diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 7524fb6..4445544 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1,14 +1,6 @@ -/documentation/DB -/documentation/library -/output -/manuscript/*_files/ - -# Elsevier journal target: -# Ignore bibliography style, spl (for natbib?) and latex class -# since they don't get deleted after compilation -*.spl -*.bst -*.cls +/03-documentation/DB +/03-documentation/library +/04-outputs # Created by https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/-f,python,linux,vim,quarto,markdown,jupyternotebooks # Edit at https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore?templates=-f,python,linux,vim,quarto,markdown,jupyternotebooks diff --git a/notebooks/bibmanip.qmd b/00-notebooks/bibmanip.qmd similarity index 90% rename from notebooks/bibmanip.qmd rename to 00-notebooks/bibmanip.qmd index 633be95..e56f2b9 100644 --- a/notebooks/bibmanip.qmd +++ b/00-notebooks/bibmanip.qmd @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -bibliography: ../data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib +bibliography: ../02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib csl: /home/marty/documents/library/utilities/styles/APA-7.csl papersize: A4 linestretch: 1.5 @@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ subtitle: Addressing inequalities in the World of Work ```{python} #| echo: false from pathlib import Path -import src.globals as g -data_dir = g.DATA_DIR +data_dir=Path("../02-data") ## standard imports from IPython.core.display import Markdown as md @@ -44,9 +43,8 @@ sns.set_style("whitegrid") import bibtexparser bib_string="" -sample_dir = g.REFERENCE_DATA.joinpath("01_wos-sample_2023-11-02") -print(f"path: {sample_dir.absolute()}") -for partial_bib in sample_dir.glob("*.bib"): +print(f"path: {data_dir.joinpath('raw/01_wos-sample_2023-11-02').absolute()}") +for partial_bib in data_dir.joinpath("raw/01_wos-sample_2023-11-02").glob("*.bib"): with open(partial_bib) as f: bib_string+="\n".join(f.readlines()) sample = bibtexparser.parse_string(bib_string) diff --git a/notebooks/explore.qmd b/00-notebooks/explore.qmd similarity index 94% rename from notebooks/explore.qmd rename to 00-notebooks/explore.qmd index 4eb26f5..2ae6f92 100644 --- a/notebooks/explore.qmd +++ b/00-notebooks/explore.qmd @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -bibliography: data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib +bibliography: 02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib title: Grab yml --- @@ -184,18 +184,23 @@ from matplotlib import pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns from tabulate import tabulate import bibtexparser -import src.globals as g sns.set_style("whitegrid") +DATA_DIR=Path("./02-data") +RAW_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("raw") +WORKING_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("intermediate") +PROCESSED_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("processed") +SUPPLEMENTARY_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("supplementary") + bib_string="" -for partial_bib in g.REFERENCE_DATA.glob("**/*.bib"): +for partial_bib in RAW_DATA.glob("**/*.bib"): with open(partial_bib) as f: bib_string+="\n".join(f.readlines()) bib_sample_raw_db = bibtexparser.parse_string(bib_string) bib_string="" -for partial_bib in g.REFERENCE_DATA.joinpath("zotero-library.bib"): +for partial_bib in WORKING_DATA.glob("**/*.bib"): with open(partial_bib) as f: bib_string+="\n".join(f.readlines()) bib_sample = bibtexparser.parse_string(bib_string) @@ -217,10 +222,10 @@ zot_df = pd.DataFrame([ ], columns = ["doi", "cited", "usage", "keywords"]).drop_duplicates("doi").set_index("doi") # Add WB country grouping definitions (income group, world region) -WB_COUNTRY_GROUPS_FILE = Path(f"{g.SUPPLEMENTARY_DATA}/wb-country-groupings.xlsx").resolve() +WB_COUNTRY_GROUPS_FILE = Path(f"{SUPPLEMENTARY_DATA}/wb-country-groupings.xlsx").resolve() df_country_groups = pd.read_excel(WB_COUNTRY_GROUPS_FILE).set_index("Economy") -bib_df = (load_data.from_yml(f"{g.PROCESSED_DATA}") +bib_df = (load_data.from_yml(f"{PROCESSED_DATA}") .assign( doi=lambda _df: _df["uri"].str.extract(r"https?://(?:dx\.)?doi\.org/(.*)", expand=False), zot_cited=lambda _df: _df["doi"].map(zot_df["cited"]), diff --git a/notebooks/main-findings.qmd b/00-notebooks/main-findings.qmd similarity index 97% rename from notebooks/main-findings.qmd rename to 00-notebooks/main-findings.qmd index 0996e55..663c2b2 100644 --- a/notebooks/main-findings.qmd +++ b/00-notebooks/main-findings.qmd @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import bibtexparser sns.set_style("whitegrid") -DATA_DIR=Path("./data") +DATA_DIR=Path("./02-data") RAW_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("raw") WORKING_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("intermediate") PROCESSED_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("processed") @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ datavis: ```{python} -findings_institutional = pd.read_csv("data/supplementary/findings-institutional.csv") +findings_institutional = pd.read_csv("02-data/supplementary/findings-institutional.csv") findings_institutional from src.model import validity import math diff --git a/notebooks/rank_validities.qmd b/00-notebooks/rank_validities.qmd similarity index 99% rename from notebooks/rank_validities.qmd rename to 00-notebooks/rank_validities.qmd index 10d5907..2544a94 100644 --- a/notebooks/rank_validities.qmd +++ b/00-notebooks/rank_validities.qmd @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import bibtexparser sns.set_style("whitegrid") -DATA_DIR=Path("./data") +DATA_DIR=Path("./02-data") RAW_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("raw") WORKING_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("intermediate") PROCESSED_DATA=DATA_DIR.joinpath("processed") diff --git a/notebooks/test-magma.qmd b/00-notebooks/test-magma.qmd similarity index 84% rename from notebooks/test-magma.qmd rename to 00-notebooks/test-magma.qmd index 5213452..4a8d8e4 100644 --- a/notebooks/test-magma.qmd +++ b/00-notebooks/test-magma.qmd @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -bibliography: data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib +bibliography: 02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib csl: /home/marty/documents/library/utilities/styles/APA-7.csl papersize: A4 linestretch: 1.5 @@ -28,10 +28,8 @@ zotero: ```{python} #| echo: false from pathlib import Path -import src.globals as g -DATA_DIR = g.DATA_DIR -RAW_DATA = g.RAW_DATA -BIB_PATH = g.REFERENCE_DATA.joinpath("01_wos-sample_2023-11-02") +DATA_DIR=Path("./02-data") +BIB_PATH = DATA_DIR.joinpath("raw/01_wos-sample_2023-11-02") ## standard imports from IPython.core.display import Markdown as md diff --git a/data/references/zotero-library.bib b/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib similarity index 94% rename from data/references/zotero-library.bib rename to 02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib index 94ca096..1661bfa 100644 --- a/data/references/zotero-library.bib +++ b/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ title = {Governing through {{Goals}}}, year = {2017}, month = may, - publisher = {The MIT Press}, + publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, isbn = {978-0-262-03562-0 978-0-262-33741-0}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ issn = {1403-4948, 1651-1905}, doi = {10.1177/1403494814538559}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Aims: To analyse the impact of sick-pay cuts on the use of sickness absence by employees of different socioeconomic groups. In 2009 cuts in sick pay were implemented in reaction to an economic crisis in Estonia. Methods: Nationwide health survey data from the years 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 were used to evaluate sickness absence among blue-collar and white-collar workers. The dataset comprised 7,449 employees of 20--64 years of age. Difference in prevalence of absentees before and after the reform was assessed using the chi-squared test. Odds ratios (OR) for sickness absence were calculated in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: After the reform, the proportion of blue-collar workers who had been on sick leave decreased from 51\% to 40\% ( p{$<$}0.001) and among white-collar employees from 45\% to 41\% ( p=0.026). This reduction had a similar pattern in all the subgroups of blue-collar employees as stratified according to gender, age, self-rated health, and presence of chronic disease, especially among those with low incomes; in white-collar employees it reached statistical significance only in those with good self-rated health ( p=0.033). In a multivariate model the odds of having lower sickness absence were highly significant only in blue-collar employees (OR 0.63; 95\% confidence interval 0.51--0.77, p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions: The cuts in sickness benefits had a major impact on the use of sickness absence by blue-collar employees with low salaries. This indicates that lower income was a major factor hindering the use of sick leave as these employees are most vulnerable to the loss of income.}, + abstract = {Aims: To analyse the impact of sick-pay cuts on the use of sickness absence by employees of different socioeconomic groups. In 2009 cuts in sick pay were implemented in reaction to an economic crisis in Estonia. Methods: Nationwide health survey data from the years 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 were used to evaluate sickness absence among blue-collar and white-collar workers. The dataset comprised 7,449 employees of 20{\textendash}64 years of age. Difference in prevalence of absentees before and after the reform was assessed using the chi-squared test. Odds ratios (OR) for sickness absence were calculated in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: After the reform, the proportion of blue-collar workers who had been on sick leave decreased from 51\% to 40\% ( p{$<$}0.001) and among white-collar employees from 45\% to 41\% ( p=0.026). This reduction had a similar pattern in all the subgroups of blue-collar employees as stratified according to gender, age, self-rated health, and presence of chronic disease, especially among those with low incomes; in white-collar employees it reached statistical significance only in those with good self-rated health ( p=0.033). In a multivariate model the odds of having lower sickness absence were highly significant only in blue-collar employees (OR 0.63; 95\% confidence interval 0.51{\textendash}0.77, p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions: The cuts in sickness benefits had a major impact on the use of sickness absence by blue-collar employees with low salaries. This indicates that lower income was a major factor hindering the use of sick leave as these employees are most vulnerable to the loss of income.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -142,10 +142,11 @@ year = {2017}, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, number = {8092}, - institution = {World Bank}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8092}, abstract = {Do matching frictions affect youth employment in developing countries? This paper studies a randomized controlled trial of job fairs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The job fairs match firms with a representative sample of young, educated job-seekers. The meetings at the fairs create very few jobs: one for approximately 10 firms that attended. The paper explores reasons for this, and finds significant evidence for mismatched expectations: about wages, about firms' requirements, and the average quality of job-seekers. There is evidence of learning and updating of beliefs in the aftermath of the fair. This changes behavior: both workers and firms invest more in formal job search after the fairs.}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of a job matching fair in urban Ethiopia on employment probability.\textbf{It finds that there were very few direct job matches generated from the job fair due to mismatched expectations on wages, skill requirements and the overall quality of applicants.\textbf{However, the results also suggest a learning process and updating of beliefs both on the part of workers and firms, with an accompanying increase in formal job search afterwards.}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4SN8XILB/Abebe2017_Job_fairs.pdf} } @@ -162,6 +163,7 @@ abstract = {We conduct a randomized evaluation of two job-search support programs for urban youth in Ethiopia. One group of treated respondents receives a subsidy to cover the transport costs of job search. Another group participates in a job application workshop where their skills are certified and they are given orientation on how to make effective job applications. The two interventions are designed to lower spatial and informational barriers to employment. We find that both treatments significantly improve the quality of jobs that young jobseekers obtain. Impacts are concentrated among women and the least educated. Using rich high-frequency data from a phone survey, we are able to explore the mechanisms underlying the results; we show that while the transport subsidy increases both the intensity and the efficacy of job search, the job application workshop mainly operates through an increase in search efficacy. Both interventions mitigate the adverse effects of spatial constraints on employment outcomes, and the job application workshop alleviates informational asymmetries by helping workers to signal their ability.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on either a transport subsidy for job search or a certified job search workshop on youth in urban Ethiopia, to analyze their impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\textbf{The programs have long-term positive impacts on earnings and modest but insignificant impacts on employment probability.\textbf{However, they both have significant positive impacts on job quality through an increase in formal employment and the workshop also increases permanent employment significantly, whereas the transport subsidy does so marginally.\textbf{The study suggests this is due to a reduction in both location constraints, as well as, for the workshop, an alleviation of informational asymmetries for job seekers by allowing them easier signaling of their abilities to employers (through gained skills, and certification effect).\textbf{There is a quite large heterogeneity in the results, with most effects concentrated on both the least educated and women.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PVGTMZTF/Abebe2021_Anonymity_or_distance.pdf} } @@ -181,6 +183,15 @@ abstract = {We study how search frictions in the labor market affect firms' ability to recruit talented workers. In a field experiment in Ethiopia, we show that an employer can attract more talented applicants by offering a small monetary incentive for making a job application. Estimates from a structural model suggest that the intervention is effective because the cost of making a job application is large, and positively correlated with jobseeker ability. We provide evidence that this positive correlation is driven by dynamic selection. In a second experiment, we show that local recruiters underestimate the positive impacts of application incentives. (JEL J23, J24, J31, J64, O15)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial in Ethiopia's Addis Ababa on the impact of offering job application subsidies on the resulting quality (and quantity) of applicants. +\par +It finds that, in general, offering a small subsidy to applicants significantly increases the job applicants pool's quality as well as quantity. +\par +The results are based on a framework of job applicant quality in which high-quality low search-cost individuals leave the pool relatively quickly, leaving equally high-ability but higher search-cost individuals stuck in the pool for longer. +\par +It suggests that the application incentive in form of a small subsidy acts to somewhat offset the search costs the job seekers are facing and thus stimulate their leaving the job seeker pool. +\par +Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced applicants.}, timestamp = {2022-04-30T11:38:48Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3627TW4K/Abebe2021a_The_Selection_of_Talent.pdf} } @@ -201,6 +212,7 @@ eissn = {1945-7790}, unique-id = {WOS:000545344200002}, keywords = {country::South Africa,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of utilizing reference letters for job applications in urban South Africa, analyzing the impact on employment probability.\textbf{It finds no significant impact for the overall study sample, comprised of both men and women, but a significant increase on job callbacks, job interviews and employment probability for women in the short-/medium-term.\textbf{It also finds that providing the participants with information on the advantages of attaching a reference letter to applications increases their probability of getting such a letter.\textbf{It posits that information asymmetries on the labor market hinder the correct functioning of human capital theory, whereby reference letters directly disclose skill information and have a signaling effect on employers.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -305,7 +317,7 @@ } @article{Abram2017, - title = {The Free Movement of People around the World Would Be {{Utopian}}: {{IUAES World Congress}} 2013: {{Evolving Humanity}}, {{Emerging Worlds}}, 5--10 {{August}} 2013}, + title = {The Free Movement of People around the World Would Be {{Utopian}}: {{IUAES World Congress}} 2013: {{Evolving Humanity}}, {{Emerging Worlds}}, 5{\textendash}10 {{August}} 2013}, shorttitle = {The Free Movement of People around the World Would Be {{Utopian}}}, author = {Abram, Simone and Feldman Bianco, B. and Khosravi, S. and Salazar, N. and De Genova, N.}, year = {2017}, @@ -347,12 +359,13 @@ year = {2017}, month = mar, number = {23264}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w23264}, - abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program's negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative -- for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.}, + abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program's negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative {\textendash} for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {At-scale randomized field experiment conducted on impacts of embedding soft skills component into vocational youth training in Dominican Republic's 'Juventud y Empleo' program for at-risk youth.\textbf{Focuses on both labor market outcomes and expectations to explain why some programs might have detrimental effects and heterogeneity between genders.\textbf{Additionally, separates vocational training and soft-skills and internship components to analyze the marginal effect vocational training has,\textbf{and carries out the analysis through its longer-term effects.\textbf{Results show that, over short-term, women had improved labor market outcomes while males did not, and in fact had worsened outcomes after vocational training.\textbf{While labor market outcome differences due to the program vanished over long-term, its different expectations did not, leading to an overall worse labor market expectation and welfare for men, better for women.\textbf{Ultimately, it sees an improved long-term skill acquisition, self-esteem generation and lowered fertility rate for women, while men had sustained negative impacts on long-term expectations and welfare.}}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4XR6NBUK/Acevedo2017_Living_Up_to_Expectations.pdf} } @@ -437,6 +450,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo Ariel/AAD-1178-2022}, unique-id = {WOS:000627634400001}, keywords = {country::El Salvador,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \textbf{in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \textbf{A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \textbf{with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\textbf{For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors {\textemdash} driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes {\textemdash} and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\textbf{Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/R2W6JQT8/Acosta2021_Public_works_programs_and_crime.pdf} } @@ -502,6 +516,7 @@ title = {Assessing the Distributional Effects of Regulation in Developing Countries}, author = {Adams, Samuel and Atsu, Francis}, year = {2015}, + month = sep, journal = {Journal of Policy Modeling}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, @@ -610,12 +625,13 @@ year = {2018}, month = feb, number = {24313}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w24313}, abstract = {We evaluate the causal impacts of on-the-job soft skills training on the productivity, wages, and retention of female garment workers in India. The program increased women's extraversion and communication, and spurred technical skill upgrading. Treated workers were 20 percent more productive than controls post-program. Wages rise very modestly with treatment (by 0.5 percent), with no differential turnover, suggesting that although soft skills raise workers' marginal products, labor market frictions are large enough to create a substantial wedge between productivity and wages. Consistent with this, the net return to the firm was large: 258 percent eight months after program completion.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the benefits of an on-the-job soft skills training for female garment workers in India.\textbf{The study finds that there are significant increases in productivity after the training program, but those do not translate into increased earnings or job retention.\textbf{The productivity increases stem from soft-skill upgrading which also furthers positive increases in technical skills, and there are spillover effects for untreated workers on the same production line.\textbf{However, the study argues the productivity increases translate to negligible effects on earnings and job retention due to market imperfections allowing most gains to be captured by the firm instead.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4BIEWFAB/Adhvaryu2018_The_Skills_to_Pay_the_Bills.pdf} } @@ -711,10 +727,11 @@ author = {Aedo, Cristian and Nu{\~n}ez, Sergio}, year = {2004}, number = {188}, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, urldate = {2022-02-10}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impacts of the youth training program 'Programa Joven', consisting of a vocational training and an on-the-job experience component (internship) on earnings and employment probability.\textbf{The training itself was supported by a subsidy on transport costs and medical checkups, books, materials, work clothing, as well as an additional subsidy for women with small children.\textbf{It finds significant positive impacts on the earnings of young men (16-21y) and adult women (21-35y), but no impacts for adult men or young women.\textbf{In looking for impacts on employment probability it finds a significant positive impact on that for adult women but none for the other groups.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:03:03Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/M8KRSEBT/Aedo2004_The_Impact_of_Training_Policies_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean.pdf} } @@ -748,7 +765,7 @@ issn = {1120-2890, 1973-820X}, doi = {10.1007/s40888-021-00242-8}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract This paper argues that the gendered impact of COVID-19 has both visible and hidden dimensions, and both immediate effects linked with lockdowns and longer-term effects that are likely to emerge sequentially in time and affect recovery. Much of the existing feminist literature on the impact of COVID-19 has neglected these complexities and focused mainly on care work and domestic violence. This has diverted attention away from other key concerns such as livelihood loss, food and nutritional insecurity, indebtedness, rising poverty, and the low resilience of most women in developing economies. Even care work and domestic violence have complex facets that tend to be missed. Using examples from India, the paper outlines the kinds of gendered effects we might expect, the extent to which these have been traced in existing surveys, and the data gaps. It also highlights the potential of group approaches in enhancing women's economic recovery and providing social protection from the worst outcomes of the pandemic---approaches that could guide us towards effective policy pathways for `building back better.'}, + abstract = {Abstract This paper argues that the gendered impact of COVID-19 has both visible and hidden dimensions, and both immediate effects linked with lockdowns and longer-term effects that are likely to emerge sequentially in time and affect recovery. Much of the existing feminist literature on the impact of COVID-19 has neglected these complexities and focused mainly on care work and domestic violence. This has diverted attention away from other key concerns such as livelihood loss, food and nutritional insecurity, indebtedness, rising poverty, and the low resilience of most women in developing economies. Even care work and domestic violence have complex facets that tend to be missed. Using examples from India, the paper outlines the kinds of gendered effects we might expect, the extent to which these have been traced in existing surveys, and the data gaps. It also highlights the potential of group approaches in enhancing women's economic recovery and providing social protection from the worst outcomes of the pandemic{\textemdash}approaches that could guide us towards effective policy pathways for `building back better.'}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::India,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -757,7 +774,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Labor Market Reforms, Growth, and Unemployment in Labor-Exporting Countries in the {{Middle East}} and {{North Africa}}}, author = {Agenor, Pierre-Richard and Nabli, Mustapha K. and Yousef, Tarik and Jensen, Henning Tarp}, - year = {2007-03/2007-04}, + year = {2007}, + month = mar, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, @@ -785,8 +803,8 @@ month = oct, number = {w19525}, pages = {w19525}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w19525}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -884,6 +902,7 @@ eissn = {1874-6365}, unique-id = {WOS:000480793100007}, keywords = {country::Pakistan,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impacts of vocational training for Afghan refugees living in Baluchistan, to analyze the effects on earnings and employment status.\textbf{Generally, it finds the outcomes of vocational training to increase the employment of the refugees, as do the earned wages for those employed.\textbf{Additionally, the study finds vocational training lead to an increase in start-up creation and, important for a minority population, also increased socio-economic cohesion.\textbf{The second stage questionnaire was undertaken after the participants had received between one and 24 months of vocational training.\textbf{There have been no attempts to go beyond the findings of the questionnaire answers itself in the study, so no evaluation can be made on the impacts outside of the participants self-perception and demographic status.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F4HMLTMU/Ahmed2019_Impacts_of_vocational_training_for_socio-economic_development_of_afghan.pdf} } @@ -1011,7 +1030,7 @@ } @article{Aittomaki2014, - title = {Household Income and Health Problems during a Period of Labour-Market Change and Widening Income Inequalities -- {{A}} Study among the {{Finnish}} Population between 1987 and 2007}, + title = {Household Income and Health Problems during a Period of Labour-Market Change and Widening Income Inequalities {\textendash} {{A}} Study among the {{Finnish}} Population between 1987 and 2007}, author = {Aittom{\"a}ki, Akseli and Martikainen, Pekka and Rahkonen, Ossi and Lahelma, Eero}, year = {2014}, month = jan, @@ -1042,6 +1061,7 @@ orcid-numbers = {Ajefu, Joseph/0000-0001-6333-3708 Abiona, Olukorede/0000-0002-1696-4475}, unique-id = {WOS:000461483600007}, keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using administrative data for annual rain fall statistics to evaluate the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on its participants' labor market engagement during periods of positive and negative shocks.\textbf{It finds that during negative shocks, NREGS provided a cushioning effect on participants' households by providing a stabilizing employment opportunity.\textbf{There is an increased engagement of women during positive shocks.\textbf{During positive shocks, however, with exposure to NREGS there was a possible reduction in educational engagement for children visible, with a decrease in school enrolment for children aged 13-16 years.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RL22FXK2/Ajefu2019_Impact_of_shocks_on_labour_and_schooling_outcomes_and_the_role_of_public_work.pdf} } @@ -1146,6 +1166,7 @@ eissn = {1470-3637}, unique-id = {WOS:000356662000007}, keywords = {country::South Africa,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study on the 'Expanded Public Works Programme' and specifically 'Home and Community Based Care' within it in South Africa, a public works program connected with vocational training, looking at its effectiveness of unemployment reduction and possible constraining factors.\textbf{Generally, it finds that the program has some success in reducing unemployment for low-skilled unemployed, it has lead to very minimal poverty reduction for participants' households.\textbf{Primarily the study argues this is due to the skills training provided not matching skills required on the labor market, with the learnership program not adapted to the realities of South Africa's (sectorial) labor demands.\textbf{It looks at a demand-led proposal to improve the programs by putting more emphasis on skills building and improving training quality to allow participants to subsequently secure better employment.\textbf{Especially for more middle-skill healthcare service labor demand the program is otherwise completely unsuited.\textbf{It thus argues that the public works program should be taken from a focus on short-term employment to one creating possibilities for longer-term jobs and careers.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XPA26DS4/Akintola2015_Public_works_programme_and_primary_health_care_in_South_Africa.pdf} } @@ -1158,8 +1179,8 @@ month = nov, number = {w25265}, pages = {w25265}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w25265}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -1202,7 +1223,7 @@ issn = {1972-2680}, doi = {10.3855/jidc.416}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Antimicrobials are often used inappropriately in paediatric wards of medical college hospitals in Bangladesh. Most of the antimicrobials are prescribed based on clinical grounds--signs and symptoms. This intervention study assessed the effectiveness of a training intervention on antimicrobials prescribing by physicians in paediatric wards of tertiary care level hospitals. Methodology: This study was conducted at medical college hospitals in Bangladesh during the period from 1998 through 2000. The pre-intervention survey of antimicrobial use was conducted during 1998 in five hospitals. The post-intervention survey was conducted after the interactive training during the succeeding year in three of the original five hospitals, of which one was the intervention hospital and two control hospitals. A total of 3,466 admitted paediatric patients' treatment charts (2,171 in the pre-intervention and 1,295 in the post-intervention surveys) were reviewed. Results: The most commonly used antimicrobials were ampicillin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ceftriaxone. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for the most common infectious diseases, pneumonia and diarrhoea, increased by 16.4\% and 56.8\% respectively in the intervention hospital compared with the two control hospitals and these improvenmts were significant (p = {$<$} 0.001 and p = 0.002, for pneumonia and diarrhoea respectively). Conclusions: An interactive, focussed educational intervention, targeted at physicians, appears to have been effective in improving appropriate antimicrobial prescribing for the most common paediatric infectious diseases in a medical college hospital in Bangladesh.}, + abstract = {Background: Antimicrobials are often used inappropriately in paediatric wards of medical college hospitals in Bangladesh. Most of the antimicrobials are prescribed based on clinical grounds{\textendash}signs and symptoms. This intervention study assessed the effectiveness of a training intervention on antimicrobials prescribing by physicians in paediatric wards of tertiary care level hospitals. Methodology: This study was conducted at medical college hospitals in Bangladesh during the period from 1998 through 2000. The pre-intervention survey of antimicrobial use was conducted during 1998 in five hospitals. The post-intervention survey was conducted after the interactive training during the succeeding year in three of the original five hospitals, of which one was the intervention hospital and two control hospitals. A total of 3,466 admitted paediatric patients' treatment charts (2,171 in the pre-intervention and 1,295 in the post-intervention surveys) were reviewed. Results: The most commonly used antimicrobials were ampicillin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ceftriaxone. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for the most common infectious diseases, pneumonia and diarrhoea, increased by 16.4\% and 56.8\% respectively in the intervention hospital compared with the two control hospitals and these improvenmts were significant (p = {$<$} 0.001 and p = 0.002, for pneumonia and diarrhoea respectively). Conclusions: An interactive, focussed educational intervention, targeted at physicians, appears to have been effective in improving appropriate antimicrobial prescribing for the most common paediatric infectious diseases in a medical college hospital in Bangladesh.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -1352,7 +1373,7 @@ } @article{Alborno2012, - title = {Employment of {{Young Adults With Disabilities}} in {{Dubai}}---{{A Case Study}}}, + title = {Employment of {{Young Adults With Disabilities}} in {{Dubai}}{\textemdash}{{A Case Study}}}, author = {Alborno, Nadera and Gaad, Eman}, year = {2012}, month = jun, @@ -1363,7 +1384,7 @@ issn = {1741-1122, 1741-1130}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-1130.2012.00341.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The authors investigated the implementation of the United Arab Emirates Federal Law regarding the employment of people with disabilities. They used a case study evaluation of an employment program initiated by a private national landscaping company in Dubai providing training and employment opportunities for young adults with varied physical and intellectual disabilities. The study examined the effects of the program since its inception in 2006, evaluating it with respect to employees' productivity and their psychological, behavioral, and professional development as well as the impact of the program on the work environment and the society in general. The methodology employed a qualitative social constructivist paradigm where the intent was to develop an in-depth exploration of a central phenomenon. The findings showed that the program was successful in offering 36 adults with various physical and intellectual disabilities the opportunity of sustainable employment and provided each one of them with a source of livelihood, a chance for building social contacts, and more importantly self-esteem---which is a main construct in empowering people with disabilities to integrate in their communities.}, + abstract = {Abstract The authors investigated the implementation of the United Arab Emirates Federal Law regarding the employment of people with disabilities. They used a case study evaluation of an employment program initiated by a private national landscaping company in Dubai providing training and employment opportunities for young adults with varied physical and intellectual disabilities. The study examined the effects of the program since its inception in 2006, evaluating it with respect to employees' productivity and their psychological, behavioral, and professional development as well as the impact of the program on the work environment and the society in general. The methodology employed a qualitative social constructivist paradigm where the intent was to develop an in-depth exploration of a central phenomenon. The findings showed that the program was successful in offering 36 adults with various physical and intellectual disabilities the opportunity of sustainable employment and provided each one of them with a source of livelihood, a chance for building social contacts, and more importantly self-esteem{\textemdash}which is a main construct in empowering people with disabilities to integrate in their communities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -1405,7 +1426,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Ex ante evaluation of the basic income in Ecuador: Effects on poverty and inequality}}, author = {Albuja Echeverria, Wilson Santiago}, - year = {2021-07/2021-09}, + year = {2021}, + month = jul, journal = {TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO}, volume = {88}, number = {351}, @@ -1423,6 +1445,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {country::Ecuador,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,issue::language,out::full-text,region::LAC,relevant,sample::database,type::ubi}, + note = {looks at PI and inequality +\par +does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3EV7ZM25/Albuja Echeverria_2021_Ex ante evaluation of the basic income in Ecuador.pdf} } @@ -1545,6 +1570,7 @@ eissn = {1468-0262}, unique-id = {WOS:000590695200008}, keywords = {country::Uganda,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial study on the effects of either vocational training or an internship (as on-the-job training) and an employment subsidy on earnings, employment probability and overall skills development.\textbf{It finds that, while the subsidy had no significant impact on earnings, both types of training significantly increased employment rates, earnings and generated skill developments.\textbf{However, it also found a wide heterogeneity in the results: \textbf{Firm-provided training (through the internship) showed relatively quick results on earnings and employment which slowly dissipated after 3 years, while vocational training results increase and surpass the other training long-term.\textbf{The study suggests this is both due to an overall increased skill development for both types, but a certificate effect on the labor market for the vocational training which meant quicker job offers for the beneficiaries.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IY32RY2T/Alfonsi2020_Tackling_youth_unemployment.pdf} } @@ -1648,7 +1674,7 @@ year = {2014}, month = dec, edition = {0}, - publisher = {Routledge}, + publisher = {{Routledge}}, doi = {10.4324/9781315698120}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-317-45191-4}, @@ -1703,7 +1729,7 @@ issn = {0004-3591, 1529-0131}, doi = {10.1002/art.11256}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective Job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases, and clinicians may refer patients to vocational rehabilitation for help. When provided after job loss, the impact of vocational rehabilitation is short term. This randomized controlled trial with 48 months of followup was undertaken to determine the efficacy of vocational rehabilitation provided to persons with rheumatic diseases while they are still employed, but at risk for job loss. Methods A total of 242 patients with rheumatic diseases residing in Massachusetts were recruited through their rheumatologists for study. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 122) or the control group (n = 120). Subjects in the experimental group received two 1.5-hour sessions of vocational rehabilitation; those in the control group received print materials about disability employment issues and resources by mail. The main outcome assessed was the time to first job loss. Job losses were defined as permanent disability, premature retirement, or a period of unemployment. All analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis. Results Job loss was delayed in the experimental group compared with the control group ( P = 0.03 by log rank test). After adjustment for confounders, participation in the experimental group was found to be protective against job loss (odds ratio 0.58 [95\% confidence interval 0.34--0.99], P = 0.05 by pooled logistic regression). Conclusion Vocational rehabilitation delivered to patients at risk for job loss, but while they were still employed, delayed job loss. Such an intervention has the potential to reduce the high indirect costs, as well as the personal impact, of rheumatic diseases.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective Job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases, and clinicians may refer patients to vocational rehabilitation for help. When provided after job loss, the impact of vocational rehabilitation is short term. This randomized controlled trial with 48 months of followup was undertaken to determine the efficacy of vocational rehabilitation provided to persons with rheumatic diseases while they are still employed, but at risk for job loss. Methods A total of 242 patients with rheumatic diseases residing in Massachusetts were recruited through their rheumatologists for study. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 122) or the control group (n = 120). Subjects in the experimental group received two 1.5-hour sessions of vocational rehabilitation; those in the control group received print materials about disability employment issues and resources by mail. The main outcome assessed was the time to first job loss. Job losses were defined as permanent disability, premature retirement, or a period of unemployment. All analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis. Results Job loss was delayed in the experimental group compared with the control group ( P = 0.03 by log rank test). After adjustment for confounders, participation in the experimental group was found to be protective against job loss (odds ratio 0.58 [95\% confidence interval 0.34{\textendash}0.99], P = 0.05 by pooled logistic regression). Conclusion Vocational rehabilitation delivered to patients at risk for job loss, but while they were still employed, delayed job loss. Such an intervention has the potential to reduce the high indirect costs, as well as the personal impact, of rheumatic diseases.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -1803,6 +1829,7 @@ doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.018}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the cash grant and training portion targeted at people wanting to be self-employed under the program 'Jefes' in Argentina, trying to analyze its effects on earnings and self-employment itself.\textbf{It finds no significant positive impact on earnings of the beneficiaries but a reduced probability of holding an outside job and increased total hours worked.\textbf{There is some heterogeneity, however, with younger and more educated beneficiaries having some positive effect on earnings.\textbf{The study suggest the findings mean that participants are hanging on to alternative income sources while waiting for the earnings from their self-employment to stabilize and reinvesting any possible income gains from the self-employment activity to increase its sustainability.\textbf{Lastly, the study found that there was a self-selection mechanisms with predominantly female household heads and more educated individuals attracted to the type of program on offer in the first place.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:10:12Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QER3C4YM/Almeida2010_Jump-starting_Self-employment.pdf} } @@ -1832,8 +1859,8 @@ month = oct, number = {w15391}, pages = {w15391}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w15391}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -1931,7 +1958,7 @@ editor = {Lundvall, Bengt-{\AA}ke and Joseph, K. J. and Chaminade, Cristina and Vang, Jan}, year = {2009}, month = dec, - publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, + publisher = {{Edward Elgar Publishing}}, doi = {10.4337/9781849803427.00008}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-84980-342-7 978-1-84720-609-1}, @@ -1961,7 +1988,7 @@ author = {Alvaredo, Facundo}, year = {2018}, month = may, - publisher = {Harvard University Press}, + publisher = {{Harvard University Press}}, doi = {10.4159/9780674984769}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-674-98476-9}, @@ -1981,7 +2008,7 @@ issn = {1478-4505}, doi = {10.1186/s12961-019-0488-0}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Translating research evidence from global guidance into policy can help strengthen health systems. A workbook was developed to support the contextualization of the WHO's `Optimizing health worker roles to improve maternal and newborn health' (OptimizeMNH) guidance. This study evaluated the use of the workbook for the development of~evidence~briefs~in two countries --- Peru and Uganda. Findings surrounding contextual factors, steps in the process and evaluation of the workbook are presented. Methods A qualitative embedded case study was used. The case was the process of using the workbook to support the contextualization of global health systems guidance, with local evidence, to develop evidence briefs. Criterion sampling was used to select the countries, participants for interviews and documents included in the study. A template-organizing style and constant comparison were used for data analysis. Results A total of 19 participant-observation sessions and 8 interviews were conducted, and 50 documents were reviewed. Contextual factors, including the cadres, or groups, of health workers available in each country, the way the problem and its causes were framed, potential policy options to address the problem, and implementation considerations for these policy options, varied substantially between Peru and Uganda. However, many similarities were found in the process of using the workbook. Overall, the workbook was viewed positively and participants in both countries would use it again for other topics. Conclusions Organizations that produce global guidance, such as WHO, need to consider institutionalizing the application of the workbook into their guidance development processes to help users at the national/subnational level create actionable and context-relevant policies. Feedback mechanisms also need to be established so that the evidence briefs and health policies arising from global guidance are tracked and the findings coming out of such guideline contextualization processes can be taken into consideration during future guidance development and research priority-setting.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Translating research evidence from global guidance into policy can help strengthen health systems. A workbook was developed to support the contextualization of the WHO's `Optimizing health worker roles to improve maternal and newborn health' (OptimizeMNH) guidance. This study evaluated the use of the workbook for the development of~evidence~briefs~in two countries {\textemdash} Peru and Uganda. Findings surrounding contextual factors, steps in the process and evaluation of the workbook are presented. Methods A qualitative embedded case study was used. The case was the process of using the workbook to support the contextualization of global health systems guidance, with local evidence, to develop evidence briefs. Criterion sampling was used to select the countries, participants for interviews and documents included in the study. A template-organizing style and constant comparison were used for data analysis. Results A total of 19 participant-observation sessions and 8 interviews were conducted, and 50 documents were reviewed. Contextual factors, including the cadres, or groups, of health workers available in each country, the way the problem and its causes were framed, potential policy options to address the problem, and implementation considerations for these policy options, varied substantially between Peru and Uganda. However, many similarities were found in the process of using the workbook. Overall, the workbook was viewed positively and participants in both countries would use it again for other topics. Conclusions Organizations that produce global guidance, such as WHO, need to consider institutionalizing the application of the workbook into their guidance development processes to help users at the national/subnational level create actionable and context-relevant policies. Feedback mechanisms also need to be established so that the evidence briefs and health policies arising from global guidance are tracked and the findings coming out of such guideline contextualization processes can be taken into consideration during future guidance development and research priority-setting.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2027,10 +2054,11 @@ series = {{{OVE Working Papers}}}, number = {15/06}, pages = {[36] p.}, - address = {Washington}, + address = {{Washington}}, institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, abstract = {This paper evaluates Proyecto Joven, a training program targeted to poor young individuals in Argentina. The authors used a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following set of questions: Did the program increase the probability of employment? Did it increase the probability of a formal employment? Did it increase the labor income of trainees? The methodology used is the matching estimators approach calculating first propensity scores for program participation and then the matching estimators to calculate the program impact. The impact of the program is negligible in terms of employment and income, but not in terms of formality, which was an important achievement in the case of Argentina, since labor informality was increasing economy wide and more specifically for the group targeted by Proyecto Joven.}, keywords = {country::Argentina,group::youth,inequality::age,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using survey data for participants of an Argentinian vocational training program 'Proyecto Joven' to analyze employment probability, job quality and earnings.\textbf{Employment probability and earnings were not impacted significantly, while job quality improved significantly.\textbf{This was primarily due to a rise in formal employment through the program, specifically through the on-the-job internship and potential extended employment provided, which happened in a time of overall increasing informality on Argentina's labor market.\textbf{There was a marginally significant impact on the employment probability for women, though the results may be slightly biased due to the timing of Argentina's labor market expanding during its period of analysis.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:29Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/X7LAM3WB/Alzua2006_The_impact_of_training_policies_in_Argentina.pdf} } @@ -2047,9 +2075,10 @@ pages = {1839--1859}, issn = {00952583}, doi = {10.1111/ecin.12348}, - abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also---exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general---in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)}, + abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also{\textemdash}exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general{\textemdash}in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the 'entra21' vocational training of Argentina aimed at unemployed youth in Cordoba which analyzes its effects on earnings, employment probability and formal employment.\textbf{Generally, it finds a positive impact on formal employment and employment probability short-term which carries a larger effect for men.\textbf{The effect dissipates over the medium- (33 months) and long-term (48 months), however.\textbf{It also sees a positive effect on earnings which it puts down to a combination of higher wages and higher overall employment levels.\textbf{Due to using data from follow-up surveys after the treatment as well as long-term administrative data, the study probes deeper into possible channels of the program working.\textbf{For example, the program may not necessarily help many find a new job over time but rather have better chances of keeping their (provided internship) job, or increase their wages within it over time.\textbf{While the program is more expensive than similar programs in the region, there is still a positive cost-benefit analysis which sees losses recouped after 26 months.}}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:21Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XMBXSRTE/Alzua2016_Long-run_effects_of_youth_training_programs.pdf} } @@ -2151,8 +2180,8 @@ } @article{Anand2006, - title = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}--{{Transport}}--{{Livelihood Link}}: {{The Case}} of {{Poor Women}} in {{Delhi}}}, - shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}--{{Transport}}--{{Livelihood Link}}}, + title = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}{\textendash}{{Transport}}{\textendash}{{Livelihood Link}}: {{The Case}} of {{Poor Women}} in {{Delhi}}}, + shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}{\textendash}{{Transport}}{\textendash}{{Livelihood Link}}}, author = {Anand, Anvita and Tiwari, Geetam}, year = {2006}, month = jan, @@ -2200,8 +2229,8 @@ month = mar, number = {w19961}, pages = {w19961}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w19961}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -2250,7 +2279,7 @@ } @article{Andersen2015, - title = {Work Demands and Health Consequences of Organizational and Technological Measures Introduced to Enhance the Quality of Home Care Services -- {{A}} Subgroup Analysis}, + title = {Work Demands and Health Consequences of Organizational and Technological Measures Introduced to Enhance the Quality of Home Care Services {\textendash} {{A}} Subgroup Analysis}, author = {Andersen, Gunn Robstad and Bendal, Synne and Westgaard, Rolf H.}, year = {2015}, month = nov, @@ -2271,8 +2300,8 @@ month = mar, number = {w7058}, pages = {w7058}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w7058}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, langid = {english}, @@ -2410,7 +2439,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Core-Peripheral Structure and Regional Governance: {{Implications}} of Paul Krugman's New Economic Geography for Public Administration}, author = {Andrew, Simon A. and Feiock, Richard C.}, - year = {2010-05/2010-06}, + year = {2010}, + month = may, journal = {PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, @@ -2462,6 +2492,15 @@ abstract = {We use a clustered randomized trial, and over 16,000 household surveys, to estimate impacts at the community level from a group lending expansion at 110 percent APR by the largest microlender in Mexico. We find no evidence of transformative impacts on 37 outcomes (although some estimates have large confidence intervals), measured at a mean of 27 months post-expansion, across 6 domains: microentrepreneurship, income, labor supply, expenditures, social status, and subjective well-being. We also examine distributional impacts using quantile regressions, given theory and evidence regarding negative impacts from borrowing at high interest rates, but do not find strong evidence for heterogeneity. (JEL C83, D14, G21, I31, J23, O12, O16)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Mexico,program::cash grant,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study analyzing the impacts of microcredit loans in Mexico, on the earnings and a variety of other factors of Mexican micro-entrepreneurs. +\par +It finds that, while there is no significant impact on the earnings themselves, the loans do lead to a modest increase in business growth. +\par +The authors suggest that the business growth increases both revenues and expenditures, thus not significantly increasing overall earnings. +\par +Additionally, there is a modest increase in subjective well-being and the ability for independent female decision-making. +\par +The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of them prove to be transformative.}, timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:32:59Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/78BBJI2W/Angelucci2015_Microcredit_Impacts.pdf} } @@ -2521,7 +2560,7 @@ } @article{Ansar2023, - title = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic: {{Revisiting}} Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in {{South}}--{{South}} Labour Migration}, + title = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic: {{Revisiting}} Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in {{South}}{\textendash}{{South}} Labour Migration}, shorttitle = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic}, author = {Ansar, Anas}, year = {2023}, @@ -2533,7 +2572,7 @@ issn = {1470-2266, 1471-0374}, doi = {10.1111/glob.12368}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented societal disruption and disproportionately affected global mobility dynamics. Within such a troubled and intensifying crisis, the intersection of migration and gender is even more unsettling. Since the pandemic outbreak, Bangladesh witnessed a colossal crisis among millions of Bangladeshi migrants working overseas---a considerable section of them are women. By highlighting the plight of the Bangladeshi women migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, this study expands the emerging literature that addresses the nexus among migration, pandemic fallout and gendered labour. Redrawing our understanding of globalization from below, the study attempts to further advance the theoretical perspectives on the predicaments of globalization and gendered precarity in contract labour migration. The study argues that the focus on the power asymmetry between the host and sending countries remains too limited to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inequalities are reproduced and transformed. Instead, it suggests that the challenges and disadvantages women migrants endure are embedded in the asymmetries of deep-rooted economic and social structures in tandem with the systemic practice of otherness and exclusion.}, + abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented societal disruption and disproportionately affected global mobility dynamics. Within such a troubled and intensifying crisis, the intersection of migration and gender is even more unsettling. Since the pandemic outbreak, Bangladesh witnessed a colossal crisis among millions of Bangladeshi migrants working overseas{\textemdash}a considerable section of them are women. By highlighting the plight of the Bangladeshi women migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, this study expands the emerging literature that addresses the nexus among migration, pandemic fallout and gendered labour. Redrawing our understanding of globalization from below, the study attempts to further advance the theoretical perspectives on the predicaments of globalization and gendered precarity in contract labour migration. The study argues that the focus on the power asymmetry between the host and sending countries remains too limited to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inequalities are reproduced and transformed. Instead, it suggests that the challenges and disadvantages women migrants endure are embedded in the asymmetries of deep-rooted economic and social structures in tandem with the systemic practice of otherness and exclusion.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -2594,7 +2633,7 @@ issn = {0002-8282}, doi = {10.1257/aer.20160613}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Many skilled professional occupations are characterized by an early period of intensive skill accumulation and career establishment. Examples include law firm associates, surgical residents, and untenured faculty at research-intensive universities. High female exit rates are sometimes blamed on the inability of new mothers to survive the sustained negative productivity shock associated with childbearing and early childrearing in these environments. Gender-neutral family policies have been adopted in some professions in an attempt to ``level the playing field.'' The gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies adopted by the majority of research-intensive universities in the United States in recent decades are an excellent example. But to date, there is no empirical evidence showing that these policies help women. Using a unique dataset on the universe of assistant professor hires at top-50 economics departments from 1980--2005, we show that the adoption of gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies substantially reduced female tenure rates while substantially increasing male tenure rates. However, these policies do not reduce the probability that either men or women eventually earn tenure in the profession. (JEL I23, J16, J24, J32, J44)}, + abstract = {Many skilled professional occupations are characterized by an early period of intensive skill accumulation and career establishment. Examples include law firm associates, surgical residents, and untenured faculty at research-intensive universities. High female exit rates are sometimes blamed on the inability of new mothers to survive the sustained negative productivity shock associated with childbearing and early childrearing in these environments. Gender-neutral family policies have been adopted in some professions in an attempt to ``level the playing field.'' The gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies adopted by the majority of research-intensive universities in the United States in recent decades are an excellent example. But to date, there is no empirical evidence showing that these policies help women. Using a unique dataset on the universe of assistant professor hires at top-50 economics departments from 1980{\textendash}2005, we show that the adoption of gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies substantially reduced female tenure rates while substantially increasing male tenure rates. However, these policies do not reduce the probability that either men or women eventually earn tenure in the profession. (JEL I23, J16, J24, J32, J44)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2612,7 +2651,7 @@ issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.04998.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Title.{\enspace} Qualitative case study methodology in nursing research: an integrative review. Aim.{\enspace} This paper is a report of an integrative review conducted to critically analyse the contemporary use of qualitative case study methodology in nursing research. Background.{\enspace} Increasing complexity in health care and increasing use of case study in nursing research support the need for current examination of this methodology. Data sources.{\enspace} In 2007, a search for case study research (published 2005--2007) indexed in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts and SCOPUS databases was conducted. A sample of 42 case study research papers met the inclusion criteria. Methods.{\enspace} Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided the analysis. Results.{\enspace} Confusion exists about the name, nature and use of case study. This methodology, including terminology and concepts, is often invisible in qualitative study titles and abstracts. Case study is an exclusive methodology and an adjunct to exploring particular aspects of phenomena under investigation in larger or mixed-methods studies. A high quality of case study exists in nursing research. Conclusion.{\enspace} Judicious selection and diligent application of literature review methods promote the development of nursing science. Case study is becoming entrenched in the nursing research lexicon as a well-accepted methodology for studying phenomena in health and social care, and its growing use warrants continued appraisal to promote nursing knowledge development. Attention to all case study elements, process and publication is important in promoting authenticity, methodological quality and visibility.}, + abstract = {Abstract Title.\hspace{0.6em} Qualitative case study methodology in nursing research: an integrative review. Aim.\hspace{0.6em} This paper is a report of an integrative review conducted to critically analyse the contemporary use of qualitative case study methodology in nursing research. Background.\hspace{0.6em} Increasing complexity in health care and increasing use of case study in nursing research support the need for current examination of this methodology. Data sources.\hspace{0.6em} In 2007, a search for case study research (published 2005{\textendash}2007) indexed in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts and SCOPUS databases was conducted. A sample of 42 case study research papers met the inclusion criteria. Methods.\hspace{0.6em} Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided the analysis. Results.\hspace{0.6em} Confusion exists about the name, nature and use of case study. This methodology, including terminology and concepts, is often invisible in qualitative study titles and abstracts. Case study is an exclusive methodology and an adjunct to exploring particular aspects of phenomena under investigation in larger or mixed-methods studies. A high quality of case study exists in nursing research. Conclusion.\hspace{0.6em} Judicious selection and diligent application of literature review methods promote the development of nursing science. Case study is becoming entrenched in the nursing research lexicon as a well-accepted methodology for studying phenomena in health and social care, and its growing use warrants continued appraisal to promote nursing knowledge development. Attention to all case study elements, process and publication is important in promoting authenticity, methodological quality and visibility.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2655,7 +2694,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {4}, usage-count-since-2013 = {67}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {21st Annual Conference on European-Association-of-Labour-Economists, Tallinn, ESTONIA, SEP 10-12, 2009} } @article{Anttila2012, @@ -2792,6 +2832,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {31}, web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor; Management}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Brazil,inequality::education,inequality::racial,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {79th Conference of the Applied-Econometrics-Association, UNIV LIBRE BRUXELLES, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, MAY 28-29, 2002}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T36QI5AZ/Arias et al_2004_Education, family background and racial earnings inequality ill Brazil.pdf} } @@ -2820,7 +2861,7 @@ keywords = {sample::database} } -@article{Arksey2005, +@article{Arksey2005a, title = {Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework}, shorttitle = {Scoping Studies}, author = {Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa}, @@ -2860,7 +2901,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {23}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {95th Annual Meeting of the American-Sociological-Association, Washington, DC, AUG 11-16, 2000} } @article{Armitage2020, @@ -2916,7 +2958,7 @@ issn = {1750-8592, 1750-8606}, doi = {10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT--- This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT{\textemdash} This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2950,8 +2992,8 @@ editor = {Collier, Paul and Soludo, Chukwuma C. and Pattillo, Catherine}, year = {2008}, pages = {397--428}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/9780230583191_17}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-0-230-54273-0 978-0-230-58319-1}, @@ -3011,7 +3053,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Financial evaluation of a Universal Basic Income in Andalusia}}, author = {Artero Lopez, Jesus and {Gomez-Alvarez Diaz}, Rosario and Patino Rodriguez, David}, - year = {2021-01/2021-04}, + year = {2021}, + month = jan, journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES}, number = {120}, pages = {129--164}, @@ -3025,7 +3068,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {15}, web-of-science-categories = {Environmental Studies}, - keywords = {country::Spain,inequality::income,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,sample::database,type::ubi} + keywords = {country::Spain,inequality::income,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,sample::database,type::ubi}, + note = {looks at PI and inequaliti (income) +\par +does NOT look at WoW} } @article{Arulampalam2007, @@ -3041,13 +3087,13 @@ issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390706000201}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Using harmonized data for the years 1995--2001 from the European Community Household Panel, the authors analyze gender pay gaps by sector across the wage distribution in eleven countries. In estimations that control for the effects of individual characteristics at different points of the distribution, they calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. The magnitude of the gender pay gap, thus measured, varied substantially across countries and across the public and private sector wage distributions. The gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the ``glass ceiling'' effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the ``sticky floor'' effect). The authors suggest that differences in childcare provision and wage setting institutions across EU countries may partly account for the variation in patterns by country and sector.}, + abstract = {Using harmonized data for the years 1995{\textendash}2001 from the European Community Household Panel, the authors analyze gender pay gaps by sector across the wage distribution in eleven countries. In estimations that control for the effects of individual characteristics at different points of the distribution, they calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. The magnitude of the gender pay gap, thus measured, varied substantially across countries and across the public and private sector wage distributions. The gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the ``glass ceiling'' effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the ``sticky floor'' effect). The authors suggest that differences in childcare provision and wage setting institutions across EU countries may partly account for the variation in patterns by country and sector.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Arvidsson2016, - title = {Post-{{School Destination}}---{{A Study}} of {{Women}} and {{Men With Intellectual Disability}} and the {{Gender}}-{{Segregated Swedish Labor Market}}}, + title = {Post-{{School Destination}}{\textemdash}{{A Study}} of {{Women}} and {{Men With Intellectual Disability}} and the {{Gender}}-{{Segregated Swedish Labor Market}}}, author = {Arvidsson, Jessica and Wid{\'e}n, Stephen and Staland-Nyman, Carin and Tideman, Magnus}, year = {2016}, month = sep, @@ -3114,7 +3160,7 @@ } @article{Ash2009, - title = {Inequality, Race, and Mortality in {{U}}.{{S}}. Cities: {{A}} Political and Econometric Review of {{Deaton}} and {{Lubotsky}} (56:6, 1139--1153, 2003)}, + title = {Inequality, Race, and Mortality in {{U}}.{{S}}. Cities: {{A}} Political and Econometric Review of {{Deaton}} and {{Lubotsky}} (56:6, 1139{\textendash}1153, 2003)}, shorttitle = {Inequality, Race, and Mortality in {{U}}.{{S}}. Cities}, author = {Ash, Michael and Robinson, Dean E.}, year = {2009}, @@ -3220,7 +3266,7 @@ title = {Negotiating a {{Better Future}}: {{How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Inter-Generational Investment}}}, shorttitle = {Negotiating a {{Better Future}}}, author = {Ashraf, Nava and Sarnoff, Kim and Moore, Danielle and Welch, Keesler}, - publisher = {American Economic Association}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, doi = {10.1257/rct.74}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, secondary school completion is low, and female educational attainment lags male educational attainment. Many governments and NGOs try to address this issue by providing material support such as free uniforms and scholarships. We explore a potential alternative tool for increasing female human capital investment. A recent branch of economics, pioneered by James Heckman, has posited that differences in long-term outcomes (including wages and educational attainment) are in part driven by differences in non-cognitive skills (Heckman and Rubinstein, 2001). Non-cognitive skills are typically both difficult to measure and change, particularly among older children, but neuroscience research in recent years has shown that interpersonal skills may be best learned by early adolescents (Choudhury et al., 2006). If this is the case, programs that affect interpersonal skills may offer policymakers an unusual opportunity to improve non-cognitive skills within the school system. Motivated by this literature, we test whether improving interpersonal skills can play a role in increasing female education. We conducted an experiment in which we randomly provided eighth grade girls in Zambia with a two-week, after-school negotiation skills training. To disentangle the effects of the negotiation skills from the effects of participating in an all-girls training with a female, Zambian role model, we further randomized some girls to receive a placebo training (called ``safe space'') where girls met to play games under the supervision of the mentor but did not receive negotiation skills training. We then collected data on the effect of negotiation in two ways. First, we conducted a lab-in-the-field investment game to better understand how negotiation affected parents' investment decisions. Second, we collected administrative data on girls' educational and life outcomes such as school fee payment, attendance, grades, and pregnancy status up to when the girls would be enrolled in tenth grade.}, @@ -3465,8 +3511,8 @@ month = jul, number = {w15087}, pages = {w15087}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w15087}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -3484,12 +3530,13 @@ volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {188--220}, - publisher = {American Economic Association}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, doi = {10.1257/app.3.3.188}, abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005. This randomized trial offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of training in a middle income country. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. The program raises earnings and employment for women. Women offered training earn 19.6 percent more and have a 0.068 higher probability of paid employment than those not offered training, mainly in formal-sector jobs. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates much larger net gains than those found in developed countries. (JEL I28, J13, J24, O15)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Colombia,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {Analyzing the impact of the Colombian youth training program J{\'o}venes en Acci{\'o}n through a randomized control trial with three survey parts: household characteristic collection, education characteristics and individual labor market information.\textbf{The program provided 6 months of skill training in specific sectors through class-room training and an on-the-job training provided through internships concurrently.\textbf{The program, through cost-benefit-analysis, should be seen as a success since it greatly raised the earnings of women (almost 20\%), though it did neither raise earnings nor had employment effects for men.\textbf{Restricted to formal sectors, however, the program showed a significant impact for both men and women.\textbf{While this may indicate "queue jumping" instead of job creation, the study design hints at such hiring replacement perhaps not being a large concern.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2JGX3JKK/Attanasio2011_Subsidizing_Vocational_Training_for_Disadvantaged_Youth_in_Colombia.pdf} } @@ -3511,6 +3558,7 @@ orcid-numbers = {Medina, Carlos/0000-0002-9739-9876}, unique-id = {WOS:000398733400005}, keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\textbf{While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\textbf{Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\textbf{However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts {\textemdash} \textbf{though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZR5TV4B8/Attanasio2017_Vocational_training_for_disadvantaged_youth_in_colombia.pdf} } @@ -3799,7 +3847,7 @@ issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184}, doi = {10.3366/E0001972008000405}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This article examines popular understandings of diabetes, and conflicts and ambiguities in the management of diabetes care, in two areas of Cameroon. Conducted over a two-year period, comparative ethnography in Yaound{\'e} and Bafut started in four diabetes clinics (two in each place). From there it extended outwards, first to the homes of patients with diabetes, and then on to a number of indigenous healers consulted by patients or their families. We explore here the tension between clinic-based demands for patients' `compliance' with treatment guidelines, including repeated strictures against resorting to `traditional' medicine, and patients' own willingness to alternate between biomedicine and indigenous practitioners, a process in which they subject the claims of both to a kind of pragmatic evaluation. The continuing importance of indigenous healing practices, and explanations for diabetes in terms of ancestral intervention or witchcraft, are considered in the light of recent anthropological debate about the `modernity of witchcraft' in Africa. , Cet article examine les interpr{\'e}tations populaires du diab{\`e}te, ainsi que les conflits et les ambigu{\"i}t{\'e}s dans la gestion du traitement du diab{\`e}te dans deux r{\'e}gions du Cameroun. L'ethnographie comparative men{\'e}e sur une p{\'e}riode de deux ans {\`a} Yaound{\'e} et Bafut a commenc{\'e} dans quatre cliniques du diab{\`e}te (deux dans chaque ville). L'{\'e}tude s'est ensuite {\'e}largie au domicile des patients diab{\'e}tiques, puis {\`a} un certain nombre de gu{\'e}risseurs indig{\`e}nes consult{\'e}s par les patients ou leur famille. L'article explore les tensions entre d'une part les exigences des cliniques en mati{\`e}re d'observance de traitement par les patients (y compris des critiques s{\'e}v{\`e}res r{\'e}p{\'e}t{\'e}es contre le recours {\`a} la m{\'e}decine << traditionnelle >>) et, d'autre part, la volont{\'e} des patients d'alterner entre praticiens de la biom{\'e}decine et praticiens indig{\`e}nes, un processus dans lequel ils soumettent les pr{\'e}tentions des uns et des autres {\`a} une sorte d'{\'e}valuation pragmatique. L'importance persistante des pratiques de gu{\'e}rison indig{\`e}nes, et les explications du diab{\`e}te en termes d'intervention ancestrale ou de sorcellerie, sont {\'e}tudi{\'e}es {\`a} la lumi{\`e}re du d{\'e}bat anthropologique r{\'e}cent sur la << modernit{\'e} de la sorcellerie >> en Afrique.}, + abstract = {This article examines popular understandings of diabetes, and conflicts and ambiguities in the management of diabetes care, in two areas of Cameroon. Conducted over a two-year period, comparative ethnography in Yaound{\'e} and Bafut started in four diabetes clinics (two in each place). From there it extended outwards, first to the homes of patients with diabetes, and then on to a number of indigenous healers consulted by patients or their families. We explore here the tension between clinic-based demands for patients' `compliance' with treatment guidelines, including repeated strictures against resorting to `traditional' medicine, and patients' own willingness to alternate between biomedicine and indigenous practitioners, a process in which they subject the claims of both to a kind of pragmatic evaluation. The continuing importance of indigenous healing practices, and explanations for diabetes in terms of ancestral intervention or witchcraft, are considered in the light of recent anthropological debate about the `modernity of witchcraft' in Africa. , Cet article examine les interpr{\'e}tations populaires du diab{\`e}te, ainsi que les conflits et les ambigu{\"i}t{\'e}s dans la gestion du traitement du diab{\`e}te dans deux r{\'e}gions du Cameroun. L'ethnographie comparative men{\'e}e sur une p{\'e}riode de deux ans {\`a} Yaound{\'e} et Bafut a commenc{\'e} dans quatre cliniques du diab{\`e}te (deux dans chaque ville). L'{\'e}tude s'est ensuite {\'e}largie au domicile des patients diab{\'e}tiques, puis {\`a} un certain nombre de gu{\'e}risseurs indig{\`e}nes consult{\'e}s par les patients ou leur famille. L'article explore les tensions entre d'une part les exigences des cliniques en mati{\`e}re d'observance de traitement par les patients (y compris des critiques s{\'e}v{\`e}res r{\'e}p{\'e}t{\'e}es contre le recours {\`a} la m{\'e}decine {\guillemotleft} traditionnelle {\guillemotright}) et, d'autre part, la volont{\'e} des patients d'alterner entre praticiens de la biom{\'e}decine et praticiens indig{\`e}nes, un processus dans lequel ils soumettent les pr{\'e}tentions des uns et des autres {\`a} une sorte d'{\'e}valuation pragmatique. L'importance persistante des pratiques de gu{\'e}rison indig{\`e}nes, et les explications du diab{\`e}te en termes d'intervention ancestrale ou de sorcellerie, sont {\'e}tudi{\'e}es {\`a} la lumi{\`e}re du d{\'e}bat anthropologique r{\'e}cent sur la {\guillemotleft} modernit{\'e} de la sorcellerie {\guillemotright} en Afrique.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -3993,7 +4041,7 @@ author = {Babcock, Linda and Laschever, Sara}, year = {2003}, month = dec, - publisher = {Princeton University Press}, + publisher = {{Princeton University Press}}, doi = {10.1515/9780691212845}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-691-21284-5}, @@ -4314,7 +4362,7 @@ issn = {1054139X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.12.001}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Purpose Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little is known about the experiences of married girls in refugee settings and how their development trajectories diverge from those of their nonmarried peers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on cross-national panel data from Bangladesh and Jordan, this article explores diversity in child marriage experiences in contexts affected by forced displacement, highlighting how married girls' well-being differs from that of their unmarried peers, and how COVID-19 has reinforced these differences. Methods We analyzed longitudinal survey data---collected pre- and post-COVID-19---from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence study with 293 ever-married and 1,102 never-married adolescent girls. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the well-being of married and unmarried girls across contexts and refugee status, both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quantitative data are complemented by in-depth qualitative data from adolescents (n = 112), and key informant interviews with service providers and community leaders (n = 62). Results Our findings highlight that married girls in contexts affected by displacement are disadvantaged in multiple ways, but that the patterning of disadvantage varies across contexts, and that marriage can also have protective effects in certain contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic has, however, served to exacerbate existing inequalities in all contexts. Discussion Although child marriage prevention efforts remain critical, there is also an urgent need for programming that targets married girls in refugee and host communities to mitigate negative outcomes among this vulnerable group.}, + abstract = {Purpose Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little is known about the experiences of married girls in refugee settings and how their development trajectories diverge from those of their nonmarried peers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on cross-national panel data from Bangladesh and Jordan, this article explores diversity in child marriage experiences in contexts affected by forced displacement, highlighting how married girls' well-being differs from that of their unmarried peers, and how COVID-19 has reinforced these differences. Methods We analyzed longitudinal survey data{\textemdash}collected pre- and post-COVID-19{\textemdash}from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence study with 293 ever-married and 1,102 never-married adolescent girls. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the well-being of married and unmarried girls across contexts and refugee status, both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quantitative data are complemented by in-depth qualitative data from adolescents (n = 112), and key informant interviews with service providers and community leaders (n = 62). Results Our findings highlight that married girls in contexts affected by displacement are disadvantaged in multiple ways, but that the patterning of disadvantage varies across contexts, and that marriage can also have protective effects in certain contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic has, however, served to exacerbate existing inequalities in all contexts. Discussion Although child marriage prevention efforts remain critical, there is also an urgent need for programming that targets married girls in refugee and host communities to mitigate negative outcomes among this vulnerable group.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -4435,7 +4483,7 @@ year = {2011}, month = jan, edition = {1}, - publisher = {Wiley}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1002/9780470400531.eorms0002}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {Abstract The majority of operations research (OR) applications and models focus on performance metrics and objectives based on effectiveness and efficiency. Equity is a key goal of nonprofit and public sector operations and has been studied considerably less than effectiveness and efficiency. In this article, we present an overview of incorporating equity in OR models and we review vehicle routing applications, such as disaster relief, mobility services, food distribution, and hazardous material transportation, which consider equity. We suggest future research directions in studying equity in vehicle routing.}, @@ -4519,7 +4567,7 @@ volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1388--1394}, - publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, + publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}}, issn = {0968-0802}, doi = {10.1002/sd.2092}, urldate = {2023-10-15}, @@ -4654,7 +4702,7 @@ author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Buehren, Niklas and Burgess, Robin and Goldstein, Markus and Gulesci, Selim and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi}, year = {2018}, month = dec, - publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC}, + publisher = {{World Bank, Washington, DC}}, doi = {10.1596/28282}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -4667,7 +4715,7 @@ author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Buehren, Niklas and Goldstein, Markus and Rasul, Imran and Smurra, Andrea}, year = {2019}, month = feb, - publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC}, + publisher = {{World Bank, Washington, DC}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8760}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -4820,6 +4868,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {43}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {inequality::generational,inequality::health,inequality::income,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::minimum_wage}, + note = {looks at inequality; LM adjacent features +\par +might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YMULLXD6/Bar et al_2018_Why did rich families increase their fertility.pdf} } @@ -4924,7 +4975,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Business, Finance; Management}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {2nd Interdisciplinary Management Research Symposium, Osijek, CROATIA, 2005} } @article{Barnard2017, @@ -4980,7 +5032,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Effects of Sharing the Parental Leave on Pensioners' Poverty and Gender Inequality in Old Age: {{A}} Simulation in {{IFSIM}}}, author = {Baroni, Elisa}, - year = {2011-03/2011-04}, + year = {2011}, + month = mar, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, @@ -5019,7 +5072,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {5}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {7th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 04-06, 2013} } @techreport{Barrera-Osorio2020, @@ -5030,12 +5084,13 @@ year = {2020}, month = jul, number = {27548}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w27548}, abstract = {We randomly assign applicants to over-subscribed programs to study the effects of teaching hard and soft skills in vocational training and examine their impacts on skills and labor market outcomes using both survey and administrative data. We find that providing vocational training that either emphasizes social or technical skills increases formal employment. We also find that admission to a vocational program that emphasizes technical relative to social skills increases overall employment and also days and hours worked in the short term. Yet, emphasis on soft-skills training helps applicants sustain employment and monthly wages over the longer term and allows them to catch up with those learning hard skills. Further, through a second round of randomization, we find that offering financial support for transportation and food increases the effectiveness of the program, indicating that resource constraints may be an obstacle for individuals considering vocational training.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial in which participants in Colombia signed up for a vocational training and received either a training focusing on social skills, focusing on technical skills, or no training at all.\textbf{Those receiving a training were also randomly selected to receive a subsidy for the training, mostly consisting of transport or food subsidies.\textbf{The primary goal of the study was to disambiguate between the employment outcomes of different foci within vocational trainings.\textbf{Results show that any vocational training increased formal employment, but emphasis on technical skills increased overall employment (as well as hours worked), whereas emphasis on social skills increased long-term sustained employment and earnings.\textbf{Offering subsidies significantly increased the overall effectiveness of the offered programs.\textbf{Lastly, men were significantly more impacted by increased employment probability even though increased formality and hours worked affected both men and women, which could indicate other gender-based barriers to employment, such as lack of sufficient childcare opportunities.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PRP466ZX/Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard_and_Soft_Skills_in_Vocational_Training.pdf} } @@ -5076,7 +5131,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor; Law; Social Issues}, - keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {Conference on The Right to Work for Persons with Disabilities - International Perspectives, Kassel, GERMANY, MAR 08-10, 2017} } @article{Barsoum2017, @@ -5095,6 +5151,7 @@ eissn = {1468-2397}, unique-id = {WOS:000396796000007}, keywords = {country::Egypt,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative analysis of the four pillars of ALMP working in Egypt, an employment guarantee scheme, vocational training, labor market services, and entrepreneurship promotion.\textbf{Using a data set on the country's state-run programs and interviews with key implementers, the article generally argues that ALMPs in Egypt operate under a constraining welfare regime which does not effectively employ a 'welfare mix' with productivity generated outside the state such as NGOs, or using community-based relationships and clientelist networks.\textbf{Insted, the state continues to assume a 'protective' role while neglecting (and complicating) the switch to a 'productive' role.\textbf{This is most visible in the continued upholding of Egypt's public employment programs under its employment guarantee scheme, though the study also argues for its visibility in few competitive vocational training programs and underfunded labor market services.\textbf{Only on entrepreneurship promotion is a true oscillation towards 'productivity' visible with micro-lending, entrepreneurial training, and infrastructure and community development schemes generating successes through larger flexibility.\textbf{Ultimately it argues for constraints on ALMP effectiveness since there is too little documentation of existing program impacts and too large of a focus on the protective role of the state.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FPEFA3DX/Barsoum2017_Youth-focused_active_labour_market_programmes_in_a_constraining_welfare_regime.pdf} } @@ -5144,7 +5201,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Spain,inequality::gender,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Spain,inequality::gender,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {9th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (iCERi), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 14-16, 2016} } @article{Baruah2017, @@ -5195,11 +5253,12 @@ author = {Bassi, Vittorio and Nansamba, Aisha}, year = {2019}, number = {19-08}, - publisher = {AEA RCT Registry}, + publisher = {{AEA RCT Registry}}, doi = {10.1257/rct.1005-2.0}, abstract = {This project studies the labor market matching process between young workers and firms in Uganda. We focus on three core aspects of this process. First, we study the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in determining the labor market outcomes of young workers; second, we examine whether asymmetric information on the skills of youth that first enter the labor market is a significant source of inefficiency in terms of reduced employment opportunities and mismatch; third, we study whether an intervention improving the signal to potential employers on the skills of job market entrants reduces the asymmetric information problem and limits the related inefficiencies. We carry out this analysis through a randomized control trial in the Ugandan labor market. Our intervention exogenously improves the signals employers receive about a given young worker's non-cognitive skills, and hence is intended to reduce information asymmetries during the recruitment process. We then trace the impacts this has on worker and firm outcomes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Uganda,program::job market services,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effect of soft-skill certificate disclosure on both employers and employees in Uganda, trying to analyze impacts on earnings and employment probability for workers.\textbf{It finds that the disclosure of soft-skill certifications has a significant positive impact on high abilities employer beliefs of the skill of their matched worker and no resulting downward updating for lower skills, whereas there is no belief updating impact on low ability employers.\textbf{On workers, the disclosed certification has the effect of positively updating their outside options and the effect is symmetric between employees and employers, meaning only when faced with a high ability employer will an employee also update their beliefs.\textbf{In the sample, there was a positive selection on soft skills since the skill assessment would be disclosed to firms and workers with higher skills self-selected more for participation knowing this.\textbf{There is a significant increase in the employment probability for middle-skill workers, but the study models potentially negative effects for low-skill workers.\textbf{No overall significant increases on earnings were visible but conditional on employment earnings increases become significant, lead by those of high-skill workers.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:24:47Z} } @@ -5248,7 +5307,7 @@ issn = {03043878}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102839}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic brought the dual crises of disease and the containment policies designed to mitigate it. Yet, there is little evidence on the impacts of these policies on women in lower-income countries, where there may be limited social safety nets to absorb these shocks. We conduct a large phone survey and leverage India's geographically varied containment policies to estimate the association between the pandemic and containment policies and measures of women's well-being, including mental health and food security. On aggregate, the pandemic resulted in dramatic income losses, increases in food insecurity, and declines in female mental health. While potentially crucial to stem the spread of COVID-19, the greater prevalence of containment policies is associated with increased food insecurity, particularly for women, and reduced female mental health. For surveyed women, moving from zero to average containment levels is associated with a 38\% increase in the likelihood of reporting more depression, a 73\% increase in reporting more exhaustion, and a 44\% increase in reporting more anxiety. Women whose social position may make them more vulnerable -- those with daughters and those living in female-headed households -- experience even larger declines in mental health.}, + abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic brought the dual crises of disease and the containment policies designed to mitigate it. Yet, there is little evidence on the impacts of these policies on women in lower-income countries, where there may be limited social safety nets to absorb these shocks. We conduct a large phone survey and leverage India's geographically varied containment policies to estimate the association between the pandemic and containment policies and measures of women's well-being, including mental health and food security. On aggregate, the pandemic resulted in dramatic income losses, increases in food insecurity, and declines in female mental health. While potentially crucial to stem the spread of COVID-19, the greater prevalence of containment policies is associated with increased food insecurity, particularly for women, and reduced female mental health. For surveyed women, moving from zero to average containment levels is associated with a 38\% increase in the likelihood of reporting more depression, a 73\% increase in reporting more exhaustion, and a 44\% increase in reporting more anxiety. Women whose social position may make them more vulnerable {\textendash} those with daughters and those living in female-headed households {\textendash} experience even larger declines in mental health.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -5365,7 +5424,7 @@ issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977}, doi = {10.1177/089124300014002004}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority---the odds of women having authority are less than those of men---there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.}, + abstract = {The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority{\textemdash}the odds of women having authority are less than those of men{\textemdash}there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5382,7 +5441,7 @@ issn = {1017-6772, 1467-8268}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00148.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract:{$\quad$} This paper reviews theoretical frameworks for sectoral decomposition and assesses the within- and between-sector contributions to changes in aggregate poverty in Cameroon informed by the Shapley Value decomposition rule. Between 1984 and 1996 poverty remained a rural phenomenon in Cameroon. It became more widespread, deeper and severer in both rural and urban areas, but more so in urban than rural areas. While the within-sector effects disproportionately accounted for the increase in poverty in the period 1984--96, the between-sector contributions in both rural and semi-urban areas played a mitigating role on the worse effects of the increase in poverty. These findings infer the potential positive feedback effects of migration such as remittances, and/or increases in rural consumption expenditure in the face of rural underemployment, as effective strategies used by migrants to lift their families and villages out of the worse effects of poverty. The implication of this interpretation is that decision-makers need to better understand the factors that push or pull potential migrants. Rural--urban mobility could, therefore, be viewed as a strategy used by households to moderate the worse effects of poverty and a vector of shared growth. The implications for public policy, in terms of open unemployment and associated social and insecurity problems at the receiving end, point to the wisdom of addressing the push-factors via targeting more in favour of rural areas.}, + abstract = {Abstract:{$\quad$} This paper reviews theoretical frameworks for sectoral decomposition and assesses the within- and between-sector contributions to changes in aggregate poverty in Cameroon informed by the Shapley Value decomposition rule. Between 1984 and 1996 poverty remained a rural phenomenon in Cameroon. It became more widespread, deeper and severer in both rural and urban areas, but more so in urban than rural areas. While the within-sector effects disproportionately accounted for the increase in poverty in the period 1984{\textendash}96, the between-sector contributions in both rural and semi-urban areas played a mitigating role on the worse effects of the increase in poverty. These findings infer the potential positive feedback effects of migration such as remittances, and/or increases in rural consumption expenditure in the face of rural underemployment, as effective strategies used by migrants to lift their families and villages out of the worse effects of poverty. The implication of this interpretation is that decision-makers need to better understand the factors that push or pull potential migrants. Rural{\textendash}urban mobility could, therefore, be viewed as a strategy used by households to moderate the worse effects of poverty and a vector of shared growth. The implications for public policy, in terms of open unemployment and associated social and insecurity problems at the receiving end, point to the wisdom of addressing the push-factors via targeting more in favour of rural areas.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5404,6 +5463,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/ABC-8743-2021}, unique-id = {WOS:000373419500003}, keywords = {area::rural,country::Philippines,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on a randomized control trial for vouchers to a job fair in the Philippines attempting to evaluate the impact on employment outcomes and participants' job search frequency.\textbf{There was a significant positive increase of formal employment after the job fair, which is, however, mostly not due to direct job matches at the fair but effects increasing the likelihood of employment medium-term after the fair.\textbf{The study, not having multiple treatment arms, does not make definite statements on the mechanisms of employment increase, but suggests that connection opportunities with other job seekers and information about domestic job search potentials may be the most important factors for it.\textbf{At the same time as there is a formal employment increase, there is a decrease in self-employment to go with it for participants of the job fair.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2IPERP6H/Beam2016_Do_job_fairs_matter.pdf} } @@ -5438,7 +5498,7 @@ issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.1212382}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Girl Power The potential of affirmative action policies to reduce overall outcomes because of lower individual performance has been discussed widely and at length. But do quotas or preferential treatment of applicants alter the pool of candidates? Balafoutas and Sutter (p. 579 ; see the Perspective by Villeval ) used an existing laboratory-based task to assess the change in composition of winning candidates and the overall outcome as a function of three affirmative action policies. Policies designed to encourage more women to enter a competitive environment served to recruit enough high-performing individuals to ensure that the efficiency in performing the task was preserved. Beaman et al. (p. 582 , published online 12 January) examined the effects of a constitutionally mandated reservation of village-council and council-leader positions for women in West Bengal after two election cycles (1998 and 2003). The program appeared to narrow the gender gap in aspirations of parents for their children and of children for themselves; in addition, teenage girls spent more time in school and less on household chores. Beliefs and attitudes changed only after the second set of elections---that is, after a longer exposure to female role models---complementing the more rapid policy changes instituted by women council leaders after the first round of elections. , The effects of female leaders on girls occur via policy changes in the short run and parental aspirations in the longer run. , Exploiting a randomized natural experiment in India, we show that female leadership influences adolescent girls' career aspirations and educational attainment. A 1993 law reserved leadership positions for women in randomly selected village councils. Using 8453 surveys of adolescents aged 11 to 15 and their parents in 495 villages, we found that, relative to villages in which such positions were never reserved, the gender gap in aspirations closed by 20\% in parents and 32\% in adolescents in villages assigned a female leader for two election cycles. The gender gap in adolescent educational attainment was erased, and girls spent less time on household chores. We found no evidence of changes in young women's labor market opportunities, which suggests that the impact of women leaders primarily reflects a role model effect.}, + abstract = {Girl Power The potential of affirmative action policies to reduce overall outcomes because of lower individual performance has been discussed widely and at length. But do quotas or preferential treatment of applicants alter the pool of candidates? Balafoutas and Sutter (p. 579 ; see the Perspective by Villeval ) used an existing laboratory-based task to assess the change in composition of winning candidates and the overall outcome as a function of three affirmative action policies. Policies designed to encourage more women to enter a competitive environment served to recruit enough high-performing individuals to ensure that the efficiency in performing the task was preserved. Beaman et al. (p. 582 , published online 12 January) examined the effects of a constitutionally mandated reservation of village-council and council-leader positions for women in West Bengal after two election cycles (1998 and 2003). The program appeared to narrow the gender gap in aspirations of parents for their children and of children for themselves; in addition, teenage girls spent more time in school and less on household chores. Beliefs and attitudes changed only after the second set of elections{\textemdash}that is, after a longer exposure to female role models{\textemdash}complementing the more rapid policy changes instituted by women council leaders after the first round of elections. , The effects of female leaders on girls occur via policy changes in the short run and parental aspirations in the longer run. , Exploiting a randomized natural experiment in India, we show that female leadership influences adolescent girls' career aspirations and educational attainment. A 1993 law reserved leadership positions for women in randomly selected village councils. Using 8453 surveys of adolescents aged 11 to 15 and their parents in 495 villages, we found that, relative to villages in which such positions were never reserved, the gender gap in aspirations closed by 20\% in parents and 32\% in adolescents in villages assigned a female leader for two election cycles. The gender gap in adolescent educational attainment was erased, and girls spent less time on household chores. We found no evidence of changes in young women's labor market opportunities, which suggests that the impact of women leaders primarily reflects a role model effect.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5477,8 +5537,8 @@ } @article{Beck2015, - title = {{\textbf{Basic Income -- Healthy Outcome?}} {{Effects}} on Health of an {{Indian}} Basic Income Pilot Project: A Cluster Randomised Trial}, - shorttitle = {{\textbf{Basic Income -- Healthy Outcome?}}}, + title = {{\textbf{Basic Income {\textendash} Healthy Outcome?}} {{Effects}} on Health of an {{Indian}} Basic Income Pilot Project: A Cluster Randomised Trial}, + shorttitle = {{\textbf{Basic Income {\textendash} Healthy Outcome?}}}, author = {Beck, Simon and {Pulkki-Br{\"a}nnstr{\"o}m}, Anni-Maria and San Sebasti{\'a}n, Miguel}, year = {2015}, month = jan, @@ -5626,7 +5686,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Political Science}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {4th ACADEMOS Conference / International Political Science Conference, Bucharest, ROMANIA, JUN 15-18, 2017} } @article{Beine2011, @@ -5664,7 +5725,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {8}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Regional \& Urban Planning}, - keywords = {country::Czech_Republic,country::Slovakia,inequality::age,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Czech_Republic,country::Slovakia,inequality::age,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {18th International-Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Istanbul, TURKEY, MAY 09-10, 2012} } @article{Bell2012, @@ -5679,7 +5741,7 @@ issn = {0022-4669, 1538-4764}, doi = {10.1177/0022466910374211}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This article reports on a mentoring project designed for transition-age youth (ages 16--26) who are persons with legal blindness. Youth were matched with adult mentors who were also persons with blindness but who have achieved academic and career success. Results demonstrate that youth who participated in the project for 2 years had significant increases in career decision-making efficacy, positive personal hope for the future, and positive attitudes about blindness. Implications for practitioners suggest that mentoring is a valuable tool to assist youth with blindness as they prepare for the academic and work world.}, + abstract = {This article reports on a mentoring project designed for transition-age youth (ages 16{\textendash}26) who are persons with legal blindness. Youth were matched with adult mentors who were also persons with blindness but who have achieved academic and career success. Results demonstrate that youth who participated in the project for 2 years had significant increases in career decision-making efficacy, positive personal hope for the future, and positive attitudes about blindness. Implications for practitioners suggest that mentoring is a valuable tool to assist youth with blindness as they prepare for the academic and work world.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5841,7 +5903,7 @@ editor = {Berg, Janine}, year = {2015}, month = jan, - publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, + publisher = {{Edward Elgar Publishing}}, doi = {10.4337/9781784712105}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-78471-210-5 978-1-78471-209-9}, @@ -5849,7 +5911,7 @@ } @article{Bergemann2010, - title = {Female Labour Supply and Parental Leave Benefits -- the Causal Effect of Paying Higher Transfers for a Shorter Period of Time}, + title = {Female Labour Supply and Parental Leave Benefits {\textendash} the Causal Effect of Paying Higher Transfers for a Shorter Period of Time}, author = {Bergemann, Annette and Riphahn, Regina T.}, year = {2010}, month = dec, @@ -5924,7 +5986,7 @@ issn = {0001-6349, 1600-0412}, doi = {10.3109/00016340903479894}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective. To describe the process of change and assess compliance and effect on maternal and infant outcome when the WHO package Effective Perinatal Care (EPC) was implemented at maternities in Ukraine. Design. Intervention study comparing outcomes before and during 2.5 years after training. Setting. Three maternities in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv 2003--2006. Population. Baseline data were collected for 652, 742 and 302 deliveries and 420, 381 and 135 infants, respectively, in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv. Follow-up data included 4,561, 9,865 and 7,227 deliveries and 3,829, 8,658 and 6,401 infants. Methods. Staff training on evidence-based guideline. Main outcome measures. Interventions during labor, maternal outcomes and hypothermia in the infants. Results: EPC procedures were successfully implemented and adherence to the protocols was excellent. For most variables, the change occurred during the first three months but was well sustained. The use of partogram increased fourfold in Donetsk and from 0\% to 60\% in Lviv. Induction and augmentation of labor decreased to less than 1\% and less than 5\%, respectively. Cesarean section rate dropped significantly in two of the maternities. The proportion of hypothermic infants decreased from 60\% (Donetsk), 85\% (Lutsk) and 77\% (Lviv) to 1\% in all three maternities during the first three months and was stable throughout the study period. Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit decreased significantly in two of the maternities and there was no effect on early neonatal mortality. Conclusions: The process of education and change was well anchored in the organization, and implementation of new procedures was quick and successful.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective. To describe the process of change and assess compliance and effect on maternal and infant outcome when the WHO package Effective Perinatal Care (EPC) was implemented at maternities in Ukraine. Design. Intervention study comparing outcomes before and during 2.5 years after training. Setting. Three maternities in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv 2003{\textendash}2006. Population. Baseline data were collected for 652, 742 and 302 deliveries and 420, 381 and 135 infants, respectively, in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv. Follow-up data included 4,561, 9,865 and 7,227 deliveries and 3,829, 8,658 and 6,401 infants. Methods. Staff training on evidence-based guideline. Main outcome measures. Interventions during labor, maternal outcomes and hypothermia in the infants. Results: EPC procedures were successfully implemented and adherence to the protocols was excellent. For most variables, the change occurred during the first three months but was well sustained. The use of partogram increased fourfold in Donetsk and from 0\% to 60\% in Lviv. Induction and augmentation of labor decreased to less than 1\% and less than 5\%, respectively. Cesarean section rate dropped significantly in two of the maternities. The proportion of hypothermic infants decreased from 60\% (Donetsk), 85\% (Lutsk) and 77\% (Lviv) to 1\% in all three maternities during the first three months and was stable throughout the study period. Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit decreased significantly in two of the maternities and there was no effect on early neonatal mortality. Conclusions: The process of education and change was well anchored in the organization, and implementation of new procedures was quick and successful.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5933,7 +5995,8 @@ type = {Editorial Material}, title = {China's Transition and Feminist Economics}, author = {Berik, Guenseli and Dong, Xiao-yuan and Summerfield, Gale}, - year = {2007-07/2007-10}, + year = {2007}, + month = jul, journal = {FEMINIST ECONOMICS}, volume = {13}, number = {3-4}, @@ -6023,7 +6086,7 @@ issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390105500101}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Using the ExecuComp data set, which contains information on the five highest-paid executives in each of a large number of U.S. firms for the years 1992--97, the authors examine the gender compensation gap among high-level executives. Women, who represented about 2.5\% of the sample, earned about 45\% less than men. As much as 75\% of this gap can be explained by the fact that women managed smaller companies and were less likely to be CEO, Chair, or company President. The unexplained gap falls to less than 5\% with an allowance for the younger average age and lower average seniority of the female executives. These results do not rule out the possibility of discrimination via gender segregation or unequal promotion. Between 1992 and 1997, however, women nearly tripled their participation in the top executive ranks and also strongly improved their relative compensation, mostly by gaining representation in larger corporations.}, + abstract = {Using the ExecuComp data set, which contains information on the five highest-paid executives in each of a large number of U.S. firms for the years 1992{\textendash}97, the authors examine the gender compensation gap among high-level executives. Women, who represented about 2.5\% of the sample, earned about 45\% less than men. As much as 75\% of this gap can be explained by the fact that women managed smaller companies and were less likely to be CEO, Chair, or company President. The unexplained gap falls to less than 5\% with an allowance for the younger average age and lower average seniority of the female executives. These results do not rule out the possibility of discrimination via gender segregation or unequal promotion. Between 1992 and 1997, however, women nearly tripled their participation in the top executive ranks and also strongly improved their relative compensation, mostly by gaining representation in larger corporations.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -6067,7 +6130,7 @@ author = {Betts, Alexander and Bloom, Louise and Kaplan, Josiah and Omata, Naohiko}, year = {2016}, month = nov, - publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795681.001.0001}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-19-879568-1}, @@ -6125,7 +6188,7 @@ } @article{Bezak2022, - title = {The {{Biggest Challenges Resulting}} from the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Gender-Related Work}} from {{Home}} in {{Biomedical Fields}}---{{World-Wide Qualitative Survey Analysis}}}, + title = {The {{Biggest Challenges Resulting}} from the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Gender-Related Work}} from {{Home}} in {{Biomedical Fields}}{\textemdash}{{World-Wide Qualitative Survey Analysis}}}, author = {Bezak, Eva and {Carson-Chahhoud}, Kristin V. and Marcu, Loredana G. and Stoeva, Magdalena and Lhotska, Lenka and Barabino, Gilda A. and Ibrahim, Fatimah and Kaldoudi, Eleni and Lim, Sierin and Marques Da Silva, Ana Maria and Tan, Peck Ha and Tsapaki, Virginia and Frize, Monique}, year = {2022}, month = mar, @@ -6205,6 +6268,7 @@ orcid-numbers = {Leight, Jessica/0000-0002-1691-9682}, unique-id = {WOS:000706989000010}, keywords = {country::Kazakhstan,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the outcomes of a combined conditional cash grant and life skills training program aimed at young people in Kazakhstan, analyzing the outcomes on participants' employment probability and life skill acquisition.\textbf{Generally, the program did not prove useful for building social capital in for beneficiaries and the study found slight possibly negative effects on labor market participation.\textbf{The negative employment effects may be due to a preference shift to self-employment after the intervention, after which participants may be foregoing other labor market opportunities.\textbf{At the same time, there is no visible increase in self-employment after the treatment, which the study suggests may be due to additional barriers hindering the switch to self-employment.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HBEA6U7B/Bhanot2021_Can_community_service_grants_foster_social_and_economic_integration_for_youth.pdf} } @@ -6297,6 +6361,7 @@ doi = {10.1080/14765280802604763}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::China,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the retraining outcomes on employment and earnings of displaced workers in two Chinese cities: Wuhan and Shenyang using propensity score matching on administrative records.\textbf{The findings show a significant impact on employment probability in Wuhan but not in Shenyang, but a significant impact on earnings in Shenyang but not in Wuhan.\textbf{While outside factors (different economic baselines) are not completely excluded by the authors, they primarily suggest the content of trainings to be a channel for this dichotomous outcome.\textbf{Trainings in China were ({\textasciitilde}2000) not very quality controlled and no concrete curricula were set resulting in widely diverging trainings in quality, relevance and design, with some being classroom only and some much more focused on practical on-the-job experiences.\textbf{The key takeaway is to diversify the sources of training between public, nonprofit and commercial enterprises, always with a strict focus on labor demand.