abstract: 'We examine across birth cohorts the consequences for inter- and

  intra-gender equality of changing patterns of women''s work, earnings,

  and marriage. While over time work participation rates, average

  earnings, and pension coverage for women have become increasingly

  similar to those for men, inequality among women has grown. As the

  economic opportunities for college-educated women have improved, women

  with only a high school education or less are increasingly disadvantaged

  in the labor and marriage markets. The effects of employment changes on

  the future retirement security of women can either be told simplyon

  average the gender gap in labor force participation, wages, and pension

  coverage is closingor be told with attention to the growing inequality

  among women in employment, pension coverage and benefits. In the

  presence of greater gender equality, inequality among women is becoming

  the future retirement security challenge for women and policy makers.'
affiliation: 'Holden, KC (Corresponding Author), Univ Wisconsin, Robert M La Follete
  Sch Publ Affairs, 1225 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.

  Holden, Karen C., Univ Wisconsin, Robert M La Follete Sch Publ Affairs, Madison,
  WI 53706 USA.'
article-number: PII 912765884
author: Holden, Karen C. and Fontes, Angela
author-email: holden@lafollette.wisc.edu
author_list:
- family: Holden
  given: Karen C.
- family: Fontes
  given: Angela
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1080/15544770902901817
eissn: 1554-4788
files: []
issn: 1554-477X
journal: JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \& POLICY
keywords: older women; labor force participation; earnings; marriage
keywords-plus: WAGE INEQUALITY; MORTALITY; GENDER; INCOME; TRENDS; LABOR
language: English
number: 2-3
number-of-cited-references: '57'
pages: 173-197
papis_id: bbbaecdd184a110f6ef1558e98d1f176
ref: Holden2009economicsecurity
times-cited: '16'
title: 'Economic Security in Retirement: How Changes in Employment and Marriage Have
  Altered Retirement-Related Economic Risks for Women'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000267463200005
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '13'
volume: '30'
web-of-science-categories: Political Science; Women's Studies
year: '2009'