abstract: 'Migrant populations are one of the vulnerable groups to HIV transmission

  and its consequences. They are also reported to experience delayed entry

  or linkage into HIV services and have poorer HIV-related health

  outcomes. This study aimed to understand barriers to accessing HIV care

  services in host countries among Indonesian, male, former (returned)

  migrant workers living with HIV. The study was carried out from December

  2020 to February 2021. It utilised a qualitative design employing

  in-depth interviews to collect data from twenty-two returned migrant

  workers from Eastern Indonesia, recruited using the snowball sampling

  technique. A qualitative data analysis framework was used to guide a

  step-by-step analysis of the findings. Findings demonstrated that

  limited host-country language proficiency, lack of knowledge regarding

  healthcare systems in host countries and having `undocumented'' worker

  status were barriers to accessing HIV care services. Data also revealed

  the unavailability of HIV care services nearby migrants'' work locations,

  long-distance travel to healthcare facilities, and challenges in

  accessing public transportation as barriers that impeded their access to

  the services. Other factors limiting the participants'' access to HIV

  services were identified as the transient and mobile nature of migrant

  work requiring frequent relocation and disrupting work-life stability.

  Additionally, in lieu of formal HIV services, many participants

  self-medicated by using over-the-counter herbal or `traditional''

  medicines, often because of peer or social group influence regarding the

  selection of informal treatment options. Recommendations arising from

  this study demonstrate the need to improve pre-departure information for

  migrant workers regarding the healthcare system and access procedures in

  potential host countries. Data from this study also indicate that social

  services should be available to assist potential migrants to access

  legal channels for migrant work overseas, to ensure that Indonesian

  migrants can safely access healthcare services in the countries for

  which they are providing migrant labour. Future studies to understand

  barriers to accessing HIV care services among various migrant groups

  living with HIV are warranted to build evidence for potential social

  policy change.'
affiliation: 'Ward, PR (Corresponding Author), Torrens Univ Australia, Res Ctr Publ
  Hlth Equ \& Human Flourishing, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.

  Fauk, Nelsensius Klau; Raymond, Christopher; Ward, Paul Russell; Gesesew, Hailay
  Abrha, Torrens Univ Australia, Res Ctr Publ Hlth Equ \& Human Flourishing, Adelaide,
  SA 5000, Australia.

  Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Inst Resource Governance \& Social Change, Kupang 85227,
  Indonesia.

  Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Mekelle Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Mekelle 1871, Ethiopia.

  Seran, Alfonsa Liquory, Atapupu Publ Hlth Ctr, Hlth Dept Belu Dist, Atambua 85752,
  Indonesia.

  Tahir, Roheena, Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Med \& Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA 5042,
  Australia.'
article-number: '14377'
author: Fauk, Nelsensius Klau and Seran, Alfonsa Liquory and Raymond, Christopher
  and Tahir, Roheena and Ward, Paul Russell and Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
author-email: paul.ward@torrens.edu.au
author_list:
- family: Fauk
  given: Nelsensius Klau
- family: Seran
  given: Alfonsa Liquory
- family: Raymond
  given: Christopher
- family: Tahir
  given: Roheena
- family: Ward
  given: Paul Russell
- family: Gesesew
  given: Hailay Abrha
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114377
eissn: 1660-4601
files: []
journal: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
keywords: 'migrant workers living with HIV; barriers to care; HIV care services;

  host countries; Indonesia'
keywords-plus: HEALTH-CARE; HERBAL MEDICINE; IMMIGRANT WOMEN; HIV/AIDS
language: English
month: NOV
number: '21'
number-of-cited-references: '58'
orcid-numbers: 'Fauk, Nelsensius/0000-0002-1325-2640

  Raymond, Christopher/0000-0002-8702-9337

  Gesesew, Hailay/0000-0002-3531-4400

  Ward, Paul/0000-0002-5559-9714'
papis_id: 5d51ff435665b45c84bddb8b899cb208
ref: Fauk2022barriersaccessing
researcherid-numbers: 'Fauk, Nelsensius/L-8024-2015

  Ward, Paul R/A-1368-2008

  Raymond, Christopher/IQU-1788-2023

  Gesesew, Hailay/AAF-6486-2020

  '
times-cited: '1'
title: 'Barriers to Accessing HIV Care Services in Host Low and Middle Income Countries:
  Views and Experiences of Indonesian Male Ex-Migrant Workers Living with HIV'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000884124500001
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '0'
volume: '19'
web-of-science-categories: Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental \& Occupational
  Health
year: '2022'