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:28:26Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VUKIL4DV/Bidani2009_Evaluating_job_training_in_two_Chinese_cities.pdf} } @@ -6346,7 +6411,7 @@ issn = {1017-6772, 1467-8268}, doi = {10.1111/1467-8268.00001}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Poverty is gradually spreading to the urban areas of Ethiopia, although it remains more extensive in the rural areas. This paper presents the first substantial analysis, since the 1960s, of the distribution of urban incomes and their determinants. It uses data for 1994 for an analysis of the economic well-being of urban households; it shows that income diversification is a typical characteristic of the poor, while those who are better off derive more than 75 per cent of their income from wage employment. Multiple activity remains less common in urban Ethiopia than in comparable countries, which is not surprising, since the two-decade socialist rule ruined the private sector. --- La pauvret{\'e}, d{\'e}j{\`a} g{\'e}n{\'e}ralis{\'e}e dans les r{\'e}gions rurales de l'Ethiopie, se r{\'e}pand progressivement dans les zones urbaines de ce pays. Cet article pr{\'e}sente la premi{\`e}re analyse approfondie relative {\`a} la distribution des revenus dans les villes et aux d{\'e}terminants de ces revenus, depuis les ann{\'e}es 60. Les donn{\'e}es pour 1994 sont utilis{\'e}es pour analyser les conditions de vie des m{\'e}nages urbains; l'article montre que la diversification du revenu est une caract{\'e}ristique des pauvres tandis que les couches de la population mieux nanties tirent plus de 75 pour cent de leurs revenus d'un emploi salari{\'e}. Par rapport {\`a} d'autres pays analogues, la multiplicit{\'e} de l'activit{\'e} reste peu courante dans les zones urbaines d'Ethiopie, ce qui n'est gu{\`e}re surprenant {\'e}tant donn{\'e} que les deux d{\'e}cennies de r{\'e}gime socialiste ont ruin{\'e} le secteur priv{\'e}.}, + abstract = {Poverty is gradually spreading to the urban areas of Ethiopia, although it remains more extensive in the rural areas. This paper presents the first substantial analysis, since the 1960s, of the distribution of urban incomes and their determinants. It uses data for 1994 for an analysis of the economic well-being of urban households; it shows that income diversification is a typical characteristic of the poor, while those who are better off derive more than 75 per cent of their income from wage employment. Multiple activity remains less common in urban Ethiopia than in comparable countries, which is not surprising, since the two-decade socialist rule ruined the private sector. {\textemdash} La pauvret{\'e}, d{\'e}j{\`a} g{\'e}n{\'e}ralis{\'e}e dans les r{\'e}gions rurales de l'Ethiopie, se r{\'e}pand progressivement dans les zones urbaines de ce pays. Cet article pr{\'e}sente la premi{\`e}re analyse approfondie relative {\`a} la distribution des revenus dans les villes et aux d{\'e}terminants de ces revenus, depuis les ann{\'e}es 60. Les donn{\'e}es pour 1994 sont utilis{\'e}es pour analyser les conditions de vie des m{\'e}nages urbains; l'article montre que la diversification du revenu est une caract{\'e}ristique des pauvres tandis que les couches de la population mieux nanties tirent plus de 75 pour cent de leurs revenus d'un emploi salari{\'e}. Par rapport {\`a} d'autres pays analogues, la multiplicit{\'e} de l'activit{\'e} reste peu courante dans les zones urbaines d'Ethiopie, ce qui n'est gu{\`e}re surprenant {\'e}tant donn{\'e} que les deux d{\'e}cennies de r{\'e}gime socialiste ont ruin{\'e} le secteur priv{\'e}.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,issue::age,out::year,sample::snowballing} } @@ -6388,7 +6453,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-10-2017-0209}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the National Science Foundation ADVANCE project, Institutions Developing Excellence in Academic Leadership (IDEAL) during 2009--2012. The goal of IDEAL was to create an institutional learning community empowered to develop and leverage knowledge, skills, resources and networks to transform academic cultures and enhance gender equity, diversity and inclusion in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines at six research universities in the northern Ohio region. Over the three-year period, these institutions developed academic leaders and institutionalized gender equity transformation through multi-dimensional and multi-level initiatives, improving the advancement and leadership of women faculty in STEM disciplines. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the NSF ADVANCE project, IDEAL during 2009--2012. The six research institutions included in IDEAL were Bowling Green State University, Case Western Reserve University (the lead institution), Cleveland State University, Kent State University, University of Akron and University of Toledo. Findings IDEAL's outcomes included the institutionalization of a number of gender equity initiatives at each university, an increase in the number of tenured women faculty in science and engineering disciplines over three years across the six universities, and increases in the numbers of women in faculty and administrative leadership positions. Out of 62 of the IDEAL participants (co-directors and change leaders), 25 were promoted or appointed to roles of leadership within or beyond their institutions during or after their participation in IDEAL. A number of new institutional collaborations and exchanges involving the six universities occurred during and emerged from IDEAL. An integrative model of the IDEAL program is developed, describing the nested components of each institution's gender equity transformation within the IDEAL partnership consortium and the larger NSF ADVANCE community, and highlighting the dynamic interactions between these levels. Social implications The IDEAL program demonstrates that systemic change to achieve equity for women and underrepresented minority faculty in STEM disciplines must be rooted on individual campuses but must also propagate among higher education systems and the broader scientific community. The effort to develop, sustain and expand the IDEAL partnership model of institutional transformation (IT) in higher education illuminates how innovative, context-sensitive, cost-effective and customized institutional strategies may be implemented to advance gender equity, diversity, inclusion and leadership of women faculty at all levels across the country. Originality/value This is an original description of a unique and distinctive partnership among research universities to foster gender equity IT. The manuscript details the objectives, activities and outcomes of the IDEAL program, established with the aim of broadening participation in the STEM academic workforce and advancing gender equity, diversity and inclusion in institutions of higher education. An integrative model is developed, illustrating the key components and outcomes of the IDEAL program.}, + abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the National Science Foundation ADVANCE project, Institutions Developing Excellence in Academic Leadership (IDEAL) during 2009{\textendash}2012. The goal of IDEAL was to create an institutional learning community empowered to develop and leverage knowledge, skills, resources and networks to transform academic cultures and enhance gender equity, diversity and inclusion in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines at six research universities in the northern Ohio region. Over the three-year period, these institutions developed academic leaders and institutionalized gender equity transformation through multi-dimensional and multi-level initiatives, improving the advancement and leadership of women faculty in STEM disciplines. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the NSF ADVANCE project, IDEAL during 2009{\textendash}2012. The six research institutions included in IDEAL were Bowling Green State University, Case Western Reserve University (the lead institution), Cleveland State University, Kent State University, University of Akron and University of Toledo. Findings IDEAL's outcomes included the institutionalization of a number of gender equity initiatives at each university, an increase in the number of tenured women faculty in science and engineering disciplines over three years across the six universities, and increases in the numbers of women in faculty and administrative leadership positions. Out of 62 of the IDEAL participants (co-directors and change leaders), 25 were promoted or appointed to roles of leadership within or beyond their institutions during or after their participation in IDEAL. A number of new institutional collaborations and exchanges involving the six universities occurred during and emerged from IDEAL. An integrative model of the IDEAL program is developed, describing the nested components of each institution's gender equity transformation within the IDEAL partnership consortium and the larger NSF ADVANCE community, and highlighting the dynamic interactions between these levels. Social implications The IDEAL program demonstrates that systemic change to achieve equity for women and underrepresented minority faculty in STEM disciplines must be rooted on individual campuses but must also propagate among higher education systems and the broader scientific community. The effort to develop, sustain and expand the IDEAL partnership model of institutional transformation (IT) in higher education illuminates how innovative, context-sensitive, cost-effective and customized institutional strategies may be implemented to advance gender equity, diversity, inclusion and leadership of women faculty at all levels across the country. Originality/value This is an original description of a unique and distinctive partnership among research universities to foster gender equity IT. The manuscript details the objectives, activities and outcomes of the IDEAL program, established with the aim of broadening participation in the STEM academic workforce and advancing gender equity, diversity and inclusion in institutions of higher education. An integrative model is developed, illustrating the key components and outcomes of the IDEAL program.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -6691,6 +6756,7 @@ abstract = {In 2008, Uganda granted hundreds of small groups \$400/person to help members start individual skilled trades. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised earnings by 38\% (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). We return after 9 years to find these start-up grants acted more as a kick-start than a lift out of poverty. Grantees' investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption. Grants had lasting impacts on assets, skilled work, and possibly child health, but had little effect on mortality, fertility, health or education.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Uganda,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A follow-up study to an experimental study on the Ugandan 'Youth Opportunities Program', which gave business start-up cash grants in 2008 to analyze its effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption over time.\textbf{It finds that, while the effects were large and significant initially, after beginning to decrease over the 4 year mark, after 9 years all effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption have become insignificant.\textbf{There are some modest sustained effects on the possession of assets and the probability of being in skilled work for the treatment group.\textbf{The study suggests that the cash grants thus acted as a quick infusion to alleviate credit constraints on the poor youth, but over time the control group breached this barrier through individual saving past the minimal capital for start-up creation, leading the authors to assume a more complex interaction with other barriers is or becomes important.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UEDTB3TA/Blattman2018_The_long-term_impacts_of_grants_on_poverty.pdf} } @@ -6703,18 +6769,19 @@ year = {2019}, month = apr, number = {25788}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w25788}, abstract = {We study two interventions for underemployed youth across five Ethiopian sites: a \$300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Despite significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year, after five years we see nearly complete convergence across all groups and outcomes. Shortrun increases in productivity and earnings from the grant dissipate as recipients exit their micro-enterprises. Adverse effects of factory work on health found after one year also appear to be temporary. These results suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the divergences of earnings, productivity and individual welfare when participating in a program of (unconditional) cash grants and business training or labor market services (job offers for industrial work conferred through job matching) for predominantly women in Ethiopia.\textbf{Short-term it finds that the cash grant significantly increased earnings and the industrial job offer significantly decreased personal welfare (with lowered health).\textbf{However, medium- to long-term these effects disappeared over 1 year, and at the 5 year mark there was no significant variation on earnings, productivity or welfare visible.\textbf{For the industrial job offer there was also high attrition, since one third of people quit within the first month and most participants quit within a year, which the study suggests hints at especially young people using the low-skill industrial job more as a safety net than a plan for long-term employment.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FL7S9LFB/Blattman2019_Impacts_of_Industrial_and_Entrepreneurial_Jobs_on_Youth.pdf} } @article{Blau1988, - title = {Trends in {{Earnings Differentials}} by {{Gender}}, 1971--1981}, + title = {Trends in {{Earnings Differentials}} by {{Gender}}, 1971{\textendash}1981}, author = {Blau, Francine D. and Beller, Andrea H.}, year = {1988}, month = jul, @@ -6770,7 +6837,7 @@ editor = {Madsen, Susan R.}, year = {2017}, month = may, - publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, + publisher = {{Edward Elgar Publishing}}, doi = {10.4337/9781785363863.00028}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-78536-386-3 978-1-78536-385-6}, @@ -6782,7 +6849,7 @@ shorttitle = {Financial {{Constraints}} and {{Girls}}' {{Secondary Education}}}, author = {Blimpo, Moussa P. and Gajigo, Ousman and Pugatch, Todd}, year = {2016}, - publisher = {Policy Research Working Paper}, + publisher = {{Policy Research Working Paper}}, doi = {10.5040/9781350995024}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {This study analyzes the impact of large-scale fee elimination for secondary school girls in The Gambia on the quantity, composition, and achievement of students. The gradual rollout of the program across geographic regions provides identifying variation in the policy. The program increased the number of girls taking the high school exit exam by 55 percent. The share of older test takers increased in poorer districts, expanding access for students who began school late, repeated grades, or whose studies had been interrupted. Despite these changes in the quantity and composition of students, there are robustly positive point estimates of the program on test scores, with suggestive evidence of gains for several subgroups of both girls and boys. Absence of learning declines is notable in a setting where expanded access could strain limited resources and reduce school quality. The findings suggest that financial constraints remain serious barriers to post-primary education, and that efforts to expand access to secondary education need not come at the expense of learning in low-income countries like The Gambia.}, @@ -6846,9 +6913,10 @@ year = {2019}, series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, number = {1069}, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, abstract = {While there is a large body of literature evaluating how active labor-market policies such as training impact worker outcomes, relatively few studies examine how such policies impact workers who are displaced by trade. The few studies on training and trade-related labor adjustment focus on the impact of trade-specific assistance programs. Most countries in the world, however, do not have assistance programs that are triggered by trade events but instead implement labor-market policies for reasons other than trade. In this paper, we use detailed data on workers' employment histories and training activities to evaluate the impact of an industrial training program in Brazil on workers who are displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re-entry into the formal labor market one year after displacement by about 13.2 percentage points (equivalent to 30\%) and is effective for workers who are displaced from sectors of high exposure to import competition. This effect is explained by workers switching sectors and occupations after training. We also find that training has positive effects on employment spells and cumulative earnings in the two years after displacement.}, keywords = {country::Brazil,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study conducted on the basis of administrative data for Brazil which intended to analyze the impact of vocational training on job re-entry for displaced workers.\textbf{Specifically focused on workers displaced from sectors highly-exposed to trade periods, whose workers are generally more unlikely to re-enter the same sector.\textbf{The results show that, while training does not significantly impact re-entry into the same sector, it does significantly increase re-entry probability into formal employment into another sector or occupation one year after displacement.}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3QK33YKQ/blyde2019training_Training_and_labor_adjustment_to_trade.pdf} } @@ -6940,7 +7008,10 @@ doi = {10.3233/WOR-131718}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: More knowledge is needed ofoccupational attainment of persons with disabilities, i.e. the relationship between their educational level and their profession, and factors of importance for this relationship. OBJECTIVE: To compare occupational attainment among persons with and without a disability. METHOD: 3396 informants with disabilities and 19 004 non-disabled informants participated (control group) in a survey study by Statistics Sweden.The informants with disabilities were divided into six groups. RESULTS: Occupational attainment did not differ between the disability groups, neither between persons with and without a disability. Follow-up analysis showed that men with disabilities with primary or secondary school had an occupation above their educational level to a significantlylarger extent than women with disabilities. This pattern was even clearer in comparison with the control group. Persons without disabilities, with secondary or higher education, were more successful in the labor market than persons with disabilities. Occupational attainment increased with age in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Young women with disabilities who only have primary or secondary education run a higher risk of having a job that is below their educational level than men at the same educational level. This indicates discriminating mechanisms in the society related to gender and ability.}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Sweden,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Sweden,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::snowballing}, + note = {looks at LM adjacent outcomes of inequality for disabled/ non-disabled people; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy intervention} } @article{Bond1995, @@ -7006,7 +7077,7 @@ issn = {0098-7921, 1728-4457}, doi = {10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00147.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Over the past two decades the OECD has been at the forefront of informing the public and policymakers about population aging and the associated rising costs of pensions and health care. Numerous reports have provided in-depth analyses of member countries' pension policies, assessed and predicted workers' entitlements, and recommended reforms that would lead to more financially sustainable pay-as-you-go pensions. This sixth edition of Pensions at a Glance marks the tenth anniversary of the OECD's flagship series on pension systems and retirement incomes. It focuses on the pension reforms undertaken by OECD and G20 countries in recent years and presents revised forecasts of key indicators for the coming decades. Rapid population aging has been one of the main driving forces behind a wave of pension reforms. The old-age dependency ratio (number of persons 65+ per 100 persons 20--64) rose to 28 in 2015 and is expected to reach 55 by 2070, thus making reform essential. The response of most governments has been strong and the report now concludes that the proportion of GDP devoted to public pensions will rise only modestly from 9 percent to 10 percent between 2015 and 2050.This near stabilization in the face of large demographic change is made possible by substantial reforms of many aspects of the pension system. In particular, the age at normal retirement is rising, incentives for early retirement are being reduced, and taxes and contributions have been raised. Furthermore, a majority of OECD countries have adopted indexing of pensions to prices rather than to wages. This means that the value of pensions, relative to wages, will decline over time, as productivity gains translate into real-wage growth. One concern that requires further attention is the future rise in the proportion of pensioners at risk of falling into poverty, especially as workers increasingly enter the labor force at later ages and unemployment rates remain high. Although the discussion of certain issues is technical, the text provides clear summaries and key findings for each chapter as well as numerous tables, figures, and boxes. The bulk of the report consist of chapters with comparative analyses of specific topics, while the last chapter presents separate summaries of the situation in each OECD country. A database with a wide range of pension-related indicators by country is available online at http://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm.}, + abstract = {Over the past two decades the OECD has been at the forefront of informing the public and policymakers about population aging and the associated rising costs of pensions and health care. Numerous reports have provided in-depth analyses of member countries' pension policies, assessed and predicted workers' entitlements, and recommended reforms that would lead to more financially sustainable pay-as-you-go pensions. This sixth edition of Pensions at a Glance marks the tenth anniversary of the OECD's flagship series on pension systems and retirement incomes. It focuses on the pension reforms undertaken by OECD and G20 countries in recent years and presents revised forecasts of key indicators for the coming decades. Rapid population aging has been one of the main driving forces behind a wave of pension reforms. The old-age dependency ratio (number of persons 65+ per 100 persons 20{\textendash}64) rose to 28 in 2015 and is expected to reach 55 by 2070, thus making reform essential. The response of most governments has been strong and the report now concludes that the proportion of GDP devoted to public pensions will rise only modestly from 9 percent to 10 percent between 2015 and 2050.This near stabilization in the face of large demographic change is made possible by substantial reforms of many aspects of the pension system. In particular, the age at normal retirement is rising, incentives for early retirement are being reduced, and taxes and contributions have been raised. Furthermore, a majority of OECD countries have adopted indexing of pensions to prices rather than to wages. This means that the value of pensions, relative to wages, will decline over time, as productivity gains translate into real-wage growth. One concern that requires further attention is the future rise in the proportion of pensioners at risk of falling into poverty, especially as workers increasingly enter the labor force at later ages and unemployment rates remain high. Although the discussion of certain issues is technical, the text provides clear summaries and key findings for each chapter as well as numerous tables, figures, and boxes. The bulk of the report consist of chapters with comparative analyses of specific topics, while the last chapter presents separate summaries of the situation in each OECD country. A database with a wide range of pension-related indicators by country is available online at http://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,review::,sample::snowballing,type::pension}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KH9S4GA6/Bongaarts2016_Pensions_at_a_Glance_2015.pdf} @@ -7111,6 +7182,7 @@ eissn = {1873-5991}, unique-id = {WOS:000402342600017}, keywords = {area::rural,country::India,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impact of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) between 2005 and 2006, analyzing the impact on household consumption through possible additional earnings.\textbf{In general it finds an increase on household consumption per capita for areas under NREGS and a more significant increase for members of a marginalized group (caste).\textbf{Since NREGS pays minimum wage, the study finds predominantly women start working under its increased waged labor demand to provide additional income for the household.\textbf{Households with children increased the spending on 'child goods' (e.g. milk) most significantly while households without children increased spending on alcohol more significantly.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/S9ANK423/Bose2017_Raising_consumption_through_india's_national_rural_employment_guarantee_scheme.pdf} } @@ -7402,7 +7474,7 @@ issn = {1472-6874}, doi = {10.1186/s12905-021-01515-x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Globally, one in three women experienced domestic~violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a~very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India. Methods The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015--16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15--49~years. Bivariate~descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health. Results The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8\%, 13.8\% and 7.0\%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77\% by sexual violence and 44\% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy. Conclusion This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it~is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Globally, one in three women experienced domestic~violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a~very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India. Methods The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015{\textendash}16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15{\textendash}49~years. Bivariate~descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health. Results The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8\%, 13.8\% and 7.0\%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77\% by sexual violence and 44\% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy. Conclusion This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it~is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -7470,7 +7542,7 @@ issn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877}, doi = {10.1177/00333549141291S206}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)---the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use ``medical care'' rather than ``health care'' to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between ``health'' and ``health care.'' The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as ``the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age'' and ``the fundamental drivers of these conditions.'' The term ``social determinants'' often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social---and particularly socioeconomic---factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.}, + abstract = {During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH){\textemdash}the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use ``medical care'' rather than ``health care'' to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between ``health'' and ``health care.'' The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as ``the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age'' and ``the fundamental drivers of these conditions.'' The term ``social determinants'' often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social{\textemdash}and particularly socioeconomic{\textemdash}factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::health,out::abstract,review::narrative,sample::snowballing} } @@ -7533,8 +7605,8 @@ month = may, number = {w10513}, pages = {w10513}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w10513}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -7571,7 +7643,7 @@ issn = {0020-8132, 1466-7657}, doi = {10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01033.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {BRENNAN M.M., FITZPATRICK J.J., MCNULTY S.R., CAMPO T., WELBECK J. \& BARNES G. (2013) Paediatric resuscitation for nurses working in Ghana: an educational intervention. International Nursing Review 60 , 136--143 Background:{\enspace} Deficiencies in the paediatric emergency systems of developing countries may contribute to avoidable paediatric mortality. Studies suggest that nurses and doctors may not be educationally prepared to provide immediate paediatric resuscitative care to acutely ill children. The purpose of this study was to determine if a 1-day World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Triage and Assessment Treatment (ETAT) Program in paediatric resuscitation would increase Ghanaian nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation. Methods:{\enspace} A pre-experimental, one-group, pre-test, post-test design was used to assess differences in the nurses' knowledge of paediatric resuscitation, and their perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation after completing a 1-day educational intervention in paediatric resuscitation. Forty-one nurses from a public teaching hospital in Ghana were recruited and participated in the study. Results:{\enspace} Using a paired samples t -test, there was a statistically significant increase in the nurses' perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation in general ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), perceived self-efficacy of bag and mask ventilation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000). Conclusions:{\enspace} Findings from this study suggest that a 1-day WHO ETAT Program may increase self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation. Clinical Relevance:{\enspace} Policy makers in Ghana need to consider implementing education programmes in paediatric resuscitation for nurses as part of a comprehensive strategy to improve emergency systems and address preventable and avoidable infant and child mortality.}, + abstract = {BRENNAN M.M., FITZPATRICK J.J., MCNULTY S.R., CAMPO T., WELBECK J. \& BARNES G. (2013) Paediatric resuscitation for nurses working in Ghana: an educational intervention. International Nursing Review 60 , 136{\textendash}143 Background:\hspace{0.6em} Deficiencies in the paediatric emergency systems of developing countries may contribute to avoidable paediatric mortality. Studies suggest that nurses and doctors may not be educationally prepared to provide immediate paediatric resuscitative care to acutely ill children. The purpose of this study was to determine if a 1-day World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Triage and Assessment Treatment (ETAT) Program in paediatric resuscitation would increase Ghanaian nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} A pre-experimental, one-group, pre-test, post-test design was used to assess differences in the nurses' knowledge of paediatric resuscitation, and their perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation after completing a 1-day educational intervention in paediatric resuscitation. Forty-one nurses from a public teaching hospital in Ghana were recruited and participated in the study. Results:\hspace{0.6em} Using a paired samples t -test, there was a statistically significant increase in the nurses' perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation in general ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), perceived self-efficacy of bag and mask ventilation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000). Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Findings from this study suggest that a 1-day WHO ETAT Program may increase self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation. Clinical Relevance:\hspace{0.6em} Policy makers in Ghana need to consider implementing education programmes in paediatric resuscitation for nurses as part of a comprehensive strategy to improve emergency systems and address preventable and avoidable infant and child mortality.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -7707,7 +7779,7 @@ issn = {0037-7961, 1537-5404}, doi = {10.1086/516423}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Policy making has increasingly turned to controlled analysis, in the form of demonstration projects and experiments, to test social policies before they are legislated nationwide. Reviewing the history of three hallmark welfare experiments, we examine how controlled analysis became a ``shadow institution'' --- an alternative to more visible and highly contested legislative channels for policy conflict. Applying a political-institutional lens, we explore what kind of channel this is and how it structures conflicts over poverty policy. We find that controlled analysis may be more apt to reiterate than to challenge conventional wisdom about poverty and the poor.}, + abstract = {Policy making has increasingly turned to controlled analysis, in the form of demonstration projects and experiments, to test social policies before they are legislated nationwide. Reviewing the history of three hallmark welfare experiments, we examine how controlled analysis became a ``shadow institution'' {\textemdash} an alternative to more visible and highly contested legislative channels for policy conflict. Applying a political-institutional lens, we explore what kind of channel this is and how it structures conflicts over poverty policy. We find that controlled analysis may be more apt to reiterate than to challenge conventional wisdom about poverty and the poor.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::poverty,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -7727,6 +7799,17 @@ abstract = {Abstract This paper takes a closer look at Tunisia's SIVP: an employment subsidy aimed at university graduates and, until recently, the country's largest active labour market policy. Using a tracer survey of the 2004 graduating cohort, OLS and matching techniques are applied to estimate the relationship between programme participation and the labour market outcomes of participants. Graduates who benefited from the programme appear less likely to be unemployed and considerably more likely to have found a job in the private sector - but this may partly reflect selection into the programme, which is not random. JEL classification J08, J20}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Tunisia,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of the 'SIVP' programme in Tunisia on employment probability and formal employment of its participants. +\par +'SIVP' is an employment subsidy programme and the target group for the study are university graduates looking for their first job after graduation, with the programme having its last follow-up interview 44 months after graduation. +\par +It finds that the programme overall reduces unemployment and increases the chances for being employed in the private sector, two of its stated aims, for its target beneficiaries. +\par +It also finds, however, that the selection into the programme, not being random, is not targeting those most in need well, with individuals most likely to be unemployed 3 months after graduation often having to wait the longest for participation in the programme. +\par +Lastly, it finds that programme participants tend to have a more precarious job (no permanent contract) and be less well remunerated than graduates with a job that did not participate in SIVP. +\par +The study concludes that, while the programme is in line with international cost-benefit assumptions of employment subsidy programmes, it loses a large part of its effectiveness to deadweight losses due to its bad targeting.}, timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:06:50Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L97MNMJU/Broecke2013_Tackling_graduate_unemployment_in_North_Africa_through_employment_subsidies.pdf} } @@ -7789,7 +7872,7 @@ year = {2007}, month = jun, edition = {1}, - publisher = {Wiley}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-471-27287-8 978-0-470-14765-8}, @@ -7824,6 +7907,13 @@ pages = {196--221}, doi = {10.1257/app.20170042}, keywords = {country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A random control trial on the impacts of business training on the earnings outcomes for female micro-entrepreneurs in urban Kenya. +\par +It finds that, while general formal business training has no significant impact on earnings, participation in a mentorship program does have a significant positive impact. +\par +The authors argue this suggests an important categorical difference between different types of training information: +\par +whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more localized and specific knowledge imparted in the apprenticeship programme leads to significant impacts.}, timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:43:44Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QBG5UJ6M/Brooks2018_Mentors_or_teachers.pdf} } @@ -7851,9 +7941,10 @@ year = {2017}, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, number = {7977}, - institution = {World Bank}, - abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers -- even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers {\textendash} even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice}, keywords = {country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study conducted on a combination of cash grants and vocational training for young women in Kenya, with an emphasis on analyzing its earnings impacts over time.\textbf{It finds that both receiving just a cash grant or a cash grant and vocational training significantly increased short-term earnings, but these earnings impacts dissipated at the second year mark after the treatment.\textbf{The findings suggest that there are more barriers a sustained impact than just a credit constrained poverty trap overall, but women wishing to begin their business were still mostly constrained by savings initially.\textbf{While the group receiving a grant and training had larger impacts, the group only receiving a cash grant was more cost effective.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -7914,7 +8005,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-11-2012-0107}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to survey chairmen's perceptions of female board representation in five Nordic countries, focussing on whether the chairman's perception of board work is related to gender diversity, and on differences between high- and low-risk firms. Design/methodology/approach -- The authors combine data from a questionnaire directed to the chairmen of the boards in Nordic listed companies with data on firm characteristics and board composition. Findings -- The authors find that the chairmen (97.5 percent male) are significantly less satisfied with female board members as compared to male ones. The authors also find that firms with nomination committees have more gender diverse boards, as well as indications of a more positively perceived contribution of female representation in high-risk firms. Research limitations/implications -- The study is restricted to perceptions of chairmen for listed Nordic firms. The low response rate of 20.1 percent is a severe limitation. Practical implications -- The increasing practice of using nomination committees in the Nordic countries seems advantageous from gender balance perspective. Originality/value -- The authors contribute to the literature on gender diversity in boards by providing results from a board intern perspective.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to survey chairmen's perceptions of female board representation in five Nordic countries, focussing on whether the chairman's perception of board work is related to gender diversity, and on differences between high- and low-risk firms. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The authors combine data from a questionnaire directed to the chairmen of the boards in Nordic listed companies with data on firm characteristics and board composition. Findings {\textendash} The authors find that the chairmen (97.5 percent male) are significantly less satisfied with female board members as compared to male ones. The authors also find that firms with nomination committees have more gender diverse boards, as well as indications of a more positively perceived contribution of female representation in high-risk firms. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The study is restricted to perceptions of chairmen for listed Nordic firms. The low response rate of 20.1 percent is a severe limitation. Practical implications {\textendash} The increasing practice of using nomination committees in the Nordic countries seems advantageous from gender balance perspective. Originality/value {\textendash} The authors contribute to the literature on gender diversity in boards by providing results from a board intern perspective.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8041,7 +8132,7 @@ } @article{Buckley2012, - title = {Are {{Remittances}} an {{Effective Mechanism}} for {{Development}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Tajikistan}}, 1999--2007}, + title = {Are {{Remittances}} an {{Effective Mechanism}} for {{Development}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Tajikistan}}, 1999{\textendash}2007}, shorttitle = {Are {{Remittances}} an {{Effective Mechanism}} for {{Development}}?}, author = {Buckley, Cynthia and Hofmann, Erin Trouth}, year = {2012}, @@ -8091,8 +8182,8 @@ } @article{Budig2016, - title = {Work--{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}? {{Unpacking}} the {{Cross-National Variation}} in {{Motherhood Earnings Penalties}}}, - shorttitle = {Work--{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}?}, + title = {Work{\textendash}{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}? {{Unpacking}} the {{Cross-National Variation}} in {{Motherhood Earnings Penalties}}}, + shorttitle = {Work{\textendash}{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}?}, author = {Budig, Michelle J. and Misra, Joya and Boeckmann, Irene}, year = {2016}, month = may, @@ -8103,7 +8194,7 @@ issn = {0730-8884, 1552-8464}, doi = {10.1177/0730888415615385}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work--family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties.}, + abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work{\textendash}family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8113,7 +8204,7 @@ author = {Buehren, Niklas and Goldstein, Markus and Gulesci, Selim and Sulaiman, Munshi and Yam, Venus}, year = {2017}, month = feb, - publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC}, + publisher = {{World Bank, Washington, DC}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-7961}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -8132,7 +8223,7 @@ issn = {2699-2337}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-154}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This article analyses the effects of the German parental leave benefit, which was introduced in 2007, on household income and fertility. The analysis combines SOEP and German Micro Census data in order to apply techniques based on event history analysis (SOEP) as well as differential analyses based on a high number of cases (Micro Census). It is argued that on average, the income situation of families with babies has slightly improved, but this is due to a considerable raise for highly-educated parents. The results for fertility correspond to these income effects: The multivariate analyses for the transition to the second child show no reform effect regarding the total population. However, there are interesting group-specific effects. Age-specific fertility rates, which are based on Micro Census data, are increasing among 35- to 44-year-old highly-educated women. In addition, the event history analysis shows a significant effect for the interaction of reform and this age group. Both suggest that the parental leave benefit has an effect on recuperation among highly-educated women who are at least in their mid-thirties. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag analysiert die Wirkungen des 2007 eingef{\"u}hrten deutschen Elterngelds auf das Haushaltseinkommen und die Fertilit{\"a}t. Bei der Analyse werden SOEP- und Mikrozensus-Daten kombiniert, um sowohl ereignisanalytische Techniken anzuwenden (SOEP), als auch differenzielle Analysen basierend auf hohen Fallzahlen vorzunehmen (Mikrozensus). Es wird gezeigt, dass sich im Durchschnitt das Einkommen von Familien mit Babys etwas erh{\"o}ht hat, wobei sich dahinter ein erheblicher Anstieg bei Akademikereltern verbirgt. Mit diesen Einkommensbefunden korrespondieren die Fertilit{\"a}tsergebnisse: Bei den multivariaten Analysen zum {\"U}bergang zum zweiten Kind zeigt sich f{\"u}r die Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung kein Reformeffekt. Allerdings verbergen sich hinter der Gesamtbetrachtung gruppenspezifische Effekte. Die Mikrozensus-Analysen zeigen, dass die altersspezifischen Fertilit{\"a}tsraten bei 35- bis 44-j{\"a}hrigen Akademikerinnen angestiegen sind, auch in der Ereignisanalyse zeigt sich ein signifikanter Interaktionseffekt f{\"u}r die Elterngeldreform und dieses Alter. Beides deutet darauf hin, dass das Elterngeld den Recuperationeffekt -- das Nachholen aufgeschobener Geburten -- von hochqualifizierten Frauen ab Mitte 30 verst{\"a}rkt.}, + abstract = {This article analyses the effects of the German parental leave benefit, which was introduced in 2007, on household income and fertility. The analysis combines SOEP and German Micro Census data in order to apply techniques based on event history analysis (SOEP) as well as differential analyses based on a high number of cases (Micro Census). It is argued that on average, the income situation of families with babies has slightly improved, but this is due to a considerable raise for highly-educated parents. The results for fertility correspond to these income effects: The multivariate analyses for the transition to the second child show no reform effect regarding the total population. However, there are interesting group-specific effects. Age-specific fertility rates, which are based on Micro Census data, are increasing among 35- to 44-year-old highly-educated women. In addition, the event history analysis shows a significant effect for the interaction of reform and this age group. Both suggest that the parental leave benefit has an effect on recuperation among highly-educated women who are at least in their mid-thirties. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag analysiert die Wirkungen des 2007 eingef{\"u}hrten deutschen Elterngelds auf das Haushaltseinkommen und die Fertilit{\"a}t. Bei der Analyse werden SOEP- und Mikrozensus-Daten kombiniert, um sowohl ereignisanalytische Techniken anzuwenden (SOEP), als auch differenzielle Analysen basierend auf hohen Fallzahlen vorzunehmen (Mikrozensus). Es wird gezeigt, dass sich im Durchschnitt das Einkommen von Familien mit Babys etwas erh{\"o}ht hat, wobei sich dahinter ein erheblicher Anstieg bei Akademikereltern verbirgt. Mit diesen Einkommensbefunden korrespondieren die Fertilit{\"a}tsergebnisse: Bei den multivariaten Analysen zum {\"U}bergang zum zweiten Kind zeigt sich f{\"u}r die Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung kein Reformeffekt. Allerdings verbergen sich hinter der Gesamtbetrachtung gruppenspezifische Effekte. Die Mikrozensus-Analysen zeigen, dass die altersspezifischen Fertilit{\"a}tsraten bei 35- bis 44-j{\"a}hrigen Akademikerinnen angestiegen sind, auch in der Ereignisanalyse zeigt sich ein signifikanter Interaktionseffekt f{\"u}r die Elterngeldreform und dieses Alter. Beides deutet darauf hin, dass das Elterngeld den Recuperationeffekt {\textendash} das Nachholen aufgeschobener Geburten {\textendash} von hochqualifizierten Frauen ab Mitte 30 verst{\"a}rkt.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8212,7 +8303,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {19}, web-of-science-categories = {Pediatrics}, - keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {inequality outcomes of policy intervention but NOT LM adjacent, not evidence-based impact study} } @article{Burbyka2017, @@ -8274,7 +8366,7 @@ } @article{Burgstahler2001, - title = {Supporting {{Peer}}--{{Peer}} and {{Mentor}}--{{Prot{\'e}g{\'e} Relationships}} on the {{Internet}}}, + title = {Supporting {{Peer}}{\textendash}{{Peer}} and {{Mentor}}{\textendash}{{Prot{\'e}g{\'e} Relationships}} on the {{Internet}}}, author = {Burgstahler, Sheryl and Cronheim, Deb}, year = {2001}, month = sep, @@ -8333,7 +8425,7 @@ issn = {0020-7640, 1741-2854}, doi = {10.1177/0020764013481426}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Income inequality is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. There is evidence that ecological-level socio-environmental factors may increase risk for schizophrenia. Aims: The aim was to investigate whether measures of income inequality are associated with incidence of schizophrenia at the country level. Method: We conducted a systematic review of incidence rates for schizophrenia, reported between 1975 and 2011. For each country, national measures of income inequality (Gini coefficient) along with covariate risk factors for schizophrenia were obtained. Multi-level mixed-effects Poisson regression was performed to investigate the relationship between Gini coefficients and incidence rates of schizophrenia controlling for covariates. Results: One hundred and seven incidence rates (from 26 countries) were included. Mean incidence of schizophrenia was 18.50 per 100,000 (SD = 11.9; range = 1.7--67). There was a significant positive relationship between incidence rate of schizophrenia and Gini coefficient ( {$\beta$} = 1.02; Z = 2.28; p = .02; 95\% CI = 1.00, 1.03). Conclusions: Countries characterized by a large rich--poor gap may be at increased risk of schizophrenia. We suggest that income inequality impacts negatively on social cohesion, eroding social capital, and that chronic stress associated with living in highly disparate societies places individuals at risk of schizophrenia.}, + abstract = {Background: Income inequality is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. There is evidence that ecological-level socio-environmental factors may increase risk for schizophrenia. Aims: The aim was to investigate whether measures of income inequality are associated with incidence of schizophrenia at the country level. Method: We conducted a systematic review of incidence rates for schizophrenia, reported between 1975 and 2011. For each country, national measures of income inequality (Gini coefficient) along with covariate risk factors for schizophrenia were obtained. Multi-level mixed-effects Poisson regression was performed to investigate the relationship between Gini coefficients and incidence rates of schizophrenia controlling for covariates. Results: One hundred and seven incidence rates (from 26 countries) were included. Mean incidence of schizophrenia was 18.50 per 100,000 (SD = 11.9; range = 1.7{\textendash}67). There was a significant positive relationship between incidence rate of schizophrenia and Gini coefficient ( {$\beta$} = 1.02; Z = 2.28; p = .02; 95\% CI = 1.00, 1.03). Conclusions: Countries characterized by a large rich{\textendash}poor gap may be at increased risk of schizophrenia. We suggest that income inequality impacts negatively on social cohesion, eroding social capital, and that chronic stress associated with living in highly disparate societies places individuals at risk of schizophrenia.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8470,7 +8562,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {37}, web-of-science-categories = {Development Studies; Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {48th Annual Convention of the International-Studies-Association, Chicago, IL, FEB 28-MAR 03, 2007} } @article{Butler1988, @@ -8497,7 +8590,7 @@ year = {2011}, month = jan, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-5518}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -8601,7 +8694,7 @@ issn = {0730-8884, 1552-8464}, doi = {10.1177/0730888410380152}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Does employment discrimination vary in degree or character across public and private labor market sectors? Prior research cannot fully address this question because it typically relies on one dimension of discrimination---estimates of wage gaps. This study extends the literature by analyzing 11,528 legally verified cases of race and sex discrimination from the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (1986-2003). Quantitative analyses demonstrate that aggregate rates of verified discrimination vary little by sector, yet there are elevated rates of public sector promotion discrimination and elevated rates of private sector firing discrimination. In-depth qualitative analyses show that specific sectoral processes contribute to these aggregate patterns. In the public sector, limited accountability for promotion decisions allows managers to devalue seniority, augment ``soft skills,'' and sabotage multiple stages of formalized proceedings. Moreover, the very devices intended to curb discriminatory promotion may inadvertently multiply the stages for bias to enter decisions. In the private sector, managers exploit the latitude afforded by the employment-at-will doctrine to differentially terminate workers, sometimes justifying their actions as cost saving in a competitive market. The author argues that these processes are in line with statistical discrimination and social closure theories and concludes by discussing their implications for understandings of workplace inequality.}, + abstract = {Does employment discrimination vary in degree or character across public and private labor market sectors? Prior research cannot fully address this question because it typically relies on one dimension of discrimination{\textemdash}estimates of wage gaps. This study extends the literature by analyzing 11,528 legally verified cases of race and sex discrimination from the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (1986-2003). Quantitative analyses demonstrate that aggregate rates of verified discrimination vary little by sector, yet there are elevated rates of public sector promotion discrimination and elevated rates of private sector firing discrimination. In-depth qualitative analyses show that specific sectoral processes contribute to these aggregate patterns. In the public sector, limited accountability for promotion decisions allows managers to devalue seniority, augment ``soft skills,'' and sabotage multiple stages of formalized proceedings. Moreover, the very devices intended to curb discriminatory promotion may inadvertently multiply the stages for bias to enter decisions. In the private sector, managers exploit the latitude afforded by the employment-at-will doctrine to differentially terminate workers, sometimes justifying their actions as cost saving in a competitive market. The author argues that these processes are in line with statistical discrimination and social closure theories and concludes by discussing their implications for understandings of workplace inequality.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8734,6 +8827,7 @@ doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.008}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Brazil,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the 'Galp{\~a}o Aplauso' youth training program, focusing on a combination of vocational training and life skills through expressive arts, to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability.\textbf{The study finds significant short-term increases on both earnings and employment probability for the beneficiaries, but finds no impacts on non labor market outcomes such as personality-related traits.\textbf{The training program started as a public policy but turned into a private-sector managed program, with selective criteria to initiative and beneficiaries, so that there the authors see small chance of it scaling well and the results holding potential for external validity.}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:56:15Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9E5J9IG8/Calero2017_Can_Arts-Based_Interventions_Enhance_Labor_Market_Outcomes_Among_Youth.pdf} } @@ -8768,9 +8862,12 @@ issn = {1536-5042, 1537-6052}, doi = {10.1177/1536504219830673}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This essay evaluates the state of the debate around basic income, a controversial and much-discussed policy proposal. I explore its contested meaning and consider its potential impact. I provide a summary of the randomized guaranteed income experiments from the 1970s, emphasizing how experimental methods using scattered sets of isolated participants cannot capture the crucial social factors that help to explain changes in people's patterns of work. In contrast, I examine a community experiment from the same period, where all residents of the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, were eligible for basic income payments. This ``macro-experiment'' sheds light on the community-level realities of basic income. I describe evidence showing that wages offered by Dauphin businesses increased. Additionally, labor market participation fell. By ignoring the social interactions that characterize real-world community contexts, randomized studies underestimate the decline in labor market participation and its impact on employers. These findings depend to a great extent on the details of the policy design, and as such I conclude that the oft-proposed right--left ideological alliance on basic income is unlikely to survive the move from basic income as a broad policy umbrella to basic income as a concrete policy option.}, + abstract = {This essay evaluates the state of the debate around basic income, a controversial and much-discussed policy proposal. I explore its contested meaning and consider its potential impact. I provide a summary of the randomized guaranteed income experiments from the 1970s, emphasizing how experimental methods using scattered sets of isolated participants cannot capture the crucial social factors that help to explain changes in people's patterns of work. In contrast, I examine a community experiment from the same period, where all residents of the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, were eligible for basic income payments. This ``macro-experiment'' sheds light on the community-level realities of basic income. I describe evidence showing that wages offered by Dauphin businesses increased. Additionally, labor market participation fell. By ignoring the social interactions that characterize real-world community contexts, randomized studies underestimate the decline in labor market participation and its impact on employers. These findings depend to a great extent on the details of the policy design, and as such I conclude that the oft-proposed right{\textendash}left ideological alliance on basic income is unlikely to survive the move from basic income as a broad policy umbrella to basic income as a concrete policy option.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::ubi} + keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::ubi}, + note = {looks at LM adjacency and PI; +\par +does NOT look at inequalities affected} } @article{Cameron2001a, @@ -8916,7 +9013,7 @@ volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {305--324}, - publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, + publisher = {{Informa UK Limited}}, doi = {10.1080/13600818.2018.1508565}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JEFWTZ7G/Canelas_Gisselquist_2018_Horizontal inequality as an outcome.pdf} @@ -8935,7 +9032,7 @@ issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853}, doi = {10.1177/003435520204500303}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {This investigation determined whether differences still exist for racial minorities and women in terms of acceptance rates, employment outcomes, and quality of successful closures in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system. Three control variables--- age, education level, and severity of disability---were used in a logistic regression model. Differences in odds (based on odds ratio estimates) were found for the following: (a) acceptance rates---favored European Americans over African Americans, (b) employment outcomes---favored European Americans over both African Americans and Native Americans, and (c) quality of closures---favored men over women, with age acting as an effect modifier.}, + abstract = {This investigation determined whether differences still exist for racial minorities and women in terms of acceptance rates, employment outcomes, and quality of successful closures in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system. Three control variables{\textemdash} age, education level, and severity of disability{\textemdash}were used in a logistic regression model. Differences in odds (based on odds ratio estimates) were found for the following: (a) acceptance rates{\textemdash}favored European Americans over African Americans, (b) employment outcomes{\textemdash}favored European Americans over both African Americans and Native Americans, and (c) quality of closures{\textemdash}favored men over women, with age acting as an effect modifier.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8953,6 +9050,7 @@ doi = {10.1086/658090}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {The study analyzes a randomized control trial in the Dominican Republic's program 'Juventud y Empleo' regarding the effects of vocational training on earnings and employment outcomes such as hours worked or overall employment probability.\textbf{While there is no significant impact on hours worked or employment probability, a modest increase in earnings through wages per hour was determined.\textbf{The study suffered from an issue in the design through which people not showing up for treatment were not approached for the follow-up survey, and people reassigned from the control group to the treatment group showed some significant differences to the rest of the treatment group.\textbf{The study tries to account for this, but it should still be kept in mind as potentially decreasing its explanatory limits.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9K2D3J4R/Card2011_The_labor_market_impacts_of_youth_training_in_the_Dominican_Republic.pdf} } @@ -8970,7 +9068,7 @@ issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455}, doi = {10.1287/orsc.2017.1132}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Engineering remains one of the most highly and persistently sex segregated occupations in the United States. Though extant literature submits that women's increased access to managerial positions in male-dominated occupations should represent an important strategy for addressing sex segregation, my analysis of 61 interviews with industry engineers suggests that increasing women's disproportionate representation in managerial roles in engineering may promote the very sex segregation it is attempting to mitigate. The analysis highlights how organizations reinforce female engineers' movement into managerial roles and foster a form of intraoccupational sex segregation with unintended consequences for women. These consequences include fostering mixed identification with engineering, reinforcing stereotypes about women's suitability for technical work, and increasing work--life balance tensions. The findings further suggest that an inverted role hierarchy in engineering may explain these gendered career patterns and their unintended consequences. By inverted role hierarchy I mean the valuing of technical over managerial roles. Implications for the literatures on occupational sex segregation, women's representation in managerial roles, and the experience of women in male-dominated occupations are discussed. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1132 .}, + abstract = {Engineering remains one of the most highly and persistently sex segregated occupations in the United States. Though extant literature submits that women's increased access to managerial positions in male-dominated occupations should represent an important strategy for addressing sex segregation, my analysis of 61 interviews with industry engineers suggests that increasing women's disproportionate representation in managerial roles in engineering may promote the very sex segregation it is attempting to mitigate. The analysis highlights how organizations reinforce female engineers' movement into managerial roles and foster a form of intraoccupational sex segregation with unintended consequences for women. These consequences include fostering mixed identification with engineering, reinforcing stereotypes about women's suitability for technical work, and increasing work{\textendash}life balance tensions. The findings further suggest that an inverted role hierarchy in engineering may explain these gendered career patterns and their unintended consequences. By inverted role hierarchy I mean the valuing of technical over managerial roles. Implications for the literatures on occupational sex segregation, women's representation in managerial roles, and the experience of women in male-dominated occupations are discussed. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1132 .}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8996,6 +9094,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Italy,done::extracted,inequality::gender,region::EU,sample::database,type::collective_action}, + note = {15th International Conference on Developments in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao, SPAIN, JUN 28-29, 2018}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F8CVLJX5/Cardinaleschi et al_2019_Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality.pdf} } @@ -9155,7 +9254,7 @@ issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000002146}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Prior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the 1995 National Faculty Survey to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Method The authors followed 1,273 faculty at 24 medical schools in the continental United States for 17 years to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Schools were balanced for public or private status and the four Association of American Medical Colleges geographic regions. The authors used regression models to adjust for covariates: seniority, department, academic setting, and race/ethnicity. Results After adjusting for significant covariates, women were less likely than men to achieve the rank of professor (OR = 0.57; 95\% CI, 0.43--0.78) or to remain in academic careers (OR = 0.68; 95\% CI, 0.49--0.94). When number of refereed publications was added to the model, differences by gender in retention and attainment of senior rank were no longer significant. Male faculty were more likely to hold senior leadership positions after adjusting for publications (OR = 0.49; 95\% CI, 0.35--0.69). Conclusions Gender disparities in rank, retention, and leadership remain across the career trajectories of the faculty cohort in this study. Women were less likely to attain senior-level positions than men, even after adjusting for publication-related productivity. Institutions must examine the climate for women to ensure their academic capital is fully utilized and equal opportunity exists for leadership.}, + abstract = {Purpose Prior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the 1995 National Faculty Survey to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Method The authors followed 1,273 faculty at 24 medical schools in the continental United States for 17 years to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Schools were balanced for public or private status and the four Association of American Medical Colleges geographic regions. The authors used regression models to adjust for covariates: seniority, department, academic setting, and race/ethnicity. Results After adjusting for significant covariates, women were less likely than men to achieve the rank of professor (OR = 0.57; 95\% CI, 0.43{\textendash}0.78) or to remain in academic careers (OR = 0.68; 95\% CI, 0.49{\textendash}0.94). When number of refereed publications was added to the model, differences by gender in retention and attainment of senior rank were no longer significant. Male faculty were more likely to hold senior leadership positions after adjusting for publications (OR = 0.49; 95\% CI, 0.35{\textendash}0.69). Conclusions Gender disparities in rank, retention, and leadership remain across the career trajectories of the faculty cohort in this study. Women were less likely to attain senior-level positions than men, even after adjusting for publication-related productivity. Institutions must examine the climate for women to ensure their academic capital is fully utilized and equal opportunity exists for leadership.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9198,6 +9297,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Health Care Sciences \& Services; Health Policy \& Services; Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, keywords = {done::extracted,inequality::disability,relevant,sample::database,type::institutional,type::structural}, + note = {looks at inequality; LM markers; policy intervention (in Medicaid programme independent variable)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QVXP8EZY/Carstens_Massatti_2018_Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious.pdf} } @@ -9213,7 +9313,7 @@ issn = {1540-7969, 2169-2408}, doi = {10.2511/rpsd.34.2.1}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Early work experiences have been advocated as an important avenue for equipping youth with disabilities with the skills, attitudes, opportunities, and aspirations needed to transition successfully to meaningful careers after high school. We examined the efficacy and social validity of a multicomponent intervention package---composed of summer-focused planning, community connectors, and employer liaisons---aimed at connecting youth with severe disabilities to summer work experiences. Sixty-seven youth were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups from within six diverse high schools. Youth in the intervention group were 3.5 times more likely to have community-based work experiences during the summer and worked more hours per week. Key stakeholders generally perceived the intervention strategies to be acceptable, feasible, and effective. We present a detailed analysis of the summer experiences of youth with severe disabilities and offer recommendations for improving students' access to early work and community experiences as part of comprehensive transition education.}, + abstract = {Early work experiences have been advocated as an important avenue for equipping youth with disabilities with the skills, attitudes, opportunities, and aspirations needed to transition successfully to meaningful careers after high school. We examined the efficacy and social validity of a multicomponent intervention package{\textemdash}composed of summer-focused planning, community connectors, and employer liaisons{\textemdash}aimed at connecting youth with severe disabilities to summer work experiences. Sixty-seven youth were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups from within six diverse high schools. Youth in the intervention group were 3.5 times more likely to have community-based work experiences during the summer and worked more hours per week. Key stakeholders generally perceived the intervention strategies to be acceptable, feasible, and effective. We present a detailed analysis of the summer experiences of youth with severe disabilities and offer recommendations for improving students' access to early work and community experiences as part of comprehensive transition education.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9318,7 +9418,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {12}, usage-count-since-2013 = {261}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {100th Annual Meeting of the American-Sociological-Association, Philadelphia, PA, AUG 13-16, 2005} } @article{Castilla2015, @@ -9334,7 +9435,7 @@ issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455}, doi = {10.1287/orsc.2014.0950}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Great progress has been made in documenting how employer practices may shape workplace inequality. Less research attention, however, has been given to investigating which organizational strategies are effective at addressing gender and racial inequality in labor markets. Using a unique field study design, this article identifies and tests, for the first time, whether accountability and transparency in pay decisions---two popular organizational initiatives discussed among scholars and practitioners---may reduce the pay gap by employee gender, race, and foreign nationality. Through a longitudinal analysis of a large private company, I study the performance-based reward decisions concerning almost 9,000 employees before and after high-level management adopted a set of organizational procedures, introducing accountability and transparency into the company's performance-reward system. Before such procedures were introduced, there was an observed gap in the distribution of performance-based rewards where women, ethnic minorities, and non-U.S.-born employees received lower monetary rewards compared with U.S.-born white men having the same performance evaluation scores and working in the same job and work unit with the same manager and the same human capital characteristics. Analyses of the company's employee performance-reward data after the adoption of accountability and transparency procedures show a reduction in this pay gap. I conclude by discussing the implications of this study for future research about employer strategies targeting workplace inequality and diversity.}, + abstract = {Great progress has been made in documenting how employer practices may shape workplace inequality. Less research attention, however, has been given to investigating which organizational strategies are effective at addressing gender and racial inequality in labor markets. Using a unique field study design, this article identifies and tests, for the first time, whether accountability and transparency in pay decisions{\textemdash}two popular organizational initiatives discussed among scholars and practitioners{\textemdash}may reduce the pay gap by employee gender, race, and foreign nationality. Through a longitudinal analysis of a large private company, I study the performance-based reward decisions concerning almost 9,000 employees before and after high-level management adopted a set of organizational procedures, introducing accountability and transparency into the company's performance-reward system. Before such procedures were introduced, there was an observed gap in the distribution of performance-based rewards where women, ethnic minorities, and non-U.S.-born employees received lower monetary rewards compared with U.S.-born white men having the same performance evaluation scores and working in the same job and work unit with the same manager and the same human capital characteristics. Analyses of the company's employee performance-reward data after the adoption of accountability and transparency procedures show a reduction in this pay gap. I conclude by discussing the implications of this study for future research about employer strategies targeting workplace inequality and diversity.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9378,7 +9479,7 @@ issn = {1749-6535, 1749-6543}, doi = {10.1080/17496535.2018.1512141}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This article contributes to the debate on automation and justice by discussing two under-represented concerns: labour justice and equality. Since automation involves both winners and losers, and given that there is no `end of work' on the horizon, it is argued that most normative views on the subject -- i.e. the `allocative' view of basic income, and the `desirability' views of post-work and workist ethics -- do not provide many resources with which to address unjustly unequal divisions of labour involved in technological innovation. This article problematises these common responses reframing the problem from the perspective of labour justice. While the allocative view assumes that labour justice follows `spontaneously' from income redistribution, the desirability views are chiefly interested in either defining or contesting the meanings of work for individuals, overlooking the interdependent nature of work and concerns of equality other than autonomy. Two conceptions of labour justice are thus applied to the problem: Paul Gomberg's contributive justice, and Iris Young's democratic division of labour. Instead of deciding between them, the normative core of `contributive parity' is suggested as a critical standard for assessing unequal labour structures, and for envisaging a future in which technology can be an ally in making social cooperation fair.}, + abstract = {This article contributes to the debate on automation and justice by discussing two under-represented concerns: labour justice and equality. Since automation involves both winners and losers, and given that there is no `end of work' on the horizon, it is argued that most normative views on the subject {\textendash} i.e. the `allocative' view of basic income, and the `desirability' views of post-work and workist ethics {\textendash} do not provide many resources with which to address unjustly unequal divisions of labour involved in technological innovation. This article problematises these common responses reframing the problem from the perspective of labour justice. While the allocative view assumes that labour justice follows `spontaneously' from income redistribution, the desirability views are chiefly interested in either defining or contesting the meanings of work for individuals, overlooking the interdependent nature of work and concerns of equality other than autonomy. Two conceptions of labour justice are thus applied to the problem: Paul Gomberg's contributive justice, and Iris Young's democratic division of labour. Instead of deciding between them, the normative core of `contributive parity' is suggested as a critical standard for assessing unequal labour structures, and for envisaging a future in which technology can be an ally in making social cooperation fair.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::automation} } @@ -9463,12 +9564,13 @@ pages = {71--110}, issn = {0304-3878}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.002}, - abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal's social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home -- close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.}, + abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal's social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home {\textendash} close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.}, eissn = {1872-6089}, orcid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/0000-0001-8069-4900}, researcherid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/Q-8735-2019}, unique-id = {WOS:000453623400005}, keywords = {country::Nepal,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on a vocational training program for youth in Nepal ich which both its impacts on earnings and employment probabilities are analyzed.\textbf{Generally, it finds an increase in non-farm employment combined with increased monthly earnings, which are mostly driven through young women starting self-employment.\textbf{The study finds larger impacts than many similar programs in more middle-income situated countries, and puts them down to low baseline educational and non-farm employment levels.\textbf{Additionally, the possibility for the skills increases to allow women to start working self-employed circumvents some of the restrictive social norms for women in Nepal.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6EZIWNCT/Chakravarty2019_Vocational_training_programs_and_youth_labor_market_outcomes.pdf} } @@ -9479,7 +9581,7 @@ author = {Chalcraft, John}, year = {2008}, month = oct, - publisher = {Stanford University Press}, + publisher = {{Stanford University Press}}, doi = {10.1515/9781503627000}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-5036-2700-0}, @@ -9521,7 +9623,7 @@ volume = {63}, number = {5}, pages = {665--678}, - publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, + publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}}, issn = {0040-0912}, doi = {10.1108/ET-04-2020-0085}, abstract = {Purpose The major objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of the technical and vocational training courses imparted to generate employment or enhance the productivity of participants. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in the province of Sindh, Pakistan by adopting a quasi-experimental approach. The experiment was conducted on 105 individuals-with the age group of 20-25-distributed between the treatment group and the control group. The data collected through the experiment were analyzed by applying a paired-sample t-test, independent sample t-test and one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The findings of this study show statistically significant higher monthly earnings of Rs14, 223 after the training intervention program. Findings also exhibit a significant difference in monthly earnings between the control and the treatment groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can provide useful input to policymakers while devising the policies regarding technical education and vocational training (TVET) and to the international donors in assessing the impact of the training initiatives. Originality/value This study presents experimental-driven evidence on the role of technical education and vocational training in improving the labor market outcomes.}, @@ -9531,6 +9633,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/AAF-5693-2019}, unique-id = {WOS:000632615700001}, keywords = {country::Pakistan,no-access,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impact of TVET programmes in Pakistan on the effects of individual earnings for participants.\textbf{It finds that participants generally have an increase in earnings after the program, which the study argues is due to Pakistan's overall low level of income and the programme selection for especially rural youth.\textbf{It sees potential dangers to its external validity since it follows a very specific institute selection for its analyzed program: that of an institute offering only training programs very highly demanded by the industry.\textbf{It leads the study to conclude that the country should focus its efforts on similarly in-demand training curricula, though it sees its limitations in neither differentiating between genders nor private and public institutions for a broader analysis.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -9703,12 +9806,13 @@ orcid-numbers = {samoudi, Naima/0000-0003-3164-0249}, unique-id = {WOS:000666885300001}, keywords = {country::Morocco,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using propensity score matching on the employment subsidy program 'Idmaj' in Morocco to analyze its impact on earnings and employment probability. \textbf{It finds that, while there is a marginally positive effect on employment probability through the program, there is a more significant negative impact on earnings of beneficiaries.\textbf{There is also a large heterogeneity with the program having a larger positive employment effect on young people (18-24 years old) and women, but also having a larger negative earnings effect on women and people aged 25-34 years.\textbf{In both cases, the collateral tends to exceed positive gains, and may be caused due to a stigmatizing effect under which employers consider beneficiaries less productive due to receiving the subsidy and thus less likely to consider beneficiaries for higher wages.\textbf{Lastly, there is also less likelihood for being covered by social security for men and beneficiaries of the program aged 25-34 years.\textbf{Thereby, the program can also not be considered a stepping stone toward higher-skill jobs and higher wages, which was one of its original objectives.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7UE8QSY9/Chatri2021_Micro-econometric_evaluation_of_subsidized_employment_in_morocco.pdf} } @article{Chatterjee2017, - title = {Getting {{Girls}} to {{Schools}}! -- {{Assessing}} the {{Impacts}} of a {{Targeted Program}} on {{Enrollment}} and {{Academic Performance}}}, + title = {Getting {{Girls}} to {{Schools}}! {\textendash} {{Assessing}} the {{Impacts}} of a {{Targeted Program}} on {{Enrollment}} and {{Academic Performance}}}, author = {Chatterjee, Somdeep}, year = {2017}, month = may, @@ -9719,7 +9823,7 @@ issn = {1935-1682, 2194-6108}, doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2016-0248}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract This is a short paper assessing the impacts of a targeted policy aimed to improve the quality of education for girls in India, i.e., the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) program. Under this program residential schools were built for girls in grades 6--8 (often known as middle school) and were unique because it is one of the few programs that exclusively focuses on improving school infrastructure for girls. The program was restricted to individuals belonging to backward castes in India which provides exogenous identifying variation. I use this eligibility criteria along with cohort variation in exposure to the program introduced in 2004 to estimate the impact of KGBV on enrollment and academic performance. I find that potentially affected cohorts are more likely to have attended school and perform better on reading tests. I run placebo regressions with data from a pre-policy year and do not find any effects along these dimensions providing confidence in the identification strategy.}, + abstract = {Abstract This is a short paper assessing the impacts of a targeted policy aimed to improve the quality of education for girls in India, i.e., the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) program. Under this program residential schools were built for girls in grades 6{\textendash}8 (often known as middle school) and were unique because it is one of the few programs that exclusively focuses on improving school infrastructure for girls. The program was restricted to individuals belonging to backward castes in India which provides exogenous identifying variation. I use this eligibility criteria along with cohort variation in exposure to the program introduced in 2004 to estimate the impact of KGBV on enrollment and academic performance. I find that potentially affected cohorts are more likely to have attended school and perform better on reading tests. I run placebo regressions with data from a pre-policy year and do not find any effects along these dimensions providing confidence in the identification strategy.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9819,6 +9923,7 @@ orcid-numbers = {Hicks, Daniel/0000-0002-1722-4970}, unique-id = {WOS:000694637500001}, keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of India's employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on gender discrimination by looking at sex ratio preferences in affected areas.\textbf{The study argues limited economic opportunity for women also reduces their household bargaining power and thus, and with it the economic value of daughters, which may be affected through NREGS.\textbf{It finds a significant improvement in child sex ratios towards females in districts affected by the NREGS rollout, however, only in urban districts was the effect significant.\textbf{Possible channels of affecting the outcome were decreased sex selection pressures through improved female labor market opportunities given by NREGS, as well as a reduction in income constraints, more resilience toward external shock events, or an impacted attitude towards daughters.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DIQS6FNX/Chaure2021_The_right_to_work_and_to_live.pdf} } @@ -9856,10 +9961,11 @@ year = {2014}, series = {{{CID Working Paper Series}}}, number = {280}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {Harvard University}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{Harvard University}}, abstract = {Can government programs that fail to deliver still influence citizen behavior? Large literatures in political science and economics study the effect of various government programs on how citizens engage with the state. A tacit assumption in many of these papers is that citizens value government programs proportionally to the amount of money spent. Yet there is tremendous heterogeneity in the mapping between spending and how much value citizens actually get from a program. And even programs that do not work may still reflect substantial government investments, thereby informing citizens' beliefs about how much weight the government places on their welfare. Using a large-scale randomized evaluation of a vocational training program in southern Punjab we provide evidence that good intentions might matter; citizens offered a program that almost no one used voted for the ruling party at higher rates in subsequent elections if offered multiple training vouchers than if only offered one. Men who received the training offer became more socially engaged and used government services at higher rates. Women had the opposite reaction. These results have implications for theories of civic engagement.}, keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevance::unsure,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of a vocational training subsidy in Pakistan which, by participation rate should be seen as a failed intervention, on the perception of its target population, as well as their political participation and future use of government services.\textbf{It finds that even for ostensibly failed ALMPs the societal outcome can still be significant, with higher political voting favor for the ruling party, as well as additionally increased pro-social engagement and government service use.\textbf{While these findings apply to men in the study, women had the opposite outcome, with a decrease in both.\textbf{The study suggests this gender heterogeneity may stem from the value of courses on offer during the failed ALMP program being primarily targeted, designed for and by, men and (inadvertently or otherwise) proving inadequate for women's welfare.\textbf{Thus, the perception of attempts to meet social welfare goals by the government might be as important as the actual outcomes of its programs, in people's perception.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -10048,6 +10154,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {9}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {inequality::consumption,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::direct_transfer}, + note = {Strong urgence to consider why absence of wealth inequality is a chosen control. Does this ever produce reliable results outside of a vacuum then?}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/86YCBSB9/Chen2021_Are_unconditional_lump-sum_transfers_a_good_idea.pdf} } @@ -10338,11 +10445,12 @@ month = jul, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, number = {6545}, - institution = {World Bank}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6545}, - abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs---a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature---and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.}, + abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs{\textemdash}a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature{\textemdash}and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Malawi,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on a vocational training and internship program in Malawi targeting poor, mostly rural, youth as a vulnerable group, trying to analyze its effects on participants' post-program earnings, hours worked, but also skill acquisition and individual welfare assessments.\textbf{Generally, there were no significant impacts on either earnings or hours worked after the program, which is an issue with the foregone earnings opportunity costs of participating in the program itself.\textbf{Any earnings effect measured could be attributed to the increased skills imparted by the program, as well as increased awareness of higher paying job opportunities through the internship network of employers.\textbf{It finds a stark heterogeneity between the genders, with women dropping out more often and being generally more constrained in the conditions they are participating under and less likely to receive financial support during or a paid job offer after training from their trainers or master-craftspersons.\textbf{The program increased individual welfare assessments, but much larger increase for men than for women. \textbf{Men were also more likely to receive more training due to taking training time from their hours in self-employment, whereas women were more constrained primarily due to family obligations.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:08:33Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XB2L4E8A/Cho2013_Gender_Differences_in_the_Effects_of_Vocational_Training.pdf} } @@ -10373,7 +10481,7 @@ journal = {Empirical Economics}, volume = {48}, pages = {849--881}, - publisher = {IZA Discussion Paper}, + publisher = {{IZA Discussion Paper}}, issn = {0377-7332}, doi = {10.1007/s00181-014-0805-y}, abstract = {Failure of participants to complete training programs is pervasive in existing active labor market programs, both in developed and developing countries. From a policy perspective, it is of interest to know if dropouts benefit from the time they spend in training since these programs require considerable resources. We shed light on this issue by estimating the average employment effects of different lengths of exposure by dropouts in a Korean job training program, and contrasting it to the ones by program completers. To do this, we employ methods to estimate effects from continuous treatments using the generalized propensity score, under the assumption that selection into different lengths of exposure is based on a rich set of observed covariates. We find that dropouts with longer exposures exhibit higher employment probabilities one year after receiving training, but only after surpassing a threshold of exposure of about 12-15 weeks. In contrast, program completers exhibit higher returns from their time of exposure to the program than dropouts, but these tend to decline for longer program durations.}, @@ -10399,6 +10507,7 @@ abstract = {This article analyzes the evolution of informal employment in Peru from 1986 to 2001. Contrary to what one would expect, the informality rates increased steadily during the 1990s despite the introduction of flexible contracting mechanisms, a healthy macroeconomic recovery, and tighter tax codes and regulation. We explore different factors that may explain this upward trend including the role of labor legislation and labor allocation between/within sectors of economic activity. Finally, we illustrate the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the Youth Training PROJOVEN Program that offers vocational training to disadvantaged young individuals. We find significant training impacts on the probability of formal employment for both males and females.}, unique-id = {WOS:000261463900001}, keywords = {country::Peru,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study following multiple rounds of the 'PROJOVEN' youth vocational training program in Peru to find out if increases in productivity are associated with levels of informality on a labor market.\textbf{Uses panel data to look for program outcomes of percentage of formal employment, overall employment probability and several job quality proxies.\textbf{Understands definition of formal employment for its purposes ultimately as agglomeration of multiple job quality indices: firm size, health benefits, accident insurance, social security and, not least, a formal contract.\textbf{In this interpretation, while employment probability was not significantly impacted for men, it was significantly positive for women.\textbf{Additionally, the study found strong positive impacts on all job quality proxies and probability of formality, though all measured impacts subsides over the medium-term.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IYHC8QJL/Chong2008_Informality_and_productivity_in_the_labor_market_in_Peru.pdf} } @@ -10416,7 +10525,7 @@ issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, doi = {10.1257/app.2.1.33}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from 6 to 9 years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling, and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978--1999. Parents' schooling does cause favorable infant health outcomes. The increase in schooling associated with the reform saved almost 1 infant life in 1,000 live births. (JEL I12, I21, J12, J13, R23)}, + abstract = {In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from 6 to 9 years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling, and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978{\textendash}1999. Parents' schooling does cause favorable infant health outcomes. The increase in schooling associated with the reform saved almost 1 infant life in 1,000 live births. (JEL I12, I21, J12, J13, R23)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -10534,7 +10643,7 @@ issn = {0971-5231, 0973-0788}, doi = {10.1177/0971523121995365}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers and remittances flow to Bangladesh, the fastest growing South Asian country. Migrant workers have been playing an important role in propelling the economic activities of the country for a vast majority of the low-income population. Bangladesh is one of the major remittance recipient countries and earned US\$21.8 billion in 2020. Over half a million workers from Bangladesh are employed in foreign countries annually, which eases the pressure on the domestic labour market considerably. However, the inflow of these enormous remittances has been encountered by various challenges including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought numerous adverse socio-economic impacts on the migrant workers. Policy recommendations suggest designing and implementing well-coordinated public--private migrant workers' inclusive policies and creating a supportive environment for the returnee migrant workers to overcome this crisis. Initiating dialogues and negotiation with the employing countries to protect the jobs and workers' rights can restore the employment and remittances during and after the pandemic, facilitate the expansion of the labour market across borders, and harness the valuable remittances for the overall welfare of the country.}, + abstract = {This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers and remittances flow to Bangladesh, the fastest growing South Asian country. Migrant workers have been playing an important role in propelling the economic activities of the country for a vast majority of the low-income population. Bangladesh is one of the major remittance recipient countries and earned US\$21.8 billion in 2020. Over half a million workers from Bangladesh are employed in foreign countries annually, which eases the pressure on the domestic labour market considerably. However, the inflow of these enormous remittances has been encountered by various challenges including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought numerous adverse socio-economic impacts on the migrant workers. Policy recommendations suggest designing and implementing well-coordinated public{\textendash}private migrant workers' inclusive policies and creating a supportive environment for the returnee migrant workers to overcome this crisis. Initiating dialogues and negotiation with the employing countries to protect the jobs and workers' rights can restore the employment and remittances during and after the pandemic, facilitate the expansion of the labour market across borders, and harness the valuable remittances for the overall welfare of the country.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -11026,7 +11135,7 @@ issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650}, doi = {10.1093/qje/qju023}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract We use a lab experiment to explore the factors that predict an individual's decision to contribute her idea to a group. We find that contribution decisions depend on the interaction of gender and the gender stereotype associated with the decision-making domain: conditional on measured ability, individuals are less willing to contribute ideas in areas that are stereotypically outside of their gender's domain. Importantly, these decisions are largely driven by self-assessments, rather than fear of discrimination. Individuals are less confident in gender-incongruent areas and are thus less willing to contribute their ideas. Because even very knowledgeable group members undercontribute in gender-incongruent categories, group performance suffers and, ex post, groups have difficulty recognizing who their most talented members are. Our results show that even in an environment where other group members show no bias, women in male-typed areas and men in female-typed areas may be less influential. An intervention that provides feedback about a woman's (man's) strength in a male-typed (female-typed) area does not significantly increase the probability that she contributes her ideas to the group. A back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that a ``lean in''--style policy that increases contribution by women would significantly improve group performance in male-typed domains.}, + abstract = {Abstract We use a lab experiment to explore the factors that predict an individual's decision to contribute her idea to a group. We find that contribution decisions depend on the interaction of gender and the gender stereotype associated with the decision-making domain: conditional on measured ability, individuals are less willing to contribute ideas in areas that are stereotypically outside of their gender's domain. Importantly, these decisions are largely driven by self-assessments, rather than fear of discrimination. Individuals are less confident in gender-incongruent areas and are thus less willing to contribute their ideas. Because even very knowledgeable group members undercontribute in gender-incongruent categories, group performance suffers and, ex post, groups have difficulty recognizing who their most talented members are. Our results show that even in an environment where other group members show no bias, women in male-typed areas and men in female-typed areas may be less influential. An intervention that provides feedback about a woman's (man's) strength in a male-typed (female-typed) area does not significantly increase the probability that she contributes her ideas to the group. A back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that a ``lean in''{\textendash}style policy that increases contribution by women would significantly improve group performance in male-typed domains.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -11261,7 +11370,7 @@ } @article{Connelly2003a, - title = {Marital Status and Full--Time/Part--Time Work Status in Child Care Choices}, + title = {Marital Status and Full{\textendash}Time/Part{\textendash}Time Work Status in Child Care Choices}, author = {Connelly, Rachel and Kimmel, Jean}, year = {2003}, month = may, @@ -11397,7 +11506,7 @@ issn = {0018-7267, 1741-282X}, doi = {10.1177/0018726718809158}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests `no' {\dots} and `yes.' It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women's integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S\&P 500 from 2009--2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.}, + abstract = {Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests `no' {\dots} and `yes.' It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women's integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S\&P 500 from 2009{\textendash}2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -11726,7 +11835,7 @@ issn = {0885-7288, 1557-5047}, doi = {10.1177/08857288060290010401}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Interest in differences in outcomes for male and female students in special education has increased in recent years. Using the nationally representative, longitudinal National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS-88) data set, a logistic regression model was used to examine the extent to which outcome variables were differentially associated with gender for students participating in special education. Evidence was obtained for several differential effects, with most results favoring males. Among other findings, females as compared to males with disabilities were less likely to obtain a high school diploma, were less likely to be employed, earned less, and were more likely to be a biological parent. Recommendations are provided for improved transition services, the implementation of promising practices related to self-determination, and renewed emphasis on comprehensive and flexible life---career preparation to foster better outcomes among females with disabilities.}, + abstract = {Interest in differences in outcomes for male and female students in special education has increased in recent years. Using the nationally representative, longitudinal National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS-88) data set, a logistic regression model was used to examine the extent to which outcome variables were differentially associated with gender for students participating in special education. Evidence was obtained for several differential effects, with most results favoring males. Among other findings, females as compared to males with disabilities were less likely to obtain a high school diploma, were less likely to be employed, earned less, and were more likely to be a biological parent. Recommendations are provided for improved transition services, the implementation of promising practices related to self-determination, and renewed emphasis on comprehensive and flexible life{\textemdash}career preparation to foster better outcomes among females with disabilities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {done::prelim,inequality::disability,inequality::education,sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HCPE8PV5/Coutinho et al_2006_Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education.pdf} @@ -11781,8 +11890,8 @@ editor = {Cozzens, Susan E. and Wetmore, Jameson}, year = {2010}, pages = {433--446}, - publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, - address = {Dordrecht}, + publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}}, + address = {{Dordrecht}}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9615-9_26}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-90-481-9614-2 978-90-481-9615-9}, @@ -11794,8 +11903,8 @@ title = {Nanotechnology and the {{Challenges}} of {{Equity}}, {{Equality}} and {{Development}}}, editor = {Cozzens, Susan E. and Wetmore, Jameson}, year = {2011}, - publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, - address = {Dordrecht}, + publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}}, + address = {{Dordrecht}}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9615-9}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-90-481-9614-2 978-90-481-9615-9}, @@ -11879,7 +11988,7 @@ year = {2014}, month = sep, edition = {0}, - publisher = {Routledge}, + publisher = {{Routledge}}, doi = {10.4324/9781315768311}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-315-76831-1}, @@ -11911,9 +12020,10 @@ year = {2019}, series = {Discussion {{Paper Series}}}, number = {12793}, - institution = {Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)}, + institution = {{Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)}}, abstract = {Traditional apprenticeships based on private arrangements are widespread in developing countries. Public interventions have attempted to address failures in the apprenticeship markets to expand access or improve training quality. Subsidized dual apprenticeships have the potential to address financial constraints for youths and firms' inability to commit to provide general skill training. This paper analyzes the impact of subsidized dual apprenticeships combining on-the-job and theoretical training in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire. We set up an experiment that simultaneously randomized whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship, and whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled with formal apprentices. We document direct effects for youths and indirect effects for firms, such as whether they substitute between traditional and subsidized apprentices. In the short run, youths increase their human capital investments and we observe a net entry of apprentices into firms. Substitution effects are limited: the intervention creates 0.74 to 0.77 new position per subsidized apprentice. The subsidy offsets forgone labor earnings. Four years after the start of the experiment, treated youths perform more complex tasks and their earnings are higher by 15 percent. We conclude that subsidized dual apprenticeships expand access to training, upgrade skills and improve earnings for youths without crowding out traditional apprentices.}, keywords = {country::Ivory Coast,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of dual apprenticeships (internship, vocational training and subsidy component) on earnings and job creation for youth in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire.\textbf{It finds that subsidized apprenticeships overall create new job positions, as well as being able to offset foregone earnings for participating youth.\textbf{After 4 years participants had a significant positive impact on earnings, as well as on the complexity of tasks they pursued.\textbf{The study suggests this is due to allowing a quicker return on participants' increased human capital by removing apprenticeship opportunity costs through the subsidy.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -12296,7 +12406,7 @@ issn = {2059-7908}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007225}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Introduction Since sex-based biological and gender factors influence COVID-19 mortality, we wanted to investigate the difference in mortality rates between women and men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Method We included 69 580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men: n=43 071; women: n=26 509) and age (0--39 years: n=41 682; 40--59 years: n=20 757; 60+ years: n=7141), from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until 1 September 2020. We computed the SSA-specific and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach. Results A total of 1656 deaths (2.4\% of total cases reported) were reported, with men accounting for 70.5\% of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean C F R d i f f = -0.9\%; 95\% credible intervals (CIs) -1.1\% to -0.6\%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 years or more (40--59 age group: mean C F R d i f f = -0.7\%; 95\% CI -1.1\% to -0.2\%; 60+ years age group: mean C F R d i f f = -3.9\%; 95\% CI -5.3\% to -2.4\%). At the country level, 7 of the 20 SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ years age group in seven countries and 40--59 years age group in one country. Conclusions Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality globally. Countries should prioritise the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data so as to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender-sensitive public health response.}, + abstract = {Introduction Since sex-based biological and gender factors influence COVID-19 mortality, we wanted to investigate the difference in mortality rates between women and men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Method We included 69 580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men: n=43 071; women: n=26 509) and age (0{\textendash}39 years: n=41 682; 40{\textendash}59 years: n=20 757; 60+ years: n=7141), from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until 1 September 2020. We computed the SSA-specific and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach. Results A total of 1656 deaths (2.4\% of total cases reported) were reported, with men accounting for 70.5\% of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean C F R d i f f = -0.9\%; 95\% credible intervals (CIs) -1.1\% to -0.6\%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 years or more (40{\textendash}59 age group: mean C F R d i f f = -0.7\%; 95\% CI -1.1\% to -0.2\%; 60+ years age group: mean C F R d i f f = -3.9\%; 95\% CI -5.3\% to -2.4\%). At the country level, 7 of the 20 SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ years age group in seven countries and 40{\textendash}59 years age group in one country. Conclusions Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality globally. Countries should prioritise the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data so as to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender-sensitive public health response.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -12433,6 +12543,7 @@ abstract = {Abstract This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Peru,program::job market services,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {The study experimentally investigates the role of two axes of labor market intermediation and matching on employment probability: information channels (between digital and non-digital) and information sets (between public and private) in Lima, Peru.\textbf{It creates 3 treatment groups from people receiving traditional labor market intermediation information digitally and non-digitally, people receiving unrestricted (additional) labor market information digitally, and a control group.\textbf{The digital channel chosen was primarily an SMS system which would inform participants of job offerings. \textbf{The information set provided to participants was either the traditional job matching information of the Lima public intermediation service, for which employers specifically had to sign up, or an unrestricted set which consisted both of the previous set and additional job vacancies which employers did not have to specifically sign up.\textbf{The treatment group receiving an unrestricted information set digitally had a significant short-term increase in employment probability, which disappeared long-term (3 months) after the control group received access to labor market intermediation as well.\textbf{The other treatment groups had no significant impact on employment probability short-term or long-term, and there was no significant impact on job matching efficiency for any of the treatments.\textbf{The study argues this finding signifies that the most important factor for employment probability is thus the scope and novelty of information delivered through digital means,\textbf{as well as the feasibility of using digital channels for information distribution, while acknowledging a smaller role of the information channel alone than often assumed.}}}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:14:27Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6TA2P7F6/Dammert2015_Integrating_mobile_phone_technologies_into_labor-market_intermediation.pdf} } @@ -12507,6 +12618,7 @@ eissn = {1478-3401}, unique-id = {WOS:000338705200003}, keywords = {country::Ghana,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study using long-form interviews to analyze the outcomes for participants of a vocational training program in Ghana.\textbf{It finds that generally while the training creates some hope in its recipients, as well as increases in future expectations for the actual labor market outcomes there was no increase in employment probability for its interview partners.\textbf{The main argument thus rests on Bourdieu's theory of unfulfilled wishes over time transforming into 'frustrated promise' before the training then makes this frustration useful potential by substituting it with a 'blighted hope'.\textbf{It provides this to its trainees who, on this hope-lead basis work hard toward reaching training goals but, looking at the broader picture, are not guaranteed any employment after through factors outside their control such as training quality and, perhaps even more important, existing labor demand.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/K8AMWKFK/Darkwah2013_Keeping_hope_alive.pdf} } @@ -12602,6 +12714,7 @@ eissn = {1872-6089}, unique-id = {WOS:000624897400004}, keywords = {country::Bangladesh,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study for a randomized control trial of vocational training effects on the earnings and employment probability of youth in Bangladesh.\textbf{The study focuses on differentiating between the effects of classroom and on-the-job training, with on-the-job training providing significant short-term effects for both employment and earnings but with employment effects dropping off over long-term (22 months after program end).\textbf{This, the study contends, implies an overall increase of productivity due to on-the-job training, and a sustained shift from casual to formal work.\textbf{On-the-job training also had a stronger employment effect for women and a stronger earnings effect for men, due to women generally shifting from casual to self-employment work and men from casual to formal wage employment.\textbf{Classroom training did not have significant short-term effect on employment, and while no statistically significant difference between treatments is found, it did lead to a slightly more sustained effect on aggregate earnings and employment long-term.\textbf{Short-term, classroom training had a slight detrimental effect on male employment due to a generally lower uptake of the combined program by men.\textbf{It concluded in a cost-benefit analysis that combined training was deemed cost-inefficient while on-the-job training could be scaled up cost-efficiently.}}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2S4FC3P2/Das2021_Training_the_disadvantaged_youth_and_labor_market_outcomes.pdf} } @@ -12664,12 +12777,15 @@ author = {Davala, Sarath and Jhabvala, Renana and Mehta, Soumya Kapoor and Standing, Guy}, year = {2015}, edition = {1}, - publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing Plc}, + publisher = {{Bloomsbury Publishing Plc}}, doi = {10.5040/9781472593061}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {Would it be possible to provide people with a basic income as a right? The idea has a long history. This book draws on two pilot schemes conducted in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh, in which thousands of men, women and children were provided with an unconditional monthly cash payment. In a context in which the Indian government at national and state levels spends a vast amount on subsidies and selective schemes that are chronically expensive, inefficient, inequitable and subject to extensive corruption, there is scope for switching at least some of the spending to a modest basic income. This book explores what would be likely to happen if this were done. The book draws on a series of evaluation surveys conducted over the course of the eighteen months in which the main pilot was in operation, supplemented with detailed case studies of individuals and families. It looks at the impact on health and nutrition, on schooling, on economic activity, women's agency and the welfare of those with disabilities. Above all, the book considers whether or not a basic income could be transformative, in not only improving individual and family welfare but in promoting economic growth and development, as well as having an emancipatory effect for people long mired in conditions of poverty and economic insecurity.}, isbn = {978-1-4725-9306-1 978-1-4725-8311-6}, keywords = {country::India,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::full-text,region::AP,relevant,sample::snowballing,type::ubi}, + note = {overview of concept, same project analysis as Standing2015; +\par +does not do impact analysis for single policy}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FDRQV3VB/Davala et al_2015_Basic Income.pdf} } @@ -12751,7 +12867,7 @@ } @article{Davis2010a, - title = {Rural--{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}}, + title = {Rural{\textendash}{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}}, author = {Davis, Elizabeth E. and Grobe, Deana and Weber, Roberta B.}, year = {2010}, month = mar, @@ -12762,7 +12878,7 @@ issn = {2040-5790, 2040-5804}, doi = {10.1093/aepp/ppp004}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural--urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.