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+ 
+Do not use your browser's 'BACK' button.
+Use the 'RESET' button to submit more references.
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/62-of-74 b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/62-of-74
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/DOIs.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/DOIs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae88bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/DOIs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
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+https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400384
+https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/4.2.187
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/references.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Kumari2018/references.txt
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/72-of-83 b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/72-of-83
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/DOIs.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/DOIs.txt
new file mode 100644
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+51. Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2012;26(2):242-246.
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x
+ 
+52. Rabren K, Dunn C, Chambers D. Predictors of post-high school employment among young adults with disabilities. Career Dev Except Individ. 2002;25(1):25-40.
+https://doi.org/10.1177/088572880202500103
+ 
+53. Poppen M, Lindstrom L, Unruh D, Khurana A, Bullis M, Sevak P, et al. Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: an analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data. J Vocat Rehab. 2017;46(2):209-224.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857
+ 
+54. Olson D, Ciof ifA, Yovanoff P, Mank D. Gender differences in supported employment. Ment Retard. 2000;38(2):89-96.
+https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038<0089:GDISE>2.0.CO;2
+ 
+55. Van Mechelen M, Verhoef M, Van Asbeck F, Post M. Work participation among young adults with spina bifida in the netherlands. Dev Med Children Neurol. 2008;50(10):772-777.
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03020.x
+ 
+56. Bellin MH, Dicianno BE, Levey E, Dosa N, Roux G, Marben K, et al. Interrelationships of sex, level of lesion, and transition outcomes among young adults with myelomeningocele. Dev Med Children Neurol. 2011;53(7):647-652.
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03938.x
+ 
+57. Holwerda A, van der Klink JJ, de Boer MR, Groothoff JW, Brouwer S. Predictors of sustainable work participation of young adults with developmental disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(9):2753-2763.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.032
+ 
+58. Pang JW, Friedman DL, Whitton JA, Stovall M, Mertens AC, Robison LL, et al. Employment status among adult survivors in the childhood cancer survivor study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(1):104-110.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.21226
+ 
+59. Nagarajan R, Neglia JP, Clohisy DR, Yasui Y, Greenberg M, Hudson M, et al. Education, employment, insurance, and marital status among 694 survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Cancer. 2003;97(10):2554-2564.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11363
+ 
+60. Schaller J, Yang N, Trainor A. Transition-age adults with adhd: gender and predictors of vocational rehabilitation outcomes. J Appl Rehab Couns. 2006;37(1):3−12.
+https://doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.37.1.3
+ 
+61. Foy CM. Long term efficacy of an integrated neurological and vocational rehabilitation programme for young adults with acquired brain injury. J Occup Rehab. 2014;24(3):533-542.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-013-9488-z
+ 
+62. Murphy ME, Holzer CE, 3rd, Richardson LM, Epperson K, Ojeda S, Martinez EM, et al. Quality of life of young adult survivors of pediatric burns using world health organization disability assessment scale ii and burn specific health scale-brief: a comparison. J Burn Care Res. 2015;36(5):521-533.
+https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0000000000000156
+ 
+63. Anderson CJ, Vogel LC, Willis KM, Betz RR. Stability of transition to adulthood among individuals with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(1):46-56.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2006.11753856
+ 
+64. Klein JF, Hood SB. The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(4):255-273.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.08.001
+ 
+65. Chiang H-M, Cheung YK, Li H, Tsai LY. Factors associated with participation in employment for high school leavers with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(8):1832-1842.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1734-2
+ 
+66. Mondéjar-Jiménez J, Vargas-Vargas M, Mondéjar-Jiménez J-A, Bayot-Mestre A. An approach to the socio-labour situation of disabled women in rural communities in a spanish region. Disabil Rehab. 2009;31(16):1328-1337.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280802658350
+ 
+67. Gerhardt CA, McGoron KD, Vannatta K, McNamara KA, Taylor J, Passo M, et al. Educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2008;59(10):1385-1391.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24100
+ 
+68. Kaya C, Chan F, Rumrill P, Hartman E, Wehman P, Iwanaga K, et al. Vocational rehabilitation services and competitive employment for transition-age youth with autism spectrum disorders. J Vocat Rehab. 2016;45(1):73-83.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160812
+ 
+69. Migliore A, Timmons J, Butterworth J, Lugas J. Predictors of employment and postsecondary education of youth with autism. Rehab Couns Bull. 2012;55(3):176-184.
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355212438943
+ 
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+https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250903103676
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/references.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/references.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Lindsay2018a/references.txt
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+69. Migliore A, Timmons J, Butterworth J, Lugas J. Predictors of  employment and postsecondary education of youth with autism.  Rehab Couns Bull. 2012;55(3):176–184.
+70. Kulkarni M, Lengnick-Hall ML. Socialization of people with disabilities in the workplace. Hum Resour Manag. 2011;50(4):521–540.
+71. Breslin FC, Pole JD, Tompa E, Amick BC 3rd, Smith P, Johnson  SH. Antecedents of work disability absence among young people:  a prospective study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(10):814–820.
+72. Gibson BE, Mistry B, Smith B, Yoshida KK, Abbott D, Lindsay S,  et al. Becoming men: gender, disability, and transitioning to adulthood. Health. 2014;18(1):95–114.
+73. Lindstrom L, Doren B, Miesch J. Waging a living: career development and long-term employment outcomes for young adults with  disabilities. Except Children. 2011;77(4):423–434.
+74. Strauser D, Feuerstein M, Chan F, Arango J, da Silva Cardoso  E, Chiu C-Y. Vocational services associated with competitive  employment in 18–25 year old cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv.  2010;4(2):179–186.
+75. Hogansen JM, Powers K, Geenen S, Gil-Kashiwabara E, Powers L.  Transition goals and experiences of females with disabilities: youth,  parents, and professionals. Except Children. 2008;74(2):215–234.
+76. Lindstrom LE, Benz MR, Doren B. Expanding career options for  young women with learning disabilities. Career Dev Trans Except  Individ. 2004;27(1):43–63.
+77. Lindstrom LE, Benz MR. Phases of career development: case studies of young women with learning disabilities. Except Children.  2002;69(1):67–83.
+78. Assembly UG. Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities.  GA Res. 2006;61:106.
+79. Lindsay S. Discrimination and other barriers to employment  for teens and young adults with disabilities. Disabil Rehab.  2011;33(15–16):1340–1350.
+80. Ang RP, Lim KM, Tan A-G, Yau TY. Effects of gender and  sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes. Curr Psychol.  2004;23(3):203–214.
+81. Mackenzie C, Gekoski W, Knox V. Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: the influence of help-seeking  attitudes. Aging Mental Health. 2006;10(6):574–582.
+82. Ratzon N, Schejter T, Alon E, Schreuer N. Are young adults with  special needs ready for the physical work demands? Res Dev  Disabil. 2011;32(1):371–376.
+83. Davies MD, Beamish W. Transitions from school for young adults  with intellectual disability: parental perspectives on “life as an  adjustment”. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2009;34(3):248–257. 
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/54-of-62 b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/54-of-62
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/DOIs.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/DOIs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f4647b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/DOIs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+1. Gates LB. Workplace accommodation as a social process. J Occup Rehabil. 2000;10:85-98.
+https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841
+ 
+2. Butterfield TM, Ramseur JH. Research and case study findings in the area of workplace accommodations including provisions for assistive technology: a literature review. Technol Disabil. 2004;16:201-10.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-2004-16402
+ 
+3. Balser DB. Predictors of workplace accommodations for employees with mobility-related disabilities. Admin Soc. 2007;39:656-83.
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707303639
+ 
+4. Springer J, Siebes C. Position controlled input device for handicapped: experimental studies with a footmouse. Int J Ind Ergon. 1996;17:135-52.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(95)00045-3
+ 
+5. Nevala-Puranen N, Seuri M, Simola A, Elo J. Physically disabled at work: need for ergonomic interventions. J Occup Rehabil. 1999;9:215-25.
+https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021375500867
+ 
+6. Lacaille D, Sheps S, Spinelli JJ, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Identification of modifiable work-related factors that influence the risk of work disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:843-52.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20690
+ 
+7. Mauri C, Cranollers T, Cores J, Garcia M. Computer vision interaction for people with severe movement restrictions. Human Technol. 2006;2:38-54.
+https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.2006158
+ 
+8. Chen H-C, Liu Y-P, Chen C-L, Chen C-Y. Design and feasibility study of an integrated pointing device apparatus for individuals with spinal cord injury. Appl Ergon. 2007;38:275-83.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2006.06.003
+ 
+9. Zirkzee EJM, Sneep AC, de Buck PDM, Allaart CF, Peeters AJ, Ronday HK, Westedt ML, le Cessie S, Vliet Vlieland TPM. Sick leave and work disability in patients with early arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:11-9.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0642-x
+ 
+10. De Rijk A, Nijhuis F, Alexanderson K. Gender differences in work modifications and changed job characteristics during the return-to-work process: a prospective cohort study. J Occup Rehabil. 2009;19:185-93.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-009-9168-1
+ 
+11. Rumrill PD, Fraser RT, Johnson KL. Employment and workplace accommodation outcomes among participants in a vocational consultation service for people with multiple sclerosis. J Vocat Rehab. 2013;39:85-90.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-130646
+ 
+12. Balser DB, Harris MM. Factors affecting employee satisfaction with disability accommodation: a field study. Employ Respond Rights J. 2008;20:13-28.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-007-9062-y
+ 
+13. Ten Katen K, Beelen A, Nollet F, Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK. Overcoming barriers to work participation for patients with postpoliomyelitis syndrome. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:522-9.
+https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2010.503257
+ 
+14. Varekamp I, Verbeek JH, de Boer A, van Dijk F. Effect of job maintenance training program for employees with chronic disease-a randomized controlled trial on self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and fatique. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37:288-97.
+https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3149
+ 
+15. Solovieva TI, Dowler DL, Walls RT. Employer benefits from making workplace accommodations. Disabil Health J. 2011;4:39-45.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2010.03.001
+ 
+16. Schartz HA, Hendricks DJ, Blank P. Workplace accommodations: evidence based outcomes. Work. 2006;27:345-54. 17. Solovieva TI, Hendricks DJ, Walls RT, Dowler DL. Workplace
+ 
+personal assistance services for people with disabilities: making productive employment possible. J Rehabil. 2010;76:3-8.
+ 
+18. Baldridge DC, Veiga JF. The impact of anticipated social consequences on recurring disability accommodations requests. J Manag. 2006;32:158-79.
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305277800
+ 
+19. Riemer-Reiss ML, Wacker RR. Factors associated with assistive technology discontinuance among individuals with disabilities. J Rehabil. 2000;66:44-50.
+ 
+20. Colquitt JA, Conlon DE, Wesson MJ, Porter COLH, Ng KY. Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86:425-45.
+https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
+ 
+21. Gamble MJ, Dowler DL, Orslene LE. Assistive technology: choosing the right tool for the right job. J Vocat Rehab. 2006;24:73-80.
+ 
+22. Rivilis I, Van Eerd D, Cullen K, Cole DC, Irvin E, Tyson J, Mahood Q. Effectiveness of participatory ergonomics interventions on health outcomes: a systematic review. Appl Ergon. 2008;39:342-58.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2007.08.006
+ 
+23. Dunstan DA, MacEachen E. Bearing the brunt: co-workers' experiences of work reintegration processes. J Occup Rehabil. 2013;23:44-54.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-012-9380-2
+ 
+24. MacEachen E, Clarke J, France RL, Irvin E. Workplace-based return to work literature review group. Scandinavian Systematic review of the qualitative literature on return to work after injury. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32:257-69.
+https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1009
+ 
+25. Schreuer N, Myhill WN, Aratan-Bergman T, Samant D, Blanck P. Workplace accommodations: occupational therapists as mediators in the interactive process. Work. 2009;34:149-60.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0913
+ 
+26. Auger C, Demers L, Gelinas I, Jutai J, Fuhrer M. Powered mobility for middle-aged and older adults: systematic review of outcomes and appraisal of published evidence. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87:666-80.
+https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31816de163
+ 
+27. Khan F, Ng L, Turner-Stokes L. Effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation intervention on the return to work and employment of persons with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD007256. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007256.pub2.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007256.pub2
+ 
+28. Sauer AL, Parks A, Heyn PC. Assistive technology effects on the employment outcomes for people with cognitive disabilities: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2010;5:377-91.
+https://doi.org/10.3109/17483101003746360
+ 
+29. Salminen A-L, Brandt Å, Samuelsson K, Töytäri O, Malmivaara A. Mobility devices to promote activity and participation: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:697-706.
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+30. Anttila H, Samuelsson K, Salminen A-L, Brandt Å. Quality of evidence of assistive technology interventions for people with disability: an overview of systematic reviews. Technol Disabil. 2012;24:9-48.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-2012-0332
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+31. Crowther RE, Marshall M, Bond GR, Huxley P. Helping people with severe mental illness to obtain work: systematic review. BMJ. 2001;322:204-8.
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7280.204
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+32. World Health Organisation: ICF. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva; 2001.
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+33. Bauer SM, Elsaesser L-J, Arthanat S. Assistive technology device classification based upon the World Health Organization's, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2011;6:243-59.
+https://doi.org/10.3109/17483107.2010.529631
+ 
+34. Anner J, Schwegler U, Kunz R, Trezzini B, de Boer W. Evaluation of work disability and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: what to expect and what not. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:470.
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+35. O'Connor D, Green S, Higgins JPT. Defining the review question and developing criteria for including studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. West Sussex: Wiley; 2008. p. 83-94.
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+36. van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L, and the Editorial Board of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 2003;28:1290-1299.
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+37. Khan F, Turner-Stokes L, Ng L, Kilpatrick T. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for adults with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Systic Rev. 2007;(2):CD006036. doi:10.1002/14651858. CD006036.pub2.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
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+38. Turner-Stokes L, Nair A, Disler PB, Wade DT. Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD004170. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD004170.pub2.
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+39. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. 2013. http:// www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Assessed 20 Nov 2013.
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+40. Huang Y-J, Qi W-X, He A-N, Sun Y-J, Shen Z, Yao Y. Prognostic value of tissue vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prevent. 2013;14:645-9.
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+41. Teng T-HK, Williams TA, Bremner A, Tohira H, Franklin P, Tonkin A, Jacobs I, Finn J. A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Epidem Commun Health. 2014;68:37-43.
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+42. Wang Y, Liu YJ, Ji J, Deng X, He QQ. Passive smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e69915.
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+43. CASP; Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Qualitative Research Checklist. Public Health Resource Unit & U.K. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. 2013. http://www.casp-uk.net. Assessed 15 Oct 2013.
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+44. Satink T, Cup T, Ilott I, Prins J, de Swart BJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Patients' view on the impact of stroke on their roles and self: a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:1171-83.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.01.011
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+45. Cieza A, Geyh S, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Üstün B, Stucki G. ICF linking rules: an update based on lessons learned. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37:212-8.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970510040263
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+46. Hannes K, Lockwood C. Obstacles to the implementation of evidence-based practice in Belgium: a worked example of metaaggregation. In: Hannes K, Lockwood C, editors. Synthesizing qualitative research: choosing the right approach. England: Wiley; 2012. p. 21-39.
+https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119959847.ch2
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+47. GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328:1490-4.
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+48. Allaire SH, Li W, LaValley MP. Reduction of job loss in persons with rheumatic diseases receiving vocational rehabilitation. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3212-8.
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+49. Radford K, Phillips J, Drummond A, Sach T, Walker M, Tyerman A, Haboubi N, Jones T. Return to work after traumatic brain injury: cohort comparison and economic evaluation. Brain Inj. 2013;27:507-20.
+https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.766929
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+50. Yelin E, Sonneborn D, Trupin L. The prevalence and impact of accommodations on the employment of persons 51-61 years of age with musculoskeletal conditions. Arthritis Care Res. 2000;13:168-76.
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+51. Crooks VA. Women's experiences of developing musculoskeletal diseases: employment challenges and policy recommendations. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:1107-16.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280600948193
+ 
+52. Solstad Vedeler J, Schreuer N. Policy in action: stories on the workplace accommodation process. J Disabil Policy Stud. 2011;22:95-105.
+https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207310395942
+ 
+53. Medin J, Barajas J, Ekberg K. Stroke patients' experiences of return to work. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28:1051-60.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500494819
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+54. Dyck I, Jongbloed L. Women with multiple sclerosis and employment issues: a focus on social and institutional environments. Can J Occup Ther. 2000;67:337-46.
+https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740006700506
+ 
+55. de Jonge DM, Rodger SA. Consumer-identified barriers and strategies for optimizing technology use in the workplace. Disabil Rehabil: Assist Technol. 2006;1:79-88.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500167324
+ 
+56. Westmorland MG, Williams RM, Amick BC III, Shannon H, Rasheed F. Disability management practices in Ontario workplaces: employees' perceptions. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:825-35.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280400020631
+ 
+57. Gold PB, Oire SN, Fabian ES, Wewiorski NJ. Negotiating reasonable workplace accommodations: perspectives of employers, employees with disabilities, and rehabilitation service providers. J Vocat Rehab. 2012;37:25-37.
+https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2012-0597
+ 
+58. Lock S, Jordan L, Bryan K, Maxim J. Work after stroke: focusing on barriers and enablers. Disabil Soc. 2005;20:33-47.
+https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759042000283629
+ 
+59. Solovieva TI, Walls RT, Hendricks DJ, Dowler DL. Cost of workplace accommodations for individuals with disabilities: with or without personal assistance services. Disabil Health J. 2009;2:196-205.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.04.002
+ 
+60. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the newcastle-ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in metaanalyses. Eur J Epidem. 2010;25:603-5.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z
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+61. Sibbald B, Roland M. Understanding controlled trials. Why are randomized controlled trials important? BMJ. 1998;316:201.
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7126.201
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+62. Finger ME, Escorpizo R, Bostan C, De Bie R. Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ): development and preliminary psychometric evidence of an ICF-based questionnaire for vocational rehabilitation. J Occup Rehabil. 2013. Epub ahead of print. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24281830. Assessed 24 June 2014.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-013-9485-2
+ 
+ 
+Do not use your browser's 'BACK' button.
+Use the 'RESET' button to submit more references.
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+There should be no line breaks within an individual reference.
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+1. Boucher RC (2004) New concepts of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease. Eur Resp J 23: 146–158.
+2. Knowles MR, Boucher RC (2002) Mucus clearance as a primary innate defense mechanism for mammalian airways. J Clin Investig 109: 571–577.
+3. Antunes MB, Cohen NA (2007) Mucociliary clearance - a critical upper airway host defense mechanism and methods of assessment. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7: 5–10.
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+5. Rommens JM, Iannuzzi MC, Kerem BS, Drumm ML, Melmer G, et al. (1989) Identification of the Cystic-Fibrosis Gene - Chromosome Walking and Jumping. Science 245: 1059–1065.
+6. Bobadilla JL, Macek M, Fine JP, Farrell PM (2002) Cystic fibrosis: A worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations - Correlation with incidence data and application to screening. Human Mutation 19: 575–606.
+7. Qu BH, Thomas PJ (1996) Alteration of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator folding pathway - Effects of the Delta F508 mutation on the thermodynamic stability and folding yield of NBD1. J Biol Chem 271: 7261–7264.
+
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/DOIs_only.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/DOIs_only.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3183e8b
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+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/DOIs_only.txt
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+https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841
+https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-2004-16402
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707303639
+https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(95)00045-3
+https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021375500867
+https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20690
+https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.2006158
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2006.06.003
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0642-x
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-009-9168-1
+https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-130646
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-007-9062-y
+https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2010.503257
+https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3149
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2010.03.001
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305277800
+https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2007.08.006
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-012-9380-2
+https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1009
+https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0913
+https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31816de163
+https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007256.pub2
+https://doi.org/10.3109/17483101003746360
+https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0427
+https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-2012-0332
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7280.204
+https://doi.org/10.3109/17483107.2010.529631
+https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-470
+https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712184.ch5
+https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000065484.95996.AF
+https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
+https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.2.645
+https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203116
+https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069915
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.01.011
+https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970510040263
+https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119959847.ch2
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490
+https://doi.org/10.1002/art.11256
+https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.766929
+https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200006)13:3<168::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-R
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280600948193
+https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207310395942
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500494819
+https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740006700506
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500167324
+https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280400020631
+https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2012-0597
+https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759042000283629
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.04.002
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7126.201
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-013-9485-2
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/references.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/references.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..298e3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Nevala2015/references.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+1. Gates LB. Workplace accommodation as a social process. J Occup Rehabil. 2000;10:85–98.
+2. Butterfield TM, Ramseur JH. Research and case study findings in the area of workplace accommodations including provisions for assistive technology: a literature review. Technol Disabil. 2004;16:201–10.
+3. Balser DB. Predictors of workplace accommodations for employees with mobility—related disabilities. Admin Soc. 2007;39:656–83.
+4. Springer J, Siebes C. Position controlled input device for handicapped: experimental studies with a footmouse. Int J Ind Ergon. 1996;17:135–52.
+5. Nevala-Puranen N, Seuri M, Simola A, Elo J. Physically disabled at work: need for ergonomic interventions. J Occup Rehabil. 1999;9:215–25.
+6. Lacaille D, Sheps S, Spinelli JJ, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Identification of modifiable work-related factors that influence the risk of work disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:843–52.
+7. Mauri C, Cranollers T, Cores J, Garcia M. Computer vision interaction for people with severe movement restrictions. Human Technol. 2006;2:38–54.
+8. Chen H-C, Liu Y-P, Chen C-L, Chen C-Y. Design and feasibility study of an integrated pointing device apparatus for individuals with spinal cord injury. Appl Ergon. 2007;38:275–83.
+9. Zirkzee EJM, Sneep AC, de Buck PDM, Allaart CF, Peeters AJ, Ronday HK, Westedt ML, le Cessie S, Vliet Vlieland TPM. Sick leave and work disability in patients with early arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:11–9.
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/DOIs.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/DOIs.txt
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+58. WHO, 2017. Mental Health: a State of Well-being 2014. Retrieved from: http://www. who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/.
+ 
+59. Zantinge, E.M., van den Berg, M., Smit, H.A., Picavet, H.S.J., 2013. Retirement and a healthy lifestyle: opportunity or pitfall? A narrative review of the literature. Eur. J. Publ. Health 24 (3), 433-439.
+https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt157
+ 
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+https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026531
+ 
+ 
+Do not use your browser's 'BACK' button.
+Use the 'RESET' button to submit more references.
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+When submitting multiple references they must be in alphabetical order or presented as a numbered list.
+To check the accuracy of a reference, click on the link that is returned with the reference.
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+1. Boucher RC (2004) New concepts of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease. Eur Resp J 23: 146–158.
+2. Knowles MR, Boucher RC (2002) Mucus clearance as a primary innate defense mechanism for mammalian airways. J Clin Investig 109: 571–577.
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+5. Rommens JM, Iannuzzi MC, Kerem BS, Drumm ML, Melmer G, et al. (1989) Identification of the Cystic-Fibrosis Gene - Chromosome Walking and Jumping. Science 245: 1059–1065.
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+7. Qu BH, Thomas PJ (1996) Alteration of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator folding pathway - Effects of the Delta F508 mutation on the thermodynamic stability and folding yield of NBD1. J Biol Chem 271: 7261–7264.
+
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/DOIs_only.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/DOIs_only.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e61f01f
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+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.024
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00147.x
+https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbn044
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.026
+https://doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0015
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2013.01.002
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.004
+https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980809090047
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.03.003
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0310-3
+https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.3.S146
+https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.4.S221
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027508330722
+https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0166-z
+https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-6-200603210-00010
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.018
+https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200008150-00017
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1318-5
+https://doi.org/10.2307/2955359
+https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61f53
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.12.001
+https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.3.P212
+https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-147
+https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3290
+https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205719
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00073-1
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00146-4
+https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.1.46
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+https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.955458
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+https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.11.1459
+https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1180
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.10.002
+https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08984
+https://doi.org/10.2307/146279
+https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455
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+https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008003066
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61570-1
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c6149
+https://doi.org/10.2307/2095627
+https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt157
+https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026531
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/references.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/references.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Schaap2018/references.txt
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diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/40-of-60 b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/40-of-60
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/DOIs.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/DOIs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5510d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/DOIs.txt
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+https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz019
+ 
+26. Shung-King M, Gilson L, Mbachu C, et al. Leadership experiences and practices of South African health managers: what is the influence of gender?-a qualitative, exploratory study. Int J Equity Health. 2018; 17(1):148. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0
+ 
+27. Tominc P, Šebjan U, Širec K. Perceived gender equality in managerial positions in organizations. Organizacija. 2017;50(2):132-149. doi:10.1515/orga-2017-0009
+https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0009
+ 
+28. Acosta DA, Lautenberger DM, Castillo-Page L, Skorton DJ. Achieving Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med. 2020;95(10):1468-1471. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610
+https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610
+ 
+29. Vong S, Ros B, Morgan R, Theobald S. Why are fewer women rising to the top? a life history gender analysis of Cambodia's health workforce. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):595. doi:10.1186/s12913-0194424-3
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4424-3
+ 
+30. Kodagoda T. Working long hours and its impact on family life: experiences of women professionals and managers in Sri Lanka. Indian J Gend Stud. 2018;25(1):108-126. doi:10.1177/0971521517738432
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521517738432
+ 
+31. Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Govender V, Molyneux S, Morgan R. Intersectionality and global health leadership: parity is not enough. Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3
+ 
+32. Alwazzan L, Rees CE. Women in medical education: views and experiences from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Med Educ. 2016; 50(8):852-865. doi:10.1111/medu.12988
+https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12988
+ 
+33. Ioannidou E, Letra A, Shaddox LM, et al. Empowering Women Researchers in the New Century: IADR's Strategic Direction. Adv Dent Res. 2019;30(3):69-77. doi:10.1177/0022034519877385
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519877385
+ 
+34. Tlaiss HA. Women in healthcare: barriers and enablers from a developing country perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2013; 1(1):23-33. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05
+https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05
+ 
+35. Williams CL. The Glass Escalator, Revisited: Gender Inequality in Neoliberal Times, SWS Feminist Lecturer. Gender & Society. 2013; 27(5):609-629. doi:10.1177/0891243213490232
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243213490232
+ 
+36. George A. Nurses, community health workers, and home carers: gendered human resources compensating for skewed health systems. Global Public Health. 2008;3(Sup 1):75-89. doi:10.1080/17441690801892240
+https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690801892240
+ 
+37. Chua V, Mathews M, Loh YC. Social capital in Singapore: gender differences, ethnic hierarchies, and their intersection. Soc Networks. 2016;47:138-150. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004
+ 
+38. Percival V, Dusabe-Richards E, Wurie H, Namakula J, Ssali S, Theobald S. Are health systems interventions gender blind? examining health system reconstruction in conflict affected states. Global Health. 2018;14(1):90. doi:10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6
+ 
+39. Morgan R, Hawkins K, Lundine J. The foundation and consequences of gender bias in grant peer review processes. CMAJ. 2018; 190(16):E487-E488. doi:10.1503/cmaj.180188
+https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180188
+ 
+40. Gupta GR, Oomman N, Grown C, et al. Gender equality and gender norms: framing the opportunities for health. Lancet. 2019;393(10190):2550-2562. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30651-8
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30651-8
+ 
+41. South Africa Demographics Profile. IndexMundi website. https://www. indexmundi.com/south_africa/demographics_profile.html. Accessed May 13, 2019. Published 2018.
+ 
+42. World Health Organization (WHO). Working for Health and Growth: Investing in the Health Workforce. Report of the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. WHO; 2016.
+ 
+43. Horton R. Advancing women in science, medicine and global health. Lancet. 2019;393(10171):493-610.
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30239-9
+ 
+44. Gender Equality, Norms, and Health. The Lancet. https://www. thelancet.com/series/gender-equality-norms-health. Accessed January 30, 2020.
+ 
+45. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender Equity Hub. https://www. who.int/hrh/network/GHWN-GEH-ToR.pdf?ua=1. Accessed October 16, 2020.
+ 
+46. Wittenberg-Cox A. Women Leaders' Competence on COVID: The Proof. Forbes. September 8, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ avivahwittenbergcox/2020/09/08/women-leaders-competence-oncovid-the-proof/. Accessed October 16, 2020.
+ 
+47. United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG). Women's Leadership for the Post COVID-19 Era: A Call to Action from Local and Regional Governments Leaders. https://www.uclg.org/sites/default/files/ uclgwomen_calltoaction_en.pdf. Accessed October 16, 2020.
+ 
+48. George AS, Amin A, GarcÍa-Moreno C, Sen G. Gender equality and health: laying the foundations for change. Lancet. 2019;393(10189):2369-2371. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30987-0
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30987-0
+ 
+49. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender Transformative Approaches in the Health and Social Workforce. http://www.who.int/hrh/news/2018/ gender-transform-approaches-in-health-social_workforce-webinar/ en/. Accessed October 16, 2020. Published 2018.
+ 
+50. Downs JA, Reif LK, Hokororo A, Fitzgerald DW. Increasing women in leadership in global health. Acad Med. 2014;89(8):1103-1107. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000369
+https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000369
+ 
+51. Gronn P. Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadersh Q. 2002; 13(4):423-451. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00120-0
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00120-0
+ 
+52. Gilson L. Trust and the development of health care as a social institution. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(7):1453-1468. doi:10.1016/s02779536(02)00142-9
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00142-9
+ 
+53. Javadi D, Vega J, Etienne C, Wandira S, Doyle Y, Nishtar S. Women who lead: successes and challenges of five health leaders. Health Syst Reform. 2016;2(3):229-240. doi:10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471
+https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471
+ 
+54. Zeinali Z. Women in health systems leadership-demystifying the labyrinth. In: Morgan R, Hawkins K, Dhatt R, Manzoor M, eds. Women and Global Health Leadership - Power and Transformation. Springer; 2021.
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84498-1_18
+ 
+55. Langer A, Meleis A, Knaul FM, et al. Women and health: the key for sustainable development. Lancet. 2015;386(9999):1165-1210. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60497-4
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4
+ 
+56. GH50/50 How-To: Develop Family-Friendly Workplace Policies. Global Health 50/50 website. https://globalhealth5050.org/updates/document/ gh5050-how-to-develop-family-friendly-workplace-policies/. Accessed October 17, 2020.
+ 
+57. Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5
+ 
+58. Hancock AM. Empirical intersectionality: a tale of two approaches. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:95-132. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5
+ 
+59. Hankivsky O, Grace D, Hunting G, et al. An intersectionality-based policy analysis framework: critical reflections on a methodology for advancing equity. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:133-166. doi:10.1007/978-3319-98473-5_6
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_6
+ 
+60. Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS. Introduction: bringing intersectionality to public policy. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:1-28. doi:10.1007/9783-319-98473-5_1
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_1
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new file mode 100644
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+https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2016.22
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30648-8
+https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003549
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30765-2
+https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw020
+https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.12.044
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0108-9
+https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-26
+https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153391
+https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-25
+https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
+https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz019
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0
+https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0009
+https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4424-3
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521517738432
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3
+https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12988
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519877385
+https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05
+https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243213490232
+https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690801892240
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004
+https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6
+https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180188
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30651-8
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30239-9
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30987-0
+https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000369
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00120-0
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00142-9
+https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84498-1_18
+https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_6
+https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_1
diff --git a/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/references.txt b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/references.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a271266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/02-data/raw/02_snowballing-starts/Zeinali2021/references.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
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+26. Shung-King M, Gilson L, Mbachu C, et al. Leadership experiences  and practices of South African health managers: what is the influence  of gender?-a qualitative, exploratory study. Int J Equity Health. 2018;  17(1):148. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0 
+27. Tominc P, Šebjan U, Širec K. Perceived gender equality in managerial  positions  in  organizations.  Organizacija.  2017;50(2):132-149.  doi:10.1515/orga-2017-0009 
+28. Acosta DA, Lautenberger DM, Castillo-Page L, Skorton DJ. Achieving  Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med.  2020;95(10):1468-1471. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610 
+29. Vong S, Ros B, Morgan R, Theobald S. Why are fewer women rising to  the top? a life history gender analysis of Cambodia’s health workforce.  BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):595. doi:10.1186/s12913-0194424-3 
+30. Kodagoda T. Working long hours and its impact on family life:  experiences of women professionals and managers in Sri Lanka. Indian  J Gend Stud. 2018;25(1):108-126. doi:10.1177/0971521517738432 
+31. Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Govender V, Molyneux S, Morgan R.  Intersectionality and global health leadership: parity is not enough.  Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3 
+32. Alwazzan L, Rees CE. Women in medical education: views and  experiences from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Med Educ. 2016;  50(8):852-865. doi:10.1111/medu.12988 
+33. Ioannidou E, Letra A, Shaddox LM, et al. Empowering Women  Researchers in the New Century: IADR’s Strategic Direction. Adv Dent  Res. 2019;30(3):69-77. doi:10.1177/0022034519877385 
+34. Tlaiss HA. Women in healthcare: barriers and enablers from a  developing country perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2013;  1(1):23-33. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05 
+35. Williams CL. The Glass Escalator, Revisited: Gender Inequality in  Neoliberal Times, SWS Feminist Lecturer. Gender & Society. 2013;  27(5):609-629. doi:10.1177/0891243213490232 
+36. George A.  Nurses,  community  health  workers,  and  home  carers: gendered human resources compensating for skewed  health systems. Global Public Health. 2008;3(Sup 1):75-89.  doi:10.1080/17441690801892240 
+37. Chua V, Mathews M, Loh YC. Social capital in Singapore: gender  differences, ethnic hierarchies, and their intersection. Soc Networks.  2016;47:138-150. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004 
+38. Percival V, Dusabe-Richards E, Wurie H, Namakula J, Ssali S,  Theobald S. Are health systems interventions gender blind? examining  health system reconstruction in conflict affected states. Global Health.  2018;14(1):90.  doi:10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6 
+39. Morgan R, Hawkins K, Lundine J. The foundation and consequences  of gender bias in grant peer review processes. CMAJ. 2018;  190(16):E487-E488. doi:10.1503/cmaj.180188 
+40. Gupta GR, Oomman N, Grown C, et al. Gender equality and  gender norms: framing the opportunities for health. Lancet.  2019;393(10190):2550-2562.  doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30651-8 
+41. South Africa Demographics Profile. IndexMundi website. https://www. indexmundi.com/south_africa/demographics_profile.html.  Accessed  May 13, 2019. Published 2018.
+42. World Health Organization (WHO). Working for Health and Growth:  Investing in the Health Workforce. Report of the High-Level Commission  on Health Employment and Economic Growth. WHO; 2016.
+43. Horton R. Advancing women in science, medicine and global health.  Lancet. 2019;393(10171):493-610.
+44. Gender Equality, Norms, and Health. The Lancet. https://www. thelancet.com/series/gender-equality-norms-health.  Accessed  January 30, 2020.
+45. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender Equity Hub. https://www. who.int/hrh/network/GHWN-GEH-ToR.pdf?ua=1. Accessed October  16, 2020.
+46. Wittenberg-Cox A. Women Leaders’ Competence on COVID: The  Proof. Forbes. September 8, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ avivahwittenbergcox/2020/09/08/women-leaders-competence-oncovid-the-proof/. Accessed October 16, 2020.
+47.  United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG). Women’s Leadership  for the Post COVID-19 Era: A Call to Action from Local and Regional  Governments  Leaders.  https://www.uclg.org/sites/default/files/ uclgwomen_calltoaction_en.pdf. Accessed October 16, 2020.
