From 0e29a3332cf19cf123a434d3ed9d46984201c3d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Sun, 10 Dec 2023 17:59:01 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 1/3] feat(data): Extract Emigh2018 --- 02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib | 2 +- 02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 02-data/supplementary/lib.bib | 2 +- scoping_review.qmd | 13 +++++++ 4 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml diff --git a/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib b/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib index f8e92d6..0c45f9c 100644 --- a/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib +++ b/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib @@ -4308,7 +4308,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {17}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Sociology}, - keywords = {inequality::poverty,region::EU,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::direct\_transfer}, + keywords = {done::extracted,inequality::poverty,region::EU,relevant,type::direct\_transfer}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RNQQMYX5/Emigh et al_2018_The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe.pdf} } diff --git a/02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml b/02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3cc5dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/relevant/Emigh2018.yml @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +author: Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D. +year: 2018 +title: "The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe" +publisher: Social Indicators Research +uri: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y +pubtype: article +discipline: economics + +country: Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania +period: 1999-2002 +maxlength: 24 +targeting: implicit +group: poor people +data: panel data + +design: quasi-experimental +method: two-wave panel analysis +sample: 7949 +unit: individual +representativeness: +causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective +limitations: does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives +observation: + - intervention: direct transfers (cash) + institutional: 0 + structural: 1 + agency: 1 + inequality: income + type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: income + findings: level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria + channels: poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households + direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households +annotation: | + A study on the effects of direct state transfers to people in poverty in the post-socialist countries of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. + It first lookst at the correlations of socio-demographic characteristics with poverty to find that in each country there was an increased probability for poverty of low-education, larger and predominantly Roma households. + It also found that poverty itself was most feminized Hungary, the country with the most advanced market transition in the study period, and least feminized in Bulgaria, the country with the least advanced market transition, and suggests that poverty may have feminized as the market transitions progressed. + For the state transfers it found that while the level of payments may have been too small to eliminate longer-term adverse effects of the market transitions, + in each country's case the transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were beneficial at least in the short term. + The authors thus suggest that their findings may be compatible both with an institutionalist perspective seeing poverty-eliminating benefits in the short term and with an underclass perspective which contends that nonetheless the transfers do not eliminate the deprivations members of disadvantaged groups face, while providing little evidence for generating welfare dependency proposed in a more neoclassical perspective. + However, due to no long-term panel data available to fully analyse the underclass and neoclassical arguments, these findings should not be understood too generalizable. diff --git a/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib b/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib index 2304c91..2ea77d0 100644 --- a/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib +++ b/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib @@ -4396,7 +4396,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {17}, web-of-science-categories = {Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Sociology}, - keywords = {inequality::poverty,region::EU,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::direct\_transfer}, + keywords = {done::extracted,inequality::poverty,region::EU,relevant,type::direct\_transfer}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RNQQMYX5/Emigh et al_2018_The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe.pdf} } diff --git a/scoping_review.qmd b/scoping_review.qmd index 54b87e3..7e94f94 100644 --- a/scoping_review.qmd +++ b/scoping_review.qmd @@ -605,6 +605,10 @@ the following synthesis will first categorize between the main inequality (or co One of the primary lenses through which policy interventions to reduce inequalities in the world of work are viewed is that of income inequality, often measured for all people throughout a country or subsets thereof. At the same time, the primacy of income should not be overstated as disregarding the intersectional nature of inequalities may lead to adverse targeting or intervention outcomes, as can be seen in the following studies on policies to increase overall income equality. +While the literature on policy efforts towards income redistribution is large, +studies which focus on the direct effects of individual policy interventions on income inequality and its possible linkages with other inequalities tends to focus on policies such as minimum wage impositions, direct transfers from the state or subsidies for individual life aspects. + + @Alinaghi2020 conduct a study using a microsimulation to estimate the effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand on overall income inequality and further disaggregation along gender and poverty lines. It finds limited redistributional effects for the policy, with negligible impact on overall income inequality and the possibility of actually increasing inequalities among lower percentile income