author: Whitworth, A. year: 2021 title: "Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme" publisher: Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy uri: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0 pubtype: article discipline: economics country: United Kingdom period: 2011-2017 maxlength: 72 targeting: implicit group: unemployed data: Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics design: observational method: three-stage linear model sample: 1494 unit: individual representativeness: national causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal theory: social creaming & parking (used spatially) limitations: no causal inferrence attempted observation: - intervention: work programme institutional: 0 structural: 1 agency: 0 inequality: spatial type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative measures: employment findings: already deprived areas experience further deprivation channels: providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking) direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg notes: annotation: | An analysis of the spatial consequences of a UK work programme on spatial factors of job deprivation or opportunity increases. The programme follows a quasi-marketized approach of rewarding employment-favourable results of transitions into employment and further sustained months in employment. The author argues, however, that the non-spatial implementation of the policy leads to spatial outcomes. Founded on the approach of social 'creaming' and 'parking' and applied to the spatial dimension, the study shows that already job-deprived areas indeed experience further deprivations under the programme, while non-deprived areas are correlated with positive impacts, thereby further deteriorating spatial inequality outcomes. This occurs because of providers in the programme de-prioritizing the already deprived areas ('parking') in favour prioritizing wealthier areas for improved within-programme results.