}, + abstract = {Abstract Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural{\textendash}urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::spatial,sample::snowballing} } @@ -12858,7 +12974,7 @@ author = {Deaton, Angus}, year = {1997}, month = jul, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/0-8018-5254-4}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-8018-5254-1}, @@ -12885,7 +13001,8 @@ @article{Debowicz2014, title = {The Impact of {{Oportunidades}} on Human Capital and Income Distribution in {{Mexico}}: {{A}} Top-down/Bottom-up Approach}, author = {Debowicz, Dario and Golan, Jennifer}, - year = {2014-01/2014-02}, + year = {2014}, + month = jan, journal = {Journal of Policy Modeling}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, @@ -12948,7 +13065,7 @@ month = apr, eprint = {10.2307/j.ctv120qtc1}, eprinttype = {jstor}, - publisher = {Duke University Press}, + publisher = {{Duke University Press}}, doi = {10.2307/j.ctv120qtc1}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-8223-9134-0 978-0-8223-4561-9}, @@ -12992,7 +13109,7 @@ issn = {1570677X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.004}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {This paper uses longitudinal data to analyze the relation between retirement and cognitive development in the Netherlands. Controlling for individual fixed effects and lagged cognition, we find that retirees face lower declines in their cognitive flexibility than those who remain employed, which appears to be persistent 6 years after retirement. However, the information processing speed of low-educated retirees declines faster. The magnitude of both changes in cognition is such that retirees appear 5--6 years younger in terms of cognitive flexibility, and older in terms of information processing speed. We show that these relationships between retirement and cognitive development cannot be explained by (1) feeling relieved from routine work, (2) changes in mood, (3) changes in lifestyle, and (4) changes in blood pressure. The decline in information processing speed after retirement particularly holds for the low educated. This could increase the social costs of an aging society.}, + abstract = {This paper uses longitudinal data to analyze the relation between retirement and cognitive development in the Netherlands. Controlling for individual fixed effects and lagged cognition, we find that retirees face lower declines in their cognitive flexibility than those who remain employed, which appears to be persistent 6 years after retirement. However, the information processing speed of low-educated retirees declines faster. The magnitude of both changes in cognition is such that retirees appear 5{\textendash}6 years younger in terms of cognitive flexibility, and older in terms of information processing speed. We show that these relationships between retirement and cognitive development cannot be explained by (1) feeling relieved from routine work, (2) changes in mood, (3) changes in lifestyle, and (4) changes in blood pressure. The decline in information processing speed after retirement particularly holds for the low educated. This could increase the social costs of an aging society.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::health,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -13027,27 +13144,11 @@ issn = {0197-9183, 1747-7379}, doi = {10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies -- which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels -- this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development ``from below''. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur.}, + abstract = {The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies {\textendash} which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels {\textendash} this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development ``from below''. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } -@article{Dehejia2015, - title = {Experimental and {{Non-Experimental Methods}} in {{Development Economics}}: {{A Porous Dialectic}}}, - shorttitle = {Experimental and {{Non-Experimental Methods}} in {{Development Economics}}}, - author = {Dehejia, Rajeev}, - year = {2015}, - month = jan, - journal = {Journal of Globalization and Development}, - volume = {6}, - number = {1}, - issn = {1948-1837, 2194-6353}, - doi = {10.1515/jgd-2014-0005}, - urldate = {2024-02-28}, - abstract = {Abstract This paper surveys six widely-used non-experimental methods for estimating treatment effects (instrumental variables, regression discontinuity, direct matching, propensity score matching, linear regression and non-parametric methods, and difference-in-differences), and assesses their internal and external validity relative both to each other and to randomized controlled trials. While randomized controlled trials can achieve the highest degree of internal validity when cleanly implemented in the field, the availability of large, nationally representative data sets offers the opportunity for a high degree of external validity using non-experimental methods. We argue that each method has merits in some context and they are complements rather than substitutes.}, - file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/92TACU6Y/Dehejia2015_Experimental_and_Non-Experimental_Methods_in_Development_Economics.pdf} -} - @article{DeHenau2010, title = {Maybe {{Baby}}: {{Comparing Partnered Women}}'s {{Employment}} and {{Child Policies}} in the {{EU-15}}}, shorttitle = {Maybe {{Baby}}}, @@ -13155,6 +13256,7 @@ number = {OVE/WP-09/06}, institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, keywords = {country::Mexico,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {Report analyzing a training program 'PROBECAT-SICAT' for unemployed in Mexico, to find the impact on earnings for those treated utilizing data from a variety of different administrative surveys from 2000-2004.\textbf{Generally, the study finds significant but small positive impacts on earnings for wage workers and a varying but positive impact on self-employed workers (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller).\textbf{The earnings effect is generally larger for formal employment specifically.\textbf{They find evidence of a hidden bias in the study, so take care not to just select on observables and ensure robustness.\textbf{The program itself also underwent large changes in 2002, with a larger focus on on-the-job training suddenly changing this to the most effective program by definition.\textbf{Lastly, the cost-benefit analysis resulted in negative net results except for selection on unobservables which resulted in positive results for 2000 and 2002.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:18:58Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/C3MYAKV6/Delajara2006_An_evaluation_of_training_for_the_unemployed_in_Mexico.pdf} } @@ -13263,6 +13365,13 @@ pages = {962--966}, doi = {10.1126/science.1212973}, keywords = {country::Sri Lanka,program::cash grant,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study in Sri Lanka which evaluates the effects of cash grants on the long-term earnings of micro-entrepreneurs. +\par +It finds that, for male-owned microenterprises, continued increased earnings could still be seen 5 years after the initial cash grant. +\par +It also finds a large gender heterogeneity however, with female-owned microenterprises showing similar earnings to the control group. +\par +The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the business to the household and female-lead microenterprises being more likely situated in industries with low economies of scale.}, timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:12:02Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EW8EZPIX/deMel2012_One-time_transfers_of_cash_or_capital_have_long-lasting_effects_on.pdf} } @@ -13276,7 +13385,7 @@ volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {202--235}, - publisher = {American Economic Association}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, issn = {19457782, 19457790}, doi = {10.1257/app.20170497}, abstract = {A field experiment in Sri Lanka provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor benefits such firms and whether a short-term subsidy can have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics 4 years after treatment, we find that firms increased employment during the subsidy period. Treated firms were more likely to survive, but there was no lasting impact on employment and no effect on profitability or sales either during or after the subsidy period. There is some heterogeneity in effects; the subsidies have a more durable effect on manufacturers.}, @@ -13339,6 +13448,7 @@ issn = {1061-1991}, doi = {10.2753/PET1061-1991530101}, keywords = {country::Russia,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment probability outcomes of a vocational (re)training program targeted at unemployed in two regions of Russia.\textbf{The study finds no significant impacts on either earnings or employment probability overall.\textbf{However, there was quite some heterogeneity within those results, with disabled people in one of the two regions having significant increases to both employment and earnings.\textbf{Also in the same region, older beneficiaries that were aged over 45 years had a marginally positive impact on employment probability, while younger beneficiaries under 25 had a marginally negative impact on employment probabilities.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:20:49Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SD9N25IK/Denisova2010_Are_Retraining_Programs_a_Panacea_for_the_Russian_Labor_Market.pdf} } @@ -13431,7 +13541,7 @@ author = {De Paz, Carmen and Muller, Miriam and Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria and Gaddis, Isis}, year = {2020}, month = apr, - publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC}, + publisher = {{World Bank, Washington, DC}}, doi = {10.1596/33622}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, langid = {english}, @@ -13445,7 +13555,7 @@ year = {2021}, month = jun, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-9709}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, langid = {english}, @@ -13553,7 +13663,7 @@ shorttitle = {Gender {{Inequalities}} and {{Demographic Behavior}}}, author = {Desai, Sonalde}, year = {1994}, - institution = {Population Council}, + institution = {{Population Council}}, doi = {10.31899/pgy1994.1003}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {As India prepares for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), it is clear that the country's population policy faces a number of serious challenges. Although India was the first country to announce an official family planning program in 1952, its population has grown from 361 million in 1951 to 844 million in 1991. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 ICPD. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. The purpose of the reports is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family's central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals.}, @@ -13626,7 +13736,7 @@ year = {2021}, month = jul, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-9736}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, langid = {english}, @@ -13733,8 +13843,8 @@ month = apr, number = {w16933}, pages = {w16933}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w16933}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -13789,7 +13899,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-05-2013-0031}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to examine male and female executives as leaders ``championing'' gender change interventions. It problematizes current exhortations for male leaders to lead gender change, much as they might lead any other business-driven change agenda. It argues that organizational gender scholarship is critical to understanding the gendered nature of championing. Design/methodology/approach -- This paper draws on a feminist qualitative research project examining the efficacy of a gender intervention in a university and a policing institution. Interviews with four leaders have been chosen from the larger study for analysis against the backdrop of material from interviewees and the participant observation of the researcher. It brings a social constructionist view of gender and Acker's gendering processes to bear on understanding organizational gender change. Findings -- The sex/gender of the leader is inescapably fore-fronted by the gender change intervention. Gendered expectations and choices positioned men as powerful and effective champions while undermining the effectiveness of the woman in this study. Research limitations/implications -- Further research examining male and female leaders capacity to champion gender change is required. Practical implications -- This research identifies effective champion behaviors, provides suggestions for ensuring that gender equity interventions are well championed and proposes a partnership model where senior men and women play complementary roles leading gender change. Originality/value -- This paper is of value to practitioners and scholars. It draws attention to contemporary issues of leadership and gender change, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice that undermines our change efforts.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to examine male and female executives as leaders ``championing'' gender change interventions. It problematizes current exhortations for male leaders to lead gender change, much as they might lead any other business-driven change agenda. It argues that organizational gender scholarship is critical to understanding the gendered nature of championing. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} This paper draws on a feminist qualitative research project examining the efficacy of a gender intervention in a university and a policing institution. Interviews with four leaders have been chosen from the larger study for analysis against the backdrop of material from interviewees and the participant observation of the researcher. It brings a social constructionist view of gender and Acker's gendering processes to bear on understanding organizational gender change. Findings {\textendash} The sex/gender of the leader is inescapably fore-fronted by the gender change intervention. Gendered expectations and choices positioned men as powerful and effective champions while undermining the effectiveness of the woman in this study. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} Further research examining male and female leaders capacity to champion gender change is required. Practical implications {\textendash} This research identifies effective champion behaviors, provides suggestions for ensuring that gender equity interventions are well championed and proposes a partnership model where senior men and women play complementary roles leading gender change. Originality/value {\textendash} This paper is of value to practitioners and scholars. It draws attention to contemporary issues of leadership and gender change, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice that undermines our change efforts.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -13807,7 +13917,7 @@ issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280}, doi = {10.1177/0956797610374741}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain---physical and social---may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants' brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.}, + abstract = {Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain{\textemdash}physical and social{\textemdash}may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants' brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -13853,6 +13963,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {country::US,inequality::migration,region::NA,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::institutional}, + note = {need to find out: Does it actually look at specific inequalities? Or does it just generally look at migration outcomes}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F5K3WSN7/Deyo2022_Have_license,_will_travel.pdf} } @@ -13860,7 +13971,7 @@ title = {A Call to Action to Save {{SDG10}}}, author = {{DFI}}, year = {2023}, - institution = {Development Finance International} + institution = {{Development Finance International}} } @article{Dhatt2017, @@ -13895,7 +14006,7 @@ year = {2016}, series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, number = {693}, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, abstract = {Abstract: This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training. Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with administrative data from the country's Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electr{\'o}nica), allowing for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socio- emotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal employment vary depending on the beneficiaries' gender and age, with different patterns of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills.}, keywords = {country::Peru,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:26:12Z}, @@ -14128,8 +14239,8 @@ title = {The {{Bureaucratic Labor Market}}}, author = {DiPrete, Thomas A.}, year = {1989}, - publisher = {Springer US}, - address = {Boston, MA}, + publisher = {{Springer US}}, + address = {{Boston, MA}}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4899-0849-0}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-4899-0851-3 978-1-4899-0849-0}, @@ -14221,6 +14332,7 @@ eissn = {2288-4645}, unique-id = {WOS:000542060800052}, keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of vocational training in ethnic minority areas in Vietnam on workers' earnings.\textbf{It finds that generally vocational training brings an increase in higher wage opportunities for workers due to increasing the general technical qualifications of workers.\textbf{Compared between the genders, the same vocational training level brought more wages to female workers than to male workers, which is explained due to male workers preferring temporary labor over more permanent factory work which female workers engage in more prominently.\textbf{The study makes the caveat, however, that vocational training in the minority areas may not be meeting market demand, which leads to a stark reduction in the potential productivity increases and vocational training more associated with regional practices is a recommendation to increase its effectiveness.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/W9MWSN2W/Do2020_Impact_of_vocational_training_on_wages_of_ethnic_minority_labors_in_Vietnam.pdf} } @@ -14507,7 +14619,7 @@ issn = {0140-1971, 1095-9254}, doi = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.014}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract The study evaluated a gender-specific comprehensive career development curriculum designed to target career barriers faced by high risk adolescent girls -- those with disabilities and at risk for school failure. The goal of the curriculum was to promote social cognitive career and self determination outcomes associated with adaptive career development and adjustment. A pre-post control group design was used to evaluate the curriculum. Findings suggest that participation in the curriculum resulted in significant and large gains in autonomy and in disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful gains were noted in perceptions of social support and relevance of school. Participants in a high fidelity sample made significant and large gains in vocational skills self-efficacy and disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful improvements were noted in self-advocacy, autonomy, and vocational outcome expectations. The findings suggest that the curriculum can improve important indicators of positive career development and adjustment in high risk adolescent girls.}, + abstract = {Abstract The study evaluated a gender-specific comprehensive career development curriculum designed to target career barriers faced by high risk adolescent girls {\textendash} those with disabilities and at risk for school failure. The goal of the curriculum was to promote social cognitive career and self determination outcomes associated with adaptive career development and adjustment. A pre-post control group design was used to evaluate the curriculum. Findings suggest that participation in the curriculum resulted in significant and large gains in autonomy and in disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful gains were noted in perceptions of social support and relevance of school. Participants in a high fidelity sample made significant and large gains in vocational skills self-efficacy and disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful improvements were noted in self-advocacy, autonomy, and vocational outcome expectations. The findings suggest that the curriculum can improve important indicators of positive career development and adjustment in high risk adolescent girls.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::education,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::training} } @@ -14843,6 +14955,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {5}, web-of-science-categories = {Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology}, keywords = {country::Poland,inequality::spatial,method::qualitative,method::quantitative,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::regulation}, + note = {8th International Scientific Conference on Rural Development - Bioeconomy Challenges, Aleksandras Stulginskis Univ, Akademija, LITHUANIA, NOV 23-24, 2017}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BE2QMSQZ/Dudek2017_Barriers_and_challenges_in_increasing_rural_employment.pdf} } @@ -14906,8 +15019,8 @@ month = may, number = {w10498}, pages = {w10498}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w10498}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {We study resource allocation within households in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire. In C{\^o}te d'Ivoire, as in much of Africa, husbands and wives farm separate plots, and there is some specialization by gender in the crops that are grown. These different crops are differentially sensitive to particular kinds of rainfall shocks. We find that conditional on overall levels of expenditure, the composition of household expenditure is sensitive to the gender of the recipient of a rainfall shock. For example, rainfall shocks associated with high yields of women's crops shift expenditure towards food. Strong social norms constrain the use of profits from yam cultivation, which is carried out almost exclusively by men. In line with these norms, we find that rainfall-induced fluctuations in income from yams are transmitted to expenditures on education and food, not to expenditures on private goods (like alcohol and tobacco). We reject the hypothesis of complete insurance within households, even with respect to publicly observable weather shocks. Different sources of income are allocated to different uses depending upon both the identity of the income earner and upon the origin of the income.}, @@ -14927,7 +15040,7 @@ issn = {0022-0515}, doi = {10.1257/jel.50.4.1051}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment---development nexus, and argues that the interrelationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women. (JEL I14, I24, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)}, + abstract = {Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment{\textemdash}development nexus, and argues that the interrelationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women. (JEL I14, I24, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {review::,sample::snowballing,TODO::review}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HVBG9IRH/Duflo2012_Women_Empowerment_and_Economic_Development.pdf} @@ -14941,8 +15054,8 @@ month = dec, number = {w20784}, pages = {w20784}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w20784}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -15066,7 +15179,10 @@ urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {Women-only transportation has become a popular option for urban women around the world who are tired of being groped and harassed in buses, subways and taxis. The separation of men and women in public transit is controversial among feminists, since it does not address or solve the fundamental issue of gender inequality which causes violence and harassment. However, less addressed among feminists is how violence makes women afraid to act collectively. To support them, the state can play a role in setting up measures to protect them, while they confront their attackers. This article shows how women's organisations in Mexico City use women-only transportation to create a safe place for female commuters, where municipal and state authorities have developed `pink transportation'. This includes segregated transport together with wider changes to laws, provision of support for victims of violence, and positive images of women which help women act collectively against violence. Pink transportation has catalysed creating wider conversations about gender discrimination, women's rights and gender equality in media and society.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Mexico,inequality::gender,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::LAC,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Mexico,inequality::gender,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::LAC,sample::snowballing}, + note = {looks at PI outcomes; inequality; +\par +does NOT look at LM adjacency} } @article{Dunstan2013, @@ -15111,7 +15227,7 @@ keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database} } -@article{Dustmann2012, +@article{Dustmann2012a, title = {Expansions in {{Maternity Leave Coverage}} and {{Children}}'s {{Long-Term Outcomes}}}, author = {Dustmann, Christian and Sch{\"o}nberg, Uta}, year = {2012}, @@ -15172,7 +15288,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Long-Run Growth Scenarios for the World Economy}, author = {Duval, Romain and {de la Maisonneuve}, Christine}, - year = {2010-01/2010-02}, + year = {2010}, + month = jan, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, @@ -15507,6 +15624,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Regeer, Barbara/M-1207-2018}, unique-id = {WOS:000586015500008}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,country::Kenya,country::Rwanda,country::Uganda,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study on the barriers to inclusion of mentally disabled persons in technical and vocational training in Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda, to see what is hindering them being a stronger target group for the programs.\textbf{It uses a three pillar model of culture, structure and practice as well as their interrelations as its framework of integration or exclusion.\textbf{It finds that there are interrelated barriers along all three pillars, with negative attitude toward persons with disabilities being a cultural barrier, the resulting legislative exclusion from primary school, confrontation with untrained teachers and rigid curricula posing a structural barrier, and both coming together to exclude them from the practice of technical/vocational education.\textbf{It suggests more up-to-date information on mental disability, an implementation of affirmative action and policy of inclusion, as well as a combination of tailor-made curricula and more specific teacher training.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BCPTGSN9/Ebuenyi2020_Challenges_of_inclusion.pdf} } @@ -15594,7 +15712,7 @@ issn = {00396060}, doi = {10.1016/j.surg.2014.07.005}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Women have been achieving near parity in MD and MD/PhD training, but their advancement in academic biomedical science is reduced at every career milestone thereafter. Women are significantly underrepresented even at the earliest points in the PhD pipeline, particularly in fields outside of biology. This is a troubling statistic that negatively impacts the talent pool and exacerbates career inequity in all areas of biomedical research. The major biomedical research themes that will command our attention in the 21st century---neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, oncology---will require large team science efforts integrating a diversity of scientific disciplines, including biology, engineering, sociology, chemistry, and medicine. These scientific teams must also integrate diversity in gender, race, and ethnicity to enrich and add value to their discoveries and to better serve a diverse and multicultural society. This editorial reviews factors that may actively impede women's participation in biomedical research, at the level of graduate and postgraduate training, in their opportunities for career advancement in the professoriate, and in their competitiveness in securing research support.}, + abstract = {Women have been achieving near parity in MD and MD/PhD training, but their advancement in academic biomedical science is reduced at every career milestone thereafter. Women are significantly underrepresented even at the earliest points in the PhD pipeline, particularly in fields outside of biology. This is a troubling statistic that negatively impacts the talent pool and exacerbates career inequity in all areas of biomedical research. The major biomedical research themes that will command our attention in the 21st century{\textemdash}neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, oncology{\textemdash}will require large team science efforts integrating a diversity of scientific disciplines, including biology, engineering, sociology, chemistry, and medicine. These scientific teams must also integrate diversity in gender, race, and ethnicity to enrich and add value to their discoveries and to better serve a diverse and multicultural society. This editorial reviews factors that may actively impede women's participation in biomedical research, at the level of graduate and postgraduate training, in their opportunities for career advancement in the professoriate, and in their competitiveness in securing research support.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,review::narrative,sample::snowballing} } @@ -15678,7 +15796,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Strategic Communications in Oral Health: {{Influencing}} Public and Professional Opinions and Actions}, author = {Edmunds, M and Fulwood, C}, - year = {2002-03/2002-04}, + year = {2002}, + month = mar, journal = {AMBULATORY PEDIATRICS}, volume = {2}, number = {2, S}, @@ -15784,7 +15903,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {3}, usage-count-since-2013 = {8}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research; Psychology, Educational}, - keywords = {cite::further_reading,inequality::disability,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::further_reading,inequality::disability,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 11-13, 2019} } @article{Eggleston2014, @@ -15863,7 +15983,7 @@ } @article{Ekberg2013a, - title = {Parental Leave --- {{A}} Policy Evaluation of the {{Swedish}} ``{{Daddy-Month}}'' Reform}, + title = {Parental Leave {\textemdash} {{A}} Policy Evaluation of the {{Swedish}} ``{{Daddy-Month}}'' Reform}, author = {Ekberg, John and Eriksson, Rickard and Friebel, Guido}, year = {2013}, month = jan, @@ -15943,7 +16063,7 @@ issn = {2090-262X}, doi = {10.1186/s42506-021-00077-y}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a serious human rights violation and an important health concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to estimate the proportion of IPV among adult Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and to identify its possible predictors during the lockdown. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020 using an online questionnaire. The sample included 490 adult Arab women aged 18 years and above, who live with their husbands. Data was collected using a Google forms designed questionnaire that included the socio-demographic characteristics, nature of lockdown, and exposure to different types of IPV before and during COVID-19 lockdown and the frequency of their occurrence. McNemar's test was used to determine differences in the exposure to IPV before and during the lockdown, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of exposure to IPV during the lockdown. Results Half of women reported that they were ever exposed to IPV with psychological violence ranking 1st. Exposure to any type of IPV and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence have significantly increased during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The frequency of exposure to the different types of IPV ranged from 1--3 times per month to almost every day, but the most commonly reported was 1--3 times per month. Predictors of exposure to IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown included country of residence, family income, and whether the husband lost his job during lockdown. Conclusions IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Arab countries, and it was associated with the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic on families. Actions towards raising awareness about the problem among professionals and the community, early detection, and provision of appropriate services are mandatory.}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a serious human rights violation and an important health concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to estimate the proportion of IPV among adult Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and to identify its possible predictors during the lockdown. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020 using an online questionnaire. The sample included 490 adult Arab women aged 18 years and above, who live with their husbands. Data was collected using a Google forms designed questionnaire that included the socio-demographic characteristics, nature of lockdown, and exposure to different types of IPV before and during COVID-19 lockdown and the frequency of their occurrence. McNemar's test was used to determine differences in the exposure to IPV before and during the lockdown, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of exposure to IPV during the lockdown. Results Half of women reported that they were ever exposed to IPV with psychological violence ranking 1st. Exposure to any type of IPV and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence have significantly increased during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The frequency of exposure to the different types of IPV ranged from 1{\textendash}3 times per month to almost every day, but the most commonly reported was 1{\textendash}3 times per month. Predictors of exposure to IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown included country of residence, family income, and whether the husband lost his job during lockdown. Conclusions IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Arab countries, and it was associated with the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic on families. Actions towards raising awareness about the problem among professionals and the community, early detection, and provision of appropriate services are mandatory.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -16210,7 +16330,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {A Critical Analysis of the Pension System in {{Turkey}} from a Gender Equality Perspective}, author = {Elveren, Adem Y.}, - year = {2013-11/2013-12}, + year = {2013}, + month = nov, journal = {Womens Studies International Forum}, volume = {41}, number = {1, SI}, @@ -16386,7 +16507,7 @@ issn = {0902-0063, 1399-0012}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. {\copyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S. Abstract:{\enspace} Background:{\enspace} Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation. Methods:{\enspace} Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:{\enspace} A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}= {$\quad$} 0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.003] or some college [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.002]), live donor recipient (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation. Conclusions:{\enspace} Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.}, + abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. {\copyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S. Abstract:\hspace{0.6em} Background:\hspace{0.6em} Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:\hspace{0.6em} A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}= {$\quad$} 0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.003] or some college [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.002]), live donor recipient (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation. Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -16627,10 +16748,10 @@ title = {Evaluation of a Savings and Micro-Credit Program for Vulnerable Young Women in {{Nairobi}}}, author = {Erulkar, Annabel and Chong, Erica}, year = {2005}, - institution = {Population Council}, + institution = {{Population Council}}, doi = {10.31899/pgy19.1010}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents' vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16--22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.}, + abstract = {Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents' vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16{\textendash}22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -16639,7 +16760,7 @@ shorttitle = {Tap and {{Reposition Youth}} ({{TRY}})}, author = {Erulkar, Annabel and Bruce, Judith and Dondo, Aleke and Sebstad, Jennefer and Matheka, James and Khan, Arjmand and Gathuku, Anne}, year = {2006}, - institution = {Population Council}, + institution = {{Population Council}}, doi = {10.31899/pgy1.1007}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} @@ -16709,6 +16830,7 @@ abstract = {Integrated approaches providing assistance to jobless individuals through the combination of income support and active labour market policies have been increasingly advocated in the policy debate, both by policy makers and international organizations. By helping people tackle immediate needs while promoting labour market reinsertion, these combined approaches are expected to improve labour market and social conditions in a sustainable manner. However, evidence on the effectiveness of this policy approach is extremely scant in emerging and developing economies. This paper studies a pivotal example of this policy trend through the evaluation of a public works programme provided alongside a cash transfer as part of a comprehensive social assistance programme that reached around 10 per cent of households in Uruguay between 2005 and 2007. We use rich administrative data of panel nature to study the effects of (i) participating in the public works programme (active component), (ii) receiving the cash transfer (income-support component), and (iii) benefiting jointly of the active and income-support programmes. Results on measures of labour market participation, employment quality, and civil society participation are non-significant across the board. Point estimates are nevertheless of the expected sign and of reasonable magnitude, suggesting that the programme came close to achieving its objective. Possible reasons of the limited effectiveness of the programme could include limited treatment intensity and lack of human capital accumulation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, unique-id = {WOS:000554926900002}, keywords = {country::Urugay,lmp::active,lmp::passive,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An impact study comparing the outcomes of a Uruguayan public works component ('Trabajo por Uruguay'), income support component ('Plan de Asistencia Nacional a la Emergencie Social') and their combination on any of resulting employment probability, employment quality or civil society participation.\textbf{It uses administrative household-level survey panel data to find, even though all outcomes trended slightly positively, no statistically significant effect for most of the outcomes in any combination of the respective programs.\textbf{The only marginally significant outcome was on employment probability by the public work program on its own.\textbf{Reasons for the insignificance of these positive impact trends stipulated are the relatively limited intensity of treatment of the public works program (short time-span of work program), as well as limited accumulation of human capital (qualitatively insufficient accompanying training).\textbf{It concludes that the public work program was on the cusp of being beneficent and did help toward the objective of reducing extreme poverty, but lacked in sustained intensity, most importantly in its allotted time-frame, to be able to fulfill any long-term objectives.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ADH2KFIS/Escudero2020_Joint_provision_of_income_and_employment_support.pdf} } @@ -16717,7 +16839,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {The Rights-Based Approach to Care Policies: {{Latin American}} Experience}, author = {Esquivel, Valeria}, - year = {2017-10/2017-12}, + year = {2017}, + month = oct, journal = {INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW}, volume = {70}, number = {4, SI}, @@ -16779,7 +16902,7 @@ } @article{Estes2011, - title = {How Are {{Work}}--{{Family Policies Related}} to the {{Gendered Division}} of {{Domestic Labor}}?}, + title = {How Are {{Work}}{\textendash}{{Family Policies Related}} to the {{Gendered Division}} of {{Domestic Labor}}?}, author = {Estes, Sarah Beth}, year = {2011}, month = mar, @@ -16790,7 +16913,7 @@ issn = {1751-9020, 1751-9020}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00357.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Work--family policies are commonly thought to aid parents in attending to their conflicting work and family responsibilities. Some scholars postulate that policies might detract from the gendered division of domestic labor, in which women take a greater responsibility for housework and childcare than men, while others expect that policies encourage women to maintain traditional family roles even while employed. A review of cross-national research in market economies shows that policies are not uniformly related to the gendered division of domestic labor, although parental leave offers the most promising avenue through which the gendered division of domestic labor may be diminished.}, + abstract = {Abstract Work{\textendash}family policies are commonly thought to aid parents in attending to their conflicting work and family responsibilities. Some scholars postulate that policies might detract from the gendered division of domestic labor, in which women take a greater responsibility for housework and childcare than men, while others expect that policies encourage women to maintain traditional family roles even while employed. A review of cross-national research in market economies shows that policies are not uniformly related to the gendered division of domestic labor, although parental leave offers the most promising avenue through which the gendered division of domestic labor may be diminished.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -16832,7 +16955,7 @@ title = {The {{European Commission Inequality Marker}}: {{Guidelines}} for the {{Application}} and {{Scoring}} of {{Interventions}}}, author = {{European Commission. Directorate-General for International Partnerships}}, year = {2023}, - publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union}, + publisher = {{Publications Office of the European Union}}, isbn = {978-92-76-59307-2} } @@ -16868,7 +16991,7 @@ author = {Evans, David K. and Ngatia, M{\~u}thoni}, year = {2018}, month = apr, - publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC}, + publisher = {{World Bank, Washington, DC}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8421}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -16886,7 +17009,7 @@ issn = {2054-4200}, doi = {10.1017/gheg.2019.5}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of institutional policies and practices for the prevention of and response to gender inequities as experienced by female faculty working in the health sciences at a US research university. Methods Data from the institution's Faculty Campus Climate Survey ( n = 260 female faculty) were coupled with qualitative interviews ( n = 14) of females in leadership positions, exploring campus climate, and institutional policies and practices aimed at advancing women. Results Two-thirds (59\%) of the female faculty respondents indicated witnessing sexual harassment and 28\% reported experiencing sexual harassment. Several organizational themes emerged to address this problem: culture, including cultural change, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions The findings reveal the ways in which university culture mimics the larger societal context. At the same time, the distinct culture of higher education processes for recruitment, career advancement -- specifically tenure and promotion -- are identified as important factors that require modifications in support of reductions in gender inequalities.}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of institutional policies and practices for the prevention of and response to gender inequities as experienced by female faculty working in the health sciences at a US research university. Methods Data from the institution's Faculty Campus Climate Survey ( n = 260 female faculty) were coupled with qualitative interviews ( n = 14) of females in leadership positions, exploring campus climate, and institutional policies and practices aimed at advancing women. Results Two-thirds (59\%) of the female faculty respondents indicated witnessing sexual harassment and 28\% reported experiencing sexual harassment. Several organizational themes emerged to address this problem: culture, including cultural change, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions The findings reveal the ways in which university culture mimics the larger societal context. At the same time, the distinct culture of higher education processes for recruitment, career advancement {\textendash} specifically tenure and promotion {\textendash} are identified as important factors that require modifications in support of reductions in gender inequalities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -16990,7 +17113,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Differences in Perceptions of Career Barriers and Supports for People with Disabilities by Demographic, Background and Case Status Factors}, author = {Fabian, Ellen S. and Beveridge, Scott and Ethridge, Glacia}, - year = {2009-01/2009-03}, + year = {2009}, + month = jan, journal = {JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, @@ -17017,8 +17141,8 @@ month = jul, number = {w17207}, pages = {w17207}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w17207}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -17077,7 +17201,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {5}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {inequality::ethnicity,inequality::racial,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::ethnicity,inequality::racial,sample::database}, + note = {4th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 08-10, 2010} } @article{Farkas1988, @@ -17178,7 +17303,7 @@ issn = {0306-8293}, doi = {10.1108/03068290910921253}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose Several studies have provided empirical evidence that female labor force participation rate exhibits a U-shape during the process of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of U-shape relationship in the case of Pakistan and if it does exist, what factors determine this U-shape relationship? Design/methodology/approach For the estimation purpose data according to provinces and regions are pooled for three years. The model is estimated using a simple fixed effect test. Findings The results affirm the existence of U-shaped relationship. Estimation of the pooled data attributed this U-shape relationship with female education attainment, sectoral employment share, unemployment rate, wages and marital status. Results confirm that high rate of economic development is encouraging the female participation in the labor force by increasing the work opportunities for females. The females are taking full advantage of these increased opportunities by increasing their level of education attainment. Research limitations/implications -- In testing the U-shape hypothesis, household expenditure on fuel consumption representing level of economic development in the country is used as the data on GDP are not available at the provincial level. Practical implications This paper recommends that skill-based education programmes should be promoted so that females could be absorbed in the formal labor market. It also recommends measures to decrease unemployment rates and improve labor market conditions. Originality/value The paper is first of its kind as it applied pooled data technique for the estimation of U-shape relationship.}, + abstract = {Purpose Several studies have provided empirical evidence that female labor force participation rate exhibits a U-shape during the process of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of U-shape relationship in the case of Pakistan and if it does exist, what factors determine this U-shape relationship? Design/methodology/approach For the estimation purpose data according to provinces and regions are pooled for three years. The model is estimated using a simple fixed effect test. Findings The results affirm the existence of U-shaped relationship. Estimation of the pooled data attributed this U-shape relationship with female education attainment, sectoral employment share, unemployment rate, wages and marital status. Results confirm that high rate of economic development is encouraging the female participation in the labor force by increasing the work opportunities for females. The females are taking full advantage of these increased opportunities by increasing their level of education attainment. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} In testing the U-shape hypothesis, household expenditure on fuel consumption representing level of economic development in the country is used as the data on GDP are not available at the provincial level. Practical implications This paper recommends that skill-based education programmes should be promoted so that females could be absorbed in the formal labor market. It also recommends measures to decrease unemployment rates and improve labor market conditions. Originality/value The paper is first of its kind as it applied pooled data technique for the estimation of U-shape relationship.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -17206,7 +17331,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {4}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Dentistry, Oral Surgery \& Medicine; Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, - keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {does not look at policy intervention; does not look at LM adjacency} } @article{Faur2018, @@ -17298,7 +17424,7 @@ issn = {1744-8603}, doi = {10.1186/s12992-022-00804-w}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Background During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic? Methods In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January--June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications ( n ~=\,451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China. Results In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women's mental health, and pregnant women's access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations' experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review. Conclusion At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic? Methods In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January{\textendash}June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications ( n ~=\,451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China. Results In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women's mental health, and pregnant women's access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations' experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review. Conclusion At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::China,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -17520,8 +17646,8 @@ month = sep, number = {w26294}, pages = {w26294}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w26294}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {Can greater control over earned income incentivize women to work and influence gender norms? In collaboration with Indian government partners, we provided rural women with individual bank accounts and randomly varied whether their wages from a public workfare program were directly deposited into these accounts or into the male household head's account (the status quo). Women in a random subset of villages were also trained on account use. In the short run, relative to women just offered bank accounts, those who also received direct deposit and training increased their labor supply in the public and private sectors. In the long run, gender norms liberalized: women who received direct deposit and training became more accepting of female work, and their husbands perceived fewer social costs to having a wife who works. These effects were concentrated in households with otherwise lower levels of, and stronger norms against, female work. Women in these households also worked more in the long run and became more empowered. These patterns are consistent with models of household decision-making in which increases in bargaining power from greater control over income interact with, and influence, gender norms.}, @@ -17648,8 +17774,8 @@ shorttitle = {Disruptive {{Voices}}}, author = {Fine, Michelle}, year = {1992}, - publisher = {University of Michigan Press}, - address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, + publisher = {{University of Michigan Press}}, + address = {{Ann Arbor, MI}}, doi = {10.3998/mpub.23686}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-472-06465-6}, @@ -17966,7 +18092,7 @@ issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184}, doi = {10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.666}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Many people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture---the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments. , R{\'e}sum{\'e} Une grande partie de la population de Mwanza, en Tanzanie, s'approvisionne par le biais de l'agriculture urbaine---la plantation de cultures et l'{\'e}levage d'animaux dans les zones urbaines et p{\'e}ri-urbaines, ainsi qu'en zone rurale. Cet article compare les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza {\`a} ceux du Kenya, de la Zambie, du Zimbabwe et du Ghana. Comme leurs homologues du Zimbabwe, les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza sont de plus en plus nombreux {\`a} figurer parmi les plus pauvres des pauvres. Comme les agriculteurs urbains du Ghana, ceux de Mwanza sont souvent des hommes de classe moyenne ou sup{\'e}rieure qui ont acc{\`e}s {\`a} des terres et des ressources limit{\'e}es. Les cultivateurs urbains de Mwanza se distinguent de ceux du Kenya et de la Zambie au niveau du sexe, de la cat{\'e}gorie socio-{\'e}conomique et des facteurs qui motivent leurs activit{\'e}s agricoles. Ces r{\'e}sultats sugg{\`e}rent que la diff{\'e}renciation socio-{\'e}conomique, bien qu'en augmentation, n'a pas atteint les niveaux de divergence observ{\'e}s au Kenya et en Zambie. Une grande partie de la population masculine ais{\'e}e continue de faire face {\`a} une pr{\'e}carit{\'e} de l'emploi suffisamment importante pour qu'ils choisissent de cultiver pour subvenir {\`a} leurs besoins et ceux de leur famille pendant les p{\'e}riodes difficiles. Ils se lancent aussi parfois dans l'agriculture parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ou ne souhaitent pas profiter de possibilit{\'e}s de placements plus rentables en dehors du march{\'e} des denr{\'e}es alimentaires, ou parce qu'ils souhaitent r{\'e}partir les risques en diversifiant leurs placements.}, + abstract = {Abstract Many people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture{\textemdash}the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments. , R{\'e}sum{\'e} Une grande partie de la population de Mwanza, en Tanzanie, s'approvisionne par le biais de l'agriculture urbaine{\textemdash}la plantation de cultures et l'{\'e}levage d'animaux dans les zones urbaines et p{\'e}ri-urbaines, ainsi qu'en zone rurale. Cet article compare les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza {\`a} ceux du Kenya, de la Zambie, du Zimbabwe et du Ghana. Comme leurs homologues du Zimbabwe, les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza sont de plus en plus nombreux {\`a} figurer parmi les plus pauvres des pauvres. Comme les agriculteurs urbains du Ghana, ceux de Mwanza sont souvent des hommes de classe moyenne ou sup{\'e}rieure qui ont acc{\`e}s {\`a} des terres et des ressources limit{\'e}es. Les cultivateurs urbains de Mwanza se distinguent de ceux du Kenya et de la Zambie au niveau du sexe, de la cat{\'e}gorie socio-{\'e}conomique et des facteurs qui motivent leurs activit{\'e}s agricoles. Ces r{\'e}sultats sugg{\`e}rent que la diff{\'e}renciation socio-{\'e}conomique, bien qu'en augmentation, n'a pas atteint les niveaux de divergence observ{\'e}s au Kenya et en Zambie. Une grande partie de la population masculine ais{\'e}e continue de faire face {\`a} une pr{\'e}carit{\'e} de l'emploi suffisamment importante pour qu'ils choisissent de cultiver pour subvenir {\`a} leurs besoins et ceux de leur famille pendant les p{\'e}riodes difficiles. Ils se lancent aussi parfois dans l'agriculture parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ou ne souhaitent pas profiter de possibilit{\'e}s de placements plus rentables en dehors du march{\'e} des denr{\'e}es alimentaires, ou parce qu'ils souhaitent r{\'e}partir les risques en diversifiant leurs placements.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Tanzania,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18241,8 +18367,8 @@ editor = {Agola, Nathaniel O. and Hunter, Alan}, year = {2016}, pages = {57--74}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/978-1-137-60168-1_4}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-137-60167-4 978-1-137-60168-1}, @@ -18303,7 +18429,7 @@ issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688}, doi = {10.1007/s10926-013-9488-z}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose To characterise and determine the pre-injury, injury and post-injury factors associated with vocational outcome 1--9 years post-discharge from a mixed therapy/educational/vocational rehabilitation (VR) residential programme. Methods 119 clients of working age when they acquired their brain injury and who had attended the centre between 2002 and 2011 were followed up at least 1 year post-discharge to determine their vocational outcome as part of an ongoing review/audit of the service. All clients had had a severe/very severe brain injury. Clients were classified as having a positive vocational outcome (working---paid/voluntary, full/part-time or undertaking full or part-time vocationally related education) or negative vocational outcome (undertaking neither work nor education). Results Over half of the clients attained a positive vocational outcome. Length of time since discharge did not differ between those clients with a positive or negative vocational outcome. Vocational outcome was predicted by cognitive and motor ability at discharge, and gender. Together these variables correctly classified the vocational outcome of 76 \% of the clients. Conclusion Clients with severe/very severe brain injury can attain a positive vocational outcome following intensive neurorehabilitation consisting of traditional therapies in addition to educational and VR.}, + abstract = {Purpose To characterise and determine the pre-injury, injury and post-injury factors associated with vocational outcome 1{\textendash}9 years post-discharge from a mixed therapy/educational/vocational rehabilitation (VR) residential programme. Methods 119 clients of working age when they acquired their brain injury and who had attended the centre between 2002 and 2011 were followed up at least 1 year post-discharge to determine their vocational outcome as part of an ongoing review/audit of the service. All clients had had a severe/very severe brain injury. Clients were classified as having a positive vocational outcome (working{\textemdash}paid/voluntary, full/part-time or undertaking full or part-time vocationally related education) or negative vocational outcome (undertaking neither work nor education). Results Over half of the clients attained a positive vocational outcome. Length of time since discharge did not differ between those clients with a positive or negative vocational outcome. Vocational outcome was predicted by cognitive and motor ability at discharge, and gender. Together these variables correctly classified the vocational outcome of 76 \% of the clients. Conclusion Clients with severe/very severe brain injury can attain a positive vocational outcome following intensive neurorehabilitation consisting of traditional therapies in addition to educational and VR.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18397,6 +18523,7 @@ doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12509}, abstract = {Do high search costs affect the labour market outcomes of jobseekers living far away from jobs? I randomly assign transport subsidies to unemployed youth in urban Ethiopia. Treated respondents increase job search intensity and are more likely to find good, permanent, jobs. Subsidies also induce a short-term reduction in temporary work. I use a high-frequency phone call survey to track the trajectory of search behaviour over time to show that the subsidies significantly increased job search intensity and the use of formal search methods. The evidence suggests that cash constraints cause young people to give up looking for good jobs too early.}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,program::transport subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the impact of a transport subsidy for urban job searchers in Ethiopia, to analyze its impacts on employment probability and job quality of beneficiaries.\textbf{It splits its sample into two treatment groups, with one being sampled from people already looking for vacancies at a job board in the city center (active searchers, and on average more highly skilled) and people living in the periphery of the city (fewer active searchers, on average less highly skilled).\textbf{It finds that for both groups, the program significantly increased the short-term job quality, but with a more lasting effect on lower-skilled job searchers.\textbf{For the lower-skilled group it also finds a significant increase in employment probability and formal employment.\textbf{The results largely dissipate over time, but do show some persistence.\textbf{The study suggests that youth often gives up its job search early due to cash constraints, often resulting from prior location constraints.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/S6SFESQK/Franklin2018_Location,_Search_Costs_and_Youth_Unemployment.pdf} } @@ -18489,7 +18616,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {16}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Urban Studies}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::gender,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION,type::structural,type::work_programme} + keywords = {country::US,inequality::gender,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION,type::structural,type::work_programme}, + note = {include studies with analysis periods before post-war period?} } @article{Freeman2012, @@ -18505,7 +18633,7 @@ issn = {1360-2276, 1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objectives{\enspace} There has been increased attention to access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at schools in developing countries, but a dearth of empirical studies on the impact. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of school-based WASH on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya, from 2007 to 2008. Methods{\enspace} Public primary schools nested in three geographical strata were randomly assigned and allocated to one of three study arms [water treatment and hygiene promotion (WT \& HP), additional sanitation improvement, or control] to assess the effects on pupil absence at 2-year follow-up. Results{\enspace} We found no overall effect of the intervention on absence. However, among schools in two of the geographical areas not affected by post-election violence, those that received WT and HP showed a 58\% reduction in the odds of absence for girls (OR 0.42, CI 0.21--0.85). In the same strata, sanitation improvement in combination with WT and HP resulted in a comparable drop in absence, although results were marginally significant (OR 0.47, 0.21--1.05). Boys were not impacted by the intervention. Conclusion{\enspace} School WASH improvements can improve school attendance for girls, and mechanisms for gendered impacts should be explored. Incomplete intervention compliance highlights the challenges of achieving consistent results across all settings. , Objectifs:{\enspace} Une attention croissante a {\'e}t{\'e} accord{\'e}e {\`a} l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, {\`a} l'assainissement et {\`a} l'hygi{\`e}ne dans les {\'e}coles des pays en d{\'e}veloppement, mais il y a un manque d'{\'e}tudes empiriques sur l'impact. Nous avons men{\'e} un essai randomis{\'e} en grappes sur l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne en milieu scolaire, sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves, dans la province de Nyanza, au Kenya, de 2007 {\`a} 2008. M{\'e}thodes:{\enspace} Les {\'e}coles publiques primaires imbriqu{\'e}es dans trois strates g{\'e}ographiques ont {\'e}t{\'e} assign{\'e}es al{\'e}atoirement et affect{\'e}es {\`a} l'un des trois bras de l'{\'e}tude (traitement de l'eau et promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne, am{\'e}lioration additionnelle de l'assainissement ou t{\'e}moins) afin d'{\'e}valuer les effets sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves au bout de deux ans de suivi. R{\'e}sultats:{\enspace} Nous n'avons trouv{\'e} aucun effet g{\'e}n{\'e}ral de l'intervention sur les absences. Cependant, parmi les {\'e}coles dans deux des zones g{\'e}ographiques non touch{\'e}es par la violence post{\'e}lectorale, celles qui ont re{\c c}u un traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne ont montr{\'e} une r{\'e}duction de 58\% des chances pour les absences pour les filles (OR: 0.42; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 0.85). Dans la m{\^e}me strate, l'am{\'e}lioration de l'assainissement en combinaison avec le traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne a entra{\^i}n{\'e} une baisse comparable des absences, m{\^e}me si les r{\'e}sultats {\'e}taient marginalement significatifs (OR: 0.47; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 1.05). Les absences des gar{\c c}ons n'ont pas {\'e}t{\'e} affect{\'e}es par l'intervention. Conclusion:{\enspace} Les am{\'e}liorations de l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne {\`a} l'{\'e}cole peuvent am{\'e}liorer la fr{\'e}quentation scolaire des filles et des m{\'e}canismes pour les impacts li{\'e}s au sexe devraient {\^e}tre explor{\'e}s. Le respect incomplet de l'intervention souligne les d{\'e}fis pour atteindre des r{\'e}sultats coh{\'e}rents dans tous les cadres. , Objetivos:{\enspace} Ha habido un aumento en la atenci{\'o}n prestada al agua, la sanidad y la higiene (ASH) en los colegios de pa{\'i}ses en v{\'i}as de desarrollo, pero una escasez de estudios emp{\'i}ricos sobre su impacto. Hemos realizado un ensayo aleatorizado por conglomerados en colegios con ASH sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos de la Provincia de Nyanza, Kenia, entre el 2007--2008. M{\'e}todos:{\enspace} Las escuelas p{\'u}blicas primarias dentro de tres estratos geogr{\'a}ficos fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria a uno de los tres brazos del estudio (tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene, mejoras sanitarias adicionales, o control) para evaluar los efectos sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos tras dos a{\~n}os de seguimiento. Resultados:{\enspace} No encontramos un efecto general de la intervenci{\'o}n en ausencia de los alumnos. Sin embargo, entre las escuelas en dos de las {\'a}reas geogr{\'a}ficas no afectadas por la violencia posterior a las elecciones, aquellos que recibieron tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene mostraron una reducci{\'o}n del 58\% en la probabilidad de ausentismo de las ni{\~n}as (OR 0.42, CI 0.21--0.85). En el mismo estrato, la mejora sanitaria en combinaci{\'o}n con el tratamiento del agua y la promoci{\'o}n de la higiene result{\'o} en una ca{\'i}da comparable en el ausentismo, aunque los resultados eran marginalmente significativos (OR 0.47, 0.21--1.05). La intervenci{\'o}n no ten{\'i}a un impacto sobre los chicos. Conclusi{\'o}n:{\enspace} En los colegios con mejoras en ASH puede mejorar la participaci{\'o}n de las ni{\~n}as, y deber{\'i}an investigarse mecanismos con impactos condicionados por el g{\'e}nero. Un cumplimiento incompleto de la intervenci{\'o}n pone de manifiesto los retos existentes para alcanzar resultados consistentes en todos los emplazamientos.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objectives\hspace{0.6em} There has been increased attention to access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at schools in developing countries, but a dearth of empirical studies on the impact. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of school-based WASH on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya, from 2007 to 2008. Methods\hspace{0.6em} Public primary schools nested in three geographical strata were randomly assigned and allocated to one of three study arms [water treatment and hygiene promotion (WT \& HP), additional sanitation improvement, or control] to assess the effects on pupil absence at 2-year follow-up. Results\hspace{0.6em} We found no overall effect of the intervention on absence. However, among schools in two of the geographical areas not affected by post-election violence, those that received WT and HP showed a 58\% reduction in the odds of absence for girls (OR 0.42, CI 0.21{\textendash}0.85). In the same strata, sanitation improvement in combination with WT and HP resulted in a comparable drop in absence, although results were marginally significant (OR 0.47, 0.21{\textendash}1.05). Boys were not impacted by the intervention. Conclusion\hspace{0.6em} School WASH improvements can improve school attendance for girls, and mechanisms for gendered impacts should be explored. Incomplete intervention compliance highlights the challenges of achieving consistent results across all settings. , Objectifs:\hspace{0.6em} Une attention croissante a {\'e}t{\'e} accord{\'e}e {\`a} l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, {\`a} l'assainissement et {\`a} l'hygi{\`e}ne dans les {\'e}coles des pays en d{\'e}veloppement, mais il y a un manque d'{\'e}tudes empiriques sur l'impact. Nous avons men{\'e} un essai randomis{\'e} en grappes sur l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne en milieu scolaire, sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves, dans la province de Nyanza, au Kenya, de 2007 {\`a} 2008. M{\'e}thodes:\hspace{0.6em} Les {\'e}coles publiques primaires imbriqu{\'e}es dans trois strates g{\'e}ographiques ont {\'e}t{\'e} assign{\'e}es al{\'e}atoirement et affect{\'e}es {\`a} l'un des trois bras de l'{\'e}tude (traitement de l'eau et promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne, am{\'e}lioration additionnelle de l'assainissement ou t{\'e}moins) afin d'{\'e}valuer les effets sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves au bout de deux ans de suivi. R{\'e}sultats:\hspace{0.6em} Nous n'avons trouv{\'e} aucun effet g{\'e}n{\'e}ral de l'intervention sur les absences. Cependant, parmi les {\'e}coles dans deux des zones g{\'e}ographiques non touch{\'e}es par la violence post{\'e}lectorale, celles qui ont re{\c c}u un traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne ont montr{\'e} une r{\'e}duction de 58\% des chances pour les absences pour les filles (OR: 0.42; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 0.85). Dans la m{\^e}me strate, l'am{\'e}lioration de l'assainissement en combinaison avec le traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne a entra{\^i}n{\'e} une baisse comparable des absences, m{\^e}me si les r{\'e}sultats {\'e}taient marginalement significatifs (OR: 0.47; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 1.05). Les absences des gar{\c c}ons n'ont pas {\'e}t{\'e} affect{\'e}es par l'intervention. Conclusion:\hspace{0.6em} Les am{\'e}liorations de l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne {\`a} l'{\'e}cole peuvent am{\'e}liorer la fr{\'e}quentation scolaire des filles et des m{\'e}canismes pour les impacts li{\'e}s au sexe devraient {\^e}tre explor{\'e}s. Le respect incomplet de l'intervention souligne les d{\'e}fis pour atteindre des r{\'e}sultats coh{\'e}rents dans tous les cadres. , Objetivos:\hspace{0.6em} Ha habido un aumento en la atenci{\'o}n prestada al agua, la sanidad y la higiene (ASH) en los colegios de pa{\'i}ses en v{\'i}as de desarrollo, pero una escasez de estudios emp{\'i}ricos sobre su impacto. Hemos realizado un ensayo aleatorizado por conglomerados en colegios con ASH sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos de la Provincia de Nyanza, Kenia, entre el 2007{\textendash}2008. M{\'e}todos:\hspace{0.6em} Las escuelas p{\'u}blicas primarias dentro de tres estratos geogr{\'a}ficos fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria a uno de los tres brazos del estudio (tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene, mejoras sanitarias adicionales, o control) para evaluar los efectos sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos tras dos a{\~n}os de seguimiento. Resultados:\hspace{0.6em} No encontramos un efecto general de la intervenci{\'o}n en ausencia de los alumnos. Sin embargo, entre las escuelas en dos de las {\'a}reas geogr{\'a}ficas no afectadas por la violencia posterior a las elecciones, aquellos que recibieron tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene mostraron una reducci{\'o}n del 58\% en la probabilidad de ausentismo de las ni{\~n}as (OR 0.42, CI 0.21{\textendash}0.85). En el mismo estrato, la mejora sanitaria en combinaci{\'o}n con el tratamiento del agua y la promoci{\'o}n de la higiene result{\'o} en una ca{\'i}da comparable en el ausentismo, aunque los resultados eran marginalmente significativos (OR 0.47, 0.21{\textendash}1.05). La intervenci{\'o}n no ten{\'i}a un impacto sobre los chicos. Conclusi{\'o}n:\hspace{0.6em} En los colegios con mejoras en ASH puede mejorar la participaci{\'o}n de las ni{\~n}as, y deber{\'i}an investigarse mecanismos con impactos condicionados por el g{\'e}nero. Un cumplimiento incompleto de la intervenci{\'o}n pone de manifiesto los retos existentes para alcanzar resultados consistentes en todos los emplazamientos.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -18545,7 +18673,7 @@ issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000001250}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated gender differences in salaries within academic medicine. No research has assessed longitudinal compensation patterns. This study sought to assess longitudinal patterns by gender in compensation, and to understand factors associated with these differences in a longitudinal cohort. Method A 17-year longitudinal follow-up of the National Faculty Survey was conducted with a random sample of faculty from 24\,U.S. medical schools. Participants employed full-time at initial and follow-up time periods completed the survey. Annual pretax compensation during academic year 2012--2013 was compared by gender. Covariates assessed included race/ethnicity; years since first academic appointment; retention in academic career; academic rank; departmental affiliation; percent effort distribution across clinical, teaching, administrative, and research duties; marital and parental status; and any leave or part-time status in the years between surveys. Results In unadjusted analyses, women earned a mean of \$20,520 less than men ( P = .03); women made 90 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts. This difference was reduced to \$16,982 ( P = .04) after adjusting for covariates. The mean difference of \$15,159 was no longer significant ( P = .06) when adjusting covariates and for those who had ever taken a leave or worked part-time. Conclusions The continued gender gap in compensation cannot be accounted for by metrics used to calculate salary. Institutional actions to address these disparities include both initial appointment and annual salary equity reviews, training of senior faculty and administrators to understand implicit bias, and training of women faculty in negotiating skills.}, + abstract = {Purpose Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated gender differences in salaries within academic medicine. No research has assessed longitudinal compensation patterns. This study sought to assess longitudinal patterns by gender in compensation, and to understand factors associated with these differences in a longitudinal cohort. Method A 17-year longitudinal follow-up of the National Faculty Survey was conducted with a random sample of faculty from 24\,U.S. medical schools. Participants employed full-time at initial and follow-up time periods completed the survey. Annual pretax compensation during academic year 2012{\textendash}2013 was compared by gender. Covariates assessed included race/ethnicity; years since first academic appointment; retention in academic career; academic rank; departmental affiliation; percent effort distribution across clinical, teaching, administrative, and research duties; marital and parental status; and any leave or part-time status in the years between surveys. Results In unadjusted analyses, women earned a mean of \$20,520 less than men ( P = .03); women made 90 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts. This difference was reduced to \$16,982 ( P = .04) after adjusting for covariates. The mean difference of \$15,159 was no longer significant ( P = .06) when adjusting covariates and for those who had ever taken a leave or worked part-time. Conclusions The continued gender gap in compensation cannot be accounted for by metrics used to calculate salary. Institutional actions to address these disparities include both initial appointment and annual salary equity reviews, training of senior faculty and administrators to understand implicit bias, and training of women faculty in negotiating skills.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -18576,7 +18704,7 @@ } @article{Fritz2018, - title = {Gender and Leadership Aspiration: {{The}} Impact of Work--Life Initiatives}, + title = {Gender and Leadership Aspiration: {{The}} Impact of Work{\textendash}Life Initiatives}, shorttitle = {Gender and Leadership Aspiration}, author = {Fritz, Claudia and Van Knippenberg, Daan}, year = {2018}, @@ -18588,13 +18716,13 @@ issn = {0090-4848, 1099-050X}, doi = {10.1002/hrm.21875}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Despite the increase in female leaders, women still remain a minority. As aspiration, defined as the interest for achieving a leadership position, is one predictor of advancement, it is important to understand conditions fostering female leadership aspiration. Because women face more domestic and child care responsibilities, we predict that there is an interaction between gender and work--life initiatives. These initiatives help employees balance their work and private life through simplifying the integration and diminishing tension between the two spheres. Because the work--life interface poses greater challenges for women, we hypothesize that work--life initiatives have a stronger influence on women's leadership aspiration. Results of a survey of N = 402 employed men and women supported this hypothesis. The interaction effect of gender and work--life initiatives on leadership aspiration was positive, implying that women's leadership aspiration is more influenced by work--life initiatives. Our other hypothesis which states that work--life initiatives---regardless of gender---are positively related to leadership aspiration was supported. Hence, men's leadership aspiration also was positively influenced by the availability of such initiatives. This study suggests that by implementing work--life initiatives, such as flexible work arrangements, leaves of absence, or on-site child assistance, organizations may encourage leadership aspiration for both genders. Our data show that the interaction effect of gender and work--life initiatives was positively related to leadership aspiration, but this may particularly hold true for women.}, + abstract = {Despite the increase in female leaders, women still remain a minority. As aspiration, defined as the interest for achieving a leadership position, is one predictor of advancement, it is important to understand conditions fostering female leadership aspiration. Because women face more domestic and child care responsibilities, we predict that there is an interaction between gender and work{\textendash}life initiatives. These initiatives help employees balance their work and private life through simplifying the integration and diminishing tension between the two spheres. Because the work{\textendash}life interface poses greater challenges for women, we hypothesize that work{\textendash}life initiatives have a stronger influence on women's leadership aspiration. Results of a survey of N = 402 employed men and women supported this hypothesis. The interaction effect of gender and work{\textendash}life initiatives on leadership aspiration was positive, implying that women's leadership aspiration is more influenced by work{\textendash}life initiatives. Our other hypothesis which states that work{\textendash}life initiatives{\textemdash}regardless of gender{\textemdash}are positively related to leadership aspiration was supported. Hence, men's leadership aspiration also was positively influenced by the availability of such initiatives. This study suggests that by implementing work{\textendash}life initiatives, such as flexible work arrangements, leaves of absence, or on-site child assistance, organizations may encourage leadership aspiration for both genders. Our data show that the interaction effect of gender and work{\textendash}life initiatives was positively related to leadership aspiration, but this may particularly hold true for women.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Frize2021, - title = {The Impact of {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic on Gender-related Work from Home in {{STEM}} Fields---{{Report}} of the {{WiMPBME Task Group}}}, + title = {The Impact of {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic on Gender-related Work from Home in {{STEM}} Fields{\textemdash}{{Report}} of the {{WiMPBME Task Group}}}, author = {Frize, Monique and Lhotska, Lenka and Marcu, Loredana G. and Stoeva, Magdalena and Barabino, Gilda and Ibrahim, Fatimah and Lim, Sierin and Kaldoudi, Eleni and Marques Da Silva, Ana Maria and Tan, Peck Ha and Tsapaki, Virginia and Bezak, Eva}, year = {2021}, month = jul, @@ -18605,7 +18733,7 @@ issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432}, doi = {10.1111/gwao.12690}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people, including those in the fields of science and engineering, to work from home. The new working environment caused by the pandemic is assumed to have a different impact on the amount of work that women and men can do from home. Particularly, if the major burden of child and other types of care is still predominantly on the shoulders of women. As such, a survey was conducted to assess the main issues that biomedical engineers, medical physicists (academics and professionals), and other similar professionals have been facing when working from home during the pandemic. A survey was created and disseminated worldwide. It originated from a committee of International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM; Women in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Task Group) and supported by the Union. The ethics clearance was received from Carleton University. The survey was deployed on the Survey Monkey platform and the results were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The analyses mainly consisted of frequency of the demographic parameters and the cross-tabulation of gender with all relevant variables describing the impact of work at home. A total of 921 responses from biomedical professions in 76 countries were received: 339 males, 573 females, and nine prefer-not-to-say/other. Regarding marital/partnership status, 85\% of males were married or in partnership, and 15\% were single, whereas 72\% of females were married or in partnership, and 26\% were single. More women were working from home during the pandemic (68\%) versus 50\% of men. More men had access to an office at home (68\%) versus 64\% for women. The proportion of men spending more than 3 h on child care and schooling per day was 12\%, while for women it was 22\%; for household duties, 8\% of men spent more than 3 h; for women, this was 12.5\%. It is interesting to note that 44\% of men spent between 1 and 3 h per day on household duties, while for women, it was 55\%. The high number of survey responses can be considered excellent. It is interesting to note that men participate in childcare and household duties in a relatively high percentage; although this corresponds to less hours daily than for women. It is far more than can be found 2 and 3~decades ago. This may reflect the situation in the developed countries only---as majority of responses (75\%) was received from these countries. It is evident that the burden of childcare and household duties will have a negative impact on the careers of women if the burden is not more similar for both sexes. It is important to recognize that a change in policies of organizations that hire them may be required to provide accommodation and compensation to minimize the negative impact on the professional status and career of men and women who work in STEM fields.}, + abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people, including those in the fields of science and engineering, to work from home. The new working environment caused by the pandemic is assumed to have a different impact on the amount of work that women and men can do from home. Particularly, if the major burden of child and other types of care is still predominantly on the shoulders of women. As such, a survey was conducted to assess the main issues that biomedical engineers, medical physicists (academics and professionals), and other similar professionals have been facing when working from home during the pandemic. A survey was created and disseminated worldwide. It originated from a committee of International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM; Women in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Task Group) and supported by the Union. The ethics clearance was received from Carleton University. The survey was deployed on the Survey Monkey platform and the results were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The analyses mainly consisted of frequency of the demographic parameters and the cross-tabulation of gender with all relevant variables describing the impact of work at home. A total of 921 responses from biomedical professions in 76 countries were received: 339 males, 573 females, and nine prefer-not-to-say/other. Regarding marital/partnership status, 85\% of males were married or in partnership, and 15\% were single, whereas 72\% of females were married or in partnership, and 26\% were single. More women were working from home during the pandemic (68\%) versus 50\% of men. More men had access to an office at home (68\%) versus 64\% for women. The proportion of men spending more than 3 h on child care and schooling per day was 12\%, while for women it was 22\%; for household duties, 8\% of men spent more than 3 h; for women, this was 12.5\%. It is interesting to note that 44\% of men spent between 1 and 3 h per day on household duties, while for women, it was 55\%. The high number of survey responses can be considered excellent. It is interesting to note that men participate in childcare and household duties in a relatively high percentage; although this corresponds to less hours daily than for women. It is far more than can be found 2 and 3~decades ago. This may reflect the situation in the developed countries only{\textemdash}as majority of responses (75\%) was received from these countries. It is evident that the burden of childcare and household duties will have a negative impact on the careers of women if the burden is not more similar for both sexes. It is important to recognize that a change in policies of organizations that hire them may be required to provide accommodation and compensation to minimize the negative impact on the professional status and career of men and women who work in STEM fields.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18761,7 +18889,7 @@ month = jan, volume = {41}, pages = {343--375}, - publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, + publisher = {{Emerald Group Publishing Limited}}, doi = {10.1108/S0147-912120140000041017}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-78441-456-6 978-1-78441-455-9}, @@ -18782,9 +18910,10 @@ pages = {128--142}, issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390405800107}, - abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998--2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.}, + abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998{\textendash}2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,program::training,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy voucher and training program 'Proempleo' in Argentina which tries to analyze its impacts on employment probabilities and earnings.\textbf{Generally, the takeup of both the partial (voucher) and the full (voucher and training) treatment were low, but even so the voucher had significant positive impact on employment probabilities.\textbf{The training on top overall had no significant impact, and neither of the treatments significantly affected earnings of participants.\textbf{There was quite some heterogeneity in the outcomes, with training having some positive impact for people with already higher education, and the overall treatments having much larger effect for women.\textbf{Most employments found were in temporary/informal work, which means that while the program allowed some to make a transition into waged employment, the study finds the results to be evidence of the program ultimately not succeeding in its objectives.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T09:39:59Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WK6I9KI2/Galasso2004_Assisting_the_Transition_from_Workfare_to_Work.pdf} } @@ -18802,9 +18931,10 @@ pages = {970--986}, issn = {09275371}, doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.001}, - abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose--response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.}, + abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose{\textendash}response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Peru,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study of administrative survey data on the youth training program 'PROJOVEN' in Peru, to analyze the difference of effect between high-quality and low-quality training offerings on participants' earnings, employment probability and job quality outcomes.\textbf{It finds significant heterogeneity in its outcomes for men and women, with only high-quality training increasing men's earnings and formal employment in the short-term, but a significant positive impact on women's earnings, employment probability and formal employment both short- and long-term for all training.\textbf{For training quality, the study uses an array of proxies, from which it finds that expenditure per trainee is the most important attribute, with small marginal significance of class sizes, infrastructure and institutional market demand knowledge for some outcomes, but no relationship at all between curricular structure and teacher experience for the outcomes.\textbf{It concludes that high-quality training is cost effective for both men and very highly effective for women, whereas lower quality training is not cost effective for men.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:30:51Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3A2GI4WL/Galdo2012_Does_the_quality_of_public-sponsored_training_programs_matter.pdf} } @@ -18813,7 +18943,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Women and Work in Modern Society - the Importance of ``Gendered'' Work}}, author = {Galic, Branka}, - year = {2011-01/2011-04}, + year = {2011}, + month = jan, journal = {SOCIOLOGIJA I PROSTOR}, volume = {49}, number = {189}, @@ -18945,7 +19076,7 @@ issn = {1354-5701, 1466-4372}, doi = {10.1080/13545701.2019.1670350}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Reproductive health and employment are inextricably linked for women. Across the globe, women are the primary caretakers of children, and a woman's reproductive years tend to overlap with her economically productive years. Planned and unplanned pregnancy and childbearing affect women's ability to pursue different types of economic opportunities and even the choice of sectors in which they seek to work. This study explores the timing and sequencing of policy to address reproductive health needs and to strengthen labor market institutions and social protection, illustrated by case studies from six developing countries -- Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, South Africa, the Philippines, and Vietnam -- which have similar demographic transitions but divergent labor market outcomes for women. The findings suggest that where fertility transitions have been sharpest, this has not automatically translated into more employment and better labor market outcomes for women -- illuminating a critical role for policy to support women's transition into formal employment.}, + abstract = {Reproductive health and employment are inextricably linked for women. Across the globe, women are the primary caretakers of children, and a woman's reproductive years tend to overlap with her economically productive years. Planned and unplanned pregnancy and childbearing affect women's ability to pursue different types of economic opportunities and even the choice of sectors in which they seek to work. This study explores the timing and sequencing of policy to address reproductive health needs and to strengthen labor market institutions and social protection, illustrated by case studies from six developing countries {\textendash} Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, South Africa, the Philippines, and Vietnam {\textendash} which have similar demographic transitions but divergent labor market outcomes for women. The findings suggest that where fertility transitions have been sharpest, this has not automatically translated into more employment and better labor market outcomes for women {\textendash} illuminating a critical role for policy to support women's transition into formal employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Brazil,country::Paraguay,country::Philippines,country::South_Africa,country::Uruguay,country::Vietnam,inequality::gender,inequality::health,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18972,7 +19103,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Community-Based Primary Care: {{Improving}} and Assessing Diabetes Management}, author = {Gannon, Meghan and Qaseem, Amir and Snow, Vincenza}, - year = {2010-01/2010-02}, + year = {2010}, + month = jan, journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL QUALITY}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, @@ -19029,7 +19161,7 @@ issn = {2043-9083, 2408-9362}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2013.217}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {We employed a cluster-randomized trial design to measure the impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improvement on pupil enrolment and on gender parity in enrolment, in primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya (2007--2009). Among schools with poor water access during the dry season, those that received a water supply, hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP\&WT) and sanitation improvement demonstrated increased enrolment ({$\beta$} = 0.091 [0.009, 0.173] p = 0.03), which translates to 26 additional pupils per school on average. The proportion of girls enrolled in school also increased by 4\% (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.04 [1.00, 1.07] p = 0.02). Among schools with better baseline water access during the dry season (schools that did not receive a water source), we found no evidence of increased enrolment in schools that received a HP\&WT intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.016 [--0.039, 0.072] p = 0.56) or the HP\&WT and sanitation intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.027 [--0.028, 0.082] p = 0.34), and there was no evidence of improved gender parity (PR = 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] p = 0.59, PR = 1.00 [0.97, 1.02] p = 0.75, respectively). Our findings suggest that increased school enrolment and improved gender parity may be influenced by a comprehensive WASH programme that includes an improved water source; schools with poor water access during the dry season may benefit most from these interventions.}, + abstract = {We employed a cluster-randomized trial design to measure the impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improvement on pupil enrolment and on gender parity in enrolment, in primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya (2007{\textendash}2009). Among schools with poor water access during the dry season, those that received a water supply, hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP\&WT) and sanitation improvement demonstrated increased enrolment ({$\beta$} = 0.091 [0.009, 0.173] p = 0.03), which translates to 26 additional pupils per school on average. The proportion of girls enrolled in school also increased by 4\% (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.04 [1.00, 1.07] p = 0.02). Among schools with better baseline water access during the dry season (schools that did not receive a water source), we found no evidence of increased enrolment in schools that received a HP\&WT intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.016 [{\textendash}0.039, 0.072] p = 0.56) or the HP\&WT and sanitation intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.027 [{\textendash}0.028, 0.082] p = 0.34), and there was no evidence of improved gender parity (PR = 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] p = 0.59, PR = 1.00 [0.97, 1.02] p = 0.75, respectively). Our findings suggest that increased school enrolment and improved gender parity may be influenced by a comprehensive WASH programme that includes an improved water source; schools with poor water access during the dry season may benefit most from these interventions.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -19287,7 +19419,7 @@ issn = {0893-7524, 1529-0123}, doi = {10.1002/art.24100}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To examine educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods Families were recruited when children with JIA were 8--14 years old. At that time, each child with JIA was matched to a classmate of similar age, sex, and race for inclusion in a comparison group. For the current followup (12.64 years postdiagnosis), 45 participants with JIA, 46 peers, and their parents completed questionnaires soon after the young person's 18th birthday. Disease type and severity were rated by health care providers. Results Young adults with JIA and peers were similar on a variety of factors, including family background, scholastic and occupational self-concept, and academic competence. The proportion of participants who graduated from high school, were working, and expressed plans to attend postsecondary education or seek employment was similar between groups. Disease type, initial severity, and time since diagnosis were generally not associated with indices of educational and occupational attainment. Conclusion Despite the challenge of having a chronic illness, young adults with JIA were similar to peers on numerous educational and occupational outcomes during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Interventions to assist academic or occupational functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify subgroups at risk for long-term difficulties.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To examine educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods Families were recruited when children with JIA were 8{\textendash}14 years old. At that time, each child with JIA was matched to a classmate of similar age, sex, and race for inclusion in a comparison group. For the current followup (12.64 years postdiagnosis), 45 participants with JIA, 46 peers, and their parents completed questionnaires soon after the young person's 18th birthday. Disease type and severity were rated by health care providers. Results Young adults with JIA and peers were similar on a variety of factors, including family background, scholastic and occupational self-concept, and academic competence. The proportion of participants who graduated from high school, were working, and expressed plans to attend postsecondary education or seek employment was similar between groups. Disease type, initial severity, and time since diagnosis were generally not associated with indices of educational and occupational attainment. Conclusion Despite the challenge of having a chronic illness, young adults with JIA were similar to peers on numerous educational and occupational outcomes during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Interventions to assist academic or occupational functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify subgroups at risk for long-term difficulties.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SJLYJNNC/Gerhardt et al_2008_Educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile.pdf} @@ -19406,6 +19538,7 @@ eissn = {1469-364X}, unique-id = {WOS:000495889900001}, keywords = {country::Nepal,inequality::gender,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study on the impact of the 'Karnali Employment Programme', a public works program in Nepal on female empowerment, specifically through the improvement of job quality and remuneration available to women.\textbf{At its basis it uses the ILO Decent Work framework to argue for a direct relationship between job quality, balance of paid, unpaid and care work, and individual empowerment.\textbf{It finds that, ultimately the program does not provide significant increase in job quality, or resulting empowerment, due to the type of work not enhancing human capital, general workplace conditions, missing social protection, and no regard being taken for additional unpaid carework (i.e. no childcare provisions).\textbf{The concrete channels these issues become noticeable are the lack of flexible work timings, lighter work for pregnant women, childcare facilities and any possibilities for organization, to enact coherent social changes.\textbf{Lastly, there are too few hours of work paid through the program for the formal wage equality to significantly impact earnings, especially with the additional hours of unpaid care work still required of the women.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JD4CXR4X/Ghosh2019_Paid_work,_unpaid_care_work_and_women's_empowerment_in_Nepal.pdf} } @@ -19449,7 +19582,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Geography}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {Joint Conference of the International-Geographical-Union/Institute-of-Australian-Geographers/New -Zealand-Geographical-Society, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, JUL 03-07, 2006} } @article{Gibson2014, @@ -19524,7 +19658,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {6}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Psychology, Applied; Management}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Kenya,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Kenya,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::database}, + note = {13th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG), City Univ London, Cass Business Sch, London, ENGLAND, DEC 11-12, 2017} } @article{Gilbert1982, @@ -19616,7 +19751,7 @@ issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986}, doi = {10.1017/S1537592714001595}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics---which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic-Elite Domination, and two types of interest-group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism---offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. We report on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic-Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism.}, + abstract = {Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics{\textemdash}which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic-Elite Domination, and two types of interest-group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism{\textemdash}offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. We report on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic-Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -19633,7 +19768,7 @@ issn = {0031-4005, 1098-4275}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2018-2500}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-quality evidence indicates that intervening with health care providers improves human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery. However, scaling up evidence-based strategies in real-world clinical practice remains challenging. We sought to improve the reach and impact of strategies for HPV vaccination quality improvement (QI) through local adaptation and implementation in a large, not-for-profit health care system. METHODS: We conducted an HPV vaccination QI program using existing materials to support physician training coupled with assessment and feedback. Local physicians with high HPV vaccination rates facilitated training, which included didactic instruction and video vignettes modeling effective communication. We randomly assigned 25 clinics with 77 physicians to the QI arm or the wait-list control arm. We used hierarchical linear models to assess HPV vaccination coverage ({$\geq$}1 dose) over 6 months among patients aged 12 to 14. RESULTS: Of 45 physicians in the QI arm, the program reached 43 (95\%) with training plus assessment and feedback. In the overall sample, HPV vaccination coverage increased in both the QI and control arms (8.6 vs 6.4 percentage points, respectively), although the 2.2--percentage point difference did not reach statistical significance. Sensitivity analyses that excluded physicians with poor data quality indicated a statistically significant advantage of 3.3 percentage points for QI versus control (b = 0.034; SE = 0.015; P \< .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our locally adapted QI program achieved excellent reach, with small improvements in HPV vaccination coverage. Future implementation research is needed to bolster program impact and support health systems in leveraging local resources to conduct these programs efficiently.}, + abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-quality evidence indicates that intervening with health care providers improves human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery. However, scaling up evidence-based strategies in real-world clinical practice remains challenging. We sought to improve the reach and impact of strategies for HPV vaccination quality improvement (QI) through local adaptation and implementation in a large, not-for-profit health care system. METHODS: We conducted an HPV vaccination QI program using existing materials to support physician training coupled with assessment and feedback. Local physicians with high HPV vaccination rates facilitated training, which included didactic instruction and video vignettes modeling effective communication. We randomly assigned 25 clinics with 77 physicians to the QI arm or the wait-list control arm. We used hierarchical linear models to assess HPV vaccination coverage ({$\geq$}1 dose) over 6 months among patients aged 12 to 14. RESULTS: Of 45 physicians in the QI arm, the program reached 43 (95\%) with training plus assessment and feedback. In the overall sample, HPV vaccination coverage increased in both the QI and control arms (8.6 vs 6.4 percentage points, respectively), although the 2.2{\textendash}percentage point difference did not reach statistical significance. Sensitivity analyses that excluded physicians with poor data quality indicated a statistically significant advantage of 3.3 percentage points for QI versus control (b = 0.034; SE = 0.015; P \< .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our locally adapted QI program achieved excellent reach, with small improvements in HPV vaccination coverage. Future implementation research is needed to bolster program impact and support health systems in leveraging local resources to conduct these programs efficiently.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -19752,8 +19887,17 @@ year = {2014}, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, number = {6959}, - institution = {World Bank}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, keywords = {country::Pakistan,program::cash grant,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental control trial on the effect of either business training or a large cash grant on the earnings potential of micro-entrepreneurs in rural Pakistan. +\par +It finds that the business training has significant positive impacts on earnings as well as business knowledge and firm survival, while the large cash grant carries no significant impact. +\par +The authors suggest that this shows that possible borrowing constraints may already be satisfied through the normal credit loan possibility in the country. +\par +While the business training has positive effects, it is overall still not cost-effective, which may be one reason why few microfinance institutions are offering it. +\par +Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their business knowledge similarly to men but not seeing the same significant positive impacts on earnings, which the authors suggest in turn depends more on their ability to exercise independent agency.}, timestamp = {2022-04-29T10:11:13Z} } @@ -19935,6 +20079,7 @@ abstract = {We use a general equilibrium model to analyse the employment effects and fiscal cost of a wage subsidy in South Africa. We capture the structural characteristics of the labour market with several labour categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences. The employment impact depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labour are complements in production. The impact is improved by supporting policies, but the gains remain modest if the labour market is rigid.}, unique-id = {WOS:000283552200001}, keywords = {done::extracted,region::SSA,sample::almp,type::subsidy}, + note = {A study using a general equilibrium labor market model as well as a more micro-level household impact modeling to estimate the impact of an employment subsidy on South African unemployment reduction probabilities, as well as general earnings effects.\textbf{It predicts a positive but modest impact on employment with an increase in employment primarily for low-/semi-skilled labor, accompanied by reductions in poverty and inequality.\textbf{It also finds that the employment impacts majorly depend on the elasticity of substitution of the factors of production, primarily the relationship of skilled and unskilled labor.\textbf{If both are rigid complements in production, which the study suggests they are due to South Africa's lack of labor market flexibility, it may lead to an overall labor demand/supply rigidity which greatly hinders the impact of such an employment subsidy.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HRCKMFUU/Go2010_Wage_subsidy_and_labour_market_flexibility_in_south_africa.pdf} } @@ -19984,7 +20129,7 @@ issn = {10522263}, doi = {10.3233/JVR-2012-0597}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Providing reasonable workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities has been associated with enhanced job tenure, performance, and satisfaction. However, employers have struggled to effectively meet employee accommodation requests, and few studies have specifically examined how employees and employers negotiate requests. In this exploratory focus group study, we asked three key stakeholder groups -- employers, employees with disabilities, and vocational rehabilitation service providers -- ``What helps and hinders requesting, negotiating, implementing, and evaluating workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities?'' From our grounded theory analysis, we found that, although employers' and employees' perceptions about negotiating accommodations converged in several ways (e.g., employees presenting credible requests to employers to improve job performance), they differed sharply on their expectations of each other (e.g., costs of accommodations versus moral obligations to provide them). Such divergence requires that employers and employees with disabilities should become more aware of each other's perspectives, and more educated about how accommodation requests ought to be managed to improve job retention, reduce turnover costs, and decrease the likelihood of litigation. Based on findings of our small study, we offer a modest recommendation: educational interventions should be specifically tailored to each stakeholder group's roles according to major thematic areas of credibility, trust, and obligations.}, + abstract = {Providing reasonable workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities has been associated with enhanced job tenure, performance, and satisfaction. However, employers have struggled to effectively meet employee accommodation requests, and few studies have specifically examined how employees and employers negotiate requests. In this exploratory focus group study, we asked three key stakeholder groups {\textendash} employers, employees with disabilities, and vocational rehabilitation service providers {\textendash} ``What helps and hinders requesting, negotiating, implementing, and evaluating workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities?'' From our grounded theory analysis, we found that, although employers' and employees' perceptions about negotiating accommodations converged in several ways (e.g., employees presenting credible requests to employers to improve job performance), they differed sharply on their expectations of each other (e.g., costs of accommodations versus moral obligations to provide them). Such divergence requires that employers and employees with disabilities should become more aware of each other's perspectives, and more educated about how accommodation requests ought to be managed to improve job retention, reduce turnover costs, and decrease the likelihood of litigation. Based on findings of our small study, we offer a modest recommendation: educational interventions should be specifically tailored to each stakeholder group's roles according to major thematic areas of credibility, trust, and obligations.}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::disability,issue::policy,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20047,8 +20192,8 @@ month = apr, number = {w4707}, pages = {w4707}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w4707}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, langid = {english}, @@ -20153,7 +20298,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{People with disabilities: barriers to access to employment and some alternatives of inclusion in Colombia}}, author = {Gomez Rua, Natalia Eugenia and Perez Medina, Ana Lucia and Lopez Arango, Diana Maria and Medina Ruiz, Maria Fernanda}, - year = {2020-06/2020-12}, + year = {2020}, + month = jun, journal = {REVISTA CES DERECHO}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, @@ -20341,7 +20487,7 @@ issn = {0376-835X, 1470-3637}, doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2015.1113123}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Broiler chicken production is an important livelihood option for urban households in Zimbabwe. A study was carried out to document the technical, demographic and socio-economic parameters characterising the production of broilers in an urban area of Zimbabwe. Findings showed that producers have quite diverse livelihoods and broiler production is not restricted to a survival strategy for the urban poor with no livelihood alternatives, but mostly involved the more privileged. Access to start-up capital and property ownership were pre-requisites for the business. Broiler units were small-scale, informal, backyard businesses dominated by women. Flock sizes averaged 398 (range 25--3500) birds per cycle. However, 79\% of the producers kept at most 200 birds per cycle. The mean stocking density was 9.5\>birds/m2 and reported mortality averaged 7.4\%. Respondents have ad hoc marketing arrangements, and face constraints with regard to lack of sectoral support, shortage of capital, prohibitive council by-laws, market access and disease. Poultry production is therefore an important livelihood and business option in the urban and peri-urban area studied.}, + abstract = {Broiler chicken production is an important livelihood option for urban households in Zimbabwe. A study was carried out to document the technical, demographic and socio-economic parameters characterising the production of broilers in an urban area of Zimbabwe. Findings showed that producers have quite diverse livelihoods and broiler production is not restricted to a survival strategy for the urban poor with no livelihood alternatives, but mostly involved the more privileged. Access to start-up capital and property ownership were pre-requisites for the business. Broiler units were small-scale, informal, backyard businesses dominated by women. Flock sizes averaged 398 (range 25{\textendash}3500) birds per cycle. However, 79\% of the producers kept at most 200 birds per cycle. The mean stocking density was 9.5\hspace{0.25em}birds/m2 and reported mortality averaged 7.4\%. Respondents have ad hoc marketing arrangements, and face constraints with regard to lack of sectoral support, shortage of capital, prohibitive council by-laws, market access and disease. Poultry production is therefore an important livelihood and business option in the urban and peri-urban area studied.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Zimbabwe,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20359,7 +20505,7 @@ issn = {0042-0980, 1360-063X}, doi = {10.1080/00420980120051701}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {One prediction of the spatial mismatch hypothesis is that black residents of the central city will have longer commutes than others. This prediction actually has two different components: African-Americans commute longer distances because they face discrimination in housing and/or labour markets; city-dwellers commute longer distances because entry-level jobs are scarce in the central city. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to distinguish between these two types of spatial mismatch. We compare 1990 commuting times for the residents of four Cleveland neighbourhoods: a poor black neighbourhood in Cleveland, a poor white neighbourhood in Cleveland, a lower-middle-class black suburb and a lower-middle-class white suburb. We were unable to find strong evidence that city residents suffered from poor job accessibility in 1990. We did find, however, that residents of the black suburb had longer commutes than residents of the white suburb---in spite of the fact that the black suburb was accessible to more skill-matched jobs. Probing further, we discovered that far more black than white suburbanites worked in the central city. This finding suggests that hiring discrimination or industry sector preferences on the part of black workers are potentially overlooked causes of racial differentials in commuting behaviour.}, + abstract = {One prediction of the spatial mismatch hypothesis is that black residents of the central city will have longer commutes than others. This prediction actually has two different components: African-Americans commute longer distances because they face discrimination in housing and/or labour markets; city-dwellers commute longer distances because entry-level jobs are scarce in the central city. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to distinguish between these two types of spatial mismatch. We compare 1990 commuting times for the residents of four Cleveland neighbourhoods: a poor black neighbourhood in Cleveland, a poor white neighbourhood in Cleveland, a lower-middle-class black suburb and a lower-middle-class white suburb. We were unable to find strong evidence that city residents suffered from poor job accessibility in 1990. We did find, however, that residents of the black suburb had longer commutes than residents of the white suburb{\textemdash}in spite of the fact that the black suburb was accessible to more skill-matched jobs. Probing further, we discovered that far more black than white suburbanites worked in the central city. This finding suggests that hiring discrimination or industry sector preferences on the part of black workers are potentially overlooked causes of racial differentials in commuting behaviour.