+48. George AS, Amin A,  GarcÍa-Moreno  C,  Sen  G.  Gender  equality and health: laying the foundations for change. Lancet.  2019;393(10189):2369-2371.  doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30987-0 
+49. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender Transformative Approaches  in the Health and Social Workforce. http://www.who.int/hrh/news/2018/ gender-transform-approaches-in-health-social_workforce-webinar/ en/. Accessed October 16, 2020. Published 2018.
+50. Downs JA, Reif LK, Hokororo A, Fitzgerald DW. Increasing women  in leadership in global health. Acad Med. 2014;89(8):1103-1107.  doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000369 
+51. Gronn P. Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadersh Q.  2002;  13(4):423-451.  doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00120-0 
+52. Gilson L. Trust and the development of health care as a social  institution. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(7):1453-1468. doi:10.1016/s02779536(02)00142-9 
+53. Javadi D, Vega J, Etienne C, Wandira S, Doyle Y, Nishtar S. Women  who lead: successes and challenges of five health leaders. Health Syst  Reform. 2016;2(3):229-240. doi:10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471 
+54. Zeinali Z. Women in health systems leadership–demystifying the  labyrinth. In: Morgan R, Hawkins K, Dhatt R, Manzoor M, eds. Women  and Global Health Leadership - Power and Transformation. Springer;  2021.
+55. Langer A, Meleis A, Knaul FM, et al. Women and health: the key  for sustainable development. Lancet. 2015;386(9999):1165-1210. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60497-4 
+56. GH50/50 How-To: Develop Family-Friendly Workplace Policies. Global  Health 50/50 website. https://globalhealth5050.org/updates/document/ gh5050-how-to-develop-family-friendly-workplace-policies/. Accessed  October 17, 2020. 
+57. Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS. The Palgrave Handbook of  Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International  Publishing;  2019.  doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5 
+58. Hancock AM. Empirical intersectionality: a tale of two approaches.  In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook  of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International  Publishing;  2019:95-132.  doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5 
+59. Hankivsky O, Grace D, Hunting G, et al. An intersectionality-based  policy analysis framework: critical reflections on a methodology  for advancing equity. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds.  The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham:  Springer International Publishing; 2019:133-166. doi:10.1007/978-3319-98473-5_6 
+60. Hankivsky  O,  Jordan-Zachery  JS.  Introduction:  bringing  intersectionality to public policy. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery  JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy.  Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:1-28. doi:10.1007/9783-319-98473-5_1
diff --git a/03-supplementary_data/lib.bib b/03-supplementary_data/lib.bib
index 4ba3ed6..37c04ff 100644
--- a/03-supplementary_data/lib.bib
+++ b/03-supplementary_data/lib.bib
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
   pages = {164--175},
   issn = {1381-4788},
   doi = {10.1080/13814788.2019.1643166},
-  abstract = {Current primary care in Finland is based on the Primary Health Care Act (1972), which addressed numerous new tasks to all municipalities. All of them had to find a new health centre organization, which provides a wide range of health services, including prevention and public health promotion. Multiple tasks require multiprofessional staff, and thus, the Finnish health centre personnel consisted not only of GPs but of public health nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, psychologists, social workers, dentists, etc. During the next decade, there have been some changes but the idea of multiprofessional structure has remained. According to the QUALICOPC study (2012) Finnish GPs are still co-located with several other healthcare professionals compared to most of the European countries; even compared to other Nordic countries which otherwise have many similarities in their primary healthcare. During the last 10 or 15 years, healthcare providers and researchers have recognized a new challenge: our current systems do not meet the needs of patients with multiple health and social problems-and the proportion of these patients is increasing all the time as the population is getting older. One could suppose that preconditions of handling multimorbidity would be excellent in multiprofessional surroundings like ours, but actually, a person with multiple problems is a challenge there, too. Multiprofessional organization in primary care does not guarantee proper care of patients with multiple diseases, if we do not acknowledge the challenge and revise our systems. We have to develop new ways of collaboration and new models of integrated care. The problematic part is secondary care, which is organized with logic of one medical speciality per visit. In Tampere University Hospital district, we have created a care pathway model, which defines the roles of primary healthcare and secondary care. Nationwide, we have recently started to prepare national guidelines for the care of patients with multimorbidity. What we need more in the future is more research on new practices and models. Background: Most patients with antihypertensive medication do not achieve their blood pressure (BP) target. Several barriers to successful hypertension treatment are well identified but we need novel ways of addressing them. Research question: Can using a checklist improve the quality of care in the initiation of new antihypertensive medication? Methods: This non-blinded, cluster-randomized, controlled study was conducted in eight primary care study centres in central Finland, randomized to function as either intervention (n = 4) or control sites (n = 4). We included patients aged 30-75 years who were prescribed antihypertensive medication for the first time. Initiation of medication in the intervention group was carried out with a nine-item checklist, filled in together by the treating physician and the patient. The treating physician managed hypertension treatment in the control group without a study-specific protocol. Results: In total, 119 patients were included in the study, of which 118 were included in the analysis (n = 59 in the control group, n = 59 in the intervention group). When initiating medication, an adequate BP target was set for 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients in the control group and for 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the intervention group. Shortly after the appointment, only 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients in the control group were able to remember the adequate BP target, compared with 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the intervention group. The use of the checklist was also related to more regular agreement on the next follow-up appointment (64\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the control group vs 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the intervention group). Conclusion: Even highly motivated new hypertensive patients in Finnish primary care have significant gaps in their treatment-related skills. The use of a checklist for initiation of antihypertensive medication was related to substantial improvement in these skills. Based on our findings, the use of a checklist might be a practical tool for clinicians initiating new antihypertensive medications. Background: Immediate feedback is underused in the French medical education curriculum, specifically with video-recorded consultation. Research question: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the interest in this teaching method as a training and assessment tool in the learning process of general practitioner (GP) trainees. Methods: During the period November 2017 to October 2018, trainees in ambulatory training courses collected quantitative data about recording consultations with a video camera: numbers of recordings, feedback, patients' participation refusals, and information about the learning process and competencies. The trainees' level of satisfaction was measured by means of a questionnaire at the end of their traineeship. Results: Sixty-seven trainees were recruited and 44 of them 65.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% actively participated in the study; 607 video recordings and 243 feedback with trainers were performed. Few patients (18.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) refused the video-recording. Most trainees considered video recording with immediate feedback to be a relevant learning tool. It made it possible for the participants to observe their difficulties and their achievements. \textbackslash textasciigraveRelation, communication, patient-centred care' was the most built competency, non-verbal communication, in particular. Time was the main limiting factor of this teaching method. Most trainees were in favour of its generalization in their university course. Conclusion: Video recording with immediate feedback in real-time consultation needs to be adapted to training areas and depends on time and logistics. This teaching method seems to be useful in the development of communication skills. It could lift the barriers of the trainer's physical presence near GP trainees during immediate feedback in real-time consultation. It could help trainees to build their competencies while enhancing the place of immediate feedback in the general practice curriculum. It could also constitute an additional tool for the certification of GP trainees. Background: Perinatal depression has been associated with psychiatric morbidity in mothers and their offspring. This study assessed the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptoms in a large population of women and investigated associations of these symptoms with demographic and clinical factors. Research question: Which factors (including sociodemographic, medical, lifestyle, and laboratory test) are associated with perinatal depression? Methods: All members of Maccabi Health Services who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during 2015-2016 were included in the study. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for associations of sociodemographic, medical, lifestyle, and laboratory test factors with perinatal depressive symptoms, according to a score {$>$}10 on the EPDS. Results: Of 27 912 women who filled the EPDS, 2029 (7.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were classified as having peripartum depression. In a logistic regression analysis, the use of antidepressant medications, particularly for a period greater than three months, Arab background, current or past smoking, a diagnosis of chronic diabetes and age under 25 years were all associated with increased ORs for perinatal depression; while Orthodox Jewish affiliation, residence in the periphery and higher haemoglobin level were associated with lower ORs. Incidences of depression were 17.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% in women with a history of antidepressant medication, 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women with diabetes, and 11.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% among current smokers. Conclusion: Several demographic, medical, and lifetime factors were found to be substantially more prevalent among women with symptoms of perinatal depression than those without. Encouraging women to complete the EPDS during and following pregnancy may help identify women in need of support. Background: Regulating the quality and effectiveness of the work of general practitioners is essential for a sound healthcare system. In the Republic of Macedonia this is regulated by the Health Insurance Fund through a system of penalties/sanctions. Research question: The goal of this study is to evaluate the types and effectiveness of the sanctions used on primary care practitioners. Methods: This is a quantitative research study for which we used an anonymous survey with 18 questions. This survey was distributed to 443 randomly selected general practitioners from different parts of Macedonia and 438 of them responded. For the quantitative data, we used the Pearson's chi-squared test, correlation and descriptive statistics. Part of the survey is qualitative, consisting of comments and opinions of the general practitioners. Results: From the participants, 336 were female and 102 were male. The doctors' gender was not associated with sanctioning. Most general practitioners were in the age categories of 30-39 and 40-49 years. The participants' age had a significant influence on sanctioning-older doctors were sanctioned more frequently. Out of 438 participants, 33.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% were specialists in family medicine and 66.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% general practitioners. Specialists in family medicine were sanctioned significantly more frequently than general practitioners. Doctors that worked in the hospital or 19 km from the nearest hospital were significantly more frequently sanctioned. The three most common reasons for sanctions were financial consumption of prescriptions and referrals above the agreed amount, higher rate of sick leaves and/or justification of sick leaves and unrealized preventative goals or education. \textbackslash textasciigraveFinancial sanction by scale' was the most common type of sanction: 49.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants. Doctors who followed the guidelines, but who were exposed to violence were sanctioned significantly more frequently. Conclusion: We can observe that age, speciality, the distance of the workplace from the nearest hospital and violence influence sanctioning. Background: Biases are major barriers to external validity of studies, reducing evidence. Among these biases, the definition and the reality of the Hawthorne effect (HE) (or observation bias) remains controversial. According to McCambridge in a review from 2013, the Hawthorne effect is a behaviour change occurring when the subject is being observed during a scientific study. This effect would be multifactorial, and he suggests the term \textbackslash textasciigraveeffects of research participation.' However, the reviewed studies were conflicting and evidence is sparse. Research question: We updated McCambridge's review to actualize the definition of the HE. Methods: McCambridge's most recent article dated back to January 3, 2012. We focused on the articles published between January 1, 2012 and August 10, 2018 searching Medline. We used the sole keyword \textbackslash textasciigraveHawthorne Effect.' The search was filtered based on the dates, the availability of an abstract and the languages English and French. We included articles defining or evaluating the HE. Articles citing the effect without defining it or irrelevant to the topic were excluded. Two independent readers searched and analysed the articles. Discrepancies were solved by consensus. Results: Out of 106 articles, 42 articles were included. All the articles acknowledged an observation bias, considered as significant or not, depending on the population (education, literacy), the methods and the variable of interest. It was a psychological change, limited in time. The HE was defined as a change of behaviour related to direct or indirect observation of the subjects or the investigators, to their previous selection and commitment in the study (written agreement) and to social desirability. Despite observations, articles were conflicting. Some do confirm the existence of the HE, others deny it. Meta-analysis is ongoing. Conclusion: No formal consensus regarding the definition of the effect has been reached so far. However, the authors agree on its implication as an experimental artefact. Background: Polypharmacy and multimorbidity are on the rise. Consequently, general practitioners (GPs) treat an increasing number of multimorbid patients with polypharmacy. To limit negative health outcomes, GPs should search for inappropriate medication intake in such patients. However, systematic medication reviews are time-consuming. Recent eHealth tools, such as the \textbackslash textasciigravesystematic tool to reduce inappropriate prescribing' (STRIP) assistant, provide an opportunity for GPs to get support when conducting such medication reviews. Research question: Can the STRIP assistant as electronic decision support help GPs to optimize medication appropriateness in older, multimorbid patients with polypharmacy? Methods: This cluster randomized controlled trial is conducted in 40 Swiss GP practices, each recruiting 8-10 patients aged {$>$}= 65 years, with {$>$}= 3 chronic conditions and {$>$}= 5 chronic medications (320 patients in total). We compare the effectiveness of using the STRIP assistant for optimizing medication appropriateness to usual care. The STRIP assistant is based on the STOPP/START criteria (version 2) and, for this trial, it is implemented in the Swiss eHealth setting where some GPs already share routine medical data from their electronic medical records in a research database (FIRE). Patients are followed-up for 12 months and the change in medication appropriateness is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes are the numbers of falls and fractures, quality of life, health economic parameters, patients' willingness to deprescribe as well as implementation barriers and enablers for GPs when using the STRIP assistant. Results: Patient recruitment started in December 2018. This presentation focuses on the study protocol and the challenges faced when testing this new software in Swiss primary care. Conclusion: Finding out whether the STRIP assistant is an effective tool and beneficial for older and multimorbid patients, who are usually excluded from trials, will have an impact on the coordination of chronic care for multimorbid patients in Swiss primary care in this new eHealth environment. Background: Workplace violence (WPV) towards healthcare staff is becoming a common problem in different healthcare settings worldwide. Moreover, the prevalence is 16 times higher than in other professions. How often it happened towards young doctors working as general practitioners (GPs) at the beginning of their careers has been rarely studied. Research question: To investigate the frequency and forms of WPV, experienced by the young Croatian GPs from their patients, and violence reporting pattern to the competent institutions. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out on 74 GP residents, during their postgraduate study in family medicine in May 2018. A specially designed anonymous questionnaire, developed by Association of Family Physicians of South Eastern Europe, was used to investigate the prevalence and forms of WPV, the narrative description of the traumatic event itself and the process of reporting it. Results: The response rate was 91.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, female 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%, the median of years working as a GP was 3.5 years. Most of the residents were working in an urban practice (63\textbackslash textbackslash\%), others in the rural and the suburban once (27\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%). All GP residents experienced patients' and caregivers' violent behaviour directed towards them. High-intensity violence (e.g. physical violence, sexual harassment) was experienced by 44\textbackslash textbackslash\%, middle intensity (e.g. intimidation, visual sexual harassment) by 84\textbackslash textbackslash\% while all residents experienced verbal violence. Only 13.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% residents reported WPV to the competent institutions. Most of GP residents reported the appearance of the new form of violence: the one over the internet. Conclusion: The high prevalence of all types of violence towards young Croatian doctors is worrisome, as is the fact that violent acts are seldom reported to the competent institutions. Those alarming facts could become a threat to GPs career choosing. Background: About 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients adhere to chronic therapy in France. Improving adherence should improve their care. Identifying the patient's difficulties in taking medication is complex for the physician, because there is no gold standard for measuring adherence to medications. How can the general practitioner in his/her practice identify patient compliance? Research question: Analyse studies that develop or validate scales used to estimate adherence in primary care. Methods: A systematic review of the literature from PubMed, the Cochrane Library and PsycINFO databases. The search terms used were the MeSH terms (or adapted to the database's vocabulary): questionnaire, compliance and primary care. All articles were retained whatever the language of writing. Selection criteria were: assessment of the development, validation or reliability of one or more compliance scales; taking place in primary care. One reviewer screened titles, which included the term adherence then abstracts and full text. Only articles evaluating the development, validity or reliability of a primary care adherence rating scale were included in analysis. Results: In total 1022 articles were selected and 18 articles were included. Seventeen adherence scales were identified in primary care, most of which targeted a single pathology, especially hypertension. The most cited scale is the MMAS Morisky medication adherence scale. Three scales were developed for patients with multiple chronic diseases. One scale was developed for patients older than 65 years-the Strathclyde compliance risk assessment tool (SCRAT)-and two scales were developed for adult patients whatever their age-the instrument developed by Sidorkiewicz et al., and the DAMS, diagnostic adherence to medication scale. Conclusion: Two scales have been developed and validated in primary care to assess patient adherence with multiple chronic diseases: the DAMS and the instrument developed by Sidorkiewicz et al. A simple, reliable, reproducible primary care scale would assess the impact of actions developed to improve adherence: motivational interviewing, patient therapeutic education, and the ASALeE protocol. Background: Multimorbidity prevalence increases with age while declining quality of life (QoL) is one of its major consequences. Research question: The study aims to: (1) Assess the relationship between increasing number of diseases and QoL. (2) Identify the most frequently occurring patterns of diseases and how they relate to QoL. (3) Observe how these associations differ across different European countries and regions. Methods: Cross-sectional data analysis performed on wave six of the population-based survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE) (n = 68 231). Data were collected in 2015 among population 50+ years old in 17 European countries and Israel. Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions. Conditions were self-declared and identified through an open-end questionnaire containing 17 prelisted conditions plus conditions added by participants. Control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure questionnaire (CASP-12v) was used to evaluate QoL. Association between increasing number of diseases and QoL was assessed with linear regression. Factor analysis is being conducted to identify patterns of diseases to evaluate their impact on QoL further. Multilevel analysis will take into account differences between countries and regions. Confounding was searched with directed acyclic graph (DAG) method and included age, sex, education, socio-economic status, behavioural habits, social support and healthcare parameters. Results: Participants (49.09\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had two or more diseases. Maximum number of diseases per person was 13, mean number was 1.9. Unadjusted preliminary analysis showed that on average QoL decreases by -1.27 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: -1.29, -1.24) with each added new condition across Europe. The decline appears to be the steepest in Spain, -1.61 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: -1.71, -1.51), and the least so in Israel, -0.67 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: -0.82, -0.52). Conclusion: Ongoing analysis will identify disease patterns, which may have the highest impact on QoL, as well as to elucidate the role of confounders in the relationship between increasing number of diseases and disease patterns with QoL. Background: The burden and preventive potential of disease is typically estimated for each non-communicable disease (NCD) separately but NCDs often co-occur, which hampers reliable quantification of their overall burden and joint preventive potential in the population. Research questions: What is the lifetime risk of developing any NCD? Which multimorbidity clusters of NCDs cause the greatest burden? To what extent do three key shared risk factors, namely smoking, hypertension and being overweight, influence this risk, life-expectancy and NCD-multimorbidity? Methods: Between 1990 and 2012 we followed NCD-free participants aged {$>$}= 45 years at baseline from the Dutch prospective Rotterdam study for incidents of stroke, heart disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. We quantified (co-)occurrence and remaining lifetime risk of NCDs in a competing risk framework, and studied the effects of smoking, hypertension, and being overweight on lifetime risk and life expectancy. Results: During follow-up of 9061 participants, 814 participants were diagnosed with stroke, 1571 with heart disease, 625 with diabetes, 1004 with chronic respiratory disease, 1538 with cancer, and 1065 with neurodegenerative disease. Among those, 1563 participants (33.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were diagnosed with multiple diseases. The lifetime risk of any NCD from the age of 45 onwards was 94.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 92.9-95.1) for men and 92.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 91.8-93.8) for women. Absence of shared risk factors was associated with a 9.0-year delay (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 6.3-11.6) in the age at onset of any NCD. Furthermore, overall life expectancy for participants without risk factors was 6.0 years (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 5.7-7.9) longer than those with these risk factors. Participants without these risk factors spent 21.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their remaining lifetime with NCDs, compared to 31.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% for those with risk factors. Conclusion: Nine out of 10 individuals aged 45 years and older will develop at least one NCD during their remaining lifetime. A third was diagnosed with multiple NCDs during follow-up. Absence of three common shared risk factors related to compression of morbidity of NCDs. Background: This study examined if using electronic reminders increases the rate of diagnosis recordings in the patient chart system following visits to a general practitioner (GP). The impact of electronic reminders was studied in the primary care of a Finnish city. Research question: How effective is the reminder of the information system in improving the diagnostic level of primary care? Which is better and how: financial incentives or reminders? Methods: This was an observational retrospective study based on a before-and-after design and was carried out by installing an electronic reminder in the computerized patient chart system to improve the recording of diagnoses during GP visits. The quality of the recorded diagnoses was observed before and after the intervention. The effect of this intervention on the recording of diagnoses was also studied. Results: Before intervention, the level of recording diagnoses was about 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the primary care units. After four years, the recording rate had risen to 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% (p {$<$} 0.001). The rate of change in the recording of diagnoses was highest during the first year of intervention. In the present study, most of the visits concerned mild respiratory infections, elevated blood pressure, low back pain and type II diabetes. Conclusion: An electronic reminder improved the recording of diagnoses during the visits to GPs. The present intervention produced data, which reflects the distribution of diagnoses in real clinical life in primary care and thus provides valid data about the public. Background: Child abuse is widespread, occurs in all cultures and communities and remains undiscovered in 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the cases. In total, 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of reported child abuse concerns emotional ill-treatment. In the Netherlands, at least 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% (118 000) of children are victims of child abuse resulting in 50 deaths each year. Only 1-3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of abuse cases are reported by general practitioners (GPs) to the Child Protective Services agency (CPS). To explain this low reporting rate, we examined GPs' experiences with child abuse. Research question: How does the suspicion of child abuse arise in GPs' diagnostic reasoning? How do they act upon their suspicion and what kind of barriers do they experience in their management? Methods: In total 26 GPs (16 female) participated in four focus groups. We used purposive sampling to include GPs with different levels of experience in rural and urban areas spread over the Netherlands. We used NVivo for thematic content analysis. Results: Suspected child abuse arose based on common triggers and a gut feeling that \textbackslash textasciigravesomething is wrong here'. GPs acted upon their suspicion by gathering more data by history taking and physical examination. They often found it challenging to decide whether a child was abused because parents, despite their good intentions, may lack parenting skills and differ in their norms and values. GPs reported clear signs of sexual abuse and physical violence to CPS. However, in less clear-cut cases they followed-up and built a supporting network around the family. Most GPs highly valued the patient-doctor relationship while recognizing the risk of pushing boundaries. Conclusion: A low child abuse reporting rate by GPs to CPS does not mean a low detection rate. GPs use patients' trust in their doctor to improve a child's situation by involving other professionals. Background: The number of people suffering from multiple chronic conditions, multimorbidity, is rising. For society, multimorbidity is known to increase healthcare expenses through more frequent contacts, especially with the primary sector. For the individual, an increasing number of medical conditions are associated with lower quality of life (QoL). However, there is no statistically validated condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for the assessment of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. A validated PROM is essential in order to measure effect in intervention studies for this patient group. Research question: (1) To identify items covering QoL among patients with multimorbidity in a Danish context. (2) To develop and validate a PROM for assessment of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. (3) To utilize the final PROM in a large group of patients with multimorbidity to measure their QoL when living with different combinations and severity of multimorbidity. Methods: Phase 1: qualitative individual and focus group interviews with patients with multimorbidity to identify relevant QoL items. Phase 2: validation of the items through a draft questionnaire sent by email to around 200-400 patients with multimorbidity. Phase 3: psychometric validation of the draft questionnaire securing items with the highest possible measurement quality. Phase 4: assessment of QoL among approximately 2000 patients with multimorbidity from the Danish Lolland-Falster study. Results: There are no results yet. Currently, the interview guide is under development. Conclusion: Despite the rising number of patients with multimorbidity and the known inverse relationship between a patient's number of medical conditions and their quality of life, there is no statistically validated condition-specific PROM for assessment of QoL among this group. Our aim is that this project's developed and validated PROM will be used in future intervention studies as a valid measure of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. Background: Through a systematic review of the literature and qualitative research across Europe, the European General Practitioners Research Network (EGPRN) has designed and validated a comprehensive definition of multimorbidity. It is a concept considering all the biopsychosocial conditions of a patient. This concept encompasses more than 50 variables and is consequently difficult to use in primary care. Consideration of adverse outcomes (such as death or acute hospitalization) could help to distinguish which variables could be risk factors of decompensation within the definition of multimorbidity. Research question: Which criteria in the EGPRN concept of multimorbidity could detect outpatients at risk of death or acute hospitalization (i.e. decompensation) in a primary care cohort at 24-months of follow-up? Methods: Primary care outpatients (131) answering to EGPRN's multimorbidity definition were included by GPs, during two periods of inclusion in 2014 and 2015. At 24 months follow-up, the status \textbackslash textasciigravedecompensation' or \textbackslash textasciigravenothing to report' was collected. A logistic regression following a Cox model was performed to achieve the survival analysis and to identify potential risk factors. Results: At 24 months follow-up, 120 patients were analysed. Three different clusters were identified. Forty-four patients, representing 36.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population, had either died or been hospitalized more than seven consecutive days. Two variables were significantly associated with decompensation: Number of GPs encounters per year (HR: 1.06; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 1.03-1.10, p {$<$}0.001), and total number of diseases (HR: 1.12; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 1.03-1.33; P = 0.039). Conclusion: To prevent death or acute hospitalization in multimorbid outpatients, GPs may be alert to those with high rates of GP encounters or a high number of illnesses. These results are consistent with others in medical literature. Background: A study of casual versus causal comorbidity in family medicine in three practice populations from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Research question: (1) What is the observed comorbidity of the 20 most common episodes of care in three countries? (2) How much of the observed comorbidity is likely to be casual versus causal? Methods: Participating family doctors (FDs) in the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia recorded details of all patient contacts in an episode of care structure using electronic medical records based on the International Classification of Primary Care, collecting data on all elements of the doctor-patient encounter, including the diagnostic labels (episode of care labels, EoCs). Comorbidity was measured using the odds ratio of both conditions being incident or rest-prevalent in the same patient in one-year data frames, as against not. Results: Comorbidity in family practice expressed as odds ratios between the 41 most prevalent (joint top 20) episode titles in the three populations. Specific associations were explored in different age groups to observe the changes in odds ratios with increasing age as a surrogate for a temporal or biological gradient. Conclusion: After applying accepted criteria for testing the causality of associations, it is reasonable to conclude that most of the observed primary care comorbidity is casual. It would be incorrect to assume causal relationships between co-occurring diseases in family medicine, even if such a relationship might be plausible or consistent with current conceptualizations of the causation of disease. Most observed comorbidity in primary care is the result of increasing illness diversity. Background: The concept of therapeutic alliance emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century and came from psychoanalysis. This notion was then extended to the somatic field and aims to replace the paternalistic model in the doctor-patient relationship. The EGPRN TATA group selected the WAI SR as the most reliable and reproducible scale to assess therapeutic alliance. To use it within Europe, it was necessary to translate it into most European languages. The following study aimed to assess the linguistic homogeneity of five of these translations. Research question: Are the translations of the WAI SR homogeneous between Spain, Poland, Slovenia, France and Italy? Methods: Forward-backward translations were achieved in five participating countries (Spain, Poland, France, Slovenia and Italy). Using a Delphi procedure, a global homogeneity check was then performed by comparing the five backward translations during a physical meeting involving GP teachers/researchers from many European countries; the heterogeneity of the participants' origins was a token of reliability. Results: In the assessment of the five translations, 107 experts participated. A consensus was obtained in one to two Delphi rounds for each. During the \textbackslash textasciigravehomogeneity check,' some discrepancies were noted with the original version and were discussed with the local teams. This last stage permitted to highlight cultural discrepancies and real translation issues and to correct if needed. Conclusion: Five homogeneous versions of the WAI SR are now available in five European languages. They will be helpful to evaluate therapeutic alliance at different levels: for GPs in daily practice, for students during the initial and continuous training, and for further research in these five countries. Background: The patient enablement instrument (PEI) is an established patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that reflects the quality of a GP appointment. It is a six-item questionnaire, addressed to the patient immediately after a consultation. Research question: The study aimed to evaluate whether a single-item measure (the Q1), based on the PEI, or a single question extracted from the PEI itself (the Q2) could replace the PEI when measuring patient enablement among Finnish healthcare centre patients. Methods: The study design included (1) a pilot study with brief interviews with the respondents, (2) a questionnaire study before and after a single appointment with a GP, and (3) a telephone interview two weeks after the appointment. The correlations between the measures were examined. The sensitivity, specificity and both positive and negative predictive values for the Q1 and the Q2 were calculated, with different PEI score cut-off points. Results: Altogether 483 patients with completed PEIs were included in the analyses. The correlations between the PEI and the Q1 or the Q2 were 0.48 and 0.84, respectively. Both the Q1 and the Q2 had high sensitivity and negative predictive value in relation to patients with lower enablement scores. The reliability coefficients were 0.24 for the Q1 and 0.76 for the Q2. Conclusion: The Q2 seems to be a valid and reliable way to measure patient enablement. The Q1 seems to be less correlated with the PEI, but it also has high negative predictive value in relation to low enablement scores. Multimorbidity challenges existing healthcare organization and research, which remains disease and single-condition focused. Basic science approaches to multimorbidity have the potential to identify important shared mechanisms by which diseases we currently think of as distinct might arise, but there is a pressing need for more applied and health services research to understand better and manage multimorbidity now. There are several recent clinical guidelines, which make recommendations for managing multimorbidity or related issues for patients such as polypharmacy and frailty. However, the evidence base underpinning these recommendations is often weak, and these guidelines, therefore, also help define a research agenda. A key problem for researchers and health services is that multimorbidity is very heterogeneous, in that \textbackslash textasciigraveintermittent low back pain plus mild eczema' presents very different challenges to researchers and health services compared to \textbackslash textasciigraveactive psychosis plus severe heart failure'. Identifying important but tractable research questions is therefore not always straightforward. This presentation will identify important gaps in the evidence, and illustrate how they might be filled. The focus will be on two areas where there is consensus that better evidence is needed to inform care design and delivery: (1) organizational interventions to implement more coordinated and holistic care; and (2) interventions to improve medicines management in people with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. These illustrate both the potential for imaginative research, but also the scale. Background: The accumulation of multiple chronic diseases (multimorbidity) and multiple prescribed medications (polypharmacy) over time may influence the extent to which an individual maintains health and well-being in later life. Research question: This research aims to describe the patterns (sequence and timing) of multimorbidity and polypharmacy that accumulate over time among primary healthcare patients in Canada. Methods: Data are derived from the Canadian primary care sentinel surveillance network (CPCSSN) electronic medical record (EMR) database that holds {$>$}= 1 million longitudinal, de-identified records. Multimorbidity will be identified with 20 categories, cut-off points of {$>$}= 2 and {$>$}= 3 chronic conditions and the International Classification of Disease (ICD) classification system. Polypharmacy will be identified using the cut-off points of {$>$}= 5 and {$>$}= 10 medication classes and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Analyses will be conducted using Java and Stata 14.2 software. Results: The prevalence of chronic diseases and prescribed medications will be presented, as well as the patterns that are observed among adults and older adults in Canada. The most frequent patterns (combinations and permutations) of multimorbidity and polypharmacy will be presented, stratified by sex and age category. The relationships with other factors, such as the presence of frailty, disability or increased health service use, will be examined. As well, the methodological challenges to identifying the presence and sequence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in national, longitudinal data will be discussed. Conclusion: This research will explore the profiles of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in mid- and late-life using a national, longitudinal database. These findings can be used strategically to inform healthcare delivery and to contribute to the understanding of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the international literature. Reducing the burden of prescribed medications and the harms of polypharmacy are key tasks within the context of multimorbidity. Background: Multimorbidity and polypharmacy have become the norm for general practitioners (GPs). Ideally, GPs search for inappropriate medication and, if necessary, deprescribe. However, it remains challenging to deprescribe given time constraints and little backup from guidelines. Furthermore, barriers and enablers to deprescribing among patients have to be accounted for. Research question: To identify barriers and enablers to deprescribing in older patients with polypharmacy. Methods: We surveyed among patients {$>$}70 years with multimorbidity ({$>$}2 chronic conditions) and polypharmacy ({$>$}4 regular medicines). We invited Swiss GPs to recruit eligible patients, each of whom completed a paper-based survey on demography, medications and chronic conditions. We applied the revised patients' attitudes towards deprescribing (rPATD) questionnaire and added 12 additional questions and two open questions to assess barriers and enablers towards deprescribing. Results: We analysed the first 221 responses received so far and full results will be presented at the conference. Participants were 79.3 years in mean (SD 5.8) and 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% female. Thirty-one percent lived alone, and 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% prepared their medication themselves, all others required help. Seventy-six percent of participants took 5-9 regular medicines and 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% took {$>$}= 10 up to 22 medicines. Participants (76\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were willing to deprescribe one or more of their medicines and 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not have any negative experience with deprescribing. Age and gender were not associated with their willingness to deprescribe. Important barriers to deprescribing were satisfaction with drugs (96\textbackslash textbackslash\%), long-term drugs (56\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and noticing positive effects when taking them (92\textbackslash textbackslash\%). When it comes to deprescribing, 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants wanted as much information as possible on their medicines. Having a good relationship with their GP was a further key factor to them (85\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion: Most older adults are willing to deprescribe. They would like to be informed about their medicines and want to discuss deprescribing to achieve shared decision-making with the GP they trust. Background: With growing populations of patients with multimorbidity, general practitioners need insight into which patients in their practice are most in need for person-centred integrated care ('high-need' patients). Using data from electronic primary care medical records to automatically create a list of possible \textbackslash textasciigravehigh need' patients could be a quick and easy first step to assist GPs in identifying these patients. Research question: Can \textbackslash textasciigravehigh need' patients with multimorbidity be identified automatically from their primary care medical records? Methods: Pseudonymized medical records of patients with multimorbidity ({$>$}= 2 chronic diseases) were analysed. Data was derived from the Nivel primary care database, a large registry containing data routinely recorded in electronic health records. This includes data on healthcare use, health problems and treatment. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict outcomes (frequent contact with the general practice, ER visits and unplanned hospital admissions). Predictors were age, sex, healthcare use in the previous year, morbidity and medication use. Results: In total, 245 065 patients with multimorbidity were identified, of which 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% were above the age of 65 and 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% female. More than 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% had five GP contacts in the previous year and 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% used five or more different medications. Frequent contact with the general practice could be reliably predicted using only the number of contacts in the previous year (AUC: 0.82). Adding all other predictors (including specific chronic conditions) only improved the predictive value of the model marginally (AUC: 0.84). Identifying patients with a high risk for ER visits and unplanned hospital admissions proved more difficult (AUC: 0.67 and 0.70, respectively). Conclusion: \textbackslash textasciigraveHigh need' patients with multimorbidity can be automatically selected from primary care medical records using only the number of contacts with the general practice in the previous year. Composing a list of these patients can help GPs to identify those eligible for person-centred integrated care. Background: Chronic diseases usually have a long duration and slow progression and, as a result, they tend to aggregate in multimorbidity patterns (MPs) during the life course and/or due to shared underlying pathophysiological pathways. Knowledge of how MPs progress over time is necessary to develop effective prevention management strategies. Research question: What are the most likely MPs over time? Which longitudinal shifts from one pattern to another occur during follow-up? Methods: A prospective longitudinal study based on electronic health records was conducted during 2012-2016 in Catalonia, Spain. For people aged {$>$}= 65 years, we extracted data on demographics and diagnostic codes for chronic diseases (ICD-10). Machine-learning techniques were applied for the identification of disease clusters using fuzzy c-means analysis to obtain initial clusters. To estimate longitudinal MPs and their progression for each individual a hidden Markov model was fitted, estimating: (1) the transition probability matrix between clusters; (2) the initial cluster probability; (3) the most likely trajectory for each individual. The prevalence of disease in each cluster, observed/expected ratios (O/E ratios) and disease exclusivity was determined for each MP. Criteria used to designate cluster: O/E ratio {$>$}= 2. Results: In total, 916 619 individuals were included. Ten MPs were identified. The cluster including the most prevalent diseases was designated non-specific (42.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of individuals). The remaining nine clusters included the following anatomical systems: ophthalmologic and mental diseases (19.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), osteometabolic (7.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), cardio-circulatory (6.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and others. Most patients, minimum 59.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, remained in the same cluster during the study period. The highest transitions to the mortality state were observed in the cardio-circulatory (37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and nervous (31.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) MPs. Conclusion: Ten significant longitudinal MPs were found. The application of sophisticated statistical techniques ideally suited the study of the MPs and allowed for characterization over time. This method is useful to establish a probabilistic evolution of MPs. Background: Quality of life is an essential theme for quantitative surveys in primary care. Treatments and procedures need to be assessed on whether they change patients' quality of life. This has led to the creation of evaluation scales. The purpose of this study was to determine reproducibility and efficiency of 11 previously selected quality of life scales (selected with a systematic review) for the general population. Research question: What is the best possible reproducible and efficient quality of life scale for the general population? Methods: The search was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 in PubMed and Cochrane databases, according to the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) protocol. The inclusion criteria were the psychometric qualities for each of the 11 scales studied. Articles dealing with subpopulations or those not written in IMRAD format were excluded. The collected values were reproducibility and efficiency. Results: Out of 206, 46 selected articles were included. Cronbach's alpha by domain and Pearson's coefficient were the most analysed psychometrics. No valid efficiency data was obtained. The internal consistency was over 0.7 for the SF-36, SF12v2 and EQ-5D scales. The Pearson coefficient was over 0.4 for the SF36v2, SF-12 and SF-12v2 scales. The Cohen's kappa ranged from 0.4 to 0.80 for the EQ-5D questionnaire. Conclusion: No scale is fully validated. Reproducibility values were incomplete (Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's most expressed). No efficiency data was found. The most validated scales are the SF family and the EQ-5D. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of these limitations when choosing a quality of life scale. They should return to the scales' designs to choose the one that underlines the type of quality of life they want to assess as no external validity is available. Background: Previous studies have shown an increased rate of infection among patients with diabetes; however, it is unclear from these studies if the level of HbA1c is correlated with infection. Research question: This study aimed to examine the association between glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes patients and the incidence of infections. Methods: An HMO database was used to identify all DM patients. The first HbA1c test during the period of the study was selected for each patient; then an infection diagnosis was searched in the 60 days that followed the test. We compared the HbA1c test results that were followed by an infection to those that were not. After applying exclusion criteria: having cancer, receiving immunosuppressive medication, undergoing dialysis treatment, anaemia less than 9 mg\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and G6PD deficiency, there remained 33 637 patients in the cohort. The study period was October 2014 to September 2017. The following information was collected: age, gender, socio-economic index, BMI, use of hypoglycaemic and steroid medication in the 90 days before infection, and comorbid conditions (IHD, PVD, CVA, CCF, asthma, COPD, Parkinson's disease, dementia, CRF). Results: In total, 804 patients had an infection within 60 days following an HbA1c test. For cellulitis, cholecystitis, herpes zoster, pneumonia and sinusitis the HbA1c was higher than those patients that had no infection (for cellulitis 7.603 vs 7.243). When factored into logistic regression analysis, we found that other chronic diseases increased the risk of infection between 29 and 60\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Each increase of a gram of HbA1c increased the risk by 8.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Use of steroids in the 90 days before the infection increases the chance of infection by 734\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Conclusion: Increasing HbA1c and comorbidity both increase the risk of infection among type 2 diabetics but use of oral or injectable steroids is a much more significant risk factor.},
