abstract: 'Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help

  shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have

  access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career

  prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and

  arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions

  critical to mothers'' work and caring security are: contracts providing

  two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours

  worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security.

  Occupations can be clustered into `shapes'', based on the relative

  mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these

  conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring

  security; others involve types of `flexibility focusing a trade-off

  between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from

  early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia

  (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects

  of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms -

  that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational

  norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or

  commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be

  grouped into five shapes that were associated with different

  concentrations of mothers. Occupational `shapes'' may thus act as

  barriers or enablers to mothers'' labour market transitions. They may

  tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment

  maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or

  enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of

  security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the

  mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation,

  and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve

  mothers'' access to both career and caring security.'
affiliation: 'Carney, T (Corresponding Author), Univ New S Wales, Ind Relat Res Ctr,
  Australian Sch Business, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

  Carney, Tanya; Junor, Anne, Univ New S Wales, Ind Relat Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2052,
  Australia.'
author: Carney, Tanya and Junor, Anne
author-email: tcarney@bipond.net.au
author_list:
- family: Carney
  given: Tanya
- family: Junor
  given: Anne
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1177/0022185614538442
eissn: 1472-9296
files: []
issn: 0022-1856
journal: JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
keywords: 'Care arrangements; flexi-place; flexible rosters; mothers; occupational

  segregation; paid leave; part-time work; segmentation; work/life;

  working hours; work security'
keywords-plus: CASUAL EMPLOYMENT; PART-TIME; TRANSITIONS; GENDER; WORK
language: English
month: SEP
number: 4, SI
number-of-cited-references: '36'
orcid-numbers: Junor, Anne/0000-0002-5351-8087
pages: 465-487
papis_id: 45dc8d52dcf99a263ecd82132996ff86
ref: Carney2014howdo
researcherid-numbers: 'Junor, Anne/Q-7516-2019

  '
times-cited: '5'
title: How do occupational norms shape mothers' career and caring options?
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000341825000002
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '17'
volume: '56'
web-of-science-categories: Industrial Relations \& Labor
year: '2014'