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::racial,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20375,7 +20521,7 @@ issn = {1435-9871}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.13}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Background: Researchers have examined how first-birth timing is related to motherhood wage penalties, but research that examines birth spacing is lacking. Furthermore, little research has examined the persistence of penalties across the life course. Objective: The objective is to estimate the effects of birth spacing on midlife labor market outcomes and assess the extent to which these effects vary by education and age at first birth. Methods: I use data from the United States from the 1979--2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and dynamic inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the effects of different birth intervals on mothers' midlife cumulative work hours, cumulative earnings, and hourly wages. I examine how education and age at first birth moderate these effects. Results: Women with birth intervals longer than two years but no longer than six years have the smallest penalties for cumulative outcomes; in models interacting the birth interval with age at first birth, postponement of a first birth to at least age 30 appears to be more important for cumulative outcomes than birth spacing. College-educated women benefit more from a longer birth interval than less educated women. Conclusions: Childbearing strategies that result in greater accumulation of human capital provide long-run labor market benefits to mothers, and results suggest that different birth-spacing patterns could play a small role in facilitating this accumulation, as theorized in past literature. Contribution: I contribute to the demographic literature by testing the theory that birth spacing matters for mothers' labor market outcomes and by assessing the effects at midlife rather than immediately following a birth.}, + abstract = {Background: Researchers have examined how first-birth timing is related to motherhood wage penalties, but research that examines birth spacing is lacking. Furthermore, little research has examined the persistence of penalties across the life course. Objective: The objective is to estimate the effects of birth spacing on midlife labor market outcomes and assess the extent to which these effects vary by education and age at first birth. Methods: I use data from the United States from the 1979{\textendash}2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and dynamic inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the effects of different birth intervals on mothers' midlife cumulative work hours, cumulative earnings, and hourly wages. I examine how education and age at first birth moderate these effects. Results: Women with birth intervals longer than two years but no longer than six years have the smallest penalties for cumulative outcomes; in models interacting the birth interval with age at first birth, postponement of a first birth to at least age 30 appears to be more important for cumulative outcomes than birth spacing. College-educated women benefit more from a longer birth interval than less educated women. Conclusions: Childbearing strategies that result in greater accumulation of human capital provide long-run labor market benefits to mothers, and results suggest that different birth-spacing patterns could play a small role in facilitating this accumulation, as theorized in past literature. Contribution: I contribute to the demographic literature by testing the theory that birth spacing matters for mothers' labor market outcomes and by assessing the effects at midlife rather than immediately following a birth.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::gender,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20519,7 +20665,7 @@ issn = {1024-2589, 1996-7284}, doi = {10.1177/1024258916687250}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {As ever more policy-makers, governments and organisations turn to the gig economy and digital labour as an economic development strategy to bring jobs to places that need them, it becomes important to understand better how this might influence the livelihoods of workers. Drawing on a multi-year study with digital workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia, this article highlights four key concerns for workers: bargaining power, economic inclusion, intermediated value chains, and upgrading. The article shows that although there are important and tangible benefits for a range of workers, there are also a range of risks and costs that unduly affect the livelihoods of digital workers. Building on those concerns, it then concludes with a reflection on four broad strategies -- certification schemes, organising digital workers, regulatory strategies and democratic control of online labour platforms -- that could be employed to improve conditions and livelihoods for digital workers.}, + abstract = {As ever more policy-makers, governments and organisations turn to the gig economy and digital labour as an economic development strategy to bring jobs to places that need them, it becomes important to understand better how this might influence the livelihoods of workers. Drawing on a multi-year study with digital workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia, this article highlights four key concerns for workers: bargaining power, economic inclusion, intermediated value chains, and upgrading. The article shows that although there are important and tangible benefits for a range of workers, there are also a range of risks and costs that unduly affect the livelihoods of digital workers. Building on those concerns, it then concludes with a reflection on four broad strategies {\textendash} certification schemes, organising digital workers, regulatory strategies and democratic control of online labour platforms {\textendash} that could be employed to improve conditions and livelihoods for digital workers.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -20554,8 +20700,8 @@ author = {Graham, Mark and Anwar, Mohammad Amir}, year = {2019}, pages = {177--187}, - publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd}, - address = {1 Oliver's Yard,~55 City Road~London~EC1Y 1SP}, + publisher = {{SAGE Publications Ltd}}, + address = {{1 Oliver's Yard,~55 City Road~London~EC1Y 1SP}}, doi = {10.4135/9781529793536.n16}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, collaborator = {Ash, James and Kitchin, Rob and Leszczynski, Agnieszka}, @@ -20670,7 +20816,7 @@ issn = {1471-1834, 1471-1842}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background and objectives:{\enspace} The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods:{\enspace} Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework---Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA)---was used to examine the main review types. Results:{\enspace} Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions:{\enspace} Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background and objectives:\hspace{0.6em} The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework{\textemdash}Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA){\textemdash}was used to examine the main review types. Results:\hspace{0.6em} Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -20844,7 +20990,7 @@ issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184}, doi = {10.1017/S0001972011000477}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT Rural--urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural--urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase. , RESUM{\'E} La migration et les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains sont essentiels {\`a} la subsistance de nombreuses personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les envois en argent ou en nature constituent un compl{\'e}ment de revenu, am{\'e}liorent la s{\'e}curit{\'e} alimentaire et permettent d'acc{\'e}der {\`a} des ressources viables tant dans les zones rurales que dans les zone urbaines. La migration permet aux m{\'e}nages concern{\'e}s de b{\'e}n{\'e}ficier des {\'e}carts de prix entre zones rurales et urbaines. Cet article d{\'e}montre que les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains non seulement contribuent {\`a} r{\'e}duire la pauvret{\'e} et {\`a} am{\'e}liorer la s{\'e}curit{\'e}, mais {\'e}galement renforcent la stratification socio-{\'e}conomique. C'est l{\`a} un aspect que la plupart des savants et sp{\'e}cialistes de l'am{\'e}nagement du territoire ont ignor{\'e} ou n{\'e}glig{\'e}. {\`A} l'aide de donn{\'e}es ethnographiques de Namibie, l'auteur a adopt{\'e} une perspective translocale de la migration et de la stratification, en se concentrant sur l'impact qui en r{\'e}sulte dans les zones rurales o{\`u} des formes urbaines modernes de stratification, induites par l'{\'e}ducation et les revenus du travail salari{\'e}, sont en augmentation.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT Rural{\textendash}urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural{\textendash}urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase. , RESUM{\'E} La migration et les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains sont essentiels {\`a} la subsistance de nombreuses personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les envois en argent ou en nature constituent un compl{\'e}ment de revenu, am{\'e}liorent la s{\'e}curit{\'e} alimentaire et permettent d'acc{\'e}der {\`a} des ressources viables tant dans les zones rurales que dans les zone urbaines. La migration permet aux m{\'e}nages concern{\'e}s de b{\'e}n{\'e}ficier des {\'e}carts de prix entre zones rurales et urbaines. Cet article d{\'e}montre que les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains non seulement contribuent {\`a} r{\'e}duire la pauvret{\'e} et {\`a} am{\'e}liorer la s{\'e}curit{\'e}, mais {\'e}galement renforcent la stratification socio-{\'e}conomique. C'est l{\`a} un aspect que la plupart des savants et sp{\'e}cialistes de l'am{\'e}nagement du territoire ont ignor{\'e} ou n{\'e}glig{\'e}. {\`A} l'aide de donn{\'e}es ethnographiques de Namibie, l'auteur a adopt{\'e} une perspective translocale de la migration et de la stratification, en se concentrant sur l'impact qui en r{\'e}sulte dans les zones rurales o{\`u} des formes urbaines modernes de stratification, induites par l'{\'e}ducation et les revenus du travail salari{\'e}, sont en augmentation.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -20911,7 +21057,7 @@ issn = {0033-2917, 1469-8978}, doi = {10.1017/S0033291700043002}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {SYSNOPSIS This investigation was concerned with the description, treatment, and follow-up of a group of patients selected by age (18--55 years), diagnosis (psychotic), and the presence of work problems (unemployed for more than 12 months). The patients were of below average intelligence, and substantial numbers were characterized by low drive to return to work, unrealistic attitudes, a lack of self-confidence, and adverse attitudes towards the existence and extent of handicap. An evaluative and experimental study subsequently indicated that a rehabilitation programme was unsuccessful in changing attitudes and returning patients to industrial roles in the community. Aspects of outcome such as work status were predicted by earlier assessments of motivation, self-confidence, and patients' view of the presence and extent of handicap; outcome was not predicted by the initial assessments of work level, length of unemployment, intellectual level, and the realism of attitudes.}, + abstract = {SYSNOPSIS This investigation was concerned with the description, treatment, and follow-up of a group of patients selected by age (18{\textendash}55 years), diagnosis (psychotic), and the presence of work problems (unemployed for more than 12 months). The patients were of below average intelligence, and substantial numbers were characterized by low drive to return to work, unrealistic attitudes, a lack of self-confidence, and adverse attitudes towards the existence and extent of handicap. An evaluative and experimental study subsequently indicated that a rehabilitation programme was unsuccessful in changing attitudes and returning patients to industrial roles in the community. Aspects of outcome such as work status were predicted by earlier assessments of motivation, self-confidence, and patients' view of the presence and extent of handicap; outcome was not predicted by the initial assessments of work level, length of unemployment, intellectual level, and the realism of attitudes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -21019,6 +21165,7 @@ abstract = {Abstract We test the role of search and matching frictions in explaining the high unemployment of tertiary-educated youth in Jordan through a randomized experiment. Firms and job candidates were provided with a job-matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity of an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. The results suggest voluntary unemployment in this context arises from preferences over non-wage job attributes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Jordan,program::job market services,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on job matching for university graduates through an intermediary after a psychometric pre-secreening process in Jordan wants to analyze its effects on the resulting employment probability and earnings.\textbf{Although over 1000 successful matches were made the resulting number of mediated jobs kept was very small (9), with employers rejecting to offer an interview in 55\% of matched cases but also offering a job to 54\% of people interviewed.\textbf{Candidates rejected 28\% of invitation offers and either rejected job offers or quit within the first month 83\% of the time.\textbf{While the study theorized that the job matching would lower search costs on both sides, it finds that employers might not profit majorly from lowered search costs (already easily filling vacancies) and candidates having a high reservation utility with many offered jobs ultimately deemed undesirable for the following characteristics: \textbf{considered monotonous/hard work/tiring, conflicting with gender norms, carrying prestige/social costs.\textbf{With no significant impact on employment probability or earnings, the study therefore finds job matching for its university educated sample not positively impactful.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:35:06Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NTKCEIW4/Groh2015_Testing_the_importance_of_search_frictions_and_matching_through_a_randomized.pdf} } @@ -21031,12 +21178,13 @@ volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {488--502}, - publisher = {The MIT Press}, + publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, issn = {00346535, 15309142}, doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00584}, abstract = {This study examines the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were assigned to receive a wage subsidy voucher. The wage voucher led to a 38 percentage point increase in employment in the short run, but the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant after the voucher period has expired. The extra job experience gained as a result of the wage subsidy does not provide a stepping-stone to new jobs for these recent graduates, which appears to be due to productivity levels not rising above a binding minimum wage.}, jstor = {24917030}, keywords = {country::Jordan,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the impact of employment subsidy for female graduates of community colleges in Jordan to analyze the effects on employment probability and earnings.\textbf{While there was a significant impact on short-term employment probability and earnings, this effect dropped of medium-term (survey 4 months after voucher period end) to insignificant impact levels and stays insignificant long-term.\textbf{The study finds that after expiry of the vouchers the employees, though gaining on-the-job experience through their subsidized work period, are not found productive enough by employers to be kept on, with a binding minimum wage which prevents employment at wage levels that would be commensurate with their productivity.\textbf{The voucher use itself, however, is substantially higher than in similar wage subsidy studies, with 50\% of vouchers handed out used and the larger relative portion of those used outside the capital city.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/M5FZC9NG/Groh2016_Do_Wage_Subsidies_Provide_a_Stepping-Stone_to_Employment_for_Recent_College.pdf} } @@ -21160,8 +21308,8 @@ } @article{Grzywacz2000, - title = {Reconceptualizing the Work--Family Interface: {{An}} Ecological Perspective on the Correlates of Positive and Negative Spillover between Work and Family.}, - shorttitle = {Reconceptualizing the Work--Family Interface}, + title = {Reconceptualizing the Work{\textendash}Family Interface: {{An}} Ecological Perspective on the Correlates of Positive and Negative Spillover between Work and Family.}, + shorttitle = {Reconceptualizing the Work{\textendash}Family Interface}, author = {Grzywacz, Joseph G. and Marks, Nadine F.}, year = {2000}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health Psychology}, @@ -21188,7 +21336,7 @@ issn = {0749-6753, 1099-1751}, doi = {10.1002/hpm.4740100404}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The socio-economic reforms launched in China in the late 1970s led to rapid economic growth and, with it, health sector resources expanded rapidly. The rural health services have benefited from the policies of economic reform, but not in an optimal way, particularly in poor areas. This article uses a case study of a poor county---Donglan---to illustrate that the fiscal decentralization combined with the financial responsibility system have resulted in a weakening of financing and provision of rural health services in poor areas. The need for health facilities to generate revenue has had unfortunate consequences for the style of medical care, such as over-prescription. In addition, the collapse of the cooperative medical system and the weakening of the three-tier network of rural health care in Donglan have jeopardized preventive programs and threaten access to basic health care for the peasants, especially the poor. The study found evidence that preventive programs have deteriorated over the past years, the poor had financial difficulty in access to services, particularly hospital care, health facilities at township and village levels have been run down, and less training and supervision have been provided by upper-level health facilities. The article concludes with recommendations for a strategy for rebuilding and strengthening the three-tier network of rural health care, and for establishing a cooperative medical and health care scheme to ensure that the majority of peasants in Donglan can be guaranteed access to basic health services. Limited health resources will therefore be better used.}, + abstract = {Abstract The socio-economic reforms launched in China in the late 1970s led to rapid economic growth and, with it, health sector resources expanded rapidly. The rural health services have benefited from the policies of economic reform, but not in an optimal way, particularly in poor areas. This article uses a case study of a poor county{\textemdash}Donglan{\textemdash}to illustrate that the fiscal decentralization combined with the financial responsibility system have resulted in a weakening of financing and provision of rural health services in poor areas. The need for health facilities to generate revenue has had unfortunate consequences for the style of medical care, such as over-prescription. In addition, the collapse of the cooperative medical system and the weakening of the three-tier network of rural health care in Donglan have jeopardized preventive programs and threaten access to basic health care for the peasants, especially the poor. The study found evidence that preventive programs have deteriorated over the past years, the poor had financial difficulty in access to services, particularly hospital care, health facilities at township and village levels have been run down, and less training and supervision have been provided by upper-level health facilities. The article concludes with recommendations for a strategy for rebuilding and strengthening the three-tier network of rural health care, and for establishing a cooperative medical and health care scheme to ensure that the majority of peasants in Donglan can be guaranteed access to basic health services. Limited health resources will therefore be better used.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -21365,7 +21513,7 @@ issn = {0013-0427, 1468-0335}, doi = {10.1111/1468-0335.00303}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {An analysis of the effect of children and career interruptions on the family gap is based on Danish longitudinal data covering the years 1980--95. The estimated model controls for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. The results show that, when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of children on mothers' wages disappears. The main effect of children seems to be loss of human capital accumulation during childbirth periods; apart from this, there is no indication that children have long-term effects on the earnings potential of their mothers, holding experience constant.}, + abstract = {An analysis of the effect of children and career interruptions on the family gap is based on Danish longitudinal data covering the years 1980{\textendash}95. The estimated model controls for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. The results show that, when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of children on mothers' wages disappears. The main effect of children seems to be loss of human capital accumulation during childbirth periods; apart from this, there is no indication that children have long-term effects on the earnings potential of their mothers, holding experience constant.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -21568,6 +21716,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {53}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::education,inequality::income,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + note = {3rd Annual World Bank Conference on Inequality, Washington, DC, JUN 05-06, 2006}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LS2ZWHM7/Gutierrez_Tanaka_2009_Inequality and education decisions in developing countries.pdf} } @@ -21636,7 +21785,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {18}, web-of-science-categories = {Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory \& Methods}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::disability,out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::disability,out::title,sample::database}, + note = {11th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (UAHCI) held as part of 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International), Vancouver, CANADA, JUL 09-14, 2017} } @incollection{Hackl2016, @@ -21648,7 +21798,7 @@ year = {2016}, month = dec, pages = {19--34}, - publisher = {transcript Verlag}, + publisher = {{transcript Verlag}}, doi = {10.1515/9783839431238-003}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-3-8394-3123-8}, @@ -21812,7 +21962,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Developing the {{Nurse Practitioner}} Role in a Rural {{Australian}} Hospital - a {{Delphi}} Study of Practice Opportunities, Barriers and Enablers}, author = {Haines, Helen M. and Critchley, Jennifer}, - year = {2009-09/2009-11}, + year = {2009}, + month = sep, journal = {AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, @@ -22090,7 +22241,7 @@ } @article{Hamel2006, - title = {Women in {{Academic Medicine}} --- {{Progress}} and {{Challenges}}}, + title = {Women in {{Academic Medicine}} {\textemdash} {{Progress}} and {{Challenges}}}, author = {Hamel, Mary Beth and Ingelfinger, Julie R. and Phimister, Elizabeth and Solomon, Caren G.}, year = {2006}, month = jul, @@ -22207,8 +22358,8 @@ editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.}, year = {2019}, pages = {95--132}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5}, @@ -22257,13 +22408,18 @@ month = sep, volume = {10}, pages = {181--202}, - publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, + publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}}, doi = {10.1108/S1479-354720170000010008}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose Many youth with a disability would like to work but encounter challenges finding employment. Vocational interventions can help youth with disabilities gain employment skills and jobs. In this chapter, we assess: (1) how vocational programs for youth with physical disabilities influence employment-related skills and outcomes; and (2) the common components of vocational programs for these youth. Design/methodology Our research team conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature with six major databases: Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase. Publications selected for inclusion met the following criteria: (1) peer-reviewed journal article, dissertation, or conference paper, published between 1990 and January 2014; (2) addresses vocational program or intervention for youth with physical disabilities; and (3) sample includes at least 50\% youth (aged 15--25) with an acquired or congenital physical disability. Findings Of the 4,588 studies identified in our search, 8 met the inclusion criteria. In six of the studies, the majority of participants gained paid or unpaid employment after participating in a vocational program. Five studies showed improved knowledge and perceptions of employment. Most studies showed improvements in at least one vocational outcome such as knowledge about job searching, job interviews, advocating for workplace adaptations, and how to access services and supports. Common intervention components included: experiential learning, mentorship, and family involvement. Most programs took place in the community or rehabilitation centers that varied in length and were delivered by a variety of professionals. Most programs had a combination of group and individual components. Implications There is some evidence to suggest that vocational programs can influence employment outcomes for youth with physical disabilities. However, further research is needed with more rigorous and longitudinal designs.}, + abstract = {Purpose Many youth with a disability would like to work but encounter challenges finding employment. Vocational interventions can help youth with disabilities gain employment skills and jobs. In this chapter, we assess: (1) how vocational programs for youth with physical disabilities influence employment-related skills and outcomes; and (2) the common components of vocational programs for these youth. Design/methodology Our research team conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature with six major databases: Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase. Publications selected for inclusion met the following criteria: (1) peer-reviewed journal article, dissertation, or conference paper, published between 1990 and January 2014; (2) addresses vocational program or intervention for youth with physical disabilities; and (3) sample includes at least 50\% youth (aged 15{\textendash}25) with an acquired or congenital physical disability. Findings Of the 4,588 studies identified in our search, 8 met the inclusion criteria. In six of the studies, the majority of participants gained paid or unpaid employment after participating in a vocational program. Five studies showed improved knowledge and perceptions of employment. Most studies showed improvements in at least one vocational outcome such as knowledge about job searching, job interviews, advocating for workplace adaptations, and how to access services and supports. Common intervention components included: experiential learning, mentorship, and family involvement. Most programs took place in the community or rehabilitation centers that varied in length and were delivered by a variety of professionals. Most programs had a combination of group and individual components. Implications There is some evidence to suggest that vocational programs can influence employment outcomes for youth with physical disabilities. However, further research is needed with more rigorous and longitudinal designs.}, isbn = {978-1-78714-606-8 978-1-78714-605-1}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::disability,review::systematic,sample::snowballing,TODO::review}, + note = {a review looking at a) components of vocational rehab; b) changed skills after voca rehab. +\par +Does not directly look at inequality outcomes? +\par +Could be used for snowballing but will presumably not have many matching studies}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DSN7AUTV/Hanif2017_A_Systematic_Review_of_Vocational_Interventions_for_Youth_with_Physical.pdf} } @@ -22321,8 +22477,8 @@ editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.}, year = {2019}, series = {The {{Politics}} of {{Intersectionality}}}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5}, @@ -22338,8 +22494,8 @@ editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.}, year = {2019}, pages = {133--166}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_6}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5}, @@ -22355,8 +22511,8 @@ editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.}, year = {2019}, pages = {1--28}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_1}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5}, @@ -22374,7 +22530,7 @@ month = dec, edition = {1}, pages = {21--39}, - publisher = {Wiley}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1002/9781119959847.ch2}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-0-470-65638-9 978-1-119-95984-7}, @@ -22500,8 +22656,8 @@ editor = {Cozzens, Susan E. and Wetmore, Jameson}, year = {2010}, pages = {251--269}, - publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, - address = {Dordrecht}, + publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}}, + address = {{Dordrecht}}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9615-9_15}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-90-481-9614-2 978-90-481-9615-9}, @@ -22640,6 +22796,13 @@ abstract = {The aim of this scoping review is to explore previous scientific studies relating to the scholarly understanding of societal participation of people with disabilities. Six relevant databases within social science were searched using societal participation of people with disabilities, or different combinations thereof, as search words. The criteria for inclusion were: working-age people with disabilities; societal participation; accounting for facilitators or/and barriers of participation; geographical focus on or link to Europe, peer-reviewed studies using quantitative or qualitative methods published in English between January 2012 and December 2013. Thirty-two studies met these inclusion criteria. Each study was analysed relating to four measures: identity of the participator group, type of participation; type of facilitators; type of barriers. The findings show that there is a dominating focus on labour market participation and that societal participation was studied mostly concerning disabled people in general instead of any specific group. The main barriers identified were related to financial factors, attitudes, health issues and unemployment. The most frequently identified facilitators were related to legislation and disability policies, as well as to support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Association ALTER.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::disability,out::title,outcome::employment,outcome::social,outcome::wage,review::scoping,snowball_source}, + note = {scoping review of linkages between societal participation and people with disabilities for identity of participant, type of participation, type of facilitators and barriers; focus on European countries (n=32, between 2012-2013) +\par +main findings: strongest focus on labour market participation; social participation viewed through lens of disabled people as one group instead of intersectional +\par +main barriers: financial factors, attitudes, health issues, unemployment +\par +main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4C8EVVV6/Hastbacka et al_2016_Barriers and facilitators to societal participation of people with disabilities.pdf} } @@ -22714,7 +22877,7 @@ number = {3}, pages = {165--180}, doi = {10.1080/08038740.2016.1242512}, - abstract = {Based on a qualitative study of young people's visions of their future, this article explores tensions emerging between care work and professional success in the life-scripts of young girls and boys in the Czech Republic and Norway. The two countries both have a high level of female labour market participation but have developed distinctively different welfare policies as concerns the emphasis placed on family vs. institutional care. In Norway, there has been a strong increase in subsidized public child care, and simultaneously fathers' roles as caretakers have been stressed both in public policies and discourse. The Czech Republic has experienced an opposite trend; maternity leave has been extended, public creches have almost vanished and public discourse has focused on the superiority of motherly care over public care. Framing our discussion within debates around naturalization, gendered subject positions and balance, we ask how - or to what extent -- such distinct discourses and policies influence the ways that young people come to envision their future life. Two different models of balance are applied: one which sees the individual as the balancing unit and the other taking relational dimensions into account. Some expected differences between the young Czechs and Norwegians are found, for example, with regards to articulations of male involvement in care work and female economic independence. Through the relational model of balance, we are also able to discover striking similarities between the two contexts, which demonstrate enduring gendered inequalities in perceived divisions of work-care responsibilities. Firstly, the girl career seeker - one who gives priority to career over family -- does not appear as an imaginable position neither among girls nor among boys. Moreover, there is a striking silence around the particularities of care-work as performed by women, something which suggests that aspects of care are still naturalized as female.}, + abstract = {Based on a qualitative study of young people's visions of their future, this article explores tensions emerging between care work and professional success in the life-scripts of young girls and boys in the Czech Republic and Norway. The two countries both have a high level of female labour market participation but have developed distinctively different welfare policies as concerns the emphasis placed on family vs. institutional care. In Norway, there has been a strong increase in subsidized public child care, and simultaneously fathers' roles as caretakers have been stressed both in public policies and discourse. The Czech Republic has experienced an opposite trend; maternity leave has been extended, public creches have almost vanished and public discourse has focused on the superiority of motherly care over public care. Framing our discussion within debates around naturalization, gendered subject positions and balance, we ask how - or to what extent {\textendash} such distinct discourses and policies influence the ways that young people come to envision their future life. Two different models of balance are applied: one which sees the individual as the balancing unit and the other taking relational dimensions into account. Some expected differences between the young Czechs and Norwegians are found, for example, with regards to articulations of male involvement in care work and female economic independence. Through the relational model of balance, we are also able to discover striking similarities between the two contexts, which demonstrate enduring gendered inequalities in perceived divisions of work-care responsibilities. Firstly, the girl career seeker - one who gives priority to career over family {\textendash} does not appear as an imaginable position neither among girls nor among boys. Moreover, there is a striking silence around the particularities of care-work as performed by women, something which suggests that aspects of care are still naturalized as female.}, affiliation = {Haukanes, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Bergen, Dept Hlth Promot \& Dev, Bergen, Norway. Haukanes, Haldis, Univ Bergen, Dept Hlth Promot \& Dev, Bergen, Norway. Heggli, Gry, Univ Bergen, Dept Educ, Bergen, Norway.}, author-email = {haldis.haukanes@uib.no}, da = {2023-11-02}, @@ -22928,8 +23091,8 @@ month = aug, number = {w20383}, pages = {w20383}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w20383}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -22960,7 +23123,7 @@ year = {2018}, month = jul, pages = {344--368}, - publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.10}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {Two important recent trends in most developing countries are the rise in female labor force participation and the closing of gender gaps in school enrollment. This article begins by exploring the causes of the increases in female education, which include greater job availability and policy interventions that have promoted girls' education. The article then explores the causes of increased female employment, which include a sectoral shift from ``brawn-based'' industries to services, as well as policies that have increased girls' education. The article also discusses the effects of these increases in female education and labor supply, particularly for the well-being of women.}, @@ -23041,7 +23204,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {3}, usage-count-since-2013 = {13}, web-of-science-categories = {Health Care Sciences \& Services; Health Policy \& Services; Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health; Rehabilitation}, - keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::disability,out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::disability,out::title,sample::database}, + note = {does not look at specific policy intervention} } @article{Heeks2014, @@ -23090,7 +23254,7 @@ } @article{Heffron2021, - title = {Gender {{Can Influence Student Experiences}} in {{MD}}--{{PhD Training}}}, + title = {Gender {{Can Influence Student Experiences}} in {{MD}}{\textendash}{{PhD Training}}}, author = {Heffron, Anna S. and Braun, Katarina M. and {Allen-Savietta}, Cora and Filut, Amarette and Hanewall, Chelsea and Huttenlocher, Anna and Handelsman, Jo and Carnes, Molly}, year = {2021}, month = jan, @@ -23441,11 +23605,12 @@ year = {2011}, series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, number = {271}, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, urldate = {2022-03-09}, abstract = {This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Bolivia's labor market institutions, particularly the Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE). It is found that unemployment as conventionally defined may not be the most important problem in Bolivia's labor market, as the non-salaried market is always an alternative. While unemployment durations and unemployment scarring consequences are relatively low, labor market regulations and labor market programs do not help to increase the size of the formal market, apparently as a result of Bolivia's rigid labor markets and labor policies based mainly on temporary employment programs. Such programs, however, may have helped to smooth consumption. Given the country's high level of informality, protection policies are second best to active policies specifically designed to increase the productivity/employability of vulnerable populations.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Bolivia,program::public works,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp,social protection}, + note = {A study on the effects of the 'Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE)' public works program in Bolivia on earnings, employment probability and consumption of participating households between 2002 and 2004.\textbf{It finds significant positive effects on household consumption after the program, indicating a success for the program's objective of being a consumption-smoothing scheme in times of recession.\textbf{It also finds no significant effects on employment probability and a lower bound of no significance and an upper bound of significant negative effects on monthly earnings of a household after having participated in the program.\textbf{Negative significant effects of the program may be attributed to a negative impact of the program, or negative self-selection which it was largely based on.\textbf{This negative self-selection results from the program targeting unemployed people in a highly informal economy with no way of directly monitoring (or enforcing) prior unemployment for participants.\textbf{Thus, the authors conclude that while such public works programs are useful social protection measures short-term during times of recession, they are not a good alternative for improving the employability of vulnerable populations which requires other targeted active programs.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:39:21Z} } @@ -23480,7 +23645,7 @@ issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790}, doi = {10.1007/s13524-018-0664-9}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women's human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21--24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman's community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.}, + abstract = {Abstract Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women's human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21{\textendash}24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman's community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Madagascar,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -23592,7 +23757,7 @@ issn = {0020-7314, 1541-4469}, doi = {10.2190/HS.40.1.a}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {National paid sick day and paid sick leave policies are compared in 22 countries ranked highly in terms of economic and human development. The authors calculate the financial support available to workers facing two different kinds of health problems: a case of the flu that requires missing 5 days of work, and a cancer treatment that requires 50 days of absence. Only 3 countries---the United States, Canada, and Japan---have no national policy requiring employers to provide paid sick days for workers who need to miss 5 days of work to recover from the flu. Eleven countries guarantee workers earning the national median wage full pay for all 5 days. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the full-time equivalent benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for workers earning the national median. The United States is the only country that does not provide paid sick leave for a worker undergoing a 50-day cancer treatment. Luxembourg and Norway provide 50 full-time equivalent working days of leave, while New Zealand provides the least, at 5 days. In 6 countries, paid sick leave benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for median-wage workers.}, + abstract = {National paid sick day and paid sick leave policies are compared in 22 countries ranked highly in terms of economic and human development. The authors calculate the financial support available to workers facing two different kinds of health problems: a case of the flu that requires missing 5 days of work, and a cancer treatment that requires 50 days of absence. Only 3 countries{\textemdash}the United States, Canada, and Japan{\textemdash}have no national policy requiring employers to provide paid sick days for workers who need to miss 5 days of work to recover from the flu. Eleven countries guarantee workers earning the national median wage full pay for all 5 days. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the full-time equivalent benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for workers earning the national median. The United States is the only country that does not provide paid sick leave for a worker undergoing a 50-day cancer treatment. Luxembourg and Norway provide 50 full-time equivalent working days of leave, while New Zealand provides the least, at 5 days. In 6 countries, paid sick leave benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for median-wage workers.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -23645,8 +23810,19 @@ title = {Vocational Education in {{Kenya}}: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation among Youth}, author = {Hicks, Joan Hamory and Kremer, Michael and Mbiti, Isaac and Miguel, Edward}, year = {2013}, - institution = {International Growth Centre}, + institution = {{International Growth Centre}}, keywords = {country::Kenya,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in the 'Technical and Vocational Vouchers Program' in Kenya, analyzing its effects on participants' earnings, employment probability and resulting job quality. +\par +Participants were randomly assigned either to receive a voucher to receive training in a public institution or free choice of training in a public or private institution, with a control group receiving no vouchers. +\par +The study also included a cross-cutting sampling of providing future labour market information to training participants, though there were no significant outcomes of this cross-cutting intervention. +\par +Overall it finds limited evidence for an increase in earnings, but for workers engaged in wage work it finds a significant increase in wage earnings. +\par +On the other hand, there are no significant changes on employment probability itself and no significant impacts on participants' job quality, except for a lower probability of carrying a full time employment. +\par +The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some participants the duration between training end and data collection was only a few months, so some impacts may not have developed past the possibility for short term evaluation.}, timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:03:52Z} } @@ -23872,11 +24048,12 @@ volume = {126}, number = {597}, pages = {2115--2146}, - publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Royal Economic Society, Wiley]}, + publisher = {{[Oxford University Press, Royal Economic Society, Wiley]}}, issn = {00130133, 14680297}, doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12211}, abstract = {We use a randomised experiment to evaluate Turkey's vocational training programmes for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. The average impact of training on employment is positive but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than programme officials and applicants expected. Over the first year, training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and these positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated.}, keywords = {country::Turkey,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial studying the short- and medium-term impacts of vocational training for the unemployed in Turkey, analyzing its effects on employment probability and job quality.\textbf{In general it finds that the programs, short-term (first year), have a positive impact on both employment probability and the job quality of participants, but this effect dissipates after roughly three years.\textbf{The study also suggests that private courses may offer better results due to being more responsive to labor market and employer demands, and operating with more competition which requires a quality increase in their program.\textbf{A cost-benefit analysis deems the programs' benefits not exceeding their costs with the dissipating medium-term impacts.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AYLXCUM8/Hirshleifer2016_The_Impact_of_Vocational_Training_for_the_Unemployed.pdf} } @@ -24056,7 +24233,7 @@ author = {Hojman, Andr{\'e}s and L{\'o}pez B{\'o}o, Florencia}, year = {2019}, month = aug, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, doi = {10.18235/0001849}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {This paper evaluates the impacts of a public program that introduced access to part-time childcare centers for children younger than four years of age in poor urban areas in Nicaragua. We explore the effects of this program on several measures of children's and parental outcomes. Our identification strategy exploits the original randomization and the distance to the centers, using Instrumental Variables (IV) and Marginal Treatment Effects (MTE) methods to tackle imperfect compliance with the original treatment assignments. We present a theoretical model to rationalize our IV assumptions. We find a positive impact of 0.35 standard deviations on the personal-social domain of a widely used development test, and an impact of 14 percentage points on mothers' work participation. Our results are robust to different econometric specifications. We also find suggestive evidence that quality greatly matters for the impacts at the child level, but not at the mother level.}, @@ -24213,10 +24390,11 @@ year = {2015}, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, number = {7404}, - institution = {World Bank}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-7404}, abstract = {This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank's Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). The results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. The evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program's benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. The program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants' opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).}, keywords = {area::urban,country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the 'Kenya Youth Empowerment Program' which combines vocational training and internships, trying to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability of participants.\textbf{The study created two treatment groups, one only receiving 2 weeks of life skills training, another receiving the same training, vocational training and on-the-job training through an internship, and a control group receiving no training.\textbf{It finds that solely participating in the life skills training had no significant impacts on any outcomes.\textbf{Participating in the full treatment, however, significantly increased participants' employment probability and earnings.\textbf{It finds some heterogeneity, with larger earnings effects for women and older men, as well as that the program selected for a more highly educated target group than its ostensible goal.\textbf{The program was cost effective for both men and women.\textbf{While the female sample has to be taken with some caution due to a possible bias through its high attrition rate, it suggested that women finishing the program are more likely to open a bank account and accumulate savings.}}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5VB8R6K5/honorati2015impact_The_impact_of_private_sector_internship_and_training_on_urban_youth_in_Kenya.pdf} } @@ -24250,7 +24428,7 @@ issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211}, doi = {10.1177/0149206311426911}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Some authors have explained the dearth of women leaders as an ``opt-out revolution''---that women today are making a choice not to aspire to leadership positions. The authors of this article present a model that tests managers' biased evaluations of women as less career motivated as an explanation for why women have lower managerial aspirations than men. Specifically, they hypothesize that day-to-day managerial decisions involving allocating challenging work, training and development, and career encouragement mean women accrue less organizational development, and this is one explanation for their lower managerial aspirations. The authors' model is based on social role theory and is examined in a sample of 112 supervisor--subordinate dyads at a U.S. Fortune 500 firm.}, + abstract = {Some authors have explained the dearth of women leaders as an ``opt-out revolution''{\textemdash}that women today are making a choice not to aspire to leadership positions. The authors of this article present a model that tests managers' biased evaluations of women as less career motivated as an explanation for why women have lower managerial aspirations than men. Specifically, they hypothesize that day-to-day managerial decisions involving allocating challenging work, training and development, and career encouragement mean women accrue less organizational development, and this is one explanation for their lower managerial aspirations. The authors' model is based on social role theory and is examined in a sample of 112 supervisor{\textendash}subordinate dyads at a U.S. Fortune 500 firm.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -24268,7 +24446,7 @@ issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211}, doi = {10.1177/0149206316628643}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Since the 1990s, a growing body of research has sought to quantify the relationship between women's representation in leadership positions and organizational financial performance. Commonly known as the ``business case'' for women's leadership, the idea is that having more women leaders is good for business. Through meta-analysis ( k = 78, n = 117,639 organizations) of the direct effects of women's representation in leadership (as CEOs, on top management teams, and on boards of directors) on financial performance, and tests that proxy theoretical arguments for moderated relationships, we call attention to equivocal findings. Our results suggest women's leadership may affect firm performance in general and sales performance in particular. And women's leadership---overall and, specifically, the presence of a female CEO---is more likely to positively relate to firms' financial performance in more gender egalitarian cultures. Yet taking our findings as a whole, we argue that commonly used methods of testing the business case for women leaders may limit our ability as scholars to understand the value that women bring to leadership positions. We do not advocate that the business case be abandoned altogether but, rather, improved and refined. We name exemplary research studies to show how different perspectives on gender, alternative conceptualizations of value, and the specification of underlying mechanisms linking leadership to performance can generate changes in both the dominant ontology and the epistemology underlying this body of research.}, + abstract = {Since the 1990s, a growing body of research has sought to quantify the relationship between women's representation in leadership positions and organizational financial performance. Commonly known as the ``business case'' for women's leadership, the idea is that having more women leaders is good for business. Through meta-analysis ( k = 78, n = 117,639 organizations) of the direct effects of women's representation in leadership (as CEOs, on top management teams, and on boards of directors) on financial performance, and tests that proxy theoretical arguments for moderated relationships, we call attention to equivocal findings. Our results suggest women's leadership may affect firm performance in general and sales performance in particular. And women's leadership{\textemdash}overall and, specifically, the presence of a female CEO{\textemdash}is more likely to positively relate to firms' financial performance in more gender egalitarian cultures. Yet taking our findings as a whole, we argue that commonly used methods of testing the business case for women leaders may limit our ability as scholars to understand the value that women bring to leadership positions. We do not advocate that the business case be abandoned altogether but, rather, improved and refined. We name exemplary research studies to show how different perspectives on gender, alternative conceptualizations of value, and the specification of underlying mechanisms linking leadership to performance can generate changes in both the dominant ontology and the epistemology underlying this body of research.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -24291,7 +24469,7 @@ } @article{Hook2006a, - title = {Care in {{Context}}: {{Men}}'s {{Unpaid Work}} in 20 {{Countries}}, 1965--2003}, + title = {Care in {{Context}}: {{Men}}'s {{Unpaid Work}} in 20 {{Countries}}, 1965{\textendash}2003}, shorttitle = {Care in {{Context}}}, author = {Hook, Jennifer L.}, year = {2006}, @@ -24309,7 +24487,7 @@ } @article{Hook2010, - title = {Gender {{Inequality}} in the {{Welfare State}}: {{Sex Segregation}} in {{Housework}}, 1965--2003}, + title = {Gender {{Inequality}} in the {{Welfare State}}: {{Sex Segregation}} in {{Housework}}, 1965{\textendash}2003}, shorttitle = {Gender {{Inequality}} in the {{Welfare State}}}, author = {Hook, Jennifer~L.}, year = {2010}, @@ -24357,8 +24535,8 @@ author = {Hooker, Charles and Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly}, year = {2003}, pages = {217--234}, - publisher = {SAGE Publications, Inc.}, - address = {2455 Teller Road,~Thousand Oaks~California~91320~United States}, + publisher = {{SAGE Publications, Inc.}}, + address = {{2455 Teller Road,~Thousand Oaks~California~91320~United States}}, doi = {10.4135/9781452229539.n10}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, collaborator = {Pearce, Craig and Conger, Jay}, @@ -24370,7 +24548,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Services for People with Communication Disability in {{Fiji}}: Barriers and Drivers of Change}, author = {Hopf, S. C. and McLeod, S.}, - year = {2015-07/2015-09}, + year = {2015}, + month = jul, journal = {RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH}, volume = {15}, number = {2863}, @@ -24439,7 +24618,7 @@ issn = {1472-6963}, doi = {10.1186/s12913-016-1318-5}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Background Is retirement good or bad for health? Disentangling causality is difficult. Much of the previous quasi-experimental research on the effect of health on retirement used self-reported health and relied upon discontinuities in public retirement incentives across Europe. The current study investigated the effect of retirement on health by exploiting discontinuities in private retirement incentives to test the effect of retirement on health using a quasi-experimental study design. Methods Secondary data (1997--2009) on a cohort of male manufacturing workers in a United States setting. Health status was determined using claims data from private insurance and Medicare. Analyses used employer-based administrative and claims data and claim data from Medicare. Results Widely used selection on observables models overstate the negative impact of retirement due to the endogeneity of the decision to retire. In addition, health status as measured by administrative claims data provide some advantages over the more commonly used survey items. Using an instrument and administrative health records, we find null to positive effects from retirement on all fronts, with a possible exception of increased risk for diabetes. Conclusions This study provides evidence that retirement is not detrimental and may be beneficial to health for a sample of manufacturing workers. In addition, it supports previous research indicating that quasi-experimental methodologies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between retirement and health, as any selection on observable model will overstate the negative relationship of retirement on health. Further, it provides a model for how such research could be implemented in countries like the United States that do not have a strong public pension program. Finally, it demonstrates that such research need-not rely upon survey data, which has certain shortcomings and is not always available for homogenous samples.}, + abstract = {Background Is retirement good or bad for health? Disentangling causality is difficult. Much of the previous quasi-experimental research on the effect of health on retirement used self-reported health and relied upon discontinuities in public retirement incentives across Europe. The current study investigated the effect of retirement on health by exploiting discontinuities in private retirement incentives to test the effect of retirement on health using a quasi-experimental study design. Methods Secondary data (1997{\textendash}2009) on a cohort of male manufacturing workers in a United States setting. Health status was determined using claims data from private insurance and Medicare. Analyses used employer-based administrative and claims data and claim data from Medicare. Results Widely used selection on observables models overstate the negative impact of retirement due to the endogeneity of the decision to retire. In addition, health status as measured by administrative claims data provide some advantages over the more commonly used survey items. Using an instrument and administrative health records, we find null to positive effects from retirement on all fronts, with a possible exception of increased risk for diabetes. Conclusions This study provides evidence that retirement is not detrimental and may be beneficial to health for a sample of manufacturing workers. In addition, it supports previous research indicating that quasi-experimental methodologies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between retirement and health, as any selection on observable model will overstate the negative relationship of retirement on health. Further, it provides a model for how such research could be implemented in countries like the United States that do not have a strong public pension program. Finally, it demonstrates that such research need-not rely upon survey data, which has certain shortcomings and is not always available for homogenous samples.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -24474,7 +24653,7 @@ issn = {2571-5577}, doi = {10.3390/asi4040077}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020---these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the increase in domestic violence against women and children during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, domestic violence against women and children has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we investigated family violence among 511 families during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were given questionnaires to answer, for a period of over ten days; we predicted family violence using a machine learning-based model. To predict domestic violence from our data set, we applied random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms to our model. We employed an oversampling strategy named the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and the chi-squared statistical test to, respectively, solve the imbalance problem and discover the feature importance of our data set. The performances of the machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score criteria. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and confusion matrices were developed and analyzed for three algorithms. On average, our model, with the random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes algorithms, predicted family violence with 77\%, 69\%, and 62\% accuracy for our data set. The findings of this study indicate that domestic violence has increased and is highly related to two features: family income level during the COVID-19 pandemic and education level of the family members.}, + abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020{\textemdash}these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the increase in domestic violence against women and children during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, domestic violence against women and children has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we investigated family violence among 511 families during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were given questionnaires to answer, for a period of over ten days; we predicted family violence using a machine learning-based model. To predict domestic violence from our data set, we applied random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms to our model. We employed an oversampling strategy named the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and the chi-squared statistical test to, respectively, solve the imbalance problem and discover the feature importance of our data set. The performances of the machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score criteria. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and confusion matrices were developed and analyzed for three algorithms. On average, our model, with the random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes algorithms, predicted family violence with 77\%, 69\%, and 62\% accuracy for our data set. The findings of this study indicate that domestic violence has increased and is highly related to two features: family income level during the COVID-19 pandemic and education level of the family members.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -24584,8 +24763,9 @@ number = {1}, pages = {1839--1859}, doi = {10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003}, - abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9--12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, + abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9{\textendash}12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, keywords = {country::Papa New Guinea,lmp::active,program::public works,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of a variety of ALMP (public works, vocational training, job matching and an employment subsidy) on both employment probability and job quality of youth in Papua New Guinea versus solely providing them with the public works opportunity.\textbf{It finds that completion of the more comprehensive ALMP had a significant positive impact on being formally employed within 9-12 months as opposed to only participating in the public works, but no other changes in job quality were measurable.\textbf{The channel this difference manifested itself through was entirely 20\% of participants of ALMP staying with the employer they were placed at through the measures.\textbf{Those not staying at their assigned employer had no significant increase in employment probability, which suggests that employers use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk and low-effort way of hiring new employees.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IC92EUJE/Hoy2019_The_marginal_benefit_of_an_active_labor_market_program_relative_to_a_public.pdf} } @@ -24597,8 +24777,8 @@ month = nov, number = {w18535}, pages = {w18535}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w18535}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -24692,7 +24872,7 @@ issn = {0194-4363, 1939-0130}, doi = {10.1080/01944363.2015.1042014}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kain's Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that disadvantaged groups who reside in inner-city neighborhoods have low access to regional jobs. We continue to debate this assertion because empirical studies over decades have conflicting results. This research examines whether the poor face spatial mismatch and how suburbanization has changed their job accessibility, in the Los Angeles region between 1990 and 2007--2011. I define spatial mismatch as occurring when the poor in the inner city have lower job accessibility than their suburban counterparts. I estimate job accessibility based on the spatial distribution of jobs and job seekers traveling via private automobiles. My results present a complicated picture: Inner-city poor job seekers have higher job accessibility than their suburban counterparts because many jobs remain in the inner city; thus, the inner-city poor do not face spatial mismatch. Moreover, suburbanization has evened out the differences in the job accessibility of the poor and non-poor. However, the advantage of living in the inner city for job access declines with rapid employment suburbanization.}, + abstract = {Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kain's Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that disadvantaged groups who reside in inner-city neighborhoods have low access to regional jobs. We continue to debate this assertion because empirical studies over decades have conflicting results. This research examines whether the poor face spatial mismatch and how suburbanization has changed their job accessibility, in the Los Angeles region between 1990 and 2007{\textendash}2011. I define spatial mismatch as occurring when the poor in the inner city have lower job accessibility than their suburban counterparts. I estimate job accessibility based on the spatial distribution of jobs and job seekers traveling via private automobiles. My results present a complicated picture: Inner-city poor job seekers have higher job accessibility than their suburban counterparts because many jobs remain in the inner city; thus, the inner-city poor do not face spatial mismatch. Moreover, suburbanization has evened out the differences in the job accessibility of the poor and non-poor. However, the advantage of living in the inner city for job access declines with rapid employment suburbanization.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::poverty,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -24816,7 +24996,7 @@ issn = {0731-1214, 1533-8673}, doi = {10.2307/1389433}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Typically, it is assumed that bureaucratic labor policies associated with internal labor markets (ILMs) both promote the efficient use of workers' skills and foster equality in the workplace by publicizing managers' decisions and increasing the accountability they face. This article uses data from a national probability sample of U.S. workplaces to test these assumptions about ILM policies with regard to gender inequality in workplace supervisory authority. The analysis also considers supply-side and occupational segregation as explanations for gender inequality in work authority, as well as several organizational characteristics emphasized in the organizational literature that have so far been left untested. Results indicate that occupational segregation accounts for most of the gap in supervisory authority, while purely human capital accounts are insufficient. Other results are consistent with an institutional interpretation---that organizations adopt ILM policies in order to ``symbolically comply'' with both regulatory bodies and public ideals about workplace opportunity.}, + abstract = {Typically, it is assumed that bureaucratic labor policies associated with internal labor markets (ILMs) both promote the efficient use of workers' skills and foster equality in the workplace by publicizing managers' decisions and increasing the accountability they face. This article uses data from a national probability sample of U.S. workplaces to test these assumptions about ILM policies with regard to gender inequality in workplace supervisory authority. The analysis also considers supply-side and occupational segregation as explanations for gender inequality in work authority, as well as several organizational characteristics emphasized in the organizational literature that have so far been left untested. Results indicate that occupational segregation accounts for most of the gap in supervisory authority, while purely human capital accounts are insufficient. Other results are consistent with an institutional interpretation{\textemdash}that organizations adopt ILM policies in order to ``symbolically comply'' with both regulatory bodies and public ideals about workplace opportunity.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -24846,8 +25026,8 @@ editor = {Kakwani, Nanak and Silber, Jacques}, year = {2013}, pages = {187--214}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/9780230592407_10}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, isbn = {978-1-349-28167-1 978-0-230-59240-7}, @@ -24986,6 +25166,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science \& Technology}, keywords = {cited::channels,country::US,inequality::income,inequality::spatial,out::full-text,sample::database,type::infrastructure}, + note = {83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board, Washington, DC, JAN 11-15, 2004}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MV6PI2TS/Hunt2004_Regional_transit_program_for_welfare_to_work_in_Chicago,_Illinois_-_Three_years.pdf} } @@ -25048,7 +25229,7 @@ issn = {1355-8196, 1758-1060}, doi = {10.1258/135581906778476553}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Objectives: To compare two consensus development methods commonly used for developing clinical guidelines in terms of the judgments produced, closeness of consensus, amount of change between rounds, concordance with research evidence and reliability. Methods: In all, 213 general practitioners and mental health professionals from England participated in four Delphi and four nominal groups. They rated the appropriateness of four treatments (cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], behavioural therapy [BT], brief psychodynamic interpersonal therapy [BPIT] and antidepressants) for three conditions. First, participants rated the appropriateness of interventions independently, using a postal questionnaire. For nominal groups, the ratings were fed back and discussed at a meeting, and then group members privately completed the questionnaire again. For Delphi groups, there was feedback but no discussion, and the entire process was conducted by postal questionnaire. Results: The effect of consensus method on final ratings varied with therapeutic intervention, with nominal groups rating CBT and antidepressants more favourably than Delphi groups. Consensus was closer in the nominal than in the Delphi groups in both rounds. There was no overall difference between groups in their concordance with research evidence (odds ratio 1.13, 95\% confidence interval 0.79--1.61). In this study, the Delphi method was more reliable ( {$\kappa$} coefficients 0.88 and 0.89 compared with 0.41 and 0.65 for nominal groups). Conclusions: The advantages of nominal groups (more consensus; greater understanding of reasons for disagreement) could be combined with the greater reliability of the Delphi approach by developing a hybrid method.}, + abstract = {Objectives: To compare two consensus development methods commonly used for developing clinical guidelines in terms of the judgments produced, closeness of consensus, amount of change between rounds, concordance with research evidence and reliability. Methods: In all, 213 general practitioners and mental health professionals from England participated in four Delphi and four nominal groups. They rated the appropriateness of four treatments (cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], behavioural therapy [BT], brief psychodynamic interpersonal therapy [BPIT] and antidepressants) for three conditions. First, participants rated the appropriateness of interventions independently, using a postal questionnaire. For nominal groups, the ratings were fed back and discussed at a meeting, and then group members privately completed the questionnaire again. For Delphi groups, there was feedback but no discussion, and the entire process was conducted by postal questionnaire. Results: The effect of consensus method on final ratings varied with therapeutic intervention, with nominal groups rating CBT and antidepressants more favourably than Delphi groups. Consensus was closer in the nominal than in the Delphi groups in both rounds. There was no overall difference between groups in their concordance with research evidence (odds ratio 1.13, 95\% confidence interval 0.79{\textendash}1.61). In this study, the Delphi method was more reliable ( {$\kappa$} coefficients 0.88 and 0.89 compared with 0.41 and 0.65 for nominal groups). Conclusions: The advantages of nominal groups (more consensus; greater understanding of reasons for disagreement) could be combined with the greater reliability of the Delphi approach by developing a hybrid method.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -25109,6 +25290,7 @@ year = {2007}, institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, keywords = {country::Panama,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {Study analyzes effect of 'PROCAJOVEN' vocational training program on population of Panama regarding their earnings, employment probability and hours worked.\textbf{It generally finds only marginally significant positive changes, though a more significant effect for women, especially those people living in urban environments.\textbf{For monthly earnings it does not find any significant impact.\textbf{However, even with the marginal impacts found there is a generally positive cost-benefit analysis, with the program costs recovered in about one year (for men) and already after three months (for women).}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:45:44Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CQZA9KKI/Ibarraran2007_Impact_evaluation_of_a_labor_training_program_in_Panama.pdf} } @@ -25128,6 +25310,7 @@ abstract = {This paper presents an impact evaluation of a revamped version of the Dominican Republic's youth training program Juventud y Empleo. The paper analyzes the impact of the program on traditional labor market outcomes and on outcomes related to youth behavior and life style, expectations about the future and socio-emotional skills. In terms of labor market outcomes, the program has a positive impact on job formality for men of about 17 percent and there is also a seven percent increase in monthly earnings among those employed. However, there are no overall impacts on employment rates. Regarding non-labor market outcomes, the program reduces teenage pregnancy by five percentage points in the treatment group (about 45 percent), which is consistent with an overall increase in youth expectations about the future. The program also has a positive impact on non-cognitive skills as measured by three different scales. Scores improve between 0.08 and 0.16 standard deviations with the program. Although recent progress noted in the literature suggests that socio-emotional skills increase employability and quality of employment, the practical significance of the impacts is unclear, as there is only weak evidence that the life skills measures used are associated to better labor market performance. This is an area of growing interest and relevance that requires further research.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control experiment of the youth training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic which analyzes the employment probability, earnings and formal employment outcomes of a treatment group receiving vocational training and on-the-job experience through an internship.\textbf{There is no overall significant impact on employment probability. \textbf{However, for men there is a significant positive impact on job formality (measured through provided health insurance) and for participants already employed a significant positive impact on earnings.\textbf{For people living in urban areas, the majority of the sample, the effects were larger.\textbf{Aside from labor market outcomes it measured the impact on life skill from the program on which it had a slight positive impact, and determined an overall reduction in teenage pregnancies, which it found consistent with the individual increasing youth expectations for the future.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:47:02Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CNJLF6SU/Ibarraran2014_Life_skills,_employability_and_training_for_disadvantaged_youth.pdf} } @@ -25142,9 +25325,10 @@ number = {1}, pages = {185--222}, doi = {10.1177/0019793918768260}, - abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training -- including long-term labor market trajectories of young people -- and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.}, + abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training {\textendash} including long-term labor market trajectories of young people {\textendash} and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A long-term follow-up (6 years) to previous short-term experimental studies for the training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic, looking for the long-term outcomes on employment probability, earnings, and formal employment for a vocational training with on-the-job (internship) component.\textbf{The study finds that, over long-term, initial gains in formal employment, after overtaking the control near the end of the program, steadily increase and become significant over long-term for men and for participants living in urban environments, suggesting a lock-in effect for them.\textbf{For women living in urban environments there are medium-term positive increases in earnings but they vanish long-term.\textbf{For men there are no significant impacts either on overall employment probability or earnings.\textbf{Aside from labor market outcomes, there are significant positive impacts on participants' future expectations and welfare perceptions, with more larger impacts for women.\textbf{The study suggests the program is thus working especially well in dynamic local contexts and where the trained skills match labor demand.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T14:26:43Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8LMDQMXX/Ibarraran2019_Experimental_Evidence_on_the_Long-Term_Impacts_of_a_Youth_Training_Program.pdf} } @@ -25263,50 +25447,50 @@ title = {Resolution on Decent Work and the Informal Economy}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2002}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2013, title = {Resolution Concerning Statistics of Work, Employment and Labour Underutilization}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2013}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2015, title = {Recommendation {{No}}. 204 Concerning the {{Transition}} from the {{Informal}} to the {{Formal Economy}}}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2015}, - address = {International Labour Office, Geneva}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + address = {{International Labour Office, Geneva}}, + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2016, title = {Women at {{Work Trends}} 2016}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2016}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2019, title = {Working Conditions in a Global Perspective}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2019}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2021, title = {Resolution Concerning Inequalities and the World of Work}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2021}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2021a, title = {Inequalities and the World of Work}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2021}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2022, @@ -25319,42 +25503,42 @@ title = {World {{Employment}} and {{Social Outlook}}: {{Trends}} 2022}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2022}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2022b, title = {Follow-up to the Resolution Concerning Inequalities and the World of Work: {{Comprehensive}} and Integrated {{ILO}} Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Inequalities in the World of Work}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2022}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2023, title = {World {{Employment}} and {{Social Outlook}}: {{Trends}} 2023}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2023}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2023a, title = {The Road to Decent Work for Domestic Workers}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2023}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2023b, title = {Guidelines Concerning a Statistical Definition of Informal Employment}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2023}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @techreport{ILO2023c, title = {Resolution Concerning Statistics on the Informal Economy}, author = {{ILO}}, year = {2023}, - institution = {International Labour Organization} + institution = {{International Labour Organization}} } @article{Ince2010a, @@ -25378,7 +25562,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Why the U. S. needs a \$15 minimum wage. How the Raise the Wage Act would benefit U. S. workers and their families}}, author = {Inst, Economic Policy and Project, Natl Employment Law}, - year = {2021-04/2021-06}, + year = {2021}, + month = apr, journal = {TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO}, volume = {88}, number = {350}, @@ -25426,7 +25611,7 @@ issn = {0895-9374, 1544-0737}, doi = {10.1177/0022034519877385}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Gender inequality in science, medicine, and dentistry remains a central concern for the biomedical research workforce today. Although progress in areas of inclusivity and gender diversity was reported, growth has been slow. Women still face multiple challenges in reaching higher ranks and leadership positions while maintaining holistic success in these fields. Within dental research and academia, we might observe trends toward a more balanced pipeline. However, women continue to face barriers in seeking leadership roles and achieving economic equity and scholarship recognition. In an effort to evaluate the status of women in dental research and academia, the authors examined the role of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), a global research organization, which has improved awareness on gender inequality. The goal of this article is to review five crucial issues of gender inequality in oral health research and academics---workforce pipeline, economic inequality, workplace harassment, gender bias in scholarly productivity, and work-life balance---and to discuss proactive steps that the IADR has taken to promote gender equality. Providing networking and training opportunities through effective mentoring and coaching for women researchers, the IADR has developed a robust pipeline of women leaders while promoting gender equality for women in dental academia through a culture shift. As knowledge gaps remained on the levels of conscious and unconscious bias and sexist culture affecting women advancement in academics, as well as the intersectionality of gender with race, gender identity, ability status, sexual orientation, and cultural backgrounds, the IADR has recognized that further research is warranted.}, + abstract = {Gender inequality in science, medicine, and dentistry remains a central concern for the biomedical research workforce today. Although progress in areas of inclusivity and gender diversity was reported, growth has been slow. Women still face multiple challenges in reaching higher ranks and leadership positions while maintaining holistic success in these fields. Within dental research and academia, we might observe trends toward a more balanced pipeline. However, women continue to face barriers in seeking leadership roles and achieving economic equity and scholarship recognition. In an effort to evaluate the status of women in dental research and academia, the authors examined the role of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), a global research organization, which has improved awareness on gender inequality. The goal of this article is to review five crucial issues of gender inequality in oral health research and academics{\textemdash}workforce pipeline, economic inequality, workplace harassment, gender bias in scholarly productivity, and work-life balance{\textemdash}and to discuss proactive steps that the IADR has taken to promote gender equality. Providing networking and training opportunities through effective mentoring and coaching for women researchers, the IADR has developed a robust pipeline of women leaders while promoting gender equality for women in dental academia through a culture shift. As knowledge gaps remained on the levels of conscious and unconscious bias and sexist culture affecting women advancement in academics, as well as the intersectionality of gender with race, gender identity, ability status, sexual orientation, and cultural backgrounds, the IADR has recognized that further research is warranted.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -25544,7 +25729,7 @@ issn = {1477-7266}, doi = {10.1108/JHOM-08-2013-0174}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- Because stereotypically masculine behaviors are required for effective leadership, examining female chairs' leadership in academic medicine can provide insight into the complex ways in which gender impacts on their leadership practices. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach -- The author interviewed three female clinical chairs and compared the findings to interviews with 28 of their faculty. Grounded theory analysis of the subsequent text gathered comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth information about this case of interest at a US top-tier academic medical center. Findings -- Four of five themes from the faculty were consistent with the chair's narrative with modifications: Prior Environment (Motivated by Excellence), Tough, Direct, Transparent (Developing Trust), Communal Actions (Creating Diversity of Opinion), and Building Power through Consensus (an ``Artful Exercise'') with an additional theme, the Significance (and Insignificance) of a Female Chair. While faculty members were acutely aware of the chair's gender, the chairs paradoxically vacillated between gender being a ``non-issue'' and noting that male chairs ``don't do laundry.'' All three female chairs in this study independently and explicitly stated that gender was not a barrier, yet intuitively used successful strategies derived from the research literature. Originality/value -- This study suggests that while their gender was highlighted by faculty, these women dismissed gender as a ``non-issue.'' The duality of gender for these three female leaders was both minimized and subtly affirmed.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} Because stereotypically masculine behaviors are required for effective leadership, examining female chairs' leadership in academic medicine can provide insight into the complex ways in which gender impacts on their leadership practices. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The author interviewed three female clinical chairs and compared the findings to interviews with 28 of their faculty. Grounded theory analysis of the subsequent text gathered comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth information about this case of interest at a US top-tier academic medical center. Findings {\textendash} Four of five themes from the faculty were consistent with the chair's narrative with modifications: Prior Environment (Motivated by Excellence), Tough, Direct, Transparent (Developing Trust), Communal Actions (Creating Diversity of Opinion), and Building Power through Consensus (an ``Artful Exercise'') with an additional theme, the Significance (and Insignificance) of a Female Chair. While faculty members were acutely aware of the chair's gender, the chairs paradoxically vacillated between gender being a ``non-issue'' and noting that male chairs ``don't do laundry.'' All three female chairs in this study independently and explicitly stated that gender was not a barrier, yet intuitively used successful strategies derived from the research literature. Originality/value {\textendash} This study suggests that while their gender was highlighted by faculty, these women dismissed gender as a ``non-issue.'' The duality of gender for these three female leaders was both minimized and subtly affirmed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -25756,7 +25941,7 @@ issn = {0013-9580, 1528-1167}, doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00345.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Summary:{\enspace} Purpose: One area of life quality known to be compromised by having epilepsy is employment, and one factor contributing to the employment problems of people with epilepsy (PWE) is employer attitudes. Much research on this topic is now outdated and given the changing legal, medical, and social contexts in which PWE live, we therefore reexamined employer attitudes in the united Kingdom. Method: A mail survey of a random sample of U.K. companies selected to be representative of the 14 U.K. economic regions and proportional to the number of employees. Findings: The overall response rate was 41\% (n = 204). Twenty-six percent of respondents reported having experience of employing PWE. Sixteen percent considered that there were no jobs in their company suitable for PWE; 21\% thought employing PWE would be ``a major issue.'' Employers were uniformly of the view that PWE, even when in remission, should disclose their condition to a prospective employer. Seizure severity, frequency, and controllability were all considered important features of epilepsy in the context of employment. Epilepsy created high concern to around half of employers, including the likelihood of it being linked to a work-related accident. Employers were willing to make accommodations for PWE, in particular job sharing, temporary reassignment of duties, and flexible working hours. Attitudes to employment of PWE were influenced by company size and type and previous experience of doing so. Conclusions: We conclude that it is still the same old story for employers' attitudes toward PWE, though happily for PWE, with some room for optimism.}, + abstract = {Summary:\hspace{0.6em} Purpose: One area of life quality known to be compromised by having epilepsy is employment, and one factor contributing to the employment problems of people with epilepsy (PWE) is employer attitudes. Much research on this topic is now outdated and given the changing legal, medical, and social contexts in which PWE live, we therefore reexamined employer attitudes in the united Kingdom. Method: A mail survey of a random sample of U.K. companies selected to be representative of the 14 U.K. economic regions and proportional to the number of employees. Findings: The overall response rate was 41\% (n = 204). Twenty-six percent of respondents reported having experience of employing PWE. Sixteen percent considered that there were no jobs in their company suitable for PWE; 21\% thought employing PWE would be ``a major issue.'' Employers were uniformly of the view that PWE, even when in remission, should disclose their condition to a prospective employer. Seizure severity, frequency, and controllability were all considered important features of epilepsy in the context of employment. Epilepsy created high concern to around half of employers, including the likelihood of it being linked to a work-related accident. Employers were willing to make accommodations for PWE, in particular job sharing, temporary reassignment of duties, and flexible working hours. Attitudes to employment of PWE were influenced by company size and type and previous experience of doing so. Conclusions: We conclude that it is still the same old story for employers' attitudes toward PWE, though happily for PWE, with some room for optimism.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -25768,7 +25953,7 @@ year = {2011}, month = jun, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-5710}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -25890,6 +26075,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/R-9003-2019}, unique-id = {WOS:000453497900021}, keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {take-up of English courses was lower if individuals spoke Urdu at home but family characteristics (religion, gender, caste, household size or assets) had no influence\textbf{Annotation\textbf{A study on college undergraduate population living in Hyderabad, India, who were selected, based on self-reported ability to speak English and their ambitions to improve English skills, to randomly receive full (100\%), partial (50\%), or no (0\%) subsidy towards the cost of a spoken English language program. \textbf{The distance to training centers posed a significant barrier to take-up, as did a previous enrolment in a similar course.\textbf{People receiving a subsidy were significantly more likely to participate in the program with the effect of the full subsidy also being significantly different from partial subsidy, indicating an economic barrier to program participation as well.\textbf{Policy recommendations center around the location of skill training centers in close proximity of an individual's radius of daily routine (in this case, close to the college), creating efficient program targeting through prior skill screening to filter out pre-existing high quality skills or prior participation in training programs.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZUCNNJNH/Jain2019_Barriers_to_skill_acquisition.pdf} } @@ -25908,6 +26094,7 @@ abstract = {We apply recent advances in propensity-score matching (PSM) to the problem of estimating the distribution of net income gains from an Argentinean workfare program. PSM has a number of attractive features in this context, including the need to allow for heterogeneous impacts, while optimally weighting observed characteristics when forming a comparison group. The average direct gain to the participant is found to be about half the gross wage. Over half of the beneficiaries are in the poorest decile nationally, and 80\%\% are in the poorest quintile. Our PSM estimator is reasonably robust to a number of changes in methodology.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A propensity score matching study on the antipoverty public works program 'Trabajar' in Argentina, using administrative survey data for 1997 to analyze the program's targeting and impacts on earnings.\textbf{It finds significant positive impacts for participants, and a generally well pro-poor targeting through the program using simple self-selection through its temporary provision of low wages.\textbf{There are larger earnings impacts for a younger cohort (15-24y), but generally a more pro-poor earnings distribution in the older cohort (25-64y).\textbf{Restricting the sample to women, who had a very low participation rate, shows generally larger earnings impacts but also a less pro-poor distribution, suggestive of overall lower wages for women in other work making the program more attractive to the non-poor.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:50:32Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/86PY8MFW/Jalan2003_Estimating_the_Benefit_Incidence_of_an_Antipoverty_Program_by_Propensity-Score.pdf} } @@ -25925,7 +26112,7 @@ issn = {0002-7642, 1552-3381}, doi = {10.1177/00027642211000397}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {A global outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly escalated social, political, economic, and cultural disparities, particularly among the marginalized migrants of the global South, who historically remained key sufferers from such disparities. Approximately 8 million, such workers from Bangladesh, migrated from their homelands to work in neighboring countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East, and also contribute significantly to their country's economy. As many of the migrant workers work on temporary visas, scholars have expressed concerns about their physical and psychological health such as joblessness, mortality, abuses, daunting stress, and inhabitable living environment. Embracing the theoretical frameworks of critical--cultural communication, this article explores two research questions: (1) What are the emerging narratives of experiencing realities and disparities among the Bangladeshi migrants at the margins? (2) How the migrants negotiated and worked on overcoming the adversities? In doing so, we have closely examined 85 Facebook Pages (number of subscribers: 10,000-1 million), dedicated to issues of Bangladeshi migrant workers to qualitatively analyze emerging mediated discourses (textual, visual, and audiovisual). Our analysis reveals several aspects, including, (1) impact of job insecurities on migrants and their families, (2) living conditions of and abuses on migrants works, (3) negotiations of mental stress by the marginalized migrants, and (4) how community support helps the migrants to survive during the pandemic.}, + abstract = {A global outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly escalated social, political, economic, and cultural disparities, particularly among the marginalized migrants of the global South, who historically remained key sufferers from such disparities. Approximately 8 million, such workers from Bangladesh, migrated from their homelands to work in neighboring countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East, and also contribute significantly to their country's economy. As many of the migrant workers work on temporary visas, scholars have expressed concerns about their physical and psychological health such as joblessness, mortality, abuses, daunting stress, and inhabitable living environment. Embracing the theoretical frameworks of critical{\textendash}cultural communication, this article explores two research questions: (1) What are the emerging narratives of experiencing realities and disparities among the Bangladeshi migrants at the margins? (2) How the migrants negotiated and worked on overcoming the adversities? In doing so, we have closely examined 85 Facebook Pages (number of subscribers: 10,000-1 million), dedicated to issues of Bangladeshi migrant workers to qualitatively analyze emerging mediated discourses (textual, visual, and audiovisual). Our analysis reveals several aspects, including, (1) impact of job insecurities on migrants and their families, (2) living conditions of and abuses on migrants works, (3) negotiations of mental stress by the marginalized migrants, and (4) how community support helps the migrants to survive during the pandemic.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Bangladesh,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26057,7 +26244,7 @@ issn = {2328-8604, 2328-8620}, doi = {10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Women make up approximately 75\% of the health workforce and yet their representation at higher levels of health leadership is limited. Untapped potential of women in health undermines the contribution they could make to effective leadership for health systems strengthening. Lived experiences of women leaders can help understand how to unlock this potential by identifying the challenges, highlighting enablers, and sharing successful strategies used to become effective health leaders. This article uses phenomenological inquiry to understand the subjective experiences of five influential women in their paths to health leadership. Interviews were conducted with these women and key messages were identified. A grounding theme---defined as the essential element for the subjective experience of leading as a woman in the health system---was revealed to be the women's ``drive for equity.'' This drive motivated them to pursue a career in health and to break through perceived gender-related barriers. Three figural themes around how to practice effective health leadership to promote equity were identified: (1) challenging status quos and norms; (2) leading by listening and leveraging others' expertise to build a common vision for health; and (3) having social support early on to develop confidence and credibility. Stories from the individual women's experiences are presented. Finally, three recommendations are made for system-level mechanisms that could contribute to expanding the number of women leaders in health.}, + abstract = {Women make up approximately 75\% of the health workforce and yet their representation at higher levels of health leadership is limited. Untapped potential of women in health undermines the contribution they could make to effective leadership for health systems strengthening. Lived experiences of women leaders can help understand how to unlock this potential by identifying the challenges, highlighting enablers, and sharing successful strategies used to become effective health leaders. This article uses phenomenological inquiry to understand the subjective experiences of five influential women in their paths to health leadership. Interviews were conducted with these women and key messages were identified. A grounding theme{\textemdash}defined as the essential element for the subjective experience of leading as a woman in the health system{\textemdash}was revealed to be the women's ``drive for equity.'' This drive motivated them to pursue a career in health and to break through perceived gender-related barriers. Three figural themes around how to practice effective health leadership to promote equity were identified: (1) challenging status quos and norms; (2) leading by listening and leveraging others' expertise to build a common vision for health; and (3) having social support early on to develop confidence and credibility. Stories from the individual women's experiences are presented. Finally, three recommendations are made for system-level mechanisms that could contribute to expanding the number of women leaders in health.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26129,8 +26316,8 @@ month = jun, number = {w27449}, pages = {w27449}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w27449}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {This article discusses cultural barriers to women's participation and success in the labor market in developing countries. I begin by describing how gender norms influence the relationship between economic development and female employment, as well as how gender norms vary substantially across societies at the same level of economic development. I then examine several specific gender-related social norms and how they constrain women's employment. I present examples of policies aimed at dismantling these cultural barriers to female employment and the impacts they have. Download a PDF Information on access}, @@ -26163,7 +26350,7 @@ volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {305--329}, - publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(88)90044-8}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NQUNDDHK/Jenkins_1988_Empirical measurement of horizontal inequity.pdf} @@ -26202,8 +26389,8 @@ month = aug, number = {w13305}, pages = {w13305}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w13305}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -26406,7 +26593,7 @@ issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2011.300252}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Objectives. We examined the relation between low birth weight and childhood family and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and disease onset in adulthood. Methods. Using US nationally representative longitudinal data, we estimated hazard models of the onset of asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease. The sample contained 4387 children who were members of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in 1968; they were followed up to 2007, when they were aged 39 to 56 years. Our research design included sibling comparisons of disease onset among siblings with different birth weights. Results. The odds ratios of having asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease by age 50 years for low--birth weight babies vs others were 1.64 (P {$<$} .01), 1.51 (P {$<$} .01), 2.09 (P {$<$} .01), and 2.16 (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Adult disease prevalence differed substantially by childhood socioeconomic status (SES). After accounting for childhood socioeconomic factors, we found a substantial hazard ratio of disease onset associated with low birth weight, which persisted for sibling comparisons. Conclusions. Childhood SES is strongly associated with the onset of chronic disease in adulthood. Low birth weight plays an important role in disease onset; this relation persists after an array of childhood socioeconomic factors is accounted for.}, + abstract = {Objectives. We examined the relation between low birth weight and childhood family and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and disease onset in adulthood. Methods. Using US nationally representative longitudinal data, we estimated hazard models of the onset of asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease. The sample contained 4387 children who were members of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in 1968; they were followed up to 2007, when they were aged 39 to 56 years. Our research design included sibling comparisons of disease onset among siblings with different birth weights. Results. The odds ratios of having asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease by age 50 years for low{\textendash}birth weight babies vs others were 1.64 (P {$<$} .01), 1.51 (P {$<$} .01), 2.09 (P {$<$} .01), and 2.16 (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Adult disease prevalence differed substantially by childhood socioeconomic status (SES). After accounting for childhood socioeconomic factors, we found a substantial hazard ratio of disease onset associated with low birth weight, which persisted for sibling comparisons. Conclusions. Childhood SES is strongly associated with the onset of chronic disease in adulthood. Low birth weight plays an important role in disease onset; this relation persists after an array of childhood socioeconomic factors is accounted for.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -26452,7 +26639,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {41}, web-of-science-categories = {Nursing; Obstetrics \& Gynecology; Pediatrics}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,inequality::racial,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,inequality::racial,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database,sample::snowballing}, + note = {inequality analysis with LM adjacency; +\par +no PI} } @article{Johnson2015a, @@ -26611,7 +26801,7 @@ issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988}, doi = {10.1086/682981}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Total fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa are nearly double that of any other region in the world. Some argue that providing contraceptives has only a negligibly small impact on fertility. I exploit exogenous, temporary reductions in contraceptive supply in Ghana, resulting from cuts in US funding, to examine impacts on pregnancy, abortion, and births. Women are unable to fully compensate for the 10\%--16\% supply reduction using traditional methods for preventing pregnancy, which increases by 10\%. Only nonpoor women offset these unwanted pregnancies with induced abortion. Using separate data, I find that poor women experience increases in realized fertility of 7\%--10\%.}, + abstract = {Total fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa are nearly double that of any other region in the world. Some argue that providing contraceptives has only a negligibly small impact on fertility. I exploit exogenous, temporary reductions in contraceptive supply in Ghana, resulting from cuts in US funding, to examine impacts on pregnancy, abortion, and births. Women are unable to fully compensate for the 10\%{\textendash}16\% supply reduction using traditional methods for preventing pregnancy, which increases by 10\%. Only nonpoor women offset these unwanted pregnancies with induced abortion. Using separate data, I find that poor women experience increases in realized fertility of 7\%{\textendash}10\%.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26628,7 +26818,7 @@ issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000001244}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Understanding the goals and aspirations of the physician--scientist workforce can inform policies to promote retention. The authors explored gender differences therein, given women's increasing representation. Method In 2010--2011, the authors qualitatively analyzed interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health career development awards and 28 of their mentors. They also compared survey responses of 1,267 clinician--investigators who received these awards from 2006 to 2009, using logistic regression to evaluate gender differences after adjusting for other characteristics. Results Interview participants described relatively consistent career goals, including scientific contribution and desire to positively affect lives through research, clinical care, and teaching. For many, the specific ways they sought to achieve and measure goal attainment evolved over time. Survey respondents endorsed a goal of publishing high-quality research with highest frequency (97.3\%, no significant gender difference). Women were more likely to endorse the importance of balancing work and other activities (95.5\% vs. 90.5\%, P {$<$} .001). There were no significant gender differences in the importance of patient care (86.6\%), teaching (71.6\%), or publishing prolifically (64.9\%). Men were more likely than women to consider salary (49.4\% vs. 41.8\%, P {$<$} .001), reputation (84.2\% vs. 77.6\%, P = .004), and leadership positions (38.9\% vs. 34.3\%, P = .03) important. Conclusions In an elite research-oriented sample, gender differences in initial aspirations were generally limited. Gender differences in career outcomes in such groups are unlikely to exclusively result from different baseline aspirations. Goals appear to evolve in response to challenges experienced.}, + abstract = {Purpose Understanding the goals and aspirations of the physician{\textendash}scientist workforce can inform policies to promote retention. The authors explored gender differences therein, given women's increasing representation. Method In 2010{\textendash}2011, the authors qualitatively analyzed interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health career development awards and 28 of their mentors. They also compared survey responses of 1,267 clinician{\textendash}investigators who received these awards from 2006 to 2009, using logistic regression to evaluate gender differences after adjusting for other characteristics. Results Interview participants described relatively consistent career goals, including scientific contribution and desire to positively affect lives through research, clinical care, and teaching. For many, the specific ways they sought to achieve and measure goal attainment evolved over time. Survey respondents endorsed a goal of publishing high-quality research with highest frequency (97.3\%, no significant gender difference). Women were more likely to endorse the importance of balancing work and other activities (95.5\% vs. 90.5\%, P {$<$} .001). There were no significant gender differences in the importance of patient care (86.6\%), teaching (71.6\%), or publishing prolifically (64.9\%). Men were more likely than women to consider salary (49.4\% vs. 41.8\%, P {$<$} .001), reputation (84.2\% vs. 77.6\%, P = .004), and leadership positions (38.9\% vs. 34.3\%, P = .03) important. Conclusions In an elite research-oriented sample, gender differences in initial aspirations were generally limited. Gender differences in career outcomes in such groups are unlikely to exclusively result from different baseline aspirations. Goals appear to evolve in response to challenges experienced.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -26658,13 +26848,14 @@ month = feb, number = {w24312}, pages = {w24312}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w24312}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {How would universal and permanent cash transfers affect the labor market? Since 1982, all Alaskan residents have received a yearly cash dividend from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a synthetic control method, we show that the dividend had no effect on employment, and increased part-time work by 1.8 percentage points (17\%). We calibrate expected micro and macro effects of the cash transfer using prior literature, and find our results to be consistent with cash stimulating the local economy --- a general equilibrium effect. We further show that non-tradable sectors have a more positive employment response than tradable sectors. Overall, our results suggest that a universal and permanent cash transfer does not significantly decrease aggregate employment.}, + abstract = {How would universal and permanent cash transfers affect the labor market? Since 1982, all Alaskan residents have received a yearly cash dividend from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a synthetic control method, we show that the dividend had no effect on employment, and increased part-time work by 1.8 percentage points (17\%). We calibrate expected micro and macro effects of the cash transfer using prior literature, and find our results to be consistent with cash stimulating the local economy {\textemdash} a general equilibrium effect. We further show that non-tradable sectors have a more positive employment response than tradable sectors. Overall, our results suggest that a universal and permanent cash transfer does not significantly decrease aggregate employment.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {country::US,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::direct_transfer} + keywords = {country::US,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::direct_transfer}, + note = {looks at probability of employment only (part-time, full-time, equilibria); NOT outcomes on inequalities} } @article{Jones2021, @@ -26704,7 +26895,7 @@ issn = {07380593}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102428}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This article explores the social determinants of adolescents' access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic in three diverse urban contexts in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Jordan. It provides novel empirical data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence longitudinal study, drawing on phone surveys (4441), qualitative interviews with adolescents aged 12--19 years (500), and key informant interviews conducted between April and October 2020. Findings highlight that the pandemic is compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities to educational disadvantage, and that gender, poverty and disability are intersecting to deepen social inequalities. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy implications for inclusive distance education in emergencies.}, + abstract = {This article explores the social determinants of adolescents' access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic in three diverse urban contexts in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Jordan. It provides novel empirical data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence longitudinal study, drawing on phone surveys (4441), qualitative interviews with adolescents aged 12{\textendash}19 years (500), and key informant interviews conducted between April and October 2020. Findings highlight that the pandemic is compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities to educational disadvantage, and that gender, poverty and disability are intersecting to deepen social inequalities. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy implications for inclusive distance education in emergencies.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Jordan,inequality::disability,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::MENA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26717,7 +26908,7 @@ journal = {World Development}, volume = {123}, pages = {104593}, - publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.017}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/84NI6IJ9/Jordá_Niño-Zarazúa_2019_Global inequality.pdf} @@ -26751,7 +26942,7 @@ issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00350.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers' behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 -- 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study ( N = 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.}, + abstract = {This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers' behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 {\textendash} 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study ( N = 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26799,7 +26990,7 @@ issn = {0001-4273, 1948-0989}, doi = {10.5465/amj.2013.0721}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Drawing on macro and micro domains in gender research, we meta-analytically test whether occupation-, industry-, and job-level factors mitigate or exacerbate differences in performance evaluations (k = 93; n = 95,882) and rewards (k = 97; n = 378,850) between men and women. Based on studies conducted across a variety of work settings and spanning nearly 30 years, we found that the sex differences in rewards (d = .56) (including salary, bonuses, and promotions) were 14 times larger than sex differences in performance evaluations (d = .04), and that differences in performance evaluations did not explain reward differences between men and women. The percentage of men in an occupation and the complexity of jobs performed by employees enhanced the male--female gap in performance and rewards. In highly prestigious occupations, women performed equally, but were rewarded significantly lower than men. Only a higher representation of female executives at the industry level enabled women to reverse the gender gap in rewards and performance evaluations. Our configurational analysis also revealed that some occupation-, industry-, and job-level attributes of the work context jointly contributed to differences in rewards and performance evaluations.