minority rights, is particularly surprising and points to the possibly

  stigmatizing effect of recent policies geared towards the cultural

  assimilation of immigrants.'
affiliation: 'Fernandez-Reino, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Oxford, Ctr Migrat Policy
  \& Soc COMPAS, Oxford, England.

  Fernandez-Reino, Marina, Univ Oxford, Ctr Migrat Policy \& Soc COMPAS, Oxford, England.

  Di Stasio, Valentina, Univ Utrecht, Dept Interdisciplinary Social Sci, Utrecht,
  Netherlands.

  Di Stasio, Valentina, Univ Utrecht, European Res Ctr Migrat \& Ethn Relat ERCOMER,
  Utrecht, Netherlands.

  Veit, Susanne, DeZIM Inst, Berlin, Germany.'
author: Fernandez-Reino, Marina and Di Stasio, Valentina and Veit, Susanne
author-email: marina.fernandez-reino@compas.ox.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Fernandez-Reino
  given: Marina
- family: Di Stasio
  given: Valentina
- family: Veit
  given: Susanne
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1093/esr/jcac032
earlyaccessdate: JUL 2022
eissn: 1468-2672
files: []
issn: 0266-7215
journal: EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW
keywords-plus: 'INTEGRATION; IMMIGRANTS; ATTITUDES; GENDER; ISLAM; CITIZENSHIP;

  PREJUDICE; RELIGION; EUROPE; RIGHTS'
language: English
month: MAY 30
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '70'
orcid-numbers: 'Veit, Susanne/0000-0002-9611-1105

  Fernandez-Reino, Marina/0000-0003-3146-0336'
pages: 479-497
papis_id: eee5722831a44021889590e7ee8a920b
ref: Fernandezreino2023discriminationunveil
researcherid-numbers: 'Veit, Susanne/K-5842-2015

  Fernandez-Reino, Marina/G-4889-2019'
times-cited: '4'
title: 'Discrimination Unveiled: A Field Experiment on the Barriers Faced by Muslim
  Women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000822386100001
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '8'
volume: '39'
web-of-science-categories: Sociology
year: '2023'