+  abstract = {Current primary care in Finland is based on the Primary Health Care Act (1972), which addressed numerous new tasks to all municipalities. All of them had to find a new health centre organization, which provides a wide range of health services, including prevention and public health promotion. Multiple tasks require multiprofessional staff, and thus, the Finnish health centre personnel consisted not only of GPs but of public health nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, psychologists, social workers, dentists, etc. During the next decade, there have been some changes but the idea of multiprofessional structure has remained. According to the QUALICOPC study (2012) Finnish GPs are still co-located with several other healthcare professionals compared to most of the European countries; even compared to other Nordic countries which otherwise have many similarities in their primary healthcare. During the last 10 or 15 years, healthcare providers and researchers have recognized a new challenge: our current systems do not meet the needs of patients with multiple health and social problems-and the proportion of these patients is increasing all the time as the population is getting older. One could suppose that preconditions of handling multimorbidity would be excellent in multiprofessional surroundings like ours, but actually, a person with multiple problems is a challenge there, too. Multiprofessional organization in primary care does not guarantee proper care of patients with multiple diseases, if we do not acknowledge the challenge and revise our systems. We have to develop new ways of collaboration and new models of integrated care. The problematic part is secondary care, which is organized with logic of one medical speciality per visit. In Tampere University Hospital district, we have created a care pathway model, which defines the roles of primary healthcare and secondary care. Nationwide, we have recently started to prepare national guidelines for the care of patients with multimorbidity. What we need more in the future is more research on new practices and models. Background: Most patients with antihypertensive medication do not achieve their blood pressure (BP) target. Several barriers to successful hypertension treatment are well identified but we need novel ways of addressing them. Research question: Can using a checklist improve the quality of care in the initiation of new antihypertensive medication? Methods: This non-blinded, cluster-randomized, controlled study was conducted in eight primary care study centres in central Finland, randomized to function as either intervention (n = 4) or control sites (n = 4). We included patients aged 30-75 years who were prescribed antihypertensive medication for the first time. Initiation of medication in the intervention group was carried out with a nine-item checklist, filled in together by the treating physician and the patient. The treating physician managed hypertension treatment in the control group without a study-specific protocol. Results: In total, 119 patients were included in the study, of which 118 were included in the analysis (n = 59 in the control group, n = 59 in the intervention group). When initiating medication, an adequate BP target was set for 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the patients in the control group and for 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the intervention group. Shortly after the appointment, only 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the patients in the control group were able to remember the adequate BP target, compared with 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the intervention group. The use of the checklist was also related to more regular agreement on the next follow-up appointment (64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the control group vs 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the intervention group). Conclusion: Even highly motivated new hypertensive patients in Finnish primary care have significant gaps in their treatment-related skills. The use of a checklist for initiation of antihypertensive medication was related to substantial improvement in these skills. Based on our findings, the use of a checklist might be a practical tool for clinicians initiating new antihypertensive medications. Background: Immediate feedback is underused in the French medical education curriculum, specifically with video-recorded consultation. Research question: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the interest in this teaching method as a training and assessment tool in the learning process of general practitioner (GP) trainees. Methods: During the period November 2017 to October 2018, trainees in ambulatory training courses collected quantitative data about recording consultations with a video camera: numbers of recordings, feedback, patients' participation refusals, and information about the learning process and competencies. The trainees' level of satisfaction was measured by means of a questionnaire at the end of their traineeship. Results: Sixty-seven trainees were recruited and 44 of them 65.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% actively participated in the study; 607 video recordings and 243 feedback with trainers were performed. Few patients (18.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) refused the video-recording. Most trainees considered video recording with immediate feedback to be a relevant learning tool. It made it possible for the participants to observe their difficulties and their achievements. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveRelation, communication, patient-centred care' was the most built competency, non-verbal communication, in particular. Time was the main limiting factor of this teaching method. Most trainees were in favour of its generalization in their university course. Conclusion: Video recording with immediate feedback in real-time consultation needs to be adapted to training areas and depends on time and logistics. This teaching method seems to be useful in the development of communication skills. It could lift the barriers of the trainer's physical presence near GP trainees during immediate feedback in real-time consultation. It could help trainees to build their competencies while enhancing the place of immediate feedback in the general practice curriculum. It could also constitute an additional tool for the certification of GP trainees. Background: Perinatal depression has been associated with psychiatric morbidity in mothers and their offspring. This study assessed the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptoms in a large population of women and investigated associations of these symptoms with demographic and clinical factors. Research question: Which factors (including sociodemographic, medical, lifestyle, and laboratory test) are associated with perinatal depression? Methods: All members of Maccabi Health Services who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during 2015-2016 were included in the study. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for associations of sociodemographic, medical, lifestyle, and laboratory test factors with perinatal depressive symptoms, according to a score {$>$}10 on the EPDS. Results: Of 27 912 women who filled the EPDS, 2029 (7.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were classified as having peripartum depression. In a logistic regression analysis, the use of antidepressant medications, particularly for a period greater than three months, Arab background, current or past smoking, a diagnosis of chronic diabetes and age under 25 years were all associated with increased ORs for perinatal depression; while Orthodox Jewish affiliation, residence in the periphery and higher haemoglobin level were associated with lower ORs. Incidences of depression were 17.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in women with a history of antidepressant medication, 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among women with diabetes, and 11.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among current smokers. Conclusion: Several demographic, medical, and lifetime factors were found to be substantially more prevalent among women with symptoms of perinatal depression than those without. Encouraging women to complete the EPDS during and following pregnancy may help identify women in need of support. Background: Regulating the quality and effectiveness of the work of general practitioners is essential for a sound healthcare system. In the Republic of Macedonia this is regulated by the Health Insurance Fund through a system of penalties/sanctions. Research question: The goal of this study is to evaluate the types and effectiveness of the sanctions used on primary care practitioners. Methods: This is a quantitative research study for which we used an anonymous survey with 18 questions. This survey was distributed to 443 randomly selected general practitioners from different parts of Macedonia and 438 of them responded. For the quantitative data, we used the Pearson's chi-squared test, correlation and descriptive statistics. Part of the survey is qualitative, consisting of comments and opinions of the general practitioners. Results: From the participants, 336 were female and 102 were male. The doctors' gender was not associated with sanctioning. Most general practitioners were in the age categories of 30-39 and 40-49 years. The participants' age had a significant influence on sanctioning-older doctors were sanctioned more frequently. Out of 438 participants, 33.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were specialists in family medicine and 66.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% general practitioners. Specialists in family medicine were sanctioned significantly more frequently than general practitioners. Doctors that worked in the hospital or 19 km from the nearest hospital were significantly more frequently sanctioned. The three most common reasons for sanctions were financial consumption of prescriptions and referrals above the agreed amount, higher rate of sick leaves and/or justification of sick leaves and unrealized preventative goals or education. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveFinancial sanction by scale' was the most common type of sanction: 49.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants. Doctors who followed the guidelines, but who were exposed to violence were sanctioned significantly more frequently. Conclusion: We can observe that age, speciality, the distance of the workplace from the nearest hospital and violence influence sanctioning. Background: Biases are major barriers to external validity of studies, reducing evidence. Among these biases, the definition and the reality of the Hawthorne effect (HE) (or observation bias) remains controversial. According to McCambridge in a review from 2013, the Hawthorne effect is a behaviour change occurring when the subject is being observed during a scientific study. This effect would be multifactorial, and he suggests the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeffects of research participation.' However, the reviewed studies were conflicting and evidence is sparse. Research question: We updated McCambridge's review to actualize the definition of the HE. Methods: McCambridge's most recent article dated back to January 3, 2012. We focused on the articles published between January 1, 2012 and August 10, 2018 searching Medline. We used the sole keyword {\textbackslash}textasciigraveHawthorne Effect.' The search was filtered based on the dates, the availability of an abstract and the languages English and French. We included articles defining or evaluating the HE. Articles citing the effect without defining it or irrelevant to the topic were excluded. Two independent readers searched and analysed the articles. Discrepancies were solved by consensus. Results: Out of 106 articles, 42 articles were included. All the articles acknowledged an observation bias, considered as significant or not, depending on the population (education, literacy), the methods and the variable of interest. It was a psychological change, limited in time. The HE was defined as a change of behaviour related to direct or indirect observation of the subjects or the investigators, to their previous selection and commitment in the study (written agreement) and to social desirability. Despite observations, articles were conflicting. Some do confirm the existence of the HE, others deny it. Meta-analysis is ongoing. Conclusion: No formal consensus regarding the definition of the effect has been reached so far. However, the authors agree on its implication as an experimental artefact. Background: Polypharmacy and multimorbidity are on the rise. Consequently, general practitioners (GPs) treat an increasing number of multimorbid patients with polypharmacy. To limit negative health outcomes, GPs should search for inappropriate medication intake in such patients. However, systematic medication reviews are time-consuming. Recent eHealth tools, such as the {\textbackslash}textasciigravesystematic tool to reduce inappropriate prescribing' (STRIP) assistant, provide an opportunity for GPs to get support when conducting such medication reviews. Research question: Can the STRIP assistant as electronic decision support help GPs to optimize medication appropriateness in older, multimorbid patients with polypharmacy? Methods: This cluster randomized controlled trial is conducted in 40 Swiss GP practices, each recruiting 8-10 patients aged {$>$}= 65 years, with {$>$}= 3 chronic conditions and {$>$}= 5 chronic medications (320 patients in total). We compare the effectiveness of using the STRIP assistant for optimizing medication appropriateness to usual care. The STRIP assistant is based on the STOPP/START criteria (version 2) and, for this trial, it is implemented in the Swiss eHealth setting where some GPs already share routine medical data from their electronic medical records in a research database (FIRE). Patients are followed-up for 12 months and the change in medication appropriateness is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes are the numbers of falls and fractures, quality of life, health economic parameters, patients' willingness to deprescribe as well as implementation barriers and enablers for GPs when using the STRIP assistant. Results: Patient recruitment started in December 2018. This presentation focuses on the study protocol and the challenges faced when testing this new software in Swiss primary care. Conclusion: Finding out whether the STRIP assistant is an effective tool and beneficial for older and multimorbid patients, who are usually excluded from trials, will have an impact on the coordination of chronic care for multimorbid patients in Swiss primary care in this new eHealth environment. Background: Workplace violence (WPV) towards healthcare staff is becoming a common problem in different healthcare settings worldwide. Moreover, the prevalence is 16 times higher than in other professions. How often it happened towards young doctors working as general practitioners (GPs) at the beginning of their careers has been rarely studied. Research question: To investigate the frequency and forms of WPV, experienced by the young Croatian GPs from their patients, and violence reporting pattern to the competent institutions. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out on 74 GP residents, during their postgraduate study in family medicine in May 2018. A specially designed anonymous questionnaire, developed by Association of Family Physicians of South Eastern Europe, was used to investigate the prevalence and forms of WPV, the narrative description of the traumatic event itself and the process of reporting it. Results: The response rate was 91.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, female 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, the median of years working as a GP was 3.5 years. Most of the residents were working in an urban practice (63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), others in the rural and the suburban once (27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). All GP residents experienced patients' and caregivers' violent behaviour directed towards them. High-intensity violence (e.g. physical violence, sexual harassment) was experienced by 44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, middle intensity (e.g. intimidation, visual sexual harassment) by 84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% while all residents experienced verbal violence. Only 13.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% residents reported WPV to the competent institutions. Most of GP residents reported the appearance of the new form of violence: the one over the internet. Conclusion: The high prevalence of all types of violence towards young Croatian doctors is worrisome, as is the fact that violent acts are seldom reported to the competent institutions. Those alarming facts could become a threat to GPs career choosing. Background: About 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients adhere to chronic therapy in France. Improving adherence should improve their care. Identifying the patient's difficulties in taking medication is complex for the physician, because there is no gold standard for measuring adherence to medications. How can the general practitioner in his/her practice identify patient compliance? Research question: Analyse studies that develop or validate scales used to estimate adherence in primary care. Methods: A systematic review of the literature from PubMed, the Cochrane Library and PsycINFO databases. The search terms used were the MeSH terms (or adapted to the database's vocabulary): questionnaire, compliance and primary care. All articles were retained whatever the language of writing. Selection criteria were: assessment of the development, validation or reliability of one or more compliance scales; taking place in primary care. One reviewer screened titles, which included the term adherence then abstracts and full text. Only articles evaluating the development, validity or reliability of a primary care adherence rating scale were included in analysis. Results: In total 1022 articles were selected and 18 articles were included. Seventeen adherence scales were identified in primary care, most of which targeted a single pathology, especially hypertension. The most cited scale is the MMAS Morisky medication adherence scale. Three scales were developed for patients with multiple chronic diseases. One scale was developed for patients older than 65 years-the Strathclyde compliance risk assessment tool (SCRAT)-and two scales were developed for adult patients whatever their age-the instrument developed by Sidorkiewicz et al., and the DAMS, diagnostic adherence to medication scale. Conclusion: Two scales have been developed and validated in primary care to assess patient adherence with multiple chronic diseases: the DAMS and the instrument developed by Sidorkiewicz et al. A simple, reliable, reproducible primary care scale would assess the impact of actions developed to improve adherence: motivational interviewing, patient therapeutic education, and the ASALeE protocol. Background: Multimorbidity prevalence increases with age while declining quality of life (QoL) is one of its major consequences. Research question: The study aims to: (1) Assess the relationship between increasing number of diseases and QoL. (2) Identify the most frequently occurring patterns of diseases and how they relate to QoL. (3) Observe how these associations differ across different European countries and regions. Methods: Cross-sectional data analysis performed on wave six of the population-based survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE) (n = 68 231). Data were collected in 2015 among population 50+ years old in 17 European countries and Israel. Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions. Conditions were self-declared and identified through an open-end questionnaire containing 17 prelisted conditions plus conditions added by participants. Control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure questionnaire (CASP-12v) was used to evaluate QoL. Association between increasing number of diseases and QoL was assessed with linear regression. Factor analysis is being conducted to identify patterns of diseases to evaluate their impact on QoL further. Multilevel analysis will take into account differences between countries and regions. Confounding was searched with directed acyclic graph (DAG) method and included age, sex, education, socio-economic status, behavioural habits, social support and healthcare parameters. Results: Participants (49.09{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had two or more diseases. Maximum number of diseases per person was 13, mean number was 1.9. Unadjusted preliminary analysis showed that on average QoL decreases by -1.27 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: -1.29, -1.24) with each added new condition across Europe. The decline appears to be the steepest in Spain, -1.61 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: -1.71, -1.51), and the least so in Israel, -0.67 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: -0.82, -0.52). Conclusion: Ongoing analysis will identify disease patterns, which may have the highest impact on QoL, as well as to elucidate the role of confounders in the relationship between increasing number of diseases and disease patterns with QoL. Background: The burden and preventive potential of disease is typically estimated for each non-communicable disease (NCD) separately but NCDs often co-occur, which hampers reliable quantification of their overall burden and joint preventive potential in the population. Research questions: What is the lifetime risk of developing any NCD? Which multimorbidity clusters of NCDs cause the greatest burden? To what extent do three key shared risk factors, namely smoking, hypertension and being overweight, influence this risk, life-expectancy and NCD-multimorbidity? Methods: Between 1990 and 2012 we followed NCD-free participants aged {$>$}= 45 years at baseline from the Dutch prospective Rotterdam study for incidents of stroke, heart disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. We quantified (co-)occurrence and remaining lifetime risk of NCDs in a competing risk framework, and studied the effects of smoking, hypertension, and being overweight on lifetime risk and life expectancy. Results: During follow-up of 9061 participants, 814 participants were diagnosed with stroke, 1571 with heart disease, 625 with diabetes, 1004 with chronic respiratory disease, 1538 with cancer, and 1065 with neurodegenerative disease. Among those, 1563 participants (33.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were diagnosed with multiple diseases. The lifetime risk of any NCD from the age of 45 onwards was 94.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 92.9-95.1) for men and 92.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 91.8-93.8) for women. Absence of shared risk factors was associated with a 9.0-year delay (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 6.3-11.6) in the age at onset of any NCD. Furthermore, overall life expectancy for participants without risk factors was 6.0 years (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 5.7-7.9) longer than those with these risk factors. Participants without these risk factors spent 21.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of their remaining lifetime with NCDs, compared to 31.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for those with risk factors. Conclusion: Nine out of 10 individuals aged 45 years and older will develop at least one NCD during their remaining lifetime. A third was diagnosed with multiple NCDs during follow-up. Absence of three common shared risk factors related to compression of morbidity of NCDs. Background: This study examined if using electronic reminders increases the rate of diagnosis recordings in the patient chart system following visits to a general practitioner (GP). The impact of electronic reminders was studied in the primary care of a Finnish city. Research question: How effective is the reminder of the information system in improving the diagnostic level of primary care? Which is better and how: financial incentives or reminders? Methods: This was an observational retrospective study based on a before-and-after design and was carried out by installing an electronic reminder in the computerized patient chart system to improve the recording of diagnoses during GP visits. The quality of the recorded diagnoses was observed before and after the intervention. The effect of this intervention on the recording of diagnoses was also studied. Results: Before intervention, the level of recording diagnoses was about 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the primary care units. After four years, the recording rate had risen to 90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (p {$<$} 0.001). The rate of change in the recording of diagnoses was highest during the first year of intervention. In the present study, most of the visits concerned mild respiratory infections, elevated blood pressure, low back pain and type II diabetes. Conclusion: An electronic reminder improved the recording of diagnoses during the visits to GPs. The present intervention produced data, which reflects the distribution of diagnoses in real clinical life in primary care and thus provides valid data about the public. Background: Child abuse is widespread, occurs in all cultures and communities and remains undiscovered in 90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the cases. In total, 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of reported child abuse concerns emotional ill-treatment. In the Netherlands, at least 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (118 000) of children are victims of child abuse resulting in 50 deaths each year. Only 1-3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of abuse cases are reported by general practitioners (GPs) to the Child Protective Services agency (CPS). To explain this low reporting rate, we examined GPs' experiences with child abuse. Research question: How does the suspicion of child abuse arise in GPs' diagnostic reasoning? How do they act upon their suspicion and what kind of barriers do they experience in their management? Methods: In total 26 GPs (16 female) participated in four focus groups. We used purposive sampling to include GPs with different levels of experience in rural and urban areas spread over the Netherlands. We used NVivo for thematic content analysis. Results: Suspected child abuse arose based on common triggers and a gut feeling that {\textbackslash}textasciigravesomething is wrong here'. GPs acted upon their suspicion by gathering more data by history taking and physical examination. They often found it challenging to decide whether a child was abused because parents, despite their good intentions, may lack parenting skills and differ in their norms and values. GPs reported clear signs of sexual abuse and physical violence to CPS. However, in less clear-cut cases they followed-up and built a supporting network around the family. Most GPs highly valued the patient-doctor relationship while recognizing the risk of pushing boundaries. Conclusion: A low child abuse reporting rate by GPs to CPS does not mean a low detection rate. GPs use patients' trust in their doctor to improve a child's situation by involving other professionals. Background: The number of people suffering from multiple chronic conditions, multimorbidity, is rising. For society, multimorbidity is known to increase healthcare expenses through more frequent contacts, especially with the primary sector. For the individual, an increasing number of medical conditions are associated with lower quality of life (QoL). However, there is no statistically validated condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for the assessment of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. A validated PROM is essential in order to measure effect in intervention studies for this patient group. Research question: (1) To identify items covering QoL among patients with multimorbidity in a Danish context. (2) To develop and validate a PROM for assessment of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. (3) To utilize the final PROM in a large group of patients with multimorbidity to measure their QoL when living with different combinations and severity of multimorbidity. Methods: Phase 1: qualitative individual and focus group interviews with patients with multimorbidity to identify relevant QoL items. Phase 2: validation of the items through a draft questionnaire sent by email to around 200-400 patients with multimorbidity. Phase 3: psychometric validation of the draft questionnaire securing items with the highest possible measurement quality. Phase 4: assessment of QoL among approximately 2000 patients with multimorbidity from the Danish Lolland-Falster study. Results: There are no results yet. Currently, the interview guide is under development. Conclusion: Despite the rising number of patients with multimorbidity and the known inverse relationship between a patient's number of medical conditions and their quality of life, there is no statistically validated condition-specific PROM for assessment of QoL among this group. Our aim is that this project's developed and validated PROM will be used in future intervention studies as a valid measure of QoL among patients with multimorbidity. Background: Through a systematic review of the literature and qualitative research across Europe, the European General Practitioners Research Network (EGPRN) has designed and validated a comprehensive definition of multimorbidity. It is a concept considering all the biopsychosocial conditions of a patient. This concept encompasses more than 50 variables and is consequently difficult to use in primary care. Consideration of adverse outcomes (such as death or acute hospitalization) could help to distinguish which variables could be risk factors of decompensation within the definition of multimorbidity. Research question: Which criteria in the EGPRN concept of multimorbidity could detect outpatients at risk of death or acute hospitalization (i.e. decompensation) in a primary care cohort at 24-months of follow-up? Methods: Primary care outpatients (131) answering to EGPRN's multimorbidity definition were included by GPs, during two periods of inclusion in 2014 and 2015. At 24 months follow-up, the status {\textbackslash}textasciigravedecompensation' or {\textbackslash}textasciigravenothing to report' was collected. A logistic regression following a Cox model was performed to achieve the survival analysis and to identify potential risk factors. Results: At 24 months follow-up, 120 patients were analysed. Three different clusters were identified. Forty-four patients, representing 36.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population, had either died or been hospitalized more than seven consecutive days. Two variables were significantly associated with decompensation: Number of GPs encounters per year (HR: 1.06; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 1.03-1.10, p {$<$}0.001), and total number of diseases (HR: 1.12; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 1.03-1.33; P = 0.039). Conclusion: To prevent death or acute hospitalization in multimorbid outpatients, GPs may be alert to those with high rates of GP encounters or a high number of illnesses. These results are consistent with others in medical literature. Background: A study of casual versus causal comorbidity in family medicine in three practice populations from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Research question: (1) What is the observed comorbidity of the 20 most common episodes of care in three countries? (2) How much of the observed comorbidity is likely to be casual versus causal? Methods: Participating family doctors (FDs) in the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia recorded details of all patient contacts in an episode of care structure using electronic medical records based on the International Classification of Primary Care, collecting data on all elements of the doctor-patient encounter, including the diagnostic labels (episode of care labels, EoCs). Comorbidity was measured using the odds ratio of both conditions being incident or rest-prevalent in the same patient in one-year data frames, as against not. Results: Comorbidity in family practice expressed as odds ratios between the 41 most prevalent (joint top 20) episode titles in the three populations. Specific associations were explored in different age groups to observe the changes in odds ratios with increasing age as a surrogate for a temporal or biological gradient. Conclusion: After applying accepted criteria for testing the causality of associations, it is reasonable to conclude that most of the observed primary care comorbidity is casual. It would be incorrect to assume causal relationships between co-occurring diseases in family medicine, even if such a relationship might be plausible or consistent with current conceptualizations of the causation of disease. Most observed comorbidity in primary care is the result of increasing illness diversity. Background: The concept of therapeutic alliance emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century and came from psychoanalysis. This notion was then extended to the somatic field and aims to replace the paternalistic model in the doctor-patient relationship. The EGPRN TATA group selected the WAI SR as the most reliable and reproducible scale to assess therapeutic alliance. To use it within Europe, it was necessary to translate it into most European languages. The following study aimed to assess the linguistic homogeneity of five of these translations. Research question: Are the translations of the WAI SR homogeneous between Spain, Poland, Slovenia, France and Italy? Methods: Forward-backward translations were achieved in five participating countries (Spain, Poland, France, Slovenia and Italy). Using a Delphi procedure, a global homogeneity check was then performed by comparing the five backward translations during a physical meeting involving GP teachers/researchers from many European countries; the heterogeneity of the participants' origins was a token of reliability. Results: In the assessment of the five translations, 107 experts participated. A consensus was obtained in one to two Delphi rounds for each. During the {\textbackslash}textasciigravehomogeneity check,' some discrepancies were noted with the original version and were discussed with the local teams. This last stage permitted to highlight cultural discrepancies and real translation issues and to correct if needed. Conclusion: Five homogeneous versions of the WAI SR are now available in five European languages. They will be helpful to evaluate therapeutic alliance at different levels: for GPs in daily practice, for students during the initial and continuous training, and for further research in these five countries. Background: The patient enablement instrument (PEI) is an established patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that reflects the quality of a GP appointment. It is a six-item questionnaire, addressed to the patient immediately after a consultation. Research question: The study aimed to evaluate whether a single-item measure (the Q1), based on the PEI, or a single question extracted from the PEI itself (the Q2) could replace the PEI when measuring patient enablement among Finnish healthcare centre patients. Methods: The study design included (1) a pilot study with brief interviews with the respondents, (2) a questionnaire study before and after a single appointment with a GP, and (3) a telephone interview two weeks after the appointment. The correlations between the measures were examined. The sensitivity, specificity and both positive and negative predictive values for the Q1 and the Q2 were calculated, with different PEI score cut-off points. Results: Altogether 483 patients with completed PEIs were included in the analyses. The correlations between the PEI and the Q1 or the Q2 were 0.48 and 0.84, respectively. Both the Q1 and the Q2 had high sensitivity and negative predictive value in relation to patients with lower enablement scores. The reliability coefficients were 0.24 for the Q1 and 0.76 for the Q2. Conclusion: The Q2 seems to be a valid and reliable way to measure patient enablement. The Q1 seems to be less correlated with the PEI, but it also has high negative predictive value in relation to low enablement scores. Multimorbidity challenges existing healthcare organization and research, which remains disease and single-condition focused. Basic science approaches to multimorbidity have the potential to identify important shared mechanisms by which diseases we currently think of as distinct might arise, but there is a pressing need for more applied and health services research to understand better and manage multimorbidity now. There are several recent clinical guidelines, which make recommendations for managing multimorbidity or related issues for patients such as polypharmacy and frailty. However, the evidence base underpinning these recommendations is often weak, and these guidelines, therefore, also help define a research agenda. A key problem for researchers and health services is that multimorbidity is very heterogeneous, in that {\textbackslash}textasciigraveintermittent low back pain plus mild eczema' presents very different challenges to researchers and health services compared to {\textbackslash}textasciigraveactive psychosis plus severe heart failure'. Identifying important but tractable research questions is therefore not always straightforward. This presentation will identify important gaps in the evidence, and illustrate how they might be filled. The focus will be on two areas where there is consensus that better evidence is needed to inform care design and delivery: (1) organizational interventions to implement more coordinated and holistic care; and (2) interventions to improve medicines management in people with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. These illustrate both the potential for imaginative research, but also the scale. Background: The accumulation of multiple chronic diseases (multimorbidity) and multiple prescribed medications (polypharmacy) over time may influence the extent to which an individual maintains health and well-being in later life. Research question: This research aims to describe the patterns (sequence and timing) of multimorbidity and polypharmacy that accumulate over time among primary healthcare patients in Canada. Methods: Data are derived from the Canadian primary care sentinel surveillance network (CPCSSN) electronic medical record (EMR) database that holds {$>$}= 1 million longitudinal, de-identified records. Multimorbidity will be identified with 20 categories, cut-off points of {$>$}= 2 and {$>$}= 3 chronic conditions and the International Classification of Disease (ICD) classification system. Polypharmacy will be identified using the cut-off points of {$>$}= 5 and {$>$}= 10 medication classes and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Analyses will be conducted using Java and Stata 14.2 software. Results: The prevalence of chronic diseases and prescribed medications will be presented, as well as the patterns that are observed among adults and older adults in Canada. The most frequent patterns (combinations and permutations) of multimorbidity and polypharmacy will be presented, stratified by sex and age category. The relationships with other factors, such as the presence of frailty, disability or increased health service use, will be examined. As well, the methodological challenges to identifying the presence and sequence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in national, longitudinal data will be discussed. Conclusion: This research will explore the profiles of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in mid- and late-life using a national, longitudinal database. These findings can be used strategically to inform healthcare delivery and to contribute to the understanding of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the international literature. Reducing the burden of prescribed medications and the harms of polypharmacy are key tasks within the context of multimorbidity. Background: Multimorbidity and polypharmacy have become the norm for general practitioners (GPs). Ideally, GPs search for inappropriate medication and, if necessary, deprescribe. However, it remains challenging to deprescribe given time constraints and little backup from guidelines. Furthermore, barriers and enablers to deprescribing among patients have to be accounted for. Research question: To identify barriers and enablers to deprescribing in older patients with polypharmacy. Methods: We surveyed among patients {$>$}70 years with multimorbidity ({$>$}2 chronic conditions) and polypharmacy ({$>$}4 regular medicines). We invited Swiss GPs to recruit eligible patients, each of whom completed a paper-based survey on demography, medications and chronic conditions. We applied the revised patients' attitudes towards deprescribing (rPATD) questionnaire and added 12 additional questions and two open questions to assess barriers and enablers towards deprescribing. Results: We analysed the first 221 responses received so far and full results will be presented at the conference. Participants were 79.3 years in mean (SD 5.8) and 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female. Thirty-one percent lived alone, and 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% prepared their medication themselves, all others required help. Seventy-six percent of participants took 5-9 regular medicines and 24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% took {$>$}= 10 up to 22 medicines. Participants (76{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were willing to deprescribe one or more of their medicines and 78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% did not have any negative experience with deprescribing. Age and gender were not associated with their willingness to deprescribe. Important barriers to deprescribing were satisfaction with drugs (96{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), long-term drugs (56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and noticing positive effects when taking them (92{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). When it comes to deprescribing, 89{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants wanted as much information as possible on their medicines. Having a good relationship with their GP was a further key factor to them (85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusion: Most older adults are willing to deprescribe. They would like to be informed about their medicines and want to discuss deprescribing to achieve shared decision-making with the GP they trust. Background: With growing populations of patients with multimorbidity, general practitioners need insight into which patients in their practice are most in need for person-centred integrated care ('high-need' patients). Using data from electronic primary care medical records to automatically create a list of possible {\textbackslash}textasciigravehigh need' patients could be a quick and easy first step to assist GPs in identifying these patients. Research question: Can {\textbackslash}textasciigravehigh need' patients with multimorbidity be identified automatically from their primary care medical records? Methods: Pseudonymized medical records of patients with multimorbidity ({$>$}= 2 chronic diseases) were analysed. Data was derived from the Nivel primary care database, a large registry containing data routinely recorded in electronic health records. This includes data on healthcare use, health problems and treatment. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict outcomes (frequent contact with the general practice, ER visits and unplanned hospital admissions). Predictors were age, sex, healthcare use in the previous year, morbidity and medication use. Results: In total, 245 065 patients with multimorbidity were identified, of which 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were above the age of 65 and 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female. More than 42{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had five GP contacts in the previous year and 62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% used five or more different medications. Frequent contact with the general practice could be reliably predicted using only the number of contacts in the previous year (AUC: 0.82). Adding all other predictors (including specific chronic conditions) only improved the predictive value of the model marginally (AUC: 0.84). Identifying patients with a high risk for ER visits and unplanned hospital admissions proved more difficult (AUC: 0.67 and 0.70, respectively). Conclusion: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveHigh need' patients with multimorbidity can be automatically selected from primary care medical records using only the number of contacts with the general practice in the previous year. Composing a list of these patients can help GPs to identify those eligible for person-centred integrated care. Background: Chronic diseases usually have a long duration and slow progression and, as a result, they tend to aggregate in multimorbidity patterns (MPs) during the life course and/or due to shared underlying pathophysiological pathways. Knowledge of how MPs progress over time is necessary to develop effective prevention management strategies. Research question: What are the most likely MPs over time? Which longitudinal shifts from one pattern to another occur during follow-up? Methods: A prospective longitudinal study based on electronic health records was conducted during 2012-2016 in Catalonia, Spain. For people aged {$>$}= 65 years, we extracted data on demographics and diagnostic codes for chronic diseases (ICD-10). Machine-learning techniques were applied for the identification of disease clusters using fuzzy c-means analysis to obtain initial clusters. To estimate longitudinal MPs and their progression for each individual a hidden Markov model was fitted, estimating: (1) the transition probability matrix between clusters; (2) the initial cluster probability; (3) the most likely trajectory for each individual. The prevalence of disease in each cluster, observed/expected ratios (O/E ratios) and disease exclusivity was determined for each MP. Criteria used to designate cluster: O/E ratio {$>$}= 2. Results: In total, 916 619 individuals were included. Ten MPs were identified. The cluster including the most prevalent diseases was designated non-specific (42.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of individuals). The remaining nine clusters included the following anatomical systems: ophthalmologic and mental diseases (19.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), osteometabolic (7.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), cardio-circulatory (6.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and others. Most patients, minimum 59.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, remained in the same cluster during the study period. The highest transitions to the mortality state were observed in the cardio-circulatory (37.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and nervous (31.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) MPs. Conclusion: Ten significant longitudinal MPs were found. The application of sophisticated statistical techniques ideally suited the study of the MPs and allowed for characterization over time. This method is useful to establish a probabilistic evolution of MPs. Background: Quality of life is an essential theme for quantitative surveys in primary care. Treatments and procedures need to be assessed on whether they change patients' quality of life. This has led to the creation of evaluation scales. The purpose of this study was to determine reproducibility and efficiency of 11 previously selected quality of life scales (selected with a systematic review) for the general population. Research question: What is the best possible reproducible and efficient quality of life scale for the general population? Methods: The search was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 in PubMed and Cochrane databases, according to the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) protocol. The inclusion criteria were the psychometric qualities for each of the 11 scales studied. Articles dealing with subpopulations or those not written in IMRAD format were excluded. The collected values were reproducibility and efficiency. Results: Out of 206, 46 selected articles were included. Cronbach's alpha by domain and Pearson's coefficient were the most analysed psychometrics. No valid efficiency data was obtained. The internal consistency was over 0.7 for the SF-36, SF12v2 and EQ-5D scales. The Pearson coefficient was over 0.4 for the SF36v2, SF-12 and SF-12v2 scales. The Cohen's kappa ranged from 0.4 to 0.80 for the EQ-5D questionnaire. Conclusion: No scale is fully validated. Reproducibility values were incomplete (Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's most expressed). No efficiency data was found. The most validated scales are the SF family and the EQ-5D. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of these limitations when choosing a quality of life scale. They should return to the scales' designs to choose the one that underlines the type of quality of life they want to assess as no external validity is available. Background: Previous studies have shown an increased rate of infection among patients with diabetes; however, it is unclear from these studies if the level of HbA1c is correlated with infection. Research question: This study aimed to examine the association between glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes patients and the incidence of infections. Methods: An HMO database was used to identify all DM patients. The first HbA1c test during the period of the study was selected for each patient; then an infection diagnosis was searched in the 60 days that followed the test. We compared the HbA1c test results that were followed by an infection to those that were not. After applying exclusion criteria: having cancer, receiving immunosuppressive medication, undergoing dialysis treatment, anaemia less than 9 mg{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and G6PD deficiency, there remained 33 637 patients in the cohort. The study period was October 2014 to September 2017. The following information was collected: age, gender, socio-economic index, BMI, use of hypoglycaemic and steroid medication in the 90 days before infection, and comorbid conditions (IHD, PVD, CVA, CCF, asthma, COPD, Parkinson's disease, dementia, CRF). Results: In total, 804 patients had an infection within 60 days following an HbA1c test. For cellulitis, cholecystitis, herpes zoster, pneumonia and sinusitis the HbA1c was higher than those patients that had no infection (for cellulitis 7.603 vs 7.243). When factored into logistic regression analysis, we found that other chronic diseases increased the risk of infection between 29 and 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Each increase of a gram of HbA1c increased the risk by 8.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Use of steroids in the 90 days before the infection increases the chance of infection by 734{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Conclusion: Increasing HbA1c and comorbidity both increase the risk of infection among type 2 diabetics but use of oral or injectable steroids is a much more significant risk factor.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18,13 +18,27 @@
