abstract: 'BackgroundFood insecurity (FI) often co-exists with other social risk

  factors, which makes addressing it particularly challenging. The degree

  of association between FI and other social risk factors across different

  levels of income and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is

  currently unknown, impeding the ability to design effective

  interventions for addressing these co-existing social risk

  factors.ObjectiveTo determine the association between FI and other

  social risk factors overall and across different levels of

  income-poverty ratios and before (2019) and during (2020-2021) the

  pandemic.DesignWe used nationally representative data from the 2019-2021

  National Health Interview Survey for our cross-sectional analysis.

  Social risk factors available in NHIS included difficulties paying for

  medical bills, difficulties paying for medications, receiving income

  assistance, receiving rental assistance, and ``not working last

  week{''''}.Subjects93,047 adults (\& GE;18 years old).Key

  ResultsIndividuals with other social risk factors (except receiving

  income assistance) were more likely to report FI, even after adjusting

  for income and education inequalities. While poverty leads to a higher

  prevalence of FI, associations between FI and other social risk factors

  were stronger among people with higher incomes, which may be related to

  their ineligibility for social safety net programs. Associations were

  similar before and during the pandemic, perhaps due to the extensive

  provision of social safety net programs during the

  pandemic.ConclusionsFuture research should explore how access to a

  variety of social safety net programs may impact the association between

  social risk factors. With the expiration of most pandemic-related social

  supports, further research and monitoring are also needed to examine FI

  in the context of increasing food and housing costs. Our findings may

  also have implications for the expansion of income-based program

  eligibility criteria and screening for social risk factors across all

  patients and not only low-income people.'
affiliation: 'Sharareh, N (Corresponding Author), Univ Utah, Dept Populat Hlth Sci,
  Spence Fox Eccles Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.

  Sharareh, Nasser; Wallace, Andrea S.; Wilson, Fernando A., Univ Utah, Dept Populat
  Hlth Sci, Spence Fox Eccles Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.

  Adesoba, Taiwo P., Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Hlth Policy \& Management, Little
  Rock, AR USA.

  Wallace, Andrea S.; Bybee, Sara, Univ Utah, Coll Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT USA.

  Potter, Lindsey N., Univ Utah, Spence Fox Eccles Sch Med, Ctr Hlth Outcomes \& Populat
  Equ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci,Huntsman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT USA.

  Seligman, Hilary, Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA
  USA.

  Wilson, Fernando A., Univ Utah, Coll Social \& Behav Sci, Matheson Ctr Hlth Care
  Studies, Dept Econ, Salt Lake City, UT USA.'
author: Sharareh, Nasser and Adesoba, Taiwo P. and Wallace, Andrea S. and Bybee, Sara
  and Potter, Lindsey N. and Seligman, Hilary and Wilson, Fernando A.
author-email: nasser.sharareh@hsc.utah.edu
author_list:
- family: Sharareh
  given: Nasser
- family: Adesoba
  given: Taiwo P.
- family: Wallace
  given: Andrea S.
- family: Bybee
  given: Sara
- family: Potter
  given: Lindsey N.
- family: Seligman
  given: Hilary
- family: Wilson
  given: Fernando A.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s11606-023-08360-8
earlyaccessdate: AUG 2023
eissn: 1525-1497
files: []
issn: 0884-8734
journal: JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE
keywords: 'food insecurity; health policy; poverty; disparities; public health;

  COVID-19'
keywords-plus: CARE; ACCESS
language: English
month: 2023 AUG 9
number-of-cited-references: '35'
orcid-numbers: 'Adesoba, Taiwo/0000-0001-8110-9830

  Sharareh, Nasser/0000-0001-9552-2028'
papis_id: d0a691a39a5b86c790c77149410f4d1c
ref: Sharareh2023associationsfood
researcherid-numbers: 'Adesoba, Taiwo/ISA-9118-2023

  '
times-cited: '0'
title: Associations between food insecurity and other social risk factors among US
  adults
type: Article; Early Access
unique-id: WOS:001045122200002
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '0'
web-of-science-categories: Health Care Sciences \& Services; Medicine, General \&
  Internal
year: '2023'