households. Additionally, while it finds a significant reduction in some poverty measures for sole parents that are in employment, when looking at sole parents overall the effects become insignificant again. @@ -620,6 +624,15 @@ For hours worked there is a significant negative impact on women's hours worked, Limitations of the study include some sort-dependency in their panel data and only being able to account for effects during a period of economic growth. Thus, while overall income inequality seems well targeted in the intervention, it may exacerbate the gender gap that already existed at the same time. + +@Emigh2018 study the effects of direct state transfers to people in poverty in the post-socialist market transition countries of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. +It first lookst at the correlations of socio-demographic characteristics with poverty to find that in each country there was an increased probability for poverty of low-education, larger and predominantly Roma households. +It also found that poverty itself was most feminized Hungary, the country with the most advanced market transition in the study period, and least feminized in Bulgaria, the country with the least advanced market transition, and suggests that poverty may have feminized as the market transitions progressed. +For the state transfers it found that while the level of payments may have been too small to eliminate longer-term adverse effects of the market transitions, +in each country's case the transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were beneficial at least in the short term. +The authors thus suggest that their findings may be compatible both with an institutionalist perspective seeing poverty-eliminating benefits in the short term and with an underclass perspective which contends that nonetheless the transfers do not eliminate the deprivations members of disadvantaged groups face, while providing little evidence for generating welfare dependency proposed in a more neoclassical perspective. +However, due to no long-term panel data available to fully analyse the underclass and neoclassical arguments, these findings should not be understood too generalizable. + ## Gender inequality Gender inequality is the second most reviewed dimension of workplace inequality in the study sample, From af2df5736c84cb2b6f51c1c74f4dcd01c2ece974 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Sun, 10 Dec 2023 18:00:27 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 2/3] chore(script): Refactor pandas data ingestion Load data at top of file, then use chained methods for visualizations. --- scoping_review.qmd | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/scoping_review.qmd b/scoping_review.qmd index 7e94f94..fa8b6a8 100644 --- a/scoping_review.qmd +++ b/scoping_review.qmd @@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ zotero: ```{python} #| echo: false from pathlib import Path +import re ## standard imports from IPython.core.display import Markdown as md import numpy as np @@ -32,7 +33,6 @@ from matplotlib import pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns from tabulate import tabulate import bibtexparser -from bibtexparser.model import Field sns.set_style("whitegrid") @@ -487,17 +487,20 @@ Keeping in mind that these results are not yet screened for their full relevance #| label: fig-publications-per-year #| fig-cap: Publications per year -# create dummy category for white or gray lit type (based on 'article' appearing in type) -bib_df["pubtype"].value_counts() -bib_df["literature"] = np.where(bib_df["pubtype"].str.contains("article", case=False, regex=False), "white", "gray") -bib_df["literature"] = bib_df["literature"].astype("category") - -# plot by year, distinguished by literature type -ax = sns.countplot(bib_df, x="year") +df_study_years = ( + bib_df.groupby(["author", "year", "title"]) + .first() + .reset_index() + .drop_duplicates() +) +# plot by year TODO decide if we want to distinguish by literature type/region/etc as hue +# FIXME should be timeseries plot so no years are missing +ax = sns.countplot(df_study_years, x="year") ax.tick_params(axis='x', rotation=45) -# ax.set_xlabel("") +ax.set_xlabel("") plt.tight_layout() plt.show() +df_study_years = None ``` Anomalies such as the relatively significant dips in output in 2016 and 2012 become especially interesting against the strong later increase of output. @@ -543,21 +546,31 @@ Should they point towards gaps (or over-optimization) of sepcific areas of inter #| label: fig-intervention-types #| fig-cap: Predominant type of intervention -interv_type_df = ( - bib_df["zot_keywords"] - .str.replace(r"\_", " ") - .str.extractall(r"type::([\w ]+)") - .reset_index(drop=True) - .rename(columns = {0:"intervention type"}) +by_intervention = ( + bib_df.groupby(["author", "year", "title"]) + .agg( + { + "intervention": lambda _col: "; ".join(_col), + } + ) + .reset_index() + .drop_duplicates() + .assign( + intervention=lambda _df: _df["intervention"].apply( + lambda _cell: set([x.strip() for x in re.sub(r"\(.*\)", "", _cell).split(";")]) + ), + ) + .explode("intervention") ) +sort_order = by_intervention["intervention"].value_counts().index -sort_order = interv_type_df["intervention type"].value_counts(ascending=False).index fig = plt.figure() fig.set_size_inches(6, 3) -ax = sns.countplot(interv_type_df, x="intervention type", order=sort_order) +ax = sns.countplot(by_intervention, x="intervention", order=by_intervention["intervention"].value_counts().index) plt.setp(ax.get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right", rotation_mode="anchor") plt.show() +by_intervention = None ``` {{++ TODO: describe intervention types with complete dataset ++}} @@ -566,21 +579,31 @@ plt.show() #| label: fig-inequality-types #| fig-cap: Types of inequality analyzed -inequ_type_df = ( - bib_df["zot_keywords"] - .str.replace(r"\_", " ") - .str.extractall(r"inequality::([\w ]+)") - .reset_index(drop=True) - .rename(columns = {0:"inequality type"}) +by_inequality = ( + bib_df.groupby(["author", "year", "title"]) + .agg( + { + "inequality": lambda _col: "; ".join(_col), + } + ) + .reset_index() + .drop_duplicates() + .assign( + inequality=lambda _df: _df["inequality"].apply( + lambda _cell: set([x.strip() for x in _cell.split(";")]) + ), + ) + .explode("inequality") ) +sort_order = by_inequality["inequality"].value_counts().index -sort_order = inequ_type_df["inequality type"].value_counts(ascending=False).index fig = plt.figure() fig.set_size_inches(6, 