   author = {[Anonymous]},
   year = {2021},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSTETRICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& GYNECOLOGY},
+  journal = {CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSTETRICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& GYNECOLOGY},
   volume = {48},
   number = {3},
   pages = {733--777},
   issn = {0390-6663},
   doi = {10.31083/j.ceog.2021.03.0511},
-  abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests that parental health, even before conception, may affect offspring development. Stressful environments during critical periods of growth and development that include preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood could cause long-term effects that may impact offspring's health. These environmental factors may include maternal and paternal metabolic and endocrine health, exposure to endocrine disruptors, pollutants, environmental stressors and chemicals, and also the use of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), among others. Periconceptional and prenatal care are crucial to improving infants' development and health and preventing adult diseases, such as diabetes, neurocognitive, and other multifactorial and complex disorders. Although increasing attention has been given to prenatal care management in the last years, there are still disparities among nations in terms of access to healthcare and also controversial results in many aspects, and unresolved issues. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised new questions regarding reproduction, pregnancy and childhood development care. In particular, in Latin America, socioeconomic inequalities in primary health system access make these societies vulnerable in terms of gestational care. Moreover, although antenatal care is more accessible in developed countries, there is still a need to comprehend the impact of different environmental cues on human health and development and improve the possible medical interventions and public policy management. To address the above-mentioned topics, the International Symposium on Reproductive Health 2021 (ISRH2021) was proposed by a group of early-career scientists from Argentina, as a free one-day symposium with different roundtable sessions, including: -Maternal-fetal interface -Maternal effects on pregnancy and offspring health -ARTs effects on embryo and offspring development -Paternal effects on fertility and offspring health The virtual format provided a networking space between Early-Career and experienced researchers from home, anywhere in the world. This not only allowed to join experts from Latin-American and developed countries but also allowed a wider global audience to attend, including those who may not be able to travel for a face-to-face meeting. The economic barrier is a common problem in Latin America and developing countries as the low incomes affect the possibility of attending international meetings. Moreover, as ECRs are the academic members with lower salaries, they are usually the most affected. The spirit of this symposium was to create possibilities for worldwide participation at all career stages. During the ISRH2021, each session consisted of two Senior talks of invited international researchers and two short talks of early-career researchers (ECRs), which were selected based on their abstract quality. Also, a poster session was held. To generate different opportunities for interaction between Senior and ECRs, several short talks were also held, followed by a debate. Among the topics discussed were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveWomen in Science and Gender Discrepancy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveFrom basic research to public policies\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveECRs Resources\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCareer Paths\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Listed below we present the abstract of the works presented at the ISRH 2021 meeting.},
+  abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests that parental health, even before conception, may affect offspring development. Stressful environments during critical periods of growth and development that include preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood could cause long-term effects that may impact offspring's health. These environmental factors may include maternal and paternal metabolic and endocrine health, exposure to endocrine disruptors, pollutants, environmental stressors and chemicals, and also the use of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), among others. Periconceptional and prenatal care are crucial to improving infants' development and health and preventing adult diseases, such as diabetes, neurocognitive, and other multifactorial and complex disorders. Although increasing attention has been given to prenatal care management in the last years, there are still disparities among nations in terms of access to healthcare and also controversial results in many aspects, and unresolved issues. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised new questions regarding reproduction, pregnancy and childhood development care. In particular, in Latin America, socioeconomic inequalities in primary health system access make these societies vulnerable in terms of gestational care. Moreover, although antenatal care is more accessible in developed countries, there is still a need to comprehend the impact of different environmental cues on human health and development and improve the possible medical interventions and public policy management. To address the above-mentioned topics, the International Symposium on Reproductive Health 2021 (ISRH2021) was proposed by a group of early-career scientists from Argentina, as a free one-day symposium with different roundtable sessions, including: -Maternal-fetal interface -Maternal effects on pregnancy and offspring health -ARTs effects on embryo and offspring development -Paternal effects on fertility and offspring health The virtual format provided a networking space between Early-Career and experienced researchers from home, anywhere in the world. This not only allowed to join experts from Latin-American and developed countries but also allowed a wider global audience to attend, including those who may not be able to travel for a face-to-face meeting. The economic barrier is a common problem in Latin America and developing countries as the low incomes affect the possibility of attending international meetings. Moreover, as ECRs are the academic members with lower salaries, they are usually the most affected. The spirit of this symposium was to create possibilities for worldwide participation at all career stages. During the ISRH2021, each session consisted of two Senior talks of invited international researchers and two short talks of early-career researchers (ECRs), which were selected based on their abstract quality. Also, a poster session was held. To generate different opportunities for interaction between Senior and ECRs, several short talks were also held, followed by a debate. Among the topics discussed were {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveWomen in Science and Gender Discrepancy{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveFrom basic research to public policies{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveECRs Resources{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCareer Paths{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Listed below we present the abstract of the works presented at the ISRH 2021 meeting.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{2004,
+  title = {Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {BMJ},
+  volume = {328},
+  number = {7454},
+  pages = {1490},
+  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
+  doi = {10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -37,6 +51,20 @@
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{Abe2013,
+  title = {Regional Variations in Labor Force Behavior of Women in {{Japan}}},
+  author = {Abe, Yukiko},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Japan and the World Economy},
+  volume = {28},
+  pages = {112--124},
+  issn = {09221425},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.japwor.2013.08.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Abeysinghe2016,
   title = {Housing {{Prices}}, {{Graduates}}, and {{Income Inequality}}: {{The Case}} of {{Singapore}}},
   author = {Abeysinghe, Tilak and Hao, Wong Yan},
@@ -116,7 +144,7 @@
   author = {{Abraido-Lanza}, Ana F. and Martins, Mariana Cunha and Shelton, Rachel C. and Florez, Karen R.},
   year = {2015},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {HEALTH EDUCATION \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& BEHAVIOR},
+  journal = {HEALTH EDUCATION {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& BEHAVIOR},
   volume = {42},
   number = {5},
   pages = {633--641},
@@ -132,12 +160,29 @@
   editor = {Barnes, T and Thiruvathukal, {\relax GK} and Boyer, K and Forbes, J and Payton, J},
   year = {2015},
   journal = {2015 RESEARCH IN EQUITY AND SUSTAINED PARTICIPATION IN ENGINEERING, COMPUTING, AND TECHNOLOGY (RESPECT)},
-  abstract = {Unequal access to quality learning opportunities is a key issue that shapes who is able to participate in computing relevant communities and jobs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. Although many educators, government officials, and business professionals acknowledge the need to provide computer science education to all youth, access to computing opportunities is still limited \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2]. Understanding the current state of available learning opportunities is an initial step in addressing gaps, barriers, and unequal access. In this poster we present our in-progress mapping of the computer science ecosystem in the city of Chicago. As we present the landscape we ask: How accessible are the educational opportunities for youth in Chicago, particularly youth who are traditionally underrepresented in computing careers. The barriers to participation revealed through our mapping process include transportation, the time schedules of programs, and the lack of opportunities for elementary youth. Our findings suggest that in order to broaden participation in computing there is a need to 1) increase the number of local computing opportunities, and 2) to create opportunities that acknowledge the realities facing low-income and working class households, realities that include child care constraints, rigid work schedules, and limited disposable income.},
+  abstract = {Unequal access to quality learning opportunities is a key issue that shapes who is able to participate in computing relevant communities and jobs {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1]. Although many educators, government officials, and business professionals acknowledge the need to provide computer science education to all youth, access to computing opportunities is still limited {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace2]. Understanding the current state of available learning opportunities is an initial step in addressing gaps, barriers, and unequal access. In this poster we present our in-progress mapping of the computer science ecosystem in the city of Chicago. As we present the landscape we ask: How accessible are the educational opportunities for youth in Chicago, particularly youth who are traditionally underrepresented in computing careers. The barriers to participation revealed through our mapping process include transportation, the time schedules of programs, and the lack of opportunities for elementary youth. Our findings suggest that in order to broaden participation in computing there is a need to 1) increase the number of local computing opportunities, and 2) to create opportunities that acknowledge the realities facing low-income and working class households, realities that include child care constraints, rigid work schedules, and limited disposable income.},
   isbn = {978-1-5090-0151-4},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Research on Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering Computing and Technology, Charlotte, NC, AUG 13-14, 2015}
 }
 
+@article{Acosta2020,
+  title = {Achieving {{Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility}}: {{Leadership Matters}}},
+  shorttitle = {Achieving {{Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility}}},
+  author = {Acosta, David A. and Lautenberger, Diana M. and {Castillo-Page}, Laura and Skorton, David J.},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Academic Medicine},
+  volume = {95},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {1468--1471},
+  issn = {1040-2446},
+  doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Across academic medicine, and particularly among faculty and medical school leadership, the status quo is unacceptable when it comes to gender diversity, equity, and inclusion. The Association of American Medical Colleges has launched a bold gender equity initiative, endorsed by its Board of Directors, to implore academic medical institutions to take meaningful and effective actions.             Defining what progress should look like to guide these actions is worth deeper exploration. It is not enough to measure the representation of different genders at various levels of leadership within our institutions. Research and experience we share suggests more must be done, especially for women of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. What is needed is a fundamental conversation about privilege, intersectionality across different backgrounds, and progress.             Institutional leaders have a choice to make. Will we make gender equity a top priority system-wide because we recognize that doing so leads to organizational excellence? Do we understand that establishing a robust, comprehensive definition of gender equity and how it is practiced will result in better outcomes for all? And are we ready and able to prioritize and be accountable for efforts that are measurable, with clear definitions of progress; driven and reinforced by leadership directives; inclusive of all, including men as well as women of diverse backgrounds and orientations; and systemic rather than ad-hoc? Implementing such actions requires initiating difficult conversations, making conscious choices, and modeling best practices from leaders who have successfully made gender equity a priority.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Acosta2023,
   title = {Examining {{Recipient}} and {{Provider Perceptions}} of {{Mental Health Treatments}} and {{Written Exposure Therapy}} for {{Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With}} a {{Spanish-Speaking Sample}}},
   author = {Acosta, Laura M. and Canchila, M. Natalia Acosta and Reyes, Sara L. and Holland, Kathryn J. and Holt, Natalie R. and Andrews III, Arthur R.},
@@ -148,7 +193,7 @@
   pages = {157--169},
   issn = {1541-1559},
   doi = {10.1037/ser0000621},
-  abstract = {Treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often evidence high rates of dropout, ranging from 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 40\textbackslash textbackslash\%, among English-speaking samples. Written Exposure Therapy (WET), a novel manualized treatment for PTSD, evidences lower dropout rates and noninferiority to CPT, one of the most efficacious interventions for PTSD. Spanish-speaking Latinxs often experience greater dropout and barriers to care. WET appears promising for this population, but acceptability and perceived barriers to WET have not been examined among Spanish-speaking Latinxs. The present study assessed perceptions and acceptability of a Spanish-language version of WET among Spanish-speaking Latinxs who scored greater than 45 on the Spanish-language version of the PCL-IV, indicating likely PTSD (n = 20) and providers (n = 12). Participants completed a mixed-methods interview regarding reasons they/clients would not want to receive the treatment, why they/clients would want to receive the treatment, potential solutions for any identified barriers, and reasons for not seeking mental health services generally. Providers, but not potential recipients, identified low literacy as a barrier for WET. Providers and potential recipients identified time as a barrier to WET and other mental health services, but the time reduction was perceived as a potential facilitator of WET. Results also suggest no specific cultural barriers were identified for WET (e.g., provider cultural competency) and that Spanish WET may reduce time-related barriers and is perceived as effective and acceptable among Spanish-speaking Latinxs. Additional work is needed to expand the reach of the intervention, given that mental health services were often perceived as untrustworthy. Impact Statement This study suggests that a Spanish-language adaptation of Written Exposure Therapy, a novel manualized treatment for PTSD symptoms, may be effective in reducing some structural barriers that Spanish-speaking Latinx populations encounter when using mental health services.},
+  abstract = {Treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often evidence high rates of dropout, ranging from 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, among English-speaking samples. Written Exposure Therapy (WET), a novel manualized treatment for PTSD, evidences lower dropout rates and noninferiority to CPT, one of the most efficacious interventions for PTSD. Spanish-speaking Latinxs often experience greater dropout and barriers to care. WET appears promising for this population, but acceptability and perceived barriers to WET have not been examined among Spanish-speaking Latinxs. The present study assessed perceptions and acceptability of a Spanish-language version of WET among Spanish-speaking Latinxs who scored greater than 45 on the Spanish-language version of the PCL-IV, indicating likely PTSD (n = 20) and providers (n = 12). Participants completed a mixed-methods interview regarding reasons they/clients would not want to receive the treatment, why they/clients would want to receive the treatment, potential solutions for any identified barriers, and reasons for not seeking mental health services generally. Providers, but not potential recipients, identified low literacy as a barrier for WET. Providers and potential recipients identified time as a barrier to WET and other mental health services, but the time reduction was perceived as a potential facilitator of WET. Results also suggest no specific cultural barriers were identified for WET (e.g., provider cultural competency) and that Spanish WET may reduce time-related barriers and is perceived as effective and acceptable among Spanish-speaking Latinxs. Additional work is needed to expand the reach of the intervention, given that mental health services were often perceived as untrustworthy. Impact Statement This study suggests that a Spanish-language adaptation of Written Exposure Therapy, a novel manualized treatment for PTSD symptoms, may be effective in reducing some structural barriers that Spanish-speaking Latinx populations encounter when using mental health services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -163,6 +208,21 @@
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Adda2017,
+  title = {The {{Career Costs}} of {{Children}}},
+  author = {Adda, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Dustmann, Christian and Stevens, Katrien},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+  volume = {125},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {293--337},
+  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
+  doi = {10.1086/690952},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Addabbo2020,
   title = {{{ACTING FOR GENDER EQUALITY}}: {{EVIDENCE}}, {{GAPS AND PROSPECTS FOR REAL CHANGE IN ECONOMIC POLICY}}},
   author = {Addabbo, Tindara and {Gunluk-Senesen}, Gulay and O'Hagan, Angela},
@@ -273,6 +333,38 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Adler1994,
+  title = {Socioeconomic Status and Health: {{The}} Challenge of the Gradient.},
+  shorttitle = {Socioeconomic Status and Health},
+  author = {Adler, Nancy E. and Boyce, Thomas and Chesney, Margaret A. and Cohen, Sheldon and Folkman, Susan and Kahn, Robert L. and Syme, S. Leonard},
+  year = {1994},
+  journal = {American Psychologist},
+  volume = {49},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {15--24},
+  issn = {1935-990X, 0003-066X},
+  doi = {10.1037/0003-066X.49.1.15},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Adriana2006,
+  title = {Gender Discrimination in {{Romania}}},
+  author = {Adriana, Prodan and Manolescu, Irina},
+  editor = {Ramey, Gerald W.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Organizational Change Management},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {766--771},
+  issn = {0953-4814},
+  doi = {10.1108/09534810610708422},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Purpose               A general overview of gender disparity in economic and political areas in Romania is the objective of this paper.                                         Design/methodology/approach               The dynamic perspective of the gender disparity phenomenon is analyzed by means of three main indicators: gender development index, gender empowerment measure and human development index.                                         Findings               One of the great expectations people have from the transition to democratic governments and market economies in Eastern Europe is the increased opportunity for people to participate in and benefit from a society built by them. In a society that values equality to ensure that people have a voice in making decisions which affect them the decisions made are better informed and effective. In the international arena, there is a growing recognition that women's representative participation in decision making is a fundamental condition of women's equality in a society that values its members.                                         Originality/value               This paper has application in all areas of discrimination, especially with Romania's projected entry into the European Union in 2007.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Afesorgbor2022,
   title = {Chinese {{Import Competition}} and {{Gendered Labor Market Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Ethiopian Firm-Level Data}}},
   author = {Afesorgbor, Sylvanus Kwaku and Acquah, Ruby Elorm and Ayele, Yohannes},
@@ -294,7 +386,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   volume = {17},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12978-020-0909-0},
-  abstract = {Background Effective communication and respect for women's autonomy are critical components of person-centered care. Yet, there is limited evidence in low-resource settings on providers' perceptions of the importance and extent of communication and women's autonomy during childbirth. Similarly, few studies have assessed the potential barriers to effective communication and maintenance of women's autonomy during childbirth. We sought to bridge these gaps. Methods Data are from a mixed-methods study in Migori County in Western Kenya with 49 maternity providers (32 clinical and 17 non-clinical). Providers were asked structured questions on various aspects of communication and autonomy followed by open ended questions on why certain practices were performed or not. We conducted descriptive analysis of the quantitative data and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Results Despite acknowledging the importance of various aspects of communication and women's autonomy, providers reported incidences of poor communication and lack of respect for women's autonomy: 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents reported that providers never introduce themselves to women and 38\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported that women are never able to be in the birthing position of their choice. Also, 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% of providers reported that they did not always explain why they are doing exams or procedures and 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported that women were not always asked for permission before exams or procedures. The reasons for lack of communication and autonomy fall under three themes with several sub-themes: (1) work environment-perceived lack of time, language barriers, stress and burnout, and facility culture; (2) provider knowledge, intentions, and assumptions-inadequate provider knowledge and skill, forgetfulness and unconscious behaviors, self-protection and comfort, and assumptions about women's knowledge and expectations; and (3) women's ability to demand or command effective communication and respect for their autonomy-women's lack of participation, women's empowerment and provider bias. Conclusions Most providers recognize the importance of various aspects of communication and women's autonomy, but they fail to provide it for various reasons. To improve communication and autonomy, we need to address the different factors that negatively affect providers' interactions with women.},
+  abstract = {Background Effective communication and respect for women's autonomy are critical components of person-centered care. Yet, there is limited evidence in low-resource settings on providers' perceptions of the importance and extent of communication and women's autonomy during childbirth. Similarly, few studies have assessed the potential barriers to effective communication and maintenance of women's autonomy during childbirth. We sought to bridge these gaps. Methods Data are from a mixed-methods study in Migori County in Western Kenya with 49 maternity providers (32 clinical and 17 non-clinical). Providers were asked structured questions on various aspects of communication and autonomy followed by open ended questions on why certain practices were performed or not. We conducted descriptive analysis of the quantitative data and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Results Despite acknowledging the importance of various aspects of communication and women's autonomy, providers reported incidences of poor communication and lack of respect for women's autonomy: 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents reported that providers never introduce themselves to women and 38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported that women are never able to be in the birthing position of their choice. Also, 33{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of providers reported that they did not always explain why they are doing exams or procedures and 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported that women were not always asked for permission before exams or procedures. The reasons for lack of communication and autonomy fall under three themes with several sub-themes: (1) work environment-perceived lack of time, language barriers, stress and burnout, and facility culture; (2) provider knowledge, intentions, and assumptions-inadequate provider knowledge and skill, forgetfulness and unconscious behaviors, self-protection and comfort, and assumptions about women's knowledge and expectations; and (3) women's ability to demand or command effective communication and respect for their autonomy-women's lack of participation, women's empowerment and provider bias. Conclusions Most providers recognize the importance of various aspects of communication and women's autonomy, but they fail to provide it for various reasons. To improve communication and autonomy, we need to address the different factors that negatively affect providers' interactions with women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -323,7 +415,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   number = {8},
   issn = {2574-3805},
   doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27680},
-  abstract = {IMPORTANCE COVID-19 booster vaccine can strengthen waning immunity and widen the range of immunity against new variants. OBJECTIVE To describe geographic, occupational, and sociodemographic variations in uptake of COVID-19 booster doses among fully vaccinated US adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional survey study used data from the Household Pulse Survey conducted from December 1, 2021, to January 10, 2022. Household Pulse Survey is an online, probability-based survey conducted by the US Census Bureau and is designed to yield estimates nationally, by state, and across selected metropolitan areas. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Receipt of a booster dose was defined as taking 2 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines with the first one being the Johnson and Johnson (Janssen) vaccine, or taking 3 or more doses of any of the other COVID-19 vaccines. Weighted prevalence estimates (percentages) were computed overall and among subgroups. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) were calculated in a multivariable Poisson regression model to explore correlates of receiving a booster dose among those fully vaccinated. RESULTS A total of 135 821 adults completed the survey. Overall, 51.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female and 41.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were aged 18 to 44 years (mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD] age, 48.07 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace17.18] years). Of fully vaccinated adults, the percentage who reported being boosted was 48.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (state-specific range, from 39.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Mississippi to 66.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Vermont). Nationally, the proportion of boosted adults was highest among non-Hispanic Asian individuals (54.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those aged 65 years or older (71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those with a doctoral, professional, or master's degree (68.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those who were married with no children in the household (61.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those with annual household income of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar200 000 or higher (69.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%); those enrolled in Medicare (70.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and those working in hospitals (60.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or in deathcare facilities (eg, funeral homes; 60.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conversely, only one-third of those who ever received a diagnosis of COVID-19, were enrolled in Medicaid, working in pharmacies, with less than a high school education, and aged 18 to 24 years old were boosted. Multivariable analysis of pooled national data revealed that compared with those who did not work outside their home, the likelihood of being boosted was higher among adults working in hospitals (APR, 1.23; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI. 1.17-1.30). ambulatory health care centers (APR, 1.16; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.09-1.24), and social service settings (APR, 1.08; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.01-1.15), whereas lower likelihood was seen among those working in food or beverage stores (APR, 0.85; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.74-0.96) and the agriculture, forestry, fishing, or hunting industries (APR, 0.83; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.72-0.97). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest continuing disparities in receipt of booster vaccine doses among US adults. Targeted efforts at populations with low uptake may be needed to improve booster vaccine coverage in the US.},
+  abstract = {IMPORTANCE COVID-19 booster vaccine can strengthen waning immunity and widen the range of immunity against new variants. OBJECTIVE To describe geographic, occupational, and sociodemographic variations in uptake of COVID-19 booster doses among fully vaccinated US adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional survey study used data from the Household Pulse Survey conducted from December 1, 2021, to January 10, 2022. Household Pulse Survey is an online, probability-based survey conducted by the US Census Bureau and is designed to yield estimates nationally, by state, and across selected metropolitan areas. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Receipt of a booster dose was defined as taking 2 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines with the first one being the Johnson and Johnson (Janssen) vaccine, or taking 3 or more doses of any of the other COVID-19 vaccines. Weighted prevalence estimates (percentages) were computed overall and among subgroups. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) were calculated in a multivariable Poisson regression model to explore correlates of receiving a booster dose among those fully vaccinated. RESULTS A total of 135 821 adults completed the survey. Overall, 51.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female and 41.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were aged 18 to 44 years (mean {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD] age, 48.07 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace17.18] years). Of fully vaccinated adults, the percentage who reported being boosted was 48.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (state-specific range, from 39.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in Mississippi to 66.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in Vermont). Nationally, the proportion of boosted adults was highest among non-Hispanic Asian individuals (54.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); those aged 65 years or older (71.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); those with a doctoral, professional, or master's degree (68.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); those who were married with no children in the household (61.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); those with annual household income of {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar200 000 or higher (69.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); those enrolled in Medicare (70.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); and those working in hospitals (60.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) or in deathcare facilities (eg, funeral homes; 60.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conversely, only one-third of those who ever received a diagnosis of COVID-19, were enrolled in Medicaid, working in pharmacies, with less than a high school education, and aged 18 to 24 years old were boosted. Multivariable analysis of pooled national data revealed that compared with those who did not work outside their home, the likelihood of being boosted was higher among adults working in hospitals (APR, 1.23; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI. 1.17-1.30). ambulatory health care centers (APR, 1.16; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.09-1.24), and social service settings (APR, 1.08; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.01-1.15), whereas lower likelihood was seen among those working in food or beverage stores (APR, 0.85; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.74-0.96) and the agriculture, forestry, fishing, or hunting industries (APR, 0.83; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.72-0.97). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest continuing disparities in receipt of booster vaccine doses among US adults. Targeted efforts at populations with low uptake may be needed to improve booster vaccine coverage in the US.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -340,7 +432,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   issn = {1120-2890, 1973-820X},
   doi = {10.1007/s40888-021-00242-8},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             This paper argues that the gendered impact of COVID-19 has both visible and hidden dimensions, and both immediate effects linked with lockdowns and longer-term effects that are likely to emerge sequentially in time and affect recovery. Much of the existing feminist literature on the impact of COVID-19 has neglected these complexities and focused mainly on care work and domestic violence. This has diverted attention away from other key concerns such as livelihood loss, food and nutritional insecurity, indebtedness, rising poverty, and the low resilience of most women in developing economies. Even care work and domestic violence have complex facets that tend to be missed. Using examples from India, the paper outlines the kinds of gendered effects we might expect, the extent to which these have been traced in existing surveys, and the data gaps. It also highlights the potential of group approaches in enhancing women's economic recovery and providing social protection from the worst outcomes of the pandemic\textemdash approaches that could guide us towards effective policy pathways for `building back better.'},
+  abstract = {Abstract             This paper argues that the gendered impact of COVID-19 has both visible and hidden dimensions, and both immediate effects linked with lockdowns and longer-term effects that are likely to emerge sequentially in time and affect recovery. Much of the existing feminist literature on the impact of COVID-19 has neglected these complexities and focused mainly on care work and domestic violence. This has diverted attention away from other key concerns such as livelihood loss, food and nutritional insecurity, indebtedness, rising poverty, and the low resilience of most women in developing economies. Even care work and domestic violence have complex facets that tend to be missed. Using examples from India, the paper outlines the kinds of gendered effects we might expect, the extent to which these have been traced in existing surveys, and the data gaps. It also highlights the potential of group approaches in enhancing women's economic recovery and providing social protection from the worst outcomes of the pandemic{\textemdash}approaches that could guide us towards effective policy pathways for `building back better.'},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -381,7 +473,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   author = {{Agudelo-Suarez}, Andres and {Gil-Gonzalez}, Diana and {Ronda-Perez}, Elena and Porthe, Victoria and {Paramio-Perez}, Gema and Garcia, Ana M. and Gari, Aitana},
   year = {2009},
   month = may,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {68},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1866--1874},
@@ -391,6 +483,37 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Aguero2008,
+  title = {Motherhood and {{Female Labor Force Participation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Infertility Shocks}}},
+  shorttitle = {Motherhood and {{Female Labor Force Participation}}},
+  author = {Ag{\"u}ero, Jorge M and Marks, Mindy S},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {American Economic Review},
+  volume = {98},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {500--504},
+  issn = {0002-8282},
+  doi = {10.1257/aer.98.2.500},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Aguero2011,
+  title = {Motherhood and {{Female Labor Supply}} in the {{Developing World}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Infertility Shocks}}},
+  shorttitle = {Motherhood and {{Female Labor Supply}} in the {{Developing World}}},
+  author = {Ag{\"u}ero, Jorge M. and Marks, Mindy S.},
+  year = {2011},
+  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
+  volume = {46},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {800--826},
+  issn = {0022-166X, 1548-8004},
+  doi = {10.3368/jhr.46.4.800},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Aguilera2002,
   title = {The Impact of Social Capital on Labor Force Participation: {{Evidence}} from the 2000 {{Social Capital Benchmark Survey}}},
   author = {Aguilera, {\relax MB}},
@@ -427,18 +550,18 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   editor = {Soliman, {\relax KS}},
   year = {2016},
   journal = {VISION 2020: INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY, AND COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH, 2016, VOLS I - VII},
-  abstract = {The sandwich generation is referring to the people raising their children while having to care for their aging parents at the same time. This trend is increasing in numbers in recent years. A dual breadwinner paradigm resulted from the economic change which requires most families to have two incomes for their economic viability. Besides that, this working people also need to taking care their parent or parent in law due to lack of preparation of elderly age. This group of people is classified as \textbackslash textasciigravesandwich generation'.Nowadays, between 1 out of 8 households with aged 30 or older is classified as dual-earner or sandwiched generation couples. The impact from multiple caregiving duties is inequalities in psychological, physical, employment, and financial outcomes of the family institution. It is possible that multi-generational caregiving responsibilities will continue to rise for the children of baby boomers as life expectancies continue to go up. People continue to have children later in life, and continue to support those children to older ages. The review of literature shows positive and negative benefits for the caregivers. Policy and clinical supports must be put into place to facilitate the highly necessary and valuable caregiving responsibilities of this population. In addition, the outcomes of the present study will spur the economic development and assist the development of health promoting programs in accordance to the local context. Besides that, it also provides guidelines to policy maker and health professionals in maintaining quality healthy lifestyles of the nation. Policy, health, and research implications are included.},
+  abstract = {The sandwich generation is referring to the people raising their children while having to care for their aging parents at the same time. This trend is increasing in numbers in recent years. A dual breadwinner paradigm resulted from the economic change which requires most families to have two incomes for their economic viability. Besides that, this working people also need to taking care their parent or parent in law due to lack of preparation of elderly age. This group of people is classified as {\textbackslash}textasciigravesandwich generation'.Nowadays, between 1 out of 8 households with aged 30 or older is classified as dual-earner or sandwiched generation couples. The impact from multiple caregiving duties is inequalities in psychological, physical, employment, and financial outcomes of the family institution. It is possible that multi-generational caregiving responsibilities will continue to rise for the children of baby boomers as life expectancies continue to go up. People continue to have children later in life, and continue to support those children to older ages. The review of literature shows positive and negative benefits for the caregivers. Policy and clinical supports must be put into place to facilitate the highly necessary and valuable caregiving responsibilities of this population. In addition, the outcomes of the present study will spur the economic development and assist the development of health promoting programs in accordance to the local context. Besides that, it also provides guidelines to policy maker and health professionals in maintaining quality healthy lifestyles of the nation. Policy, health, and research implications are included.},
   isbn = {978-0-9860419-8-3},
   langid = {english},
   note = {28th International Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Seville, SPAIN, NOV 09-10, 2016}
 }
 
 @article{Ahmad2017,
-  title = {Expanding the Meaning of \textbackslash textasciigravebeing a Peer Leader': Qualitative Findings from a {{Canadian}} Community-Based Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Programme},
+  title = {Expanding the Meaning of {\textbackslash}textasciigravebeing a Peer Leader': Qualitative Findings from a {{Canadian}} Community-Based Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Programme},
   author = {Ahmad, Farah and Ferrari, Manuela and Moravac, Catherine and Lofters, Aisha and Dunn, Sheila},
   year = {2017},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {630--640},
@@ -497,12 +620,12 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   author = {Ahrens, Steffen and Snower, Dennis J.},
   year = {2014},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
   volume = {99},
   pages = {69--84},
   issn = {0167-2681},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.015},
-  abstract = {We incorporate inequality aversion into an otherwise standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic equilibrium model with Calvo wage contracts and positive inflation. Workers with relatively low incomes experience envy, whereas those with relatively high incomes experience guilt. The former seek to raise their income and the latter seek to reduce it. The greater the inflation rate, the greater the degree of wage dispersion under Calvo wage contracts, and thus the greater the degree of envy and guilt experienced by the workers. Since the envy effect is stronger than the guilt effect, according to the available empirical evidence, a rise in the inflation rate leads workers to supply more labor over the contract period, generating a significant positive long-run relation between inflation and output (and employment), for low inflation rates. Provided that wage adjustments are costly, this tradeoff remains significant even once the degree of wage stickiness adjusts to the inflation rate. This Phillips curve relation, together with an inefficient zero-inflation steady state, provides a rationale for a positive long-run inflation rate. Given standard calibrations, optimal monetary policy is associated with a long-run inflation rate around 2\textbackslash textbackslash\%. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {We incorporate inequality aversion into an otherwise standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic equilibrium model with Calvo wage contracts and positive inflation. Workers with relatively low incomes experience envy, whereas those with relatively high incomes experience guilt. The former seek to raise their income and the latter seek to reduce it. The greater the inflation rate, the greater the degree of wage dispersion under Calvo wage contracts, and thus the greater the degree of envy and guilt experienced by the workers. Since the envy effect is stronger than the guilt effect, according to the available empirical evidence, a rise in the inflation rate leads workers to supply more labor over the contract period, generating a significant positive long-run relation between inflation and output (and employment), for low inflation rates. Provided that wage adjustments are costly, this tradeoff remains significant even once the degree of wage stickiness adjusts to the inflation rate. This Phillips curve relation, together with an inefficient zero-inflation steady state, provides a rationale for a positive long-run inflation rate. Given standard calibrations, optimal monetary policy is associated with a long-run inflation rate around 2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -529,7 +652,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   pages = {R3-R16},
   issn = {0027-9501},
   doi = {10.1177/002795011924900110},
-  abstract = {Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is often treated as shorthand for national economic well-being, even though it was never intended to be; it is a measure of (some) of the marketable output of the economy. This paper reviews several developments in measuring welfare beyond GDP that were recently presented at the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE) annual conference in May 2019. The papers discussed fall into three broad areas. First, a significant amount of work has focused on incorporating information about the distribution of income, consumption and wealth in the national accounts. Second, the effects of digitisation and the growth of the internet highlight the potential value in measuring time use as a measure of welfare. Third, the digital revolution has spawned many new, often \textbackslash textasciigravefree' goods, the welfare consequences of which are difficult to measure. Other areas, such as government services, are also difficult to measure. Measuring economic welfare properly matters because it affects the decisions made by government and society. GDP does a reasonable job of measuring the marketable output of the economy (which remains important for some policies), but it should be downgraded; more attention should be given to measures that reflect both objective and subjective measures of well-being, and measures that better reflect the heterogeneity of peoples' experiences.},