}, + abstract = {Drawing on macro and micro domains in gender research, we meta-analytically test whether occupation-, industry-, and job-level factors mitigate or exacerbate differences in performance evaluations (k = 93; n = 95,882) and rewards (k = 97; n = 378,850) between men and women. Based on studies conducted across a variety of work settings and spanning nearly 30 years, we found that the sex differences in rewards (d = .56) (including salary, bonuses, and promotions) were 14 times larger than sex differences in performance evaluations (d = .04), and that differences in performance evaluations did not explain reward differences between men and women. The percentage of men in an occupation and the complexity of jobs performed by employees enhanced the male{\textendash}female gap in performance and rewards. In highly prestigious occupations, women performed equally, but were rewarded significantly lower than men. Only a higher representation of female executives at the industry level enabled women to reverse the gender gap in rewards and performance evaluations. Our configurational analysis also revealed that some occupation-, industry-, and job-level attributes of the work context jointly contributed to differences in rewards and performance evaluations.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,review::meta,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26867,7 +27058,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Female union exclusions: The deepening of gender inequalities in labor world and institutions of union power}}, author = {Julieta Rodriguez, Tania and Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea}, - year = {2018-11/2018-04}, + year = {2018}, + month = nov, journal = {DERECHO Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES}, number = {20}, pages = {33--47}, @@ -27203,7 +27395,7 @@ } @article{Kalet2020, - title = {The {{Challenges}}, {{Joys}}, and {{Career Satisfaction}} of {{Women Graduates}} of the {{Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program}} 1973--2011}, + title = {The {{Challenges}}, {{Joys}}, and {{Career Satisfaction}} of {{Women Graduates}} of the {{Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program}} 1973{\textendash}2011}, author = {Kalet, Adina and Lusk, Penelope and Rockfeld, Jennifer and Schwartz, Kate and Fletcher, Kathlyn E. and Deng, Rebecca and Bickell, Nina A.}, year = {2020}, month = aug, @@ -27231,7 +27423,7 @@ issn = {0143005X}, doi = {10.1136/jech.55.4.246}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {OBJECTIVE This study examined whether neighbourhood level socioeconomic variables have an independent effect on reported child behaviour problems over and above the effect of individual level measures of socioeconomic status. DESIGN AND SETTING Multilevel analysis of cross sectional survey data relating individual level child behavioural problems and parental measures of socioeconomic status with neighbourhood level measures of socioeconomic deprivation in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Children born in the years 1990--1991 attending the second grade of normal kindergarten schools in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. Out of 1417 eligible 5--7 year olds, the parents of 734 children (51.8\%) agreed to participate. MAIN RESULTS Child behaviour problems were more frequent in families of low parental occupation and education (F=14.51, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001; F=12.20, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001, respectively) and in families living in deprived neighbourhoods (F=13.26, df 2, 722, p{$<$}0.001). Multilevel random effects regression analysis showed that the effect of neighbourhood level deprivation remained after adjustment for individual level socioeconomic status (B over three levels of deprivation: 1.36; 95\%CI=0.28, 2.45). CONCLUSIONS Living in a more deprived neighbourhood is associated with higher levels of child problem behaviour, irrespective of individual level socioeconomic status. The additional effect of the neighbourhood may be attributable to contextual variables such as the level of social cohesion among residents.}, + abstract = {OBJECTIVE This study examined whether neighbourhood level socioeconomic variables have an independent effect on reported child behaviour problems over and above the effect of individual level measures of socioeconomic status. DESIGN AND SETTING Multilevel analysis of cross sectional survey data relating individual level child behavioural problems and parental measures of socioeconomic status with neighbourhood level measures of socioeconomic deprivation in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Children born in the years 1990{\textendash}1991 attending the second grade of normal kindergarten schools in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. Out of 1417 eligible 5{\textendash}7 year olds, the parents of 734 children (51.8\%) agreed to participate. MAIN RESULTS Child behaviour problems were more frequent in families of low parental occupation and education (F=14.51, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001; F=12.20, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001, respectively) and in families living in deprived neighbourhoods (F=13.26, df 2, 722, p{$<$}0.001). Multilevel random effects regression analysis showed that the effect of neighbourhood level deprivation remained after adjustment for individual level socioeconomic status (B over three levels of deprivation: 1.36; 95\%CI=0.28, 2.45). CONCLUSIONS Living in a more deprived neighbourhood is associated with higher levels of child problem behaviour, irrespective of individual level socioeconomic status. The additional effect of the neighbourhood may be attributable to contextual variables such as the level of social cohesion among residents.}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -27286,7 +27478,7 @@ } @article{Kalysh2016, - title = {Help or Hindrance? {{Work}}--Life Practices and Women in Management}, + title = {Help or Hindrance? {{Work}}{\textendash}Life Practices and Women in Management}, shorttitle = {Help or Hindrance?}, author = {Kalysh, Kateryna and Kulik, Carol T. and Perera, Sanjeewa}, year = {2016}, @@ -27473,7 +27665,7 @@ issn = {0020-7292, 1879-3479}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.08.021}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To report on Phase 1 of an operations research study designed to reduce postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)-related morbidity and mortality in rural Ghana. Methods Phase 1 of the study---which included a needs assessment, community sensitization, implementation of blood collection drapes, training of service providers, and baseline data collection---comprised preliminary work to prepare for misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. Seventy-four primary healthcare providers were trained on safe-motherhood practices, use of blood collection drapes, and data collection. Baseline data were collected from 275 women regarding home deliveries, who attended the deliveries, incidence of PPH, and use of blood collection drapes. Results Blood collection drapes were used at 67.6\% of deliveries, increasing to 88.5\% over the final 6 months of Phase 1. Community health extension workers (CHEWs) were present at 57.1\% of all deliveries but attendance increased to 86.9\% during the last 6 months of Phase 1. Overall, 96.0\% of deliveries resulted in healthy outcomes for the mother; 4.0\% of births had complications. Conclusion The preliminary work conducted in Phase 1 of the study was crucial in guiding misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. However, challenges existed, including inadequate community sensitization, low home-birth attendance by CHEWs, and data collection problems.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To report on Phase 1 of an operations research study designed to reduce postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)-related morbidity and mortality in rural Ghana. Methods Phase 1 of the study{\textemdash}which included a needs assessment, community sensitization, implementation of blood collection drapes, training of service providers, and baseline data collection{\textemdash}comprised preliminary work to prepare for misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. Seventy-four primary healthcare providers were trained on safe-motherhood practices, use of blood collection drapes, and data collection. Baseline data were collected from 275 women regarding home deliveries, who attended the deliveries, incidence of PPH, and use of blood collection drapes. Results Blood collection drapes were used at 67.6\% of deliveries, increasing to 88.5\% over the final 6 months of Phase 1. Community health extension workers (CHEWs) were present at 57.1\% of all deliveries but attendance increased to 86.9\% during the last 6 months of Phase 1. Overall, 96.0\% of deliveries resulted in healthy outcomes for the mother; 4.0\% of births had complications. Conclusion The preliminary work conducted in Phase 1 of the study was crucial in guiding misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. However, challenges existed, including inadequate community sensitization, low home-birth attendance by CHEWs, and data collection problems.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27491,7 +27683,7 @@ issn = {0894-9867, 1573-6598}, doi = {10.1002/jts.22565}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19--related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19--related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland ( N = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19--related PTSD was 17.7\% ( n = 184), 95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%], and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5\%) and depression (53.8\%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19--related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress. , Resumen Spanish Abstracts by Asociaci{\'o}n Chilena de Estr{\'e}s Traum{\'a}tico (ACET) Problemas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Irlanda TEPT DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 La prevalencia del trastorno por estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico (TEPT) en lo que respecta a las experiencias de las personas en la pandemia de COVID-19 a{\'u}n no se ha determinado. Este estudio se realiz{\'o} para determinar las tasas de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 en la poblaci{\'o}n general irlandesa, el nivel de comorbilidad con depresi{\'o}n y ansiedad, y los factores de riesgo sociodemogr{\'a}ficos asociados con el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19. Una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de adultos de la poblaci{\'o}n general de la Rep{\'u}blica de Irlanda ( N = 1,041) complet{\'o} medidas de autoinforme de todas las variables del estudio. La tasa de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 fue del 17.7\% ( n = 184), IC del 95\% [15.35\%, 19.99\%] y hubo un alto nivel de comorbilidad con ansiedad generalizada (49.5\%) y depresi{\'o}n (53.8\%). Cumplir con el requisito de diagn{\'o}stico para el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 se asoci{\'o} con una edad m{\'a}s joven, sexo masculino, vivir en una ciudad, vivir con ni{\~n}os, riesgo percibido moderado y alto de infecci{\'o}n por COVID-19 y detecci{\'o}n positiva de ansiedad o depresi{\'o}n. Los s{\'i}ntomas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19 son comunes en la poblaci{\'o}n general. Nuestros resultados muestran que los profesionales de la salud responsables de responder a la pandemia de COVID-19 deben esperar encontrar de forma rutinaria s{\'i}ntomas y preocupaciones relacionados con el estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico. , 抽象 Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS) 簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯 Posttraumatic stress problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland Traditional Chinese 標題: 在COVID-19疫情下, 愛爾蘭的創傷後壓力問題 撮要: 跟個人的2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)疫情體驗相關的創傷後壓力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出愛爾蘭普遍人口當中, COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率、抑鬱症及焦慮症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相關PTSD有關的社會人口風險因素。樣本由愛爾蘭共和國的成人普遍人口組成 (N = 1,041), 具全國代表性。他們完成了對所有研究變量的自評測量。COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率為17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 廣泛性焦慮症(49.5\%)及抑鬱症(53.8\%)的共病水平為高。符合患COVID-19相關的PTSD, 跟以下因素有關:年齡較小、性別為男性、住在市區、與小孩同住、對於染上COVID-19的感知風險為中至高, 及焦慮症及抑鬱症篩檢結果為陽性。普遍人口當中, 與COVID-19疫情相關的創傷後壓力症狀普遍。我們的結果反映, 負責應對COVID-19疫情的醫療人員應預期會時常遇到人士有創傷後壓力相關的症狀及問題。 Simplified Chinese 标题: 在COVID-19疫情下, 爱尔兰的创伤后压力问题 撮要: 跟个人的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情体验相关的创伤后压力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出爱尔兰普遍人口当中, COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率、抑郁症及焦虑症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相关PTSD有关的社会人口风险因素。样本由爱尔兰共和国的成人普遍人口组成 (N = 1,041), 具全国代表性。他们完成了对所有研究变量的自评测量。COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率为17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 广泛性焦虑症(49.5\%)及抑郁症(53.8\%)的共病水平为高。符合患COVID-19相关的PTSD, 跟以下因素有关:年龄较小、性别为男性、住在市区、与小孩同住、对于染上COVID-19的感知风险为中至高, 及焦虑症及抑郁症筛检结果为阳性。普遍人口当中, 与COVID-19疫情相关的创伤后压力症状普遍。我们的结果反映, 负责应对COVID-19疫情的医疗人员应预期会时常遇到人士有创伤后压力相关的症状及问题。}, + abstract = {Abstract The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland ( N = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD was 17.7\% ( n = 184), 95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%], and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5\%) and depression (53.8\%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress. , Resumen Spanish Abstracts by Asociaci{\'o}n Chilena de Estr{\'e}s Traum{\'a}tico (ACET) Problemas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Irlanda TEPT DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 La prevalencia del trastorno por estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico (TEPT) en lo que respecta a las experiencias de las personas en la pandemia de COVID-19 a{\'u}n no se ha determinado. Este estudio se realiz{\'o} para determinar las tasas de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 en la poblaci{\'o}n general irlandesa, el nivel de comorbilidad con depresi{\'o}n y ansiedad, y los factores de riesgo sociodemogr{\'a}ficos asociados con el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19. Una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de adultos de la poblaci{\'o}n general de la Rep{\'u}blica de Irlanda ( N = 1,041) complet{\'o} medidas de autoinforme de todas las variables del estudio. La tasa de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 fue del 17.7\% ( n = 184), IC del 95\% [15.35\%, 19.99\%] y hubo un alto nivel de comorbilidad con ansiedad generalizada (49.5\%) y depresi{\'o}n (53.8\%). Cumplir con el requisito de diagn{\'o}stico para el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 se asoci{\'o} con una edad m{\'a}s joven, sexo masculino, vivir en una ciudad, vivir con ni{\~n}os, riesgo percibido moderado y alto de infecci{\'o}n por COVID-19 y detecci{\'o}n positiva de ansiedad o depresi{\'o}n. Los s{\'i}ntomas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19 son comunes en la poblaci{\'o}n general. Nuestros resultados muestran que los profesionales de la salud responsables de responder a la pandemia de COVID-19 deben esperar encontrar de forma rutinaria s{\'i}ntomas y preocupaciones relacionados con el estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico. , 抽象 Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS) 簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯 Posttraumatic stress problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland Traditional Chinese 標題: 在COVID-19疫情下, 愛爾蘭的創傷後壓力問題 撮要: 跟個人的2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)疫情體驗相關的創傷後壓力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出愛爾蘭普遍人口當中, COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率、抑鬱症及焦慮症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相關PTSD有關的社會人口風險因素。樣本由愛爾蘭共和國的成人普遍人口組成 (N = 1,041), 具全國代表性。他們完成了對所有研究變量的自評測量。COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率為17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 廣泛性焦慮症(49.5\%)及抑鬱症(53.8\%)的共病水平為高。符合患COVID-19相關的PTSD, 跟以下因素有關:年齡較小、性別為男性、住在市區、與小孩同住、對於染上COVID-19的感知風險為中至高, 及焦慮症及抑鬱症篩檢結果為陽性。普遍人口當中, 與COVID-19疫情相關的創傷後壓力症狀普遍。我們的結果反映, 負責應對COVID-19疫情的醫療人員應預期會時常遇到人士有創傷後壓力相關的症狀及問題。 Simplified Chinese 标题: 在COVID-19疫情下, 爱尔兰的创伤后压力问题 撮要: 跟个人的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情体验相关的创伤后压力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出爱尔兰普遍人口当中, COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率、抑郁症及焦虑症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相关PTSD有关的社会人口风险因素。样本由爱尔兰共和国的成人普遍人口组成 (N = 1,041), 具全国代表性。他们完成了对所有研究变量的自评测量。COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率为17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 广泛性焦虑症(49.5\%)及抑郁症(53.8\%)的共病水平为高。符合患COVID-19相关的PTSD, 跟以下因素有关:年龄较小、性别为男性、住在市区、与小孩同住、对于染上COVID-19的感知风险为中至高, 及焦虑症及抑郁症筛检结果为阳性。普遍人口当中, 与COVID-19疫情相关的创伤后压力症状普遍。我们的结果反映, 负责应对COVID-19疫情的医疗人员应预期会时常遇到人士有创伤后压力相关的症状及问题。}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -27643,7 +27835,7 @@ issn = {0003-1224, 1939-8271}, doi = {10.1177/000312240206700404}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Four major explanations for employment segregation---skill deficits, worker preferences, economic and organizational structure, and stereotyping/queuing---are assessed using a diverse and overlapping set of predictors: general skills and training, product market structure, race- and sex-typed tasks and conditions, desirable employment and growth rates, and links to other labor market actors. A two-stage measurement and analytic strategy controls for relevant worker-level factors. Data from the 1990 census PUMs are analyzed to measure the employment segregation of black women, black men, and white women in relation to white men across 1,917 labor market positions, net of human capital, family structure, geographic residence and labor supply. Archival data provide measures of variables characterizing labor market positions. Stereotyping and queuing explanations are broadly consistent with nearly all results, while a worker preference approach applies to somewhat fewer predictors and is largely but not wholly compatible with their effects. A skill deficits explanation applies to, and is supported by, a narrow set of findings, while the economic and organizational structure explanations are restricted in their relevance and receive limited support.}, + abstract = {Four major explanations for employment segregation{\textemdash}skill deficits, worker preferences, economic and organizational structure, and stereotyping/queuing{\textemdash}are assessed using a diverse and overlapping set of predictors: general skills and training, product market structure, race- and sex-typed tasks and conditions, desirable employment and growth rates, and links to other labor market actors. A two-stage measurement and analytic strategy controls for relevant worker-level factors. Data from the 1990 census PUMs are analyzed to measure the employment segregation of black women, black men, and white women in relation to white men across 1,917 labor market positions, net of human capital, family structure, geographic residence and labor supply. Archival data provide measures of variables characterizing labor market positions. Stereotyping and queuing explanations are broadly consistent with nearly all results, while a worker preference approach applies to somewhat fewer predictors and is largely but not wholly compatible with their effects. A skill deficits explanation applies to, and is supported by, a narrow set of findings, while the economic and organizational structure explanations are restricted in their relevance and receive limited support.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27661,7 +27853,7 @@ issn = {0309-1317, 1468-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00549.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Social and territorial structures form intricate relations that transcend a social stratification or spatial focus. Territorial features and geographic displacements are structuring principles for society, as societal features and social change effect the structure and use of territory. Based on our examination of the conceptual and theoretical links between spatial and social mobility, we propose a concept that represents a new form of inequality. Termed `motility', this construct describes the potential and actual capacity of goods, information or people to be mobile both geographically and socially. Three major features of motility --- access, competence and appropriation --- are introduced. In this article, we focus on conceptual and theoretical contributions of motility. In addition, we suggest a number of possible empirical investigations. Motility presents us with an innovative perspective on societal changes without prematurely committing researchers to work within structuralist or postmodern perspectives. More generally, we propose to revisit the fluidification debate in the social sciences with a battery of questions that do not begin and end with whether or not society is in flux. Instead, we introduce a field of research that takes advantage of the insights from competing paradigms in order to reveal the social dynamics and consequences of displacements in geographic and social space. Les structures sociales et territoriales forment des relations complexes qui d{\'e}passent toute stratification sociale ou convergence spatiale. Les caract{\'e}ristiques territoriales et d{\'e}placements g{\'e}ographiques sont, pour la soci{\'e}t{\'e}, des principes structurants, tout comme les caract{\'e}ristiques soci{\'e}tales et le changement social font na{\^i}tre la structure et l'usage d'un territoire. A partir d'un examen des liens conceptuels et th{\'e}oriques entre les mobilit{\'e}s spatiale et sociale, cet article propose un concept traduisant une nouvelle forme d'in{\'e}galit{\'e}: appel{\'e}`motilit{\'e}', il d{\'e}crit le potentiel et l'aptitude r{\'e}elle des marchandises, informations ou individus {\`a}{\^e}tre mobiles sur un plan tant g{\'e}ographique que social. Trois traits essentiels de la motilit{\'e}--- acc{\`e}s, comp{\'e}tence et appropriation --- sont pr{\'e}sent{\'e}s. Si l'article s'attache aux contributions conceptuelles et th{\'e}oriques de la motilit{\'e}, il sugg{\`e}re aussi plusieurs axes possibles d'{\'e}tudes empiriques. La motilit{\'e} offre une perspective novatrice sur les changements soci{\'e}taux, sans engager pr{\'e}matur{\'e}ment les travaux de recherches sur des rails structuralistes ou post-modernes. Plus g{\'e}n{\'e}ralement, il s'agit de revisiter le d{\'e}bat sur la fluidification en sciences sociales {\`a} l'aide d'une batterie de questions qui, ni au d{\'e}but ni {\`a} la fin, ne demande si la soci{\'e}t{\'e} est fluctuante ou non. En revanche, l'article propose un domaine de recherches qui exploite les r{\'e}flexions tir{\'e}es de paradigmes concurrents afin de r{\'e}v{\'e}ler la dynamique sociale et les cons{\'e}quences des d{\'e}placements dans l'espace g{\'e}ographique et social.}, + abstract = {Social and territorial structures form intricate relations that transcend a social stratification or spatial focus. Territorial features and geographic displacements are structuring principles for society, as societal features and social change effect the structure and use of territory. Based on our examination of the conceptual and theoretical links between spatial and social mobility, we propose a concept that represents a new form of inequality. Termed `motility', this construct describes the potential and actual capacity of goods, information or people to be mobile both geographically and socially. Three major features of motility {\textemdash} access, competence and appropriation {\textemdash} are introduced. In this article, we focus on conceptual and theoretical contributions of motility. In addition, we suggest a number of possible empirical investigations. Motility presents us with an innovative perspective on societal changes without prematurely committing researchers to work within structuralist or postmodern perspectives. More generally, we propose to revisit the fluidification debate in the social sciences with a battery of questions that do not begin and end with whether or not society is in flux. Instead, we introduce a field of research that takes advantage of the insights from competing paradigms in order to reveal the social dynamics and consequences of displacements in geographic and social space. Les structures sociales et territoriales forment des relations complexes qui d{\'e}passent toute stratification sociale ou convergence spatiale. Les caract{\'e}ristiques territoriales et d{\'e}placements g{\'e}ographiques sont, pour la soci{\'e}t{\'e}, des principes structurants, tout comme les caract{\'e}ristiques soci{\'e}tales et le changement social font na{\^i}tre la structure et l'usage d'un territoire. A partir d'un examen des liens conceptuels et th{\'e}oriques entre les mobilit{\'e}s spatiale et sociale, cet article propose un concept traduisant une nouvelle forme d'in{\'e}galit{\'e}: appel{\'e}`motilit{\'e}', il d{\'e}crit le potentiel et l'aptitude r{\'e}elle des marchandises, informations ou individus {\`a}{\^e}tre mobiles sur un plan tant g{\'e}ographique que social. Trois traits essentiels de la motilit{\'e}{\textemdash} acc{\`e}s, comp{\'e}tence et appropriation {\textemdash} sont pr{\'e}sent{\'e}s. Si l'article s'attache aux contributions conceptuelles et th{\'e}oriques de la motilit{\'e}, il sugg{\`e}re aussi plusieurs axes possibles d'{\'e}tudes empiriques. La motilit{\'e} offre une perspective novatrice sur les changements soci{\'e}taux, sans engager pr{\'e}matur{\'e}ment les travaux de recherches sur des rails structuralistes ou post-modernes. Plus g{\'e}n{\'e}ralement, il s'agit de revisiter le d{\'e}bat sur la fluidification en sciences sociales {\`a} l'aide d'une batterie de questions qui, ni au d{\'e}but ni {\`a} la fin, ne demande si la soci{\'e}t{\'e} est fluctuante ou non. En revanche, l'article propose un domaine de recherches qui exploite les r{\'e}flexions tir{\'e}es de paradigmes concurrents afin de r{\'e}v{\'e}ler la dynamique sociale et les cons{\'e}quences des d{\'e}placements dans l'espace g{\'e}ographique et social.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27692,7 +27884,7 @@ } @article{Kausto2008, - title = {Partial Sick Leave---Review of Its Use, Effects and Feasibility in the {{Nordic}} Countries}, + title = {Partial Sick Leave{\textemdash}Review of Its Use, Effects and Feasibility in the {{Nordic}} Countries}, author = {Kausto, Johanna and Miranda, Helena and Martimo, Kari-Pekka and {Viikari-Juntura}, Eira}, year = {2008}, month = aug, @@ -27795,7 +27987,7 @@ issn = {0364-2313, 1432-2323}, doi = {10.1007/s00268-015-3332-x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Compared with male surgeons, women have less success advancing their careers and are underrepresented in leadership positions in surgery. The purpose of this study is to identify the qualifications necessary to become leaders in surgery and the career barriers faced by women surgeons in various cultural environments. Methods A survey was performed with women surgeons in Japan, USA, Finland, and Hong Kong, China, to assess various barriers faced by women surgeons in the respective countries. To develop appropriate survey tool, a preliminary questionnaire was distributed to leaders in surgery and also in various organizations worldwide. Results The response rate was 23 \% with 225 of 964 survey returned. Japanese women surgeons identify lacked family support as impeding a successful surgical career. US women surgeons feel more latent gender discrimination. Finnish women surgeons are less likely to need to sacrifice work--life balance, when holding leadership positions. Women surgeons worldwide are highly motivated to develop their career and agree the percentage of women surgeons in leadership positions should be increased. Conclusions Women surgeons in different countries perceive different challenges. We must develop strategies and should not hesitate to negotiate to overcome these issues to reach leadership positions in surgery. This may be accomplished through networking worldwide to improve current conditions and obstacles.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Compared with male surgeons, women have less success advancing their careers and are underrepresented in leadership positions in surgery. The purpose of this study is to identify the qualifications necessary to become leaders in surgery and the career barriers faced by women surgeons in various cultural environments. Methods A survey was performed with women surgeons in Japan, USA, Finland, and Hong Kong, China, to assess various barriers faced by women surgeons in the respective countries. To develop appropriate survey tool, a preliminary questionnaire was distributed to leaders in surgery and also in various organizations worldwide. Results The response rate was 23 \% with 225 of 964 survey returned. Japanese women surgeons identify lacked family support as impeding a successful surgical career. US women surgeons feel more latent gender discrimination. Finnish women surgeons are less likely to need to sacrifice work{\textendash}life balance, when holding leadership positions. Women surgeons worldwide are highly motivated to develop their career and agree the percentage of women surgeons in leadership positions should be increased. Conclusions Women surgeons in different countries perceive different challenges. We must develop strategies and should not hesitate to negotiate to overcome these issues to reach leadership positions in surgery. This may be accomplished through networking worldwide to improve current conditions and obstacles.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27869,7 +28061,7 @@ year = {2009}, month = jun, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-4976}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -27884,8 +28076,8 @@ month = may, number = {w18115}, pages = {w18115}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w18115}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -27900,8 +28092,8 @@ month = jun, number = {w26006}, pages = {w26006}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w26006}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -27937,7 +28129,7 @@ issn = {0895-3309}, doi = {10.1257/jep.26.2.141}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire---and 15 times more likely to give birth as a teen compared to a teenage girl in Switzerland. We examine teen birth rates alongside pregnancy, abortion, and ``shotgun'' marriage rates as well as the antecedent behaviors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We demonstrate that variation in income inequality across U.S. states and developed countries can explain a sizable share of the geographic variation in teen childbearing. Our reading of the totality of evidence leads us to conclude that being on a low economic trajectory in life leads many teenage girls to have children while they are young and unmarried. Teen childbearing is explained by the low economic trajectory but is not an additional cause of later difficulties in life. Surprisingly, teen birth itself does not appear to have much direct economic consequence. Our view is that teen childbearing is so high in the United States because of underlying social and economic problems. It reflects a decision among a set of girls to ``drop-out'' of the economic mainstream; they choose nonmarital motherhood at a young age instead of investing in their own economic progress because they feel they have little chance of advancement.}, + abstract = {Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire{\textemdash}and 15 times more likely to give birth as a teen compared to a teenage girl in Switzerland. We examine teen birth rates alongside pregnancy, abortion, and ``shotgun'' marriage rates as well as the antecedent behaviors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We demonstrate that variation in income inequality across U.S. states and developed countries can explain a sizable share of the geographic variation in teen childbearing. Our reading of the totality of evidence leads us to conclude that being on a low economic trajectory in life leads many teenage girls to have children while they are young and unmarried. Teen childbearing is explained by the low economic trajectory but is not an additional cause of later difficulties in life. Surprisingly, teen birth itself does not appear to have much direct economic consequence. Our view is that teen childbearing is so high in the United States because of underlying social and economic problems. It reflects a decision among a set of girls to ``drop-out'' of the economic mainstream; they choose nonmarital motherhood at a young age instead of investing in their own economic progress because they feel they have little chance of advancement.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -28260,7 +28452,7 @@ issn = {0045-0766, 1440-1630}, doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1630.2005.00475.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background and Aims:{\enspace} Work plays an important role in adults' well-being, irrespective of health status. Vocational rehabilitation can enable people with mental illness to return to open employment. A narrative approach was used to explore how individuals with a mental illness made sense of their work-related experiences. Methods and Results:{\enspace} Four Clubhouse members in open employment for at least 6~months completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, from which narratives were created to reveal events, significant persons and actions that assisted these individuals to resume work. Woven into the participants' stories were four `impelling forces' contributing to a sense-of-self as a worker. These impelling forces were: support from significant others, the personal meaning of work, experiences within the Clubhouse programme, and the ongoing struggle with illness. Implications for occupational therapy practice are discussed. Conclusion:{\enspace} The findings of this study urge occupational therapists and others to provide opportunities to provide on-going support to people with a mental illness who seek paid employment.}, + abstract = {Background and Aims:\hspace{0.6em} Work plays an important role in adults' well-being, irrespective of health status. Vocational rehabilitation can enable people with mental illness to return to open employment. A narrative approach was used to explore how individuals with a mental illness made sense of their work-related experiences. Methods and Results:\hspace{0.6em} Four Clubhouse members in open employment for at least 6~months completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, from which narratives were created to reveal events, significant persons and actions that assisted these individuals to resume work. Woven into the participants' stories were four `impelling forces' contributing to a sense-of-self as a worker. These impelling forces were: support from significant others, the personal meaning of work, experiences within the Clubhouse programme, and the ongoing struggle with illness. Implications for occupational therapy practice are discussed. Conclusion:\hspace{0.6em} The findings of this study urge occupational therapists and others to provide opportunities to provide on-going support to people with a mental illness who seek paid employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -28348,7 +28540,7 @@ } @article{Kerr2002, - title = {Sex-{{Based Occupational Segregation}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{State Bureaucracies}}, 1987--97}, + title = {Sex-{{Based Occupational Segregation}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{State Bureaucracies}}, 1987{\textendash}97}, author = {Kerr, Brinck and Miller, Will and Reid, Margaret}, year = {2002}, month = jan, @@ -28359,7 +28551,7 @@ issn = {0033-3352, 1540-6210}, doi = {10.1111/0033-3352.00195}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Is the extent of sex-based occupational segregation in U.S. state bureaucracies related to agency policy missions? Drawing on arguments by Lowi (1985), we contend that levels of sex-based occupational segregation in state bureaucracies vary depending on whether an agency's policy mission is distributive, regulatory, or redistributive. We employ data on the distribution of administrative and professional employees by sex in several types of state agencies across all 50 states for 1987--97. Our findings indicate high levels of occupational segregation among administrative cadres in agencies with distributive and regulatory policy commitments; however, professional workforces in these agencies have become less gender segregated over time. We find no evidence of occupational segregation among administrative and professional workforces in redistributive agencies. We argue that researchers need to examine the relationship between glass walls and other kinds of sex-based employment impediments, such as glass ceilings.}, + abstract = {Is the extent of sex-based occupational segregation in U.S. state bureaucracies related to agency policy missions? Drawing on arguments by Lowi (1985), we contend that levels of sex-based occupational segregation in state bureaucracies vary depending on whether an agency's policy mission is distributive, regulatory, or redistributive. We employ data on the distribution of administrative and professional employees by sex in several types of state agencies across all 50 states for 1987{\textendash}97. Our findings indicate high levels of occupational segregation among administrative cadres in agencies with distributive and regulatory policy commitments; however, professional workforces in these agencies have become less gender segregated over time. We find no evidence of occupational segregation among administrative and professional workforces in redistributive agencies. We argue that researchers need to examine the relationship between glass walls and other kinds of sex-based employment impediments, such as glass ceilings.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -28462,7 +28654,7 @@ month = nov, eprint = {10.2307/j.ctt183p1j8}, eprinttype = {jstor}, - publisher = {Pluto Press}, + publisher = {{Pluto Press}}, doi = {10.2307/j.ctt183p1j8}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-78371-220-5 978-0-7453-3520-9}, @@ -29106,6 +29298,25 @@ abstract = {Supported employment is an evidence-based practice with a well-established research base. Most studies track such outcomes as employment rates, time to employment and wages earned. Few studies address client and contextual factors that impact outcomes or consider program elements beyond those that comprise the individual placement and support model. This paper reviews existing literature to shed light on the following questions: (1) What impact do labour market trends have on the effectiveness of SE? (2) How lasting are the effects of SE and what factors influence longevity of SE effects? (3) What levels and types of employment are targeted by SE? (4) What are the characteristics of people who benefit from SE? (5) What is the role of peer support in SE? and (6) What are the barriers to effective SE implementation? Research findings are synthesized and suggestions for service enhancements are offered so that the model can continue to evolve.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::age,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,intervention::employment_support,out::title,outcome::employment,outcome::job_quality,review::narrative,snowball_source}, + note = {review of factors influencing LM outcomes of supported employment interventions for people with disabilities +\par +main findings: +\par +- most employment support literature only looks at overall efficacy of interventions, with little prudence for intersectional inequality variations +\par +inequalities: +\par +- men more likely to be employed (argue possibly due to manual labour of many jobs) +\par +- older people less likely to be employed (age+, change-) +\par +- older women more likely to be employed than men +\par +- education very important in employment outcomes +\par +policy recc: +\par +- vocational rehabilitation}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6PID2PJX/Kirsh_2016_Client, Contextual and Program Elements Influencing Supported Employment.pdf} } @@ -29227,6 +29438,7 @@ abstract = {Business training is a widely used development tool, yet little is known about its impact. We study the effects of such a business training program held in Central America. To deal with endogenous selection into the training program, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the fact that a fixed number of applicants are taken into the training program based on a pre-training score. Business training significantly increases the probability that an applicant to the workshop starts a business or expands an existing business. Results also suggest gender heterogeneity as well as the presence of financial constraints.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::El Salvador,country::Guatemala,country::Nicaragua,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on a business training program by TechnoServe for entrepeneurial participants from Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua to find out its effects on self-employment probability (business start) and number of employees (business expansion).\textbf{The program consisted of an initial round of classroom training, and a second round of more individual training with competitions possible granting participants prize money.\textbf{It finds that the classroom training part of the program had a significant positive effect on business expansion, but no significant effect on business starts.\textbf{The full training including more individually 1-on-1 training, however, had a significant effect both on business starts and business expansions, with won prize money having a large significant impact on both, especially for women.\textbf{This suggests an overall constraint on business start and expansion through financial barriers, with the constraint being larger for women.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:52:03Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CY4FD5CA/Klinger2011_Can_entrepreneurial_activity_be_taught.pdf} } @@ -29254,7 +29466,7 @@ author = {Klugman, Jeni and Hanmer, Lucia and Twigg, Sarah and Hasan, Tazeen and {McCleary-Sills}, Jennifer and Santamaria, Julieth}, year = {2014}, month = sep, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-0359-8}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-4648-0359-8 978-1-4648-0360-4}, @@ -29458,7 +29670,7 @@ issn = {1479-5868}, doi = {10.1186/1479-5868-9-147}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Major life events are associated with a change in daily routine and could thus also affect habitual levels of physical activity. Major life events remain largely unexplored as determinants of older adults' participation in physical activity and sports. This study focused on two major life events, widowhood and retirement, and asked whether these major life events were associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports participation. Methods Data from the first (1992--93) and second (1995--96) wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), a prospective cohort study among Dutch adults aged 55 and older, were used. Change in marital status and employment status between baseline and follow-up was assessed by self-report. Time spent in MVPA (min/d) and sports participation (yes/no) was calculated based on the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association of retirement and widowhood with MVPA and sports participation was assessed in separate multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses, respectively. Results Widowhood - N=136 versus 1324 stable married- was not associated with MVPA (B= 3.5 [95\%CI:-57.9;64.9]) or sports participation (OR= 0.8 [95\%CI:0.5;1.3]). Retired participants (N= 65) significantly increased their time spent in MVPA (B= 32.5 [95\%CI:17.8;47.1]) compared to participants who continued to be employed (N= 121), but not their sports participation. Age was a significant effect modifier (B= 7.5 [90\%CI:-1.1;13.8]), indicating a greater increase in MVPA in older retirees. Discussion Our results suggest that the associations found varied by the two major life events under investigation. MVPA increased after retirement, but no association with widowhood was seen.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Major life events are associated with a change in daily routine and could thus also affect habitual levels of physical activity. Major life events remain largely unexplored as determinants of older adults' participation in physical activity and sports. This study focused on two major life events, widowhood and retirement, and asked whether these major life events were associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports participation. Methods Data from the first (1992{\textendash}93) and second (1995{\textendash}96) wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), a prospective cohort study among Dutch adults aged 55 and older, were used. Change in marital status and employment status between baseline and follow-up was assessed by self-report. Time spent in MVPA (min/d) and sports participation (yes/no) was calculated based on the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association of retirement and widowhood with MVPA and sports participation was assessed in separate multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses, respectively. Results Widowhood - N=136 versus 1324 stable married- was not associated with MVPA (B= 3.5 [95\%CI:-57.9;64.9]) or sports participation (OR= 0.8 [95\%CI:0.5;1.3]). Retired participants (N= 65) significantly increased their time spent in MVPA (B= 32.5 [95\%CI:17.8;47.1]) compared to participants who continued to be employed (N= 121), but not their sports participation. Age was a significant effect modifier (B= 7.5 [90\%CI:-1.1;13.8]), indicating a greater increase in MVPA in older retirees. Discussion Our results suggest that the associations found varied by the two major life events under investigation. MVPA increased after retirement, but no association with widowhood was seen.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -29591,8 +29803,8 @@ } @article{Konrad2012, - title = {Is Using Work--Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move? {{An}} Examination of Women, Men, Lone Parents, and Parents with Partners}, - shorttitle = {Is Using Work--Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move?}, + title = {Is Using Work{\textendash}Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move? {{An}} Examination of Women, Men, Lone Parents, and Parents with Partners}, + shorttitle = {Is Using Work{\textendash}Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move?}, author = {Konrad, Alison M. and Yang, Yang}, year = {2012}, month = nov, @@ -29603,7 +29815,7 @@ issn = {0894-3796, 1099-1379}, doi = {10.1002/job.1782}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Summary Using a large national sample based on Workplace and Employee Survey data collected by Statistics Canada in 2001 and 2002, we examined the effects of employee usage of seven organizational work--life interface benefits on promotions. Analysis predicted promotions in 2002 when number of promotions received by 2001 were controlled. The main effect of using work--life interface benefits on promotions was positive, indicating that using these benefits is not a career-limiting move. Gender, presence of young children, and marital status interacted with the use of work--life interface benefits. Single parents benefitted less than other employees from using work--life interface options. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ongoing positive effects of conservation of time and energy resources for employees outweigh the initial short-term negative effects of signaling and stigmatization. Copyright {\copyright} 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, + abstract = {Summary Using a large national sample based on Workplace and Employee Survey data collected by Statistics Canada in 2001 and 2002, we examined the effects of employee usage of seven organizational work{\textendash}life interface benefits on promotions. Analysis predicted promotions in 2002 when number of promotions received by 2001 were controlled. The main effect of using work{\textendash}life interface benefits on promotions was positive, indicating that using these benefits is not a career-limiting move. Gender, presence of young children, and marital status interacted with the use of work{\textendash}life interface benefits. Single parents benefitted less than other employees from using work{\textendash}life interface options. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ongoing positive effects of conservation of time and energy resources for employees outweigh the initial short-term negative effects of signaling and stigmatization. Copyright {\copyright} 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -29769,7 +29981,7 @@ title = {Leading {{Change}}}, author = {Kotter, John P.}, year = {2011}, - publisher = {Vahlen}, + publisher = {{Vahlen}}, doi = {10.15358/9783800646159}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-3-8006-4615-9}, @@ -29806,7 +30018,7 @@ issn = {1758-0846, 1758-0854}, doi = {10.1111/aphw.12234}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism--collectivism, and perceived stress. Methods We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020. Results Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.}, + abstract = {Background To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism{\textendash}collectivism, and perceived stress. Methods We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020. Results Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -29833,7 +30045,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {11}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {Workshop on Growth, Dynamics, and Economic Policy in honor of Stephen J Turnovsky, Inst Adv Studies (IHS), Vienna, AUSTRIA, MAY 20-22, 2010} } @article{Kraft2018, @@ -29865,7 +30078,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-10-2013-0076}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanisms by which decisions about others are affected by the information known about them. The authors argue that the availability of information about deep-level attributes diminishes the role of surface-level attributes in how people make decisions about others. The authors posit that individuals will make discriminatory decisions based on surface-level attributes when only this information is available; but, as predicted by the integration-and-learning perspective, the availability of information about deep-level attributes will reduce surface-level attribute discrimination. Although discrimination will not disappear completely, it will shift its focal point toward a person's deep-level attributes. Design/methodology/approach -- Data were collected from subjects in two studies, with 52 subjects in Study 1 and 230 in Study 2. Paired-samples t -test and mixed effects GLS regression were used to test the hypotheses. Findings -- When presented with surface-level attributes of a target person, subjects demonstrated discriminatory behaviors based on race and sex. However, when subjects were presented with surface-level attributes along with deep-level attributes about a target person, subjects made decisions based on deep-level attribute similarities and disregarded surface-level information. Research limitations/implications -- The authors interpret the findings to mean that enhancing information about others shifts favoritism and discrimination based on surface-level attributes to ``deeper'' grounds. Originality/value -- This study demonstrates how multiple identities and values that individuals possess, and of which they become aware of in others, affect decision-making behavior toward others. It elucidates the mechanisms by which providing individuals with meaningful information about others can help them overcome, or at least reduce, surface-level discriminatory decision making.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanisms by which decisions about others are affected by the information known about them. The authors argue that the availability of information about deep-level attributes diminishes the role of surface-level attributes in how people make decisions about others. The authors posit that individuals will make discriminatory decisions based on surface-level attributes when only this information is available; but, as predicted by the integration-and-learning perspective, the availability of information about deep-level attributes will reduce surface-level attribute discrimination. Although discrimination will not disappear completely, it will shift its focal point toward a person's deep-level attributes. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Data were collected from subjects in two studies, with 52 subjects in Study 1 and 230 in Study 2. Paired-samples t -test and mixed effects GLS regression were used to test the hypotheses. Findings {\textendash} When presented with surface-level attributes of a target person, subjects demonstrated discriminatory behaviors based on race and sex. However, when subjects were presented with surface-level attributes along with deep-level attributes about a target person, subjects made decisions based on deep-level attribute similarities and disregarded surface-level information. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The authors interpret the findings to mean that enhancing information about others shifts favoritism and discrimination based on surface-level attributes to ``deeper'' grounds. Originality/value {\textendash} This study demonstrates how multiple identities and values that individuals possess, and of which they become aware of in others, affect decision-making behavior toward others. It elucidates the mechanisms by which providing individuals with meaningful information about others can help them overcome, or at least reduce, surface-level discriminatory decision making.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -29998,6 +30211,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy/AAG-4908-2019}, unique-id = {WOS:000736377000001}, keywords = {country::Russia,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects on the employer side of employment subsidies in Russia, analyzing the resulting employment, profitability and firm survival.\textbf{It is done in the wake of the economic shock of COVID-19, under which a program in Russia was started subsidizing SMEs ({$<$}250 employees) with a minimum wage grant for retaining 90\% of their work force.\textbf{It finds that there are no significant effects on either of firm survival or profitability and it also did not affect employee's probability of remaining employed.\textbf{The study argues an optimal subsidy should incentivize firms toward the socially optimal decision of shutting down or remaining open, depending on the shadow price of labor, shock permanence and re-opening costs and subsidy targeting should follow this logic to off-set shocks just enough to stay in business.\textbf{However, with the limited amount of information available to policy implementers (program used primary industry code) and the overall limited scope possible for the Russian subsidy program this was not able to be done here, for example targeting firms that were not planning to reduce employment in the first place.\textbf{The study authors instead recommend to implement a universal wage subsidy program which is not targeted by being conditioned on being in specific affected industries.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -30005,7 +30219,8 @@ type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, title = {Poverty Targeting, Resource Degradation and Heterogeneous Endowments - {{A}} Micro-Simulation Analysis of a Less-Favored {{Ethiopian}} Village}, author = {Kuiper, Marijke and Ruben, Ruerd}, - year = {2007-09/2007-11}, + year = {2007}, + month = sep, journal = {AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, volume = {37}, number = {2-3}, @@ -30022,7 +30237,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {17}, web-of-science-categories = {Agricultural Economics \& Policy; Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {26th Meeting of the International-Association-of-Agricultural-Economists (IAAE), Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, AUG 12-18, 2006} } @incollection{Kuiper2007a, @@ -30147,6 +30363,19 @@ abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the themes of relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation; and to identify the factors which determine females to participate in labor market. The paper uses a framework incorporating a U-shaped relationship between FLFP and economic growth, gender wise wage disparity and economic, social, cultural and other factors which affects FLFP. Design/methodology/approach Thematically, the selected literature falls into three main categories: the relationship between FLFP and economic growth; disparity in work participation in terms of male and female wages; and drivers or determinants of FLFP which have been described using international documents and experiences of the different countries. The review closes by identifying gaps in the existing research base and by suggesting areas for inquiry that have been untouched and warrant further research. Findings The key findings emerging from this examination of literature show that the FLFP rate exhibits a U-shaped during the process of economic development. Also, there are evidences of gender pay disparity across the sectors which have been justified by documenting a large number of existing literatures. Demographic factors (including fertility, migration, marriages and child care), economic factors (including unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job and infrastructure) and other explanatory variables which include the regulatory context encompassing family and childcare policies, tax regimes, and presence of subsidized health-care for workers determine the FLFP. Practical implications This paper suggests that in order to bring equality in gender pay gap, there is a requirement of replacing the traditional value system. There is need to provide an environment in which women are encouraged and supported in their efforts, in which women have equitable access to resources and opportunities. Social implications This paper addresses the impact of education, culture and child care subsidies on female labor participation. They positively impact FLFP and such a link has not been sufficiently addressed in prior literature. Originality/value In contrast to previous studies which document a broad-based picture of female work participation, this type of research deals with the link between economic growth and female labor participation, gender wage disparity and determinants of it which has been largely unexplored so far.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,outcome::labour_supply,review::narrative,review::systematic,sample::database,snowball_source,TODO::review}, + note = {systematic review looking at relationship of female labour force participation and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation +\par +main findings: U-shaped part. rate; evidence of gender pay disparity across sectors +\par +channels affecting FLFP: +\par +- demographic factors (fertility, migration, marriages, child care) +\par +- economic factors (unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job, infrastructure) +\par +- regulatory context (family and childcare policies, tax regimes, presence of subsidized healthcare) +\par +policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system based on inequality of sexes (with females playing subordinate role)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5AR58NJ2/Kumari2018_Economic_growth,_disparity,_and_determinants_of_female_labor_force_participation.pdf} } @@ -30207,7 +30436,7 @@ } @article{Kuo2018, - title = {Gender Role Beliefs, Work--Family Conflict, and Father Involvement after the Birth of a Second Child.}, + title = {Gender Role Beliefs, Work{\textendash}Family Conflict, and Father Involvement after the Birth of a Second Child.}, author = {Kuo, Patty X. and Volling, Brenda L. and Gonzalez, Richard}, year = {2018}, month = apr, @@ -30230,7 +30459,7 @@ year = {2015}, month = jan, pages = {340--360}, - publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, + publisher = {{Edward Elgar Publishing}}, doi = {10.4337/9781784712105.00023}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-78471-210-5 978-1-78471-209-9}, @@ -30272,7 +30501,7 @@ issn = {1758-2652, 1758-2652}, doi = {10.7448/IAS.17.1.19232}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) violates women's human rights, and it is a serious public health concern associated with increased HIV risk. SASA!, a phased community mobilization intervention, engages communities to prevent IPV and promote gender equity. The SASA! study assessed the community-level impact of SASA! on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics. Methods Data were collected as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted between 2007 and 2012 in eight communities in Kampala. An adjusted cluster-level intention to treat analysis, compares secondary outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up. The qualitative evaluation explored participants' subjective experience of SASA!. A total of 82 in-depth interviews were audio recorded at follow-up, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Men in intervention communities were significantly more likely than controls to report a broad range of HIV-protective behaviours, including higher levels of condom use (aRR 2.03, 95\% CI 1.22--3.39), HIV testing (aRR 1.50, 95\% CI 1.13--2.00) and fewer concurrent partners (aRR 0.60, 95\% CI 0.37--0.97). They were also more likely to report increased joint decision-making (aRR 1.92, 95\% CI 1.27--2.91), greater male participation in household tasks (aRR 1.48, 95\% CI 1.09--2.01), more open communication and greater appreciation of their partner's work inside (aRR 1.31, 95\% CI 1.04--1.66) and outside (aRR 1.49, 95\% CI 1.08--2.06) the home. For women, all outcomes were in the hypothesized direction, but effect sizes were smaller. Only some achieved statistical significance. Women in intervention communities were significantly more likely to report being able to refuse sex with their partners (aRR 1.16, 95\% CI 1.00--1.35), joint decision-making (aRR 1.37, 95\% CI 1.06--1.78) and more open communication on a number of indicators. Qualitative interviews suggest that shifts operated through broader improvements in relationships, including increased trust and cooperation, participants' greater awareness of the connections between HIV and IPV and their resultant desire to improve their relationships. Barriers to change include partial uptake of SASA!, partner resistance, fear and entrenched previous beliefs. Conclusions SASA! impacted positively on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics at a community level, especially among men. Social change programmes focusing on IPV and gender equity could play an important role in HIV prevention efforts.}, + abstract = {Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) violates women's human rights, and it is a serious public health concern associated with increased HIV risk. SASA!, a phased community mobilization intervention, engages communities to prevent IPV and promote gender equity. The SASA! study assessed the community-level impact of SASA! on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics. Methods Data were collected as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted between 2007 and 2012 in eight communities in Kampala. An adjusted cluster-level intention to treat analysis, compares secondary outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up. The qualitative evaluation explored participants' subjective experience of SASA!. A total of 82 in-depth interviews were audio recorded at follow-up, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Men in intervention communities were significantly more likely than controls to report a broad range of HIV-protective behaviours, including higher levels of condom use (aRR 2.03, 95\% CI 1.22{\textendash}3.39), HIV testing (aRR 1.50, 95\% CI 1.13{\textendash}2.00) and fewer concurrent partners (aRR 0.60, 95\% CI 0.37{\textendash}0.97). They were also more likely to report increased joint decision-making (aRR 1.92, 95\% CI 1.27{\textendash}2.91), greater male participation in household tasks (aRR 1.48, 95\% CI 1.09{\textendash}2.01), more open communication and greater appreciation of their partner's work inside (aRR 1.31, 95\% CI 1.04{\textendash}1.66) and outside (aRR 1.49, 95\% CI 1.08{\textendash}2.06) the home. For women, all outcomes were in the hypothesized direction, but effect sizes were smaller. Only some achieved statistical significance. Women in intervention communities were significantly more likely to report being able to refuse sex with their partners (aRR 1.16, 95\% CI 1.00{\textendash}1.35), joint decision-making (aRR 1.37, 95\% CI 1.06{\textendash}1.78) and more open communication on a number of indicators. Qualitative interviews suggest that shifts operated through broader improvements in relationships, including increased trust and cooperation, participants' greater awareness of the connections between HIV and IPV and their resultant desire to improve their relationships. Barriers to change include partial uptake of SASA!, partner resistance, fear and entrenched previous beliefs. Conclusions SASA! impacted positively on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics at a community level, especially among men. Social change programmes focusing on IPV and gender equity could play an important role in HIV prevention efforts.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -30317,7 +30546,7 @@ issn = {0355-3140, 1795-990X}, doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3290}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Objectives Retirement from paid work is a major life event facing increasingly large numbers of people in the coming years. We examined trajectories of mental health five years before and five years after old-age and disability retirement using data on purchases of psychotropic drugs. Methods The study included all employees from the City of Helsinki, Finland, retiring between 2000--2008 due to old age (N=4456) or disability (N=2549). Purchases of psychotropic drugs were analyzed in 20 3-month intervals before and after retirement using graphical methods and growth curve models. Results Old-age retirement was unrelated to purchases of psychotropic drugs. Among disability retirees, psychotropic medication tripled before retirement. The average increase was 0.95 [95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) 0.73--1.16] daily defined doses (DDD) 5--1.5 years before retirement; from 1.5 years until retirement it was 5.68 DDD (95\% CI 5.33--6.03) for each 3-month interval. After disability retirement, purchases of antidepressants decreased on average by 0.40 DDD (95\% CI 0.57--0.23) for each 3-month interval, those of hypnotics and sedatives increased by 0.30 DDD (95\% CI 0.12--0.47), and no changes were seen for other psychotropic drugs. The changes before and after retirement were largest among those who retired due to mental disorders and those whose retirement had been granted as temporary. Conclusions While no overall decrease in psychotropic medication after retirement was observed, purchases of antidepressants decreased after disability retirement. Long-term trajectories suggest that disability retirement might be prevented if mental health problems were tackled more efficiently earlier in the pre-retirement period.}, + abstract = {Objectives Retirement from paid work is a major life event facing increasingly large numbers of people in the coming years. We examined trajectories of mental health five years before and five years after old-age and disability retirement using data on purchases of psychotropic drugs. Methods The study included all employees from the City of Helsinki, Finland, retiring between 2000{\textendash}2008 due to old age (N=4456) or disability (N=2549). Purchases of psychotropic drugs were analyzed in 20 3-month intervals before and after retirement using graphical methods and growth curve models. Results Old-age retirement was unrelated to purchases of psychotropic drugs. Among disability retirees, psychotropic medication tripled before retirement. The average increase was 0.95 [95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) 0.73{\textendash}1.16] daily defined doses (DDD) 5{\textendash}1.5 years before retirement; from 1.5 years until retirement it was 5.68 DDD (95\% CI 5.33{\textendash}6.03) for each 3-month interval. After disability retirement, purchases of antidepressants decreased on average by 0.40 DDD (95\% CI 0.57{\textendash}0.23) for each 3-month interval, those of hypnotics and sedatives increased by 0.30 DDD (95\% CI 0.12{\textendash}0.47), and no changes were seen for other psychotropic drugs. The changes before and after retirement were largest among those who retired due to mental disorders and those whose retirement had been granted as temporary. Conclusions While no overall decrease in psychotropic medication after retirement was observed, purchases of antidepressants decreased after disability retirement. Long-term trajectories suggest that disability retirement might be prevented if mental health problems were tackled more efficiently earlier in the pre-retirement period.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Finland,inequality::disability,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -30724,7 +30953,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Exchanging Sex for Material Resources: {{Reinforcement}} of Gender and Oppressive Survival Strategy}, author = {Lavee, Einat}, - year = {2016-05/2016-06}, + year = {2016}, + month = may, journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM}, volume = {56}, pages = {83--91}, @@ -30943,7 +31173,7 @@ issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455}, doi = {10.1287/orsc.2017.1172}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Recent studies find that female-led ventures are penalized relative to male-led ventures as a result of role incongruity or a perceived ``lack of fit'' between female stereotypes and expected personal qualities of business entrepreneurs. We examine whether social impact framing that emphasizes a venture's social--environmental welfare benefits, which research has shown to elicit stereotypically feminine attributions of warmth, diminishes these penalties. We initially investigate this proposition in a field study of evaluations of early-stage ventures and find evidence of lessened gender penalties for female-led ventures that are presented using a social impact frame. In a second study, we experimentally validate this effect and show that it is mediated by the effect of social impact framing on perceptions of the entrepreneur's warmth. The effect of social impact frames on venture evaluations did not apply to men, was not a result of perceptions of increased competence, and was not conditional on the gender of evaluators. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that social impact framing increases attributions of warmth for all entrepreneurs but with positive consequences on business evaluation only for female-led ventures, for which increased perceptions of warmth attenuate female entrepreneurs' gender role incongruity. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1172 .}, + abstract = {Recent studies find that female-led ventures are penalized relative to male-led ventures as a result of role incongruity or a perceived ``lack of fit'' between female stereotypes and expected personal qualities of business entrepreneurs. We examine whether social impact framing that emphasizes a venture's social{\textendash}environmental welfare benefits, which research has shown to elicit stereotypically feminine attributions of warmth, diminishes these penalties. We initially investigate this proposition in a field study of evaluations of early-stage ventures and find evidence of lessened gender penalties for female-led ventures that are presented using a social impact frame. In a second study, we experimentally validate this effect and show that it is mediated by the effect of social impact framing on perceptions of the entrepreneur's warmth. The effect of social impact frames on venture evaluations did not apply to men, was not a result of perceptions of increased competence, and was not conditional on the gender of evaluators. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that social impact framing increases attributions of warmth for all entrepreneurs but with positive consequences on business evaluation only for female-led ventures, for which increased perceptions of warmth attenuate female entrepreneurs' gender role incongruity. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1172 .}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -31055,9 +31285,12 @@ issn = {0143-005X, 1470-2738}, doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-205719}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background With an ageing society and increasing retirement ages, it is important to understand how employability can be promoted in older workers with health problems. The current study aimed to determine whether (1) different chronic health problems predict transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement, and (2) how work-related factors modify these associations. Methods Self-report questionnaire data was used from the Dutch longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation with 3\>years of follow-up (2010--2013), among employees aged 45--64\>years (N=8149). The influence of baseline chronic health problems and work-related factors on transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement during follow-up was estimated in a competing risks proportional hazards model. Relative excess risk of transitions due to the interaction between chronic health problems and work-related factors was assessed. Results Severe headache, diabetes mellitus and musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive and psychological health problems predicted an increased risk of disability benefits (HR range 1.78--2.79). Circulatory (HR=1.35) and psychological health problems (HR=2.58) predicted unemployment, and musculoskeletal (HR=1.23) and psychological health problems (HR=1.57) predicted early retirement. Work-related factors did not modify the influence of health problems on unemployment or early retirement. Psychosocial work-related factors, especially autonomy, modified the influence of health problems on disability benefits. Specifically, among workers with health problems, higher autonomy, higher support and lower psychological job demands reduced the risk of disability benefits by 82\%, 49\%, and 11\%, respectively. Conclusions All health problems affected disability benefits to a similar extent, but psychological health problems especially predicted unemployment and early retirement. For older workers with health problems, promoting an optimal work environment has the potential to contribute to sustainable employment.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background With an ageing society and increasing retirement ages, it is important to understand how employability can be promoted in older workers with health problems. The current study aimed to determine whether (1) different chronic health problems predict transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement, and (2) how work-related factors modify these associations. Methods Self-report questionnaire data was used from the Dutch longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation with 3\hspace{0.25em}years of follow-up (2010{\textendash}2013), among employees aged 45{\textendash}64\hspace{0.25em}years (N=8149). The influence of baseline chronic health problems and work-related factors on transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement during follow-up was estimated in a competing risks proportional hazards model. Relative excess risk of transitions due to the interaction between chronic health problems and work-related factors was assessed. Results Severe headache, diabetes mellitus and musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive and psychological health problems predicted an increased risk of disability benefits (HR range 1.78{\textendash}2.79). Circulatory (HR=1.35) and psychological health problems (HR=2.58) predicted unemployment, and musculoskeletal (HR=1.23) and psychological health problems (HR=1.57) predicted early retirement. Work-related factors did not modify the influence of health problems on unemployment or early retirement. Psychosocial work-related factors, especially autonomy, modified the influence of health problems on disability benefits. Specifically, among workers with health problems, higher autonomy, higher support and lower psychological job demands reduced the risk of disability benefits by 82\%, 49\%, and 11\%, respectively. Conclusions All health problems affected disability benefits to a similar extent, but psychological health problems especially predicted unemployment and early retirement. For older workers with health problems, promoting an optimal work environment has the potential to contribute to sustainable employment.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::age,inequality::health,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::age,inequality::health,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, + note = {does not fall into PI; +\par +however data will be very useful to explore channels of health ineq -{$>$} income ineq} } @article{Lein2005, @@ -31130,7 +31363,7 @@ issn = {0090-4848, 1099-050X}, doi = {10.1002/hrm.20211}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The retirement of baby boomers along with a smaller cohort group of young people replacing them poses a challenge for employers in the future---where will they find the workers they need? One largely untapped source of human resources is people with disabilities (PWDs). Why have employers mostly ignored this large labor pool? This research used a semistructured interview approach with 38 executives across a broad array of industries and geographic regions to examine why employers don't hire PWDs and what they believe can be done to change this situation. Results show that most employers are not very proactive in hiring PWDs and that most employers hold stereotypical beliefs not supported by research evidence. {\copyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, + abstract = {Abstract The retirement of baby boomers along with a smaller cohort group of young people replacing them poses a challenge for employers in the future{\textemdash}where will they find the workers they need? One largely untapped source of human resources is people with disabilities (PWDs). Why have employers mostly ignored this large labor pool? This research used a semistructured interview approach with 38 executives across a broad array of industries and geographic regions to examine why employers don't hire PWDs and what they believe can be done to change this situation. Results show that most employers are not very proactive in hiring PWDs and that most employers hold stereotypical beliefs not supported by research evidence. {\copyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -31162,6 +31395,25 @@ abstract = {Bringing people with mental illness into employment is a phenomenon that has been extensively researched in recent years. A review to identify and synthesize available evidence on bringing this group into employment and the potential fields of interest related to barriers and facilitators has been carried out. The electronic search was done using 17 databases. In total 24 publications of systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-ethnographies aimed at individuating and systematizing barriers to work inclusion were included. The different process phases and the variety of circumstances that can slow down or push towards a certain condition of job seeker or employee, together with the rest of the results presented in this work, demonstrate the need to re-direct or extend the research focus related to this issue.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::disability,intervention::employment_support,intervention::therapy,intervention::training,out::title,outcome::employment,outcome::job_quality,review::meta,snowball_source}, + note = {meta-review of barriers (and drivers) of inclusion into the labour market for people with disabilities (mental illness) +\par +main findings: employment outcomes seem increased for individuals able to hide their mental illness, practice of concealment of identity +\par +channels: +\par +- prejudices: of missing skills, danger, unpredictability; of hiring as act of charity due to being unproductive; of work stress as contradicting requirements of mental health +\par +- discriminatory hiring practices +\par +- generally low-skilled individuals due to discrimination/cultural/social barriers for training and work inclusion +\par +policy recc: +\par +- supported employment (environmental) +\par +- cognitive behavioural/computer-assisted therapies (cognitive) +\par +- vocational rehabilitation programs (human capital)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HLXMGS6S/Lettieri_Diez Villoria_2017_A Systematization of the International Evidence Related to Labor Inclusion.pdf} } @@ -31284,9 +31536,10 @@ year = {2014}, series = {Stellenbosch {{Economic Working Papers}}}, number = {02}, - institution = {University of Stellenbosch}, - abstract = {{$\bullet$} Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. {$\bullet$} A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. {$\bullet$} Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. {$\bullet$} In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups -- one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. {$\bullet$} The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large -- those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. {$\bullet$} This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. {$\bullet$} Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. {$\bullet$} However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. {$\bullet$} Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. {$\bullet$} The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. {$\bullet$} Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. {$\bullet$} We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. {$\bullet$} These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. {$\bullet$} However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners -- they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.}, + institution = {{University of Stellenbosch}}, + abstract = {{$\bullet$} Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. {$\bullet$} A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. {$\bullet$} Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. {$\bullet$} In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups {\textendash} one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. {$\bullet$} The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large {\textendash} those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. {$\bullet$} This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. {$\bullet$} Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. {$\bullet$} However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. {$\bullet$} Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. {$\bullet$} The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. {$\bullet$} Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. {$\bullet$} We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. {$\bullet$} These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. {$\bullet$} However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners {\textendash} they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.}, keywords = {country::South Africa,group::youth,inequality::age,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy for youth in South Africa, with an analysis of its impacts on earnings, employment probability and overall employment length.\textbf{It finds that beneficiaries were significantly more likely to be employed after both one and two years, as well as positive but insignificant impacts on earnings. \textbf{Additionally, it found a significant increase in accumulated employment length of around 1 month for the treatment cohort after 2 years.\textbf{The results suggest that the usual theory of lowered search costs for firms is a valid channel here, but it also finds responses on the supply side after receiving the voucher.\textbf{While beneficiaries did no change their search behavior, move for employment or increase their overall search intensity, there were comparatively fewer job offers turned down in the treatment group.\textbf{The study suggests this could be due to a potential removal of transport cost barriers to interviews or workplaces, an increased perception of success probabilities, household pressures or more access to job information during voucher provision.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:57:03Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XRMBWZRX/Levinsohn2014a_Wage_subsidies_and_youth_employment_in_South_Africa.pdf} } @@ -31385,7 +31638,7 @@ } @article{Lewis2009, - title = {A {{Major Difference}}?: {{Fields}} of {{Study}} and {{Male}}---{{Female Pay Differences}} in {{Federal Employment}}}, + title = {A {{Major Difference}}?: {{Fields}} of {{Study}} and {{Male}}{\textemdash}{{Female Pay Differences}} in {{Federal Employment}}}, shorttitle = {A {{Major Difference}}?}, author = {Lewis, Gregory B. and {Seong Soo Oh}}, year = {2009}, @@ -31507,6 +31760,7 @@ eissn = {1743-9140}, unique-id = {WOS:000744879800001}, keywords = {country::India,done::extracted,inequality::income,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp,type::work_programme}, + note = {A study on the effects of land ownership concentration on the employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in India, by analyzing the resulting earnings and proliferation of NREGS itself.\textbf{It looks at this concentration in more general terms as a proxy for power asymmetry between potential employers and employees.\textbf{It finds that a concentration of land ownership in a region generally decreases or impedes the proliferation of NREGS since landlords use their political power to oppose the program.\textbf{It suggests this is primarily due the potential of NREGS to impact wages which is opposed by landlords to minimize rural bargaining power.\textbf{The channel that NREGS have to affect rural earnings in this way is through a de-facto enforcement of minimum wages laws, by providing an alternative to more informal work if no minimum wages are obeyed.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3B625EDA/Li2022_Land_inequality_and_workfare_policies.pdf;/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FN529XF4/Li2022_Land_inequality_and_workfare_policies_supplementary_materials.pdf} } @@ -31546,8 +31800,8 @@ } @article{Lidwall2011, - title = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992--2008: The Role of Economic Conditions, Legislation, Demography, Work Environment and Alcohol Consumption}, - shorttitle = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992--2008}, + title = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992{\textendash}2008: The Role of Economic Conditions, Legislation, Demography, Work Environment and Alcohol Consumption}, + shorttitle = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992{\textendash}2008}, author = {Lidwall, Ulrik and Marklund, Staffan}, year = {2011}, month = apr, @@ -31663,8 +31917,8 @@ month = dec, number = {w14541}, pages = {w14541}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w14541}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -31672,7 +31926,7 @@ } @article{Lin2013, - title = {Financialization and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Income Inequality}}, 1970--2008}, + title = {Financialization and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Income Inequality}}, 1970{\textendash}2008}, author = {Lin, Ken-Hou and {Tomaskovic-Devey}, Donald}, year = {2013}, month = mar, @@ -31699,7 +31953,7 @@ month = aug, volume = {44}, pages = {179--212}, - publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, + publisher = {{Emerald Group Publishing Limited}}, doi = {10.1108/S0147-912120160000044012}, urldate = {2023-12-06}, isbn = {978-1-78560-944-2 978-1-78560-943-5}, @@ -31930,7 +32184,7 @@ issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560}, doi = {10.1177/001440290206900105}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {This study investigates the career development process for young women with learning disabilities. Case study methodology was utilized to understand the key elements influencing career choices for young women with learning disabilities who had graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Case study findings revealed three distinct phases of career development that were labeled (a) unsettled, (b) exploratory, and (c) focused. Phases of career development varied along two dimensions---stability of employment and clarity of career goals. Key elements that seemed to influence the phases of career development included individual motivation and personal determination, family support and advocacy, opportunities for career exploration, on-the-job or postsecondary vocational training, and supportive work environments.}, + abstract = {This study investigates the career development process for young women with learning disabilities. Case study methodology was utilized to understand the key elements influencing career choices for young women with learning disabilities who had graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Case study findings revealed three distinct phases of career development that were labeled (a) unsettled, (b) exploratory, and (c) focused. Phases of career development varied along two dimensions{\textemdash}stability of employment and clarity of career goals. Key elements that seemed to influence the phases of career development included individual motivation and personal determination, family support and advocacy, opportunities for career exploration, on-the-job or postsecondary vocational training, and supportive work environments.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32010,7 +32264,7 @@ issn = {0964-9425}, doi = {10.1108/09649429910291113}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The experience of women in international management -- especially within a European context -- has received little attention in the international human resource management literature. In particular, there is a dearth of empirical research which details the role and career moves of the senior female international manager. The particular focus of this paper is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe. A total of 50 senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The article highlights a number of covert and overt barriers which the interviewees believed limit women's international career opportunities. The findings indicate that it is timely for organisations to face and address the difficulties female managers encounter in their progression to senior managerial positions in order to ensure that future opportunities for progression to senior management is equal to that of their male counterparts.}, + abstract = {The experience of women in international management {\textendash} especially within a European context {\textendash} has received little attention in the international human resource management literature. In particular, there is a dearth of empirical research which details the role and career moves of the senior female international manager. The particular focus of this paper is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe. A total of 50 senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The article highlights a number of covert and overt barriers which the interviewees believed limit women's international career opportunities. The findings indicate that it is timely for organisations to face and address the difficulties female managers encounter in their progression to senior managerial positions in order to ensure that future opportunities for progression to senior management is equal to that of their male counterparts.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32043,7 +32297,7 @@ issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and link those categories to stereotyped beliefs. In the midst of this growth, the stigma concept has been criticized as being too vaguely defined and individually focused. In response to these criticisms, we define stigma as the co-occurrence of its components--labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination--and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised. The stigma concept we construct has implications for understanding several core issues in stigma research, ranging from the definition of the concept to the reasons stigma sometimes represents a very persistent predicament in the lives of persons affected by it. Finally, because there are so many stigmatized circumstances and because stigmatizing processes can affect multiple domains of people's lives, stigmatization probably has a dramatic bearing on the distribution of life chances in such areas as earnings, housing, criminal involvement, health, and life itself. It follows that social scientists who are interested in understanding the distribution of such life chances should also be interested in stigma.}, + abstract = {Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and link those categories to stereotyped beliefs. In the midst of this growth, the stigma concept has been criticized as being too vaguely defined and individually focused. In response to these criticisms, we define stigma as the co-occurrence of its components{\textendash}labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination{\textendash}and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised. The stigma concept we construct has implications for understanding several core issues in stigma research, ranging from the definition of the concept to the reasons stigma sometimes represents a very persistent predicament in the lives of persons affected by it. Finally, because there are so many stigmatized circumstances and because stigmatizing processes can affect multiple domains of people's lives, stigmatization probably has a dramatic bearing on the distribution of life chances in such areas as earnings, housing, criminal involvement, health, and life itself. It follows that social scientists who are interested in understanding the distribution of such life chances should also be interested in stigma.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32122,7 +32376,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Depressive Symptoms among Working Women in Rural {{North Carolina}}: {{A}} Comparison of Women in Poultry Processing and Other Low-Wage Jobs}, author = {Lipscomb, Hester J. and Dement, John M. and Epling, Carol A. and Gaynes, Bradley N. and McDonald, Mary Anne and Schoenfisch, Ashley L.}, - year = {2007-07/2007-10}, + year = {2007}, + month = jul, journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY}, volume = {30}, number = {4-5}, @@ -32250,7 +32505,8 @@ type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, title = {Protection of Female Workers' Rights in Employment}, author = {Loan, Nguyen Thi Hong and Trang, Pham Thu and Anh, Nguyen Thi Ngoc and Thuy, Bui Thi Thu and Thai, Nguyen Hong}, - year = {2021-07/2021-12}, + year = {2021}, + month = jul, journal = {INZYNIERIA MINERALNA-JOURNAL OF THE POLISH MINERAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY}, number = {2}, pages = {505--512}, @@ -32266,7 +32522,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {11}, web-of-science-categories = {Mining \& Mineral Processing}, - keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::gender,issue::access,region::AP,sample::database,TODO::full-text} + keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::gender,issue::access,region::AP,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + note = {6th International Conference on Scientific-Research Cooperation between Vietnam and Poland (VIET-POL), HUMG, Hanoi, VIETNAM, NOV 10-14, 2021} } @article{Lock2005a, @@ -32287,7 +32544,7 @@ } @article{Locke2012, - title = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}: {{Changing Strategies}} of {{Rural}}--{{Urban Migrants}} to {{Hanoi}}, {{Vietnam}}}, + title = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}: {{Changing Strategies}} of {{Rural}}{\textendash}{{Urban Migrants}} to {{Hanoi}}, {{Vietnam}}}, shorttitle = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}}, author = {Locke, Catherine and Hoa, Nguyen Thi Ngan and Tam, Nguyen Thi Thanh}, year = {2012}, @@ -32431,7 +32688,7 @@ issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280}, doi = {10.1177/0956797611417003}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {People's self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies---specifically, relative levels of economic inequality---play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for self-enhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.}, + abstract = {People's self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies{\textemdash}specifically, relative levels of economic inequality{\textemdash}play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for self-enhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32954,7 +33211,7 @@ month = mar, series = {Impact {{Evaluation Series}}}, number = {88}, - institution = {World Bank}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6389}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Nicaragua,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, @@ -32994,6 +33251,7 @@ doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1815898}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Mexico,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of a training program for the unemployed in Mexico, analyzing its impacts on employment probability and employment length.\textbf{It finds that generally participants are more likely to keep a longer employment at the job they find after the training.\textbf{Generally, there is little change in the speed of job take-up after the program, but due to the longer employments, there is still a positive outcome visible after the program.\textbf{It thus argues that, for evaluations solely concentrating on participants' transition out of unemployment, there is a bias in estimating the program's effectiveness which is corrected upwards by including the length of employments.\textbf{Additionally, women find employment significantly faster after participating in the training.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T15:11:16Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CX2C9YGR/Madrid2006_Revisiting_the_Employability_Effects_of_Training_Programs_for_the_Unemployed_in.pdf} } @@ -33111,7 +33369,7 @@ issn = {1745-5057, 1745-5065}, doi = {10.1177/17455057221087888}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown as prevention and control measure, forced people globally to limit their movements and to stay at home for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a secondary research by employing a Poisson regression model to estimate the effect of pandemic-led lockdown policy on the change in the number of intimate partner violence-related calls during pandemic using national emergency helpline 999 call logs. Data from January 2019 to May 2020 for 64 districts produced 1088 district-month-year observations which had been used for the main analysis. Results: We found a 46\% decrease in the incidence rate of intimate partner violence-related calls during the pandemic after adjusting for year, month, district fixed-effects---suggesting, non-reporting of the violence might have exacerbated during lockdown. Conclusion: While increasing rate of intimate partner violence is one side of issue, non-reporting of it has received less attention and during the lockdown non-reporting might grow large and have severe health impacts for women.}, + abstract = {Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown as prevention and control measure, forced people globally to limit their movements and to stay at home for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a secondary research by employing a Poisson regression model to estimate the effect of pandemic-led lockdown policy on the change in the number of intimate partner violence-related calls during pandemic using national emergency helpline 999 call logs. Data from January 2019 to May 2020 for 64 districts produced 1088 district-month-year observations which had been used for the main analysis. Results: We found a 46\% decrease in the incidence rate of intimate partner violence-related calls during the pandemic after adjusting for year, month, district fixed-effects{\textemdash}suggesting, non-reporting of the violence might have exacerbated during lockdown. Conclusion: While increasing rate of intimate partner violence is one side of issue, non-reporting of it has received less attention and during the lockdown non-reporting might grow large and have severe health impacts for women.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -33171,6 +33429,7 @@ abstract = {Our paper presents the economic returns from participating in a subsidized vocational education program for women residing in low-income households in India. We combine pre-intervention data with two rounds of post-intervention data in an experimental framework to quantify the 6- and 18-month treatment effects of the program. The 6-month treatment effects indicate that women who were offered the vocational education program are 6\% points more likely to be employed, 4\% points more likely to be self-employed, work 2.5 additional hours per week, and earn 150\% more per month than women in the control group. Using a second round of follow-up data collected 18 months after the intervention, we find that the 6-month treatment effects are all sustained over the medium run. Finally, cost-benefit analysis indicates that the program costs can be recovered with less than four years of employment. Overall our findings suggest that vocational education may serve to be a promising avenue through which young women can contribute to their household welfare.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::India,inequality::gender,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial studying the impacts of, and the barriers to, vocational training participation for women in urban India, evaluating the effects on earnings, employment probability, the probability of being self-employed and hours worked.\textbf{It finds that a subsidized vocational training significantly positively impacted employment probability and hours worked, and had a large significant impact on earnings for the women.\textbf{The results of this occurred short-term and sustained over the medium-term as well (6 and 18 months after the program ended).\textbf{It suggests that primarily direct skill accumulation lead to the necessary knowledge and productivity for improved labor force participation and neither a strong change in behavior nor a certificate effect for employers were the primary changes.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:01:18Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/E9UDUUFP/Maitra2017_Learning_and_earning.pdf} } @@ -33180,8 +33439,8 @@ author = {Ma{\^i}trot, Mathilde and {Ni{\~n}o-Zaraz{\'u}a}, Miguel}, year = {2017}, number = {2017/190}, - address = {Helsinki}, - institution = {UNU-WIDER}, + address = {{Helsinki}}, + institution = {{UNU-WIDER}}, abstract = {Over the last 35 years, microfinance has been generally regarded as an effective policy tool in the fight against poverty. Yet, the question of whether access to credit leads to poverty reduction and improved wellbeing remains open. To address this question, we conduct a systematic review of the quantitative literature of microfinance's impacts in the developing world, covering 54 studies out of 5311 identified studies. The analysis relies on a theory of change framework that links the complex interactions and channels that exist between microfinance activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts. Overall, we find that the limited comparability of outcomes measured in the selected studies and the heterogeneity of microfinance-lending technologies, together with a considerable variation in socio-economic conditions and contexts in which impact studies have been conducted, render the interpretation and generalization of findings intricate. This is coupled with a degree of uncertainty about the internal and external validity of a considerable number of studies. Taking into consideration the limitations of the existing empirical evidence, and cognisant of the absence of clear evidence, we conclude that microfinance is likely to induce short-term dynamism in the financial life of the poor and vulnerable non-poor, although this dynamism seems to fall short of achieving sizable impacts on consumption expenditures, human capital and assets, and, ultimately, poverty reduction.}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/E2CQR7HX/review matrix R&R_MNZ.xlsx;/home/marty/Zotero/storage/US3V7JDR/Maitrot_Poverty_and_wellbeing_impacts_of_microfinance.pdf} } @@ -33263,7 +33522,7 @@ } @article{Makkar2016, - title = {Impact of Tailored Blogs and Content on Usage of {{Web CIPHER}} -- an Online Platform to Help Policymakers Better Engage with Evidence from Research}, + title = {Impact of Tailored Blogs and Content on Usage of {{Web CIPHER}} {\textendash} an Online Platform to Help Policymakers Better Engage with Evidence from Research}, author = {Makkar, Steve R. and Howe, Megan and Williamson, Anna and Gilham, Frances}, year = {2016}, month = dec, @@ -33304,7 +33563,7 @@ } @article{Maldonado2015, - title = {Family Policies and Single Parent Poverty in 18 {{OECD}} Countries, 1978--2008}, + title = {Family Policies and Single Parent Poverty in 18 {{OECD}} Countries, 1978{\textendash}2008}, author = {Maldonado, Laurie C. and Nieuwenhuis, Rense}, year = {2015}, month = oct, @@ -33341,8 +33600,8 @@ year = {2017}, volume = {504}, pages = {425--436}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-59111-7_35}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-3-319-59110-0 978-3-319-59111-7}, @@ -33438,7 +33697,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {139}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {Meeting of the Research-Committe-on-Social-Stratification-and-Mobility, Oslo, NORWAY, MAY, 2005} } @article{Mandel2009, @@ -33571,12 +33831,12 @@ issn = {2071-2936, 2071-2928}, doi = {10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1226}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Most of South Africa's citizens who live in rural or underserved communities rely on the public health care sector to access quality health care. The value of rural exposure through clinical placements is well documented. Medical schools in South Africa have a responsibility to provide solutions that address the prevailing human resources challenges. Despite this commitment, medical students do not necessarily appreciate their role in resolving South Africa's human resources challenges. This study aimed to assess the factors that influenced the choice of clinical learning sites in a self-selection process undertaken by Wits final year medical students for the compulsory 6-week integrated primary care block rotation.Methods: Qualitative data related to reasons for choice of service learning site were gathered from 524 pre-placement questionnaires completed by final year medical students entering the rotation over a 3-year period (2012--2014). Thematic analysis was performed using the MAXQDA software.Results: Eight themes emerged from the study indicating that the majority of participants were in favour of local urban underserved placement. Contextual factors, such as work commitments or family responsibilities, being compromised socially and losing academic standing were the main reasons for seeking urban placement. Good supervision, opportunistic learning, skills development and moral support were reasons for seeking rural placements. Previous voluntary exposure to rural practice or being of rural origin was a strong indicator for uptake of rural placement.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the challenges faced by coordinators in balancing personal and institutional needs with country needs and the contextual factors that must be considered when implementing medical education programmes that respond to social challenges.}, + abstract = {Background: Most of South Africa's citizens who live in rural or underserved communities rely on the public health care sector to access quality health care. The value of rural exposure through clinical placements is well documented. Medical schools in South Africa have a responsibility to provide solutions that address the prevailing human resources challenges. Despite this commitment, medical students do not necessarily appreciate their role in resolving South Africa's human resources challenges. This study aimed to assess the factors that influenced the choice of clinical learning sites in a self-selection process undertaken by Wits final year medical students for the compulsory 6-week integrated primary care block rotation.Methods: Qualitative data related to reasons for choice of service learning site were gathered from 524 pre-placement questionnaires completed by final year medical students entering the rotation over a 3-year period (2012{\textendash}2014). Thematic analysis was performed using the MAXQDA software.Results: Eight themes emerged from the study indicating that the majority of participants were in favour of local urban underserved placement. Contextual factors, such as work commitments or family responsibilities, being compromised socially and losing academic standing were the main reasons for seeking urban placement. Good supervision, opportunistic learning, skills development and moral support were reasons for seeking rural placements. Previous voluntary exposure to rural practice or being of rural origin was a strong indicator for uptake of rural placement.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the challenges faced by coordinators in balancing personal and institutional needs with country needs and the contextual factors that must be considered when implementing medical education programmes that respond to social challenges.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Marcellin2010, - title = {Higher Risk of Unsafe Sex and Impaired Quality of Life among Patients Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Cameroon}}: Results from the {{EVAL}} Survey ({{ANRS}} 12--116)}, + title = {Higher Risk of Unsafe Sex and Impaired Quality of Life among Patients Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Cameroon}}: Results from the {{EVAL}} Survey ({{ANRS}} 12{\textendash}116)}, shorttitle = {Higher Risk of Unsafe Sex and Impaired Quality of Life among Patients Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Cameroon}}}, author = {Marcellin, Fabienne and Bonono, C{\'e}cile-Ren{\'e}e and Blanche, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Carrieri, Maria Patrizia and Spire, Bruno and {Koulla-Shiro}, Sinata}, year = {2010}, @@ -33657,6 +33917,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/AAV-5017-2020}, unique-id = {WOS:000279633400002}, keywords = {country::Tunisia,group::youth,inequality::age,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,sample::almp}, + note = {A modeling of the effect of wage subsidies versus tax reductions or investment subsidies with the help of a dynamic general equilibrium model.\textbf{It finds that, between the three options, an employment subsidy is the optimum choice.\textbf{However even so, employment subsidies alone do not produce a significantly positive impact in the model and are recommended to be supported by other policy choices.\textbf{On the increasing labor demand side, the policy recommendations are an increased research-development, public or private, or the promotion of more highly skilled labor intensive service exports.\textbf{On the decreasing labor supply side, the recommendations are increasing skilled laborers study time to counteract the recent introduction of shorter study periods in Tunisia, or encouraging skilled laborers to migrate.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5P8DYPYY/Marouani2010_More_jobs_for_university_graduates.pdf} } @@ -33674,13 +33935,13 @@ issn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465}, doi = {10.1192/bjp.176.3.249}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background A recent review suggested an association between using unpublished scales in clinical trials and finding significant results. Aims To determine whether such an association existed in schizophrenia trials. Method Three hundred trials were randomly selected from the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register. All comparisons between treatment groups and control groups using rating scales were identified. The publication status of each scale was determined and claims of a significant treatment effect were recorded. Results Trials were more likely to report that a treatment was superior to control when an unpublished scale was used to make the comparison (relative risk 1.37 (95\% C11.12--1.68)). This effect increased when a `gold-standard' definition of treatment superiority was applied (RR 1.94 (95\% C11.35--2.79)). In non-pharmacological trials, one-third of `gold-standard' claims of treatment superiority would not have been made if published scales had been used. Conclusions Unpublished scales are a source of bias in schizophrenia trials.}, + abstract = {Background A recent review suggested an association between using unpublished scales in clinical trials and finding significant results. Aims To determine whether such an association existed in schizophrenia trials. Method Three hundred trials were randomly selected from the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register. All comparisons between treatment groups and control groups using rating scales were identified. The publication status of each scale was determined and claims of a significant treatment effect were recorded. Results Trials were more likely to report that a treatment was superior to control when an unpublished scale was used to make the comparison (relative risk 1.37 (95\% C11.12{\textendash}1.68)). This effect increased when a `gold-standard' definition of treatment superiority was applied (RR 1.94 (95\% C11.35{\textendash}2.79)). In non-pharmacological trials, one-third of `gold-standard' claims of treatment superiority would not have been made if published scales had been used. Conclusions Unpublished scales are a source of bias in schizophrenia trials.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Marshall2020, - title = {Disparities in {{Burnout}} and {{Satisfaction With Work}}--{{Life Integration}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Physicians}} by {{Gender}} and {{Practice Setting}}}, + title = {Disparities in {{Burnout}} and {{Satisfaction With Work}}{\textendash}{{Life Integration}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Physicians}} by {{Gender}} and {{Practice Setting}}}, author = {Marshall, Ariela L. and Dyrbye, Liselotte N. and Shanafelt, Tait D. and Sinsky, Christine A. and Satele, Daniel and Trockel, Mickey and Tutty, Michael and West, Colin P.}, year = {2020}, month = sep, @@ -33691,7 +33952,7 @@ issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000003521}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose To explore the interaction between practice setting (academic practice [AP], private practice [PP]) and gender in relation to physician burnout and satisfaction with work--life integration (WLI). Method In 2017, the authors administered a cross-sectional survey of U.S. physicians and characterized rates of burnout and satisfaction with WLI using previously validated and/or standardized tools. They conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the interaction between the included variables. Results Of the 3,603 participants in the final analysis, female physicians reported a higher prevalence of burnout than male physicians in both AP (50.7\% vs 38.2\%, P {$<$} .0001) and PP (48.1\% vs 40.7\%, P = .001). However, the multivariable analysis found no statistically significant gender-based differences in burnout (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.76--1.17, P = .60). Women and men in AP were less likely to report burnout than men in PP (OR 0.70, 95\% CI 0.52--0.94, P = .01 and OR 0.69, 95\% CI 0.53--0.90, P {$<$} .01, respectively); women in PP did not report different burnout rates from men in PP (OR 0.89, 95\% CI 0.68--1.16, P = .38). Women in both AP and PP were less likely to be satisfied with WLI than men in PP (OR 0.62, 95\% CI 0.47--0.83, P {$<$} .01 and OR 0.75, 95\% CI 0.58--0.97, P = .03, respectively); men in AP did not report different satisfaction with WLI than men in PP (OR 1.05, 95\% CI 0.82--1.33, P = .71). Conclusions Gender differences in rates of burnout are related to practice setting and other differences in physicians' personal and professional lives. These results highlight the complex relationships among gender, practice setting, and other personal and professional factors in their influence on burnout and satisfaction with WLI.}, + abstract = {Purpose To explore the interaction between practice setting (academic practice [AP], private practice [PP]) and gender in relation to physician burnout and satisfaction with work{\textendash}life integration (WLI). Method In 2017, the authors administered a cross-sectional survey of U.S. physicians and characterized rates of burnout and satisfaction with WLI using previously validated and/or standardized tools. They conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the interaction between the included variables. Results Of the 3,603 participants in the final analysis, female physicians reported a higher prevalence of burnout than male physicians in both AP (50.7\% vs 38.2\%, P {$<$} .0001) and PP (48.1\% vs 40.7\%, P = .001). However, the multivariable analysis found no statistically significant gender-based differences in burnout (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.76{\textendash}1.17, P = .60). Women and men in AP were less likely to report burnout than men in PP (OR 0.70, 95\% CI 0.52{\textendash}0.94, P = .01 and OR 0.69, 95\% CI 0.53{\textendash}0.90, P {$<$} .01, respectively); women in PP did not report different burnout rates from men in PP (OR 0.89, 95\% CI 0.68{\textendash}1.16, P = .38). Women in both AP and PP were less likely to be satisfied with WLI than men in PP (OR 0.62, 95\% CI 0.47{\textendash}0.83, P {$<$} .01 and OR 0.75, 95\% CI 0.58{\textendash}0.97, P = .03, respectively); men in AP did not report different satisfaction with WLI than men in PP (OR 1.05, 95\% CI 0.82{\textendash}1.33, P = .71). Conclusions Gender differences in rates of burnout are related to practice setting and other differences in physicians' personal and professional lives. These results highlight the complex relationships among gender, practice setting, and other personal and professional factors in their influence on burnout and satisfaction with WLI.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -33748,11 +34009,11 @@ editor = {Williams, Charlotte}, year = {2016}, pages = {235--257}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/978-1-137-51623-7_10}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This chapter considers the impact of the built environment in generating new forms and locations of poverty and disadvantage. Drawing on evidence from Australia, this chapter investigates the increasing divide in many large and suburbanised cities between residents with access to jobs, services, community and cultural provisions, and those without. A growing body of research indicates the locational disadvantages that residents face living far from the central hubs of employment. Large and sprawling Australian cities such as Melbourne and Sydney demonstrate a pattern of high housing costs in the inner city where there is the largest concentration of the best paying jobs, high levels of public transport provision and access to a multitude of services. In contrast, the most affordable housing can be found in suburbs perhaps 30--40 kilometres from the centre, with little transport provision and few employment opportunities. Such places typically have a young family profile, a higher proportion of people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, greater levels of mortgage and personal debt, and are more likely to experience socio-economic disadvantage. This is a new pattern of social division and exclusion, and one that is perhaps less visible than previous patterns of spatialised class divisions. Starting from the premise that access to resources is a key ingredient in avoiding long-term disadvantage, the chapter critically explores a number of dimensions of place as a focus of urban social work. What does this new context mean for social work practice? What challenges and opportunities does it present for social work to respond to alternate forms of poverty and disadvantage? What lessons may be drawn for other cities with similar urban forms?