3) -ax = sns.countplot(inequ_type_df, x="inequality type", order=sort_order) +ax = sns.countplot(by_inequality, x="inequality", order=by_inequality["inequality"].value_counts().index) plt.setp(ax.get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right", rotation_mode="anchor") plt.show() +by_inequality = None ``` Income inequality is the primary type of inequality interrogated in most of the relevant studies. From ef06e4bb8844f6c929018ce6b2487d6b2a83901c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Sun, 10 Dec 2023 19:29:47 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 3/3] chore(data): Sort out Dumas2018 --- 02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib | 6 ++-- 02-data/processed/irrelevant/Dumas2018.yml | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++ 02-data/supplementary/lib.bib | 6 ++-- 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) create mode 100644 02-data/processed/irrelevant/Dumas2018.yml diff --git a/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib b/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib index 0c45f9c..71d06e1 100644 --- a/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib +++ b/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib @@ -3900,7 +3900,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Food Science \& Technology; Nutrition \& Dietetics}, - keywords = {country::Kenya,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,region::SSA,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::direct\_transfer}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::full-text,region::SSA,relevant,type::direct\_transfer}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YLF85CVM/Dumas et al_2018_“Men are in front at eating time, but not when it comes to rearing the chicken”.pdf} } @@ -13268,10 +13268,10 @@ inequality: usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {14}, web-of-science-categories = {Public Administration; Social Issues}, - keywords = {country::Belgium,country::Norway,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,region::EU,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::direct\_transfer}, + keywords = {country::Belgium,country::Norway,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,type::direct\_transfer}, note = {looks at inequality; LM adjacency; \par -specific PI is cash benefit - though see if its impacts are measured}, +uses cash benefit to identify `increased need' sample but is not impact study for cash benefit intervention}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CHLVI38F/Vinck_Brekke_2020_Gender and education inequalities in parental employment and earnings when.pdf} } diff --git a/02-data/processed/irrelevant/Dumas2018.yml b/02-data/processed/irrelevant/Dumas2018.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40ac1cf --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/irrelevant/Dumas2018.yml @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +author: Dumas, S. E., Maranga, A., Mbullo, P., Collins, S., Wekesa, P., Onono, M., & Young, S. L. +year: 2018 +title: "“Men are in front at eating time, but not when it comes to rearing the chicken”: Unpacking the gendered benefits and costs of livestock ownership in kenya" +publisher: Food and Nutrition Bulletin +uri: https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572117737428 +pubtype: article +discipline: health + +country: Kenya +period: 2013-2016 +maxlength: 12 +targeting: explicit +group: female smallholders +data: interviews + +design: qualitative +method: focus group discussion, pile sorts, phito-elicitation interviews +sample: 18 +unit: individual +representativeness: local +causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: +limitations: +observation: + - intervention: direct transfer (livestock) + institutional: 0 + structural: 0 + agency: 1 + inequality: gender + type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: hours worked + findings: increased households' financial security, social benefits, human time and labor savings; some negative time and labor impacts for women; benefits mostly impactful in longer-term household resilience not short-term benefits; remaining restrictions on female livestock ownership rights, control over income + channels: livestock draft power performing traditionally female physically demanding tasks; livestock care (time and labour) mostly borne by women + direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: +annotation: | + A qualitative study on the effects of providing direct transfers in livestock to female smallholders in Kenya, on hours worked, households' resilience and economic and social empowerment of women. + It finds that providing households with additional livestock diff --git a/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib b/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib index 2ea77d0..df15a47 100644 --- a/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib +++ b/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib @@ -3988,7 +3988,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {10}, web-of-science-categories = {Food Science \& Technology; Nutrition \& Dietetics}, - keywords = {country::Kenya,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,region::SSA,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::direct\_transfer}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::full-text,region::SSA,relevant,type::direct\_transfer}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YLF85CVM/Dumas et al_2018_“Men are in front at eating time, but not when it comes to rearing the chicken”.pdf} } @@ -13759,10 +13759,10 @@ inequality: usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, usage-count-since-2013 = {14}, web-of-science-categories = {Public Administration; Social Issues}, - keywords = {country::Belgium,country::Norway,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,region::EU,relevant,TODO::full-text,type::direct\_transfer}, + keywords = {country::Belgium,country::Norway,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::full-text,region::EU,relevant,type::direct\_transfer}, note = {looks at inequality; LM adjacency; \par -specific PI is cash benefit - though see if its impacts are measured}, +uses cash benefit to identify `increased need' sample but is not impact study for cash benefit intervention}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CHLVI38F/Vinck_Brekke_2020_Gender and education inequalities in parental employment and earnings when.pdf} }