+  abstract = {Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is often treated as shorthand for national economic well-being, even though it was never intended to be; it is a measure of (some) of the marketable output of the economy. This paper reviews several developments in measuring welfare beyond GDP that were recently presented at the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE) annual conference in May 2019. The papers discussed fall into three broad areas. First, a significant amount of work has focused on incorporating information about the distribution of income, consumption and wealth in the national accounts. Second, the effects of digitisation and the growth of the internet highlight the potential value in measuring time use as a measure of welfare. Third, the digital revolution has spawned many new, often {\textbackslash}textasciigravefree' goods, the welfare consequences of which are difficult to measure. Other areas, such as government services, are also difficult to measure. Measuring economic welfare properly matters because it affects the decisions made by government and society. GDP does a reasonable job of measuring the marketable output of the economy (which remains important for some policies), but it should be downgraded; more attention should be given to measures that reflect both objective and subjective measures of well-being, and measures that better reflect the heterogeneity of peoples' experiences.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -556,7 +679,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   number = {1},
   issn = {1750-9378},
   doi = {10.1186/s13027-023-00513-y},
-  abstract = {BackgroundFor women living with HIV (WLHIV), the burden of persistent HPV infection, cervical pre-cancerous lesions and cancer have been demonstrated to be higher than among HIV-negative women. As Ghana and other lower-middle-income countries (LMIC) work toward developing national cervical cancer programmes, it is essential that local scientific evidence be provided to guide policy decisions, especially for such special populations. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of high-risk HPV genotype and related factors among WLHIV and its implication for the prevention of cervical cancer prevention efforts.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital in Ghana. WLHIV, aged 25-65 years, who met the eligibility criteria were recruited through a simple random sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather socio-demographic, behavioural, clinical and other pertinent information. The AmpFire HPV detection system (Atila BioSystem, Mointain View, CA was used to detect 15 high-risk HPV genotypes from self-collected cervico-vaginal samples. The data collected were exported to STATA 16.0 for statistical analysis.ResultsIn all, 330 study participants, with mean age of 47.2 years (SD +/- 10.7), were involved. Most (69.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 188/272) had HIV viral loads {$<$} 1000 copies/ml and 41.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 136) had ever heard of cervical screening. The overall hr-HPV prevalence was 42.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 141, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 37.4-48.1) and the five commonest hr-HPV types among screen positives were HPV59 (50.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), HPV18 (30.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), HPV35 (26.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), HPV58 (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and HPV45 (14.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most infected women (60.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 85) had multiple hr-HPV infections, with about 57.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 81) having 2-5 h-HPV types, while 2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 4) had more than five hr-HPV types. A total of 37.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 53) had HPV16 and/or18, while 66.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 93) had the hr-HPV genotypes covered by the nonavalent vaccine. Women with HIV viral load {$>$}= 1000copies/ml (AOR = 5.58, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.89-10.78, p {$<$} 0.001) had a higher likelihood of being co-infected.ConclusionThis study found out that the prevalence of hr-HPV still remains high in women with HIV, with a notable occurrence of multiple infections and infection with genotypes 16 and/or18. Additionally, an association was established between hr-HPV and infection HIV viral load.. Therefore, comprehensive HIV care for these women should include awareness of cervical cancer, consideration of vaccination and implementation of screening and follow-up protocols. National programmes in LMIC, such as Ghana, should consider using HPV-based screen-triage-treat approach with partial genotyping.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundFor women living with HIV (WLHIV), the burden of persistent HPV infection, cervical pre-cancerous lesions and cancer have been demonstrated to be higher than among HIV-negative women. As Ghana and other lower-middle-income countries (LMIC) work toward developing national cervical cancer programmes, it is essential that local scientific evidence be provided to guide policy decisions, especially for such special populations. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of high-risk HPV genotype and related factors among WLHIV and its implication for the prevention of cervical cancer prevention efforts.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital in Ghana. WLHIV, aged 25-65 years, who met the eligibility criteria were recruited through a simple random sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather socio-demographic, behavioural, clinical and other pertinent information. The AmpFire HPV detection system (Atila BioSystem, Mointain View, CA was used to detect 15 high-risk HPV genotypes from self-collected cervico-vaginal samples. The data collected were exported to STATA 16.0 for statistical analysis.ResultsIn all, 330 study participants, with mean age of 47.2 years (SD +/- 10.7), were involved. Most (69.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 188/272) had HIV viral loads {$<$} 1000 copies/ml and 41.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 136) had ever heard of cervical screening. The overall hr-HPV prevalence was 42.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 141, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 37.4-48.1) and the five commonest hr-HPV types among screen positives were HPV59 (50.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), HPV18 (30.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), HPV35 (26.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), HPV58 (17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and HPV45 (14.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most infected women (60.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 85) had multiple hr-HPV infections, with about 57.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 81) having 2-5 h-HPV types, while 2.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 4) had more than five hr-HPV types. A total of 37.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 53) had HPV16 and/or18, while 66.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 93) had the hr-HPV genotypes covered by the nonavalent vaccine. Women with HIV viral load {$>$}= 1000copies/ml (AOR = 5.58, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 2.89-10.78, p {$<$} 0.001) had a higher likelihood of being co-infected.ConclusionThis study found out that the prevalence of hr-HPV still remains high in women with HIV, with a notable occurrence of multiple infections and infection with genotypes 16 and/or18. Additionally, an association was established between hr-HPV and infection HIV viral load.. Therefore, comprehensive HIV care for these women should include awareness of cervical cancer, consideration of vaccination and implementation of screening and follow-up protocols. National programmes in LMIC, such as Ghana, should consider using HPV-based screen-triage-treat approach with partial genotyping.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -712,7 +835,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   title = {Trends and Dynamics of Inequality in {{Alberta}}},
   author = {{Al-Zyoud}, Hussein and Islam, Shahidul and Leblanc, Carolyn},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
+  journal = {LABOUR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
   volume = {28},
   number = {3},
   pages = {182--202},
@@ -733,7 +856,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   pages = {1363--1374},
   issn = {2212-2672},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jand.2022.03.005},
-  abstract = {Background Home gardening is a strategy to improve nutrition and food security. More information is needed about optimizing gardens in different contexts. Objective The aim was to identify implementation barriers and facilitators for a home gardening intervention in rural Guatemala and inform future larger-scale interventions in the region. Design A mixed-methods implementation study using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework was conducted from January 2019 to July 2020. Participants/setting Families (n = 70) in rural Guatemala participated in the intervention. Staff (n = 4), families (n = 6), and community stakeholders (n = 3) participated in interviews or focus groups. Intervention Participating households received seeds and seedlings for 16 crops, garden construction materials, agronomist-delivered education and assistance, and a standard-of-care nutrition program. Main outcome measures Implementation data were collected from program records and observations, participant surveys, and interviews and focus groups. Crop count and nutritional functional diversity of home gardens were assessed. Statistical analyses performed Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative outcomes. Qualitative data were double-coded and organized into overarching themes. Results Reach: Ninety percent of eligible households participated. Child nutritional eligibility criteria was a barrier to reach. Effectiveness: Participants and stakeholders felt the intervention improved access to diverse foods. Cultivated crops increased an average of five species (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI], 4-6) at 6 months, although not all were consumed. Adoption: The main community adoption barrier was water sourcing for garden irrigation.Implementation: Raised beds were the most common gardening method, with good adoption of agricultural best practices. Gray water filters and flexible implementation were important for participation. Maintenance: Crops failure rates were low. Seed availability was a sustainability challenge. Direct costs were 763 USD per household. Conclusions Interest and engagement with a home garden intervention in Guatemala were high. Gaps between garden production and consumption, access to water, and seed sourcing should be addressed in future work.},
+  abstract = {Background Home gardening is a strategy to improve nutrition and food security. More information is needed about optimizing gardens in different contexts. Objective The aim was to identify implementation barriers and facilitators for a home gardening intervention in rural Guatemala and inform future larger-scale interventions in the region. Design A mixed-methods implementation study using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework was conducted from January 2019 to July 2020. Participants/setting Families (n = 70) in rural Guatemala participated in the intervention. Staff (n = 4), families (n = 6), and community stakeholders (n = 3) participated in interviews or focus groups. Intervention Participating households received seeds and seedlings for 16 crops, garden construction materials, agronomist-delivered education and assistance, and a standard-of-care nutrition program. Main outcome measures Implementation data were collected from program records and observations, participant surveys, and interviews and focus groups. Crop count and nutritional functional diversity of home gardens were assessed. Statistical analyses performed Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative outcomes. Qualitative data were double-coded and organized into overarching themes. Results Reach: Ninety percent of eligible households participated. Child nutritional eligibility criteria was a barrier to reach. Effectiveness: Participants and stakeholders felt the intervention improved access to diverse foods. Cultivated crops increased an average of five species (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCI], 4-6) at 6 months, although not all were consumed. Adoption: The main community adoption barrier was water sourcing for garden irrigation.Implementation: Raised beds were the most common gardening method, with good adoption of agricultural best practices. Gray water filters and flexible implementation were important for participation. Maintenance: Crops failure rates were low. Seed availability was a sustainability challenge. Direct costs were 763 USD per household. Conclusions Interest and engagement with a home garden intervention in Guatemala were high. Gaps between garden production and consumption, access to water, and seed sourcing should be addressed in future work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -811,6 +934,37 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Albrecht1999,
+  title = {Career {{Interruptions}} and {{Subsequent Earnings}}: {{A Reexamination Using Swedish Data}}},
+  shorttitle = {Career {{Interruptions}} and {{Subsequent Earnings}}},
+  author = {Albrecht, James W. and Edin, Per-Anders and Sundstrom, Marianne and Vroman, Susan B.},
+  year = 1999,
+  journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {2},
+  eprint = {146347},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {294},
+  issn = {0022166X},
+  doi = {10.2307/146347},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Alderman1995,
+  title = {{{UNITARY VERSUS COLLECTIVE MODELS OF THE HOUSEHOLD}}: {{IS IT TIME TO SHIFT THE BURDEN OF PROOF}}?},
+  shorttitle = {{{UNITARY VERSUS COLLECTIVE MODELS OF THE HOUSEHOLD}}},
+  author = {Alderman, Harold and Chiappori, Pierre-Andr{\'e} and Haddad, Lawrence and Hoddinott, John and Kanbur, Ravi},
+  year = {1995},
+  journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
+  volume = {10},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1--19},
+  issn = {0257-3032, 1564-6971},
+  doi = {10.1093/wbro/10.1.1},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Alderson2022,
   title = {Parental Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: {{Learning}} from Remote and Hybrid Working to Influence Future Support},
   author = {Alderson, Hayley and Barrett, Simon and Addison, Michelle and Burns, Samantha and Cooling, Victoria and Hackett, Simon and Kaner, Eileen and McGovern, William and Smart, Deborah and McGovern, Ruth},
@@ -820,7 +974,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   volume = {18},
   issn = {1745-5057},
   doi = {10.1177/17455057221129399},
-  abstract = {Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated intimate partner violence and abuse. Incidents of intimate partner violence and abuse have increased as a result of household tensions due to enforced coexistence (multiple national lockdowns and working from home practices), economic stress related to loss of income, the disruption of social and protective networks and the decreased access to support services. This study aimed to understand how female survivors of parental intimate partner violence and abuse have experienced the adapted multi-agency response to intimate partner violence and abuse during the pandemic and consider learning from remote and hybrid working to influence future support. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Data collection took place between March and September 2021. In total, 17 female survivors of intimate partner violence and abuse took part in the project; we conducted the semi-structured interviews via telephone (n = 9) and conducted an online focus group (n =8). Results: Findings identified that services for those experiencing intimate partner violence and abuse need to be innovative, flexible and adaptable and \textbackslash textasciigravereach out' to survivors rather than waiting for survivors to \textbackslash textasciigravereach in' and ask for support. Findings show that the digital space highlights \textbackslash textasciigravemissed opportunities' for engagement with both professionals and peers and the potential for digital poverty is a key implication, which risks entrenching existing inequalities. Conclusion: In-depth consideration needs to be given to the design, delivery and evaluation of online interventions and provision of support to improve access and acceptability of services, maximize their effectiveness and to support the safety of survivors.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated intimate partner violence and abuse. Incidents of intimate partner violence and abuse have increased as a result of household tensions due to enforced coexistence (multiple national lockdowns and working from home practices), economic stress related to loss of income, the disruption of social and protective networks and the decreased access to support services. This study aimed to understand how female survivors of parental intimate partner violence and abuse have experienced the adapted multi-agency response to intimate partner violence and abuse during the pandemic and consider learning from remote and hybrid working to influence future support. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Data collection took place between March and September 2021. In total, 17 female survivors of intimate partner violence and abuse took part in the project; we conducted the semi-structured interviews via telephone (n = 9) and conducted an online focus group (n =8). Results: Findings identified that services for those experiencing intimate partner violence and abuse need to be innovative, flexible and adaptable and {\textbackslash}textasciigravereach out' to survivors rather than waiting for survivors to {\textbackslash}textasciigravereach in' and ask for support. Findings show that the digital space highlights {\textbackslash}textasciigravemissed opportunities' for engagement with both professionals and peers and the potential for digital poverty is a key implication, which risks entrenching existing inequalities. Conclusion: In-depth consideration needs to be given to the design, delivery and evaluation of online interventions and provision of support to improve access and acceptability of services, maximize their effectiveness and to support the safety of survivors.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -856,6 +1010,23 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Alesina2013,
+  title = {On the {{Origins}} of {{Gender Roles}}: {{Women}} and the {{Plough}}*},
+  shorttitle = {On the {{Origins}} of {{Gender Roles}}},
+  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Giuliano, Paola and Nunn, Nathan},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+  volume = {128},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {469--530},
+  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
+  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt005},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             The study examines the historical origins of existing cross-cultural differences in beliefs and values regarding the appropriate role of women in society. We test the hypothesis that traditional agricultural practices influenced the historical gender division of labor and the evolution of gender norms. We find that, consistent with existing hypotheses, the descendants of societies that traditionally practiced plough agriculture today have less equal gender norms, measured using reported gender-role attitudes and female participation in the workplace, politics, and entrepreneurial activities. Our results hold looking across countries, across districts within countries, and across ethnicities within districts. To test for the importance of cultural persistence, we examine the children of immigrants living in Europe and the United States. We find that even among these individuals, all born and raised in the same country, those with a heritage of traditional plough use exhibit less equal beliefs about gender roles today.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Alexander2013,
   title = {Protocol for a Prospective, Controlled Study of Assertive and Timely Reperfusion for Patients with {{ST-segment}} Elevation Myocardial Infarction in {{Tamil Nadu}}: The {{TN-STEMI}} Programme},
   author = {Alexander, Thomas and Victor, Suma M. and Mullasari, Ajit S. and Veerasekar, Ganesh and Subramaniam, Kala and Nallamothu, Brahmajee K. and Investigators, TN-STEMI Programme},
@@ -865,7 +1036,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   number = {12},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003850},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Over the past two decades, India has witnessed a staggering increase in the incidence and mortality of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Indians have higher rates of STEMI and younger populations that suffer from it when compared with developed countries. Yet, the recommended reperfusion therapy with fibrinolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention is available only to a minority of patients. This gap in care is a result of financial barriers, limited healthcare infrastructure and poor knowledge and accessibility of acute medical services for a majority of its population. Methods and analysis: This is a prospective, multicentre, \textbackslash textasciigravepretest/post-test' quasi-experimental, community-based study. This programme will use a \textbackslash textasciigravehub-and-spoke' model of an integrated healthcare network based on clusters of primary-care health clinics, small hospitals and large tertiary-care facilities. It is an \textbackslash textasciigraveall-comers' study which will enrol consecutive patients presenting with STEMI to the participating hospitals. The primary objectives of the study is to improve the use of reperfusion therapy and reduce the time from first medical contact to device or drug in STEMI patients; and to increase the rates of early invasive risk stratification with coronary angiography within 3-24 h of fibrinolytic therapy in eligible patients through changes in process of care. Outcomes will be measured with statistical comparison made before and after implementing the TN-STEMI programme. The estimated sample size is based on the Kovai Erode Pilot study, which provided an initial work on establishing this type of programme in South India. It will be adequately powered at 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% with a superiority margin of 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% if 36 patients are enrolled per cluster or 108 patients in three clusters. Thus, the enrolment period of 9 months will result in a sample size of 1500 patients. Ethics: This study will be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the current Declaration of Helsinki and \textbackslash textasciigraveethical guidelines for biomedical research on human participants' as laid down by the Indian Council for Medical Research. All participating hospitals will still obtain local ethics committee approval of the study protocol and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Dissemination and results: Our findings will be reported through scientific publications, research conferences and public policy venues aimed at state and local governments in India. If successful, this model can be extended to other areas of India as well as serve as a model of STEMI systems of care for low-income and middle-income countries across the world.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Over the past two decades, India has witnessed a staggering increase in the incidence and mortality of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Indians have higher rates of STEMI and younger populations that suffer from it when compared with developed countries. Yet, the recommended reperfusion therapy with fibrinolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention is available only to a minority of patients. This gap in care is a result of financial barriers, limited healthcare infrastructure and poor knowledge and accessibility of acute medical services for a majority of its population. Methods and analysis: This is a prospective, multicentre, {\textbackslash}textasciigravepretest/post-test' quasi-experimental, community-based study. This programme will use a {\textbackslash}textasciigravehub-and-spoke' model of an integrated healthcare network based on clusters of primary-care health clinics, small hospitals and large tertiary-care facilities. It is an {\textbackslash}textasciigraveall-comers' study which will enrol consecutive patients presenting with STEMI to the participating hospitals. The primary objectives of the study is to improve the use of reperfusion therapy and reduce the time from first medical contact to device or drug in STEMI patients; and to increase the rates of early invasive risk stratification with coronary angiography within 3-24 h of fibrinolytic therapy in eligible patients through changes in process of care. Outcomes will be measured with statistical comparison made before and after implementing the TN-STEMI programme. The estimated sample size is based on the Kovai Erode Pilot study, which provided an initial work on establishing this type of programme in South India. It will be adequately powered at 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with a superiority margin of 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% if 36 patients are enrolled per cluster or 108 patients in three clusters. Thus, the enrolment period of 9 months will result in a sample size of 1500 patients. Ethics: This study will be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the current Declaration of Helsinki and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveethical guidelines for biomedical research on human participants' as laid down by the Indian Council for Medical Research. All participating hospitals will still obtain local ethics committee approval of the study protocol and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Dissemination and results: Our findings will be reported through scientific publications, research conferences and public policy venues aimed at state and local governments in India. If successful, this model can be extended to other areas of India as well as serve as a model of STEMI systems of care for low-income and middle-income countries across the world.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -893,7 +1064,7 @@ does NOT look at policies; inequality on LM outcomes}
   volume = {17},
   number = {4},
   doi = {10.1002/cl2.1181},
-  abstract = {Background The adoption of improved technologies is generally associated with better economic performance and development. Despite its desirable effects, the process of technology adoption can be quite slow and market failures and other frictions may impede adoption. Interventions in market processes may be necessary to promote the adoption of beneficial technologies. This review systematically identifies and summarizes the evidence on the effects of interventions that shape the incentives of firms to adopt new technologies. Following Foster and Rosenzweig, technology is defined as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe relationship between inputs and outputs,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and technology adoption as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe use of new mappings between input and outputs and the corresponding allocations of inputs that exploit the new mappings.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The review focuses on studies that include direct evidence on technology adoption, broadly defined, as an outcome. The term intervention refers broadly to sources of exogenous variation that shape firms' incentives to adopt new technologies, including public policies, interventions carried out by private institutions (such as NGOs), experimental manipulations implemented by academic researchers trying to understand technology adoption, and natural experiments. Objective The objective of this review is to answer the following research questions: To what extent do interventions affect technology adoption in firms? To what extent does technology adoption affect profits, employment, productivity, and yields? Are these effects heterogeneous across sectors, firm size, countries, workers' skill level, or workers' gender? 1.2.3. Selection Criteria To be included, papers had to meet the inclusion criteria described in detail in Section 3.1 which is grouped into four categories: (1) Participants, (2) Interventions, (3) Methodology, and (4) Outcomes. Regarding participants, our focus was on firms, and we omitted studies at the country or region level. In terms of interventions, we included studies that analyzed a source of exogenous variation in incentives for firms to adopt new technologies and estimated their effects. Thus, we left out studies that only looked at correlates of technology adoption, without a credible strategy to establish causality, and only included studies that used experimental or quasi-experimental methods. Regarding outcomes, papers were included only if they estimated effects of interventions (broadly defined) on technology adoption, although we also considered other firm outcomes as secondary outcomes in studies that reported them. Search Methods The first step in selecting the studies to be included in the systematic review was to identify a set of candidate papers. This set included both published and unpublished studies. To look for candidate papers, we implemented an electronic search and, in a subsequent step, a manual search. The electronic search involved running a keyword search on the most commonly used databases for published and unpublished academic studies in the broad topic area. The words and their Boolean combinations were carefully chosen (more details in Section 3.2). The selected papers were initially screened on title and abstract. If papers passed this screen, they were screened on full text. Those studies that met the stated criteria were then selected for analysis. The manual search component involved asking for references from experts and searching references cited by papers selected through the electronic search. These additional papers were screened based on title and abstract and the remaining were screened on full text. If they met the criteria they were added to the list of selected studies. Data Collection and Analysis For the selected studies, the relevant estimates of effects and their associated standard errors (SEs) were entered into an Excel spreadsheet along with other related information such as sample size, variable type, and duration for flow variables. Other information such as authors, year of publication, and country and/or region where the study was implemented was also included in the spreadsheet. Once the data were entered for each of the selected studies, the information on sample size, effect size and SE of the effect size was used to compute the standardized effect size for each study to make the results comparable across studies. For those studies for which relevant data were not reported, we contacted the authors by email and incorporated the information they provided. Forest plots were then generated and within-study pooled average treatment effects were computed by outcome variable. In addition, an assessment of reporting on potential biases was conducted including (1) reporting on key aspects of selection bias and confounding, (2) reporting on spillovers of interventions to comparison groups, (3) reporting of SEs, and (4) reporting on Hawthorne effects and the collection of retrospective data. Results The electronic and manual searches resulted in 42,462 candidate papers. Of these, 80 studies were ultimately selected for the review after screenings to apply the selection criteria. Relevant data were extracted for analysis from these 80 studies. Overall, 1108 regression coefficients across various interventions and outcomes were included in the analysis, representing a total of 4,762,755 firms. Even though the search methods included both high-income and developing countries, only 1 of the 80 studies included in the analysis was in a high-income country, while the remaining 79 were in developing countries. We discuss the results in two parts, looking at firms in manufacturing and services separately from firms (i.e., farms) in agriculture. In each case, we consider both technology adoption and other firm outcomes. Authors' Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that some interventions led to positive impacts on technology adoption among firms across manufacturing, services, and agriculture sectors, but given the wide variation in the time periods, contexts, and study methodologies, the results are hard to generalize. The effects of these interventions on other firm performance measures such as farm yields, firm profits, productivity, and employment were mixed. Policy-makers must be careful in interpreting these results as a given intervention may not work equally well across contexts and may need to be adjusted to each specific regional context. There is great need for more research on the barriers to technology adoption by firms in developing countries and interventions that may help alleviate these obstacles. One major implication for researchers from our review is that there is a need to carefully measure technology adoption.},
+  abstract = {Background The adoption of improved technologies is generally associated with better economic performance and development. Despite its desirable effects, the process of technology adoption can be quite slow and market failures and other frictions may impede adoption. Interventions in market processes may be necessary to promote the adoption of beneficial technologies. This review systematically identifies and summarizes the evidence on the effects of interventions that shape the incentives of firms to adopt new technologies. Following Foster and Rosenzweig, technology is defined as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethe relationship between inputs and outputs,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and technology adoption as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethe use of new mappings between input and outputs and the corresponding allocations of inputs that exploit the new mappings.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace The review focuses on studies that include direct evidence on technology adoption, broadly defined, as an outcome. The term intervention refers broadly to sources of exogenous variation that shape firms' incentives to adopt new technologies, including public policies, interventions carried out by private institutions (such as NGOs), experimental manipulations implemented by academic researchers trying to understand technology adoption, and natural experiments. Objective The objective of this review is to answer the following research questions: To what extent do interventions affect technology adoption in firms? To what extent does technology adoption affect profits, employment, productivity, and yields? Are these effects heterogeneous across sectors, firm size, countries, workers' skill level, or workers' gender? 1.2.3. Selection Criteria To be included, papers had to meet the inclusion criteria described in detail in Section 3.1 which is grouped into four categories: (1) Participants, (2) Interventions, (3) Methodology, and (4) Outcomes. Regarding participants, our focus was on firms, and we omitted studies at the country or region level. In terms of interventions, we included studies that analyzed a source of exogenous variation in incentives for firms to adopt new technologies and estimated their effects. Thus, we left out studies that only looked at correlates of technology adoption, without a credible strategy to establish causality, and only included studies that used experimental or quasi-experimental methods. Regarding outcomes, papers were included only if they estimated effects of interventions (broadly defined) on technology adoption, although we also considered other firm outcomes as secondary outcomes in studies that reported them. Search Methods The first step in selecting the studies to be included in the systematic review was to identify a set of candidate papers. This set included both published and unpublished studies. To look for candidate papers, we implemented an electronic search and, in a subsequent step, a manual search. The electronic search involved running a keyword search on the most commonly used databases for published and unpublished academic studies in the broad topic area. The words and their Boolean combinations were carefully chosen (more details in Section 3.2). The selected papers were initially screened on title and abstract. If papers passed this screen, they were screened on full text. Those studies that met the stated criteria were then selected for analysis. The manual search component involved asking for references from experts and searching references cited by papers selected through the electronic search. These additional papers were screened based on title and abstract and the remaining were screened on full text. If they met the criteria they were added to the list of selected studies. Data Collection and Analysis For the selected studies, the relevant estimates of effects and their associated standard errors (SEs) were entered into an Excel spreadsheet along with other related information such as sample size, variable type, and duration for flow variables. Other information such as authors, year of publication, and country and/or region where the study was implemented was also included in the spreadsheet. Once the data were entered for each of the selected studies, the information on sample size, effect size and SE of the effect size was used to compute the standardized effect size for each study to make the results comparable across studies. For those studies for which relevant data were not reported, we contacted the authors by email and incorporated the information they provided. Forest plots were then generated and within-study pooled average treatment effects were computed by outcome variable. In addition, an assessment of reporting on potential biases was conducted including (1) reporting on key aspects of selection bias and confounding, (2) reporting on spillovers of interventions to comparison groups, (3) reporting of SEs, and (4) reporting on Hawthorne effects and the collection of retrospective data. Results The electronic and manual searches resulted in 42,462 candidate papers. Of these, 80 studies were ultimately selected for the review after screenings to apply the selection criteria. Relevant data were extracted for analysis from these 80 studies. Overall, 1108 regression coefficients across various interventions and outcomes were included in the analysis, representing a total of 4,762,755 firms. Even though the search methods included both high-income and developing countries, only 1 of the 80 studies included in the analysis was in a high-income country, while the remaining 79 were in developing countries. We discuss the results in two parts, looking at firms in manufacturing and services separately from firms (i.e., farms) in agriculture. In each case, we consider both technology adoption and other firm outcomes. Authors' Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that some interventions led to positive impacts on technology adoption among firms across manufacturing, services, and agriculture sectors, but given the wide variation in the time periods, contexts, and study methodologies, the results are hard to generalize. The effects of these interventions on other firm performance measures such as farm yields, firm profits, productivity, and employment were mixed. Policy-makers must be careful in interpreting these results as a given intervention may not work equally well across contexts and may need to be adjusted to each specific regional context. There is great need for more research on the barriers to technology adoption by firms in developing countries and interventions that may help alleviate these obstacles. One major implication for researchers from our review is that there is a need to carefully measure technology adoption.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {intervention::technology\_adoption,outcome::employment,outcome::productivity,outcome::wage,review::systematic,TODO},
   note = {looks at firm-level/supply-side effects of technology adoption;
@@ -906,7 +1077,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Ali, Asha and Aliyar, Liyamol},
   year = {2012},
   journal = {2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING EDUCATION: INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND FUTURE TRENDS (AICERA)},
-  abstract = {From the unique \textbackslash textasciigraveGurukula' style of teaching prevailed during the Vedic period, education as on date has evolved to the most modern concept of e-learning. The method of imparting knowledge through coexistence of teacher and students in ancient times has been transformed to such an extent where the direct physical interaction between students and teacher is not at all required. However, it is a fact that we are still accustomed to the traditional way of classroom teaching, memory checking tests, compulsory attendance etc. even in our post graduate level of technical education. Teaching pattern followed in high school level is followed in the same intensity even at engineering colleges. It is well known that science and mathematics are important tools of engineering programme but they are not themselves sufficient for one's success as an engineer. As world's dependence on technology is increasing tremendously, the need of the hour is to mould engineering graduates with adequate skills and will power required to explore and exploit the new opportunities of the world and thereby to contribute successfully towards the social and economic prosperity of our country. This paper makes a humble attempt to uncover the limitations of current engineering education and also tries to put forward some proactive measures to attain the desired results. It is a fact that the technological advancement we had made is not used up to the full potential in the field of education. The factors that restrain engineering colleges from doing so may be listed as financial constraints, lack of professionalism, method of \textbackslash textasciigraveresult-oriented' teaching rather than knowledge based teaching and shortage of skilled teaching manpower. Serious exploration of the following areas will be required to overcome some of the above deficiencies felt in the current engineering education: 1. Thrust on Research \textbackslash textbackslash\& Development 2. Entrepreneurship development programmes 3. Social informatics 4. Electronic Technology 5. Industry-oriented education and Institute -industry interface The judgement regarding the intellectual capability of technical professionals can be done on the basis of research work carried out in their respective countries. For every one lakh people, there are 150 researchers in India while the same is 3800 in US. Number of patents per one million is approximated as one in India where as it is 289 in US. Today's engineers in the computer and IT field are well settled with their jobs after graduation. Due to the high salary and lucrative facilities offered by various IT companies, fields like research, teaching etc. are ignored by youth. One of the reasons for above backwardness is the lack of orientation given in the field of research during their graduation. A remarkable progress can surely be made if they are given motivation in pursuing career in the filed of research and teaching during their graduation. Availability of highly skilled and research-oriented teaching faculty is a necessity for inculcating the flair of research to fresh engineers. Thrust on research should be assured for assignments and project work carried out by the engineers during their course of study. Research-oriented learning makes our youth capable of out-of-the-box thinking and therefore innovative ideas will be generated even at student level. As a result, teaching faculty will also be equally benefited. Tomorrow's success is highly guaranteed for those engineering professionals who can address the entrepreneurial requirements and balance them with the specialized technological competencies. The skills and knowledge required to become a successful entrepreneur is not given due importance in the current engineering curriculum. Presently, entrepreneurship is taught only in business schools, but now the situation demands the same to be incorporated sufficiently in engineering curriculum. This will help an engineer to develop business skills along with technical skills so that opportunities can be efficiently transformed into workable business models. Social informatics relates to the interaction between society and information-communication technologies (ICT). Addition of social informatics to engineering curriculum will help IT professionals to increase their accountability in social, cultural, political, economical, legal and ethical areas where their technical competencies will be applied. The other advantage is the extension of learning process beyond the classroom to the society and developing a sense of caring for others. We are now blessed with the latest networking technologies like Internet, Intranet, Cloud computing, Wi-fi etc. It is with concern to mention that most of the engineering colleges had made use of the above technologies for improving their administrative efficiency and not for bettering academic efficiency of students. Educational institutions should embrace latest networking technologies in developing new learning platform. Since jobs become more and more insecure and mid life career changes are frequent, lifelong learning is becoming an essential requirement for engineering professionals. This situation can be effectively utilised by engineering colleges for conducting virtual classrooms for practising engineers that can yield financial advantage for teaching faculty and college as well. It is often said that engineering may be the only professional course largely taught by non-practitioners. Hence institute-industry interface, can very well compensate the missing link of industrial exposure. Industries today demand teamwork from fresh recruited engineers whereas teamwork is given less priority in the current engineering curriculum. Industry being the end user of engineering graduates, restructuring of the curriculum in line with industrial demands may also be tried out. Adaptability to industrial environment is a main factor for the successful discharge of an engineer's responsibilities. Universities must recognise the fact that industry is their main client and hence students must be given ample opportunities to interact with industries. Industry-oriented learning for engineering students is almost like a \textbackslash textasciigravegive and take policy' since both industries as well as students is equally benefited. India had made a remarkable progress in recent years especially in the service sector. Global community is well aware of our mettle in IT and BPO industries. The unique advantage we are having is the pool of skilled manpower, which we would need to grow consistently in order to sustain our competitive edge in current market scenario. Now we have to aim for an equilibrium in which we should focus equally on R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D sector along with BPO. More than 200 companies listed in the fortune 500 companies had already established their R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D facilities in India. To accelerate India's growth as a hub for R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D, availability of employable engineers with passion for research is utmost essential. This requires additional infrastructure and faculty requirement as well as radical changes in current technical education system. The stage is now set for industry experts, academia think tanks and top brass of government policy makers to review the existing engineering education and to initiate debate and discussions to enhance the quality of education. It is presumed that this paper will be an eye opener for the above purpose. This paper discusses the different challenges faced by the engineering education systems and suggestions based on various alternative strategies are discussed which can easily be incorporated into the engineering curricula; the introduction of which makes the system complete in all meaning.},