}, + abstract = {This chapter considers the impact of the built environment in generating new forms and locations of poverty and disadvantage. Drawing on evidence from Australia, this chapter investigates the increasing divide in many large and suburbanised cities between residents with access to jobs, services, community and cultural provisions, and those without. A growing body of research indicates the locational disadvantages that residents face living far from the central hubs of employment. Large and sprawling Australian cities such as Melbourne and Sydney demonstrate a pattern of high housing costs in the inner city where there is the largest concentration of the best paying jobs, high levels of public transport provision and access to a multitude of services. In contrast, the most affordable housing can be found in suburbs perhaps 30{\textendash}40 kilometres from the centre, with little transport provision and few employment opportunities. Such places typically have a young family profile, a higher proportion of people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, greater levels of mortgage and personal debt, and are more likely to experience socio-economic disadvantage. This is a new pattern of social division and exclusion, and one that is perhaps less visible than previous patterns of spatialised class divisions. Starting from the premise that access to resources is a key ingredient in avoiding long-term disadvantage, the chapter critically explores a number of dimensions of place as a focus of urban social work. What does this new context mean for social work practice? What challenges and opportunities does it present for social work to respond to alternate forms of poverty and disadvantage? What lessons may be drawn for other cities with similar urban forms?}, isbn = {978-1-137-51622-0 978-1-137-51623-7}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Australia,inequality::poverty,inequality::spatial,issue::policy,issue::wow,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} @@ -33957,7 +34218,7 @@ } @article{MaryWentling2003, - title = {The Career Development and Aspirations of Women in Middle Management -- Revisited}, + title = {The Career Development and Aspirations of Women in Middle Management {\textendash} Revisited}, author = {Mary Wentling, Rose}, year = {2003}, month = sep, @@ -34119,7 +34380,10 @@ urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {We examine the patterns and determinants of household transitions into and out of poverty among the urban poor in two Nairobi informal settlements in Kenya between 2006 and 2009. We find worsening household poverty over time, with the proportion of poor households increasing from 51.2 percent in 2006 to 54.9 percent by the end of 2009. Over the period, 34.5 percent of households remained in chronic poverty, 20.4 percent fell into poverty, 16.7 percent successfully escaped poverty and 28.4 percent fully remained out of poverty. We identify slum of residence, gender and marital status of household head, attainment of at least secondary education by household head, consistent engagement in formal employment, household size and the incidence of births within a household, among key determinants of household poverty transitions. Our results underscore the need for anti-poverty policy options around provision of economic opportunities, addressing disadvantages of female-headed households, promoting access to at least secondary education, smaller household norms and birth control among the urban poor. While the outcomes are consistent with some national trends, the need for the design and implementation of slum and sub-group specific anti-poverty policies are significantly evident.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Kenya,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Kenya,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing}, + note = {looks at income inequality changes over time; +\par +does NOT look at results of specific policy interventions} } @article{Mbiti2019, @@ -34192,7 +34456,7 @@ issn = {0031-5826, 1744-6570}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01172.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This study examines the extent to which highly structured job interviews are resistant to demographic similarity effects. The sample comprised nearly 20,000 applicants for a managerial-level position in a large organization. Findings were unequivocal: Main effects of applicant gender and race were not associated with interviewers' ratings of applicant performance nor was applicant--interviewer similarity with regard to gender and race. These findings address past inconsistencies in research on demographic similarity effects in employment interviews and demonstrate the value of using highly structured interviews to minimize the potential influence of applicant demographic characteristics on selection decisions.}, + abstract = {This study examines the extent to which highly structured job interviews are resistant to demographic similarity effects. The sample comprised nearly 20,000 applicants for a managerial-level position in a large organization. Findings were unequivocal: Main effects of applicant gender and race were not associated with interviewers' ratings of applicant performance nor was applicant{\textendash}interviewer similarity with regard to gender and race. These findings address past inconsistencies in research on demographic similarity effects in employment interviews and demonstrate the value of using highly structured interviews to minimize the potential influence of applicant demographic characteristics on selection decisions.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -34241,7 +34505,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Behind Closed Doors a Thematic Analysis of Diabetes Community Health Worker Home Visit Content}, author = {McClellan, Sean P. and Boyd, Tyler W. and Hendrix, Jacqueline and Pena, Kryztal and Swider, Susan M. and Martin, Molly A. and Rothschild, Steven K.}, - year = {2022-10/2022-12}, + year = {2022}, + month = oct, journal = {FAMILY \& COMMUNITY HEALTH}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, @@ -34431,7 +34696,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {New Evidence Regarding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health: {{Policy}} Implications}, author = {McGuive, Thomas G. and Miranda, Jeanne}, - year = {2008-03/2008-04}, + year = {2008}, + month = mar, journal = {HEALTH AFFAIRS}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, @@ -34563,7 +34829,7 @@ issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977}, doi = {10.1177/0891243205285371}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The article focuses on the persistent links between workplace stratification and gender ascription in the organization of flexible high-tech production. Using a comparative case study analysis of three multinational electronics firms in the Philippines, it examines three key organizational factors: firm nationality, product characteristics, and existing labor relations---that help drive variation in the gendering and gendered impact of technological upgrading. It also considers three extra-organizational factors---trends in flexible production, the role of the host state, and gender ideologies---that also influence firm choices. The article assesses the variation in gendered processes and outcomes focusing on the fulfillment of workers' practical needs versus strategic gender interests. The article finds that despite continued variation at the firm level, extra-organizational pressures will likely contribute to continued gender stratification as firms upgrade, leading to the potential masculinization of skilled high-tech work.}, + abstract = {The article focuses on the persistent links between workplace stratification and gender ascription in the organization of flexible high-tech production. Using a comparative case study analysis of three multinational electronics firms in the Philippines, it examines three key organizational factors: firm nationality, product characteristics, and existing labor relations{\textemdash}that help drive variation in the gendering and gendered impact of technological upgrading. It also considers three extra-organizational factors{\textemdash}trends in flexible production, the role of the host state, and gender ideologies{\textemdash}that also influence firm choices. The article assesses the variation in gendered processes and outcomes focusing on the fulfillment of workers' practical needs versus strategic gender interests. The article finds that despite continued variation at the firm level, extra-organizational pressures will likely contribute to continued gender stratification as firms upgrade, leading to the potential masculinization of skilled high-tech work.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -34575,8 +34841,8 @@ author = {McKeen, Carol and Bujaki, Merridee}, year = {2008}, pages = {197--222}, - publisher = {SAGE Publications, Inc.}, - address = {2455 Teller Road,~Thousand Oaks~California~91320~United States}, + publisher = {{SAGE Publications, Inc.}}, + address = {{2455 Teller Road,~Thousand Oaks~California~91320~United States}}, doi = {10.4135/9781412976619.n8}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, collaborator = {Ragins, Belle and Kram, Kathy}, @@ -34797,9 +35063,10 @@ year = {2005}, series = {Research {{Network Working Papers}}}, number = {484}, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, abstract = {The authors present matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. They estimate propensity scores by controlling for the variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. The effect of training, measured by the mean impact of the treatment on the treated, shows that: (i) for youths, no institution has a significant impact in the short or long run except private institutions for males; the scope of the data, however, limits the reliability of the result; (ii) for adult males, neither SENA nor the other public institutions have a significant impact in the short or long run; (iii) for SENA-trained adult females there are positive but not significant impacts in the short run and greater and close to significant effects in the long run. All other public institutions have a higher impact that is significant in the long-run; (iv) for adults trained at private institutions there are large and significant effects in both the short and long run, but for adult males in the short run the effects are smaller and only barely significant. In addition, neither short nor long courses provided by SENA seem to have a significant impact on earnings. In general, females benefit more from both short and long courses than males. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis shows that under the assumption of direct unitary costs equal to SENA, private institutions are more profitable than public institutions, which are in turn more profitable than SENA.}, keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using a nationally undertaken population survey of 1997 to analyze the impact differences on earnings between private and public training institutions for Colombian men, women, youths and adults respectively. \textbf{It splits off those trained privately, those trained publically and those trained under SENA, the largest public provider in the country, since they underlie different foci and training qualities.\textbf{It arrives at the conclusion that generally private training provides better cost-benefit potential, with public institutions aside from SENA providing better potential than SENA itself.\textbf{Public training had no significant impact on men, provided insignificant impact for women trained at SENA but significant long-term impact on all other women.\textbf{Private training had significant long-term impacts for all adults, though significant impact only for male youths and significant short-term impact only for women.\textbf{Training length made no significant difference, though gender-based differences were significant, with women profiting more off all offered training variations than men except for private youth training.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -34907,7 +35174,42 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {6}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {cite::framework,country::Georgia,issue::access,sample::database,TODO::full-text} + keywords = {cite::framework,country::Georgia,issue::access,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + note = {5th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Madrid, SPAIN, NOV 19-21, 2012 +\par +Summary +\par +"...I saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles, and I saw all kinds of inequalities{\dots}." [Joseph Stiglitz, June 5, 2012] +\par +Most of the Post Soviet countries and among them Georgia shows a fast growing asymmetry in the distribution of income and wealth during transition period. In the paper, it is analyzed the determinants of inequality in Georgia starting with the factors influencing the changing distribution of wages and income being at the core of economic inequality. +\par +Inequality should also be framed in a broader sense than income, e.g. inequality in consumption, or inequality of resources, including assets and wealth. Not very surprisingly, a strong correlation between output loss in the early phase of transition, the rise of inequality measures and the change of Gini coefficient which is a measure of inequality. +\par +The main purpose of this paper is a discussion and analysis of the development of inequality in Georgia and the reasons for the observed increase of inequality. +\par +In the paper are considered and analyzed: +\par +{$\bullet$} The current situation of inequality in Georgia well as its development +\par +since 1990 taking into account the profound political, economic as well as social transition having occurred in Georgia; +\par +{$\bullet$}The development of average inequality in the regions of Georgia where we see that in all of these regions the liberalization of markets led to a sudden rise in income dispersion; +\par +{$\bullet$} The fall of labor demand as well as the liberalization of labor market regulations which were accompanied by the emergence of all kinds of regulated forms of employment; +\par +{$\bullet$} The elimination of legal restrictions on private business activity and ownership that gave rise to self-employment throughout country. In particular, the sharp and persistent fall in labor demand of enterprises forced workers to move into low-productivity jobs in the service sector or subsistence agriculture. In many regions of Georgia social protection is lacking and the status of unemployment is not an affordable option and labor supply was reduced. +\par +Methodology: +\par +To state the desirable properties of measures of inequality when the variable under study is ordinal and check which properties are fulfilled by the various indicators. +\par +Conclusions: +\par +{$\bullet$} The main indicators which were choice by research are highly correlated with others for studying of economic inequality's in Georgia; +\par +{$\bullet$} Middle class is not formed in Georgia and differences between rich and low classes are very high; +\par +{$\bullet$} The data by state statistics is not presented for these indicators in series by years consistently. This fact is influenced on dispersion.} } @article{Mello2013, @@ -34983,12 +35285,13 @@ abstract = {This paper analyses production and labour market data on manufacturing firms in Ethiopia in order to test for skill formation and job-matching effects in wage growth. Estimated age and job seniority profiles of relative marginal productivity and relative wages indicate that both on-the-job skill formation and job matching are significant sources of the growth of productivity and wages with time in the labour market. However, there is also evidence that job matching is by far the more important of the two sources.}, unique-id = {WOS:000169648900001}, keywords = {country::Ethiopia,program::job market services,program::training,region::SSA,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the possibility and eventual outcome of on-the-job learning and job matching on workers' productivity and earnings.\textbf{It finds that both on-the-job learning and job matching have a significant positive impact on both earnings and productivity over time, with specific skill increases being the primary learning source of within-job increases but a smaller fraction on increases than job matching overall.\textbf{Both skill increases and job-matching account at least for some of the in-between jobs earnings increases over a workers' labor market experience.\textbf{Job-matching may however be significantly more important to both earnings and productivity of a worker over time. \textbf{It also finds that the rate of improvement for both outcomes increases until 15 years of experience and slowly decreases above 16 years, though still keeping consistently higher than baseline estimations.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MGVP4H5E/Mengistae2001_Skill_formation_and_job_matching_effects_in_wage_growth_in_Ethiopia.pdf} } @article{Menon2018, - title = {`{{Ring}}' Your Future, without Changing Diaper -- {{Can}} Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Address Child Marriage in {{Zambia}}?}, + title = {`{{Ring}}' Your Future, without Changing Diaper {\textendash} {{Can}} Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Address Child Marriage in {{Zambia}}?}, author = {Menon, J. A. and Kusanthan, T. and Mwaba, S. O. C. and Juanola, L. and Kok, M. C.}, editor = {Brownie, Sharon Mary}, year = {2018}, @@ -35037,6 +35340,7 @@ eissn = {1872-6089}, unique-id = {WOS:000453623400009}, keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment impacts of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in multiple rural districts, focusing especially on the spatial distribution of possible spill-over effects and the effects of surrounding areas on the treated zone.\textbf{It finds a large spatial heterogeneity between such outcomes with treated villages that are located closer to untreated areas having smaller positive impacts on earnings than treated villages that are located farther from untreated areas.\textbf{It suggests that since NREGS acts as a de-facto minimum wage enforcement, it increases labor bargaining power and this effect is not limited to directly treated zones.\textbf{Thus, on the other hand, wage in untreated districts increases more when they are closer to treated districts, an effect which may lead many studies that focus on the district level to underestimate the true effects of the Indian NREGS.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AGJJ5H6A/Merfeld2018_Spatially_heterogeneous_effects_of_a_public_works_program.pdf} } @@ -35088,10 +35392,10 @@ author = {Messina, Juli{\'a}n and Silva, Joana}, year = {2017}, month = dec, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-1039-8}, urldate = {2023-12-26}, - abstract = {Abstract: What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the first question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage differences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so---but it might not actually reverse the region's movement toward less wage inequality.}, + abstract = {Abstract: What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the first question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage differences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so{\textemdash}but it might not actually reverse the region's movement toward less wage inequality.}, isbn = {978-1-4648-1039-8 978-1-4648-1040-4}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,region::LAC,review::systematic,sample::snowballing,TODO::review} @@ -35120,7 +35424,7 @@ author = {Meyer, Tanya K. and Bergmark, Regan and Zatz, Marcy and Sardesai, Maya G. and Litvack, Jamie R. and Starks Acosta, Anne}, year = {2019}, month = aug, - journal = {Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery}, + journal = {Otolaryngology{\textendash}Head and Neck Surgery}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, pages = {257--264}, @@ -35154,6 +35458,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, keywords = {country::Tanzania,inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::full-text,region::SSA,relevant,sample::database,type::microcredit}, + note = {looks at PI; LM adjacency and health outcomes; +\par +does NOT look at inequality effects (no measures of inequality employed)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8F9SJW54/Mhando et al_2020_Microfinance and peer health leadership intervention implementation for men in.pdf} } @@ -35170,7 +35477,7 @@ issn = {1478-4491}, doi = {10.1186/s12960-021-00598-9}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Many challenges exist in providing equitable access to rural healthcare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). WHO recommends student exposure to rural clinical rotations to promote interest in rural healthcare. Challenges to rural engagement include lack of adequate infrastructure and staff to lead rural education. This case report highlights key steps in developing a rural rotation program for DRC nursing students. Case presentation To implement a rural rotation (RR) program, ICAP at Columbia University (ICAP) consulted with students, the Ministries of Health (MoH) and Education (MoE), and nursing schools to pilot and expand a rural rotation program. Nursing schools agreed to place students in rural clinics and communities. Key stakeholders collaborated to assess and select rural sites based on availability of nursing mentors, educational resources, security, accessibility, and patient volume. To support this, 85 preceptors from 55 target schools and 30 rural health facilities were trained of which 30 were selected to be ``master trainers''. These master trainers led the remaining 55 preceptors implementing the rural rotation program. We worked with rural facilities to engage community leaders and secure accommodation for students. A total of 583 students from five Lubumbashi schools and two rural schools outside Kinshasa participated across 16 rural sites (298 students in 2018--2019 school year and 285 in 2019--2020). Feedback from 274 students and 25 preceptors and nursing school leaders was positive with many students actively seeking rural assignments upon graduation. For example, 97\% agreed or strongly agreed that their RR programs had strengthened their educational experience.~Key challenges, however, were long-term financial support (35\%) for rural rotations, adequate student housing (30\%) and advocacy for expanding the rural workforce. Conclusions With nearly 600 participants, this project showed that a RR program is feasible and acceptable in resource-limited settings yet availability of ample student accommodation and increasing availability of rural jobs remain health system challenges. Using a multipronged approach to rural health investment as outlined by WHO over two decades ago remains essential. Attracting future nurses to rural health is necessary but not sufficient to achieve equitable health workforce distribution.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Many challenges exist in providing equitable access to rural healthcare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). WHO recommends student exposure to rural clinical rotations to promote interest in rural healthcare. Challenges to rural engagement include lack of adequate infrastructure and staff to lead rural education. This case report highlights key steps in developing a rural rotation program for DRC nursing students. Case presentation To implement a rural rotation (RR) program, ICAP at Columbia University (ICAP) consulted with students, the Ministries of Health (MoH) and Education (MoE), and nursing schools to pilot and expand a rural rotation program. Nursing schools agreed to place students in rural clinics and communities. Key stakeholders collaborated to assess and select rural sites based on availability of nursing mentors, educational resources, security, accessibility, and patient volume. To support this, 85 preceptors from 55 target schools and 30 rural health facilities were trained of which 30 were selected to be ``master trainers''. These master trainers led the remaining 55 preceptors implementing the rural rotation program. We worked with rural facilities to engage community leaders and secure accommodation for students. A total of 583 students from five Lubumbashi schools and two rural schools outside Kinshasa participated across 16 rural sites (298 students in 2018{\textendash}2019 school year and 285 in 2019{\textendash}2020). Feedback from 274 students and 25 preceptors and nursing school leaders was positive with many students actively seeking rural assignments upon graduation. For example, 97\% agreed or strongly agreed that their RR programs had strengthened their educational experience.~Key challenges, however, were long-term financial support (35\%) for rural rotations, adequate student housing (30\%) and advocacy for expanding the rural workforce. Conclusions With nearly 600 participants, this project showed that a RR program is feasible and acceptable in resource-limited settings yet availability of ample student accommodation and increasing availability of rural jobs remain health system challenges. Using a multipronged approach to rural health investment as outlined by WHO over two decades ago remains essential. Attracting future nurses to rural health is necessary but not sufficient to achieve equitable health workforce distribution.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -35302,7 +35609,7 @@ author = {Milkman, Ruth and Appelbaum, Eileen}, year = {2013}, month = oct, - publisher = {Cornell University Press}, + publisher = {{Cornell University Press}}, doi = {10.7591/cornell/9780801452383.001.0001}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-8014-5238-3}, @@ -35438,7 +35745,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {4}, usage-count-since-2013 = {18}, web-of-science-categories = {Humanities, Multidisciplinary}, - keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::age,region::NA,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::agency} + keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::age,region::NA,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::agency}, + note = {accessible from Camput Network only +\par +\href{https://katalog.ub.uni-leipzig.de/Record/ai-49-aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMzEzOC91dHEuOTAuMi4wNw}{https://katalog.ub.uni-leipzig.de/Record/ai-49-aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMzEzOC91dHEuOTAuMi4wNw}} } @article{Mishra2010a, @@ -35486,7 +35796,7 @@ issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1404293111}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Significance This paper makes two contributions to research on the link between the social environment and health. Using data from a birth cohort study, we show that, among African American boys, those who grow up in highly disadvantaged environments have shorter telomeres (at age 9) than boys who grow up in highly advantaged environments. We also find that the association between the social environment and telomere length (TL) is moderated by genetic variation within the serotonin and dopamine pathways. Boys with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document a gene--social environment interaction for TL, a biomarker of stress exposure. , Disadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes. This has been attributed, in part, to chronic stress. Telomere length (TL) has been used as a biomarker of chronic stress: TL is shorter in adults in a variety of contexts, including disadvantaged social standing and depression. We use data from 40, 9-y-old boys participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to extend this observation to African American children. We report that exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced TL by age 9 y. We document significant associations between low income, low maternal education, unstable family structure, and harsh parenting and TL. These effects were moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Consistent with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, subjects with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged social environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments.}, + abstract = {Significance This paper makes two contributions to research on the link between the social environment and health. Using data from a birth cohort study, we show that, among African American boys, those who grow up in highly disadvantaged environments have shorter telomeres (at age 9) than boys who grow up in highly advantaged environments. We also find that the association between the social environment and telomere length (TL) is moderated by genetic variation within the serotonin and dopamine pathways. Boys with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document a gene{\textendash}social environment interaction for TL, a biomarker of stress exposure. , Disadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes. This has been attributed, in part, to chronic stress. Telomere length (TL) has been used as a biomarker of chronic stress: TL is shorter in adults in a variety of contexts, including disadvantaged social standing and depression. We use data from 40, 9-y-old boys participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to extend this observation to African American children. We report that exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced TL by age 9 y. We document significant associations between low income, low maternal education, unstable family structure, and harsh parenting and TL. These effects were moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Consistent with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, subjects with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged social environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -35545,7 +35855,7 @@ issn = {1560-7917}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {On 5 February 2020, in Yokohama, Japan, a cruise ship hosting 3,711 people underwent a 2-week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID-19 post-disembarking. As at 20 February, 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus. We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay-adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections, along with the infections' timeline. The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17.9\% (95\% credible interval (CrI):\,15.5--20.2\%). Most infections occurred before the quarantine start.}, + abstract = {On 5 February 2020, in Yokohama, Japan, a cruise ship hosting 3,711 people underwent a 2-week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID-19 post-disembarking. As at 20 February, 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus. We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay-adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections, along with the infections' timeline. The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17.9\% (95\% credible interval (CrI):\,15.5{\textendash}20.2\%). Most infections occurred before the quarantine start.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -35586,7 +35896,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, web-of-science-categories = {Business, Finance}, - keywords = {country::Romania,inequality::age,inequality::gender,method::quantitative,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,sample::database,type::pension} + keywords = {country::Romania,inequality::age,inequality::gender,method::quantitative,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,sample::database,type::pension}, + note = {looks at inequality; PI; +\par +NO LM adjacency for outcomes} } @article{Moawad2021, @@ -35607,7 +35920,7 @@ } @article{Mody2013, - title = {The {{{\textsc{W}}}} Orld {{{\textsc{H}}}} Ealth {{{\textsc{O}}}} Rganization {\textsc{--}}{{{\textsc{U}}}} Nited {{{\textsc{N}}}} Ations {{{\textsc{P}}}} Opulation {{{\textsc{F}}}} Und {{Strategic Partnership Programme}}'s Implementation of Family Planning Guidelines and Tools in {{{\textsc{A}}}} Sia-- {{{\textsc{P}}}} Acific Countries}, + title = {The {{{\textsc{W}}}} Orld {{{\textsc{H}}}} Ealth {{{\textsc{O}}}} Rganization {\textsc{{\textendash}}}{{{\textsc{U}}}} Nited {{{\textsc{N}}}} Ations {{{\textsc{P}}}} Opulation {{{\textsc{F}}}} Und {{Strategic Partnership Programme}}'s Implementation of Family Planning Guidelines and Tools in {{{\textsc{A}}}} Sia{\textendash} {{{\textsc{P}}}} Acific Countries}, shorttitle = {The}, author = {Mody, Sheila K. and Ba-Thike, Katherine and Gaffield, Mary E.}, year = {2013}, @@ -35667,7 +35980,7 @@ month = jan, volume = {35}, pages = {59--106}, - publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, + publisher = {{Emerald Group Publishing Limited}}, doi = {10.1108/S0147-9121(2012)0000035030}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, isbn = {978-1-78190-218-9 978-1-78190-219-6}, @@ -35928,7 +36241,7 @@ issn = {1948-5506, 1948-5514}, doi = {10.1177/19485506211033748}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Does commitment to allyship from a dominant group member cue identity-safety for women in male-dominated environments? We examine this question by assessing women's perceptions of workplaces that included the presence (vs. absence) of a male ally (Studies 1--3) or a female ally (Study 3), and determine the impact of Black versus White allies for Black and White women. Across three studies ( N = 1,032) and an integrative data analysis, we demonstrate that an equality-supportive male ally reduces anticipated isolation and workplace hostility and increases anticipated support, respect, and gender-equality norms for women in general populations (Studies 1 and 2) and women in science, technology, and math (Study 3). These results represent a possible strategy to help retain women in male-dominated fields.}, + abstract = {Does commitment to allyship from a dominant group member cue identity-safety for women in male-dominated environments? We examine this question by assessing women's perceptions of workplaces that included the presence (vs. absence) of a male ally (Studies 1{\textendash}3) or a female ally (Study 3), and determine the impact of Black versus White allies for Black and White women. Across three studies ( N = 1,032) and an integrative data analysis, we demonstrate that an equality-supportive male ally reduces anticipated isolation and workplace hostility and increases anticipated support, respect, and gender-equality norms for women in general populations (Studies 1 and 2) and women in science, technology, and math (Study 3). These results represent a possible strategy to help retain women in male-dominated fields.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36005,6 +36318,7 @@ abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the program Seguro de Capacitation y Empleo (SCE) implemented to provide support in skills upgrading, job seeking, and job placement to eligible beneficiaries of the Argentinian conditional cash transfer program Plan Ales. The SCE is an example of a growing trend observed in Latin America, where labor activation components have been increasingly included into cash transfers programs to support beneficiaries in finding more stable income opportunities. Despite this growing trend, not enough is known regarding the effectiveness of these components, especially on job quality. In this context, this paper sheds light on whether the provision of a comprehensive package of active labor market measures contributes to a successful labor market integration of cash transfers beneficiaries. Taking advantage of the panel structure of the Permanent Household Survey and exploiting the time variation in the assignment of the program as identification strategy, we apply difference-in-difference estimators to measure the impact on a number of labor market indicators. We find that the program affects positively the job quality of participants by increasing the probability of having a formal job and raising hourly wages. Moreover, the intervention is associated with a lower probability of having a low-paid job and working an excessive number of hours. These effects are, however, not homogeneous across all groups of participants. While the program is more successful among the younger beneficiaries, it does not contribute to an improvement in the labor market conditions of female beneficiaries, who in fact are the majority of SCE participants. Our results suggest that reducing dependency on monetary transfers through programs, such as the SCE, that are rich in activation components is beneficial for participants' labor market trajectories and therefore, it constitutes a satisfactory exit strategy to more universal cash transfer programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, unique-id = {WOS:000399269800030}, keywords = {country::Argentina,lmp::active,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the integration of active labor market programs (vocational training, internships, labor market services and employment subsidies) with conditional cash transfers in Argentina's 'Seguro de Capacitaci{\'o}n y Empleo' program to analyze the impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\textbf{It relies on administrative survey panel data on mostly urban households receiving the conditional cash transfer.\textbf{Generally finds no significant impact in employment probability but significant positive short-term impacts on earnings and job quality, especially the tendency to be employed formally.\textbf{There is a large heterogeneity in the findings in that, first, younger beneficiaries generally have more significantly positive impacts, however, second, women see no significant improvements at all for their employment outcomes.\textbf{The article stipulates that, due to correcting for observable heterogeneity, this could be due to different ALMP components generally participated in by genders or underlying structural gender gap in Argentinian labor market.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/D7I2M9UY/Mourelo2017_Effectiveness_of_active_labor_market_tools_in_conditional_cash_transfers.pdf} } @@ -36019,7 +36333,7 @@ institution = {{Health Systems and Quality Improvement}}, doi = {10.1101/2020.10.26.20219352}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objectives To determine the extent and nature of changes in utilisation of healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemic. Design Systematic review Eligibility Eligible studies compared utilisation of services during COVID-19 pandemic to at least one comparable period in prior years. Services included visits, admissions, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Studies were excluded if from single-centres or studied only COVID-19 patients. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and pre-prints were searched, without language restrictions, until August 10, using detailed searches with key concepts including COVID-19, health services and impact. Data analysis Risk of bias was assessed by adapting ROBINS-I and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care tool. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics, graphical figures, and narrative synthesis. Outcome measures Primary outcome was change in service utilisation between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Secondary outcome was the change in proportions of users of healthcare services with milder or more severe illness (e.g. triage scores). Results 3097 unique references were identified, and 81 studies across 20 countries included, reporting on {$>$}11 million services pre-pandemic and 6.9 million during pandemic. For the primary outcome, there were 143 estimates of changes, with a median 37\% reduction in services overall (interquartile range -51\% to -20\%), comprising median reductions for visits of 42\%(-53\% to -32\%), admissions, 28\%(-40\% to -17\%), diagnostics, 31\%(-53\% to -24\%), and for therapeutics, 30\%(-57\% to -19\%). Among 35 studies reporting secondary outcomes, there were 60 estimates, with 27(45\%) reporting larger reductions in utilisation among people with a milder spectrum of illness, and 33 (55\%) reporting no change. Conclusions Healthcare utilisation decreased by about a third during the pandemic, with considerable variation, and with greater reductions among people with less severe illness. While addressing unmet need remains a priority, studies of health impacts of reductions may help health-systems prioritise higher-value care in the post-pandemic recovery. Funding, Study registration No funding was required. PROSPERO: CRD42020203729 Strengths and limitations of this study -- The review is the first broad synthesis of global studies of pandemic related changes in utilisation across all categories of healthcare services. -- The review provides novel findings informing design of future studies of pandemic-related changes in utilisation and its impacts. -- Limitations include the possibility of publication bias and the potential of our eligibility criteria to exclude important data sources such as studies in single-centres and unpublished datasets from health systems. -- Heterogenous designs and settings precluding meta-analysis.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objectives To determine the extent and nature of changes in utilisation of healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemic. Design Systematic review Eligibility Eligible studies compared utilisation of services during COVID-19 pandemic to at least one comparable period in prior years. Services included visits, admissions, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Studies were excluded if from single-centres or studied only COVID-19 patients. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and pre-prints were searched, without language restrictions, until August 10, using detailed searches with key concepts including COVID-19, health services and impact. Data analysis Risk of bias was assessed by adapting ROBINS-I and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care tool. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics, graphical figures, and narrative synthesis. Outcome measures Primary outcome was change in service utilisation between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Secondary outcome was the change in proportions of users of healthcare services with milder or more severe illness (e.g. triage scores). Results 3097 unique references were identified, and 81 studies across 20 countries included, reporting on {$>$}11 million services pre-pandemic and 6.9 million during pandemic. For the primary outcome, there were 143 estimates of changes, with a median 37\% reduction in services overall (interquartile range -51\% to -20\%), comprising median reductions for visits of 42\%(-53\% to -32\%), admissions, 28\%(-40\% to -17\%), diagnostics, 31\%(-53\% to -24\%), and for therapeutics, 30\%(-57\% to -19\%). Among 35 studies reporting secondary outcomes, there were 60 estimates, with 27(45\%) reporting larger reductions in utilisation among people with a milder spectrum of illness, and 33 (55\%) reporting no change. Conclusions Healthcare utilisation decreased by about a third during the pandemic, with considerable variation, and with greater reductions among people with less severe illness. While addressing unmet need remains a priority, studies of health impacts of reductions may help health-systems prioritise higher-value care in the post-pandemic recovery. Funding, Study registration No funding was required. PROSPERO: CRD42020203729 Strengths and limitations of this study {\textendash} The review is the first broad synthesis of global studies of pandemic related changes in utilisation across all categories of healthcare services. {\textendash} The review provides novel findings informing design of future studies of pandemic-related changes in utilisation and its impacts. {\textendash} Limitations include the possibility of publication bias and the potential of our eligibility criteria to exclude important data sources such as studies in single-centres and unpublished datasets from health systems. {\textendash} Heterogenous designs and settings precluding meta-analysis.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36259,7 +36573,7 @@ issn = {0002-8282}, doi = {10.1257/aer.96.4.1225}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This paper addresses the question of how traditional institutions interact with the forces of globalization to shape the economic mobility and welfare of particular groups of individuals in the new economy. We explore the role of one such traditional institution---the caste system---in shaping career choices by gender in Bombay using new survey data on school enrollment and income over the past 20 years. We find that male working-class---lower-caste---networks continue to channel boys into local language schools that lead to the traditional occupation, despite the fact that returns to nontraditional white-collar occupations rose substantially in the 1990s, suggesting the possibility of a dynamic inefficiency. In contrast, lower-caste girls, who historically had low labor market participation rates and so did not benefit from the network, are taking full advantage of the opportunities that became available in the new economy by switching rapidly to English schools.}, + abstract = {This paper addresses the question of how traditional institutions interact with the forces of globalization to shape the economic mobility and welfare of particular groups of individuals in the new economy. We explore the role of one such traditional institution{\textemdash}the caste system{\textemdash}in shaping career choices by gender in Bombay using new survey data on school enrollment and income over the past 20 years. We find that male working-class{\textemdash}lower-caste{\textemdash}networks continue to channel boys into local language schools that lead to the traditional occupation, despite the fact that returns to nontraditional white-collar occupations rose substantially in the 1990s, suggesting the possibility of a dynamic inefficiency. In contrast, lower-caste girls, who historically had low labor market participation rates and so did not benefit from the network, are taking full advantage of the opportunities that became available in the new economy by switching rapidly to English schools.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36268,7 +36582,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Work Organization, Area Labor-Market Characteristics, and Depression among {{US}} Nursing Home Workers: {{A}} Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis}, author = {Muntaner, C and Li, Y and Xue, {\relax XN} and O'Campo, P and Chung, {\relax HJ} and Eaton, {\relax WW}}, - year = {2004-10/2004-12}, + year = {2004}, + month = oct, journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, @@ -36361,8 +36676,8 @@ month = aug, number = {w19305}, pages = {w19305}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w19305}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -36377,8 +36692,8 @@ month = aug, number = {w19341}, pages = {w19341}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w19341}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -36393,8 +36708,8 @@ month = dec, number = {w22923}, pages = {w22923}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w22923}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -36497,7 +36812,7 @@ issn = {1559-047X}, doi = {10.1097/BCR.0000000000000156}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {The objective was to determine long-term psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) in young adult survivors of pediatric burns using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II (WHODAS) and the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B). Fifty burn survivors 2.5 to 12.5 years postburn (16--21.5 years old; 56\% male, 82\% Hispanic) completed the WHODAS and BSHS-B. The WHODAS measures health and disability and the BSHS-B measures psychosocial and physical difficulties. Scores were calculated for each instrument, and then grouped by years postburn, TBSA, sex, burn age, and survey age to compare the effects of each. Next, the instruments were compared with each other. The WHODAS disability score mean was 14.4 {\textpm} 2.1. BSHS-B domain scores ranged from 3 to 3.7. In general, as TBSA burned increased, QOL decreased. Female burn survivors, survivors burned prior to school entry, and adolescents who had yet to transition into adulthood reported better QOL than their counterparts. In all domains except Participation, the WHODAS consistently identified more individuals with lower QOL than the BSHS-B. Young adult burn survivors' QOL features more disability than their nonburned counterparts, but score in the upper 25\% for QOL on the BSHS-B. This analysis revealed the need for long-term psychosocial intervention for survivors with larger TBSA, males, those burned after school entry, and those transitioning into adulthood. Both instruments are useful tools for assessing burn survivors' QOL and both should be given as they discern different individuals. However, the WHODAS is more sensitive than the BSHS-B in identifying QOL issues.}, + abstract = {The objective was to determine long-term psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) in young adult survivors of pediatric burns using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II (WHODAS) and the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B). Fifty burn survivors 2.5 to 12.5 years postburn (16{\textendash}21.5 years old; 56\% male, 82\% Hispanic) completed the WHODAS and BSHS-B. The WHODAS measures health and disability and the BSHS-B measures psychosocial and physical difficulties. Scores were calculated for each instrument, and then grouped by years postburn, TBSA, sex, burn age, and survey age to compare the effects of each. Next, the instruments were compared with each other. The WHODAS disability score mean was 14.4 {$\pm$} 2.1. BSHS-B domain scores ranged from 3 to 3.7. In general, as TBSA burned increased, QOL decreased. Female burn survivors, survivors burned prior to school entry, and adolescents who had yet to transition into adulthood reported better QOL than their counterparts. In all domains except Participation, the WHODAS consistently identified more individuals with lower QOL than the BSHS-B. Young adult burn survivors' QOL features more disability than their nonburned counterparts, but score in the upper 25\% for QOL on the BSHS-B. This analysis revealed the need for long-term psychosocial intervention for survivors with larger TBSA, males, those burned after school entry, and those transitioning into adulthood. Both instruments are useful tools for assessing burn survivors' QOL and both should be given as they discern different individuals. However, the WHODAS is more sensitive than the BSHS-B in identifying QOL issues.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::disability,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -36506,8 +36821,8 @@ title = {Basic {{Income Worldwide}}}, editor = {Murray, Matthew C. and Pateman, Carole}, year = {2012}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/9781137265227}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {In the midst of growing criticism of current economic orthodoxies and welfare systems, basic income is growing in popularity. This is the first book to discuss existing at examples of basic income, in both rich and poor countries, and to consider its prospects in other places around the world.}, @@ -36529,7 +36844,7 @@ issn = {2731-4383}, doi = {10.1007/s44192-022-00005-2}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract In the current COVID-19 pandemic there are reports of deteriorating psychological conditions among university students in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but very little is known about the gender differences in the mental health conditions on this population. This study aims to assess generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among university students using a gender lens during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based Google forms between May 2020 and August 2020 among 605 current students of two universities in Bangladesh. Within the total 605 study participants, 59.5\% (360) were female. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety disorder was 61.8\% among females and 38.2\% among males. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were 2.21 times more likely to have anxiety compared to males [AOR: 2.21; CI 95\% (1.28--53.70); p-value: 0.004] and participants' age was negatively associated with increased levels of anxiety (AOR\,=\,0.17; 95\% CI\,=\,0.05--0.57; p \,=\,0.001). In addition, participants who were worried about academic delays were more anxious than those who were not worried about it (AOR: 2.82; 95\% CI 1.50--5.31, p \,=\,0.001). These findings of this study will add value to the existing limited evidence and strongly advocate in designing gender-specific, low-intensity interventions to ensure comprehensive mental health services for the young adult population of Bangladesh.}, + abstract = {Abstract In the current COVID-19 pandemic there are reports of deteriorating psychological conditions among university students in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but very little is known about the gender differences in the mental health conditions on this population. This study aims to assess generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among university students using a gender lens during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based Google forms between May 2020 and August 2020 among 605 current students of two universities in Bangladesh. Within the total 605 study participants, 59.5\% (360) were female. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety disorder was 61.8\% among females and 38.2\% among males. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were 2.21 times more likely to have anxiety compared to males [AOR: 2.21; CI 95\% (1.28{\textendash}53.70); p-value: 0.004] and participants' age was negatively associated with increased levels of anxiety (AOR\,=\,0.17; 95\% CI\,=\,0.05{\textendash}0.57; p \,=\,0.001). In addition, participants who were worried about academic delays were more anxious than those who were not worried about it (AOR: 2.82; 95\% CI 1.50{\textendash}5.31, p \,=\,0.001). These findings of this study will add value to the existing limited evidence and strongly advocate in designing gender-specific, low-intensity interventions to ensure comprehensive mental health services for the young adult population of Bangladesh.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -36694,7 +37009,7 @@ issn = {0008-543X, 1097-0142}, doi = {10.1002/cncr.11363}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract BACKGROUND With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors. METHODS The long-term follow-up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety-four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports. Cancer 2003;10:2554--64. {\copyright} 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11363 , Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage). Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, as was having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional support.}, + abstract = {Abstract BACKGROUND With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors. METHODS The long-term follow-up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety-four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports. Cancer 2003;10:2554{\textendash}64. {\copyright} 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11363 , Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage). Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, as was having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional support.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BIB868LC/Nagarajan et al_2003_Education, employment, insurance, and marital status among 694 survivors of.pdf} @@ -36842,7 +37157,7 @@ issn = {0046-2772, 1099-0992}, doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2702}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Despite the fact that women face socially and politically sanctioned disadvantages every day, a large percentage of women and men report that gender discrimination is no longer a problem. Across three studies, which together include over 20,000 participants from 23 countries, we test the hypothesis that denial (vs. acknowledgement) of gender discrimination is associated with higher subjective well-being among women (Studies 1--3), and this is because denying gender discrimination promotes the view that the system is fair (Study 1). We further show that this happens above and beyond personal experiences with sexism (Study 1) and that the association is stronger in countries where sexism is relatively high (vs. low; Study 3). We argue that denial of discrimination is an individual-level coping mechanism and that, like other self-group distancing strategies, it may perpetuate gender inequality.}, + abstract = {Abstract Despite the fact that women face socially and politically sanctioned disadvantages every day, a large percentage of women and men report that gender discrimination is no longer a problem. Across three studies, which together include over 20,000 participants from 23 countries, we test the hypothesis that denial (vs. acknowledgement) of gender discrimination is associated with higher subjective well-being among women (Studies 1{\textendash}3), and this is because denying gender discrimination promotes the view that the system is fair (Study 1). We further show that this happens above and beyond personal experiences with sexism (Study 1) and that the association is stronger in countries where sexism is relatively high (vs. low; Study 3). We argue that denial of discrimination is an individual-level coping mechanism and that, like other self-group distancing strategies, it may perpetuate gender inequality.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36870,6 +37185,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {15}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {country::South_Africa,inequality::income,method::quantitative,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::sp,type::trade_liberalization}, + note = {International Conference on Globalisation, Growth and (In) Equality, Univ Warwick, Ctr Study Globalisat \& Regionalisat, Coventry, ENGLAND, MAR 17, 2002}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ESL62HUB/Naude2004_Globalisation_and_inequality_in_South_Africa.pdf} } @@ -36908,7 +37224,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Health Care Organizations' Use of Race/Ethnicity Data to Address Quality Disparities - {{Many}} of These Projects Have Worked, but There Is Still Much Room for Improvement.}, author = {Nerenz, {\relax DR}}, - year = {2005-03/2005-04}, + year = {2005}, + month = mar, journal = {HEALTH AFFAIRS}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, @@ -37022,7 +37339,7 @@ issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390405800102}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Living wage laws are touted as anti-poverty measures. Yet they apply to only a small fraction of workers, most commonly covering only employers with city contracts. The apparent contradiction between broad anti-poverty goals and narrow coverage suggests that goals other than poverty reduction may partly underlie living wage campaigns. This paper considers the hypothesis that living wage laws act to maintain or increase rents among unionized municipal workers. By raising the wages that city contractors would have to pay, living wage laws may reduce the incentives for cities to contract out work that would otherwise be done by unionized municipal employees, hence increasing the bargaining power of municipal unions and leading to higher wages for their members. The evidence presented here, from an analysis of CPS data for 1996--2000, indicates that the wages of unionized municipal workers are indeed increased as a result of living wage laws covering contractors.}, + abstract = {Living wage laws are touted as anti-poverty measures. Yet they apply to only a small fraction of workers, most commonly covering only employers with city contracts. The apparent contradiction between broad anti-poverty goals and narrow coverage suggests that goals other than poverty reduction may partly underlie living wage campaigns. This paper considers the hypothesis that living wage laws act to maintain or increase rents among unionized municipal workers. By raising the wages that city contractors would have to pay, living wage laws may reduce the incentives for cities to contract out work that would otherwise be done by unionized municipal employees, hence increasing the bargaining power of municipal unions and leading to higher wages for their members. The evidence presented here, from an analysis of CPS data for 1996{\textendash}2000, indicates that the wages of unionized municipal workers are indeed increased as a result of living wage laws covering contractors.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -37055,6 +37372,15 @@ abstract = {Purpose A systematic review was conducted to review the effectiveness of workplace accommodation (WA) regarding employment, work ability, and cost-benefit among disabled people. It also describes the evidence gained on the barriers and facilitators of WA process to sustain employment. Methods We reviewed systematically current scientific evidence about effectiveness of WA among disabled persons. The outcomes were employment, work ability, and cost-benefit. Qualitative studies of employment facilitators and barriers were also included. The population comprised people with physical disability, visual impairment, hearing impairment, cognitive disability, or mental disability, aged 18-68 years. CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medic, OTseeker, PEDro, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1990 to November 2012. Results Three quantitative (one randomized controlled, one concurrently controlled, and one cohort) and eight qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. There was moderate evidence that specific types of WA (vocational counselling and guidance, education and self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, and special transportation) promote employment among physically disabled persons and reduce costs. There was low evidence that WA (liaison, education, work aids, and work techniques) coordinated by case managers increases return to work and is cost-effective when compared with the usual care of persons with physical and cognitive disabilities. The key facilitators and barriers of employment were self-advocacy, support of the employer and community, amount of training and counselling, and flexibility of work schedules and work organization. Conclusions More high-quality studies using validated measures of the work ability and functioning of disabled persons are needed. The identified barriers and facilitators found in the qualitative studies should be used to develop quantitative study designs.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::disability,out::title,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,review::systematic,sample::database,snowball_source,TODO::review}, + note = {systematic review looking at effectiveness of workplace accommodation (vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, special transportation) on employment, work ability, cost-benefit, rtw (n=11) +\par +main findings: +\par +- moderate evidence that employment among physically disabled persons promoted by: vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organisation, special transportation +\par +- low evidence that rtw increased for physical/cognitive disabilities by: liaison (btw employer and other professionals), education, work aids, work techniques +\par +barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount of training/counselling, flexibility of work schedules/organisation}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/V3KT5P2Z/Nevala2015_Workplace_Accommodation_Among_Persons_with_Disabilities.pdf} } @@ -37164,7 +37490,8 @@ urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {Gender is a key factor operating in the health workforce. Recent research evidence points to systemic gender discrimination and inequalities in health pre-service and in-service education and employment systems. Human resources for health (HRH) leaders' and researchers' lack of concerted attention to these inequalities is striking, given the recognition of other forms of discrimination in international labour rights and employment law discourse. If not acted upon, gender discrimination and inequalities result in systems inefficiencies that impede the development of the robust workforces needed to respond to today's critical health care needs. This commentary makes the case that there is a clear need for sex- and age-disaggregated and qualitative data to more precisely illuminate gender-related trends and dynamics in the health workforce. Because of their importance for measurement, the paper also presents definitions and examples of sex or gender discrimination and offers specific case examples. At a broader level, the commentary argues that gender equality should be an HRH research, leadership, and governance priority, where the aim is to strengthen health pre-service and continuing professional education and employment systems to achieve better health systems outcomes, including better health coverage. Good HRH leadership, governance, and management involve recognizing the diversity of health workforces, acknowledging gender constraints and opportunities, eliminating gender discrimination and equalizing opportunity, making health systems responsive to life course events, and protecting health workers' labour rights at all levels. A number of global, national and institution-level actions are proposed to move the gender equality and HRH agendas forward.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, + note = {commentary on requirements for sex-/age-disaggregated \& qualitative data} } @article{Newman2016, @@ -37429,9 +37756,9 @@ volume = {63}, number = {4}, pages = {661--684}, - publisher = {Wiley}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1111/roiw.12240}, - abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975--2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, + abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975{\textendash}2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CP9LILE2/Niño-Zarazúa et al_2017_Global Inequality.pdf} } @@ -37446,13 +37773,14 @@ volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {1053--1072}, - publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, issn = {0309-166X}, doi = {10.1093/cje/bei087}, abstract = {This is the first study on the effects of active labour market programs such as training in Russia. We use the data from the official unemployment register combined with information from the follow-up survey in a large industrial city in the year 2000. The method of propensity score matching was applied to learn whether participation in the training programmes increased the monthly salaries of participants. The findings suggest that individuals tend to benefit from the participation in the training programmes. However, one year later, this effect disappeared.}, eissn = {1464-3545}, unique-id = {WOS:000233415700014}, keywords = {country::Russia,lmp::active,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study in on a vocational re-training program in Russia, analyzing its impact on earnings for participants.\textbf{The program is aimed at workers having become displaced after labor market restructuring in Russia made their skills as state-enterprise workers obsolete and now aims to allow them to reallocate their labor back into the new market environment.\textbf{It finds that the program generally positively impacted participants' earnings short-term but the effects disappeared after one year.\textbf{It suggests this is due to a certificate effect, with the training helping workers signify their skills to new employers better than those that did not receive training, but after beginning employment non-participants also reveal their skills and the difference in wages diminishes.\textbf{Lastly, the sample comes from a single city with predominantly industrial sectors and the heterogeneity in the sample is significant with women having less positive earnings impact than men.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Y3T6U4AU/Nivorozhkin2005_An_evaluation_of_government-sponsored_vocational_training_programmes_for_the.pdf} } @@ -37474,7 +37802,7 @@ } @article{Njamnshi2009a, - title = {Secondary School Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice toward Epilepsy in the {{Batibo Health District}}---{{Cameroon}}}, + title = {Secondary School Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice toward Epilepsy in the {{Batibo Health District}}{\textemdash}{{Cameroon}}}, author = {Njamnshi, Alfred K. and Angwafor, Samuel A. and Jallon, Pierre and Muna, Walinjom F. T.}, year = {2009}, month = may, @@ -37539,7 +37867,7 @@ } @article{Njamnshi2009e, - title = {Public Awareness, Perceptions, and Attitudes with Respect to Epilepsy in {{Ebolowa}} and {{Sangmelima}}---{{Urban Cameroon}}}, + title = {Public Awareness, Perceptions, and Attitudes with Respect to Epilepsy in {{Ebolowa}} and {{Sangmelima}}{\textemdash}{{Urban Cameroon}}}, author = {Njamnshi, Alfred K. and Yepnjio, Faustin N. and Tabah, Earnest N. and Dema, Fid{\`e}le and Angwafor, Samuel A. and Fonsah, Julius Y. and Angwafo, Fru F. and Muna, Walinjom F.T.}, year = {2009}, month = apr, @@ -37689,7 +38017,7 @@ issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727}, doi = {10.1079/PHN2005756}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To study changes in lifestyle in relation to changes in body weight and waist circumference associated with occupational retirement in men. Design A prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. At baseline and at follow-up, questionnaires were completed and body weight and waist circumference were measured. Setting The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands. Subjects In total 288 healthy men aged 50--65 years at baseline, who either remained employed or retired over follow-up. Results The effect of retirement on changes in weight and waist circumference was dependent on type of former occupation. Increase in body weight and waist circumference was higher among men who retired from active jobs (0.42 kg year -1 and 0.77 cm year -1 , respectively) than among men who retired from sedentary jobs (0.08 kg year -1 and 0.23 cm year -1 , respectively). Weight gain and increase in waist circumference were associated with a decrease in fruit consumption and fibre density of the diet, with an increase in frequency of eating breakfast, and with a decrease in several physical activities, such as household activities, bicycling, walking and doing odd jobs. Conclusion Retirement was associated with an increase in weight and waist circumference among those with former active jobs, but not among those with former sedentary jobs. Retirement may bring opportunities for healthy changes in diet and physical activity, which could be used in health promotion programmes.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To study changes in lifestyle in relation to changes in body weight and waist circumference associated with occupational retirement in men. Design A prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. At baseline and at follow-up, questionnaires were completed and body weight and waist circumference were measured. Setting The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands. Subjects In total 288 healthy men aged 50{\textendash}65 years at baseline, who either remained employed or retired over follow-up. Results The effect of retirement on changes in weight and waist circumference was dependent on type of former occupation. Increase in body weight and waist circumference was higher among men who retired from active jobs (0.42 kg year -1 and 0.77 cm year -1 , respectively) than among men who retired from sedentary jobs (0.08 kg year -1 and 0.23 cm year -1 , respectively). Weight gain and increase in waist circumference were associated with a decrease in fruit consumption and fibre density of the diet, with an increase in frequency of eating breakfast, and with a decrease in several physical activities, such as household activities, bicycling, walking and doing odd jobs. Conclusion Retirement was associated with an increase in weight and waist circumference among those with former active jobs, but not among those with former sedentary jobs. Retirement may bring opportunities for healthy changes in diet and physical activity, which could be used in health promotion programmes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -37707,6 +38035,7 @@ urldate = {2022-02-10}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Peru,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the gendered effects of the youth training program 'ProJoven' in Peru, with a focus on the outcomes of earnings, employment probability but also (occupational) gender segregation.\textbf{There are significant positive impacts on women's employment probability and large impacts on their earnings, while for men, though having smaller positive impacts on earnings as well, there are negative impacts on employment probability.\textbf{Short-term, the employment probabilities decreased (6, 12 months survey) but then increased and surpassed the control group at the 18 month follow-up survey for women, while they stayed below the control group for men.\textbf{As part of the program, subsidies were given through special subsidies for young women with children, which generated incentives for those to participate in the labor market and allowed a less segregated labor market entry.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:12:09Z} } @@ -37776,9 +38105,10 @@ year = {2019}, series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, number = {1062}, - institution = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, abstract = {Information asymmetries and limited skills are two main factors affecting jobseekers' chances to access quality jobs in developing countries. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a job intermediation and wage subsidy program in Bolivia, a country with one of the highest levels of informality in Latin-America. Using administrative and survey, we find that the program substantially increases employment, formality, and earnings. These effects are heterogeneous across different subsamples of interest. Our results suggest that Active Labor Market Policies might be an effective solution for improving access to quality jobs in the context of high informality.}, keywords = {country::Bolivia,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings, employment probability and formal employment outcomes for 'Programa de Apoyo al Empleo', an employment subsidy and job market service program in Bolivia, where, while unemployment was relatively low, labor market informality is very high.\textbf{The study sees significant positive impacts on employment probability and formal employment for the short-term, with earnings impacts increasing over long-term.\textbf{Generally, larger effects on the earnings and chances of formal employment of women were observed, as well as larger impacts on the earnings of older beneficiaries.\textbf{A cost-benefit analysis sees positive returns of the program over future individual labor outcomes.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -37800,6 +38130,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/B-2691-2013 Novotny, Josef/D-8499-2013}, unique-id = {WOS:000325987700004}, keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Tamil Nadu, a single region in south India, on earnings and the local economy.\textbf{It finds generally positive impacts on welfare both of participating and non-participating households in the region, however also some adverse effects on the local economy.\textbf{First, the wages from NREGS constitute a notable part of household budgets in the first round which then puts upward pressure on private sector wages in a second round, also positively affecting non-participating household earnings.\textbf{However, the private sector wage hikes may adversely affect local farmers, especially small-scale farmers in the region.\textbf{Lastly, the scheme, due to the prevalence of its use by women, also significantly decreases relative gender wage disparity in the region.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GQLPTZ7C/Novotny2013_A_multi-dimensional_analysis_of_the_impacts_of_the_mahatma_gandhi_national.pdf} } @@ -37853,7 +38184,7 @@ author = {Nussbaum, Martha C.}, year = {2011}, month = jul, - publisher = {Harvard University Press}, + publisher = {{Harvard University Press}}, doi = {10.4159/harvard.9780674061200}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-0-674-06120-0}, @@ -38023,7 +38354,7 @@ month = sep, edition = {1}, pages = {81--94}, - publisher = {Wiley}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1002/9780470712184.ch5}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-0-470-69951-5 978-0-470-71218-4}, @@ -38056,7 +38387,7 @@ year = {2007}, month = nov, pages = {137--170}, - publisher = {OECD}, + publisher = {{OECD}}, doi = {10.1787/9789264038165-7-en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, collaborator = {{OECD}}, @@ -38073,7 +38404,7 @@ year = {2008}, month = nov, pages = {129--155}, - publisher = {OECD}, + publisher = {{OECD}}, doi = {10.1787/9789264049826-6-en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, collaborator = {{OECD}}, @@ -38088,7 +38419,7 @@ author = {{OECD}}, year = {2011}, month = dec, - publisher = {OECD}, + publisher = {{OECD}}, doi = {10.1787/9789264119536-en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-92-64-11163-9 978-92-64-11953-6}, @@ -38133,7 +38464,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{The Young Mother and the Labor Market}}, author = {Ogido, Rosalina and Schor, Neia}, - year = {2012-10/2012-12}, + year = {2012}, + month = oct, journal = {SAUDE E SOCIEDADE}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, @@ -38158,7 +38490,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Racial Earnings Inequality in {{South Africa}}: {{An}} Assessment of Policy Options}, author = {O'Gorman, Melanie}, - year = {2010-11/2010-12}, + year = {2010}, + month = nov, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, @@ -38190,13 +38523,13 @@ issn = {0731-1214, 1533-8673}, doi = {10.2307/1389574}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {We examine evidence for supply-side explanations of occupational sex segregation, using the 1979--93 NLSY. Supply-side explanations, such as those derived from neoclassical economic theory and gender socialization, look to individual characteristics of workers, such as values, aspirations, and roles, to explain occupational outcomes. Contrary to human capital theory, we find no tendency for individuals with early plans for employment intermittency or more actual breaks in employment to work in predominantly female occupations. This suggests that women who anticipate breaks in employment do not choose female occupations because of lower wage penalties for time out of the labor force. A second neoclassical view, from the theory of compensating differentials, posits that women sacrifice some pay for ``mother-friendly'' features of jobs. Consistent with this, white and Latina mothers are in more female jobs than are nonmothers, but the opposite is true for African-American women. The gender socialization perspective posits a long-term effect of gendered attitudes and aspirations formed in youth. Consistent with this, we find that those aspiring to or expecting to work in predominantly female jobs are in more heavily female jobs fourteen years later. Also, for women (but not men), more liberal gender role attitudes predicts working in a more sex-typical occupation. For men (but not women), having had either a father or mother who worked in a female occupation predicts working in a more heavily female occupation.}, + abstract = {We examine evidence for supply-side explanations of occupational sex segregation, using the 1979{\textendash}93 NLSY. Supply-side explanations, such as those derived from neoclassical economic theory and gender socialization, look to individual characteristics of workers, such as values, aspirations, and roles, to explain occupational outcomes. Contrary to human capital theory, we find no tendency for individuals with early plans for employment intermittency or more actual breaks in employment to work in predominantly female occupations. This suggests that women who anticipate breaks in employment do not choose female occupations because of lower wage penalties for time out of the labor force. A second neoclassical view, from the theory of compensating differentials, posits that women sacrifice some pay for ``mother-friendly'' features of jobs. Consistent with this, white and Latina mothers are in more female jobs than are nonmothers, but the opposite is true for African-American women. The gender socialization perspective posits a long-term effect of gendered attitudes and aspirations formed in youth. Consistent with this, we find that those aspiring to or expecting to work in predominantly female jobs are in more heavily female jobs fourteen years later. Also, for women (but not men), more liberal gender role attitudes predicts working in a more sex-typical occupation. For men (but not women), having had either a father or mother who worked in a female occupation predicts working in a more heavily female occupation.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Okonofua2011, - title = {Advocacy for Free Maternal and Child Health Care in {{Nigeria}}---{{Results}} and Outcomes}, + title = {Advocacy for Free Maternal and Child Health Care in {{Nigeria}}{\textemdash}{{Results}} and Outcomes}, author = {Okonofua, Friday and Lambo, Eyitayo and Okeibunor, John and Agholor, Kingsley}, year = {2011}, month = feb, @@ -38244,6 +38577,7 @@ orcid-numbers = {Okumu, Ibrahim/0000-0001-9652-675X}, unique-id = {WOS:000479949200001}, keywords = {country::Uganda,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study with a small quantitative component in a questionnaire reviewing the quality of existing vocational training offerings in Uganda. \textbf{It finds that generally, there is little adaptation to private sector labor skill demands.\textbf{Training effectiveness is hampered by poor quality equipment, under- or ill-trained staff and limited adoption of competence-based curricula.\textbf{In the country there is also an inadequate supervision of the individual training institutions since TVET institutions are splintered and operate semi-autonomously from any centralized state offering.\textbf{Lastly, moving into the offering of on-the-job components of a training it finds again that such internship possibilities are generally hampered by poor quality equipment in the private sector not being able to prepare trainees for working with the required technology.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZSWRBXZW/Okumu2019_Technical_and_vocational_education_and_training_in_Uganda.pdf} } @@ -38457,7 +38791,7 @@ issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979398303600407}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Previous research has suggested that intra-occupational earnings differences are the principal source of the long-standing earnings gap between men and women. Following that line of research, this study examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Drawing on the Quality of Employment Panel, the authors compare the earnings and promotion experience of men and women over the period 1973--1977. After controlling for unmeasured differences in job level and constant individual ability in a fixed-effect model, they conclude that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women. Further analysis indicates, however, that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. Although the female/male wage ratio in this sample increased by nearly 6 percent over four years, the increase could have been as much as 9.2 percent if women and men had been held to the same promotion standards.}, + abstract = {Previous research has suggested that intra-occupational earnings differences are the principal source of the long-standing earnings gap between men and women. Following that line of research, this study examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Drawing on the Quality of Employment Panel, the authors compare the earnings and promotion experience of men and women over the period 1973{\textendash}1977. After controlling for unmeasured differences in job level and constant individual ability in a fixed-effect model, they conclude that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women. Further analysis indicates, however, that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. Although the female/male wage ratio in this sample increased by nearly 6 percent over four years, the increase could have been as much as 9.2 percent if women and men had been held to the same promotion standards.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -38508,7 +38842,7 @@ issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2016.303327}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of the COMmunity of Practice And Safety Support (COMPASS) Total Worker Health intervention for home care workers. Methods. We randomized 16 clusters of workers (n\,=\,149) to intervention or usual-practice control conditions. The 12-month intervention was scripted and peer-led, and involved education on safety, health, and well-being; goal setting and self-monitoring; and structured social support. We collected measures at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, which included workers' experienced community of practice (i.e., people engaged in a common activity who interact regularly for shared learning and improvement). Implementation occurred during 2013 and 2014 in Oregon. Results. In an intent-to-treat analysis, relative to control, the intervention produced significant and sustained improvements in workers' experienced community of practice. Additional significant improvements included the use of ergonomic tools or techniques for physical work, safety communication with consumer--employers, hazard correction in homes, fruit and vegetable consumption, lost work days because of injury, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and grip strength. Consumer--employers' reports of caregiver safety behaviors also significantly improved. Conclusions. COMPASS was effective for improving home care workers' social resources and simultaneously impacted both safety and health factors.}, + abstract = {Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of the COMmunity of Practice And Safety Support (COMPASS) Total Worker Health intervention for home care workers. Methods. We randomized 16 clusters of workers (n\,=\,149) to intervention or usual-practice control conditions. The 12-month intervention was scripted and peer-led, and involved education on safety, health, and well-being; goal setting and self-monitoring; and structured social support. We collected measures at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, which included workers' experienced community of practice (i.e., people engaged in a common activity who interact regularly for shared learning and improvement). Implementation occurred during 2013 and 2014 in Oregon. Results. In an intent-to-treat analysis, relative to control, the intervention produced significant and sustained improvements in workers' experienced community of practice. Additional significant improvements included the use of ergonomic tools or techniques for physical work, safety communication with consumer{\textendash}employers, hazard correction in homes, fruit and vegetable consumption, lost work days because of injury, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and grip strength. Consumer{\textendash}employers' reports of caregiver safety behaviors also significantly improved. Conclusions. COMPASS was effective for improving home care workers' social resources and simultaneously impacted both safety and health factors.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -38542,7 +38876,8 @@ urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {This article gives an overview of poverty, deprivation and homelessness as a social ill that is eating deep into the society's fabric. It affirms that these concepts are inextricably linked, illustrating this with the case of the street homeless women. Furthermore, it describes the characteristics of street homeless women in Johannesburg inner city and their perception of poverty. It also describes the survival strategies adopted by these women on the streets. The article also illustrates that street homeless women suffer most from unprecedented population growth, high levels of poverty, homelessness, illiteracy and unemployment. They form part of the largest group of the poorly sheltered population. The street homeless women in particular constitute a population at risk, especially when the nature of their homelessness is concealed. The article suggests it might be appropriate to give special attention to the poorest segment of the population, which includes the street homeless women. They must be made to participate fully and equally in policies and strategies to alleviate poverty.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::South_Africa,inequality::gender,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::South_Africa,inequality::gender,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing}, + note = {may be interesting to cite as an early example of intersectional analysis towards poverty, spatial (shelter) deprivation and gender - however still through a more individualized lens?} } @article{Omer-Salim2008, @@ -38712,7 +39047,7 @@ } @article{Ortiz2011, - title = {Global {{Inequality}}: {{Beyond}} the {{Bottom Billion}} -- {{A Rapid Review}} of {{Income Distribution}} in 141 {{Countries}}}, + title = {Global {{Inequality}}: {{Beyond}} the {{Bottom Billion}} {\textendash} {{A Rapid Review}} of {{Income Distribution}} in 141 {{Countries}}}, shorttitle = {Global {{Inequality}}}, author = {Ortiz, Isabel and Cummins, Matthew}, year = {2011}, @@ -38816,8 +39151,8 @@ month = apr, number = {w14853}, pages = {w14853}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w14853}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -38918,7 +39253,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Sustainable Development: {{Does}} Improvement in Education and Health of Women Improve Female Labour Force Participation Rate?}, author = {Osundina, Olawumi Abeni}, - year = {2020-01/2020-02}, + year = {2020}, + month = jan, journal = {SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, @@ -39093,13 +39429,14 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/AAX-5634-2020}, unique-id = {WOS:000631520900001}, keywords = {country::Turkey,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of an employment subsidy program in Turkey evaluating its impact on earnings, employment probability and the probability of a formal or permanent contract.\textbf{It finds a positive but not significant impact on employment probabilities with a more significant impact for younger men, while there was no impact on earnings and no impact on the prevalence of permanent contracts.\textbf{Since it finds its most significant impact on being formally employed full time, the study suggests that the subsidy program rather increased the formalization of existing jobs than create new employment opportunity and economic activity.}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/54BB6PSY/Ozdamar2021_The_effect_of_the_2008_employment_support_programme_on_young_men's_labour.pdf} } @article{Ozler2020, - title = {Girl {{Empower}} -- {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing: {{Impact}} Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in {{Liberia}}}, - shorttitle = {Girl {{Empower}} -- {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing}, + title = {Girl {{Empower}} {\textendash} {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing: {{Impact}} Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in {{Liberia}}}, + shorttitle = {Girl {{Empower}} {\textendash} {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing}, author = {{\"O}zler, Berk and Hallman, Kelly and Guimond, Marie-France and Kelvin, Elizabeth A. and Rogers, Marian and Karnley, Esther}, year = {2020}, month = apr, @@ -39167,7 +39504,7 @@ issn = {1756-1833}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.i6473}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {For four years in the mid-1970s an unusual experiment took place in the small Canadian town of Dauphin. Statistically significant benefits for those who took part included fewer physician contacts related to mental health and fewer hospital admissions for ``accident and injury.'' Mental health diagnoses in Dauphin also fell. Once the experiment ended, these public health benefits evaporated.1 What was the treatment being tested? It was what has become known as a basic income---a regular, unconditional payment made to each and every citizen. This ground breaking experiment, an early randomised trial in the social policy sphere, ran out of money before full statistical analysisafter a loss of political interest. The link between inequality and poor health outcomes is long established.2 The actual mechanisms behind that link are less understood. The data from the Dauphin study, re-examined by a team from the University of Manitoba in the 2000s, suggest {\dots}}, + abstract = {For four years in the mid-1970s an unusual experiment took place in the small Canadian town of Dauphin. Statistically significant benefits for those who took part included fewer physician contacts related to mental health and fewer hospital admissions for ``accident and injury.'' Mental health diagnoses in Dauphin also fell. Once the experiment ended, these public health benefits evaporated.1 What was the treatment being tested? It was what has become known as a basic income{\textemdash}a regular, unconditional payment made to each and every citizen. This ground breaking experiment, an early randomised trial in the social policy sphere, ran out of money before full statistical analysisafter a loss of political interest. The link between inequality and poor health outcomes is long established.2 The actual mechanisms behind that link are less understood. The data from the Dauphin study, re-examined by a team from the University of Manitoba in the 2000s, suggest {\dots}}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::ubi} } @@ -39273,7 +39610,7 @@ issn = {1448-5028}, doi = {10.1071/SH10025}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Early marriage is common in many developing countries, including India. Women who marry early have little power within their marriage, particularly in the sexual domain. Research is limited on women's ability to control their marital sexual experiences. Methods: We identified factors affecting sexual communication among married women aged 16--25, in Bangalore, India, and how factors associated with sexual communication differed from those influencing non-sexual agency. We ran ordered logit regression models for one outcome of sexual agency (sexual communication, n\,=\,735) and two outcomes of non-sexual agency (fertility control, n\,=\,735, and financial decision-making, n\,=\,728). Results: Sexual communication was more restricted (83 women (11.3\%) with high sexual communication) than financial decision-making (183 women (25.1\%) with high financial decision-making agency) and fertility control (238 women (32.4\%) with high fertility control). Feeling prepared before the first sexual experience was significantly associated with sexual communication (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.8; 95\% confidence interval (CI)\,=\,1.13--2.89). Longer marriage duration (OR 2.13; 95\% CI\,=\,1.42--3.20) and having worked pre-marriage (OR 1.38; 95\% CI\,=\,1.02--1.86) were also significant. Few other measures of women's resources increased their odds of sexual communication. Education, having children, pre-marital vocational training and marital intimacy were significant for non-sexual outcomes but not sexual communication. Conclusions: Policy-makers seeking to enhance young married women's sexual communication need to consider providing sex education to young women before they marry. More broadly, interventions designed to increase women's agency need to be tailored to the type of agency being examined.}, + abstract = {Background: Early marriage is common in many developing countries, including India. Women who marry early have little power within their marriage, particularly in the sexual domain. Research is limited on women's ability to control their marital sexual experiences. Methods: We identified factors affecting sexual communication among married women aged 16{\textendash}25, in Bangalore, India, and how factors associated with sexual communication differed from those influencing non-sexual agency. We ran ordered logit regression models for one outcome of sexual agency (sexual communication, n\,=\,735) and two outcomes of non-sexual agency (fertility control, n\,=\,735, and financial decision-making, n\,=\,728). Results: Sexual communication was more restricted (83 women (11.3\%) with high sexual communication) than financial decision-making (183 women (25.1\%) with high financial decision-making agency) and fertility control (238 women (32.4\%) with high fertility control). Feeling prepared before the first sexual experience was significantly associated with sexual communication (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.8; 95\% confidence interval (CI)\,=\,1.13{\textendash}2.89). Longer marriage duration (OR 2.13; 95\% CI\,=\,1.42{\textendash}3.20) and having worked pre-marriage (OR 1.38; 95\% CI\,=\,1.02{\textendash}1.86) were also significant. Few other measures of women's resources increased their odds of sexual communication. Education, having children, pre-marital vocational training and marital intimacy were significant for non-sexual outcomes but not sexual communication. Conclusions: Policy-makers seeking to enhance young married women's sexual communication need to consider providing sex education to young women before they marry. More broadly, interventions designed to increase women's agency need to be tailored to the type of agency being examined.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -39290,7 +39627,7 @@ issn = {1545-5009, 1545-5017}, doi = {10.1002/pbc.21226}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background With increased cure, childhood cancer survivors are reaching adulthood and seeking employment. Host, disease and treatment risk factors may contribute to inability to attain or maintain employment. Procedure The prevalence and risk factors for unemployment were evaluated using self-reported employment history in 10,399 childhood cancer survivors and 3,083 siblings\,{$\geq$}\,age 18 in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Results Among survivors, 5.6\% reported unemployment, compared with 1.2\% of siblings (odds ratio [OR] 3.7; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 2.6, 5.1). Increased risks were observed within all cancer diagnoses. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumor (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.1, 2.1), bone cancer (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.0, 2.1), treatment with {$\geq$}30 Gy cranial radiotherapy (OR 4.0; 95\% CI 2.9, 5.5), female gender (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.2, 1.7) and age\,{$<$}\,4 years at diagnosis (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.1, 1.8) increased risk. Diagnosis of CNS or bone tumor or cranial radiotherapy {$\geq$}30 Gy remained significant after adjusting for treatment, medical late effects, age and gender. Risk of unemployment decreased with attained age (OR (year) 0.89; 95\% CI 0.87, 0.91). Conclusions Compared to siblings, adult childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for unemployment with highest risk defined by diagnosis, treatment and demographic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:104--110. {\copyright} 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background With increased cure, childhood cancer survivors are reaching adulthood and seeking employment. Host, disease and treatment risk factors may contribute to inability to attain or maintain employment. Procedure The prevalence and risk factors for unemployment were evaluated using self-reported employment history in 10,399 childhood cancer survivors and 3,083 siblings\,{$\geq$}\,age 18 in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Results Among survivors, 5.6\% reported unemployment, compared with 1.2\% of siblings (odds ratio [OR] 3.7; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 2.6, 5.1). Increased risks were observed within all cancer diagnoses. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumor (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.1, 2.1), bone cancer (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.0, 2.1), treatment with {$\geq$}30 Gy cranial radiotherapy (OR 4.0; 95\% CI 2.9, 5.5), female gender (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.2, 1.7) and age\,{$<$}\,4 years at diagnosis (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.1, 1.8) increased risk. Diagnosis of CNS or bone tumor or cranial radiotherapy {$\geq$}30 Gy remained significant after adjusting for treatment, medical late effects, age and gender. Risk of unemployment decreased with attained age (OR (year) 0.89; 95\% CI 0.87, 0.91). Conclusions Compared to siblings, adult childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for unemployment with highest risk defined by diagnosis, treatment and demographic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:104{\textendash}110. {\copyright} 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -39557,7 +39894,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {11}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues; Sociology; Urban Studies}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {Workshop on Poverty and Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, Sodertorn Univ, Soderton, SWEDEN, APR 27-28, 2007} } @article{Paskov2012, @@ -39593,6 +39931,7 @@ researcherid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/A-9329-2017}, unique-id = {WOS:000580051200012}, keywords = {country::South Africa,group::youth,inequality::age,region::SSA,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the non-economic outcomes of youth training programs in South Africa, focusing on the effects on participants' individual welfare (with self-esteem and self-efficacy measurements), skills acquisition and job-search resilience.\textbf{It finds that the programs had a significant sustained positive impact on self-efficacy and self-esteem and a positive but insignificant increase in the future orientation of participants, as well as a significantly increased job-search resilience after the program.\textbf{It also finds that including a financial capability component into the training was correlated with larger positive personal outcomes overall, but the study design did not allow for causal explanation of the training components on their own.\textbf{It argues that such a nurturing role of youth employment programs as 'critical delivery systems' is an important empowering resource for the complexity of youth transition to work, especially in high unemployment environments.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PZWZHHQ5/Patel2020_Evidence_of_non-economic_indicators_as_markers_of_success_for_youth_in_youth.pdf} } @@ -39641,7 +39980,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Effects of Flat Tax Reforms in {{Western Europe}}}, author = {Paulus, Alari and Peichl, Andreas}, - year = {2009-09/2009-10}, + year = {2009}, + month = sep, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {31}, number = {5, SI}, @@ -39718,7 +40058,7 @@ } @article{PeetersGrietens2012, - title = {What {{Role Do Traditional Beliefs Play}} in {{Treatment Seeking}} and {{Delay}} for {{Buruli Ulcer Disease}}?--{{Insights}} from a {{Mixed Methods Study}} in {{Cameroon}}}, + title = {What {{Role Do Traditional Beliefs Play}} in {{Treatment Seeking}} and {{Delay}} for {{Buruli Ulcer Disease}}?{\textendash}{{Insights}} from a {{Mixed Methods Study}} in {{Cameroon}}}, shorttitle = {What {{Role Do Traditional Beliefs Play}} in {{Treatment Seeking}} and {{Delay}} for {{Buruli Ulcer Disease}}?}, author = {Peeters Grietens, Koen and Toomer, Elizabeth and Um Boock, Alphonse and {Hausmann-Muela}, Susanna and Peeters, Hans and Kanobana, Kirezi and Gryseels, Charlotte and Ribera, Joan Muela}, editor = {Harpending, Henry}, @@ -39852,7 +40192,7 @@ issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257193}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 17 th ---May 11 th 2020) on violence against women in France. Methods A prospective survey was conducted online between April 2th 2020 and July 5 th 2020. Female respondents were recruited from social media networks using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected three times: during (2--19 April) and at the end (11--25 May) of the first lockdown, and following the first lockdown (20 June-- 05 July). Sociodemographic variables, lockdown living conditions, financial impact of COVID, and history of psychiatric disorder were evaluated, together with changes in psychological distress over the lockdown period, and the risk of being assaulted post lockdown. Results Psychological distress was elevated and remained stable for most of the 1538 female respondents during lockdown. More than 7\% of women were affected by physical or sexual violence post lockdown. Unwanted sexual contact accounted for the majority of abuse, but physical and sexual assault were also prevalent. The risk of being abused was higher for participants who had changed anxiety/insomnia symptoms over the lockdown period, and a history of abuse. Discussion Women who experienced changes in anxiety/insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown were at higher risk than others of being assaulted post lockdown, especially when they were already socially vulnerable. While social and psychological factors accounting for these changes warrant further investigation, communication and preventive measures during pandemics should include initiatives tailored to women more vulnerable to violence.}, + abstract = {Background The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 17 th {\textemdash}May 11 th 2020) on violence against women in France. Methods A prospective survey was conducted online between April 2th 2020 and July 5 th 2020. Female respondents were recruited from social media networks using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected three times: during (2{\textendash}19 April) and at the end (11{\textendash}25 May) of the first lockdown, and following the first lockdown (20 June{\textendash} 05 July). Sociodemographic variables, lockdown living conditions, financial impact of COVID, and history of psychiatric disorder were evaluated, together with changes in psychological distress over the lockdown period, and the risk of being assaulted post lockdown. Results Psychological distress was elevated and remained stable for most of the 1538 female respondents during lockdown. More than 7\% of women were affected by physical or sexual violence post lockdown. Unwanted sexual contact accounted for the majority of abuse, but physical and sexual assault were also prevalent. The risk of being abused was higher for participants who had changed anxiety/insomnia symptoms over the lockdown period, and a history of abuse. Discussion Women who experienced changes in anxiety/insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown were at higher risk than others of being assaulted post lockdown, especially when they were already socially vulnerable. While social and psychological factors accounting for these changes warrant further investigation, communication and preventive measures during pandemics should include initiatives tailored to women more vulnerable to violence.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -39907,6 +40247,45 @@ abstract = {We perform a systematic review of the literature on the association between income, employment, and urban poverty from a multidisciplinary perspective. Our results, derived from the analysis of 243 articles, confirm the significant role of employment in the urban poor's lives, highlighting several factors that constrain their ability to improve their labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, among others. Furthermore, the paper finds different strategies used by the poor to promote their inclusion in their city's economy. We found a major bias towards research focused on advanced economies, stressing the need for development studies dealing with the specific challenges of developing economies.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,out::title,review::systematic,snowball_source}, + note = {summary: multi-disciplinary systematic review of association between income, employment, urban poverty. n=243 articles, academic focus on advanced economies; finds significant role of employment in life of urban poor; +\par +findings: most relevant barriers for improving labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, inadequate human capital +\par +\# Inequality +\par +[@Perez2022] identify a multitude of factors which ultimately affect income, employment and urban poverty. +\par +Among them: +\par +gender inequality, through traditional gender roles and lack of empowerment, a lack of childcare, or inequal domestic work; +\par +low human capital, which can originate through pre-existing inequalities, +\par +spatial inequality, through lack of access to transportation, residential segregation or discrimination, limited access to work, +\par +the inter-generational persistence of poverty as well as the impacts of pre-existing inequalities such as lower human capital or larger household sizes; +\par +and external factors such as extreme weather events or inflation. +\par +Strategies to reduce poverty/unemployment are: +\par +participation in informal sectors or illegal activities, +\par +credit programs, +\par +consumption from informal food sources, +\par +family and institutional support for childcare, +\par +guaranteed minimum income or universal basic income and/or living wage, +\par +income diversification, +\par +commuting subsidies, +\par +housing mobility programs, and +\par +migration.}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GN2BERMB/figure-factors-affecting-poverty.png;/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IR9S4BNR/Perez et al_2022_The changing role of employment and alternative income sources among the urban.pdf} } @@ -39989,7 +40368,8 @@ type = {Review}, title = {Oral Cancer Prevention and Control - {{The}} Approach of the {{World Health Organization}}}, author = {Petersen, Poul Erik}, - year = {2009-04/2009-05}, + year = {2009}, + month = apr, journal = {ORAL ONCOLOGY}, volume = {45}, number = {4-5}, @@ -40022,7 +40402,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-09-2013-0070}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to highlight how women managers in Swedish higher education (HE) both support and resist policies about equal representation, and to discuss which factors influenced if, and how, these managers took on the role as change agents for gender equality. Design/methodology/approach -- The paper draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with 22 women in senior academic management positions (vice-chancellors, pro vice-chancellors, deans and pro deans) in ten Swedish HE institutions. Findings -- The paper highlights how these women situated themselves in an academic context where gender relations were changing. They supported equal representation policies in their everyday managerial practice and also by accepting management positions that they were nominated and elected to on the basis of such policies. However, they also resisted these policies when they experienced a need to ``protect'' women from being exploited ``in the name of gender equality''. Research limitations/implications -- The paper addresses the call for research on the role of women managers in promoting, or preventing, change towards more gender balanced organizations. The paper builds on a small qualitative study with women only interviews. The study is therefore to be considered as explorative. Practical implications -- The paper makes a contribution to the research literature in the area of gender and change in academic organizations. The findings highlight how policies have different consequences in different settings and that people use their own (different) experiences when interpreting the effects of these policies. The findings thus show the varying impacts equal representation policies can have on women. Originality/value -- The discussion in the paper is situated in a unique empirical context characterized by demographic feminization and organizational restructuring. Most international literature on women in HE and in HE management is based on US or UK contexts. Swedish HE therefore provides an interesting setting. The analysis also addresses the call for more research that takes into account the multifaceted character of HE and that discusses disciplinary differences.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to highlight how women managers in Swedish higher education (HE) both support and resist policies about equal representation, and to discuss which factors influenced if, and how, these managers took on the role as change agents for gender equality. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The paper draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with 22 women in senior academic management positions (vice-chancellors, pro vice-chancellors, deans and pro deans) in ten Swedish HE institutions. Findings {\textendash} The paper highlights how these women situated themselves in an academic context where gender relations were changing. They supported equal representation policies in their everyday managerial practice and also by accepting management positions that they were nominated and elected to on the basis of such policies. However, they also resisted these policies when they experienced a need to ``protect'' women from being exploited ``in the name of gender equality''. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The paper addresses the call for research on the role of women managers in promoting, or preventing, change towards more gender balanced organizations. The paper builds on a small qualitative study with women only interviews. The study is therefore to be considered as explorative. Practical implications {\textendash} The paper makes a contribution to the research literature in the area of gender and change in academic organizations. The findings highlight how policies have different consequences in different settings and that people use their own (different) experiences when interpreting the effects of these policies. The findings thus show the varying impacts equal representation policies can have on women. Originality/value {\textendash} The discussion in the paper is situated in a unique empirical context characterized by demographic feminization and organizational restructuring. Most international literature on women in HE and in HE management is based on US or UK contexts. Swedish HE therefore provides an interesting setting. The analysis also addresses the call for more research that takes into account the multifaceted character of HE and that discusses disciplinary differences.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -40034,7 +40414,7 @@ year = {2006}, month = jan, edition = {1}, - publisher = {Wiley}, + publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1002/9780470754887}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-4051-2110-1 978-0-470-75488-7}, @@ -40111,7 +40491,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Management; Regional \& Urban Planning}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {5th Conference of the World-Association-for-Sustainable-Development (WASD), Griffith Univ, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, OCT 29-31, 2007} } @article{Pham2014, @@ -40400,8 +40781,8 @@ month = nov, number = {w17616}, pages = {w17616}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w17616}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -40451,7 +40832,7 @@ } @article{Pingleton2016, - title = {Silent {{Bias}}: {{Challenges}}, {{Obstacles}}, and {{Strategies}} for {{Leadership Development}} in {{Academic Medicine}}---{{Lessons From Oral Histories}} of {{Women Professors}} at the {{University}} of {{Kansas}}}, + title = {Silent {{Bias}}: {{Challenges}}, {{Obstacles}}, and {{Strategies}} for {{Leadership Development}} in {{Academic Medicine}}{\textemdash}{{Lessons From Oral Histories}} of {{Women Professors}} at the {{University}} of {{Kansas}}}, shorttitle = {Silent {{Bias}}}, author = {Pingleton, Susan K. and Jones, Emily V.M. and Rosolowski, Tacey A. and Zimmerman, Mary K.}, year = {2016}, @@ -40496,7 +40877,7 @@ pages = {142}, issn = {1475-9276}, doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960--1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960{\textendash}1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).}, affiliation = {Pinto, AD (Corresponding Author), Unity Hlth Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Inst, MAP Ctr Urban Hlth Solut, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, AD (Corresponding Author), St Michaels Hosp, Dept Family \& Community Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D.; Perri, Melissa; Pedersen, Cheryl L.; Aratangy, Tatiana; Hapsari, Ayu Pinky; Hwang, Stephen W., Unity Hlth Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Inst, MAP Ctr Urban Hlth Solut, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D., St Michaels Hosp, Dept Family \& Community Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D., Univ Toronto, Dept Family \& Community Med, Fac Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D.; Perri, Melissa; Hwang, Stephen W., Univ Toronto, Dalla Lana Sch Publ Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada. Hwang, Stephen W., Univ Toronto, Div Gen Internal Med, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada.}, author-email = {andrew.pinto@utoronto.ca}, da = {2023-11-02}, @@ -40603,7 +40984,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::age,inequality::education,inequality::generational,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::age,inequality::education,inequality::generational,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 05-07, 2018} } @article{Platts2015, @@ -40657,7 +41039,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Management}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {9th International Conference on Hradec Economic Days 2011 - Economic Development and Management of Regions, Univ Hradec Kralove, Fac Informat \& Management, Hradec Kralove, CZECH REPUBLIC, FEB 01-02, 2011} } @article{Plomien2019, @@ -40696,7 +41079,7 @@ volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {373--391}, - publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(82)90071-8}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MSECH9QC/Plotnick_1982_The concept and measurement of horizontal inequity.pdf} @@ -40879,7 +41262,7 @@ year = {2014}, month = may, edition = {2}, - publisher = {Routledge}, + publisher = {{Routledge}}, doi = {10.4324/9780203538074}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-203-53807-4}, @@ -41105,6 +41488,15 @@ doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6285}, abstract = {In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills, expanded networks, and affected a range of behavioral skills. Participation in the entrepreneurship track also heightened graduates optimism toward the future shortly after the Tunisian revolution.}, keywords = {country::Tunisia,program::training,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in an entrepreneurship training programme track for university graduate students, to analyse its effects on participants' employment probability, earnings, job quality, and self-employment probability. +\par +It finds, foremost, that self-employment has been significantly increased after the intervention, though the change remains small (1-4pct.) in absolute terms. +\par +The overall employment rate remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from waged employment to self-employment, and there was no change in job quality registered (firm size, earnings, formality). +\par +The channels through which this self-employment change takes place are an increase in business skills, networking effects, a changed mindset toward entrepreneurial activities and a stronger individual outlook to the future. +\par +Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for entering the private sector, but not the public sector which the study suggests may be due to the job security and earnings offered by the public sector, and sees as potentially important for future labour market policy considerations.}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IBT9CH65/premand2012entrepreneurship_Entrepreneurship_training_and_self-employment_among_university_graduates.pdf} } @@ -41122,7 +41514,7 @@ issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00240.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {We use the Philadelphia Survey of Child Care and Work to model the effect of child-care subsidies and other ecological demands and resources on the work hour, shift, and overtime problems of 191 low-income urban mothers. Comparing subsidy applicants who do and do not receive cash payments for child care, we find that mothers who receive subsidies are 21\% less likely to experience at least one work hour--related problem on the job. Our results suggest that child-care subsidies do more than allow women to enter the labor force. Subsidies help make it easier for mothers in low-wage labor both to comply with employer demands for additional work hours and to earn the needed wages that accompany them.}, + abstract = {We use the Philadelphia Survey of Child Care and Work to model the effect of child-care subsidies and other ecological demands and resources on the work hour, shift, and overtime problems of 191 low-income urban mothers. Comparing subsidy applicants who do and do not receive cash payments for child care, we find that mothers who receive subsidies are 21\% less likely to experience at least one work hour{\textendash}related problem on the job. Our results suggest that child-care subsidies do more than allow women to enter the labor force. Subsidies help make it easier for mothers in low-wage labor both to comply with employer demands for additional work hours and to earn the needed wages that accompany them.