abstract: 'This paper investigates long-term earnings differentials between African

  American and white men using data that match respondents in the Survey

  of Income and Program Participation to 30 years of their longitudinal

  earnings as recorded by the Social Security Administration. Given

  changing labor market conditions over three decades, we focus on how

  racial differentials vary by educational level because the latter has

  important and persistent effects on labor market outcomes over the

  course of an entire work career. The results show that the long-term

  earnings of African American men are more disadvantaged at lower levels

  of educational attainment. Controlling for demographic characteristics,

  work disability, and various indicators of educational achievement does

  not explain the lower long-term earnings of less-educated black men in

  comparison to less-educated white men. The interaction arises because

  black men without a high school degree have a larger number of years of

  zero earnings during their work careers. Other results show that this

  racial interaction by educational level is not apparent in

  cross-sectional data which do not provide information on the

  accumulation of zero earnings over the course of 30 years. We interpret

  these findings as indicating that compared to either less-educated white

  men or highly educated black men, the long-term earnings of

  less-educated African American men are likely to be more negatively

  affected by the consequences of residential and economic segregation,

  unemployment, being out of the labor force, activities in the informal

  economy, incarceration, and poorer health.'
affiliation: 'Kim, C (Corresponding Author), Univ Kansas, Dept Sociol, 1415 Jayhawk
  Blvd,Room 716, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.

  Sakamoto, Arthur, Texas A\&M Univ, Dept Sociol, 311 Acad Bldg,4351 TAMU, College
  Stn, TX 77843 USA.

  Tamborini, Christopher R., US Social Secur Adm, Off Policy Res \& Retirement Policy,
  500 E St,SW,9th Floor, Washington, DC 20254 USA.

  Kim, ChangHwan, Univ Kansas, Dept Sociol, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd,Room 716, Lawrence,
  KS 66045 USA.'
author: Sakamoto, Arthur and Tamborini, Christopher R. and Kim, ChangHwan
author-email: 'asakamoto@tamu.edu

  chris.tamborini@ssa.gov

  chkim@ku.edu'
author_list:
- family: Sakamoto
  given: Arthur
- family: Tamborini
  given: Christopher R.
- family: Kim
  given: ChangHwan
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1007/s11113-017-9453-1
eissn: 1573-7829
files: []
issn: 0167-5923
journal: POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW
keywords: 'Long-term earnings; Racial inequality; Education; Administrative data;

  Work disability'
keywords-plus: 'LABOR-MARKET; UNITED-STATES; WAGE INEQUALITY; RISING INEQUALITY; FIELD

  EXPERIMENT; LIFE-COURSE; EMPLOYMENT; BLACK; RACE; INCARCERATION'
language: English
month: FEB
number: '1'
number-of-cited-references: '60'
orcid-numbers: 'Kim, ChangHwan/0000-0001-7149-1386

  Tamborini, Christopher/0000-0002-8198-3509'
pages: 91-116
papis_id: 259024e8cbe4d46ccd41910ca1cd0102
ref: Sakamoto2018longtermearnings
researcherid-numbers: 'Kim, ChangHwan/B-3087-2017

  '
times-cited: '14'
title: Long-Term Earnings Differentials Between African American and White Men by
  Educational Level
type: Article
unique-id: WOS:000422979000004
usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
usage-count-since-2013: '31'
volume: '37'
web-of-science-categories: Demography
year: '2018'