+  abstract = {From the unique {\textbackslash}textasciigraveGurukula' style of teaching prevailed during the Vedic period, education as on date has evolved to the most modern concept of e-learning. The method of imparting knowledge through coexistence of teacher and students in ancient times has been transformed to such an extent where the direct physical interaction between students and teacher is not at all required. However, it is a fact that we are still accustomed to the traditional way of classroom teaching, memory checking tests, compulsory attendance etc. even in our post graduate level of technical education. Teaching pattern followed in high school level is followed in the same intensity even at engineering colleges. It is well known that science and mathematics are important tools of engineering programme but they are not themselves sufficient for one's success as an engineer. As world's dependence on technology is increasing tremendously, the need of the hour is to mould engineering graduates with adequate skills and will power required to explore and exploit the new opportunities of the world and thereby to contribute successfully towards the social and economic prosperity of our country. This paper makes a humble attempt to uncover the limitations of current engineering education and also tries to put forward some proactive measures to attain the desired results. It is a fact that the technological advancement we had made is not used up to the full potential in the field of education. The factors that restrain engineering colleges from doing so may be listed as financial constraints, lack of professionalism, method of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveresult-oriented' teaching rather than knowledge based teaching and shortage of skilled teaching manpower. Serious exploration of the following areas will be required to overcome some of the above deficiencies felt in the current engineering education: 1. Thrust on Research {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Development 2. Entrepreneurship development programmes 3. Social informatics 4. Electronic Technology 5. Industry-oriented education and Institute -industry interface The judgement regarding the intellectual capability of technical professionals can be done on the basis of research work carried out in their respective countries. For every one lakh people, there are 150 researchers in India while the same is 3800 in US. Number of patents per one million is approximated as one in India where as it is 289 in US. Today's engineers in the computer and IT field are well settled with their jobs after graduation. Due to the high salary and lucrative facilities offered by various IT companies, fields like research, teaching etc. are ignored by youth. One of the reasons for above backwardness is the lack of orientation given in the field of research during their graduation. A remarkable progress can surely be made if they are given motivation in pursuing career in the filed of research and teaching during their graduation. Availability of highly skilled and research-oriented teaching faculty is a necessity for inculcating the flair of research to fresh engineers. Thrust on research should be assured for assignments and project work carried out by the engineers during their course of study. Research-oriented learning makes our youth capable of out-of-the-box thinking and therefore innovative ideas will be generated even at student level. As a result, teaching faculty will also be equally benefited. Tomorrow's success is highly guaranteed for those engineering professionals who can address the entrepreneurial requirements and balance them with the specialized technological competencies. The skills and knowledge required to become a successful entrepreneur is not given due importance in the current engineering curriculum. Presently, entrepreneurship is taught only in business schools, but now the situation demands the same to be incorporated sufficiently in engineering curriculum. This will help an engineer to develop business skills along with technical skills so that opportunities can be efficiently transformed into workable business models. Social informatics relates to the interaction between society and information-communication technologies (ICT). Addition of social informatics to engineering curriculum will help IT professionals to increase their accountability in social, cultural, political, economical, legal and ethical areas where their technical competencies will be applied. The other advantage is the extension of learning process beyond the classroom to the society and developing a sense of caring for others. We are now blessed with the latest networking technologies like Internet, Intranet, Cloud computing, Wi-fi etc. It is with concern to mention that most of the engineering colleges had made use of the above technologies for improving their administrative efficiency and not for bettering academic efficiency of students. Educational institutions should embrace latest networking technologies in developing new learning platform. Since jobs become more and more insecure and mid life career changes are frequent, lifelong learning is becoming an essential requirement for engineering professionals. This situation can be effectively utilised by engineering colleges for conducting virtual classrooms for practising engineers that can yield financial advantage for teaching faculty and college as well. It is often said that engineering may be the only professional course largely taught by non-practitioners. Hence institute-industry interface, can very well compensate the missing link of industrial exposure. Industries today demand teamwork from fresh recruited engineers whereas teamwork is given less priority in the current engineering curriculum. Industry being the end user of engineering graduates, restructuring of the curriculum in line with industrial demands may also be tried out. Adaptability to industrial environment is a main factor for the successful discharge of an engineer's responsibilities. Universities must recognise the fact that industry is their main client and hence students must be given ample opportunities to interact with industries. Industry-oriented learning for engineering students is almost like a {\textbackslash}textasciigravegive and take policy' since both industries as well as students is equally benefited. India had made a remarkable progress in recent years especially in the service sector. Global community is well aware of our mettle in IT and BPO industries. The unique advantage we are having is the pool of skilled manpower, which we would need to grow consistently in order to sustain our competitive edge in current market scenario. Now we have to aim for an equilibrium in which we should focus equally on R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D sector along with BPO. More than 200 companies listed in the fortune 500 companies had already established their R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D facilities in India. To accelerate India's growth as a hub for R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D, availability of employable engineers with passion for research is utmost essential. This requires additional infrastructure and faculty requirement as well as radical changes in current technical education system. The stage is now set for industry experts, academia think tanks and top brass of government policy makers to review the existing engineering education and to initiate debate and discussions to enhance the quality of education. It is presumed that this paper will be an eye opener for the above purpose. This paper discusses the different challenges faced by the engineering education systems and suggestions based on various alternative strategies are discussed which can easily be incorporated into the engineering curricula; the introduction of which makes the system complete in all meaning.},
   isbn = {978-1-4673-2267-6},
   langid = {english},
   note = {IEEE International Conference on Engineering Education - Innovative Practices and Future Trends (AICERA), Amal Jyothi Coll Engn, Kottayam, INDIA, JUL 19-21, 2012}
@@ -955,6 +1126,38 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Alkema2012,
+  title = {Estimating {{Trends}} in the {{Total Fertility Rate}} with {{Uncertainty Using Imperfect Data}}: {{Examples}} from {{West Africa}}},
+  shorttitle = {Estimating {{Trends}} in the {{Total Fertility Rate}} with {{Uncertainty Using Imperfect Data}}},
+  author = {Alkema, Leontine and Raftery, Adrian and Gerland, Patrick and Clark, Samuel J. and Pelletier, Francois},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Demographic Research},
+  volume = {26},
+  pages = {331--362},
+  issn = {1435-9871},
+  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2012.26.15},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Allaire2003,
+  title = {Reduction of Job Loss in Persons with Rheumatic Diseases Receiving Vocational Rehabilitation: {{A}} Randomized Controlled Trial},
+  shorttitle = {Reduction of Job Loss in Persons with Rheumatic Diseases Receiving Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  author = {Allaire, Saralynn H. and Li, Wei and LaValley, Michael P.},
+  year = {2003},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Arthritis \& Rheumatism},
+  volume = {48},
+  number = {11},
+  pages = {3212--3218},
+  issn = {0004-3591, 1529-0131},
+  doi = {10.1002/art.11256},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               Job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases, and clinicians may refer patients to vocational rehabilitation for help. When provided after job loss, the impact of vocational rehabilitation is short term. This randomized controlled trial with 48 months of followup was undertaken to determine the efficacy of vocational rehabilitation provided to persons with rheumatic diseases while they are still employed, but at risk for job loss.                                         Methods               A total of 242 patients with rheumatic diseases residing in Massachusetts were recruited through their rheumatologists for study. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 122) or the control group (n = 120). Subjects in the experimental group received two 1.5-hour sessions of vocational rehabilitation; those in the control group received print materials about disability employment issues and resources by mail. The main outcome assessed was the time to first job loss. Job losses were defined as permanent disability, premature retirement, or a period of unemployment. All analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis.                                         Results                                Job loss was delayed in the experimental group compared with the control group (                 P                 = 0.03 by log rank test). After adjustment for confounders, participation in the experimental group was found to be protective against job loss (odds ratio 0.58 [95\% confidence interval 0.34{\textendash}0.99],                 P                 = 0.05 by pooled logistic regression).                                                        Conclusion               Vocational rehabilitation delivered to patients at risk for job loss, but while they were still employed, delayed job loss. Such an intervention has the potential to reduce the high indirect costs, as well as the personal impact, of rheumatic diseases.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Allaire2005,
   title = {Employment and Satisfaction Outcomes from a Job Retention Intervention Delivered to Persons with Chronic Diseases},
   author = {Allaire, {\relax SH} and Niu, {\relax JB} and LaValley, {\relax MP}},
@@ -977,7 +1180,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   journal = {ECLINICALMEDICINE},
   volume = {53},
   doi = {10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101631},
-  abstract = {Background India's abrupt nationwide Covid-19 lockdown internally displaced millions of migrant workers, who returned to distant rural homes. Documenting their labour market reintegration is a critical aspect of understanding the economic costs of the pandemic for India's poor. In a country marked by low and declining female labour force participation, identifying gender gaps in labour market reintegration - as a marker of both women's vulnerability at times of crisis and setbacks in women's agency - is especially important. Yet most studies of pandemic -displaced internal migrants in India are small, rely on highly selected convenience samples, and lack a gender focus. Methods Beginning in April 2020 we enrolled roughly 4,600 displaced migrants who had, during the lockdown, returned to two of India's poorest states into a cohort observational study which tracked enrolees through July 2021. Survey respondents were randomly selected from the states' official databases of return migrants, with sampling stratified by state and gender. 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of enrolees (3950) were working prior to the pandemic. Our difference-in-means analysis uses three survey waves conducted in July to August 2020, January to March 2021, and June to July 2021. Our analysis focuses on a balanced panel of 1780 previously working enrolees (the 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents present in the first wave that also participated in the subsequent two survey rounds). Primary outcomes of interest include labour market re-entry, earnings, and measures of vulnerability by gender. Findings Before the March 2020 national lockdown, 98\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace97,99]) of workers were employed in the non-agricultural sector. In July 2020, one month after the end of the lockdown, incomes plummet, with both genders earning roughly 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their pre-pandemic incomes. 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace45,49]) were employed in agriculture and 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace35,39]) were unemployed. Remigration is critical to regaining income - by January 2021, male re-migrants report earnings on par with their pre-pandemic incomes, while men remaining in rural areas earn only 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace19,27]) of their pre-pandemic income. Remigration benefits women to a lesser extent - female re-migrants regain no more than 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace57,73]) of their pre-pandemic income at any point. Yet men and women struggle to remigrate throughout - by July 2021, no more than 63\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace60,66]) of men and 55\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace51,59]) of women had left their home villages since returning. Gender gaps in income recovery largely reflect higher rates of unemployment among women, both among those remaining in rural areas (9 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace6,13]) higher than men across waves) and among those who remigrate (13 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace9,17]) higher than men across waves). As a result, we observe gender gaps in well-being: relative to male counterparts, women across waves were 7 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace4,10]) more likely to report reduced consumption of essential goods and fared 6 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace4,7]) worse on a food insecurity index. Interpretation Displaced migrants of both genders experienced persistent hardships for over a year after the initial pandemic lockdown. Women fare worse, driven by both lower rates of remigration and lower rates of labour market re-entry both inside and outside home villages. Some women drop out of the labour force entirely, but most unem-ployed report seeking or being available to work. In short, pandemic-induced labour market displacement has far-reaching, long-term consequences for migrant workers, especially women. Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
+  abstract = {Background India's abrupt nationwide Covid-19 lockdown internally displaced millions of migrant workers, who returned to distant rural homes. Documenting their labour market reintegration is a critical aspect of understanding the economic costs of the pandemic for India's poor. In a country marked by low and declining female labour force participation, identifying gender gaps in labour market reintegration - as a marker of both women's vulnerability at times of crisis and setbacks in women's agency - is especially important. Yet most studies of pandemic -displaced internal migrants in India are small, rely on highly selected convenience samples, and lack a gender focus. Methods Beginning in April 2020 we enrolled roughly 4,600 displaced migrants who had, during the lockdown, returned to two of India's poorest states into a cohort observational study which tracked enrolees through July 2021. Survey respondents were randomly selected from the states' official databases of return migrants, with sampling stratified by state and gender. 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of enrolees (3950) were working prior to the pandemic. Our difference-in-means analysis uses three survey waves conducted in July to August 2020, January to March 2021, and June to July 2021. Our analysis focuses on a balanced panel of 1780 previously working enrolees (the 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents present in the first wave that also participated in the subsequent two survey rounds). Primary outcomes of interest include labour market re-entry, earnings, and measures of vulnerability by gender. Findings Before the March 2020 national lockdown, 98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace97,99]) of workers were employed in the non-agricultural sector. In July 2020, one month after the end of the lockdown, incomes plummet, with both genders earning roughly 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of their pre-pandemic incomes. 47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace45,49]) were employed in agriculture and 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace35,39]) were unemployed. Remigration is critical to regaining income - by January 2021, male re-migrants report earnings on par with their pre-pandemic incomes, while men remaining in rural areas earn only 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace19,27]) of their pre-pandemic income. Remigration benefits women to a lesser extent - female re-migrants regain no more than 65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace57,73]) of their pre-pandemic income at any point. Yet men and women struggle to remigrate throughout - by July 2021, no more than 63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace60,66]) of men and 55{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace51,59]) of women had left their home villages since returning. Gender gaps in income recovery largely reflect higher rates of unemployment among women, both among those remaining in rural areas (9 percentage points (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace6,13]) higher than men across waves) and among those who remigrate (13 percentage points (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace9,17]) higher than men across waves). As a result, we observe gender gaps in well-being: relative to male counterparts, women across waves were 7 percentage points (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace4,10]) more likely to report reduced consumption of essential goods and fared 6 percentage points (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace4,7]) worse on a food insecurity index. Interpretation Displaced migrants of both genders experienced persistent hardships for over a year after the initial pandemic lockdown. Women fare worse, driven by both lower rates of remigration and lower rates of labour market re-entry both inside and outside home villages. Some women drop out of the labour force entirely, but most unem-ployed report seeking or being available to work. In short, pandemic-induced labour market displacement has far-reaching, long-term consequences for migrant workers, especially women. Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -986,7 +1189,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Allel, Kasim and Leon, Ana Sofia and Staudinger, Ursula M. and Calvo, Esteban},
   year = {2021},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {41},
   number = {1},
   pages = {137--157},
@@ -1006,7 +1209,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {42--52},
   issn = {2214-367X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2022.05.005},
-  abstract = {There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact mental health and well-being. An \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveextreme commuter \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave is a worker who has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in Canada. We use a 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n = 4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016 across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the workforce had commute times exceeding 60 mi-nutes. However, this rate of extreme commuting was 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for low-income households, 13.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for immigrants, and 13.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Black Canadians and 14.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners.},
+  abstract = {There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact mental health and well-being. An {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveextreme commuter {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave is a worker who has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in Canada. We use a 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n = 4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016 across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the workforce had commute times exceeding 60 mi-nutes. However, this rate of extreme commuting was 11.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for low-income households, 13.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for immigrants, and 13.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Black Canadians and 14.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1032,7 +1235,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
   issn = {0303-8300},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-023-03144-3},
-  abstract = {This article aspires to foster the debate around the methods for measuring time and income poverty. In the last fifteen years a few studies (Dorn et al. in RIW, 2023; Harvey and Mukhopadhyay in SIR 82, 57-77, 2007; Bardasi and Wodon in FE 16, 45-78, 2010; Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939383, 2011; Merz and Rathjen in RIW 60, 450-479, 2014) attempted to measure multidimensional deprivation including time poverty in the definition. Some of them (Bardasi \textbackslash textbackslash\& Wodon in FE 16, 45-78, 2010; Harvey \textbackslash textbackslash\& Mukhopadhyay in SIR 82, 57-77, 2007; Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.1939383, 2011) put unpaid work-and, therefore, gender inequalities in the division of work-at the center. Despite the fact that the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) was first presented more than a decade ago (Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939383, 2011), the measure was always employed in reports and never empirically discussed in an academic article. Here I want to fill this gap in the debate by comparing the LIMTIP to the other measures and by applying it to a new case- Italy-furthering the exploration around the linkages between gendered time allocation, employment patterns and household wellbeing in a country characterized by an extraordinary low women's participation in the labor market and an equally extraordinary wide gender gap in unpaid care and domestic work.},
+  abstract = {This article aspires to foster the debate around the methods for measuring time and income poverty. In the last fifteen years a few studies (Dorn et al. in RIW, 2023; Harvey and Mukhopadhyay in SIR 82, 57-77, 2007; Bardasi and Wodon in FE 16, 45-78, 2010; Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939383, 2011; Merz and Rathjen in RIW 60, 450-479, 2014) attempted to measure multidimensional deprivation including time poverty in the definition. Some of them (Bardasi {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Wodon in FE 16, 45-78, 2010; Harvey {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Mukhopadhyay in SIR 82, 57-77, 2007; Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.1939383, 2011) put unpaid work-and, therefore, gender inequalities in the division of work-at the center. Despite the fact that the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) was first presented more than a decade ago (Zacharias in LEIBCWP. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939383, 2011), the measure was always employed in reports and never empirically discussed in an academic article. Here I want to fill this gap in the debate by comparing the LIMTIP to the other measures and by applying it to a new case- Italy-furthering the exploration around the linkages between gendered time allocation, employment patterns and household wellbeing in a country characterized by an extraordinary low women's participation in the labor market and an equally extraordinary wide gender gap in unpaid care and domestic work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1058,7 +1261,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {15},
   issn = {2035-8237},
   doi = {10.52965/001c.74118},
-  abstract = {Background Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. Prior studies investigated the association between rurality and outcomes, although there is a paucity of literature focusing on ES. Objective This study aims to determine whether ES patients in rural areas are subject to adverse outcomes. Methods This study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A Poisson regression model was used with controls for race, sex, median county income, and age to determine the association between rurality and tumor size. A multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Model was utilized, controlling for age, race, gender, income, and tumor size. Results There were 868 patients eligible for analysis, with a mean age of 14.14 years. Of these patients, 97 lived in rural counties (11.18\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Metropolitan areas had a 9.50\textbackslash textbackslash\% smaller tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001), compared to non-metropolitan counties. Patients of Black race had a 14.32\textbackslash textbackslash\% larger tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001), and male sex was associated with a 15.34\textbackslash textbackslash\% larger tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001). The Cox Proportional Hazard model estimated that metropolitan areas had a 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower risk of death over time, compared to non-metropolitan areas (HR: 0.64, p {$<$}= 0.04). Conclusion Patients in metropolitan areas had a smaller tumor size at time of diagnosis and had a more favorable survival rate for cancer-specific mortality compared to patients residing in rural areas. Further work is needed to examine interventions to reduce this discrepancy and investigate the effect of extremely rural and urban settings and why racial disparities occur.},
+  abstract = {Background Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. Prior studies investigated the association between rurality and outcomes, although there is a paucity of literature focusing on ES. Objective This study aims to determine whether ES patients in rural areas are subject to adverse outcomes. Methods This study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A Poisson regression model was used with controls for race, sex, median county income, and age to determine the association between rurality and tumor size. A multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Model was utilized, controlling for age, race, gender, income, and tumor size. Results There were 868 patients eligible for analysis, with a mean age of 14.14 years. Of these patients, 97 lived in rural counties (11.18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Metropolitan areas had a 9.50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% smaller tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001), compared to non-metropolitan counties. Patients of Black race had a 14.32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% larger tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001), and male sex was associated with a 15.34{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% larger tumor size (p{$<$}0.0001). The Cox Proportional Hazard model estimated that metropolitan areas had a 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower risk of death over time, compared to non-metropolitan areas (HR: 0.64, p {$<$}= 0.04). Conclusion Patients in metropolitan areas had a smaller tumor size at time of diagnosis and had a more favorable survival rate for cancer-specific mortality compared to patients residing in rural areas. Further work is needed to examine interventions to reduce this discrepancy and investigate the effect of extremely rural and urban settings and why racial disparities occur.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1067,7 +1270,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Alspaugh, Amy and Lanshaw, Nikki and Kriebs, Jan and Van Hoover, Cheri},
   year = {2021},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF MIDWIFERY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& WOMENS HEALTH},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF MIDWIFERY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& WOMENS HEALTH},
   volume = {66},
   number = {4},
   pages = {441--451},
@@ -1087,7 +1290,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {S78-S91},
   issn = {1469-3062},
   doi = {10.1080/14693062.2016.1150250},
-  abstract = {Achieving the international 2 degrees C limit climate policy requires stringent reductions in GHG emissions by mid-century, with some countries simultaneously facing development-related challenges. South Africa is a middle-income developing country with high rates of unemployment and high levels of poverty, as well as an emissions-intensive economy. South Africa takes into account an assessment of what a fair contribution to reducing global emissions might be, and is committed to a \textbackslash textasciigravepeak, plateau and decline' emissions trajectory with absolute emissions specified for 2025 and 2030, while noting the need to address development imperatives. This work utilizes an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model (e-SAGE) linked to an energy-system optimization model (TIMES) to explore improving development metrics within a 14 GtCO(2)e cumulative energy sector carbon constraint through to 2050 for South Africa. The electricity sector decarbonizes by retiring coal-fired power plants or replacing with concentrated solar power, solar photovoltaics and wind generation. Industry and tertiary-sector growth remains strong throughout the time period, with reduced energy intensity via fuel-switching and efficiency improvements. From 2010 to 2050, the model results in the unemployment rate decreasing from 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 12\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and the percentage of people living below the poverty line decreasing from 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 18\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Total energy GHG emissions were reduced by 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% and per capita emissions decreased by 62\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Policy relevance Lower poverty and inequality are goals that cannot be subordinated to lower GHG emissions. Policy documents in South Africa outline objectives such as reducing poverty and inequality with a key focus on education and employment. In its climate policy and Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), South Africa is committed to a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory. As in many developing countries, these policy goals require major transformations in the energy system while simultaneously increasing affordable access to safe and convenient energy services for those living in energy poverty. The modelled scenario in this work focuses on employment and poverty reduction under a carbon constraint, a novel combination with results that can provide information for a holistic climate and development policy framework. This study has focused on the long term, which is important in generating clear policy signals for the necessary large-scale investments.},
+  abstract = {Achieving the international 2 degrees C limit climate policy requires stringent reductions in GHG emissions by mid-century, with some countries simultaneously facing development-related challenges. South Africa is a middle-income developing country with high rates of unemployment and high levels of poverty, as well as an emissions-intensive economy. South Africa takes into account an assessment of what a fair contribution to reducing global emissions might be, and is committed to a {\textbackslash}textasciigravepeak, plateau and decline' emissions trajectory with absolute emissions specified for 2025 and 2030, while noting the need to address development imperatives. This work utilizes an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model (e-SAGE) linked to an energy-system optimization model (TIMES) to explore improving development metrics within a 14 GtCO(2)e cumulative energy sector carbon constraint through to 2050 for South Africa. The electricity sector decarbonizes by retiring coal-fired power plants or replacing with concentrated solar power, solar photovoltaics and wind generation. Industry and tertiary-sector growth remains strong throughout the time period, with reduced energy intensity via fuel-switching and efficiency improvements. From 2010 to 2050, the model results in the unemployment rate decreasing from 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and the percentage of people living below the poverty line decreasing from 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Total energy GHG emissions were reduced by 39{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and per capita emissions decreased by 62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Policy relevance Lower poverty and inequality are goals that cannot be subordinated to lower GHG emissions. Policy documents in South Africa outline objectives such as reducing poverty and inequality with a key focus on education and employment. In its climate policy and Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), South Africa is committed to a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory. As in many developing countries, these policy goals require major transformations in the energy system while simultaneously increasing affordable access to safe and convenient energy services for those living in energy poverty. The modelled scenario in this work focuses on employment and poverty reduction under a carbon constraint, a novel combination with results that can provide information for a holistic climate and development policy framework. This study has focused on the long term, which is important in generating clear policy signals for the necessary large-scale investments.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1130,7 +1333,23 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {105--133},
   issn = {0014-4983},
   doi = {10.1016/j.eeh.2017.10.005},
-  abstract = {Using the Ensenada Cadastre, a unique database on Castilian households circa 1750, this paper provides new evidence on the relationship between human capital and male labor earnings in eighteenth-century Spain. Human capital is proxied by individual indicators of basic skills (literacy and numeracy) and of occupational skills. We employ a Mincerian regression approach and find a positive and statistically significant association between skills and average earnings. Although we cannot reliably assess causality in the observed relationship, these findings are robust to conditioning on household composition, job characteristics, and place of residence. Nonetheless, further testing indicates that the earnings gradient associated with literacy is driven mainly by unobservable variables (e.g., ability, family background) that explain both the worker's acquisition of this skill and his earnings. The estimated associations are stronger for urban than for rural workers and are highly heterogeneous across activity sectors. Our analysis reveals that workers with higher skills were not only better remunerated in their main occupation but also more likely to diversify their earnings through \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveby-employment\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Finally, quantile regression analysis indicates that earnings disparities between workers with different skills were much smaller at the lower than the upper end of the earnings distribution. This evidence suggests that, in pre-industrial Castile, human capital may have contributed to inequality of earnings. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Using the Ensenada Cadastre, a unique database on Castilian households circa 1750, this paper provides new evidence on the relationship between human capital and male labor earnings in eighteenth-century Spain. Human capital is proxied by individual indicators of basic skills (literacy and numeracy) and of occupational skills. We employ a Mincerian regression approach and find a positive and statistically significant association between skills and average earnings. Although we cannot reliably assess causality in the observed relationship, these findings are robust to conditioning on household composition, job characteristics, and place of residence. Nonetheless, further testing indicates that the earnings gradient associated with literacy is driven mainly by unobservable variables (e.g., ability, family background) that explain both the worker's acquisition of this skill and his earnings. The estimated associations are stronger for urban than for rural workers and are highly heterogeneous across activity sectors. Our analysis reveals that workers with higher skills were not only better remunerated in their main occupation but also more likely to diversify their earnings through {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveby-employment{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Finally, quantile regression analysis indicates that earnings disparities between workers with different skills were much smaller at the lower than the upper end of the earnings distribution. This evidence suggests that, in pre-industrial Castile, human capital may have contributed to inequality of earnings. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Alwazzan2016,
+  title = {Women in Medical Education: Views and Experiences from the {{Kingdom}} of {{Saudi Arabia}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women in Medical Education},
+  author = {Alwazzan, Lulu and Rees, Charlotte E},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Medical Education},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {852--865},
+  issn = {03080110},
+  doi = {10.1111/medu.12988},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1178,8 +1397,8 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
 }
 
 @article{Anand2006,
-  title = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}\textendash{{Transport}}\textendash{{Livelihood Link}}: {{The Case}} of {{Poor Women}} in {{Delhi}}},
-  shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}\textendash{{Transport}}\textendash{{Livelihood Link}}},
+  title = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}{\textendash}{{Transport}}{\textendash}{{Livelihood Link}}: {{The Case}} of {{Poor Women}} in {{Delhi}}},
+  shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}{\textendash}{{Transport}}{\textendash}{{Livelihood Link}}},
   author = {Anand, Anvita and Tiwari, Geetam},
   year = {2006},
   month = jan,
@@ -1198,7 +1417,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Anang, Benjamin Tetteh and Apedo, Clever Kwasi},
   year = {2023},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {COGENT ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
+  journal = {COGENT ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FINANCE},
   volume = {11},
   number = {1},
   issn = {2332-2039},
@@ -1216,7 +1435,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {15},
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-1387-0},
-  abstract = {Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between stage of incident breast cancer (BC) and personal income three years after diagnosis. The analysis further considered whether the association differed among educational groups. Methods: The study was based on information from Danish nationwide registers. A total of 7,372 women aged 30-60 years diagnosed with BC, 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% with metastasis, were compared to 213,276 controls. Generalised linear models were used to estimate the effect of a cancer diagnosis on personal gross income three years after diagnosis, stratified by education and stage of cancer. The models were adjusted for income two years prior to cancer diagnosis and demographic, geographic and co-morbidity covariates. Results: Adjusting for income two years prior to cancer diagnosis and other baseline covariates (see above), cancer had a minor effect on personal income three years after diagnosis. The effect of metastatic BC was a statistically significant reduction in income three years after diagnosis of -3.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -4.8;-2.0), -2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -4.3;-1.3) and -4.1 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.9;-2.3) among further, vocational and low educated women, respectively. The corresponding estimates for the effect of localised BC were -2.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -3.8; -1.2), -1.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -3.0; -0.2) and -1.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -3.7; 0.3); the latter estimate (for the low-educated) was not statistically different from zero. We found no statistically significant educational gradient in the effect of cancer stage on income. Conclusions: In a Danish context, the very small negative effect of BC on personal income may be explained by different types of compensation in low- and high-income groups. The public income transfers are equal for all income groups and cover a relatively high compensation among low- income groups. However, high-income groups additionally receive pay-outs from private pension and insurance schemes, which typically provide higher coverage for high-income workers.},
+  abstract = {Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between stage of incident breast cancer (BC) and personal income three years after diagnosis. The analysis further considered whether the association differed among educational groups. Methods: The study was based on information from Danish nationwide registers. A total of 7,372 women aged 30-60 years diagnosed with BC, 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with metastasis, were compared to 213,276 controls. Generalised linear models were used to estimate the effect of a cancer diagnosis on personal gross income three years after diagnosis, stratified by education and stage of cancer. The models were adjusted for income two years prior to cancer diagnosis and demographic, geographic and co-morbidity covariates. Results: Adjusting for income two years prior to cancer diagnosis and other baseline covariates (see above), cancer had a minor effect on personal income three years after diagnosis. The effect of metastatic BC was a statistically significant reduction in income three years after diagnosis of -3.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -4.8;-2.0), -2.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -4.3;-1.3) and -4.1 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -5.9;-2.3) among further, vocational and low educated women, respectively. The corresponding estimates for the effect of localised BC were -2.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -3.8; -1.2), -1.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -3.0; -0.2) and -1.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -3.7; 0.3); the latter estimate (for the low-educated) was not statistically different from zero. We found no statistically significant educational gradient in the effect of cancer stage on income. Conclusions: In a Danish context, the very small negative effect of BC on personal income may be explained by different types of compensation in low- and high-income groups. The public income transfers are equal for all income groups and cover a relatively high compensation among low- income groups. However, high-income groups additionally receive pay-outs from private pension and insurance schemes, which typically provide higher coverage for high-income workers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1264,6 +1483,37 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Anderson2006,
+  title = {Stability of {{Transition}} to {{Adulthood Among Individuals With Pediatric-onset Spinal Cord Injuries}}},
+  author = {Anderson, Caroline J. and Vogel, Lawrence C. and Willis, Kathleen M. and Betz, Randal R.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {46--56},
+  issn = {1079-0268, 2045-7723},
+  doi = {10.1080/10790268.2006.11753856},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Anderson2009,
+  title = {What Determines Female Autonomy? {{Evidence}} from {{Bangladesh}}},
+  shorttitle = {What Determines Female Autonomy?},
+  author = {Anderson, Siwan and Eswaran, Mukesh},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
+  volume = {90},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {179--191},
+  issn = {03043878},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Andrea2022,
   title = {Beyond {{Hours Worked}} and {{Dollars Earned}}: {{Multidimensional EQ}}, {{Retirement Trajectories}} and {{Health}} in {{Later Life}}},
   author = {Andrea, Sarah B. and {Eisenberg-Guyot}, Jerzy and Oddo, Vanessa M. and Peckham, Trevor and Jacoby, Daniel and Hajat, Anjum},
@@ -1275,7 +1525,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {51--73},
   issn = {2054-4642},
   doi = {10.1093/workar/waab012},
-  abstract = {The working lives of Americans have become less stable over the past several decades and older adults may be particularly vulnerable to these changes in employment quality (EQ). We aimed to develop a multidimensional indicator of EQ among older adults and identify EQ and retirement trajectories in the United States. Using longitudinal data on employment stability, material rewards, workers' rights, working-time arrangements, unionization, and interpersonal power relations from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we used principal component analysis to construct an EQ score. Then, we used sequence analysis to identify late-career EQ trajectories (age 50-70 years; N = 11,958 respondents), overall and by sociodemographics (race, gender, educational attainment, marital status). We subsequently examined the sociodemographic, employment, and health profiles of these trajectories. We identified 10 EQ trajectories; the most prevalent trajectories were Minimally Attached and Wealthy (13.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and Good EQ to Well-off Retirement (13.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), however, 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents were classified into suboptimal trajectories. Those in suboptimal trajectories were disproportionately women, people of color, and less-educated. Individuals in the Poor EQ to Delayed and Poor Retirement and Unattached and Poor dusters self-reported the greatest prevalence of poor health and depression, while individuals in the Wealthy Business Owners and Great EQ to Well-off Retirement clusters self-reported the lowest prevalence of poor health and depression at baseline. Trajectories were substantially constrained for women of color. Although our study demonstrates EQ is inequitably distributed in later life, labor organizing and policy change may afford opportunities to improve EQ and retirement among marginalized populations.},
+  abstract = {The working lives of Americans have become less stable over the past several decades and older adults may be particularly vulnerable to these changes in employment quality (EQ). We aimed to develop a multidimensional indicator of EQ among older adults and identify EQ and retirement trajectories in the United States. Using longitudinal data on employment stability, material rewards, workers' rights, working-time arrangements, unionization, and interpersonal power relations from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we used principal component analysis to construct an EQ score. Then, we used sequence analysis to identify late-career EQ trajectories (age 50-70 years; N = 11,958 respondents), overall and by sociodemographics (race, gender, educational attainment, marital status). We subsequently examined the sociodemographic, employment, and health profiles of these trajectories. We identified 10 EQ trajectories; the most prevalent trajectories were Minimally Attached and Wealthy (13.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and Good EQ to Well-off Retirement (13.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), however, 42{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents were classified into suboptimal trajectories. Those in suboptimal trajectories were disproportionately women, people of color, and less-educated. Individuals in the Poor EQ to Delayed and Poor Retirement and Unattached and Poor dusters self-reported the greatest prevalence of poor health and depression, while individuals in the Wealthy Business Owners and Great EQ to Well-off Retirement clusters self-reported the lowest prevalence of poor health and depression at baseline. Trajectories were substantially constrained for women of color. Although our study demonstrates EQ is inequitably distributed in later life, labor organizing and policy change may afford opportunities to improve EQ and retirement among marginalized populations.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1290,7 +1540,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {170--189},
   issn = {0260-1370},
   doi = {10.1080/02601370.2021.1924302},
-  abstract = {In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of \textbackslash textasciigravetime,' \textbackslash textasciigravenormative patterns,' \textbackslash textasciigraveorder and disorder,' and \textbackslash textasciigravediscontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the Paths on Life's Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences - and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. \textbackslash textasciigraveNormative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by \textbackslash textasciigravedisordered' and \textbackslash textasciigravediscontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.},
+  abstract = {In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of {\textbackslash}textasciigravetime,' {\textbackslash}textasciigravenormative patterns,' {\textbackslash}textasciigraveorder and disorder,' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravediscontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the Paths on Life's Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences - and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveNormative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by {\textbackslash}textasciigravedisordered' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravediscontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1302,7 +1552,22 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
   volume = {13},
   doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-13-534},
-  abstract = {Background: Universal access to information for health professionals is a need to achieve \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealth for all strategy.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace A large proportion of the population including health professionals have limited access to health information in resource limited countries. The aim of this study is to assess information needs among Ethiopian health professionals. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative study design complemented with qualitative method was conducted among 350 health care workers in Feburary26-June5/2012. Pretested self-administered questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect data on different variables. Data entry and data analysis were done using Epi-Info version 3.5.1 and by SPSS version19, respectively. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were applied to describe study objectives and identify the determinants of information seeking behaviours respectively. Odds ratio with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI was used to assess the association between a factor and an outcome variable. Results: The majority of the respondents acknowledged the need of health information to their routine activities. About 54.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents lacked access to health information. Only 42.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents have access to internet sources. Important barriers to access information were geographical, organizational, personal, economic, educational status and time. About 58.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents accessed information by referring their hard copies and asking senior staff. Age, sex, income, computer literacy and access, patient size, work experience and working site were significantly associated with information needs and seeking behaviour. Conclusions: The health information seeking behaviour of health professional was significant. The heaklth facilities had neither informationcenter such as library, nor internet facilities. Conducting training on managing health information, accessing computer and improving infrastructures are important interventions to facilitate evidence based descions.},