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -41241,7 +41633,7 @@ issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432}, doi = {10.1111/gwao.12203}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Although some research considers women's participation in traditionally male-dominated jobs as an `undoing' of the gender system, other scholars argue that women's participation in non-traditional roles can actually maintain hegemonic masculinity. Because women have recently entered the funeral industry in unprecedented numbers, the profession offers a unique context to study how women negotiate a sense of belonging in male-dominated fields. I draw on 22 interviews with women in the funeral industry to reveal how gender is done and undone in an occupational context. In what Hughey ( . Social Problems , 57 , 653--679) refers to as a `paradox of participation', I argue that women in the funeral industry redefine the image of the ideal funeral director by using gender essentialist logic, which originally acted as a barrier to their entry to the field, to justify their participation. By showing how gender essentialism and egalitarianism can constitute reinforcing logics instead of an opposing binary, this research contributes to the literature concerning women in non-traditional roles.}, + abstract = {Although some research considers women's participation in traditionally male-dominated jobs as an `undoing' of the gender system, other scholars argue that women's participation in non-traditional roles can actually maintain hegemonic masculinity. Because women have recently entered the funeral industry in unprecedented numbers, the profession offers a unique context to study how women negotiate a sense of belonging in male-dominated fields. I draw on 22 interviews with women in the funeral industry to reveal how gender is done and undone in an occupational context. In what Hughey ( . Social Problems , 57 , 653{\textendash}679) refers to as a `paradox of participation', I argue that women in the funeral industry redefine the image of the ideal funeral director by using gender essentialist logic, which originally acted as a barrier to their entry to the field, to justify their participation. By showing how gender essentialism and egalitarianism can constitute reinforcing logics instead of an opposing binary, this research contributes to the literature concerning women in non-traditional roles.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -41274,7 +41666,7 @@ issn = {0033-1538, 1573-9090}, doi = {10.1007/s11125-016-9379-0}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {A girl's success in school---and after leaving school---is determined in part by the characteristics of and factors in her household and community. Many policies and programmes are based on an assumption that early marriage and adolescent pregnancy hamper continued progress toward gender equality in education. While education and age at marriage and pregnancy are positively correlated in many settings, evidence of a causal relationship is more limited. This review focuses on recent trends in policies and programmes on child marriage and adolescent pregnancy, and their effects on gender equality in education globally. It includes case studies from four countries---Bangladesh, Guatemala, Ethiopia, and Kenya---that shed light on the shared underlying factors that drive adolescent girls' risk of child marriage, pregnancy, and premature school leaving. It is clear that decisions about schooling and transitions to adulthood are so closely related that policies and programmes seeking to address any of these outcomes should incorporate all of them.}, + abstract = {A girl's success in school{\textemdash}and after leaving school{\textemdash}is determined in part by the characteristics of and factors in her household and community. Many policies and programmes are based on an assumption that early marriage and adolescent pregnancy hamper continued progress toward gender equality in education. While education and age at marriage and pregnancy are positively correlated in many settings, evidence of a causal relationship is more limited. This review focuses on recent trends in policies and programmes on child marriage and adolescent pregnancy, and their effects on gender equality in education globally. It includes case studies from four countries{\textemdash}Bangladesh, Guatemala, Ethiopia, and Kenya{\textemdash}that shed light on the shared underlying factors that drive adolescent girls' risk of child marriage, pregnancy, and premature school leaving. It is clear that decisions about schooling and transitions to adulthood are so closely related that policies and programmes seeking to address any of these outcomes should incorporate all of them.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::education,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -41340,7 +41732,7 @@ title = {Promoting More Gender-Equitable Norms and Behaviors among Young Men as an {{HIV}}/{{AIDS}} Prevention Strategy}, author = {Pulerwitz, Julie and Barker, Gary and Segundo, Marcio and Nascimento, Marcos}, year = {2006}, - institution = {Population Council}, + institution = {{Population Council}}, doi = {10.31899/HIV2.1028}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} @@ -41365,14 +41757,16 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Work; Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Bulgaria,inequality::disability,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Bulgaria,inequality::disability,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database}, + note = {1st Forum on Studies of Society (FSS) International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, Craiova, ROMANIA, MAR 31, 2016} } @article{PupialesRueda2016, type = {{Article}}, title = {{The work inclusion of people with disabilities: an ethnographic study in five Autonomous Communities of Spain}}, author = {Pupiales Rueda, Bernarda Elisa and Cordoba Andrade, Leonor}, - year = {2016-07/2016-12}, + year = {2016}, + month = jul, journal = {ARCHIVOS DE MEDICINA}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, @@ -41444,8 +41838,8 @@ month = may, number = {w14973}, pages = {w14973}, - address = {Cambridge, MA}, - institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w14973}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, langid = {english}, @@ -41607,7 +42001,7 @@ issn = {1088-8683, 1532-7957}, doi = {10.1177/1088868320918698}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women's March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South---advantaged group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to participate. We propose that advantaged group members can be motivated to participate in these movements (a) to improve the status of the disadvantaged group, (b) on the condition that the status of their own group is maintained, (c) to meet their own personal needs, and (d) because this behavior aligns with their moral beliefs. We identify potential antecedents and behavioral outcomes associated with these motivations before describing the theoretical contribution our article makes to the psychological literature.}, + abstract = {White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women's March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South{\textemdash}advantaged group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to participate. We propose that advantaged group members can be motivated to participate in these movements (a) to improve the status of the disadvantaged group, (b) on the condition that the status of their own group is maintained, (c) to meet their own personal needs, and (d) because this behavior aligns with their moral beliefs. We identify potential antecedents and behavioral outcomes associated with these motivations before describing the theoretical contribution our article makes to the psychological literature.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -41691,7 +42085,7 @@ issn = {1471-244X}, doi = {10.1186/s12888-021-03629-w}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Background The impact of the unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic had triggered new challenges for mental health. This quick survey aimed to identify the mental health status of physicians who served the people during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methodology The cross sectional survey was conducted adopting a quantitative approach and using an online questionnaire through Facebook Platform Group. Data was collected from August-October, 2020, on socio-demographic status, information on COVID-19 and questionnaires about Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 395 participants were enrolled from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Result Our study reported a higher prevalence of depression (55.3\%), anxiety (35.2\%), and stress (48.4\%) among 347 participants. Female physicians were found to have more stress (OR\,=\,2.16, 95\% CI: 1.09 -- 4.30) compared to the male. Physicians who were previously diagnosed as mentally ill were found to be significantly more depressed (OR\,=\,3.45, 95\% CI: 1.07 -- 11.10) and stressed (OR\,=\,4.22, 95\% CI: 1.48 -- 12.02) compared to them who did not. Along with that, having a chronic disease, working in non-government and COVID hospitals significantly contributed to poor mental health outcomes. Conclusion The study findings denoted that, the mental health of physicians was deeply affected by the pandemic situation. The availability of appropriate mental health support will help foster resilience by giving them the ability and confidence to manage crisis moments like the COVID-19 pandemic.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background The impact of the unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic had triggered new challenges for mental health. This quick survey aimed to identify the mental health status of physicians who served the people during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methodology The cross sectional survey was conducted adopting a quantitative approach and using an online questionnaire through Facebook Platform Group. Data was collected from August-October, 2020, on socio-demographic status, information on COVID-19 and questionnaires about Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 395 participants were enrolled from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Result Our study reported a higher prevalence of depression (55.3\%), anxiety (35.2\%), and stress (48.4\%) among 347 participants. Female physicians were found to have more stress (OR\,=\,2.16, 95\% CI: 1.09 {\textendash} 4.30) compared to the male. Physicians who were previously diagnosed as mentally ill were found to be significantly more depressed (OR\,=\,3.45, 95\% CI: 1.07 {\textendash} 11.10) and stressed (OR\,=\,4.22, 95\% CI: 1.48 {\textendash} 12.02) compared to them who did not. Along with that, having a chronic disease, working in non-government and COVID hospitals significantly contributed to poor mental health outcomes. Conclusion The study findings denoted that, the mental health of physicians was deeply affected by the pandemic situation. The availability of appropriate mental health support will help foster resilience by giving them the ability and confidence to manage crisis moments like the COVID-19 pandemic.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -41790,10 +42184,11 @@ author = {Ramgutty, Harsha Toshini and Sanmukhiya, Chintamanee}, year = {2021}, journal = {The European Journal of Social \& Behavioural Sciences}, - publisher = {European Publisher}, + publisher = {{European Publisher}}, doi = {10.15405/ejsbs.304}, abstract = {Youth employment programmes are used as a means of developing employability skills through a wage subsidy strategy. This study examines the effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme (YEP) in Mauritius in terms of the trainee's satisfaction of YEP, his/her belief that YEP would help him/her to get a job and the odds of actually being employed once the programme is over. The Human Capital Theory is used to describe the transformation process through which YEP increases youth employability. Data was randomly collected among 214 individuals who were either currently or had previously been on the programme. All logistic models fitted the data well with correct classifications ranging from 70\% to 92.5\%. None of the demographic factors predicted the effectiveness of YEP. Trainees' satisfaction was predicted by the sector of work placement, quality of programme, field of study and recommendations. Trainees' beliefs were predicted by the number of interviews, duration of unemployment prior to the programme, whether internship matched their fields of study, nature of employment and quality of the programme. However, the nature of employment and salary were the only factors that predicted the odds of actually being employed. The YEP in Mauritius may require major restructuration to cater for trainees outside the field of social sciences. Although the YEP has failed to provide the adequate support and a satisfying experience, its contribution cannot be underestimated. An evaluation of the programme should be carried out at shorter intervals to detect major loopholes so that these may be resolved in time.}, keywords = {country::Mauritius,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A questionnaire study on the effects of vocational training and an internship under the 'Youth Employment Programme' of Mauritius, to analyze the impacts on employment probability and a participants' individual welfare.\textbf{It finds that the most significant factors of the training satisfaction of the participants and their estimation of their own employability are the quality of the program, sector of work placement and the nature of work.\textbf{All except those in field of social science had an overall lower satisfaction with the program, lower still for those previously unemployed.\textbf{There is no significant impact of program quality on employability.\textbf{It suggests that there is a too large focus on administrative and clerical jobs, but the program can also work as a facilitator through the number of interviews participated in by a participant, increasing the interview experience.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5L96FE35/ramgutty2021study_A_study_into_the_effectiveness_of_the_youth_employment_programme_(YEP)_in.pdf} } @@ -41814,6 +42209,7 @@ eissn = {1813-6982}, unique-id = {WOS:000378424600002}, keywords = {country::South Africa,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the employment subsidy program of South Africa trying to analyze the impact of the tax incentives on youth employment probabilities and 'churn' in the labor market, proxied through employment length.\textbf{It finds no significant positive effects on employment probability or on job turnover in the youth labor market, in fact almost all outcomes on employment probability are consistently negative but not significant.\textbf{The results suggest no impact on the employment rate for youth, with subsidies possibly accruing to firms which did not change their hiring patterns.\textbf{Some suggested reasons for this are the value of the subsidy being too low to significantly alter search costs for firms, the program's targeting at medium to large sized formal sector firms decreasing potential, people making decisions over hiring not being affected by the subsidy's value, or potential outcomes only manifesting after a longer time-frame.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SGDHL42Y/Ranchhod2016_Estimating_the_short_run_effects_of_South_Africa's_employment_tax_incentive_on.pdf} } @@ -41848,7 +42244,7 @@ issn = {0001-8392, 1930-3815}, doi = {10.1177/0001839217750868}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {To explore when and why workplace training facilitates the retention of first-time workers from historically underrepresented groups in formal employment, I combine ethnographic fieldwork at an Indian garment factory employing first-time women workers, personnel data over a two-year period, and survey data from a sample of new hires. I find that training is effective at preventing first-time women workers from dropping out soon after they are hired when it is conducted by trainers with many years of experience. Rather than focusing only on job-specific skills, training conducted by experienced trainers includes the basic work-readiness skills of self-presentation, interpersonal communication, work--life separation, and self-reliance needed to survive at work. I find that first-time women workers quasi-randomly assigned to experienced trainers had about a 20-percent greater probability of being retained after three months, and these workers reported that they felt more ready for work than those assigned to less-experienced trainers. My results imply that for the majority of workers from historically underrepresented groups who are entering the workplace for the first time, training is important to foster their retention, and organizations that focus on both the attributes of the people delivering that training and its content have a greater chance of keeping these workers for the long term.}, + abstract = {To explore when and why workplace training facilitates the retention of first-time workers from historically underrepresented groups in formal employment, I combine ethnographic fieldwork at an Indian garment factory employing first-time women workers, personnel data over a two-year period, and survey data from a sample of new hires. I find that training is effective at preventing first-time women workers from dropping out soon after they are hired when it is conducted by trainers with many years of experience. Rather than focusing only on job-specific skills, training conducted by experienced trainers includes the basic work-readiness skills of self-presentation, interpersonal communication, work{\textendash}life separation, and self-reliance needed to survive at work. I find that first-time women workers quasi-randomly assigned to experienced trainers had about a 20-percent greater probability of being retained after three months, and these workers reported that they felt more ready for work than those assigned to less-experienced trainers. My results imply that for the majority of workers from historically underrepresented groups who are entering the workplace for the first time, training is important to foster their retention, and organizations that focus on both the attributes of the people delivering that training and its content have a greater chance of keeping these workers for the long term.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -41975,7 +42371,7 @@ year = {1999}, month = nov, series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-2409}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -41991,9 +42387,9 @@ volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {620--642}, - publisher = {American Economic Association}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, doi = {10.1257/jel.20171419}, - abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books---that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, + abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books{\textemdash}that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/46HPABAW/Ravallion_2018_Inequality and Globalization.pdf} } @@ -42023,6 +42419,7 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, keywords = {inequality::gender,review::,sample::database,sample::snowballing,TODO::review,type::sp}, + note = {International Symposium on Universal Health Coverage - Can We Guarantee Health For All, Monash Univ Sunway Campus, Sch Med \& Hlth Sci, MALAYSIA, OCT 03-04, 2011}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Y3UKPNSF/Ravindran2012_Universal_access.pdf} } @@ -42032,7 +42429,7 @@ author = {Rawls, John}, year = {1971}, month = dec, - publisher = {Harvard University Press}, + publisher = {{Harvard University Press}}, doi = {10.4159/9780674042605}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-674-04260-5}, @@ -42051,7 +42448,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-10-2012-0088}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to examine the rate of change of men and women's employment as university academic staff in Australia and Japan; and, drawing on quantitative methods, show differences in the rate of change since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. The author also includes a discussion of programmes designed to increase female participation in academic positions to provide background to the existing changes. Design/methodology/approach -- Using statistics published by the Ministries of Education of both countries, a time series of female participation at each level of academic staff was constructed. Breakpoint analysis is used to model the changes in the rate of change before and after the legislation was introduced. Findings -- Both Australia and Japan have seen an increase in female participation rates in academic employment at all levels since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. In addition, the rate of increase of female participation has increased at almost every level of academic staff in both countries between 1970 and 2010. Originality value -- Through setting out the changes in female participation at individual levels of academic staff in Japan and Australia, this study sets the stage for future qualitative work exploring why differences in the numbers of female and male staff continue. A further use is the provision of a clear data set for use in teaching and policy construction through showing the increases in female participation in academia between 1970 and 2010.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to examine the rate of change of men and women's employment as university academic staff in Australia and Japan; and, drawing on quantitative methods, show differences in the rate of change since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. The author also includes a discussion of programmes designed to increase female participation in academic positions to provide background to the existing changes. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Using statistics published by the Ministries of Education of both countries, a time series of female participation at each level of academic staff was constructed. Breakpoint analysis is used to model the changes in the rate of change before and after the legislation was introduced. Findings {\textendash} Both Australia and Japan have seen an increase in female participation rates in academic employment at all levels since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. In addition, the rate of increase of female participation has increased at almost every level of academic staff in both countries between 1970 and 2010. Originality value {\textendash} Through setting out the changes in female participation at individual levels of academic staff in Japan and Australia, this study sets the stage for future qualitative work exploring why differences in the numbers of female and male staff continue. A further use is the provision of a clear data set for use in teaching and policy construction through showing the increases in female participation in academia between 1970 and 2010.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -42282,7 +42679,7 @@ issn = {1461-6696, 1469-8307}, doi = {10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {COVID-19 and ensuing changes in mobility have altered employment relations for millions of people across the globe. Emerging evidence shows that women may be more severely affected by this change. The pandemic, however, may have an impact beyond the immediate restructuring of employment and shift gender-role attitudes within households as a result of changes in the division of household labor. We analyze a representative sample of respondents in the U.S., Germany, and Singapore and show that transitions to unemployment, reductions in working hours and transitions to working from home have been more frequent for women than for men -- although not to the same extent across the three countries. We also demonstrate that among couples who had been employed at the start of the pandemic, men express more egalitarian gender-role attitudes if they became unemployed but their partners remained employed, while women express more traditional attitudes if they became unemployed and their partners remained employed. These results indicate that gender-role attitudes might adapt to the lived realities. The long-term consequences will depend on how both men and women experience further shifts in their employment relations as economies recover.}, + abstract = {COVID-19 and ensuing changes in mobility have altered employment relations for millions of people across the globe. Emerging evidence shows that women may be more severely affected by this change. The pandemic, however, may have an impact beyond the immediate restructuring of employment and shift gender-role attitudes within households as a result of changes in the division of household labor. We analyze a representative sample of respondents in the U.S., Germany, and Singapore and show that transitions to unemployment, reductions in working hours and transitions to working from home have been more frequent for women than for men {\textendash} although not to the same extent across the three countries. We also demonstrate that among couples who had been employed at the start of the pandemic, men express more egalitarian gender-role attitudes if they became unemployed but their partners remained employed, while women express more traditional attitudes if they became unemployed and their partners remained employed. These results indicate that gender-role attitudes might adapt to the lived realities. The long-term consequences will depend on how both men and women experience further shifts in their employment relations as economies recover.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -42324,7 +42721,48 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {8}, usage-count-since-2013 = {14}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research; Psychology, Educational}, - keywords = {inequality::education,inequality::gender,issue::access,region::LAC,sample::database,TODO::full-text} + keywords = {inequality::education,inequality::gender,issue::access,region::LAC,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + note = {13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 11-13, 2019 +\par +SUMMARY +\par +The research was carried out by the UNESCO Regional Chair in Women, Science and Technology in Latin America-FLACSO, together with Chicos.net and with the support of Disney Latin America. +\par +There are gender inequalities that affect and condition the decisions that determine people's future since childhood. +\par +Today, it is crucial to develop skills related to scientific and technological thinking. Thus, the scarce number of women in STEM-related careers (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) is a concern that has long ago become a source of discussion. This issue is critical to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (2030 Agenda). +\par +In this context, the Research was carried out to generate knowledge about the conditions and factors that favor and/or limit in childhood the opportunities and possibilities of boys and girls to be interested, develop skills and build a satisfactory relationship in the learning of STEM. It studied boys and girls aged 6-10 in Mexico City (Mexico), S{\~a}o Paulo (Brazil) and Buenos Aires (Argentina). The opinions, assessments, expectations, and representations of children, parents, and teachers related to the STEM areas were collected and analyzed. +\par +Objectives: +\par +- Investigate how boys and girls aged 6-10 relate to science and technology, and recognize their perceptions of STEM. +\par +- Identify gender biases by teachers, parents, and guardians that impact the relationship between boys and girls with STEM areas. +\par +- Propose specific actions, recommendations, and tools to disassemble gender biases in education and the family environment. +\par +This research was carried out in the framework of the Compromiso Disney (Disney Commitment) regional skill building program and its Digital Culture and Innovation in Education initiatives, which promote children's rights in the digital era. +\par +The program includes free Training for Teachers through e-learning and webinars hosted by experts in the matter, free educational resources, ongoing research, and activities and workshops for children. +\par +Findings Highlights: +\par +{$\bullet$} 9 out of 10 girls aged 6-8 associate engineering with male affinities and skills. Although girls and boys think that the four STEM disciplines can be performed by both men and women. +\par +{$\bullet$} Girls' interest in mathematics decreases as they progress through school. +\par +{$\bullet$} 1 out of 3 parents in Buenos Aires thinks that the low participation of girls in science and technology is a consequence of girls' personal taste and that they receive few stimuli at home and in school to be interested in and to relate to those disciplines. +\par +More information at http://bit.ly/research-gender +\par +Innovative aspects of the research: +\par +\ding{108} Unexplored topic in the region. There were no studies analyzing gender differences and inequalities related to science and technology in childhood, particularly during the first years of formal education. +\par +\ding{108} Focus groups of both girls and boys to identify their perceptions and assessments, considering self-assessment as critical information of the problem, which is rarely considered as part of the analysis. Recommendations focus on the need to work with boys as one of the pillars to improve the inclusion of girls in science and technology. +\par +\ding{108} It proposes an articulated strategy with the responsible parts for children and teenager education and upbringing: families, State, educators, social organizations, schools, and companies.} } @article{Reis2015, @@ -42342,6 +42780,7 @@ abstract = {This paper examines the effect of vocational training on labor market outcomes in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Estimates based on difference-indifferences matching indicate that vocational training increases monthly and hourly labor earnings, as well as the probability of getting a job. However, evidence does not indicate that this kind of training improves access to jobs in the formal sector. Also according to the results, vocational training in Brazil seems to be more effective for workers with more labor market experience and for those with a higher level of formal education than for individuals in disadvantaged groups.}, unique-id = {WOS:000346599800014}, keywords = {country::Brazil,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment outcomes of a variety of vocational training programs in Brazil (both public and private) using administrative panel data in mostly urban areas.\textbf{It finds a significant positive impact on earnings and employment probability after one year but no impact on entering into formal employment.\textbf{Furthermore there is heterogeneity in the results along experience and education, with more educated workers and workers with more labor market experience receiving larger positive impacts from the programs.\textbf{While it does not directly analyze a difference in on-the-job training and classroom training, it does point out potential advantages to the former as a way of providing additional labor market experience.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3DLIEJMI/Reis2015_Vocational_training_and_labor_market_outcomes_in_brazil.pdf} } @@ -42487,7 +42926,7 @@ issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.335}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {▪ Abstract{\enspace} This chapter reviews research on the determinants and consequences of race and sex composition of organizations. Determinants include the composition of the qualified labor supply; employers' preferences, including the qualifications they require; the response of majority groups; and an establishment's attractiveness, size, and recruiting methods. The race and sex composition of an establishment affects workers' cross-group contact; stress, satisfaction, and turnover; cohesion; stereotyping; and evaluation. Composition also affects organizations themselves, including their performance, hiring and promotion practices, levels of job segregation, and wages and benefits. Theory-driven research is needed (a) on the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationships between organizational composition and its determinants and consequences and (b) on the form of the relationships between organizational composition and workers outcomes (e.g., cross-group contact, cohesion, turnover, etc). Research is needed on race and ethnic composition, with a special focus on the joint effects of race and sex.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter reviews research on the determinants and consequences of race and sex composition of organizations. Determinants include the composition of the qualified labor supply; employers' preferences, including the qualifications they require; the response of majority groups; and an establishment's attractiveness, size, and recruiting methods. The race and sex composition of an establishment affects workers' cross-group contact; stress, satisfaction, and turnover; cohesion; stereotyping; and evaluation. Composition also affects organizations themselves, including their performance, hiring and promotion practices, levels of job segregation, and wages and benefits. Theory-driven research is needed (a) on the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationships between organizational composition and its determinants and consequences and (b) on the form of the relationships between organizational composition and workers outcomes (e.g., cross-group contact, cohesion, turnover, etc). Research is needed on race and ethnic composition, with a special focus on the joint effects of race and sex.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -42637,7 +43076,7 @@ } @article{Rijs2012, - title = {The Effect of Retirement and Age at Retirement on Self-Perceived Health after Three Years of Follow-up in {{Dutch}} 55--64-Year-Olds}, + title = {The Effect of Retirement and Age at Retirement on Self-Perceived Health after Three Years of Follow-up in {{Dutch}} 55{\textendash}64-Year-Olds}, author = {Rijs, Kelly J. and Cozijnsen, Rabina and Deeg, Dorly J. H.}, year = {2012}, month = feb, @@ -42648,7 +43087,7 @@ issn = {0144-686X, 1469-1779}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X11000237}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT Health consequences of retirement have not been included in the current public debate about increasing the age at retirement, which might be due to the fact that studies aimed at health consequences of retirement show ambiguous results. The literature indicates that various contextual characteristics might explain conflicting results. The current study examines the effect of retirement and age at retirement (55--64 years) on self-perceived health. Characteristics tested for confounding and effect modification were: demographic, health, psychological, job, and retirement characteristics. Subjects were 506 participants in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). After three years, 216 retired and 290 remained employed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show no main effect for retirement compared to continued employment. Modal (59--60) retirees were more likely to attain excellent or good self-perceived health (less than good self-perceived health as the reference category). Early (55--58) and late (61--64) retirees were unaffected by retirement if they did not receive a disability pension. Early and late retirees who received a disability pension were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement. Higher educated were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement, especially at late retirement age, although health selection might explain this result. Finally, mastery possibly acts as an adjustment resource. The paper concludes with a discussion on explanations for the effect of retirement and age at retirement.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT Health consequences of retirement have not been included in the current public debate about increasing the age at retirement, which might be due to the fact that studies aimed at health consequences of retirement show ambiguous results. The literature indicates that various contextual characteristics might explain conflicting results. The current study examines the effect of retirement and age at retirement (55{\textendash}64 years) on self-perceived health. Characteristics tested for confounding and effect modification were: demographic, health, psychological, job, and retirement characteristics. Subjects were 506 participants in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). After three years, 216 retired and 290 remained employed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show no main effect for retirement compared to continued employment. Modal (59{\textendash}60) retirees were more likely to attain excellent or good self-perceived health (less than good self-perceived health as the reference category). Early (55{\textendash}58) and late (61{\textendash}64) retirees were unaffected by retirement if they did not receive a disability pension. Early and late retirees who received a disability pension were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement. Higher educated were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement, especially at late retirement age, although health selection might explain this result. Finally, mastery possibly acts as an adjustment resource. The paper concludes with a discussion on explanations for the effect of retirement and age at retirement.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -42677,6 +43116,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Public Administration}, keywords = {inequality::education,inequality::gender,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::institutional}, + note = {looks at inequalities; looks at impacts of PI; +\par +does NOT directly look at LM adjacency markers (but education outcomes)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SRXEYQTN/Rim_2021_The effect of title IX on gender disparity in graduate education.pdf} } @@ -42866,7 +43308,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {9}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {11th European Conference on E-Learning (ECEL), Univ Groningen, Groningen, NETHERLANDS, OCT 26-27, 2012} } @article{Rodgers1979, @@ -42998,7 +43441,7 @@ number = {2006-14}, institution = {{Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network}}, urldate = {2022-02-10}, - abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment -- particularly for women -- indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that -- for a large fraction of participants -- the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.}, + abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment {\textendash} particularly for women {\textendash} indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that {\textendash} for a large fraction of participants {\textendash} the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:27:50Z}, @@ -43273,7 +43716,7 @@ issn = {0276-8739, 1520-6688}, doi = {10.1002/pam.21676}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from an average of three to six weeks for new mothers---with some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children by 10 to 17 percent and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount.}, + abstract = {Abstract This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from an average of three to six weeks for new mothers{\textemdash}with some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children by 10 to 17 percent and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -43333,7 +43776,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {13}, web-of-science-categories = {Environmental Studies; Public Administration}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {Conference of the Institute-for-Small-Business-and-Entrepreneurship, Univ Tesside, Newcastle, ENGLAND, 2004} } @article{Rowe2009, @@ -43503,6 +43947,17 @@ abstract = {People with disabilities are generally not considered as able participants in the workforce (paid or volunteer work) and therefore, they often experience exclusion from participating in mainstream employment opportunities. People with disabilities experience various barriers to employment, such as discrimination in the workplace, stigma, prejudice and stereotypes. However, some people with disabilities participate in the workforce and make valuable contributions towards economic development, social capital and wider society. This literature review summarises published research findings about the challenges that people with disabilities experience in pursuing employment opportunities, including volunteering and paid positions; and in undertaking these roles. Furthermore, it explores possible interventions to improve employment outcomes that are effective from the perspectives of people with disabilities. Findings indicate that effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector. For this reason, two different community development projects, which particularly focused on employment challenges for people with disabilities, as well as outlining strategies and solutions that promote client ownership were reviewed. Additionally, employment support techniques and strategies, as well as human rights' principles on work and employment for people with disabilities will be debated. Finally, implications for research and practice for the rehabilitation counselling profession and the disability employment services sector are discussed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::disability,out::title,outcome::employment,outcome::job_quality,review::narrative,sample::database,snowball_source}, + note = {(narrative) review of barriers to workforce inclusion (paid/volunteer work) for people with disabilities; summary of findings +\par +main findings: +\par +- "effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector" +\par +policy recc: +\par +- employment support practices +\par +- campaigns to encourage disclosing disability}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4ET6ZSWM/Ruhindwa et al_2016_Exploring the challenges experienced by people with disabilities in the.pdf} } @@ -43551,7 +44006,10 @@ doi = {10.3233/JVR-130646}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {Abstract: Unemployment is higher among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) than would be expected and vocational rehabilitation efforts to help people with MS retain or regain employment have been marginally successful. To better understand the role workplace accommodations may play in employment, 41 people with MS who had contacted the Kent State Employment Assistance Center between 10 and 15 years ago were telephoned as part of a program evaluation follow-up and asked about their experience with the accommodations and short term and long term employment outcomes. Sixty percent reported they were still working, and subjects reported that low cost, low impact accommodations were more likely to be provided. Further research was recommended.}, - keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, + note = {looks at PI outcomes; LM adjacency; +\par +does NOT look at inequality outcomes} } @article{Russ2012, @@ -43780,7 +44238,7 @@ issn = {1341-9145, 1348-9585}, doi = {10.1002/1348-9585.12339}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Objectives Although gender stereotypes regarding paid work and unpaid work are changing, most wives are responsible for taking care of the family and home in Japan. It is unclear how time spent on housework and childcare has changed between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate how working men and women's responsibilities for housework and childcare changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan depending on work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, and frequency of telecommuting. Methods A cross-sectional analysis ( N ~=~14,454) was conducted using data from an Internet monitoring study (CORoNa Work Project), which was conducted in December 2020. A multilevel logistic model with nested prefectures of residence was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for change in time devoted to housework and childcare among men and women adjusting for age, household income, presence of spouse who work, work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, frequency of telecommuting, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture. Results More women tended to perceive that their time of housework and/or childcare had been changed (increased housework: OR 1.92, 95\% CI [1.71--2.16], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased workhours: 1.66 (1.25--2.19), P ~{$<~$}.001: increased childcare: OR 1.58, 95\% CI [1.29--1.92], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased childcare: 1.11 (0.62--2.00), P ~=~.719). Conclusions The time spent by women on housework and childcare changed significantly compared to men during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objectives Although gender stereotypes regarding paid work and unpaid work are changing, most wives are responsible for taking care of the family and home in Japan. It is unclear how time spent on housework and childcare has changed between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate how working men and women's responsibilities for housework and childcare changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan depending on work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, and frequency of telecommuting. Methods A cross-sectional analysis ( N ~=~14,454) was conducted using data from an Internet monitoring study (CORoNa Work Project), which was conducted in December 2020. A multilevel logistic model with nested prefectures of residence was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for change in time devoted to housework and childcare among men and women adjusting for age, household income, presence of spouse who work, work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, frequency of telecommuting, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture. Results More women tended to perceive that their time of housework and/or childcare had been changed (increased housework: OR 1.92, 95\% CI [1.71{\textendash}2.16], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased workhours: 1.66 (1.25{\textendash}2.19), P ~{$<~$}.001: increased childcare: OR 1.58, 95\% CI [1.29{\textendash}1.92], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased childcare: 1.11 (0.62{\textendash}2.00), P ~=~.719). Conclusions The time spent by women on housework and childcare changed significantly compared to men during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -43842,7 +44300,7 @@ edition = {1}, eprint = {10.2307/j.ctvpj7jb3}, eprinttype = {jstor}, - publisher = {Berghahn Books}, + publisher = {{Berghahn Books}}, doi = {10.2307/j.ctvpj7jb3}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-78533-147-3 978-1-78533-815-1}, @@ -43921,7 +44379,7 @@ issn = {1057-9230, 1099-1050}, doi = {10.1002/hec.1537}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract This study estimates the effect of job loss on health for near elderly employees based on longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study. Previous studies find a strong negative correlation between unemployment and health. To control for possible reverse causality, this study focuses on people who were laid off for an exogenous reason -- the closure of their previous employers' business. I find no causal effect of exogenous job loss on various measures of physical and mental health. This suggests that the inferior health of the unemployed compared to the employed could be explained by reverse causality. Copyright {\copyright} 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, + abstract = {Abstract This study estimates the effect of job loss on health for near elderly employees based on longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study. Previous studies find a strong negative correlation between unemployment and health. To control for possible reverse causality, this study focuses on people who were laid off for an exogenous reason {\textendash} the closure of their previous employers' business. I find no causal effect of exogenous job loss on various measures of physical and mental health. This suggests that the inferior health of the unemployed compared to the employed could be explained by reverse causality. Copyright {\copyright} 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -44019,7 +44477,7 @@ issn = {0042-0980, 1360-063X}, doi = {10.1080/0042098042000214815}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {While policy-makers assert that increased public transit mobility can positively affect employment status for low-income persons, there is little empirical evidence to support this theory. It is generally assumed that public transit can effectively link unemployed, car-less, persons with appropriate job locations---hence the call for more public transit services to assist moving welfare recipients to gainful employment. Thus far, the available evidence is anecdotal, while general patterns of transit access in relationship to labour participation remain relatively unexplored. This analysis examines whether increased transit access is associated with the case status (employment status) of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in the Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and Portland, Oregon metropolitan areas. Individual TANF recipient location data, transit route/stop data and employment location data were used in limited dependent variable regression analyses to predict the employment status of TANF recipients. The results of this analysis indicate that access to fixed-route transit and employment concentrations had virtually no association with the employment outcomes of TANF recipients in the six selected metropolitan areas.}, + abstract = {While policy-makers assert that increased public transit mobility can positively affect employment status for low-income persons, there is little empirical evidence to support this theory. It is generally assumed that public transit can effectively link unemployed, car-less, persons with appropriate job locations{\textemdash}hence the call for more public transit services to assist moving welfare recipients to gainful employment. Thus far, the available evidence is anecdotal, while general patterns of transit access in relationship to labour participation remain relatively unexplored. This analysis examines whether increased transit access is associated with the case status (employment status) of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in the Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and Portland, Oregon metropolitan areas. Individual TANF recipient location data, transit route/stop data and employment location data were used in limited dependent variable regression analyses to predict the employment status of TANF recipients. The results of this analysis indicate that access to fixed-route transit and employment concentrations had virtually no association with the employment outcomes of TANF recipients in the six selected metropolitan areas.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::US,inequality::income,issue::inequality,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text,type::direct_transfer}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NRD5N2I4/Sanchez2004_Transit_Mobility,_Jobs_Access_and_Low-income_Labour_Participation_in_US.pdf} @@ -44052,7 +44510,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Minimum wage policy: influence on economic inequality in the European Union}}, author = {Sanchez Vellve, Francisco J.}, - year = {2017-10/2017-12}, + year = {2017}, + month = oct, journal = {INVESTIGACION ECONOMICA}, volume = {76}, number = {302}, @@ -44187,7 +44646,7 @@ issn = {1944-7515, 1944-7558}, doi = {10.1352/1944-7558-123.5.412}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The low employment rates of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are a major concern. This study examined the effect of postsecondary education on employment atrnd earnings for individuals with ID and the effect of state variation on those outcomes. Rehabilitation Services Administration 911 (RSA-911) files for 2008--2013 were analyzed (n = 11,280 individuals with ID). Multilevel modeling techniques were used to understand state variation, such as various economic and programmatic features that influence outcomes. Postsecondary education was associated with increased employment, increased weekly earnings, decreased reliance on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Policy implications are discussed.}, + abstract = {Abstract The low employment rates of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are a major concern. This study examined the effect of postsecondary education on employment atrnd earnings for individuals with ID and the effect of state variation on those outcomes. Rehabilitation Services Administration 911 (RSA-911) files for 2008{\textendash}2013 were analyzed (n = 11,280 individuals with ID). Multilevel modeling techniques were used to understand state variation, such as various economic and programmatic features that influence outcomes. Postsecondary education was associated with increased employment, increased weekly earnings, decreased reliance on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Policy implications are discussed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -44212,7 +44671,7 @@ shorttitle = {Empowering Married Young Women and Improving Their Sexual and Reproductive Health}, author = {Santhya, K.G. and Haberland, Nicole and Das, Arup and Ram, F and Sinha, R.K. and Ram, Usha and Mohanty, S.K.}, year = {2008}, - institution = {Population Council}, + institution = {{Population Council}}, doi = {10.31899/pgy5.1005}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} @@ -44460,7 +44919,7 @@ issn = {0047-2794, 1469-7823}, doi = {10.1017/S0047279413000809}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Following two parental leave reforms in West Germany, this research explores how child care and housework time changed among couples who have just had a child. The reform in 1992 extended the low paid or unpaid parental leave period, whereas the 2007 reform introduced income-dependent compensation and two `daddy months'. This study contributes to the literature by examining different mechanisms on how these reforms were associated with domestic work time in couples. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990--2010), the analysis applies ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and difference-in-difference estimations. The findings point to a significant reduction in paternal child care time eighteen to thirty months after childbirth among couples with children born after the 1992 reform. The 2007 reform was associated with increased child care time of fathers in the first year and eighteen to thirty months after the birth. Changes in maternal child care and both partners' housework were not statistically significant. Alterations in maternal and paternal labour market participation, wages and leave taking accounted for most of the observed variations in paternal child care except for eighteen to thirteen months after the 2007 reform. This unexplained variance may point to a normative policy effect.}, + abstract = {Abstract Following two parental leave reforms in West Germany, this research explores how child care and housework time changed among couples who have just had a child. The reform in 1992 extended the low paid or unpaid parental leave period, whereas the 2007 reform introduced income-dependent compensation and two `daddy months'. This study contributes to the literature by examining different mechanisms on how these reforms were associated with domestic work time in couples. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990{\textendash}2010), the analysis applies ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and difference-in-difference estimations. The findings point to a significant reduction in paternal child care time eighteen to thirty months after childbirth among couples with children born after the 1992 reform. The 2007 reform was associated with increased child care time of fathers in the first year and eighteen to thirty months after the birth. Changes in maternal child care and both partners' housework were not statistically significant. Alterations in maternal and paternal labour market participation, wages and leave taking accounted for most of the observed variations in paternal child care except for eighteen to thirteen months after the 2007 reform. This unexplained variance may point to a normative policy effect.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -44938,8 +45397,8 @@ editor = {Griffin, Keith and Knight, John}, year = {1990}, pages = {41--58}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-349-21136-4_3}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-0-333-53513-4 978-1-349-21136-4}, @@ -44969,7 +45428,7 @@ year = {2009}, month = oct, edition = {0}, - publisher = {Routledge}, + publisher = {{Routledge}}, doi = {10.4324/9780203866900}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-135-23816-2}, @@ -45038,7 +45497,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {9}, web-of-science-categories = {Management}, - keywords = {country::South_Africa,inequality::gender,region::SSA,sample::database,TODO::full-text} + keywords = {country::South_Africa,inequality::gender,region::SSA,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + note = {5th International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ICMLG), Univ Witwatersrand, Wits Business Sch, Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA, MAR 16-17, 2017} } @article{Sevak2018, @@ -45053,7 +45513,7 @@ issn = {1044-2073, 1538-4802}, doi = {10.1177/1044207318782676}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009--2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States.}, + abstract = {In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009{\textendash}2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -45092,7 +45552,7 @@ issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727}, doi = {10.1017/S1368980017003366}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective Evidence suggests that improvements to the childcare nutrition environment can have a positive impact on child dietary intake. The primary aim of the present study was to assess, relative to usual care, the effectiveness of a multi-strategy implementation intervention in improving childcare compliance with nutrition guidelines. As a secondary aim, the impact on child dietary intake was assessed. Design Parallel-group, randomised controlled trial design. The 6-month intervention was designed to overcome barriers to implementation of the nutrition guidelines that had been identified by applying the theoretical domains framework. Setting Hunter New England region, New South Wales, Australia. Subjects Forty-five centre-based childcare services. Results There were no differences between groups in the proportion of services providing food servings (per child) compliant with nutrition guideline recommendations for all five (5/5) food groups at follow-up (i.e. full compliance). Relative to control services, intervention services were more likely to be compliant with guidelines (OR; 95 \% CI) in provision of fruit (10{$\cdot$}84; 1{$\cdot$}19, 551{$\cdot$}20; P =0{$\cdot$}0024), meat and meat alternatives (8{$\cdot$}83; 1{$\cdot$}55, --; P =0{$\cdot$}023), dairy (8{$\cdot$}41; 1{$\cdot$}60, 63{$\cdot$}62; P =0{$\cdot$}006) and discretionary foods (17{$\cdot$}83; 2{$\cdot$}15, 853{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}002). Children in intervention services consumed greater servings (adjusted difference; 95 \% CI) of fruit (0{$\cdot$}41; 0{$\cdot$}09, 0{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}014) and vegetables (0{$\cdot$}70; 0{$\cdot$}33, 1{$\cdot$}08; P \<0{$\cdot$}001). Conclusions Findings indicate that service-level changes to menus in line with dietary guidelines can result in improvements to children's dietary intake. The study provides evidence to advance implementation research in the setting as a means of enhancing child public health nutrition.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective Evidence suggests that improvements to the childcare nutrition environment can have a positive impact on child dietary intake. The primary aim of the present study was to assess, relative to usual care, the effectiveness of a multi-strategy implementation intervention in improving childcare compliance with nutrition guidelines. As a secondary aim, the impact on child dietary intake was assessed. Design Parallel-group, randomised controlled trial design. The 6-month intervention was designed to overcome barriers to implementation of the nutrition guidelines that had been identified by applying the theoretical domains framework. Setting Hunter New England region, New South Wales, Australia. Subjects Forty-five centre-based childcare services. Results There were no differences between groups in the proportion of services providing food servings (per child) compliant with nutrition guideline recommendations for all five (5/5) food groups at follow-up (i.e. full compliance). Relative to control services, intervention services were more likely to be compliant with guidelines (OR; 95 \% CI) in provision of fruit (10{$\cdot$}84; 1{$\cdot$}19, 551{$\cdot$}20; P =0{$\cdot$}0024), meat and meat alternatives (8{$\cdot$}83; 1{$\cdot$}55, {\textendash}; P =0{$\cdot$}023), dairy (8{$\cdot$}41; 1{$\cdot$}60, 63{$\cdot$}62; P =0{$\cdot$}006) and discretionary foods (17{$\cdot$}83; 2{$\cdot$}15, 853{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}002). Children in intervention services consumed greater servings (adjusted difference; 95 \% CI) of fruit (0{$\cdot$}41; 0{$\cdot$}09, 0{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}014) and vegetables (0{$\cdot$}70; 0{$\cdot$}33, 1{$\cdot$}08; P \<0{$\cdot$}001). Conclusions Findings indicate that service-level changes to menus in line with dietary guidelines can result in improvements to children's dietary intake. The study provides evidence to advance implementation research in the setting as a means of enhancing child public health nutrition.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -45530,7 +45990,7 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } -@article{Shin2006, +@article{Shin2006a, title = {Fertility, Relative Wages, and Labor Market Decisions: {{A}} Case of Female Teachers}, shorttitle = {Fertility, Relative Wages, and Labor Market Decisions}, author = {Shin, Jaeun and Moon, Sangho}, @@ -45614,7 +46074,7 @@ author = {Siam, Md. Hasanul Banna and Hasan, Md. Mahbub and Raheem, Md. Enayetur and Khan, Hasinur Rahaman and Siddiqee, Mahbubul H. and Hossain, Mohammad Sorowar}, year = {2020}, month = aug, - institution = {Epidemiology}, + institution = {{Epidemiology}}, doi = {10.1101/2020.08.05.20168674}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {Abstract Background South Asian countries including Bangladesh have been struggling to control the COVID-19 pandemic despite imposing months of lockdown and other public health measures (as of June 30, 2020). In-depth epidemiological information from these countries is lacking. From the perspective of Bangladesh, this study aims to understand the epidemiological features and gaps in public health preparedness. Method This study used publicly available data (8 March-30 June 2020) from the respective health departments of Bangladesh and Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Centre. Descriptive statistics was used to report the incidence, case fatality rates (CFR), and trend analysis. Spatial distribution maps were created using ArcGIS Desktop. Infection dynamics were analyzed via SIR models. Findings In 66 days of nationwide lockdown and other public health efforts, a total of 47,153 cases and 650 deaths were reported. However, the incidence was increased by around 50\% within a week after relaxing the lockdown. Males were disproportionately affected in terms of infections (71\%) and deaths (77\%) than females. The CFR for males was higher than females (1.38\% vs 1.01\%). Over 50\% of infected cases were reported among young adults (20-40-year age group). Geospatial analysis between 7 June 2020 and 20 June 2020 showed that the incidences increased 4 to 10-fold in 12 administrative districts while it decreased in the epicenter. As compared to the EU and USA, trends of the cumulative incidence were slower in South Asia with lower mortality. Conclusion Our findings on gaps in public health preparedness and epidemiological characteristics would contribute to facilitating better public health decisions for managing current and future pandemics like COVID-19 in the settings of developing countries.}, @@ -45741,7 +46201,7 @@ title = {Handbook of {{Income Inequality Measurement}}}, author = {Silber, Jacques}, year = {2012}, - publisher = {Springer London, Limited}, + publisher = {{Springer London, Limited}}, isbn = {978-94-011-4413-1} } @@ -45855,7 +46315,7 @@ issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000522}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Objectives To examine the trajectories of physical activity from preretirement to postretirement and to further clarify whether the changes in physical activity are associated with changes in body weight. Design Prospective. Setting French national gas and electricity company (GAZEL cohort). Participants From the original sample of 20\hphantom{,}625 employees, only those retiring between 2001 and 2008 on a statutory basis were selected for the analyses (analysis 1: n=2711, 63\% men; analysis 2: n=3812, 75\% men). Persons with data on at least one preretirement and postretirement measurement of the outcome were selected. Primary and secondary outcome measures All outcome data were gathered by questionnaires. In analysis 1, the annual prevalence of higher physical activity (walking {$\geq$}5\>km/week) 4\>years before and after retirement was analysed. In analysis 2, changes in leisure-time sport activities (engagement, frequency and manner) from preretirement to postretirement were analysed with simultaneous changes in body weight (kilogram). Results In analysis 1 (n=2711), prevalence estimates for 4\>years before and 4\>years after retirement showed that higher leisure-time physical activity (walking at least 5\>km/week) increased by 36\% in men and 61\% in women during the transition to retirement. This increase was also observed among people at a higher risk of physical inactivity, such as smokers and those with elevated depressive symptoms. In a separate sample (analysis 2, n=3812), change in weight as a function of preretirement and postretirement physical activity was analysed. Weight gain preretirement to postretirement was 0.85 (95\% CI 0.48 to 1.21) to 1.35 (0.79 to 1.90) kg greater among physically inactive persons (decrease in activity or inactive) compared with those physically active (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Retirement transition may be associated with beneficial changes in lifestyle and may thus be a good starting point to preventive interventions in various groups of individuals in order to maintain long-term changes.}, + abstract = {Objectives To examine the trajectories of physical activity from preretirement to postretirement and to further clarify whether the changes in physical activity are associated with changes in body weight. Design Prospective. Setting French national gas and electricity company (GAZEL cohort). Participants From the original sample of 20\hphantom{,}625 employees, only those retiring between 2001 and 2008 on a statutory basis were selected for the analyses (analysis 1: n=2711, 63\% men; analysis 2: n=3812, 75\% men). Persons with data on at least one preretirement and postretirement measurement of the outcome were selected. Primary and secondary outcome measures All outcome data were gathered by questionnaires. In analysis 1, the annual prevalence of higher physical activity (walking {$\geq$}5\hspace{0.25em}km/week) 4\hspace{0.25em}years before and after retirement was analysed. In analysis 2, changes in leisure-time sport activities (engagement, frequency and manner) from preretirement to postretirement were analysed with simultaneous changes in body weight (kilogram). Results In analysis 1 (n=2711), prevalence estimates for 4\hspace{0.25em}years before and 4\hspace{0.25em}years after retirement showed that higher leisure-time physical activity (walking at least 5\hspace{0.25em}km/week) increased by 36\% in men and 61\% in women during the transition to retirement. This increase was also observed among people at a higher risk of physical inactivity, such as smokers and those with elevated depressive symptoms. In a separate sample (analysis 2, n=3812), change in weight as a function of preretirement and postretirement physical activity was analysed. Weight gain preretirement to postretirement was 0.85 (95\% CI 0.48 to 1.21) to 1.35 (0.79 to 1.90) kg greater among physically inactive persons (decrease in activity or inactive) compared with those physically active (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Retirement transition may be associated with beneficial changes in lifestyle and may thus be a good starting point to preventive interventions in various groups of individuals in order to maintain long-term changes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -45948,7 +46408,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {14}, web-of-science-categories = {Geriatrics \& Gerontology; Gerontology; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary}, - keywords = {sample::database} + keywords = {sample::database}, + note = {Annual Meeting of the Rural-Sociological-Society, CHICAGO, IL, AUG, 2002} } @article{Slack2010a, @@ -46005,7 +46466,7 @@ volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {481}, - publisher = {JSTOR}, + publisher = {{JSTOR}}, doi = {10.2307/1926905}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ISNJDWTG/Slesnick_1989_The Measurement of Horizontal Inequality.pdf} } @@ -46139,7 +46600,7 @@ issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141048}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {▪ Abstract{\enspace} This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern the racial and gender demography of the workplace and the tendency on the part of authority elites to reproduce themselves through both exclusionary and inclusionary processes. Suggestions for future research include additional delineation of these processes based on samples of multiple racial/ethnic groups of men and women and studies that synthesize quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the effects of employer and employee attitudes/preferences and practices on the authority attainment process.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern the racial and gender demography of the workplace and the tendency on the part of authority elites to reproduce themselves through both exclusionary and inclusionary processes. Suggestions for future research include additional delineation of these processes based on samples of multiple racial/ethnic groups of men and women and studies that synthesize quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the effects of employer and employee attitudes/preferences and practices on the authority attainment process.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46157,7 +46618,7 @@ issn = {0066-4812, 1467-8330}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00592.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract:{\enspace} This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Krak{\'o}w, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor-quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in-work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post-socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.}, + abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em} This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Krak{\'o}w, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor-quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in-work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post-socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46175,7 +46636,7 @@ issn = {1353-6141, 2040-0209}, doi = {10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00376_2.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Summary Along with the rise of the development effectiveness movement of the last few decades, experimental impact evaluation methods -- randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental techniques -- have emerged as a dominant force. While the increased use of these methods has contributed to improved understanding of what works and whether specific projects have been successful, their `gold standard' status threatens to exclude a large body of evidence from the development effectiveness dialogue. In this paper we conduct an evaluation of the impact on child stunting of CARE's SHOUHARDO project in Bangladesh, the first large-scale project to use the rights-based, livelihoods approach to address malnutrition. In line with calls for a more balanced view of what constitutes rigor and scientific evidence, and for the use of more diversified and holistic methods in impact evaluations, we employ a mixed-methods approach. The results from multiple data sources and methods, including both non-experimental and quasi-experimental, are triangulated to arrive at the conclusions. We find that the project had an extraordinarily large impact on stunting among children 6--24 months old -- on the order of a 4.5 percentage point reduction per year. We demonstrate that one reason the project reduced stunting by so much was because, consistent with the rights-based, livelihoods approach, it relied on both direct nutrition interventions and those that addressed underlying structural causes including poor sanitation, poverty, and deeply-entrenched inequalities in power between women and men. These findings have important policy implications given the slow progress in reducing malnutrition globally and that the widely-supported Scaling Up Nutrition initiative aimed at stepping up efforts to do so is in urgent need of guidance on how to integrate structural cause interventions with the direct nutrition interventions that are the initiative's main focus. The evaluation also adds to the evidence that targeting the poor, rather than employing universal coverage, can help to accelerate reductions in child malnutrition. The paper concludes that, given the valuable policy lessons generated, the experience of the SHOUHARDO project merits solid standing in the knowledge bank of development effectiveness. More broadly, it illustrates how rigorous and informative evaluation of complex, multi-intervention projects can be undertaken even in the absence of the randomisation, non-project control groups and/or panel data required by the experimental methods.}, + abstract = {Summary Along with the rise of the development effectiveness movement of the last few decades, experimental impact evaluation methods {\textendash} randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental techniques {\textendash} have emerged as a dominant force. While the increased use of these methods has contributed to improved understanding of what works and whether specific projects have been successful, their `gold standard' status threatens to exclude a large body of evidence from the development effectiveness dialogue. In this paper we conduct an evaluation of the impact on child stunting of CARE's SHOUHARDO project in Bangladesh, the first large-scale project to use the rights-based, livelihoods approach to address malnutrition. In line with calls for a more balanced view of what constitutes rigor and scientific evidence, and for the use of more diversified and holistic methods in impact evaluations, we employ a mixed-methods approach. The results from multiple data sources and methods, including both non-experimental and quasi-experimental, are triangulated to arrive at the conclusions. We find that the project had an extraordinarily large impact on stunting among children 6{\textendash}24 months old {\textendash} on the order of a 4.5 percentage point reduction per year. We demonstrate that one reason the project reduced stunting by so much was because, consistent with the rights-based, livelihoods approach, it relied on both direct nutrition interventions and those that addressed underlying structural causes including poor sanitation, poverty, and deeply-entrenched inequalities in power between women and men. These findings have important policy implications given the slow progress in reducing malnutrition globally and that the widely-supported Scaling Up Nutrition initiative aimed at stepping up efforts to do so is in urgent need of guidance on how to integrate structural cause interventions with the direct nutrition interventions that are the initiative's main focus. The evaluation also adds to the evidence that targeting the poor, rather than employing universal coverage, can help to accelerate reductions in child malnutrition. The paper concludes that, given the valuable policy lessons generated, the experience of the SHOUHARDO project merits solid standing in the knowledge bank of development effectiveness. More broadly, it illustrates how rigorous and informative evaluation of complex, multi-intervention projects can be undertaken even in the absence of the randomisation, non-project control groups and/or panel data required by the experimental methods.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46206,8 +46667,8 @@ editor = {Connerley, Mary L. and Wu, Jiyun}, year = {2016}, pages = {209--224}, - publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, - address = {Dordrecht}, + publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}}, + address = {{Dordrecht}}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_13}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-94-017-9896-9 978-94-017-9897-6}, @@ -46228,7 +46689,7 @@ issn = {1744-1692, 1744-1706}, doi = {10.1080/17441692.2021.1896765}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Gender norms, roles and relations differentially affect women, men, and non-binary individuals' vulnerability to disease. Outbreak response measures also have immediate and long-term gendered effects. However, gender-based analysis of outbreaks and responses is limited by lack of data and little integration of feminist analysis within global health scholarship. Recognising these barriers, this paper applies a gender matrix methodology, grounded in feminist political economy approaches, to evaluate the gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in four case studies: China, Hong Kong, Canada, and the UK. Through a rapid scoping of documentation of the gendered effects of the outbreak, it applies the matrix framework to analyse findings, identifying common themes across the case studies: financial discrimination, crisis in care, and unequal risks and secondary effects. Results point to transnational structural conditions which put women on the front lines of the pandemic at work and at home while denying them health, economic and personal security -- effects that are exacerbated where racism and other forms of discrimination intersect with gender inequities. Given that women and people living at the intersections of multiple inequities are made additionally vulnerable by pandemic responses, intersectional feminist responses should be prioritised at the beginning of any crises.}, + abstract = {Gender norms, roles and relations differentially affect women, men, and non-binary individuals' vulnerability to disease. Outbreak response measures also have immediate and long-term gendered effects. However, gender-based analysis of outbreaks and responses is limited by lack of data and little integration of feminist analysis within global health scholarship. Recognising these barriers, this paper applies a gender matrix methodology, grounded in feminist political economy approaches, to evaluate the gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in four case studies: China, Hong Kong, Canada, and the UK. Through a rapid scoping of documentation of the gendered effects of the outbreak, it applies the matrix framework to analyse findings, identifying common themes across the case studies: financial discrimination, crisis in care, and unequal risks and secondary effects. Results point to transnational structural conditions which put women on the front lines of the pandemic at work and at home while denying them health, economic and personal security {\textendash} effects that are exacerbated where racism and other forms of discrimination intersect with gender inequities. Given that women and people living at the intersections of multiple inequities are made additionally vulnerable by pandemic responses, intersectional feminist responses should be prioritised at the beginning of any crises.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -46263,7 +46724,7 @@ issn = {0033-3352, 1540-6210}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00775.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Occupational segregation in government employment is an important issue in public administration. Occupation determines pay and benefits, and when women have greater access to quality jobs---especially in the public sector---this promotes their economic, social, and political advancement. This research addresses two questions: (1) What changes have occurred to alter ``glass walls'' across departmental functions? (2) What impact does departmental function have on the salary of women? The findings reveal that although occupational segregation has decreased over the past two decades in Michigan's bureaucracy, it is still prevalent. Gender-based occupational segregation is linked to departmental function. Redistributive departments have much lower levels of occupational segregation than other functional categories. Mean salary is also linked to departmental mission, with distributive departments having both the highest mean salary and the highest level of occupational segregation. Salary differentials across departmental functions are becoming smaller over time. Overall, women appear to be most successful, both financially and career-wise, in historically male-dominated fields.}, + abstract = {Occupational segregation in government employment is an important issue in public administration. Occupation determines pay and benefits, and when women have greater access to quality jobs{\textemdash}especially in the public sector{\textemdash}this promotes their economic, social, and political advancement. This research addresses two questions: (1) What changes have occurred to alter ``glass walls'' across departmental functions? (2) What impact does departmental function have on the salary of women? The findings reveal that although occupational segregation has decreased over the past two decades in Michigan's bureaucracy, it is still prevalent. Gender-based occupational segregation is linked to departmental function. Redistributive departments have much lower levels of occupational segregation than other functional categories. Mean salary is also linked to departmental mission, with distributive departments having both the highest mean salary and the highest level of occupational segregation. Salary differentials across departmental functions are becoming smaller over time. Overall, women appear to be most successful, both financially and career-wise, in historically male-dominated fields.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46379,7 +46840,7 @@ shorttitle = {Catalyzing Personal and Social Change around Gender, Sexuality, and {{HIV}}}, author = {Solorzano, Irela and Bank, Amy and Pena, Rodolfo and Espinoza, Henry and Ellsberg, Mary and Pulerwitz, Julie}, year = {2008}, - institution = {Population Councl}, + institution = {{Population Councl}}, doi = {10.31899/HIV2.1009}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} @@ -46458,6 +46919,11 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {22}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary}, keywords = {cite::framework,region::global,sample::database,type::maternity_benefit}, + note = {an overview of the trajectory of maternity leave 1880-2018; +\par +looks at inputs to maternity leave (female political empowerment, democratization etc) +\par +does not look at EFFECTS of maternity leave}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UNGU3LEN/Son_Boeger_2021_The inclusiveness of maternity leave rights over 120 years and across five.pdf} } @@ -46520,7 +46986,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,region::EU,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::regulation} + keywords = {inequality::gender,region::EU,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::regulation}, + note = {3rd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts, SGEM 2016, Albena, BULGARIA, AUG 24-30, 2016} } @article{Spencer1999a, @@ -46619,7 +47086,10 @@ doi = {10.1007/s10926-020-09923-w}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::income,out::full-text,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::ubi} + keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::income,out::full-text,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::ubi}, + note = {looks at inequalities and LM adjacency; +\par +does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} } @article{Stainback2005, @@ -46676,7 +47146,7 @@ issn = {0964-9425}, doi = {10.1108/09649429510077421}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Poses the question: do women have different leadership styles from those of men? With the current and projected impact of women-led business on the world{$\prime$}s economies, this question is an important one. Surprisingly, however, there is an insignificant amount of empirical research into this leadership-gender debate -- most of the contemporary literature is purely conceptual. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to initiate scientific inquiry of this topic. An exploratory investigation of a sample of women business owners and managers was conducted to examine their leadership styles. From this preliminary study, utilizing the qualitative research methodology of content analysis, a heuristic model of female leadership is developed.}, + abstract = {Poses the question: do women have different leadership styles from those of men? With the current and projected impact of women-led business on the world{$\prime$}s economies, this question is an important one. Surprisingly, however, there is an insignificant amount of empirical research into this leadership-gender debate {\textendash} most of the contemporary literature is purely conceptual. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to initiate scientific inquiry of this topic. An exploratory investigation of a sample of women business owners and managers was conducted to examine their leadership styles. From this preliminary study, utilizing the qualitative research methodology of content analysis, a heuristic model of female leadership is developed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46982,8 +47452,8 @@ title = {Horizontal {{Inequalities}} and {{Conflict}}}, editor = {Stewart, Frances}, year = {2008}, - publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, - address = {London}, + publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}}, + address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/9780230582729}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-349-35462-7 978-0-230-58272-9}, @@ -47071,7 +47541,7 @@ issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432}, doi = {10.1111/gwao.12264}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Women continue to earn less than their male counterparts globally. Scholars and feminist activists have suggested a partial explanation for this gender gap in earnings could be women's limited access to power structures at the workplace. Using the linked employer--employee data of the Workplace Employment Relations Study 2004--2011, this article asks what happens to the gender gap in earnings among non-managerial employees when the share of women in management at the workplace increases. The findings, based on workplace-fixed time-fixed effects regression models, suggest that workplace-level increases in the share of women in management are associated with decreases of the non-managerial gender gap in earnings. This effect appears to be largely unrelated to changes in equality and diversity policies, family-friendly arrangements and support for carers at the workplace.}, + abstract = {Women continue to earn less than their male counterparts globally. Scholars and feminist activists have suggested a partial explanation for this gender gap in earnings could be women's limited access to power structures at the workplace. Using the linked employer{\textendash}employee data of the Workplace Employment Relations Study 2004{\textendash}2011, this article asks what happens to the gender gap in earnings among non-managerial employees when the share of women in management at the workplace increases. The findings, based on workplace-fixed time-fixed effects regression models, suggest that workplace-level increases in the share of women in management are associated with decreases of the non-managerial gender gap in earnings. This effect appears to be largely unrelated to changes in equality and diversity policies, family-friendly arrangements and support for carers at the workplace.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47174,7 +47644,7 @@ } @article{Strauser2010, - title = {Vocational Services Associated with Competitive Employment in 18--25 Year Old Cancer Survivors}, + title = {Vocational Services Associated with Competitive Employment in 18{\textendash}25 Year Old Cancer Survivors}, author = {Strauser, David and Feuerstein, Michael and Chan, Fong and Arango, Juan and Da Silva Cardoso, Elizabeth and Chiu, Chung-Yi}, year = {2010}, month = jun, @@ -47274,7 +47744,7 @@ } @article{Stutzman2020, - title = {Support for Rural Practice: Female Physicians and the Life--Career Interface}, + title = {Support for Rural Practice: Female Physicians and the Life{\textendash}Career Interface}, shorttitle = {Support for Rural Practice}, author = {Stutzman, Kimberly and Karpen, Ruth and Naidoo, Pragna and Toevs, Sarah and Weidner, Amanda and Baker, Ed and Schmitz, David}, year = {2020}, @@ -47449,7 +47919,7 @@ issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648}, doi = {10.1111/jan.12884}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Aim To describe the enablers and barriers working women experience in continuing breast milk feeding after they return to work postpartum in urban Malaysia. Background In Malaysia, urban working women have low rates of breastfeeding and struggle to achieve the recommended 6~months exclusive breastfeeding. Design A qualitative enquiry based on a phenomenological framework and multiple methods were used to explore women's experiences in depth. Methods Multiple qualitative methods using face-to-face interview and participant diary were used. Data collection took place in urban suburbs around Penang and Klang Valley, Malaysia from March--September 2011. Participants were 40 employed women with infants less than 24~months. Findings Only 11 of the participants worked from home. Based on the women's experiences, we categorized them into three groups: `Passionate' women with a strong determination and exclusively breastfed for 6~months, `Ambivalent' women who initiated breastfeeding, but were unable to sustain exclusive breastfeeding after returning to work and `Equivalent' women who introduced infant formula prior to returning to work. Conclusion Passion and to a lesser extent intention, influenced women's choice. Women's characteristics played a greater role in their infant feeding outcomes than their work environment.}, + abstract = {Abstract Aim To describe the enablers and barriers working women experience in continuing breast milk feeding after they return to work postpartum in urban Malaysia. Background In Malaysia, urban working women have low rates of breastfeeding and struggle to achieve the recommended 6~months exclusive breastfeeding. Design A qualitative enquiry based on a phenomenological framework and multiple methods were used to explore women's experiences in depth. Methods Multiple qualitative methods using face-to-face interview and participant diary were used. Data collection took place in urban suburbs around Penang and Klang Valley, Malaysia from March{\textendash}September 2011. Participants were 40 employed women with infants less than 24~months. Findings Only 11 of the participants worked from home. Based on the women's experiences, we categorized them into three groups: `Passionate' women with a strong determination and exclusively breastfed for 6~months, `Ambivalent' women who initiated breastfeeding, but were unable to sustain exclusive breastfeeding after returning to work and `Equivalent' women who introduced infant formula prior to returning to work. Conclusion Passion and to a lesser extent intention, influenced women's choice. Women's characteristics played a greater role in their infant feeding outcomes than their work environment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47484,7 +47954,7 @@ issn = {0019-4662, 2631-617X}, doi = {10.1177/00194662211023845}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left severe impact on livelihood, security and health of informal sector workers, especially domestic workers, majority of whom are women. Being least organised and lacking institutional support, domestic workers are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and human rights violations, and the pandemic has aggravated the situation. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 260 domestic workers from three cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai and Kochi with focus on working conditions, livelihood and household dynamics, health scenario and state support during the pandemic. The data was substantiated with qualitative inputs from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 domestic workers across the cities. In the results, widespread job loss is reported among domestic workers during March--June 2020 along with drastically reduced income and increased workload. About 57\% domestic workers reported stigma and discrimination at workplace, and 40\% worked without any safety measures. Incidence of domestic violence at home, increased work burden at home, issues in access to health care, etc., were reported. The study findings point out the urgent need to have a national-level policy and state support specifically targeting women domestic workers, without which the situation of poverty, health hazards and social exclusion will continue to exist. JEL Code: J4, J46}, + abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left severe impact on livelihood, security and health of informal sector workers, especially domestic workers, majority of whom are women. Being least organised and lacking institutional support, domestic workers are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and human rights violations, and the pandemic has aggravated the situation. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 260 domestic workers from three cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai and Kochi with focus on working conditions, livelihood and household dynamics, health scenario and state support during the pandemic. The data was substantiated with qualitative inputs from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 domestic workers across the cities. In the results, widespread job loss is reported among domestic workers during March{\textendash}June 2020 along with drastically reduced income and increased workload. About 57\% domestic workers reported stigma and discrimination at workplace, and 40\% worked without any safety measures. Incidence of domestic violence at home, increased work burden at home, issues in access to health care, etc., were reported. The study findings point out the urgent need to have a national-level policy and state support specifically targeting women domestic workers, without which the situation of poverty, health hazards and social exclusion will continue to exist. JEL Code: J4, J46}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::India,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -47510,7 +47980,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {16}, web-of-science-categories = {Rehabilitation}, - keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {looks at LM outcomes for people w disability; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy intervention, nor effects of/on inequality itself} } @article{Sundaram2015, @@ -47563,7 +48036,7 @@ } @article{Suzan-Monti2011, - title = {Individual and {{Structural Factors Associated With HIV Status Disclosure}} to {{Main Partner}} in {{Cameroon}}: {{ANRS}} 12-116 {{EVAL Survey}}, 2006--2007}, + title = {Individual and {{Structural Factors Associated With HIV Status Disclosure}} to {{Main Partner}} in {{Cameroon}}: {{ANRS}} 12-116 {{EVAL Survey}}, 2006{\textendash}2007}, shorttitle = {Individual and {{Structural Factors Associated With HIV Status Disclosure}} to {{Main Partner}} in {{Cameroon}}}, author = {{Suzan-Monti}, Marie and Blanche, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Bil{\'e}, Paule and {Koulla-Shiro}, Sinata and {Abu-Zaineh}, Mohammad and Marcellin, Fabienne and Boyer, Sylvie and Carrieri, Maria Patrizia and Spire, Bruno}, year = {2011}, @@ -47602,6 +48075,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {5}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, keywords = {country::New_Zealand,inequality::income,out::full-text,region::AP,relevant,sample::database,type::ubi}, + note = {looks at inequality (income) of PI;' +\par +does not look at WoW}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ULJ7UXCM/Suzuki_2021_Basic income, wealth inequality and welfare.pdf} } @@ -47893,6 +48369,15 @@ abstract = {This article presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that promoting gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment (GEWE) leads to better health and development outcomes. We reviewed the literature across six sectors-family planning (FP); maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); nutrition; agriculture; water, sanitation and hygiene; and financial services for the poor-and found 76 studies from low and middle-income countries that met our inclusion criteria. Across these studies, we identified common GEWE variables that emerged repeatedly as significant predictors of sector outcomes. We grouped these variables into 10 thematic categories, which we termed {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender-related levers'. These levers were then classified by the strength of evidence into Wedges, Foundations and Facilitators. Wedges are gender-related levers that had strong associations with improved outcomes across multiple sectors. They include: {\textbackslash}textasciigravecontrol over income/assets/resources', {\textbackslash}textasciigravedecision-making power' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeducation'. Elements of these levers overlap, but combined, they encapsulate agency. Increasing female agency promotes equality and broadly improves health and development for women, their families and their communities. The second classification, Foundations, displayed strong, positive associations across FP, MNCH and nutrition. Foundations have a more proximal relationship with sector outcomes and include: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveequitable interpersonal relationships', {\textbackslash}textasciigravemobility' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravepersonal safety'. Finally, the third group of levers, Facilitators, was associated with improved outcomes in two to three sectors and include: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveaccess to information', {\textbackslash}textasciigravecommunity groups', {\textbackslash}textasciigravepaid labour' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraverights'. These levers make it easier for women and girls to achieve their goals and are more traditional elements of development programmes. Overall, gender-related levers were associated with improvements in a variety of health and development outcomes. Furthermore, these associations were cross-sectoral, suggesting that to fully realize the benefits of promoting GEWE, the development community must collaborate in co-ordinated and integrated ways across multiple sectors. More research is needed to identify the mechanisms by which gendered interventions work and under what circumstances.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::gender,out::title,outcome::health,review::narrative,sample::database,snowball_source}, + note = {(narrative?) review of effects of dimensions of female 'empowerment' on health outcomes and development outcomes, such as access to and use of financial services +\par +main findings: +\par +- gender inequalities highly contextual (and intersectional), requires identification of variations at start of interventions where inequalities exist, overlap and work as barriers to its implementation +\par +- strong association with improved outcomes across multiple outcome sectors: control over income/assets/resources, decision-making power, education +\par +- relation with health/family planning outcomes: mobility, personal safety, equitable interpersonal relationships}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9WPGW57Z/Taukobong et al_2016_Does addressing gender inequalities and empowering women and girls improve.pdf} } @@ -47962,8 +48447,8 @@ } @article{TenBrummelhuis2012, - title = {A Resource Perspective on the Work--Home Interface: {{The}} Work--Home Resources Model.}, - shorttitle = {A Resource Perspective on the Work--Home Interface}, + title = {A Resource Perspective on the Work{\textendash}Home Interface: {{The}} Work{\textendash}Home Resources Model.}, + shorttitle = {A Resource Perspective on the Work{\textendash}Home Interface}, author = {Ten Brummelhuis, Lieke L. and Bakker, Arnold B.}, year = {2012}, month = oct, @@ -48036,7 +48521,7 @@ issn = {0020-7292, 1879-3479}, doi = {10.1002/ijgo.13566}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To assess the incidence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the prenatal care clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, among pregnant women from 31 August to 2 November 2020. Participants were interviewed using Open Data Kit. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors. Results Among the 464 pregnant women, 33 (7.1\%) reported IPV during pregnancy, and among these 24 (72.7\%) reported emotional violence, 16 (48.5\%) reported sexual violence, and 10 (30.3\%) reported physical violence. Among the study participants, only 8 (1.7\%) were screened for IPV. IPV was reported 3.27 times more often by women who reported that their partner chewed Khat compared with those women whose partner did not (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.45--7.38), and 1.52 times more often women who reported that their partner drank alcohol compared with those women whose partner did not (aOR 1.52; 95\% CI 1.01--2.28). Conclusion Very few women were screened for IPV. Partners drinking alcohol and chewing Khat are significantly positively associated with IPV during pregnancy. IPV screening should be included in the national management protocol of obstetric cases of Ethiopia. , Very few women were screened for intimate partner violence during pregnancy, a finding that has implications for policy moving forward.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To assess the incidence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the prenatal care clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, among pregnant women from 31 August to 2 November 2020. Participants were interviewed using Open Data Kit. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors. Results Among the 464 pregnant women, 33 (7.1\%) reported IPV during pregnancy, and among these 24 (72.7\%) reported emotional violence, 16 (48.5\%) reported sexual violence, and 10 (30.3\%) reported physical violence. Among the study participants, only 8 (1.7\%) were screened for IPV. IPV was reported 3.27 times more often by women who reported that their partner chewed Khat compared with those women whose partner did not (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.45{\textendash}7.38), and 1.52 times more often women who reported that their partner drank alcohol compared with those women whose partner did not (aOR 1.52; 95\% CI 1.01{\textendash}2.28). Conclusion Very few women were screened for IPV. Partners drinking alcohol and chewing Khat are significantly positively associated with IPV during pregnancy. IPV screening should be included in the national management protocol of obstetric cases of Ethiopia. , Very few women were screened for intimate partner violence during pregnancy, a finding that has implications for policy moving forward.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -48423,7 +48908,7 @@ author = {Tilly, Charles}, year = {1998}, month = mar, - publisher = {University of California Press}, + publisher = {{University of California Press}}, doi = {10.1525/9780520924222}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-520-92422-2}, @@ -48468,7 +48953,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {38}, web-of-science-categories = {Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::disability,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::disability,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database}, + note = {looks at inequality and LM adjacency +\par +does NOT look at PI} } @article{Tomaskovic-Devey1999, @@ -48512,7 +49000,7 @@ author = {Torjesen, Karen and Warren, Meg Aum and {Wamue-Ngare}, Grace}, year = {2020}, month = nov, - institution = {PsyArXiv}, + institution = {{PsyArXiv}}, doi = {10.31234/osf.io/jh5kt}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {Applied research for social change is still in its infancy in cross-cultural psychology. Despite the potential for tremendous impact, the complexities of conducting applied research, particularly in under-resourced countries, may discourage scholars from pursing this important but daunting venture. To forewarn and equip other scholars, we outline a variety of challenges (e.g., resource constraints, cultural norms) that influence all aspects of the research process, from gaining entry, organizing the cross-national research team, working with local stakeholders, designing the methods, developing and administering instruments, collecting and interpreting the data, to reporting the findings for local use. Via a personal account of our experiences in conducting a study on a gender-based violence intervention in Congo, we share our lessons and offer recommendations (e.g., using multiple methodologies) for conducting applied cross-national research. We hope that as a result more scholars will be encouraged to undertake this impactful and rewarding work.}, @@ -48538,7 +49026,7 @@ } @article{Torre2014, - title = {Income Inequality and Population Health: {{An}} Analysis of Panel Data for 21 Developed Countries, 1975--2006}, + title = {Income Inequality and Population Health: {{An}} Analysis of Panel Data for 21 Developed Countries, 1975{\textendash}2006}, shorttitle = {Income Inequality and Population Health}, author = {Torre, Roberta and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, year = {2014}, @@ -48736,7 +49224,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Political economy of inequality in Argentina (2003-2015): Labor institutions and social protection}}, author = {Trujillo, Lucia and Retamozo, Martin}, - year = {2017-01/2017-06}, + year = {2017}, + month = jan, journal = {TEMAS Y DEBATES}, number = {33}, pages = {35--61}, @@ -48787,7 +49276,10 @@ urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {We investigate the relationship between female labour force participation and economic growth in the South Mediterranean countries with a two-step methodology of econometric exercise and general equilibrium modelling. Econometric estimations on female labour participation confirm the U-shaped function and the presence of region-specific barriers. Estimations have been employed in a satellite manner to a general equilibrium model for the simulation of (i) changes in female labour force participation as a result of income developments and (ii) lowering of region-specific barriers to female labour force participation. The results suggest that while the first may lead to marginally lower economic growth, the second may have a considerable positive impact on growth.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, + note = {looks at LM adjacency; looks at PI +\par +does NOT look at inequality outcomes (country growth instead)} } @article{Tuckett2016, @@ -48925,6 +49417,21 @@ abstract = {The implications of technology adoption for productivity, income, and welfare have been studied widely in the context of less developed countries (LDCs). In contrast, the relationship between technology adoption and employment has attracted less interest. This systematic review evaluates the diverse yet sizeable evidence base that has remained below the radars of both reviewers and policy makers. We map the qualitative and empirical evidence and report that the effect of technology adoption on employment is skill biased and more likely to be observed when technology adoption favors product innovation as opposed to process innovation. Technology adoption is also less likely to be associated with employment creation when: (i) the evidence is related to farm employment as opposed to firm/industry employment; (ii) the evidence is related to low-income countries as opposed to lower middle-income or mixed countries; and (iii) the evidence is based on post-2001 data as opposed to pre-2001 data. There is also qualitative evidence indicating that international trade, weak forward and backward linkages, and weaknesses in governance and labor-market institutions tend to weaken the job creating effects of technology adoption. We conclude by calling for compilation of better quality survey data and further attention to sources of heterogeneity in modeling the relationship between technology adoption and employment in LDCs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::income,intervention::technology_adoption,out::title,outcome::employment,review::systematic,sample::database,snowball_source}, + note = {systematic review of effects of technology adoption on employment (in LMIC/LIC 'less developed countries') +\par +main findings: positive effect more likely when technology adoption favours product innovation not process innovation and when it is is skill based +\par +additional: +\par +- techn. adoption *less* likely to create employment when: related to farm employment not firm/industry employment; related to low-income countries not LMICs; related to data from after 2001 instead of pre-2001 +\par +- intl trade, weak forward/backward linkages, weaknesses in governance \& labor market institutions can weak job-creating effects of technology adoption +\par +inequality: +\par +- existing income inequalities makes effect of technology adoption on employment creation more ambiguous (potentially widening rift of demand for skilled versus unskilled labour) +\par +- green revolution technologies tend to reduce income/wealth inequality; also negative effect on on-farm employment}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P6MZJ39B/Ugur_Mitra_2017_Technology Adoption and Employment in Less Developed Countries.pdf} } @@ -48997,7 +49504,7 @@ author = {{United Nations Women}}, year = {2018}, month = jun, - publisher = {United Nations}, + publisher = {{United Nations}}, doi = {10.18356/917ed83e-en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-92-1-363284-0}, @@ -49157,7 +49664,7 @@ issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000003574}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {In nearly all walks of life, leadership sets the tone for what gets done, who does it, and how it is achieved. In 2020, the top ranks of academic medicine have not yet attained gender parity---an aspirational goal set 7 years ago in this journal as ``50:50 by 2020,'' and a vital aim for the United States' productivity and innovation as a leader in biomedical research. Parity in academic leadership for women and other groups underrepresented in science and medicine will seed the culture change necessary for inclusive excellence: environments in which individuals from all backgrounds thrive in their pursuit of new knowledge to benefit human health. In this Invited Commentary, the author describes the National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) current system-wide framework and tools for creating cultures of inclusive excellence through a set of guiding principles and integrated strategies. Successful efforts will recognize that individually focused solutions are necessary but not sufficient for institutional culture change. In keeping with a systems approach are implementing accountability and transparency; establishing clear metrics of inclusion, diversity, and equity; tracking and evaluating such metrics; as well as tying these metrics to institutional reward systems. These essential steps to institutional culture transformation require strong partnerships between NIH and the academic community. The author argues that with committed vision, focus, and energy, success is attainable, and soon.}, + abstract = {In nearly all walks of life, leadership sets the tone for what gets done, who does it, and how it is achieved. In 2020, the top ranks of academic medicine have not yet attained gender parity{\textemdash}an aspirational goal set 7 years ago in this journal as ``50:50 by 2020,'' and a vital aim for the United States' productivity and innovation as a leader in biomedical research. Parity in academic leadership for women and other groups underrepresented in science and medicine will seed the culture change necessary for inclusive excellence: environments in which individuals from all backgrounds thrive in their pursuit of new knowledge to benefit human health. In this Invited Commentary, the author describes the National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) current system-wide framework and tools for creating cultures of inclusive excellence through a set of guiding principles and integrated strategies. Successful efforts will recognize that individually focused solutions are necessary but not sufficient for institutional culture change. In keeping with a systems approach are implementing accountability and transparency; establishing clear metrics of inclusion, diversity, and equity; tracking and evaluating such metrics; as well as tying these metrics to institutional reward systems. These essential steps to institutional culture transformation require strong partnerships between NIH and the academic community. The author argues that with committed vision, focus, and energy, success is attainable, and soon.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49241,7 +49748,7 @@ issn = {0004-0894, 1475-4762}, doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00799.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural--urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.}, + abstract = {Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural{\textendash}urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49328,6 +49835,7 @@ eissn = {1873-4871}, unique-id = {WOS:000710338800002}, keywords = {country::Philippines,lmp::active,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on vocational training in the Philippines, analyzing its impact on earnings and employment probability of participants.\textbf{It finds that training graduates had a positive impact on their employment probability and received higher wages compared to only having a secondary education without the training.\textbf{However, it also finds that training graduates with previous tertiary education tended to have lower wages than graduates with only secondary previous education.\textbf{The study suggests this is due to graduates with tertiary education having a tendency to only complete a short period of tertiary training and the lowest level of their vocational training, also suggesting a link between training duration and graduate earnings.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} } @@ -49344,7 +49852,7 @@ issn = {0170-8406, 1741-3044}, doi = {10.1177/0170840610380812}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Gender research has made a call for more transparency and accountability in academic recruitment and selection in order to overcome the inequality practices that have led to an underrepresentation of women among full professors. This paper provides insight into the multiple ways in which the notions of transparency and accountability are put into practice in academic recruitment and selection, and how this has enhanced --- or hindered --- gender equality. The methods employed consist of a qualitative content analysis of seven recruitment and selection protocols, interviews with 64 committee members, and an analysis of 971 appointment reports of full professors in the Netherlands. Our analysis contributes to the study of organizations in three respects. First, it shows that recruitment and selection processes are characterized by bounded transparency and limited accountability at best. Second, it explains that the protocols that should ensure transparency and accountability remain paper tigresses, because of the micropolitics and gender practices that are part and parcel of recruitment and selection. Third, it contributes to gender equality theory in organization theory by showing how a myriad of gender practices simultaneously increases and counteracts gender equality measures in academia.}, + abstract = {Gender research has made a call for more transparency and accountability in academic recruitment and selection in order to overcome the inequality practices that have led to an underrepresentation of women among full professors. This paper provides insight into the multiple ways in which the notions of transparency and accountability are put into practice in academic recruitment and selection, and how this has enhanced {\textemdash} or hindered {\textemdash} gender equality. The methods employed consist of a qualitative content analysis of seven recruitment and selection protocols, interviews with 64 committee members, and an analysis of 971 appointment reports of full professors in the Netherlands. Our analysis contributes to the study of organizations in three respects. First, it shows that recruitment and selection processes are characterized by bounded transparency and limited accountability at best. Second, it explains that the protocols that should ensure transparency and accountability remain paper tigresses, because of the micropolitics and gender practices that are part and parcel of recruitment and selection. Third, it contributes to gender equality theory in organization theory by showing how a myriad of gender practices simultaneously increases and counteracts gender equality measures in academia.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49462,7 +49970,7 @@ issn = {0012-1622, 1469-8749}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03020.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {The aim of this study was to: (1) assess work participation among young adults with spina bifida, (2) identify problems perceived in finding employment, and (3) examine which determinants are related to work participation. This cross-sectional study was a follow-up study to the Adolescents with SPina bifida In the Netherlands (ASPINE) study. Data regarding work participation and problems finding employment were collected with questionnaire developed by the authors. Data on disease characteristics were taken from the ASPINE database. Responses of 136 participants were analyzed (77 females, 59 males; mean age 26 years 1 month [SD 3y1mo], range 21--32y). Twenty participants had spina bifida occulta and 116 had spina bifida aperta, 96 of whom also had hydrocephalus. Work participation rate was 62.5\%, of which 22.4\% was in a sheltered workplace. Significant determinants of having paid work for at least 1 hour a week were: level of education, level of lesion, hydrocephalus, IQ, functional independence, and ambulation. Significant determinants of full-time employment were the same, plus sex and type of spina bifida. In a multivariate backward logistic regression analysis, however, only level of education remained a significant predictor of work participation. Sex, level of education, and self-care independence were significant predictors of full-time employment. This study shows the importance of educational support and self-care independence training for children with spina bifida.