abstract: 'Indonesia has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7,

  namely to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern

  energy for all. The Indonesian government improves electricity access

  through various programs, from the fast-track program for coal-fired

  power plants to the electricity subsidy for lowincome households. In

  contrast, energy efficiency has been a crucial problem, given that most

  power plants work with coal. This study raised the electricity usage

  issue between insufficiency and efficiency by investigating factors

  associated with electricity consumption inequality using quantile

  regression in urban and rural areas. It revealed that most Indonesian

  households still encountered energy insufficiency. Households vulnerable

  to falling into the energy poverty category were low-income households

  characterized by: female-headed households in urban areas, non-educated

  household heads, renters in urban areas, elderlies, and self-employed in

  rural areas. On the other hand, energy efficiency may target high-usage

  households characterized by: urban self-employed, university-level

  education, and houses 2200 VA power outlet or more. However, only 1 \%

  of households were electricity productive users. Therefore, the

  government should provide affirmative action by promoting access to

  affordable energy for energy-poor households while considering

  sustainable energy for future generations. This condition will mean

  clean and sustainable energy development must be embedded in the

  country''s energy plan to increase the electrification ratio and

  consumption. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of

  International Energy Initiative.'
affiliation: 'Nachrowi, ND (Corresponding Author), Univ Indonesia, Fac Econ \& Business,
  Depok, Indonesia.

  Cahyani, Ambarsari Dwi; Hartono, Djoni, Univ Indonesia, Res Cluster Energy Modeling
  \& Reg Econ Anal, Depok, Indonesia.

  Nachrowi, Nachrowi Djalal; Hartono, Djoni; Widyawati, Diah, Univ Indonesia, Fac
  Econ \& Business, Depok, Indonesia.'
author: Cahyani, Ambarsari Dwi and Nachrowi, Nachrowi Djalal and Hartono, Djoni and
  Widyawati, Diah
author-email: nachrowi@ui.ac.id
author_list:
- family: Cahyani
  given: Ambarsari Dwi
- family: Nachrowi
  given: Nachrowi Djalal
- family: Hartono
  given: Djoni
- family: Widyawati
  given: Diah
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.005
earlyaccessdate: JUN 2022
eissn: 2352-4669
files: []
issn: 0973-0826
journal: ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
keywords: 'Electricity consumption; Quantile regression; Energy insufficiency;

  Energy efficiency; Urban and rural'
keywords-plus: 'ENERGY POVERTY; CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS; RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY;

  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION; FUEL; DETERMINANTS; INDIA;

  ELECTRIFICATION; DEMAND'
language: English
month: AUG
number-of-cited-references: '56'
pages: 103-117
papis_id: e3f644d3fc4c79178aa683a95dd4ff89
ref: Cahyani2022insufficiencyefficie
times-cited: '3'
title: 'Between insufficiency and efficiency: Unraveling households'' electricity
  usage characteristics of urban and rural Indonesia'
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000841099100002
usage-count-last-180-days: '4'
usage-count-since-2013: '12'
volume: '69'
web-of-science-categories: Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology; Energy \& Fuels
year: '2022'