+  abstract = {Background: Universal access to information for health professionals is a need to achieve {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehealth for all strategy.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace A large proportion of the population including health professionals have limited access to health information in resource limited countries. The aim of this study is to assess information needs among Ethiopian health professionals. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative study design complemented with qualitative method was conducted among 350 health care workers in Feburary26-June5/2012. Pretested self-administered questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect data on different variables. Data entry and data analysis were done using Epi-Info version 3.5.1 and by SPSS version19, respectively. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were applied to describe study objectives and identify the determinants of information seeking behaviours respectively. Odds ratio with 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI was used to assess the association between a factor and an outcome variable. Results: The majority of the respondents acknowledged the need of health information to their routine activities. About 54.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents lacked access to health information. Only 42.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents have access to internet sources. Important barriers to access information were geographical, organizational, personal, economic, educational status and time. About 58.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the respondents accessed information by referring their hard copies and asking senior staff. Age, sex, income, computer literacy and access, patient size, work experience and working site were significantly associated with information needs and seeking behaviour. Conclusions: The health information seeking behaviour of health professional was significant. The heaklth facilities had neither informationcenter such as library, nor internet facilities. Conducting training on managing health information, accessing computer and improving infrastructures are important interventions to facilitate evidence based descions.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Ang2004,
+  title = {Effects of Gender and Sex Role Orientation on Help-Seeking Attitudes},
+  author = {Ang, Rebecca P. and Lim, Kam Ming and Tan, Ai-Girl and Yau, Tow Yee},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Current Psychology},
+  volume = {23},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {203--214},
+  issn = {0737-8262, 1936-4733},
+  doi = {10.1007/s12144-004-1020-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1333,8 +1598,41 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Anner2012,
+  title = {Evaluation of Work Disability and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: What to Expect and What Not},
+  shorttitle = {Evaluation of Work Disability and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health},
+  author = {Anner, Jessica and Schwegler, Urban and Kunz, Regina and Trezzini, Bruno and De Boer, Wout},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {BMC Public Health},
+  volume = {12},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {470},
+  issn = {1471-2458},
+  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-12-470},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{AnneRoopnarine2012,
+  title = {Female Labour Force Participation: The Case of {{Trinidad}} and {{Tobago}}},
+  shorttitle = {Female Labour Force Participation},
+  author = {Anne Roopnarine, Karen and Ramrattan, Dindial},
+  editor = {Ahmed, Allam},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development},
+  volume = {8},
+  number = {2/3},
+  pages = {183--193},
+  issn = {2042-5961},
+  doi = {10.1108/20425961211247789},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Ansar2023,
-  title = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic: {{Revisiting}} Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in {{South}}\textendash{{South}} Labour Migration},
+  title = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic: {{Revisiting}} Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in {{South}}{\textendash}{{South}} Labour Migration},
   shorttitle = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic},
   author = {Ansar, Anas},
   year = {2023},
@@ -1346,7 +1644,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   issn = {1470-2266, 1471-0374},
   doi = {10.1111/glob.12368},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented societal disruption and disproportionately affected global mobility dynamics. Within such a troubled and intensifying crisis, the intersection of migration and gender is even more unsettling. Since the pandemic outbreak, Bangladesh witnessed a colossal crisis among millions of Bangladeshi migrants working overseas\textemdash a considerable section of them are women. By highlighting the plight of the Bangladeshi women migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, this study expands the emerging literature that addresses the nexus among migration, pandemic fallout and gendered labour. Redrawing our understanding of globalization from below, the study attempts to further advance the theoretical perspectives on the predicaments of globalization and gendered precarity in contract labour migration. The study argues that the focus on the power asymmetry between the host and sending countries remains too limited to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inequalities are reproduced and transformed. Instead, it suggests that the challenges and disadvantages women migrants endure are embedded in the asymmetries of deep-rooted economic and social structures in tandem with the systemic practice of otherness and exclusion.},
+  abstract = {Abstract             The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented societal disruption and disproportionately affected global mobility dynamics. Within such a troubled and intensifying crisis, the intersection of migration and gender is even more unsettling. Since the pandemic outbreak, Bangladesh witnessed a colossal crisis among millions of Bangladeshi migrants working overseas{\textemdash}a considerable section of them are women. By highlighting the plight of the Bangladeshi women migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, this study expands the emerging literature that addresses the nexus among migration, pandemic fallout and gendered labour. Redrawing our understanding of globalization from below, the study attempts to further advance the theoretical perspectives on the predicaments of globalization and gendered precarity in contract labour migration. The study argues that the focus on the power asymmetry between the host and sending countries remains too limited to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inequalities are reproduced and transformed. Instead, it suggests that the challenges and disadvantages women migrants endure are embedded in the asymmetries of deep-rooted economic and social structures in tandem with the systemic practice of otherness and exclusion.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1379,6 +1677,22 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Anttila2012,
+  title = {Quality of Evidence of Assistive Technology Interventions for People with Disability: {{An}} Overview of Systematic Reviews},
+  shorttitle = {Quality of Evidence of Assistive Technology Interventions for People with Disability},
+  author = {Anttila, Heidi and Samuelsson, Kersti and Salminen, Anna-Liisa and Brandt, {\AA}se},
+  editor = {Brandt, {\AA}se and Alwin, Jenny},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Technology and Disability},
+  volume = {24},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {9--48},
+  issn = {1878643X, 10554181},
+  doi = {10.3233/TAD-2012-0332},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Anyanwu2014,
   title = {Marital {{Status}}, {{Household Size}} and {{Poverty}} in {{Nigeria}}: {{Evidence}} from the 2009/2010 {{Survey Data}}: {{Marital Status}}, {{Household Size}} and {{Poverty}} in {{Nigeria}}},
   shorttitle = {Marital {{Status}}, {{Household Size}} and {{Poverty}} in {{Nigeria}}},
@@ -1450,7 +1764,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {18},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1002/cl2.1216},
-  abstract = {Background Globally, 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the youth are not in education, employment or training (NEET). Moreover, this persistent problem has been exacerbated by the shock of Covid-19 pandemic. More youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are likely unemployed than those from better off backgrounds. Thus, the need for increased use of evidence in the design and implementation of youth employment interventions to increase effectiveness and sustainability of interventions and outcomes. Evidence and gap maps (EGMs) can promote evidence-based decision making by guiding policy makers, development partners and researchers to areas with good bodies of evidence and those with little or no evidence. The scope of the Youth Employment EGM is global. The map covers all youth aged 15-35 years. The three broad intervention categories included in the EGM are: strengthening training and education systems, enhancing labour market and, transforming financial sector markets. There are five outcome categories: education and skills; entrepreneurship; employment; welfare and economic outcomes. The EGM contains impact evaluations of interventions implemented to increase youth employment and systematic reviews of such single studies, published or made available between 2000 and 2019. Objectives The primary objective was to catalogue impact evaluations and systematic reviews on youth employment interventions to improve discoverability of evidence by decision makers, development patterners and researchers, so as to promote evidence-based decision making in programming and implementation of youth employment initiatives. Search Methods Twenty databases and websites were searched using a validated search strategy. Additional searches included searching within 21 systematic reviews, snowballing 20 most recent studies and citation tracking of 10 most recent studies included in the EGM. Selection Criteria The study selection criteria followed the PICOS approach of population, intervention, relevant comparison groups, outcomes and study design. Additional criterion is; study publication or availability period of between 2000 and 2021. Only impact evaluations and systematic reviews that included impact evaluations were selected. Data Collection and Analysis A total of 14,511 studies were uploaded in EPPI Reviewer 4 software, upon which 399 were selected using the criteria provided above. Coding of data took place in EPPI Reviewer basing on predefined codes. The unit of analysis for the report is individual studies where every entry represents a combination of interventions and outcomes. Main Results Overall, 399 studies (21 systematic reviews and 378 impact evaluations) are included in the EGM. Impact evaluations (n = 378) are much more than the systematic reviews (n = 21). Most impact evaluations are experimental studies (n = 177), followed by non-experimental matching (n = 167) and other regression designs (n = 35). Experimental studies were mostly conducted in both Lower-income countries and Lower Middle Income countries while non-experimental study designs are the most common in both High Income and Upper Middle Income countries. Most evidence is from low quality impact evaluations (71.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) while majority of systematic reviews (71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of 21) are of medium and high quality rating. The area saturated with most evidence is the intervention category of \textbackslash textasciigravetraining', while the underrepresented are three main intervention sub-categories: information services; decent work policies and; entrepreneurship promotion and financing. Older youth, youth in fragility, conflict and violence contexts, or humanitarian settings, or ethnic minorities or those with criminal backgrounds are least studied. Conclusions The Youth Employment EGM identifies trends in evidence notably the following: Most evidence is from high-income countries, an indication of the relationship between a country's income status and research productivity. The most common study designs are experimental. Most of the evidence is of low quality. This finding serves to alert researchers, practitioners and policy makers that more rigorous work is needed to inform youth employment interventions. Blending of interventions is practiced. While this could be an indication that blended intervention could be offering better outcomes, this remains an area with a research gap.},
+  abstract = {Background Globally, 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the youth are not in education, employment or training (NEET). Moreover, this persistent problem has been exacerbated by the shock of Covid-19 pandemic. More youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are likely unemployed than those from better off backgrounds. Thus, the need for increased use of evidence in the design and implementation of youth employment interventions to increase effectiveness and sustainability of interventions and outcomes. Evidence and gap maps (EGMs) can promote evidence-based decision making by guiding policy makers, development partners and researchers to areas with good bodies of evidence and those with little or no evidence. The scope of the Youth Employment EGM is global. The map covers all youth aged 15-35 years. The three broad intervention categories included in the EGM are: strengthening training and education systems, enhancing labour market and, transforming financial sector markets. There are five outcome categories: education and skills; entrepreneurship; employment; welfare and economic outcomes. The EGM contains impact evaluations of interventions implemented to increase youth employment and systematic reviews of such single studies, published or made available between 2000 and 2019. Objectives The primary objective was to catalogue impact evaluations and systematic reviews on youth employment interventions to improve discoverability of evidence by decision makers, development patterners and researchers, so as to promote evidence-based decision making in programming and implementation of youth employment initiatives. Search Methods Twenty databases and websites were searched using a validated search strategy. Additional searches included searching within 21 systematic reviews, snowballing 20 most recent studies and citation tracking of 10 most recent studies included in the EGM. Selection Criteria The study selection criteria followed the PICOS approach of population, intervention, relevant comparison groups, outcomes and study design. Additional criterion is; study publication or availability period of between 2000 and 2021. Only impact evaluations and systematic reviews that included impact evaluations were selected. Data Collection and Analysis A total of 14,511 studies were uploaded in EPPI Reviewer 4 software, upon which 399 were selected using the criteria provided above. Coding of data took place in EPPI Reviewer basing on predefined codes. The unit of analysis for the report is individual studies where every entry represents a combination of interventions and outcomes. Main Results Overall, 399 studies (21 systematic reviews and 378 impact evaluations) are included in the EGM. Impact evaluations (n = 378) are much more than the systematic reviews (n = 21). Most impact evaluations are experimental studies (n = 177), followed by non-experimental matching (n = 167) and other regression designs (n = 35). Experimental studies were mostly conducted in both Lower-income countries and Lower Middle Income countries while non-experimental study designs are the most common in both High Income and Upper Middle Income countries. Most evidence is from low quality impact evaluations (71.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) while majority of systematic reviews (71.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of 21) are of medium and high quality rating. The area saturated with most evidence is the intervention category of {\textbackslash}textasciigravetraining', while the underrepresented are three main intervention sub-categories: information services; decent work policies and; entrepreneurship promotion and financing. Older youth, youth in fragility, conflict and violence contexts, or humanitarian settings, or ethnic minorities or those with criminal backgrounds are least studied. Conclusions The Youth Employment EGM identifies trends in evidence notably the following: Most evidence is from high-income countries, an indication of the relationship between a country's income status and research productivity. The most common study designs are experimental. Most of the evidence is of low quality. This finding serves to alert researchers, practitioners and policy makers that more rigorous work is needed to inform youth employment interventions. Blending of interventions is practiced. While this could be an indication that blended intervention could be offering better outcomes, this remains an area with a research gap.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1537,7 +1851,23 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {1065--1073},
   issn = {0143-005X},
   doi = {10.1136/jech-2014-204331},
-  abstract = {Background There is wide evidence that women present longer duration of sickness absence (SA) than men. Musculoskeletal disorders are influenced by gender due to the sexual division of work. Methods 354 432 episodes of non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders, which were registered in Catalonia between 2005 and 2008, were selected. The outcome variable was the duration of SA. Frailty survival models, stratified by sex and adjusted for explanatory variables (age, employment status, case management, economic activity and repeated episode), were fitted to study the association between each variable and the duration of SA, obtaining HRs. Results Women presented longer SA episodes than men in all variable categories. A trend from shorter to longer duration of SA with increasing age was observed in men, whereas in women, it had a fluctuating pattern. Analysing most frequent diagnostic subgroups from the sample, only \textbackslash textasciigravenon-specific lumbago' and \textbackslash textasciigravesciatic lumbago' showed these age patterns. Frailty survival models applied to these 2 subgroups confirmed the described age patterns in SA duration. Conclusions Women have longer non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders than men. However, while men have longer absences as their age increases, in women some older groups have shorter absences than younger ones. These findings could be explained by gender differences in the interaction between paid work and family demands. Our results highlight the need for continued research on SA from a gender perspective, in order to improve management of SA in terms of clinical practice and public policies.},
+  abstract = {Background There is wide evidence that women present longer duration of sickness absence (SA) than men. Musculoskeletal disorders are influenced by gender due to the sexual division of work. Methods 354 432 episodes of non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders, which were registered in Catalonia between 2005 and 2008, were selected. The outcome variable was the duration of SA. Frailty survival models, stratified by sex and adjusted for explanatory variables (age, employment status, case management, economic activity and repeated episode), were fitted to study the association between each variable and the duration of SA, obtaining HRs. Results Women presented longer SA episodes than men in all variable categories. A trend from shorter to longer duration of SA with increasing age was observed in men, whereas in women, it had a fluctuating pattern. Analysing most frequent diagnostic subgroups from the sample, only {\textbackslash}textasciigravenon-specific lumbago' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravesciatic lumbago' showed these age patterns. Frailty survival models applied to these 2 subgroups confirmed the described age patterns in SA duration. Conclusions Women have longer non-work-related SA due to musculoskeletal disorders than men. However, while men have longer absences as their age increases, in women some older groups have shorter absences than younger ones. These findings could be explained by gender differences in the interaction between paid work and family demands. Our results highlight the need for continued research on SA from a gender perspective, in order to improve management of SA in terms of clinical practice and public policies.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Ardington2015,
+  title = {Early {{Childbearing}}, {{Human Capital Attainment}}, and {{Mortality Risk}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Longitudinal Demographic Surveillance Area}} in {{Rural KwaZulu-Natal}}, {{South Africa}}},
+  shorttitle = {Early {{Childbearing}}, {{Human Capital Attainment}}, and {{Mortality Risk}}},
+  author = {Ardington, Cally and Menendez, Alicia and Mutevedzi, Tinofa},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
+  volume = {63},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {281--317},
+  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
+  doi = {10.1086/678983},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1608,7 +1938,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {296--309},
   issn = {0921-8009},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.06.014},
-  abstract = {GDP, as a key parameter for macro-economic policy, has long been criticized. One of the better known monetary alternatives to GDP is the ISEW, a synthetic proxy of sustainable welfare. Theoretical and methodological limitations of this indicator have been identified and several refinements or extensions proposed, GPI for example. Building on these approaches, this article presents a new composite flow-oriented indicator directly comparable with GDP. The proposed Sustainable Welfare Index (SWI) is calculated for the Italian case over the 1960-2014 period. The estimate of SWI over an extended period of fifty-four years, provides evidence for a previously undetected \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethreshold effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in Italy by means of a flow-oriented indicator - unlike GDP, SWI per capita stops increasing in 1991. Empirical results show that the level of sustainable welfare in Italy stops growing mainly because of a rise in income inequality, a decline in non-paid domestic work and a worsening of the net fixed capital formation and net international investment position.},
+  abstract = {GDP, as a key parameter for macro-economic policy, has long been criticized. One of the better known monetary alternatives to GDP is the ISEW, a synthetic proxy of sustainable welfare. Theoretical and methodological limitations of this indicator have been identified and several refinements or extensions proposed, GPI for example. Building on these approaches, this article presents a new composite flow-oriented indicator directly comparable with GDP. The proposed Sustainable Welfare Index (SWI) is calculated for the Italian case over the 1960-2014 period. The estimate of SWI over an extended period of fifty-four years, provides evidence for a previously undetected {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethreshold effect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in Italy by means of a flow-oriented indicator - unlike GDP, SWI per capita stops increasing in 1991. Empirical results show that the level of sustainable welfare in Italy stops growing mainly because of a rise in income inequality, a decline in non-paid domestic work and a worsening of the net fixed capital formation and net international investment position.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1632,13 +1962,13 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Armstrong, {\relax DL} and Strogatz, D and Wang, R},
   year = {2004},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {58},
   number = {11},
   pages = {2349--2361},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.030},
-  abstract = {This paper examines the association between US county occupational structure, services availability, prevalence of risk factors, and coronary mortality rates by sex and race, for 1984 1998. The 3137 US counties were classified into five occupational structure categories; counties with the lowest percentages of the labor force in managerial, professional, and technical occupations were classified in category I (5-16\textbackslash textbackslash\%), counties with the highest percentages were in category V (32-59\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Directly age-adjusted coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates, for aged 35-64 years, (from vital statistics and Census data), per-capita services (County Business Patterns), and the prevalence of CHD risk factors (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Surveys data) were calculated for each occupational structure category. CHD mortality rates and the prevalence of risk factors were inversely monotonically associated with occupational structure categories for white men and women but not among black men and women. Numbers of producer services for banking, business credit, overall business services and personnel/employment services were 2-12 times greater in category V versus I counties. Consumer services such as fruit/vegetable markets, fitness facilities, doctor offices and social services were 1.6-3 times greater in category V versus I counties. Residential racial segregation scores remained high in most areas despite declines during 1980-1990; occupational segregation by race and gender were shown indicating continued institutional racism. An ecological model for conceptualizing communities and health and the overall influence of state and national occupational structure is discussed; intervention strategies such as decreased wage disparities and \textbackslash textasciigraveliving wage' standards and development is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper examines the association between US county occupational structure, services availability, prevalence of risk factors, and coronary mortality rates by sex and race, for 1984 1998. The 3137 US counties were classified into five occupational structure categories; counties with the lowest percentages of the labor force in managerial, professional, and technical occupations were classified in category I (5-16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), counties with the highest percentages were in category V (32-59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Directly age-adjusted coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates, for aged 35-64 years, (from vital statistics and Census data), per-capita services (County Business Patterns), and the prevalence of CHD risk factors (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Surveys data) were calculated for each occupational structure category. CHD mortality rates and the prevalence of risk factors were inversely monotonically associated with occupational structure categories for white men and women but not among black men and women. Numbers of producer services for banking, business credit, overall business services and personnel/employment services were 2-12 times greater in category V versus I counties. Consumer services such as fruit/vegetable markets, fitness facilities, doctor offices and social services were 1.6-3 times greater in category V versus I counties. Residential racial segregation scores remained high in most areas despite declines during 1980-1990; occupational segregation by race and gender were shown indicating continued institutional racism. An ecological model for conceptualizing communities and health and the overall influence of state and national occupational structure is discussed; intervention strategies such as decreased wage disparities and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveliving wage' standards and development is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1655,6 +1985,38 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Arnett2007,
+  title = {Emerging {{Adulthood}}: {{What Is It}}, and {{What Is It Good For}}?},
+  shorttitle = {Emerging {{Adulthood}}},
+  author = {Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Child Development Perspectives},
+  volume = {1},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {68--73},
+  issn = {1750-8592, 1750-8606},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {ABSTRACT{\textemdash}                                This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@incollection{Aromolaran2008,
+  title = {Female {{Schooling}} and {{Women}}'s {{Labour Market Participation}} in {{Nigeria}}},
+  booktitle = {Economic {{Policy Options}} for a {{Prosperous Nigeria}}},
+  author = {Aromolaran, Adebayo B.},
+  editor = {Collier, Paul and Soludo, Chukwuma C. and Pattillo, Catherine},
+  year = {2008},
+  pages = {397--428},
+  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}},
+  address = {{London}},
+  doi = {10.1057/9780230583191_17},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-0-230-54273-0 978-0-230-58319-1},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Aronsson2015,
   title = {Gender Norms, Work Hours, and Corrective Taxation},
   author = {Aronsson, Thomas and Granlund, David},
@@ -1687,7 +2049,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Arrazola, Maria and {de Hevia}, Jose and Perrote, Irene and {Sanchez-Larrion}, Raul},
   year = {2023},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {DISABILITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   issn = {0968-7599},
   doi = {10.1080/09687599.2023.2227332},
   abstract = {Although the number of graduates with disabilities is increasing worldwide, few studies have examined their transition to employment. This study analysed the difficulties they find in their labour insertion compared with their peers without disabilities and offers proposals to improve their employability. We used a representative sample of Spanish graduates, with and without disabilities. Our results showed that the main problem for graduates with disabilities is their access to the labour market. There is, however, no evidence of differences in the quality of employment between graduates with and without disabilities. We found that the difficulties in accessing employment among graduates with disabilities are related to discriminatory institutional factors in the labour market. Therefore, it is important to implement policies focused on the removal of institutional barriers that may prevent employers from hiring graduates with disabilities. Our results provide empirical evidence for policies that can improve their employability. Points of interestIn recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of people with disabilities enrolled in higher education programs.This study compares the employability and job quality of Spanish university graduates with and without disabilities.The results showed that Spanish graduates with disabilities struggle to find work. However, once employed, their jobs are of similar quality to those without disabilities.This research proves that differences in employability between graduates with and without disabilities are mainly due to discriminatory factors and not differences in skills.Evidence shows that providing employment support and personalised job search assistance can aid in removing discrimination against graduates with disabilities. Promoting temporary, part-time, or self-employment for graduates with disabilities can also ease their access to the labour market by adapting employment to their special needs.},
@@ -1699,7 +2061,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Artazcoz, L and Borrell, C and Benach, J and Cortes, I and Rohlfs, I},
   year = {2004},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {59},
   number = {2},
   pages = {263--274},
@@ -1733,7 +2095,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   number = {120},
   pages = {129--164},
   issn = {0213-7585},
-  abstract = {Nowadays, multiple debates exist in academic area and public opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI). This is an unconditional, nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship, and obligation-free (Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). UBI can be received with other public benefits in kind (education, health, etc.) or in-cash, and therefore does not predict the Welfare State reduction. In addition, the right is strictly applied to the individual and the extension of the right to the family unit is not possible. Finally, its enjoyment does not imply any type of work or other compensation. Philosophical, political and economic justifications of UBI are of various kinds, although we can indicate three of them. It is a tool to reduce poverty and income inequality (Atkinson, 1993, Smith, 2014). Likewise, individuals are only free to be able to self-govern their private life and participate in public life when they possess the material means that allow them not to depend on others to live, being RBU a public policy that guarantees this fundamental right (Domenech and Bertomeu, 2005 Petit, 2013, Van Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). Finally, UBI could compensate the initial unequal starting situation of individuals in society; that is, it serves to reduce inequality in the initial endowment of assets and resources obtained without there being a clear reciprocity in terms of productive activity previously carried out (Birnbaum, 2016). In this way, it is implemented as a mechanism to create equal opportunities (Rawls, 1971, Dworking, 1985, Roemer, 1998). But this purpose is not new, the first academic argument arises in the work of Paine in 1797, and he called citizen income (Cunliffe and Erreygers, 2004), which is reformulated by economists of great prestige on the XX century (Meade, 1938, Friedman, 1962, Tobin, Pechman and Mieszkowski, 1967). Later, Van der Veen and Van Parijs (1986), reopen the debate on their applicability in a context with high unemployment, being precursors of economic viability research for different territories: Europe (Callan and Sutherland, 1997), national contexts (Atkinson, 1995, Torry, 2015, Colombino et al., 2010) or local communities (Boffey, 2015). Already in the 21st century, the UBI has taken on greater relevance due to its translation into the political discussion, including the international arena (OECD, 2017). This interest has been propitiated by several events: the growth of inequality worldwide, which has also affected Spain and Andalusia (Piketty, 2014, Stiglitz, 2015, Milanovic, 2011, Ayala, 2016), technological advances and their effects on employment (Atkinson, 2015, World Economic Forum, 2016) and the evaluations of its real implementation in different contexts. These empirical estudies are showed it capacity to reduce inequality without generating disincentives to work as in the case of: Alaska (Goldsmith, 2010); Namibia (Haarmann and Haarmann, 2015); California (Altman, 2016) Utrech or Maastrich (BIEN, 2015), among others. Several studies about UBI viability and its impact on inequality for Spain have been carried out (Arcarons, Raventos and Torrens, 2014b, Oliver and Spadaro, 2004) as well as for the Basque Country and Catalonia (Arcarons et al., 2014a, 2005). In addition, different legislative initiatives have been promoted at the regional and state levels to support measures of this type (Martinez, 2008), although they have not prospered. In our work, we draw the economic viability of the UBI in Andalusia, an autonomous region of Spain. The funding proposal is based on replacing redundant economic benefits and an income tax reform in 2010. This year is significant because correspond al period of economic crisis, and there is not extra fiscal revenues from cicle economic. The first step affect the monetary assistance benefits. All of them are means-tested transfers, whose individual amount is not higher than UBI disappear and their total budget allocation is used to finance the reform. There are two benefits that exceed the amount of RBU granted to each individual, such as contributory pensions and unemployment benefits. In those cases, individuals continue to receive the amount that exceeds the UBI. The second step is a IRPF reform. All deductions are eliminated, the existence of an exempt minimum equal to the amount of the UBI and application of a linear rate of 49.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%. We model a micro-simulation using a sample of individual respondents and non-respondents settlements of income tax from Institute of Fiscal Studies for 2010; as well as the information provided by different public administrations on the amounts of means-tested transfers. Our results show the reform makes affordable the financial viability of UBI in Andalusia. We evaluate two schemes for a population of 8,370,975 habitants in Andalusia in 2010. In the first, all residents receive 7.500 euros per month and the total budget is 62.782,31 millions of euros. In the second, children under 18 years old recieve 1.500 euros per month and the budget is 52.884,22 millons of euros. The first scheme generates a deficit estimated at 8,377.6 millions of euros. Conversely, the second scheme creates a surplus equal to 1,520.63 millions of euros. This surplus could allow to reduce the marginal tax or to increase the UBI, for example. Regarding their redistributive impacts are remarkable. The first scheme results show that the population among the first and the seventh deciles are winners, and three last deciles are losers. In the second scheme the winners are all population of two first deciles, more than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% population among the third and the seventh deciles, and less than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% for the rest of deciles. Effective tax rates are not quite different in both schemes. The effective tax rates in the first scheme are negative until fourth decile, are minor until sixth decile, and tenth decile put up 34,52\textbackslash textbackslash\% effective tax. The indicators of inequality, concentration and progressivity show a large redistributive impact of the reform. When comparing the situation before and after the reform (gross income ex ante vs. net income ex post plus RBU), the Gini Index decreases by 23 percentage points in scheme one, and 19 percentage points in scheme two. This result is underestimating the total redistributive impact of the measure, since the population outside the microsimulation is not included in the analysis, as it is exempt from the current IRPF, which is a great beneficiary of the reform. The study provides solid evidence of financial viability of the hypothetical implementation in Andalusia of taxtransfer reforms embodying some version of a basic income policy. The reform shows great effectiveness as a measure to reduce inequality. However, the subsequent economic implications (impact on the labor market, poverty, etc.), social (criterion of justice, principle of reciprocity) or politic (conflict and pressure from interest groups) confirm the need of complementary studies, in order to be raised in the political agenda. In addition, RBU could serve as an instrument to obtain information about certain individuals and groups, that due to their personal or group characteristics, do not access the current subsidy system: lack of information, misunderstanding of adminstrative procedures, and other types of barriers they limit their request. Together, better social inclusion results would be obtained. Finally, the digital age is generating great economic and social changes. In this context, a RBU could play a decisive role, as an instrument of correction of technological unemployment, avoiding the increase of inequality and increasing equal opportunities. The fiscal viability calculation of RBU facilitates the way to further debates that provide useful information to design the political agenda.},
+  abstract = {Nowadays, multiple debates exist in academic area and public opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI). This is an unconditional, nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship, and obligation-free (Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). UBI can be received with other public benefits in kind (education, health, etc.) or in-cash, and therefore does not predict the Welfare State reduction. In addition, the right is strictly applied to the individual and the extension of the right to the family unit is not possible. Finally, its enjoyment does not imply any type of work or other compensation. Philosophical, political and economic justifications of UBI are of various kinds, although we can indicate three of them. It is a tool to reduce poverty and income inequality (Atkinson, 1993, Smith, 2014). Likewise, individuals are only free to be able to self-govern their private life and participate in public life when they possess the material means that allow them not to depend on others to live, being RBU a public policy that guarantees this fundamental right (Domenech and Bertomeu, 2005 Petit, 2013, Van Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). Finally, UBI could compensate the initial unequal starting situation of individuals in society; that is, it serves to reduce inequality in the initial endowment of assets and resources obtained without there being a clear reciprocity in terms of productive activity previously carried out (Birnbaum, 2016). In this way, it is implemented as a mechanism to create equal opportunities (Rawls, 1971, Dworking, 1985, Roemer, 1998). But this purpose is not new, the first academic argument arises in the work of Paine in 1797, and he called citizen income (Cunliffe and Erreygers, 2004), which is reformulated by economists of great prestige on the XX century (Meade, 1938, Friedman, 1962, Tobin, Pechman and Mieszkowski, 1967). Later, Van der Veen and Van Parijs (1986), reopen the debate on their applicability in a context with high unemployment, being precursors of economic viability research for different territories: Europe (Callan and Sutherland, 1997), national contexts (Atkinson, 1995, Torry, 2015, Colombino et al., 2010) or local communities (Boffey, 2015). Already in the 21st century, the UBI has taken on greater relevance due to its translation into the political discussion, including the international arena (OECD, 2017). This interest has been propitiated by several events: the growth of inequality worldwide, which has also affected Spain and Andalusia (Piketty, 2014, Stiglitz, 2015, Milanovic, 2011, Ayala, 2016), technological advances and their effects on employment (Atkinson, 2015, World Economic Forum, 2016) and the evaluations of its real implementation in different contexts. These empirical estudies are showed it capacity to reduce inequality without generating disincentives to work as in the case of: Alaska (Goldsmith, 2010); Namibia (Haarmann and Haarmann, 2015); California (Altman, 2016) Utrech or Maastrich (BIEN, 2015), among others. Several studies about UBI viability and its impact on inequality for Spain have been carried out (Arcarons, Raventos and Torrens, 2014b, Oliver and Spadaro, 2004) as well as for the Basque Country and Catalonia (Arcarons et al., 2014a, 2005). In addition, different legislative initiatives have been promoted at the regional and state levels to support measures of this type (Martinez, 2008), although they have not prospered. In our work, we draw the economic viability of the UBI in Andalusia, an autonomous region of Spain. The funding proposal is based on replacing redundant economic benefits and an income tax reform in 2010. This year is significant because correspond al period of economic crisis, and there is not extra fiscal revenues from cicle economic. The first step affect the monetary assistance benefits. All of them are means-tested transfers, whose individual amount is not higher than UBI disappear and their total budget allocation is used to finance the reform. There are two benefits that exceed the amount of RBU granted to each individual, such as contributory pensions and unemployment benefits. In those cases, individuals continue to receive the amount that exceeds the UBI. The second step is a IRPF reform. All deductions are eliminated, the existence of an exempt minimum equal to the amount of the UBI and application of a linear rate of 49.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. We model a micro-simulation using a sample of individual respondents and non-respondents settlements of income tax from Institute of Fiscal Studies for 2010; as well as the information provided by different public administrations on the amounts of means-tested transfers. Our results show the reform makes affordable the financial viability of UBI in Andalusia. We evaluate two schemes for a population of 8,370,975 habitants in Andalusia in 2010. In the first, all residents receive 7.500 euros per month and the total budget is 62.782,31 millions of euros. In the second, children under 18 years old recieve 1.500 euros per month and the budget is 52.884,22 millons of euros. The first scheme generates a deficit estimated at 8,377.6 millions of euros. Conversely, the second scheme creates a surplus equal to 1,520.63 millions of euros. This surplus could allow to reduce the marginal tax or to increase the UBI, for example. Regarding their redistributive impacts are remarkable. The first scheme results show that the population among the first and the seventh deciles are winners, and three last deciles are losers. In the second scheme the winners are all population of two first deciles, more than 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% population among the third and the seventh deciles, and less than 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for the rest of deciles. Effective tax rates are not quite different in both schemes. The effective tax rates in the first scheme are negative until fourth decile, are minor until sixth decile, and tenth decile put up 34,52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% effective tax. The indicators of inequality, concentration and progressivity show a large redistributive impact of the reform. When comparing the situation before and after the reform (gross income ex ante vs. net income ex post plus RBU), the Gini Index decreases by 23 percentage points in scheme one, and 19 percentage points in scheme two. This result is underestimating the total redistributive impact of the measure, since the population outside the microsimulation is not included in the analysis, as it is exempt from the current IRPF, which is a great beneficiary of the reform. The study provides solid evidence of financial viability of the hypothetical implementation in Andalusia of taxtransfer reforms embodying some version of a basic income policy. The reform shows great effectiveness as a measure to reduce inequality. However, the subsequent economic implications (impact on the labor market, poverty, etc.), social (criterion of justice, principle of reciprocity) or politic (conflict and pressure from interest groups) confirm the need of complementary studies, in order to be raised in the political agenda. In addition, RBU could serve as an instrument to obtain information about certain individuals and groups, that due to their personal or group characteristics, do not access the current subsidy system: lack of information, misunderstanding of adminstrative procedures, and other types of barriers they limit their request. Together, better social inclusion results would be obtained. Finally, the digital age is generating great economic and social changes. In this context, a RBU could play a decisive role, as an instrument of correction of technological unemployment, avoiding the increase of inequality and increasing equal opportunities. The fiscal viability calculation of RBU facilitates the way to further debates that provide useful information to design the political agenda.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -1747,7 +2109,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   number = {1},
   pages = {109--128},
   issn = {1582-8271},
-  abstract = {This paper aims at investigating the achievements of Hungary's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework-based society\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Based on statistical data, it examines the characteristics of the Hungarian labour market and the development of social indicators over the past decade in comparison with the European Union and the Central and Eastern European member states. As there are improving tendencies during recent years on a regional level, the relatively good employment situation of Hungary cannot be considered as an outlier. While the Hungarian labour market conditions have been improved to some extent, some characteristics, like the level of wages and productivity are rather lagging behind the regional average. Due to policy changes since 2010, the social protection of the most vulnerable declines and, concerning the increase of income inequalities, Hungary is a regional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveleader\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The article concludes that in order for such a social welfare regime to help social inclusion and serve social equality, a reconfiguration of the economic, as well as political governance, is needed.},
+  abstract = {This paper aims at investigating the achievements of Hungary's {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravework-based society{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Based on statistical data, it examines the characteristics of the Hungarian labour market and the development of social indicators over the past decade in comparison with the European Union and the Central and Eastern European member states. As there are improving tendencies during recent years on a regional level, the relatively good employment situation of Hungary cannot be considered as an outlier. While the Hungarian labour market conditions have been improved to some extent, some characteristics, like the level of wages and productivity are rather lagging behind the regional average. Due to policy changes since 2010, the social protection of the most vulnerable declines and, concerning the increase of income inequalities, Hungary is a regional {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveleader{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. The article concludes that in order for such a social welfare regime to help social inclusion and serve social equality, a reconfiguration of the economic, as well as political governance, is needed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1769,7 +2131,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Asai, Yukiko and Koustas, Dmitri K.},