}, + abstract = {The aim of this study was to: (1) assess work participation among young adults with spina bifida, (2) identify problems perceived in finding employment, and (3) examine which determinants are related to work participation. This cross-sectional study was a follow-up study to the Adolescents with SPina bifida In the Netherlands (ASPINE) study. Data regarding work participation and problems finding employment were collected with questionnaire developed by the authors. Data on disease characteristics were taken from the ASPINE database. Responses of 136 participants were analyzed (77 females, 59 males; mean age 26 years 1 month [SD 3y1mo], range 21{\textendash}32y). Twenty participants had spina bifida occulta and 116 had spina bifida aperta, 96 of whom also had hydrocephalus. Work participation rate was 62.5\%, of which 22.4\% was in a sheltered workplace. Significant determinants of having paid work for at least 1 hour a week were: level of education, level of lesion, hydrocephalus, IQ, functional independence, and ambulation. Significant determinants of full-time employment were the same, plus sex and type of spina bifida. In a multivariate backward logistic regression analysis, however, only level of education remained a significant predictor of work participation. Sex, level of education, and self-care independence were significant predictors of full-time employment. This study shows the importance of educational support and self-care independence training for children with spina bifida.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49480,7 +49988,7 @@ issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-09-2017-0180}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Women remain underrepresented in academic STEM, especially at the highest ranks. While much attention has focused on early-career attrition, mid-career advancement is still largely understudied and undocumented. The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender differences in advancement to full professor within academic STEM at a mid-size public doctoral university in the western USA, before and after the National Science Foundation (NSF)-ADVANCE Program (2003--2008). Design/methodology/approach Using faculty demographics and promotion data between 2008 and 2014, combined with faculty responses to two waves of a climate survey, the magnitude and longevity of the impact of ADVANCE on mid-career faculty advancement across gender is evaluated. Findings This study documents increased representation of women in all ranks within the STEM colleges, including that of full professor due to ADVANCE efforts. It also demonstrates the role of greater gender awareness and formalization of procedures in reducing the variability in the time as associate professor until promotion to full professor for all faculty members, while also shrinking gender disparities in career attainment. As a result of the codification of the post-tenure review timeline toward promotion, more recently hired faculty are promoted more swiftly and consistently, irrespective of gender. Post-ADVANCE, both male and female faculty members express a greater understanding of and confidence in the promotion process and no longer see it as either a hurdle or source of gender inequality in upward career mobility. Research limitations/implications While data were collected at a single university, demographics and career experiences by women mirror those at other research universities. This study shows that within a given institution-specific governance structure, long-lasting effects on faculty career trajectories can be achieved, by focusing efforts on creating greater transparency in expectations and necessary steps toward promotion, by reducing barriers to information flown, by standardizing and codifying the promotion process, and by actively engaging administrators as collaborators and change agents in the transformation process. Originality/value This study addresses mid-career dynamics and potential mechanisms that explain gender gaps in the promotion to full professor, a largely understudied aspect of gender disparities in career attainment within STEM. It shows how institutional policy changes, intended to alleviate gender disparities, can benefit the career trajectories of all faculty members. Specifically, this study highlights the crucial role of codifying procedures and responsibilities in neutralizing subjectivity and inconsistencies in promotion outcomes due to varying departmental climates.}, + abstract = {Purpose Women remain underrepresented in academic STEM, especially at the highest ranks. While much attention has focused on early-career attrition, mid-career advancement is still largely understudied and undocumented. The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender differences in advancement to full professor within academic STEM at a mid-size public doctoral university in the western USA, before and after the National Science Foundation (NSF)-ADVANCE Program (2003{\textendash}2008). Design/methodology/approach Using faculty demographics and promotion data between 2008 and 2014, combined with faculty responses to two waves of a climate survey, the magnitude and longevity of the impact of ADVANCE on mid-career faculty advancement across gender is evaluated. Findings This study documents increased representation of women in all ranks within the STEM colleges, including that of full professor due to ADVANCE efforts. It also demonstrates the role of greater gender awareness and formalization of procedures in reducing the variability in the time as associate professor until promotion to full professor for all faculty members, while also shrinking gender disparities in career attainment. As a result of the codification of the post-tenure review timeline toward promotion, more recently hired faculty are promoted more swiftly and consistently, irrespective of gender. Post-ADVANCE, both male and female faculty members express a greater understanding of and confidence in the promotion process and no longer see it as either a hurdle or source of gender inequality in upward career mobility. Research limitations/implications While data were collected at a single university, demographics and career experiences by women mirror those at other research universities. This study shows that within a given institution-specific governance structure, long-lasting effects on faculty career trajectories can be achieved, by focusing efforts on creating greater transparency in expectations and necessary steps toward promotion, by reducing barriers to information flown, by standardizing and codifying the promotion process, and by actively engaging administrators as collaborators and change agents in the transformation process. Originality/value This study addresses mid-career dynamics and potential mechanisms that explain gender gaps in the promotion to full professor, a largely understudied aspect of gender disparities in career attainment within STEM. It shows how institutional policy changes, intended to alleviate gender disparities, can benefit the career trajectories of all faculty members. Specifically, this study highlights the crucial role of codifying procedures and responsibilities in neutralizing subjectivity and inconsistencies in promotion outcomes due to varying departmental climates.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49517,7 +50025,7 @@ } @article{VanRensburg2014, - title = {South {{Africa}}'s Protracted Struggle for Equal Distribution and Equitable Access -- Still Not There}, + title = {South {{Africa}}'s Protracted Struggle for Equal Distribution and Equitable Access {\textendash} Still Not There}, author = {Van Rensburg, Hendrik Cj}, year = {2014}, month = dec, @@ -49609,7 +50117,7 @@ } @article{Varekamp2011a, - title = {Effect of Job Maintenance Training Program for Employees with Chronic Disease -- a Randomized Controlled Trial on Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Fatigue}, + title = {Effect of Job Maintenance Training Program for Employees with Chronic Disease {\textendash} a Randomized Controlled Trial on Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Fatigue}, author = {Varekamp, Inge and Verbeek, Jos H and De Boer, Angela and Van Dijk, Frank Jh}, year = {2011}, month = jul, @@ -49772,7 +50280,7 @@ issn = {0012-1622, 1469-8749}, doi = {10.1111/dmcn.12158}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new intervention to improve work participation of young adults with physical disabilities, addressing (1) implementation and costs and (2) preliminary effectiveness. Method Twelve young adults with physical disabilities (six males, six females; age 19--28y, median age 21y 6mo) participated in a 1-year multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation intervention. In a pre--post intervention design, we assessed implementation and costs as well as preliminary effectiveness in terms of employment and occupational performance using questionnaires and interviews. We tested pre--post differences with the M cNemar test for proportions and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for scores on occupational performance; p -values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Additionally, we assessed work participation at follow-up after 2 years and 3~years. Results The intervention was implemented in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic for young adults. The median cost per participant for 1~year was {\texteuro}3128, which is an equivalent to the cost of 72 contact hours per participant. Post intervention, and at 2 years and 3~years follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of participants were employed (8/12 post vs 2/12 pre-intervention; p {$<$}0.05), with the ratio of those in paid to unpaid employment being 4:4, 5:3, and 7:1 respectively. Participants showed improved occupational performance in work, self-care, and leisure. Interpretation Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of the intervention are promising. Employed participants seemed to have achieved suitable and continuous employment. , This article is commented on by Murphy on pages 683--684 of this issue.}, + abstract = {Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new intervention to improve work participation of young adults with physical disabilities, addressing (1) implementation and costs and (2) preliminary effectiveness. Method Twelve young adults with physical disabilities (six males, six females; age 19{\textendash}28y, median age 21y 6mo) participated in a 1-year multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation intervention. In a pre{\textendash}post intervention design, we assessed implementation and costs as well as preliminary effectiveness in terms of employment and occupational performance using questionnaires and interviews. We tested pre{\textendash}post differences with the M cNemar test for proportions and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for scores on occupational performance; p -values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Additionally, we assessed work participation at follow-up after 2 years and 3~years. Results The intervention was implemented in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic for young adults. The median cost per participant for 1~year was {\texteuro}3128, which is an equivalent to the cost of 72 contact hours per participant. Post intervention, and at 2 years and 3~years follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of participants were employed (8/12 post vs 2/12 pre-intervention; p {$<$}0.05), with the ratio of those in paid to unpaid employment being 4:4, 5:3, and 7:1 respectively. Participants showed improved occupational performance in work, self-care, and leisure. Interpretation Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of the intervention are promising. Employed participants seemed to have achieved suitable and continuous employment. , This article is commented on by Murphy on pages 683{\textendash}684 of this issue.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49842,7 +50350,7 @@ issn = {0020-7640, 1741-2854}, doi = {10.1177/0020764020934508}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background: The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians. Aim: The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire. Results: In total, 25\%, 28\% and 11.6\% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.91; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.072--3.418) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.03; 95\% CI: 1.045--3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR\,=\,2.17; 95\% CI: 1.317--3.589), employment status (OR\,=\,1.77; 95\% CI: 1.002--3.141) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.62; 95\% CI: 1.361--5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR\,=\,3.42; 95\% CI: 1.544--7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.}, + abstract = {Background: The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians. Aim: The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire. Results: In total, 25\%, 28\% and 11.6\% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.91; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.072{\textendash}3.418) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.03; 95\% CI: 1.045{\textendash}3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR\,=\,2.17; 95\% CI: 1.317{\textendash}3.589), employment status (OR\,=\,1.77; 95\% CI: 1.002{\textendash}3.141) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.62; 95\% CI: 1.361{\textendash}5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR\,=\,3.42; 95\% CI: 1.544{\textendash}7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -49931,7 +50439,7 @@ issn = {1362-0436}, doi = {10.1108/CDI-02-2013-0022}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose -- Few studies have focussed on the situation of employees with physical disabilities from the perspective of human resources management -- in particular on the career development expectations of this group. The purpose of this paper is to meet this need by focussing on individuals with physical disabilities in Andalusia (Spain). It analyzes three key aspects: whether the perception of discrimination is related to the perception of inequity due to their disabilities, with this relationship being moderated by gender; whether these perceptions of inequality and discrimination lead to feelings of dissatisfaction with the employing organization; and whether the perception of discrimination mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and job dissatisfaction. Design/methodology/approach -- Using the theoretical framework of organizational justice, regression analysis is applied to test the hypotheses in a population of 459 employed people with physical disabilities. Findings -- The results show that perceived discrimination is due to perceived inequity when peers who do not have a disability are used as comparative reference; however, this relationship is not moderated by gender. These perceptions of inequity and discrimination cause individuals to feel dissatisfaction in organizations, and a mediating effect is found for the perception of discrimination in professional development opportunities. The control variables considered, age and education, are not significant in the relationships studied. Originality/value -- An original and valued model is proposed to explain job dissatisfaction among employees with physical disabilities and the possibility of perceiving a dual disadvantage, in their possibilities for professional development. The model links together three variables that have not previously been linked all together in the literature -- perceived inequity, perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability, and dissatisfaction -- highlighting that perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and dissatisfaction. This model can also examine whether a dual disadvantage is perceived owing to an individual's being a woman and having a disability, considering gender as a variable that moderates the relationship between perceived inequity and perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} Few studies have focussed on the situation of employees with physical disabilities from the perspective of human resources management {\textendash} in particular on the career development expectations of this group. The purpose of this paper is to meet this need by focussing on individuals with physical disabilities in Andalusia (Spain). It analyzes three key aspects: whether the perception of discrimination is related to the perception of inequity due to their disabilities, with this relationship being moderated by gender; whether these perceptions of inequality and discrimination lead to feelings of dissatisfaction with the employing organization; and whether the perception of discrimination mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and job dissatisfaction. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Using the theoretical framework of organizational justice, regression analysis is applied to test the hypotheses in a population of 459 employed people with physical disabilities. Findings {\textendash} The results show that perceived discrimination is due to perceived inequity when peers who do not have a disability are used as comparative reference; however, this relationship is not moderated by gender. These perceptions of inequity and discrimination cause individuals to feel dissatisfaction in organizations, and a mediating effect is found for the perception of discrimination in professional development opportunities. The control variables considered, age and education, are not significant in the relationships studied. Originality/value {\textendash} An original and valued model is proposed to explain job dissatisfaction among employees with physical disabilities and the possibility of perceiving a dual disadvantage, in their possibilities for professional development. The model links together three variables that have not previously been linked all together in the literature {\textendash} perceived inequity, perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability, and dissatisfaction {\textendash} highlighting that perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and dissatisfaction. This model can also examine whether a dual disadvantage is perceived owing to an individual's being a woman and having a disability, considering gender as a variable that moderates the relationship between perceived inequity and perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Spain,inequality::disability,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::snowballing} } @@ -49960,6 +50468,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {14}, web-of-science-categories = {Public Administration; Social Issues}, keywords = {country::Belgium,country::Norway,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,sample::database,type::direct_transfer}, + note = {looks at inequality; LM adjacency; +\par +uses cash benefit to identify `increased need' sample but is not impact study for cash benefit intervention}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CHLVI38F/Vinck_Brekke_2020_Gender and education inequalities in parental employment and earnings when.pdf} } @@ -50273,7 +50784,7 @@ } @article{Wagner2014, - title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Family Socioeconomic Status}} on the {{Post}}--{{High School Outcomes}} of {{Youth With Disabilities}}}, + title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Family Socioeconomic Status}} on the {{Post}}{\textendash}{{High School Outcomes}} of {{Youth With Disabilities}}}, author = {Wagner, Mary M. and Newman, Lynn A. and Javitz, Harold S.}, year = {2014}, month = may, @@ -50284,9 +50795,12 @@ issn = {2165-1434, 2165-1442}, doi = {10.1177/2165143414523980}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study--2, this study considers (a) the extent to which the socioeconomic status (SES) of youth with disabilities predicted their likelihood of high school graduation, postsecondary education enrollment, and employment; (b) the extent to which other individual and family factors mediated the SES--outcome relationships; and (c) other factors that significantly explained outcome variations for youth with disabilities. Results show that SES had a statistically significant but relatively small effect on outcomes, to a sizable extent the effect of SES was mediated by other factors, and many of the covariates in the analyses (e.g., disability type and severity, gender, race/ethnicity) had their own significant relationships with outcomes that contribute to our understanding of variations in them.}, + abstract = {Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study{\textendash}2, this study considers (a) the extent to which the socioeconomic status (SES) of youth with disabilities predicted their likelihood of high school graduation, postsecondary education enrollment, and employment; (b) the extent to which other individual and family factors mediated the SES{\textendash}outcome relationships; and (c) other factors that significantly explained outcome variations for youth with disabilities. Results show that SES had a statistically significant but relatively small effect on outcomes, to a sizable extent the effect of SES was mediated by other factors, and many of the covariates in the analyses (e.g., disability type and severity, gender, race/ethnicity) had their own significant relationships with outcomes that contribute to our understanding of variations in them.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, + note = {looks at LM adjacent outcomes, inequality, socio-economic determinants; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy interventions} } @article{Wagstaff1991, @@ -50298,7 +50812,7 @@ volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {169--205}, - publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, doi = {10.1016/0167-6296(91)90003-6}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3X5A9AZ6/Wagstaff et al_1991_On the measurement of horizontal inequity in the delivery of health care.pdf} @@ -50317,7 +50831,7 @@ issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.543}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {▪ Abstract{\enspace} This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature on the apparently negative effects of income inequality on population health. Various hypotheses are identified and described that explain the empirically observed association between measures of income inequality and population health. We have concluded that data from aggregate-level studies of the effect of income inequality on health, i.e. studies at the population and community (e.g. state) levels, are largely insufficient to discriminate between competing hypotheses. Only individual-level studies have the potential to discriminate between most of the advanced hypotheses. The relevant individual-level studies to date, all on U.S. population data, provide strong support for the ``absolute-income hypothesis,'' no support for the ``relative-income hypothesis,'' and little or no support for the ``income-inequality hypothesis.'' Results that provide some support for the income-inequality hypothesis suggest that income inequality at the state level affects mainly the health of the poor. There is only indirect evidence for the ``deprivation hypothesis,'' and no evidence supports the ``relative-position hypothesis.'' Overall, the absolute-income hypothesis, although {$>$}20 years old, is still the most likely to explain the frequently observed strong association between population health and income inequality levels.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature on the apparently negative effects of income inequality on population health. Various hypotheses are identified and described that explain the empirically observed association between measures of income inequality and population health. We have concluded that data from aggregate-level studies of the effect of income inequality on health, i.e. studies at the population and community (e.g. state) levels, are largely insufficient to discriminate between competing hypotheses. Only individual-level studies have the potential to discriminate between most of the advanced hypotheses. The relevant individual-level studies to date, all on U.S. population data, provide strong support for the ``absolute-income hypothesis,'' no support for the ``relative-income hypothesis,'' and little or no support for the ``income-inequality hypothesis.'' Results that provide some support for the income-inequality hypothesis suggest that income inequality at the state level affects mainly the health of the poor. There is only indirect evidence for the ``deprivation hypothesis,'' and no evidence supports the ``relative-position hypothesis.'' Overall, the absolute-income hypothesis, although {$>$}20 years old, is still the most likely to explain the frequently observed strong association between population health and income inequality levels.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -50538,7 +51052,7 @@ editor = {Popescu, Cristina Raluca Gh.}, year = {2021}, pages = {53--69}, - publisher = {IGI Global}, + publisher = {{IGI Global}}, doi = {10.4018/978-1-7998-8426-2.ch003}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {Gender-based violence (GBV) and its threat to women's well-being is an insidious and widespread challenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Cultural beliefs about gender roles and sexuality, and religious teachings on marriage, masculinity, and femininity make interventions on GBV in the DRC difficult. This chapter examines a faith-based intervention, `The Tamar Campaign', which sought to align the strengths underpinning religion and culture. Findings revealed that participants of the Tamar Campaign reported 1) low prevalence of GBV four years after the intervention as compared to results of previous studies in the region, 2) positive effect of the intervention on marital satisfaction, and 3) engaging in activism alongside their family and community to combat GBV. This study thus offers initial evidence for faith-based interventions in not only reducing GBV, but also holistically improving women's overall well-being.}, @@ -50602,7 +51116,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Subdividing the Digital Divide: {{Differences}} in Internet Access and Use among Rural Residents with Medical Limitations}, author = {Wang, Jong-Yi and Bennett, Kevin and Probst, Janice}, - year = {2011-01/2011-03}, + year = {2011}, + month = jan, journal = {JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH}, volume = {13}, number = {e25}, @@ -50856,7 +51371,7 @@ author = {Warren, Meg Aum and Schwam, Allison}, year = {2021}, month = nov, - institution = {PsyArXiv}, + institution = {{PsyArXiv}}, doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ajgfm}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {As public consciousness of sexism is increasing in the workplace (e.g., \#MeToo movement), labeling oneself as an ally (e.g., UN HeforShe campaign) is becoming more socially desirable for men. However, do women agree with such men in their assessments of being allies? Importantly, how does women's agreement (or not) with men's self-assessments of allyship, affect women's inclusion-relevant outcomes? Using a multi-informant design and data from 101 men-women colleague pairs, this study considered men's self-perceptions and women's other-reports of men's key allyship-relevant characteristics - justice, moral courage, civility, and allyship. Polynomial regression and response surface analyses revealed differential impacts of (in)congruence between men's and women's perceptions on women's sense of inclusion and vitality. Simply, when women perceived men as higher (or the same) in justice, moral courage, and civility than men reported themselves, it positively predicted women's outcomes. This suggests that humble self-presentation by men on characteristics that are parallel to allyship (but not allyship) may be ideal. Yet, both under- and over-estimation by men on allyship itself predicted poorer outcomes for women, suggesting that the ideal is for men to have an accurate assessment of their own strengths and weaknesses as an ally.}, @@ -50870,7 +51385,7 @@ author = {Warren, Meg Aum and Sekhon, Tejvir and Winkelman, Katie M. and Waldrop, Rachael J}, year = {2021}, month = mar, - institution = {PsyArXiv}, + institution = {{PsyArXiv}}, doi = {10.31234/osf.io/jzxmy}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, abstract = {In response to prejudiced behaviors, the emotional experience of leaders influences whether and how they confront prejudice, but more importantly, their emotional expression serves a crucial communicative function to signal to observers the motivations and characteristics of the leaders and the organization. A qualitative study of exceptional allies revealed that even those committed to confronting prejudice are afraid to do so because of impression management and relational concerns. When they do act, their emotional experiences of empathic sadness on behalf of the stigmatized target or anger toward the transgressor spur action whereas not intervening leads to feelings of guilt. However, they struggle with regulating these emotions due to the belief that non-emotional confrontations are better received by others. On the contrary, two experimental studies showed that the same verbal confrontation accompanied by anger (versus not) is viewed as more sincere and in fact, improves the impressions of the leader and the organization.}, @@ -50939,7 +51454,7 @@ issn = {1935-1682}, doi = {10.2202/1935-1682.2938}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract In this paper, we consider three U.S. public policies that potentially influence the work decisions of mothers of infants---parental leave laws, exemptions from welfare work requirements, and child care subsidies for low-income families. We estimate the effects of these policies on the timing of work participation after birth, and on a range of outcomes in the subsequent four years, using a group difference-in-difference technique suitable for analysis of cross-sectional data. We find that the three policies affect early maternal work participation, but obtain no evidence of significant consequences for child well-being.}, + abstract = {Abstract In this paper, we consider three U.S. public policies that potentially influence the work decisions of mothers of infants{\textemdash}parental leave laws, exemptions from welfare work requirements, and child care subsidies for low-income families. We estimate the effects of these policies on the timing of work participation after birth, and on a range of outcomes in the subsequent four years, using a group difference-in-difference technique suitable for analysis of cross-sectional data. We find that the three policies affect early maternal work participation, but obtain no evidence of significant consequences for child well-being.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51187,7 +51702,7 @@ issn = {1949-8357, 1949-8349}, doi = {10.4300/JGME-D-11-00267.1}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Women in medicine report many gender-specific barriers to their career success and satisfaction, including a lack of mentors and role models. The literature calls for innovative strategies to enhance mentorship for women in medicine. Objective To describe the content, perceived value, and ongoing achievements of a mentoring program for women in emergency medicine. Methods The program offered mentoring for female faculty and residents in an academic emergency medicine department. Volunteers participated in group mentoring sessions using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring. Sessions focused on topics specific to women in medicine. An anonymous, electronic survey was sent to women who participated during 2004--2010 to assess the perceived value of the program and to collect qualitative feedback. Preliminary achievements fulfilling the program's goals were tracked. Results A total of 46 women (64\%) completed the survey. The results showed a positive perceived value of the program (average, 4.65 on a 5-point Likert scale) in providing mentors and role models (4.41), in offering a supportive environment (4.39), in providing discussions pertinent to both personal (4.22) and professional development (4.22), while expanding networking opportunities (4.07). Notable achievements included work on the creation of a family leave policy, establishing lactation space, collaboration on projects, awards, and academic advancement. Conclusion This innovative model for mentoring women is perceived as a valuable asset to the academic department and residency. It offers the unique combination of expanding a female mentor pool by recruiting alumni and using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Women in medicine report many gender-specific barriers to their career success and satisfaction, including a lack of mentors and role models. The literature calls for innovative strategies to enhance mentorship for women in medicine. Objective To describe the content, perceived value, and ongoing achievements of a mentoring program for women in emergency medicine. Methods The program offered mentoring for female faculty and residents in an academic emergency medicine department. Volunteers participated in group mentoring sessions using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring. Sessions focused on topics specific to women in medicine. An anonymous, electronic survey was sent to women who participated during 2004{\textendash}2010 to assess the perceived value of the program and to collect qualitative feedback. Preliminary achievements fulfilling the program's goals were tracked. Results A total of 46 women (64\%) completed the survey. The results showed a positive perceived value of the program (average, 4.65 on a 5-point Likert scale) in providing mentors and role models (4.41), in offering a supportive environment (4.39), in providing discussions pertinent to both personal (4.22) and professional development (4.22), while expanding networking opportunities (4.07). Notable achievements included work on the creation of a family leave policy, establishing lactation space, collaboration on projects, awards, and academic advancement. Conclusion This innovative model for mentoring women is perceived as a valuable asset to the academic department and residency. It offers the unique combination of expanding a female mentor pool by recruiting alumni and using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51423,7 +51938,7 @@ issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Aim.{\enspace} The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process. Background.{\enspace} Recent evidence-based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non-experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated. Discussion.{\enspace} A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review. Conclusion.{\enspace} An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence-based practice initiatives.}, + abstract = {Aim.\hspace{0.6em} The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process. Background.\hspace{0.6em} Recent evidence-based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non-experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated. Discussion.\hspace{0.6em} A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review. Conclusion.\hspace{0.6em} An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence-based practice initiatives.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51487,7 +52002,7 @@ year = {2017}, month = may, edition = {1}, - publisher = {Routledge}, + publisher = {{Routledge}}, doi = {10.4324/9781315239934}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {Governments in the US, the UK and other nations around the world routinely consider and, in some cases, experiment with reforms of their income support systems. The basic income guarantee, a universal unconditional income grant, has received increasing attention from scholars as an alternative to the kinds of reforms that have been implemented. This book explores the political, sociological, economic, and philosophical issues of the basic income guarantee. Tracing the history of the idea, from its origins in the late eighteenth century through its political vogue in the 1970s, when the Family Assistance Plan narrowly missed passage in the US Congress, it also examines the philosophical debate over the issue. The book is designed to foster a climate of ideas amongst those specifically interested in the income support policies and more widely for those concerned with public, welfare and labour economics. Its coverage will enable readers to obtain an in depth grounding in the topic, regardless of their position in the debate.}, @@ -51502,8 +52017,8 @@ author = {Widerquist, Karl}, year = {2018}, pages = {1--14}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-03849-6_1}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {This chapter introduces and previews the book with a broad overview of the problems involved in conducting Universal Basic Income (UBI) experiments and in reporting the results in ways that successfully increase public understanding of the issue. It argues that experimenters should work backward from the big ``bottom-line questions'' that are most important to the public discussion of UBI to the variables that tests can actually address, and then forward again, closely explaining the relationship between experimental findings and the things people discussing UBI as a potential national policy really want to know.}, @@ -51784,7 +52299,7 @@ issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977}, doi = {10.1177/0891243213490232}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {When women work in male-dominated professions, they encounter a ``glass ceiling'' that prevents their ascension into the top jobs. Twenty years ago, I introduced the concept of the ``glass escalator,'' my term for the advantages that men receive in the so-called women's professions (nursing, teaching, librarianship, and social work), including the assumption that they are better suited than women for leadership positions. In this article, I revisit my original analysis and identify two major limitations of the concept: (1) it fails to adequately address intersectionality; in particular, it fails to theorize race, sexuality, and class; and (2) it was based on the assumptions of traditional work organizations, which are undergoing rapid transformation in our neoliberal era. The glass escalator assumes stable employment, career ladders, and widespread support for public institutions (e.g., schools and libraries)---which no longer characterize the job market today. Drawing on my studies of the oil and gas industry and the retail industry, I argue that new concepts are needed to understand workplace gender inequality in the 21st century.}, + abstract = {When women work in male-dominated professions, they encounter a ``glass ceiling'' that prevents their ascension into the top jobs. Twenty years ago, I introduced the concept of the ``glass escalator,'' my term for the advantages that men receive in the so-called women's professions (nursing, teaching, librarianship, and social work), including the assumption that they are better suited than women for leadership positions. In this article, I revisit my original analysis and identify two major limitations of the concept: (1) it fails to adequately address intersectionality; in particular, it fails to theorize race, sexuality, and class; and (2) it was based on the assumptions of traditional work organizations, which are undergoing rapid transformation in our neoliberal era. The glass escalator assumes stable employment, career ladders, and widespread support for public institutions (e.g., schools and libraries){\textemdash}which no longer characterize the job market today. Drawing on my studies of the oil and gas industry and the retail industry, I argue that new concepts are needed to understand workplace gender inequality in the 21st century.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {method::qualitative,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -52164,6 +52679,9 @@ usage-count-since-2013 = {33}, web-of-science-categories = {Development Studies; Economics}, keywords = {country::Ecuador,done::extracted,inequality::age,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,region::LAC,relevant,sample::database,type::minimum_wage}, + note = {looks at LM adjacency; PI +\par +outcome variables are absolute, not looking at INEQUALITY outcomes (only income increase/decrease)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CERW8FCC/Wong_2019_Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador.pdf} } @@ -52309,7 +52827,7 @@ editor = {Bilimoria, Diana and Piderit, Sandy Kristin}, year = {2007}, month = feb, - publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, + publisher = {{Edward Elgar Publishing}}, doi = {10.4337/9781847204134.00015}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-1-84720-413-4 978-1-84542-432-9}, @@ -52322,7 +52840,7 @@ author = {{World Bank}}, year = {2000}, month = sep, - publisher = {The World Bank}, + publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/0-1952-1129-4}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-0-19-521129-0}, @@ -52337,7 +52855,7 @@ year = {2006}, month = jun, series = {World {{Trade Report}}}, - publisher = {WTO}, + publisher = {{WTO}}, doi = {10.30875/5b142cc2-en}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, isbn = {978-92-870-4493-8}, @@ -52461,7 +52979,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {issue::age,out::year,sample::database} + keywords = {issue::age,out::year,sample::database}, + note = {13th Annual Congress of the European-Economic-Association, BERLIN, GERMANY, SEP 02-05, 1998} } @article{WOS:000080763300005, @@ -52678,7 +53197,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {5}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {Trans-Atlantic Public Economics Seminar (TAPES), FREDERIKSDAL, DENMARK, MAY 21-23, 1998} } @article{WOS:000089745400002, @@ -52849,7 +53369,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {20}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {Annual Meeting of the Australian-Sociological-Association, UNIV WOLLONGONG, WOLLONGONG, AUSTRALIA, DEC 09-12, 1997} } @article{WOS:000165867600039, @@ -53019,7 +53540,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {17}, web-of-science-categories = {Geography}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {97th Annual Meeting of the Association-of-American-Geographers, NEW YORK, NY, FEB 27-MAR 03, 2001} } @article{WOS:000174373300006, @@ -53270,7 +53792,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {The Left and Constitutional Reform, Gladstone to Miliband}, author = {Morgan, Kenneth O.}, - year = {2013-01/2013-03}, + year = {2013}, + month = jan, journal = {POLITICAL QUARTERLY}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, @@ -53538,7 +54061,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Poverty and Intra-Household Distribution of Work Time in {{Turkey}}: {{Analysis}} and Some Policy Implications}, author = {Ones, Umut and Memis, Emel and Kizilirmak, Burca}, - year = {2013-11/2013-12}, + year = {2013}, + month = nov, journal = {WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM}, volume = {41}, number = {1, SI}, @@ -53920,7 +54444,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {85}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology; Women's Studies}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {does not look at pol interv.; BUT +\par +looks at qualitative estimation of terminations from workplace due to pregnancy - directly LM adjacent inequality. Cite} } @article{WOS:000336473800001, @@ -54113,7 +54640,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {62}, web-of-science-categories = {Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology; Energy \& Fuels}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::China,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::China,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database}, + note = {argues for factors influencing renewable energy distributive effects; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy intervention, instead building its own predictive model} } @article{WOS:000343850400005, @@ -54581,7 +55111,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {19}, web-of-science-categories = {Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science \& Technology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database}, + note = {looks at transportation effects on spatial inequality; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy intervention} } @article{WOS:000349626700003, @@ -54687,7 +55220,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Parenthood and Domestic Division of Labour in Spain, 2002-2010}}, author = {{Dominguez-Folgueras}, Marta}, - year = {2015-01/2015-03}, + year = {2015}, + month = jan, journal = {REVISTA ESPANOLA DE INVESTIGACIONES SOCIOLOGICAS}, number = {149}, pages = {45--63}, @@ -55245,7 +55779,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Geography; Regional \& Urban Planning}, - keywords = {inequality::spatial,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::spatial,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {6th International Scientific Conference on Rural Development - Innovations and Sustainability, Akademija, LITHUANIA, NOV 28-29, 2013} } @article{WOS:000357881000004, @@ -55496,7 +56031,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Racial Disparities in Knowledge of Pelvic Floor Disorders among Community-Dwelling Women}, author = {Mandimika, Charisse Laura and Murk, William and Mcpencow, Alexandra M. and Lake, AeuMuro G. and Miller, Devin and Connell, Kathleen Anne and Guess, Marsha Kathleen}, - year = {2015-09/2015-10}, + year = {2015}, + month = sep, journal = {FEMALE PELVIC MEDICINE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, @@ -55615,7 +56151,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Food Sovereignty: {{Alternatives}} to Failed Food and Hunger Policies}, author = {Mann, Alana}, - year = {2015-07/2015-09}, + year = {2015}, + month = jul, journal = {Contemporanea (Bologna, Italy : 1998)}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, @@ -55996,7 +56533,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {21}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues; Women's Studies}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {Conference on Revisioning Gender: Complex Inequalities and Global Dimensions, Stockholm, SWEDEN, 2014} } @article{WOS:000368840100010, @@ -56254,7 +56792,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {8th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 16-20, 2015} } @article{WOS:000377617600008, @@ -56397,7 +56936,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Engineering, Multidisciplinary}, - keywords = {cite::framework,out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::framework,out::title,sample::database}, + note = {ASEE Annual Conference, Indianapolis, IN, JUN 15-18, 2014} } @article{WOS:000383818100002, @@ -56616,7 +57156,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Rehabilitation}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {3rd International Conference on Universal Design (UD), York, ENGLAND, AUG 21-24, 2016} } @article{WOS:000393244300013, @@ -56722,7 +57263,8 @@ type = {Review}, title = {Government's Role in Promoting Healthy Living}, author = {Whitsel, Laurie P.}, - year = {2017-03/2017-04}, + year = {2017}, + month = mar, journal = {PROGRESS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, @@ -56786,7 +57328,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {9th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Madrid, SPAIN, MAR 02-04, 2015} } @article{WOS:000398711100003, @@ -56936,14 +57479,16 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {20}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database,TODO::abstract} + keywords = {sample::database,TODO::abstract}, + note = {17th Conference of the Eurasia-Business-and-Economics-Society (EBES), Venice, ITALY, OCT 15-17, 2015} } @article{WOS:000401272600006, type = {{Article}}, title = {{The Magic Towns Committees and Tourism Development: Tepotzotlan and El Oro, Estado De Mexico}}, author = {{Rosas-Jaco}, M. Isabel and {Almeraya-Quintero}, S. Xochilt and {Guajardo-Hernandez}, L. Gerardo}, - year = {2017-01/2017-03}, + year = {2017}, + month = jan, journal = {AGRICULTURA SOCIEDAD Y DESARROLLO}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, @@ -57884,7 +58429,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Multidisciplinary Sciences}, - keywords = {inequality::health,out::review,review::systematic,sample::database,type::rtw} + keywords = {inequality::health,out::review,review::systematic,sample::database,type::rtw}, + note = {2nd Advanced Research on Business, Management and Humanities (ARBUHUM), Phuket, THAILAND, OCT 10-12, 2017} } @article{WOS:000432845100001, @@ -57964,7 +58510,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Entrepreneurship as Activism? {{Resisting}} Gentrification in Oakland, California}, author = {Alkon, Alison Hope}, - year = {2018-05/2018-06}, + year = {2018}, + month = may, journal = {RAE-REVISTA DE ADMINISTRACAO DE EMPRESAS}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, @@ -58005,7 +58552,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {17}, web-of-science-categories = {Health Care Sciences \& Services}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::health,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database} + keywords = {country::US,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::health,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database}, + note = {looking at policy intervention and inequality; +\par +but NOT LM adjacent functions} } @article{WOS:000435491300001, @@ -58080,7 +58630,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Rehabilitation}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database,type::rtw} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database,type::rtw}, + note = {looks at policy intervention that is LM adjacent; +\par +but not inequalities in specific} } @article{WOS:000436127900004, @@ -58331,7 +58884,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{The triad: initiation, transit and consolidation versus return of women that move from Tangier to Andalucia in a context of economic crisis}}, author = {Morcillo Martinez, Juana Ma and Sotomayor Morales, Eva Ma and {de la Fuente Robles}, Yolanda Ma}, - year = {2018-01/2018-04}, + year = {2018}, + month = jan, journal = {REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES}, number = {111}, pages = {157--180}, @@ -58693,7 +59247,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Insights on Women's Labor Participation in {{Gulf Cooperation Council}} Countries}, author = {Murray, Janet Y. and {Zhang-Zhang}, Yingying}, - year = {2018-09/2018-10}, + year = {2018}, + month = sep, journal = {BUSINESS HORIZONS}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, @@ -58833,7 +59388,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, web-of-science-categories = {Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Environmental Sciences}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {4th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment (ICSAE), Surakarta, INDONESIA, AUG 10-12, 2017} } @article{WOS:000450332600004, @@ -58882,7 +59438,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {9}, web-of-science-categories = {Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health; Obstetrics \& Gynecology}, - keywords = {country::Tanzania,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Tanzania,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::database}, + note = {looks at inequality; +\par +does NOT look at LM adjacent markers; policy intervention} } @inproceedings{WOS:000450585000046, @@ -58904,7 +59463,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Regional \& Urban Planning}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {9th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development (ESD), Varazdin Dev \& Entrepreneurship Agcy, Istanbul, TURKEY, APR 09-10, 2015} } @article{WOS:000450806500001, @@ -59151,7 +59711,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Area Studies}, - keywords = {country::Italy,inequality::migration,inequality::racial,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Italy,inequality::migration,inequality::racial,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database}, + note = {looks at inequality; looks partly at LM adjacency; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy interventions} } @inproceedings{WOS:000455655600012, @@ -59176,7 +59739,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {5}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Ergonomics}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Turkey,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::MENA,sample::database,type::microcredit} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Turkey,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::MENA,sample::database,type::microcredit}, + note = {Global Business Research Congress (GBRC), Istanbul, TURKEY, JUN 04-05, 2015} } @article{WOS:000455914800003, @@ -59247,7 +59811,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues; Women's Studies}, - keywords = {country::Russia,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Russia,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database}, + note = {5th International Conference on Women \& Gender Studies, Bangkok, THAILAND, JUN 29-30, 2018} } @article{WOS:000456442700003, @@ -59329,7 +59894,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{THE MICRO-ENTERPRISES AND THE NEED FOR STRENGTHENING: REFLECTIONS OF THE SOUTHERN AREA OF MANABI, ECUADOR}}, author = {Bustamante, Ruth Yadira Sumba and Villacreses, C. Karim Lourdes Santistevan}, - year = {2018-10/2018-12}, + year = {2018}, + month = oct, journal = {REVISTA UNIVERSIDAD Y SOCIEDAD}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, @@ -59736,7 +60302,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {8}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Economics; Management}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {18th Eurasia-Business-and-Economics-Society Conference (EBES), Dubai, U ARAB EMIRATES, JAN, 2016} } @article{WOS:000464656700006, @@ -60412,7 +60979,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {20}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database}, + note = {2nd International Conference on Gender Research (ICGR), Roma Tre Univ, Ipazia Sci Observ Gender Issues, Rome, ITALY, APR 11-12, 2019} } @inproceedings{WOS:000471634700070, @@ -60434,7 +61002,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {2nd International Conference on Gender Research (ICGR), Roma Tre Univ, Ipazia Sci Observ Gender Issues, Rome, ITALY, APR 11-12, 2019} } @article{WOS:000472053900001, @@ -60614,7 +61183,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Secondary School Dropout and Work Outcomes in Ten Developing Countries}, author = {Mussida, Chiara and Sciulli, Dario and Signorelli, Marcello}, - year = {2019-07/2019-08}, + year = {2019}, + month = jul, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, @@ -61035,7 +61605,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Forget about `the Ideal Worker': {{A}} Theoretical Contribution to the Debate on Flexible Workplace Designs, Work/Life Conflict, and Opportunities for Gender Equality}, author = {Peters, Pascale and Blomme, Robert Jan}, - year = {2019-09/2019-10}, + year = {2019}, + month = sep, journal = {BUSINESS HORIZONS}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, @@ -61926,7 +62497,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {38}, web-of-science-categories = {Family Studies; Sociology}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {inequality; policy; +\par +no LM adjacency} } @article{WOS:000508355700011, @@ -62521,7 +63095,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Business}, - keywords = {country::Russia,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Russia,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database}, + note = {2nd International Scientific conference on New Industrialization - Global, National, Regional Dimension (SICNI), Ural State Univ Econ, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA, DEC 04-05, 2018} } @article{WOS:000521955600429, @@ -63032,7 +63607,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Some variables that influence gender perceptions in the Chilean Judicial Branch}}, author = {Fuentealba Carrasco, Pablo and Sanchez Pezo, Gabriela and Gauche Marchetti, Ximena and Santana Silva, Daniela and Rioseco Vallejos, Valentina and Sanhueza Riffo, Cynthia and Gonzalez Fuente, Rodrigo and Dominguez Montoya, Alvaro and Bustos Ibarra, Cecilia and Perez Diaz, Cecilia and Barria Paredes, Manuel}, - year = {2020-01/2020-06}, + year = {2020}, + month = jan, journal = {REVISTA CES DERECHO}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, @@ -63170,7 +63746,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research; Psychology, Educational}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 11-13, 2019} } @article{WOS:000536323100009, @@ -63196,7 +63773,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Health Care Sciences \& Services; Medicine, General \& Internal}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::health,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::health,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database}, + note = {Academy-Health Annual Research Meeting, Washington, DC, JUN 02-04, 2019} } @article{WOS:000536507600007, @@ -63892,7 +64470,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Education \& Educational Research}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), Palma, SPAIN, JUL 01-03, 2019} } @article{WOS:000556581200001, @@ -64039,7 +64618,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Issues; Women's Studies}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Iran,country::Malaysia,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Iran,country::Malaysia,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {International Conference on Gender Research (ICGR), ISCAP, P Porto, Porto, PORTUGAL, APR 12-13, 2018} } @article{WOS:000561343700005, @@ -64195,7 +64775,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {The Pandemic and the Labor Market in {{Brazil}}}, author = {Costa, Simone da Silva}, - year = {2020-07/2020-08}, + year = {2020}, + month = jul, journal = {REVISTA DE ADMINISTRACAO PUBLICA}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, @@ -65035,7 +65616,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Business, Finance; Economics}, - keywords = {inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::abstract} + keywords = {inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::abstract}, + note = {Dallas Fed's Regional Centennial Conference, Dallas, TX, NOV 07, 2014} } @article{WOS:000598879300012, @@ -65454,7 +66036,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory \& Methods; Engineering, Electrical \& Electronic}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology (ICETIT), Inst Informat Technol \& Management, New Delhi, INDIA, JUN 21-22, 2019} } @article{WOS:000616337900001, @@ -65527,7 +66110,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {6}, web-of-science-categories = {Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {looks at inequalities; +\par +does NOT look at policy intervention w LM adjacency} } @article{WOS:000620755200001, @@ -65648,7 +66234,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {13}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology}, - keywords = {cite::framework,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database,type::structural} + keywords = {cite::framework,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::database,type::structural}, + note = {6th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption, Messina, ITALY, JUN 04-06, 2020} } @article{WOS:000630173800010, @@ -65758,7 +66345,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Gender Inequality in the Economy of Modern Russia: A Quantitative Analysis of the Problem}}, author = {Lipatova, L. N.}, - year = {2021-01/2021-03}, + year = {2021}, + month = jan, journal = {REGIONOLOGIYA-REGIONOLOGY RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF REGIONAL STUDIES}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, @@ -65959,7 +66547,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Determinants of Deglobalization: {{A}} Hierarchical Model to Explore Their Interrelations as a Conduit to Policy}, author = {Garg, Shamita and {Sushil}}, - year = {2021-03/2021-04}, + year = {2021}, + month = mar, journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, @@ -66153,7 +66742,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Criminology \& Penology; Family Studies; Psychology, Applied}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {looks at socioeconomic factors -{$>$} domestic violence; does not look at specific policy outcomes} } @article{WOS:000650247500001, @@ -66655,7 +67245,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Green \& Sustainable Science \& Technology; Economics; Management}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {35th International-Business-Information-Management-Association Conference (IBIMA), Seville, SPAIN, APR 01-02, 2020} } @article{WOS:000661193800004, @@ -66724,7 +67315,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory \& Methods}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {8th IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), ELECTR NETWORK, DEC 10-13, 2020} } @article{WOS:000664930500001, @@ -67057,7 +67649,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Business, Finance; Economics; Education \& Educational Research; Management; Operations Research \& Management Science}, - keywords = {country::Russia,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Russia,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database}, + note = {International Scientific Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies (FarEastCon), Vladivostok, RUSSIA, OCT 02-04, 2018} } @article{WOS:000680868200006, @@ -67101,7 +67694,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Business, Finance; Economics; International Relations; Management}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {18th International Scientific Conference on Globalization and Its Socio-Economic Consequences, Rajecke Teplice, SLOVAKIA, OCT 10-11, 2018} } @article{WOS:000682505100001, @@ -67511,7 +68105,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{MEXICAN WOMEN'S UNEQUAL PARTICIPATION ON THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACCESS AND BENEFITS}}, author = {Ramirez Lopez, Berenice Patricia and Nava Bolanos, Isalia and Granados Martinez, Abraham and Badillo Gonzalez, Gabriel}, - year = {2020-01/2020-06}, + year = {2020}, + month = jan, journal = {REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE DERECHO SOCIAL}, volume = {30}, pages = {95--122}, @@ -67781,7 +68376,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Gender parity in international organizations: discourses v numbers}}, author = {Lenine, Enzo and Pereira, Manuela}, - year = {2021-10/2021-01}, + year = {2021}, + month = oct, journal = {RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES-MADRID}, number = {48}, pages = {101--121}, @@ -68228,7 +68824,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Business; Economics}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {10th International Scientific Symposium on Region, Entrepreneurship, Development (RED), Osijek, CROATIA, JUN, 2021} } @article{WOS:000728754700002, @@ -68515,7 +69112,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Development of scales to study barriers and needed measures to address gender-based violence in schools}}, author = {{Saletti-Cuesta}, Lorena and Aizenberg, Lila and Torres, Eduardo and Sanchez, Lucia Florencia}, - year = {2022-01/2022-04}, + year = {2022}, + month = jan, journal = {INTERDISCIPLINARIA}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, @@ -68580,7 +69178,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database,TODO::SPANISH} + keywords = {sample::database,TODO::SPANISH}, + note = {cite for collective bargaining possibilities / early origins of analysis +\par +looks at gender gaps on modern Fordist/early Taylorist working environment} } @article{WOS:000744463500005, @@ -69081,7 +69682,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::India,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,country::India,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database}, + note = {looks at employment, LM adjacent outcomes and intersectional inequalities (gender, age, education); +\par +does NOT look at specific policy intervention} } @article{WOS:000763499700001, @@ -69463,7 +70067,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {A Web-Based Intervention for Youth with Physical Disabilities: {{Comparing}} the Role of Mentors in 12- and 4-{{Week}} Formats}, author = {Lindsay, Sally and Cagliostro, Elaine}, - year = {2020-01/2020-06}, + year = {2020}, + month = jan, journal = {JMIR PEDIATRICS AND PARENTING}, volume = {3}, number = {e15813}, @@ -69505,7 +70110,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {5}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION} + keywords = {inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION}, + note = {looks at comparative advantage and cross-country income inequality; +\par +looks at offshoring / institutional quality = policy interventions?} } @article{WOS:000782363700007, @@ -69626,7 +70234,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::racial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database} + keywords = {country::US,inequality::racial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database}, + note = {looks at racial inequality; +\par +does not look at LM adjacency} } @article{WOS:000784548000001, @@ -70081,7 +70692,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {7}, usage-count-since-2013 = {18}, web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor; Management}, - keywords = {country::Russia,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Russia,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database}, + note = {does not look at individual policy intervention} } @article{WOS:000802089200008, @@ -70208,7 +70820,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {11}, web-of-science-categories = {Demography; Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {looks at gender inequality of property ownership and how it reflects on the workplace; +\par +does not look at specific policy intervention} } @article{WOS:000808698500001, @@ -70378,7 +70993,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {16}, web-of-science-categories = {Psychiatry}, - keywords = {cite::further_reading,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::further_reading,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {COVID-19 focused call to action for contemperaneous global and local implementation of inequality-reducing programmes} } @article{WOS:000815531400001, @@ -70653,7 +71269,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{The open science project in an unequal world}}, author = {Beigel, Fernanda}, - year = {2022-06/2022-09}, + year = {2022}, + month = jun, journal = {RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES-MADRID}, number = {50}, pages = {163--181}, @@ -70847,7 +71464,8 @@ type = {{Article}}, title = {{Transgression of the rights of women and the LGBT community due to gender inequality in public office}}, author = {{Acosta-Toledo}, Nicole and {Vasquez-Lapeira}, Mario and Pereira Ortega, Duanys Liesel}, - year = {2022-07/2022-12}, + year = {2022}, + month = jul, journal = {DIXI}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, @@ -71256,7 +71874,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Management}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {looks at gendered inequalities in LM adjacency; +\par +does not look at specific intervention} } @article{WOS:000857197000001, @@ -71576,7 +72197,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Business, Finance}, - keywords = {country::Ukraine,inequality::gender,region::EU,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION} + keywords = {country::Ukraine,inequality::gender,region::EU,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION}, + note = {looks at legal foundations but is it specific policy intervention?} } @article{WOS:000870123700001, @@ -72100,7 +72722,10 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {4}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::racial,intersectional,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::racial,intersectional,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {looks at how economic under-representation fuels inequalities; +\par +does NOT look at specific policy intervention} } @article{WOS:000898738300015, @@ -72323,7 +72948,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {6}, usage-count-since-2013 = {8}, web-of-science-categories = {Development Studies}, - keywords = {country::India,inequality::age,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::migration,method::qualitative,method::quantitative,region::AP,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION} + keywords = {country::India,inequality::age,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::migration,method::qualitative,method::quantitative,region::AP,sample::database,TODO::QUESTION}, + note = {looks at LM adjacent outcomes of vocational training} } @article{WOS:000910749600001, @@ -72654,7 +73280,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Politicizing Violence: {{Migration}}, Sex-Gender Violence and Community Care}, author = {Stang, Maria Fernanda and Stefoni, Carolina}, - year = {2022-12/2022-05}, + year = {2022}, + month = dec, journal = {DERECHO PUCP}, number = {89}, pages = {261--288}, @@ -72701,7 +73328,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Examining the Relationship between the Level of Development of Countries and the Participation of Women in the Labor Market}, author = {Sumer, Irem and Altan, Meral}, - year = {2022-07/2022-12}, + year = {2022}, + month = jul, journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, @@ -73218,7 +73846,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Pediatrics}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::gender,inequality::racial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database} + keywords = {country::US,inequality::gender,inequality::racial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::database}, + note = {looks at LM adjacent policy initiative; does NOT look at LM adjacent inequality outcomes} } @article{WOS:000949947800001, @@ -73892,7 +74521,7 @@ volume = {23}, number = {718}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-023-15620-z}, - abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014.MethodsThe study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014.ResultsThe study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95\% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95\% CI: 3.4--3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95\% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4\% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education.ConclusionThe lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.}, + abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014.MethodsThe study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014.ResultsThe study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95\% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95\% CI: 3.4{\textendash}3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95\% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4\% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education.ConclusionThe lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.}, affiliation = {Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Ghent, Fac Med \& Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth \& Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium. Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, POB 3027000100, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, James; Gatimu, Samwel Maina; Temmerman, Marleen; Luchters, Stanley, Univ Ghent, Fac Med \& Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth \& Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium. Orwa, James, Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, James, Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, POB 3027000100, Nairobi, Kenya. Gatimu, Samwel Maina, Diabetic Foot Fdn Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. Ariho, Paulino, Makerere Univ, Sch Stat \& Planning, Dept Populat Studies, Kampala, Uganda. Temmerman, Marleen, Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women \& Child Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Luchters, Stanley, Ctr Sexual Hlth \& HIV AIDS Res CeSHHAR, Harare, Zimbabwe. Luchters, Stanley, Liverpool Sch Trop Med LSTM, Liverpool, Lancashire, England.}, author-email = {orwa.ariaro35@gmail.com}, da = {2023-11-02}, @@ -74178,7 +74807,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Risk Factors Associated with Adherence to Medical Oncology Treatment in Pediatrics}, author = {Prieto, B. Cecilia and Ibarra, B. Gloria and Guzman, V. Pablo and Werth, C. Alejandra and Espinoza, O. Romina and Sepulveda, C. Roberto}, - year = {2023-03/2023-04}, + year = {2023}, + month = mar, journal = {ANDES PEDIATRICA}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, @@ -74286,7 +74916,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {2}, web-of-science-categories = {Demography}, - keywords = {out::title,sample::database} + keywords = {out::title,sample::database}, + note = {no look at specific policy intervention} } @article{WOS:001008478100001, @@ -74312,7 +74943,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, web-of-science-categories = {Medicine, General \& Internal}, - keywords = {country::Canada,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {country::Canada,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {does not look at LM adjacency; specific intervention impact} } @article{WOS:001008589400006, @@ -74361,7 +74993,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {4}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Psychology, Developmental}, - keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {does not look at specific intervention nor LM adjacency} } @article{WOS:001012177000001, @@ -74635,7 +75268,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Climate Crisis, Women and Children: Between Vulnerability and the Urgent Protection of Their Rights. {{Glimpses}} from the {{European}} Continent}, author = {Zambrano, Karla}, - year = {2023-06/2023-09}, + year = {2023}, + month = jun, journal = {RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES-MADRID}, number = {53}, pages = {31--48}, @@ -74846,7 +75480,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {1}, web-of-science-categories = {Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory \& Methods; Ergonomics}, - keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database}, + note = {ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS), ELECTR NETWORK, JUN 13-17, 2022} } @article{WOS:001036791600001, @@ -75797,7 +76432,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {Differential Impact of New Technology on Rural Income and Employment in Dryland Regions of India}, author = {SINGH, {\relax RP}}, - year = {1994-10/1994-12}, + year = {1994}, + month = oct, journal = {JOURNAL OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, @@ -75819,7 +76455,8 @@ type = {Article}, title = {The Competitive Advantage of the Inner-City}, author = {PORTER, {\relax ME}}, - year = {1995-05/1995-06}, + year = {1995}, + month = may, journal = {HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, @@ -75978,7 +76615,8 @@ usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Public Administration}, - keywords = {issue::age,out::year,sample::database} + keywords = {issue::age,out::year,sample::database}, + note = {70th Annual Conference of the Western-Economic-Association-International, SAN DIEGO, CA, JUL 05-09, 1995} } @article{WOS:A1997WV37200003, @@ -76123,8 +76761,8 @@ editor = {Zhang, Junyi}, year = {2017}, pages = {243--265}, - publisher = {Springer Japan}, - address = {Tokyo}, + publisher = {{Springer Japan}}, + address = {{Tokyo}}, doi = {10.1007/978-4-431-56472-0_9}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-4-431-56470-6 978-4-431-56472-0}, @@ -76146,7 +76784,7 @@ issn = {0143-7720}, doi = {10.1108/IJM-01-2012-0017}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the male-female pay gap in China varies across the pay distribution and to provide evidence on the factors that influence that gap. Design/methodology/approach -- The authors use the Recentered Influence Function modification of quantile regressions to estimate how the male-female pay gap varies across the pay distribution. The authors also decompose the pay gaps at different quantiles of the pay distribution into differences in endowments of wage determining characteristics and differences in the returns for the same characteristics. The analysis is based on data from the Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China survey. Findings -- The authors find evidence of a sticky floor (large pay gaps at the bottom of the pay distribution) and some limited and weaker evidence of a glass ceiling (large pay gaps at the top of the distribution). This pattern prevails based on the overall pay gap as well as on the adjusted or net gap that reflects differences in the pay that males and females receive when they have the same pay determining characteristics. The pattern largely reflects the coefficients or unexplained differences across the pay distribution. Factors influencing the pay gap and how they vary across the pay distribution are discussed. The variation highlights considerable heterogeneity in the Chinese labour market with respect to how pay is determined and different characteristics are rewarded, implying that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution. Social implications -- At the bottom of the pay distribution most of the lower pay of females reflects their lower returns to job tenure, experience and a greater negative effect of family responsibilities on females' wages, and to a lesser extent their lower level of education, less likelihood of being CPP members and their concentration in lower paying occupations. At the top of the pay distribution most of their lower pay reflects their lower returns on education, job tenure and work experience, and to a lesser extent their lower levels of experience and lower likelihood of being in managerial and leadership positions. Originality/value -- The paper systematically examines the male-female pay gap and its determinants throughout the pay distribution in China, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution and not capture the considerable heterogeneity in that labour market.}, + abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the male-female pay gap in China varies across the pay distribution and to provide evidence on the factors that influence that gap. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The authors use the Recentered Influence Function modification of quantile regressions to estimate how the male-female pay gap varies across the pay distribution. The authors also decompose the pay gaps at different quantiles of the pay distribution into differences in endowments of wage determining characteristics and differences in the returns for the same characteristics. The analysis is based on data from the Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China survey. Findings {\textendash} The authors find evidence of a sticky floor (large pay gaps at the bottom of the pay distribution) and some limited and weaker evidence of a glass ceiling (large pay gaps at the top of the distribution). This pattern prevails based on the overall pay gap as well as on the adjusted or net gap that reflects differences in the pay that males and females receive when they have the same pay determining characteristics. The pattern largely reflects the coefficients or unexplained differences across the pay distribution. Factors influencing the pay gap and how they vary across the pay distribution are discussed. The variation highlights considerable heterogeneity in the Chinese labour market with respect to how pay is determined and different characteristics are rewarded, implying that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution. Social implications {\textendash} At the bottom of the pay distribution most of the lower pay of females reflects their lower returns to job tenure, experience and a greater negative effect of family responsibilities on females' wages, and to a lesser extent their lower level of education, less likelihood of being CPP members and their concentration in lower paying occupations. At the top of the pay distribution most of their lower pay reflects their lower returns on education, job tenure and work experience, and to a lesser extent their lower levels of experience and lower likelihood of being in managerial and leadership positions. Originality/value {\textendash} The paper systematically examines the male-female pay gap and its determinants throughout the pay distribution in China, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution and not capture the considerable heterogeneity in that labour market.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -76190,7 +76828,7 @@ issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0247959}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Objective To describe how men and women divided childcare and housework demands during the height of the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK, and whether these divisions were associated with worsening mental health during the pandemic. Background School closures and homeworking during the Covid-19 crisis have resulted in an immediate increase in unpaid care work, which draws new attention to gender inequality in divisions of unpaid care work. Methods Data come from the wave 9 (2017--19) of Understanding Society and the following April (n = 15,426) and May (n = 14,150) waves of Understanding Society Covid-19 study. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at both before and during the lockdown, and unpaid care work was measured during the lockdown. Linear regression models were used. Results Women spent much more time on unpaid care work than men during lockdown, and it was more likely to be the mother than the father who reduced working hours or changed employment schedules due to increased time on childcare. Women who spent long hours on housework and childcare were more likely to report increased levels of psychological distress. Working parents who adapted their work patterns increased more psychological distress than those who did not. This association was much stronger if he or she was the only member in the household who adapted their work patterns, or if she was a lone mother. Fathers increased more psychological distress if they reduced work hours but she did not, compared to neither reducing work hours. Conclusion There are continued gender inequalities in divisions of unpaid care work. Juggling home working with homeschooling and childcare as well as extra housework is likely to lead to poor mental health for people with families, particularly for lone mothers.}, + abstract = {Objective To describe how men and women divided childcare and housework demands during the height of the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK, and whether these divisions were associated with worsening mental health during the pandemic. Background School closures and homeworking during the Covid-19 crisis have resulted in an immediate increase in unpaid care work, which draws new attention to gender inequality in divisions of unpaid care work. Methods Data come from the wave 9 (2017{\textendash}19) of Understanding Society and the following April (n = 15,426) and May (n = 14,150) waves of Understanding Society Covid-19 study. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at both before and during the lockdown, and unpaid care work was measured during the lockdown. Linear regression models were used. Results Women spent much more time on unpaid care work than men during lockdown, and it was more likely to be the mother than the father who reduced working hours or changed employment schedules due to increased time on childcare. Women who spent long hours on housework and childcare were more likely to report increased levels of psychological distress. Working parents who adapted their work patterns increased more psychological distress than those who did not. This association was much stronger if he or she was the only member in the household who adapted their work patterns, or if she was a lone mother. Fathers increased more psychological distress if they reduced work hours but she did not, compared to neither reducing work hours. Conclusion There are continued gender inequalities in divisions of unpaid care work. Juggling home working with homeschooling and childcare as well as extra housework is likely to lead to poor mental health for people with families, particularly for lone mothers.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76309,7 +76947,7 @@ issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11791-9}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Introduction Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May--June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. Results The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6\% ( n \,=\,84), 26.1\% ( n \,=\,53), and 21.2\% of the subjects ( n \,=\,43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women. Conclusion According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May{\textendash}June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. Results The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6\% ( n \,=\,84), 26.1\% ( n \,=\,53), and 21.2\% of the subjects ( n \,=\,43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women. Conclusion According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76343,7 +76981,7 @@ issn = {0004-3591, 1529-0131}, doi = {10.1002/1529-0131(200006)13:3<168::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-R}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Objective To provide estimates of the frequency with which persons 51 to 61 years of age with musculoskeletal conditions receive workplace accommodations from their employers and to determine if the receipt of such accommodations is associated with higher rates of employment two years later. Methods The estimates derive from the Health and Retirement Survey, a national probability sample of 8,781 respondents who were interviewed both in 1992 and 1994 and who were between the ages of 51 and 61 years, of whom 5,495 reported one or more musculoskeletal conditions. We tabulated the frequency of accommodations provided in 1992 and then estimated the impact of accommodations and demographic and medical characteristics on 1994 employment status, using logistic regression. Results In 1992, about 14.40 million persons aged 51--61 years reported a musculoskeletal condition. Of these, 1.32 million (9.2\%) reported a disability and were employed, the target population for accommodations. Overall, fewer than 1 in 5 persons with musculoskeletal conditions who had a disability and were employed indicated that they had received any form of accommodation on their current jobs. Although no form of accommodation was reported with great frequency, the most commonly used ones included getting someone to help do one's job (12.1\%), scheduling more breaks during the work day (9.5\%), changing the time that the work day started and stopped (6.3\%), having a shorter work day (5.6\%), getting special equipment (5.3\%), and changing the work tasks (5.3\%). Persons with one or more accommodations in 1992, however, were no more likely to be working in 1994 than those with none. Only one specific accommodation---getting someone to help do one's job---was associated with a higher rate of employment in 1994. Conclusions Receipt of employment accommodations occurred infrequently, and was not generally associated with an improvement in the employment rate of persons with musculoskeletal conditions and disabilities.}, + abstract = {Objective To provide estimates of the frequency with which persons 51 to 61 years of age with musculoskeletal conditions receive workplace accommodations from their employers and to determine if the receipt of such accommodations is associated with higher rates of employment two years later. Methods The estimates derive from the Health and Retirement Survey, a national probability sample of 8,781 respondents who were interviewed both in 1992 and 1994 and who were between the ages of 51 and 61 years, of whom 5,495 reported one or more musculoskeletal conditions. We tabulated the frequency of accommodations provided in 1992 and then estimated the impact of accommodations and demographic and medical characteristics on 1994 employment status, using logistic regression. Results In 1992, about 14.40 million persons aged 51{\textendash}61 years reported a musculoskeletal condition. Of these, 1.32 million (9.2\%) reported a disability and were employed, the target population for accommodations. Overall, fewer than 1 in 5 persons with musculoskeletal conditions who had a disability and were employed indicated that they had received any form of accommodation on their current jobs. Although no form of accommodation was reported with great frequency, the most commonly used ones included getting someone to help do one's job (12.1\%), scheduling more breaks during the work day (9.5\%), changing the time that the work day started and stopped (6.3\%), having a shorter work day (5.6\%), getting special equipment (5.3\%), and changing the work tasks (5.3\%). Persons with one or more accommodations in 1992, however, were no more likely to be working in 1994 than those with none. Only one specific accommodation{\textemdash}getting someone to help do one's job{\textemdash}was associated with a higher rate of employment in 1994. Conclusions Receipt of employment accommodations occurred infrequently, and was not generally associated with an improvement in the employment rate of persons with musculoskeletal conditions and disabilities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76379,7 +77017,7 @@ issn = {0301-2212}, doi = {10.2224/sbp.2011.39.1.129}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Using Izmir, Turkey as a case study the risk factors leading children to work in the streets were identified. Participants in the study were 226 children working in the streets, average age 10.35{\textpm}2.21 who worked 6.8{\textpm}2.11 hours per day. The great majority of the children were boys (90.2\%), 77.9\% were of primary school age; two-thirds of the children were working to provide an economic contribution to the family; 86.6\% were from a large family; 78.8\% were from a family that migrated to a big city. Almost all did not find working in the street safe; and nearly half were not hopeful about the future. It was established that frequent problems in the children's families include poverty, unemployment, poor education, having a large family, poor family functioning, migration, limited possibilities of shelter, and domestic violence, including the beating of wives and children. Although nearly all the children still lived with their families, a small percentage of the children (5.8\%) had begun living permanently on the streets and then cut ties with their families. A significant relationship was found between living on the streets and the age of the child, the father's education, and the father's use of alcohol.}, + abstract = {Using Izmir, Turkey as a case study the risk factors leading children to work in the streets were identified. Participants in the study were 226 children working in the streets, average age 10.35{$\pm$}2.21 who worked 6.8{$\pm$}2.11 hours per day. The great majority of the children were boys (90.2\%), 77.9\% were of primary school age; two-thirds of the children were working to provide an economic contribution to the family; 86.6\% were from a large family; 78.8\% were from a family that migrated to a big city. Almost all did not find working in the street safe; and nearly half were not hopeful about the future. It was established that frequent problems in the children's families include poverty, unemployment, poor education, having a large family, poor family functioning, migration, limited possibilities of shelter, and domestic violence, including the beating of wives and children. Although nearly all the children still lived with their families, a small percentage of the children (5.8\%) had begun living permanently on the streets and then cut ties with their families. A significant relationship was found between living on the streets and the age of the child, the father's education, and the father's use of alcohol.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -76652,7 +77290,7 @@ issn = {1478-4491}, doi = {10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {There has been a welcome emphasis on gender issues in global health in recent years in the discourse around human resources for health. Although it is estimated that up to 75\% of health workers are female (World Health Organization, Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030, 2016), this gender ratio is not reflected in the top levels of leadership in international or national health systems and global health organizations (Global Health 50/50, The Global Health 50/50 report: how gender responsive are the world's leading global health organizations, 2018; Clark, Lancet, 391:918--20, 2018). This imbalance has led to a deeper exploration of the role of women in leadership and the barriers they face through initiatives such as the WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030, the UN High Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, the Global Health 50/50 Reports, Women in Global Health, and \#LancetWomen. These movements focus on advocating for increasing women's participation in leadership. While efforts to reduce gender imbalance in global health leadership are critical and gaining momentum, it is imperative that we look beyond parity and recognize that women are a heterogeneous group and that the privileges and disadvantages that hinder and enable women's career progression cannot be reduced to a shared universal experience, explained only by gender. Hence, we must take into account the ways in which gender intersects with other social identities and stratifiers to create unique experiences of marginalization and disadvantage.}, + abstract = {There has been a welcome emphasis on gender issues in global health in recent years in the discourse around human resources for health. Although it is estimated that up to 75\% of health workers are female (World Health Organization, Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030, 2016), this gender ratio is not reflected in the top levels of leadership in international or national health systems and global health organizations (Global Health 50/50, The Global Health 50/50 report: how gender responsive are the world's leading global health organizations, 2018; Clark, Lancet, 391:918{\textendash}20, 2018). This imbalance has led to a deeper exploration of the role of women in leadership and the barriers they face through initiatives such as the WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030, the UN High Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, the Global Health 50/50 Reports, Women in Global Health, and \#LancetWomen. These movements focus on advocating for increasing women's participation in leadership. While efforts to reduce gender imbalance in global health leadership are critical and gaining momentum, it is imperative that we look beyond parity and recognize that women are a heterogeneous group and that the privileges and disadvantages that hinder and enable women's career progression cannot be reduced to a shared universal experience, explained only by gender. Hence, we must take into account the ways in which gender intersects with other social identities and stratifiers to create unique experiences of marginalization and disadvantage.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76667,6 +77305,13 @@ abstract = {Background: Human resources are at the heart of health systems, playing a central role in their functionality globally. It is estimated that up to 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the health workforce are women, however, this pattern is not reflected in the leadership of health systems where women are under-represented. Methods: This systematized review explored the existing literature around women's progress towards leadership in the health sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which has used intersectional analysis. Results: While there are studies that have looked at the inequities and barriers women face in progressing towards leadership positions in health systems within LMICs, none explicitly used an intersectionality framework in their approach. These studies did nevertheless show recurring barriers to health systems leadership created at the intersection of gender and social identities such as professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, and culture. These barriers limit women's access to resources that improve career development, including mentorship and sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition and respect at work for women, and increase the likelihood of women to take on dual burdens of professional work and childcare and domestic work, and, create biased views about effectiveness of men and women's leadership styles. An intersectional lens helps to better understand how gender intersects with other social identities which results in upholding these persisting barriers to career progression and leadership. Conclusion: As efforts to reduce gender inequity in health systems are gaining momentum, it is important to look beyond gender and take into account other intersecting social identities that create unique positionalities of privilege and/or disadvantage. This approach should be adopted across a diverse range of health systems programs and policies in an effort to strengthen gender equity in health and specifically human resources for health (HRH), and improve health system governance, functioning and outcomes. Keywords: Gender, Intersectionality, Health Systems, Health Workforce, Leadership, Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Copyright: (c) 2021 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Molyneux S, Morgan R. The use of intersectional analysis in assessing women's leadership progress in the health workforce in LMICs: a review. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cited::previous_reviews,inequality::gender,inequality::socio-demographic,intersectional,out::title,review::systematic}, + note = {systematic review of female leadership in health sector (LMICs) using intersectional analysis +\par +main findings: main barriers at intersection of gender and social identity of professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, culture +\par +channels: limiting women's access to career development resources: mentorship, sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition, respect at work for women +\par +main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professional work and childcare/domestic work, biased views effectiveness of men/women's leadership styles.}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/34DLCESV/Zeinali et al_2021_The Use of Intersectional Analysis in Assessing Women's Leadership Progress in.pdf} } @@ -76678,8 +77323,8 @@ editor = {Morgan, Rosemary and Hawkins, Kate and Dhatt, Roopa and Manzoor, Mehr and Bali, Sulzhan and Overs, Cheryl}, year = {2022}, pages = {183--196}, - publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, - address = {Cham}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-84498-1_18}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, isbn = {978-3-030-84497-4 978-3-030-84498-1}, @@ -76755,8 +77400,8 @@ author = {Zhao, Jieyu and Wang, Tianlu and Yatskar, Mark and Ordonez, Vicente and Chang, Kai-Wei}, year = {2017}, pages = {2979--2989}, - publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, - address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, + publisher = {{Association for Computational Linguistics}}, + address = {{Copenhagen, Denmark}}, doi = {10.18653/v1/D17-1323}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, langid = {english}, @@ -76835,7 +77480,7 @@ issn = {2517-729X}, doi = {10.1136/gpsych-2020-100260}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Backgroud COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of local medical and nursing staff. Aim We used wearable pulse oximeters to monitor and screen the medical and nursing staff working in hospitals designated for COVID-19 in the Wuhan area. This study aimed to establish a reliable basis to provide sleep intervention for the medical and nursing staff. Methods Thirty medical and nursing staff members with symptoms of insomnia were instructed to wear medical ring-shaped pulse oximeters to monitor their sleep overnight. We also used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Chinese version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to evaluate the severity of insomnia and mental health status, respectively, for each participant. Results Among the 30 participants, only 26 completed the screening. Ten cases (38.5\%) demonstrated moderate to severe sleep apnoea--hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) when using an oxygen desaturation index {$\geq$}15 times/hour as the cut-off value. Participants with comorbid moderate to severe SAHS had significantly higher ISI and SRQ scores (p values 0.034 and 0.016, respectively) than those in the insomnia group. Correlation analysis revealed that ISI was positively correlated with total sleep time (TST) (r=0.435, p=0.026), and negatively correlated with deep sleep (r=-0.495, p=0.010); furthermore, patient SRQ scores were positively correlated with TST, sleep efficiency (SE) and REM (rapid eyes movement) sleep \% (r=0.454 and 0.389, 0.512; p=0.020, 0.050 and 0.008, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that SRQ-20 and sex were risk factors for insomnia with comorbid SAHS, and their OR values were 1.516 and 11.56 (95\% CI 1.053 to 2.180 and 1.037 to 128.9), respectively. Conclusion Medical and nursing staff with insomnia showed clear signs of comorbid sleep apnoea attributable to stress. The wearable pulse oximeters accurately monitored the participants' breathing when asleep.}, + abstract = {Backgroud COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of local medical and nursing staff. Aim We used wearable pulse oximeters to monitor and screen the medical and nursing staff working in hospitals designated for COVID-19 in the Wuhan area. This study aimed to establish a reliable basis to provide sleep intervention for the medical and nursing staff. Methods Thirty medical and nursing staff members with symptoms of insomnia were instructed to wear medical ring-shaped pulse oximeters to monitor their sleep overnight. We also used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Chinese version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to evaluate the severity of insomnia and mental health status, respectively, for each participant. Results Among the 30 participants, only 26 completed the screening. Ten cases (38.5\%) demonstrated moderate to severe sleep apnoea{\textendash}hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) when using an oxygen desaturation index {$\geq$}15 times/hour as the cut-off value. Participants with comorbid moderate to severe SAHS had significantly higher ISI and SRQ scores (p values 0.034 and 0.016, respectively) than those in the insomnia group. Correlation analysis revealed that ISI was positively correlated with total sleep time (TST) (r=0.435, p=0.026), and negatively correlated with deep sleep (r=-0.495, p=0.010); furthermore, patient SRQ scores were positively correlated with TST, sleep efficiency (SE) and REM (rapid eyes movement) sleep \% (r=0.454 and 0.389, 0.512; p=0.020, 0.050 and 0.008, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that SRQ-20 and sex were risk factors for insomnia with comorbid SAHS, and their OR values were 1.516 and 11.56 (95\% CI 1.053 to 2.180 and 1.037 to 128.9), respectively. Conclusion Medical and nursing staff with insomnia showed clear signs of comorbid sleep apnoea attributable to stress. The wearable pulse oximeters accurately monitored the participants' breathing when asleep.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76857,7 +77502,7 @@ } @article{Ziebarth2013, - title = {Long-Term Absenteeism and Moral Hazard---{{Evidence}} from a Natural Experiment}, + title = {Long-Term Absenteeism and Moral Hazard{\textemdash}{{Evidence}} from a Natural Experiment}, author = {Ziebarth, Nicolas R.}, year = {2013}, month = oct, @@ -76987,7 +77632,7 @@ issn = {24058440}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05057}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic essentially imposes psychological effects on people. As the pandemic progresses, people experience psychological trauma gradually, which can change over time. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among Bangladeshi people four months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bangladeshi citizens aged {$\geq$}18 years from June 1 to June 10, 2020. The participants completed an online questionnaire examining socio-demographic variables and COVID-19 related factors, along with the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21. A total of 1146 respondents have been included in the study. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM Statistics version 22.0. Results The prevalence of moderate to the extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress was 47.2\%, 46.0\%, and 32.5\%, respectively, with no significant gender differences. The prevalence of anxiety and stress was significantly higher in participants aged {$>$}30 than in participants aged 18--30 years. Daily follow up COVID-19 related news, having COVID-19 symptoms so far, having contact (direct or indirect) with COVID-19 infected person, and fear of infection were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions Sizable proportions of participants had depression, anxiety and stress four months after the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. The findings of this study underscores the need for strategies aimed at reducing these psychological sufferings in Bangladeshi people in the context of COVID-19.}, + abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic essentially imposes psychological effects on people. As the pandemic progresses, people experience psychological trauma gradually, which can change over time. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among Bangladeshi people four months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bangladeshi citizens aged {$\geq$}18 years from June 1 to June 10, 2020. The participants completed an online questionnaire examining socio-demographic variables and COVID-19 related factors, along with the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21. A total of 1146 respondents have been included in the study. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM Statistics version 22.0. Results The prevalence of moderate to the extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress was 47.2\%, 46.0\%, and 32.5\%, respectively, with no significant gender differences. The prevalence of anxiety and stress was significantly higher in participants aged {$>$}30 than in participants aged 18{\textendash}30 years. Daily follow up COVID-19 related news, having COVID-19 symptoms so far, having contact (direct or indirect) with COVID-19 infected person, and fear of infection were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions Sizable proportions of participants had depression, anxiety and stress four months after the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. The findings of this study underscores the need for strategies aimed at reducing these psychological sufferings in Bangladeshi people in the context of COVID-19.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -77004,13 +77649,13 @@ issn = {2059-7908}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007666}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Introduction Secondary school closures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 may have amplified the negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and schooling outcomes of vulnerable adolescent girls. This study aimed to measure pandemic-related effects on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among school-going girls in Kenya. Methods We report longitudinal findings of 910 girls in their last 2 years of secondary school. The study took place in 12 secondary day schools in rural western Kenya between 2018 and 2021. Using a causal-comparative design, we compared SRH and schooling outcomes among 403 girls who graduated after completion of their final school examinations in November 2019 pre-pandemic with 507 girls who experienced disrupted schooling due to COVID-19 and sat examinations in March 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effect of COVID-19-related school closures and restrictions on all outcomes of interest and on incident pregnancy. Results At study initiation, the mean age of participants was 17.2 (IQR: 16.4--17.9) for girls in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 17.5 (IQR: 16.5--18.4) for girls in the COVID-19 cohort. Girls experiencing COVID-19 containment measures had twice the risk of falling pregnant prior to completing secondary school after adjustment for age, household wealth and orphanhood status (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=2.11; 95\% CI:1.13 to 3.95, p=0.019); three times the risk of school dropout (aRR=3.03; 95\% CI: 1.55 to 5.95, p=0.001) and 3.4 times the risk of school transfer prior to examinations (aRR=3.39; 95\% CI: 1.70 to 6.77, p=0.001) relative to pre-COVID-19 learners. Girls in the COVID-19 cohort were more likely to be sexually active (aRR=1.28; 95\% CI: 1.09 to 1.51, p=0.002) and less likely to report their first sex as desired (aRR=0.49; 95\% CI: 0.37 to 0.65, p{$<$}0.001). These girls reported increased hours of non-school-related work (3.32 hours per day vs 2.63 hours per day in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, aRR=1.92; 95\% CI: 1.92 to 2.99, p=0.004). In the COVID-19 cohort, 80.5\% reported worsening household economic status and COVID-19-related stress was common. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic deleteriously affected the SRH of girls and amplified school transfer and dropout. Appropriate programmes and interventions that help buffer the effects of population-level emergencies on school-going adolescents are warranted. Trial registration number NCT03051789 .}, + abstract = {Introduction Secondary school closures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 may have amplified the negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and schooling outcomes of vulnerable adolescent girls. This study aimed to measure pandemic-related effects on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among school-going girls in Kenya. Methods We report longitudinal findings of 910 girls in their last 2 years of secondary school. The study took place in 12 secondary day schools in rural western Kenya between 2018 and 2021. Using a causal-comparative design, we compared SRH and schooling outcomes among 403 girls who graduated after completion of their final school examinations in November 2019 pre-pandemic with 507 girls who experienced disrupted schooling due to COVID-19 and sat examinations in March 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effect of COVID-19-related school closures and restrictions on all outcomes of interest and on incident pregnancy. Results At study initiation, the mean age of participants was 17.2 (IQR: 16.4{\textendash}17.9) for girls in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 17.5 (IQR: 16.5{\textendash}18.4) for girls in the COVID-19 cohort. Girls experiencing COVID-19 containment measures had twice the risk of falling pregnant prior to completing secondary school after adjustment for age, household wealth and orphanhood status (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=2.11; 95\% CI:1.13 to 3.95, p=0.019); three times the risk of school dropout (aRR=3.03; 95\% CI: 1.55 to 5.95, p=0.001) and 3.4 times the risk of school transfer prior to examinations (aRR=3.39; 95\% CI: 1.70 to 6.77, p=0.001) relative to pre-COVID-19 learners. Girls in the COVID-19 cohort were more likely to be sexually active (aRR=1.28; 95\% CI: 1.09 to 1.51, p=0.002) and less likely to report their first sex as desired (aRR=0.49; 95\% CI: 0.37 to 0.65, p{$<$}0.001). These girls reported increased hours of non-school-related work (3.32 hours per day vs 2.63 hours per day in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, aRR=1.92; 95\% CI: 1.92 to 2.99, p=0.004). In the COVID-19 cohort, 80.5\% reported worsening household economic status and COVID-19-related stress was common. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic deleteriously affected the SRH of girls and amplified school transfer and dropout. Appropriate programmes and interventions that help buffer the effects of population-level emergencies on school-going adolescents are warranted. Trial registration number NCT03051789 .}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @article{Zwerling2003, - title = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement}}, 1994--1995:}, + title = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement}}, 1994{\textendash}1995:}, shorttitle = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}}, author = {Zwerling, Craig and Whitten, Paul S. and Sprince, Nancy L. and Davis, Charles S. and Wallace, Robert B. and Jd, Peter Blanck and Heeringa, Steven G.}, year = {2003}, diff --git a/data/processed/extracted.csv b/02-data/processed/extracted.csv similarity index 100% rename from data/processed/extracted.csv rename to 02-data/processed/extracted.csv diff --git a/data/extracted/_AlbujaEcheverria2021.DISABLED 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rename from data/extracted/Dieckhoff2015.yml rename to 02-data/processed/relevant/Dieckhoff2015.yml diff --git a/data/extracted/Dustmann2012.yml b/02-data/processed/relevant/Dustmann2012.yml similarity index 98% rename from data/extracted/Dustmann2012.yml rename to 02-data/processed/relevant/Dustmann2012.yml index 35dcb24..c58f616 100644 --- a/data/extracted/Dustmann2012.yml +++ b/02-data/processed/relevant/Dustmann2012.yml @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ group: working mothers data: national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) design: quasi-experimental -method: difference-in-difference analysis; regression discontinuity +method: difference-in-difference analysis sample: 13000 unit: individual representativeness: national, census diff --git a/data/extracted/Emigh2018.yml b/02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml similarity index 100% rename from data/extracted/Emigh2018.yml rename to 02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml diff --git a/data/extracted/Ferguson2015.yml 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rename to 02-data/supplementary/query.txt diff --git a/data/supplementary/terms_inequality.csv b/02-data/supplementary/terms_inequality.csv similarity index 100% rename from data/supplementary/terms_inequality.csv rename to 02-data/supplementary/terms_inequality.csv diff --git a/data/supplementary/terms_policy.csv b/02-data/supplementary/terms_policy.csv similarity index 96% rename from data/supplementary/terms_policy.csv rename to 02-data/supplementary/terms_policy.csv index 36b5c8d..3f38e6a 100644 --- a/data/supplementary/terms_policy.csv +++ b/02-data/supplementary/terms_policy.csv @@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ redistributive,work-life balance promotion,quality of education,commuting subsid ,guaranteed income [@Perez2022],comprehensive social protection,computer-assisted therapy [@Lettieri2017] ,universal basic income [@Perez2022],sustainable social protection,work organization [@Nevala2015] ,provision of living wage [@Perez2022],supported employment [@Lettieri2017],special transportation [@Nevala2015] -,maternity leave [@Chang2021],"vocational rehabilitation [@Silvaggi2020; @Lettieri2017]",collective action +,maternity leave [@Chang2021],"vocational rehabilitation [@Silvaggi2020, @Lettieri2017]",collective action ,,unionization, diff --git a/data/supplementary/terms_wow.csv b/02-data/supplementary/terms_wow.csv similarity index 100% rename from data/supplementary/terms_wow.csv rename to 02-data/supplementary/terms_wow.csv diff --git a/data/supplementary/un-deduplicated-study-counts.tsv b/02-data/supplementary/un-deduplicated-study-counts.tsv similarity index 100% rename from data/supplementary/un-deduplicated-study-counts.tsv rename to 02-data/supplementary/un-deduplicated-study-counts.tsv diff --git a/data/supplementary/wb-country-groupings.xlsx b/02-data/supplementary/wb-country-groupings.xlsx similarity index 100% rename from data/supplementary/wb-country-groupings.xlsx rename to 02-data/supplementary/wb-country-groupings.xlsx diff --git a/docs/findings-per-policy-area.md b/03-documentation/findings-per-policy-area.md similarity index 99% rename from docs/findings-per-policy-area.md rename to 03-documentation/findings-per-policy-area.md index 66b5eb7..e19ce75 100644 --- a/docs/findings-per-policy-area.md +++ b/03-documentation/findings-per-policy-area.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Summary of study findings -written into data/supplementary/findings-*.csv tables +written into 02-data/supplementary/findings-*.csv tables ## Institutional diff --git a/docs/inequality_framework.png b/03-documentation/inequality_framework.png similarity index 100% rename from docs/inequality_framework.png rename to 03-documentation/inequality_framework.png diff --git a/docs/mail_2023-09-28.md b/03-documentation/mail_2023-09-28.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/mail_2023-09-28.md rename to 03-documentation/mail_2023-09-28.md diff --git a/docs/measures.md b/03-documentation/measures.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/measures.md rename to 03-documentation/measures.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-09-15.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-09-15.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-09-15.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-09-15.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-10-10.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-10-10.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-10-10.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-10-10.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-11-02.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-11-02.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-11-02.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-11-02.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-11-29.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-11-29.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-11-29.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-11-29.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-12-11.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-12-11.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-12-11.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-12-11.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-12-12.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-12-12.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-12-12.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-12-12.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2023-12-23.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2023-12-23.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2023-12-23.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2023-12-23.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2024-01-26.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2024-01-26.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2024-01-26.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2024-01-26.md diff --git a/docs/meeting_2024-02-09.md b/03-documentation/meeting_2024-02-09.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/meeting_2024-02-09.md rename to 03-documentation/meeting_2024-02-09.md diff --git a/docs/review-pool-years-done.md b/03-documentation/review-pool-years-done.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/review-pool-years-done.md rename to 03-documentation/review-pool-years-done.md diff --git a/docs/screening-tool.md b/03-documentation/screening-tool.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/screening-tool.md rename to 03-documentation/screening-tool.md diff --git a/docs/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md b/03-documentation/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md rename to 03-documentation/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md diff --git a/docs/validity_tool.md b/03-documentation/validity_tool.md similarity index 84% rename from docs/validity_tool.md rename to 03-documentation/validity_tool.md index ea0bf75..83c8e7a 100644 --- a/docs/validity_tool.md +++ b/03-documentation/validity_tool.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Validity estimators -For a general concept description see ../docs/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md#validity +For a general concept description see ../03-documentation/terms_of_reference-key_terms.md#validity From Maitrot2017 -> Section 4, Figure 3 and Appendix table notes They rank *only* quasi-experimental/experimental diff --git a/04-outputs/.gitkeep b/04-outputs/.gitkeep new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/final_document/meeting_eoy.docx b/05-final_paper/meeting_eoy.docx similarity index 100% rename from final_document/meeting_eoy.docx rename to 05-final_paper/meeting_eoy.docx diff --git a/final_document/meeting_eoy.html b/05-final_paper/meeting_eoy.html similarity index 99% rename from final_document/meeting_eoy.html rename to 05-final_paper/meeting_eoy.html index 9460b9f..8cd52b7 100644 --- a/final_document/meeting_eoy.html +++ b/05-final_paper/meeting_eoy.html @@ -3757,7 +3757,7 @@ window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) { });