   year = {2023},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
   volume = {208},
   pages = {1--20},
   issn = {0167-2681},
@@ -1789,7 +2151,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {1589--1607},
   issn = {0306-8293},
   doi = {10.1108/IJSE-06-2018-0320},
-  abstract = {Purpose The implications of trade on developing economies have generated substantial debates with most studies focussed on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopenness in the policy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Hence, the purpose of this study is to focus on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopenness in practice\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Design/methodology/approach This study uses two models and employed the vector error correction model and structural vector autoregression, first, to examine the sectoral effects; second, to investigate the efficacy of neoclassical and new trade theories; and third, to analyse the effect of trade openness shock on Nigerian labour market performance. Findings The results of the first model showed that trade openness has an adverse effect on employment and wages in both the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Likewise, the study concludes that the new trade theory explains trade's behaviour on employment and wages in Nigeria. The second model showed that the effect of error shock from trade openness affected wages more than employment. Research limitations/implications The study ignores the distributional effects due to unavailability of data. Practical implications The study suggested, amongst others, the need for policies mix on the labour market via a coherent set of initiatives in other to increase the competitiveness of Nigeria in the international market. Originality/value Most studies focussed on openness in policy through the channels identified in the literature. However, this study investigates these channels in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopenness in practice\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and investigates trade theories' efficacy on manufacturing and agricultural sectors in Nigeria, which has been neglected in the literature.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The implications of trade on developing economies have generated substantial debates with most studies focussed on {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveopenness in the policy{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Hence, the purpose of this study is to focus on {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveopenness in practice{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Design/methodology/approach This study uses two models and employed the vector error correction model and structural vector autoregression, first, to examine the sectoral effects; second, to investigate the efficacy of neoclassical and new trade theories; and third, to analyse the effect of trade openness shock on Nigerian labour market performance. Findings The results of the first model showed that trade openness has an adverse effect on employment and wages in both the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Likewise, the study concludes that the new trade theory explains trade's behaviour on employment and wages in Nigeria. The second model showed that the effect of error shock from trade openness affected wages more than employment. Research limitations/implications The study ignores the distributional effects due to unavailability of data. Practical implications The study suggested, amongst others, the need for policies mix on the labour market via a coherent set of initiatives in other to increase the competitiveness of Nigeria in the international market. Originality/value Most studies focussed on openness in policy through the channels identified in the literature. However, this study investigates these channels in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveopenness in practice{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and investigates trade theories' efficacy on manufacturing and agricultural sectors in Nigeria, which has been neglected in the literature.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1836,6 +2198,23 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Ashraf2014,
+  title = {Household {{Bargaining}} and {{Excess Fertility}}: {{An Experimental Study}} in {{Zambia}}},
+  shorttitle = {Household {{Bargaining}} and {{Excess Fertility}}},
+  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Field, Erica and Lee, Jean},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {American Economic Review},
+  volume = {104},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {2210--2237},
+  issn = {0002-8282},
+  doi = {10.1257/aer.104.7.2210},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {We posit that household decision-making over fertility is characterized by moral hazard since most contraception can only be perfectly observed by the woman. Using an experiment in Zambia that varied whether women were given access to contraceptives alone or with their husbands, we find that women given access with their husbands were 19 percent less likely to seek family planning services, 25 percent less likely to use concealable contraception, and 27 percent more likely to give birth. However, women given access to contraception alone report a lower subjective well-being, suggesting a psychosocial cost of making contraceptives more concealable. (JEL C78, D12, D82, I31, J13, J16, O15)},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Aspachs2022,
   title = {Real-Time Inequality and the Welfare State in Motion: Evidence from {{COVID-19}} in {{Spain}}},
   author = {Aspachs, Oriol and Durante, Ruben and Graziano, Alberto and Mestres, Josep and Montalvo, Jose G. and {Reynal-Querol}, Marta},
@@ -1876,7 +2255,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {60--71},
   issn = {1048-2911},
   doi = {10.1177/10482911231167089},
-  abstract = {This policy promotes decent work as a U.S. public health goal through a comprehensive approach that builds upon existing APHA policy statements and addresses statement gaps. The International Labour Organization defines decent work as work that is \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveproductive, delivers a fair income, provides security in the workplace and social protection for workers and their families, offers prospects for personal development and encourages social interaction, gives people the freedom to express their concerns and organize and participate in the decisions affecting their lives and guarantees equal opportunities and equal treatment for all across the entire lifespan.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The World Health Organization has emphasized that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealth and employment are inextricably linked\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealth inequities attributable to employment can be reduced by promoting safe, healthy and secure work.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Here evidence is presented linking decent work and health and action steps are proposed to help achieve decent work for all and, thus, improve public health. In the United States, inadequacies in labor laws, structural racism, failed immigration policies, ageism, and other factors have increased income inequality and stressful and hazardous working conditions and reduced opportunities for decent work, adversely affecting workers' health and ability to sustain themselves and their families. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these failures through higher mortality rates among essential and low-wage workers, who were disproportionately people of color. This policy statement provides a strategic umbrella of tactics for just, equitable, and healthy economic development of decent work and proposes research partnerships to develop, implement, measure, and evaluate decent work in the United States.},
+  abstract = {This policy promotes decent work as a U.S. public health goal through a comprehensive approach that builds upon existing APHA policy statements and addresses statement gaps. The International Labour Organization defines decent work as work that is {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveproductive, delivers a fair income, provides security in the workplace and social protection for workers and their families, offers prospects for personal development and encourages social interaction, gives people the freedom to express their concerns and organize and participate in the decisions affecting their lives and guarantees equal opportunities and equal treatment for all across the entire lifespan.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace The World Health Organization has emphasized that {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehealth and employment are inextricably linked{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehealth inequities attributable to employment can be reduced by promoting safe, healthy and secure work.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Here evidence is presented linking decent work and health and action steps are proposed to help achieve decent work for all and, thus, improve public health. In the United States, inadequacies in labor laws, structural racism, failed immigration policies, ageism, and other factors have increased income inequality and stressful and hazardous working conditions and reduced opportunities for decent work, adversely affecting workers' health and ability to sustain themselves and their families. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these failures through higher mortality rates among essential and low-wage workers, who were disproportionately people of color. This policy statement provides a strategic umbrella of tactics for just, equitable, and healthy economic development of decent work and proposes research partnerships to develop, implement, measure, and evaluate decent work in the United States.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -1940,11 +2319,11 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
 }
 
 @article{Atinga2018,
-  title = {Ghana's Community-Based Primary Health Care: {{Why}} Women and Children Are \textbackslash textasciigravedisadvantaged' by Its Implementation},
+  title = {Ghana's Community-Based Primary Health Care: {{Why}} Women and Children Are {\textbackslash}textasciigravedisadvantaged' by Its Implementation},
   author = {Atinga, Roger A. and Agyepong, Irene Akua and Esena, Reuben K.},
   year = {2018},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {201},
   pages = {27--34},
   issn = {0277-9536},
@@ -1982,6 +2361,22 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Auger2008,
+  title = {Powered {{Mobility}} for {{Middle-Aged}} and {{Older Adults}}: {{Systematic Review}} of {{Outcomes}} and {{Appraisal}} of {{Published Evidence}}},
+  shorttitle = {Powered {{Mobility}} for {{Middle-Aged}} and {{Older Adults}}},
+  author = {Auger, Claudine and Demers, Louise and G{\'e}linas, Isabelle and Jutai, Jeffrey and Fuhrer, Marcus J. and DeRuyter, Frank},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {American Journal of Physical Medicine \& Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {87},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {666--680},
+  issn = {0894-9115},
+  doi = {10.1097/PHM.0b013e31816de163},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Auguste2022,
   title = {The {{Precarity}} of {{Self-Employment}} among {{Low-}} and {{Moderate-Income Households}}},
   author = {Auguste, Daniel and Roll, Stephen and Despard, Mathieu},
@@ -1990,7 +2385,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
   issn = {0037-7732},
   doi = {10.1093/sf/soab171},
-  abstract = {Many people in the United States have achieved economic stability through self-employment and are often seen as embracing the entrepreneurial spirit and seizing opportunity. Yet, research also suggests that self-employment may be precarious for many people in the lower socioeconomic strata. Drawing on a unique dataset that combines longitudinal survey data with administrative tax data for a sample of low- and moderate-income (LMI) workers, we bring new evidence to bear on this debate by examining the link between self-employment and economic insecurity. Overall, our results show that self-employment is associated with greater economic insecurity among LMI workers compared with wage-and-salary employment. For instance, compared with their wage-and-salary counterparts, the self-employed have 78, 168, and 287 percent greater odds of having an income below basic expenses, and experiencing an unexpected income decline and high levels of income volatility, respectively. We also find that differences in financial endowment and access to health insurance are key drivers in explaining the relationship between employment type and economic insecurity, as being able to access \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2,000 in an emergency greatly lowers the odds of budgetary constraint, whereas lack of health insurance increases those odds. These findings suggest that formal work arrangements with wages and benefits offered by an employer promotes greater economic stability among LMI workers compared with informal work arrangements via self-employment. We discuss implications of these results for future research and policy initiatives seeking to promote economic wellbeing through entrepreneurship.},
+  abstract = {Many people in the United States have achieved economic stability through self-employment and are often seen as embracing the entrepreneurial spirit and seizing opportunity. Yet, research also suggests that self-employment may be precarious for many people in the lower socioeconomic strata. Drawing on a unique dataset that combines longitudinal survey data with administrative tax data for a sample of low- and moderate-income (LMI) workers, we bring new evidence to bear on this debate by examining the link between self-employment and economic insecurity. Overall, our results show that self-employment is associated with greater economic insecurity among LMI workers compared with wage-and-salary employment. For instance, compared with their wage-and-salary counterparts, the self-employed have 78, 168, and 287 percent greater odds of having an income below basic expenses, and experiencing an unexpected income decline and high levels of income volatility, respectively. We also find that differences in financial endowment and access to health insurance are key drivers in explaining the relationship between employment type and economic insecurity, as being able to access {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar2,000 in an emergency greatly lowers the odds of budgetary constraint, whereas lack of health insurance increases those odds. These findings suggest that formal work arrangements with wages and benefits offered by an employer promotes greater economic stability among LMI workers compared with informal work arrangements via self-employment. We discuss implications of these results for future research and policy initiatives seeking to promote economic wellbeing through entrepreneurship.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2119,7 +2514,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {1480--1484},
   issn = {0260-6917},
   doi = {10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.022},
-  abstract = {Background: The evolution of nursing education into an academic curriculum and the growing interest of men in nursing have been significant landmarks in the development of a \textbackslash textasciigravefemale' occupation. Chilean nursing is considered as the leading example of nursing education in Latin America, demanding a five-year training on a full-time university programme. The consequences of education, however, are assumed as more egalitarian opportunities, disregarding the latent replication of structures that perpetuate inequalities. Objective: To comprehend the socialisation of male nursing students and its relation with their masculine identity and the construction of inequalities in nursing education. Methods: We draw upon interviews undertaken with beginner and advanced nursing students from a Chilean university. Approval was obtained from the relevant Ethics Committee. The data were organised to allow the development of concepts by using the Grounded Theory approach. Results: The analysis uncovers paradoxical results of nursing education and its ineffectiveness in preventing gender-based inequalities. The interest in empowering nursing politically may lead to favour an increasing number of men entering nursing in ways that facilitate male students' progress. Furthermore, there exist discourses of compassion that feed consideration for male students, engendering in the process the prospect of professional success and the gravitation into strategic positions in the employment market. These are mechanisms that reproduce earlier gender-based inequalities in nursing. Conclusions: In the light of the social reproduction theory, the academisation of Chilean nursing seems to be built upon historical gender asymmetries. Although the interest of men in embracing a career in nursing may have a meaningful resonance with the transformation of contemporary society, this process needs a judicious examination in order to protect academic integrity and, ultimately, prevent the reproduction of those inequalities in question. This analysis offers a perspective for understanding social patterns embedded in the practice of nursing education in Chile and elsewhere. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: The evolution of nursing education into an academic curriculum and the growing interest of men in nursing have been significant landmarks in the development of a {\textbackslash}textasciigravefemale' occupation. Chilean nursing is considered as the leading example of nursing education in Latin America, demanding a five-year training on a full-time university programme. The consequences of education, however, are assumed as more egalitarian opportunities, disregarding the latent replication of structures that perpetuate inequalities. Objective: To comprehend the socialisation of male nursing students and its relation with their masculine identity and the construction of inequalities in nursing education. Methods: We draw upon interviews undertaken with beginner and advanced nursing students from a Chilean university. Approval was obtained from the relevant Ethics Committee. The data were organised to allow the development of concepts by using the Grounded Theory approach. Results: The analysis uncovers paradoxical results of nursing education and its ineffectiveness in preventing gender-based inequalities. The interest in empowering nursing politically may lead to favour an increasing number of men entering nursing in ways that facilitate male students' progress. Furthermore, there exist discourses of compassion that feed consideration for male students, engendering in the process the prospect of professional success and the gravitation into strategic positions in the employment market. These are mechanisms that reproduce earlier gender-based inequalities in nursing. Conclusions: In the light of the social reproduction theory, the academisation of Chilean nursing seems to be built upon historical gender asymmetries. Although the interest of men in embracing a career in nursing may have a meaningful resonance with the transformation of contemporary society, this process needs a judicious examination in order to protect academic integrity and, ultimately, prevent the reproduction of those inequalities in question. This analysis offers a perspective for understanding social patterns embedded in the practice of nursing education in Chile and elsewhere. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2163,7 +2558,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {996--1009},
   issn = {1557-1912},
   doi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00966-7},
-  abstract = {An estimated 10.5 million undocumented immigrants reside in the U.S.; 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% are 55 and older. Undocumented older adults do not qualify for Medicaid or Social Security benefits even though many pay taxes. The study examines undocumented older adults' perceptions on their health status and their experiences in accessing health care. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used to facilitate dialogue with undocumented older adults (N = 30) ages 55-63 (M = 61.67, SD = 5.50). Most of the participants were Mexican (n = 26, 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and had lived in the U.S. on average 21 years (SD = 8.78). A constant comparative approach was used while completing initial, focused, and axial coding. Participants were classified into a five-group typology that captures the intersection of perceived health status/need and access to health care; (1) High need, with access to care; (2) High need, with ambiguous access; (3) Undiagnosed need, with no access; (4) Perceived healthy status, with no access; (5) Healthy status, with access to care. Participants who reported high health needs experienced a range of chronic and degenerative health conditions. Participants accessed care by paying-out-of-pocket (between \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar100 and 300/visit for consultation, lab work, and medications). High need participants with ambiguous access have been able to access care through permanently residing under color of law status or Medically Indigent Services Programs; access is uncertain given their undocumented status and changes in policies. Participants faced multiple barriers to accessing health care-mainly high cost and documentation status. Limited access to care leads to several detrimental consequences such as debilitated health, emotional burden, and economic insecurity. Older undocumented adults are a vulnerable population that experience great health needs. The high cost for health care and limited access to care takes a toll on undocumented older adults. The findings highlight many opportunities for policy advocacy and practice with older undocumented adults.},
+  abstract = {An estimated 10.5 million undocumented immigrants reside in the U.S.; 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% are 55 and older. Undocumented older adults do not qualify for Medicaid or Social Security benefits even though many pay taxes. The study examines undocumented older adults' perceptions on their health status and their experiences in accessing health care. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used to facilitate dialogue with undocumented older adults (N = 30) ages 55-63 (M = 61.67, SD = 5.50). Most of the participants were Mexican (n = 26, 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and had lived in the U.S. on average 21 years (SD = 8.78). A constant comparative approach was used while completing initial, focused, and axial coding. Participants were classified into a five-group typology that captures the intersection of perceived health status/need and access to health care; (1) High need, with access to care; (2) High need, with ambiguous access; (3) Undiagnosed need, with no access; (4) Perceived healthy status, with no access; (5) Healthy status, with access to care. Participants who reported high health needs experienced a range of chronic and degenerative health conditions. Participants accessed care by paying-out-of-pocket (between {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar100 and 300/visit for consultation, lab work, and medications). High need participants with ambiguous access have been able to access care through permanently residing under color of law status or Medically Indigent Services Programs; access is uncertain given their undocumented status and changes in policies. Participants faced multiple barriers to accessing health care-mainly high cost and documentation status. Limited access to care leads to several detrimental consequences such as debilitated health, emotional burden, and economic insecurity. Older undocumented adults are a vulnerable population that experience great health needs. The high cost for health care and limited access to care takes a toll on undocumented older adults. The findings highlight many opportunities for policy advocacy and practice with older undocumented adults.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2178,7 +2573,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {1985--1990},
   issn = {0099-2399},
   doi = {10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.025},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Working poor (WP) Canadians are those who work {$>$}= 20 hours/week, are not full-time students, and have annual family incomes {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar34,300. They have unique vulnerabilities and face significant barriers to accessing dental care because they rarely receive. employment-based dental benefits and are ineligible for publicly funded dental programs. This research aimed to understand whether WP Canadians would prefer extraction rather than tooth restoration and preservation when they have toothache. Methods: A cross-sectional stratified sampling study design and telephone survey methodology was used to collect data from a nationally representative sample of 1049 WP individuals aged 18-64 years. A pretested questionnaire included sociodemographic and self-reported oral health questions and asked participants to select their preference for maintaining versus extracting an aching tooth. By using bivariate and logistic regression analyses, we applied the Gelberg-Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to understand what influences treatment preferences among this population (P {$<$}= .05). Results: The majority of participants (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%) preferred to save and fill an aching tooth rather than take it out. Those who were older, partially dentate, reported a history of oral pain, had their last dental visit more than 3 years ago, or who only visited the dentist when in pain were significantly more likely to opt for tooth extraction. Conclusions: The majority of WP Canadians value preserving their natural dentition. Effective dental care service delivery in both private and public settings requires an understanding of the possible factors that influence WP persons' preferences for essential treatment modalities in dentistry.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Working poor (WP) Canadians are those who work {$>$}= 20 hours/week, are not full-time students, and have annual family incomes {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar34,300. They have unique vulnerabilities and face significant barriers to accessing dental care because they rarely receive. employment-based dental benefits and are ineligible for publicly funded dental programs. This research aimed to understand whether WP Canadians would prefer extraction rather than tooth restoration and preservation when they have toothache. Methods: A cross-sectional stratified sampling study design and telephone survey methodology was used to collect data from a nationally representative sample of 1049 WP individuals aged 18-64 years. A pretested questionnaire included sociodemographic and self-reported oral health questions and asked participants to select their preference for maintaining versus extracting an aching tooth. By using bivariate and logistic regression analyses, we applied the Gelberg-Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to understand what influences treatment preferences among this population (P {$<$}= .05). Results: The majority of participants (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) preferred to save and fill an aching tooth rather than take it out. Those who were older, partially dentate, reported a history of oral pain, had their last dental visit more than 3 years ago, or who only visited the dentist when in pain were significantly more likely to opt for tooth extraction. Conclusions: The majority of WP Canadians value preserving their natural dentition. Effective dental care service delivery in both private and public settings requires an understanding of the possible factors that influence WP persons' preferences for essential treatment modalities in dentistry.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2191,7 +2586,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {86},
   issn = {0276-5624},
   doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100823},
-  abstract = {We assess the impact that full gender equality in the labour market would have on earnings inequality between households, and then decompose that impact by looking separately at the roles played by gender gaps in employment, hours, and pay. We do this by applying a reweighting method to LIS data for 22 OECD countries, across North America, Europe, and Australia. We find that full equality in earnings and employment between women and men would reduce household earnings inequality considerably, with the most substantial reductions coming from closing the gender gap in employment as opposed to closing the gaps in pay and hours worked. A 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% counterfactual decrease in the gender employment gap (relative to the country baseline) is associated with an average 0.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% decline in the Gini for household earnings inequality. Reducing the gender employment gap is thus the pathway through which greater gender equality may most strongly mitigate overall earnings inequality among households: these two key goals for contemporary societies can be pursued simultaneously.},
+  abstract = {We assess the impact that full gender equality in the labour market would have on earnings inequality between households, and then decompose that impact by looking separately at the roles played by gender gaps in employment, hours, and pay. We do this by applying a reweighting method to LIS data for 22 OECD countries, across North America, Europe, and Australia. We find that full equality in earnings and employment between women and men would reduce household earnings inequality considerably, with the most substantial reductions coming from closing the gender gap in employment as opposed to closing the gaps in pay and hours worked. A 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% counterfactual decrease in the gender employment gap (relative to the country baseline) is associated with an average 0.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% decline in the Gini for household earnings inequality. Reducing the gender employment gap is thus the pathway through which greater gender equality may most strongly mitigate overall earnings inequality among households: these two key goals for contemporary societies can be pursued simultaneously.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2210,6 +2605,23 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Babchuk1969,
+  title = {Voluntary {{Association Membership}}: {{A Longitudinal Analysis}}},
+  shorttitle = {Voluntary {{Association Membership}}},
+  author = {Babchuk, Nicholas and Booth, Alan},
+  year = {1969},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {American Sociological Review},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {1},
+  eprint = {2092785},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {31},
+  issn = {00031224},
+  doi = {10.2307/2092785},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Babikian2023,
   title = {Social {{Enterprises}} and {{Transition}} to {{Employment}} for {{People Labeled}} with {{Intellectual}} and {{Developmental Disabilities}}},
   author = {Babikian, V. Armineh and Hamdani, Yani},
@@ -2325,7 +2737,55 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {673--699},
   issn = {0966-8136},
   doi = {10.1080/09668130220147001},
-  abstract = {SINCE THE FALL OF COMMUNISM, the social impact of economic transition has become ever more visible. Efforts to marketise and privatise have redrawn class boundaries, undermined traditional job guarantees and eroded the old social safety net. The result is a wider gap between rich and poor, especially in post-Soviet states.' For ethnically diverse societies, as in Russia, the transition also implies a restructuring of the old cultural division of labour (CDL)-the distribution of occupations and rewards among ethnic groups. 2 The Soviet commitment to affirmative action policies for non-Russian regions and their resident minorities unraveled along with the USSR. And without central controls over employment and wages, education and investment, the federal government has far fewer levers to impose quotas or to push industrial and urban development into minority areas. Yet how the advent of the market actually plays out among the Russian Federation's different nationalities is far from clear. Given the old CDL, with non-Russians typically concentrated in less developed ethnic homelands and in lower-paying sectors, the economic transition might well reinforce old disparities. On the other hand, dramatic devolution has given eponymous groups new powers to shape the local economy. Expanded home rule for titular nationalities could thus reward the in-group at the expense of local Russian residents. The question, then, is who bears the burden of economic dislocation and who benefits from new economic opportunities. Do titular groups reap a disproportionate share of the pain or gain under home rule? Equally important, how do subjective assessments of equality mesh with the actual distribution of burdens and benefits? This article explores the connections between ethnicity and economic transition in three republics of Russia-Tatarstan, North Ossetia and Sakha (Yakutia). Tatarstan and Sakha have been leaders in the quest for expanded republic rights, garnering some of the most dramatic concessions from the federal government during the period of \textbackslash textasciigravehigh sovereignty' (1991-99). Both republics won control over substantial shares of hard currency trade in local resouices (oil in Tatarstan, and diamonds, gold, oil and gas, among other things, in Sakha). They have had the most discretion over local resources and arguably the most leeway of any Russian regions in allocating rewards to local constituents. If home rule does afford privileges for titular nationalities, it should do so in these two regions. North Ossetia, in contrast, has been far less of a pioneer on issues of federal relations. Lacking the resource endowments of a Tatarstan or a Sakha, and surrounded by conflicts in the North Caucasus, it had less to gain from pressing Moscow for greater autonomy. The local agenda has instead been dominated by disputes with neighbouring regions. And these have in many ways reinforced local dependence on MOSCOW.(3) The focus here is on the experience of economic transition among the two major nationalities in each region, titular and Russians, who make up over four-fifths of the population in each case. The following section addresses the dimensions of inequality in post-communist Russia, the likely effects on the two major ethnic groups in each republic and the potential impact of home rule. The article then presents empirical evidence on the degree of inequality in experience with economic transition in the late 1990s, and on individual perceptions of bias.},
+  abstract = {SINCE THE FALL OF COMMUNISM, the social impact of economic transition has become ever more visible. Efforts to marketise and privatise have redrawn class boundaries, undermined traditional job guarantees and eroded the old social safety net. The result is a wider gap between rich and poor, especially in post-Soviet states.' For ethnically diverse societies, as in Russia, the transition also implies a restructuring of the old cultural division of labour (CDL)-the distribution of occupations and rewards among ethnic groups. 2 The Soviet commitment to affirmative action policies for non-Russian regions and their resident minorities unraveled along with the USSR. And without central controls over employment and wages, education and investment, the federal government has far fewer levers to impose quotas or to push industrial and urban development into minority areas. Yet how the advent of the market actually plays out among the Russian Federation's different nationalities is far from clear. Given the old CDL, with non-Russians typically concentrated in less developed ethnic homelands and in lower-paying sectors, the economic transition might well reinforce old disparities. On the other hand, dramatic devolution has given eponymous groups new powers to shape the local economy. Expanded home rule for titular nationalities could thus reward the in-group at the expense of local Russian residents. The question, then, is who bears the burden of economic dislocation and who benefits from new economic opportunities. Do titular groups reap a disproportionate share of the pain or gain under home rule? Equally important, how do subjective assessments of equality mesh with the actual distribution of burdens and benefits? This article explores the connections between ethnicity and economic transition in three republics of Russia-Tatarstan, North Ossetia and Sakha (Yakutia). Tatarstan and Sakha have been leaders in the quest for expanded republic rights, garnering some of the most dramatic concessions from the federal government during the period of {\textbackslash}textasciigravehigh sovereignty' (1991-99). Both republics won control over substantial shares of hard currency trade in local resouices (oil in Tatarstan, and diamonds, gold, oil and gas, among other things, in Sakha). They have had the most discretion over local resources and arguably the most leeway of any Russian regions in allocating rewards to local constituents. If home rule does afford privileges for titular nationalities, it should do so in these two regions. North Ossetia, in contrast, has been far less of a pioneer on issues of federal relations. Lacking the resource endowments of a Tatarstan or a Sakha, and surrounded by conflicts in the North Caucasus, it had less to gain from pressing Moscow for greater autonomy. The local agenda has instead been dominated by disputes with neighbouring regions. And these have in many ways reinforced local dependence on MOSCOW.(3) The focus here is on the experience of economic transition among the two major nationalities in each region, titular and Russians, who make up over four-fifths of the population in each case. The following section addresses the dimensions of inequality in post-communist Russia, the likely effects on the two major ethnic groups in each republic and the potential impact of home rule. The article then presents empirical evidence on the degree of inequality in experience with economic transition in the late 1990s, and on individual perceptions of bias.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Bailey2006,
+  title = {More {{Power}} to the {{Pill}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Contraceptive Freedom}} on {{Women}}'s {{Life Cycle Labor Supply}}},
+  shorttitle = {More {{Power}} to the {{Pill}}},
+  author = {Bailey, M. J.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+  volume = {121},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {289--320},
+  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
+  doi = {10.1093/qje/121.1.289},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Bailey2012,
+  title = {The {{Opt-In Revolution}}? {{Contraception}} and the {{Gender Gap}} in {{Wages}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Opt-In Revolution}}?},
+  author = {Bailey, Martha J and Hershbein, Brad and Miller, Amalia R},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {225--254},
+  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
+  doi = {10.1257/app.4.3.225},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Decades of research on the US gender gap in wages describes its correlates, but little is known about why women changed their career paths in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper explores the role of ``the Pill'' in altering women's human capital investments and its ultimate implications for life-cycle wages. Using state-by-birth-cohort variation in legal access, we show that younger access to the Pill conferred an 8 percent hourly wage premium by age 50. Our estimates imply that the Pill can account for 10 percent of the convergence of the gender gap in the 1980s and 30 percent in the 1990s. (JEL J13, J16, J31, J71, J24)},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Bailey2013,
+  title = {Fifty {{Years}} of {{Family Planning}}: {{New Evidence}} on the {{Long-Run Effects}} of {{Increasing Access}} to {{Contraception}}},
+  shorttitle = {Fifty {{Years}} of {{Family Planning}}},
+  author = {Bailey, Martha J.},
+  year = {2013},
+  journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
+  volume = {2013},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {341--409},
+  issn = {1533-4465},
+  doi = {10.1353/eca.2013.0001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2395,13 +2855,13 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Baker, D and North, K and Team, ALSPAC Study},
   year = {1999},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {49},
   number = {1},
   pages = {121--131},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00104-5},
-  abstract = {In Britain the government is currently proposing legislation that will encourage welfare recipients to gain employment. A central tenet of this \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare to work' policy is that employment will not only reduce the poverty of welfare recipients, but also improve their health. This research assessed the extent to which the movement from \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare to work' is likely to benefit the mental and physical health of lone mothers with preschool children. The sample was 719 lone mothers and a comparison group of 8779 women with partners drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Data collected by self completion questionnaire at 33 months postpartum provided information about average weekly take home family income and the mother's employment status. The health outcomes measured were general well being, both minor and major depression (using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), self report of respiratory symptoms (cough/cold, wheeze, influenza) from 18-33 months postpartum and self report of symptoms common in the childbearing years (backache, haemorrhoids) also from 18-33 months postpartum Lone mothers who were not employed were the poorest group in the sample; 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this group (402) had a family income of less than pound 200 per week, compared with 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% (188) of lone mothers who were employed, 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% (905) of partnered women who were not employed and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% (466) of partnered women who were employed. Lone mothers were significantly more likely than women with partners to report poorer well being (chi(2) = 11.7, df = 3, P = 0.01), to have a major depressive disorder (chi(2) = 92.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001) and to report wheeze (chi(2) = 31.1, df = 1, P = 0.0001), but significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi(2) = 9.9, df = 1, P = 0.0001) or haemorrhoids (chi(2) = 16.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001). Lone mothers who were unemployed and living on less than pound 100 per week were significantly more likely to be depressed (chi(2) = 3.9, df = 1, P = 0.05) than those who were employed and living on pound 200 or more per week, and significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi(2) = 3.8, df = 1, P = 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed no significant independent association between employment and better health for lone mothers. Rather, when compared with lone mothers who were not working, those who were employed were more likely to report minor respiratory symptoms such as cough/cold (OR = 1.51, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.00,2.31). Overall, the results suggested that the movement from \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare to work' is unlikely to improve the health of lone mothers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {In Britain the government is currently proposing legislation that will encourage welfare recipients to gain employment. A central tenet of this {\textbackslash}textasciigravewelfare to work' policy is that employment will not only reduce the poverty of welfare recipients, but also improve their health. This research assessed the extent to which the movement from {\textbackslash}textasciigravewelfare to work' is likely to benefit the mental and physical health of lone mothers with preschool children. The sample was 719 lone mothers and a comparison group of 8779 women with partners drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Data collected by self completion questionnaire at 33 months postpartum provided information about average weekly take home family income and the mother's employment status. The health outcomes measured were general well being, both minor and major depression (using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), self report of respiratory symptoms (cough/cold, wheeze, influenza) from 18-33 months postpartum and self report of symptoms common in the childbearing years (backache, haemorrhoids) also from 18-33 months postpartum Lone mothers who were not employed were the poorest group in the sample; 94{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of this group (402) had a family income of less than pound 200 per week, compared with 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (188) of lone mothers who were employed, 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (905) of partnered women who were not employed and 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (466) of partnered women who were employed. Lone mothers were significantly more likely than women with partners to report poorer well being (chi(2) = 11.7, df = 3, P = 0.01), to have a major depressive disorder (chi(2) = 92.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001) and to report wheeze (chi(2) = 31.1, df = 1, P = 0.0001), but significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi(2) = 9.9, df = 1, P = 0.0001) or haemorrhoids (chi(2) = 16.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001). Lone mothers who were unemployed and living on less than pound 100 per week were significantly more likely to be depressed (chi(2) = 3.9, df = 1, P = 0.05) than those who were employed and living on pound 200 or more per week, and significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi(2) = 3.8, df = 1, P = 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed no significant independent association between employment and better health for lone mothers. Rather, when compared with lone mothers who were not working, those who were employed were more likely to report minor respiratory symptoms such as cough/cold (OR = 1.51, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.00,2.31). Overall, the results suggested that the movement from {\textbackslash}textasciigravewelfare to work' is unlikely to improve the health of lone mothers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2443,7 +2903,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {9},
   number = {7},
   doi = {10.3390/healthcare9070897},
-  abstract = {The Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire-23 (MSWDQ-23) is a self-report instrument developed to assess barriers faced by People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) in the workplace. The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the MSWDQ-23. The study sample consisted of 196 PwMS, all currently working in part- or full-time jobs. Participants underwent clinical examination and cognitive screening with the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) and completed self-report measures of fatigue, psychological functioning, and quality of life, along with the MSWDQ-23 questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, and goodness-of-fit measures were used to evaluate construct validity. Convergent validity was checked by correlating MSWDQ-23 scores with study measures. Cronbach's alpha value was produced to assess internal consistency. CFA yielded a model with a fair fit confirming the three-factor structure of the instrument. Higher work difficulties were associated with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, poorer cognitive function, more fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression, and poorer health status, supporting the convergent validity of MSWDQ-23. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.996, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%, CI = 0.990-0.998) were excellent. The Greek MSWDQ-23 can be considered a valid patient-reported outcome measure and can be used in interventions aiming to improve the vocational status of PwMS.},
+  abstract = {The Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire-23 (MSWDQ-23) is a self-report instrument developed to assess barriers faced by People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) in the workplace. The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the MSWDQ-23. The study sample consisted of 196 PwMS, all currently working in part- or full-time jobs. Participants underwent clinical examination and cognitive screening with the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) and completed self-report measures of fatigue, psychological functioning, and quality of life, along with the MSWDQ-23 questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, and goodness-of-fit measures were used to evaluate construct validity. Convergent validity was checked by correlating MSWDQ-23 scores with study measures. Cronbach's alpha value was produced to assess internal consistency. CFA yielded a model with a fair fit confirming the three-factor structure of the instrument. Higher work difficulties were associated with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, poorer cognitive function, more fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression, and poorer health status, supporting the convergent validity of MSWDQ-23. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.996, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, CI = 0.990-0.998) were excellent. The Greek MSWDQ-23 can be considered a valid patient-reported outcome measure and can be used in interventions aiming to improve the vocational status of PwMS.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2471,7 +2931,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {1227--1251},
   issn = {0894-4393},
   doi = {10.1177/08944393211069622},
-  abstract = {Background and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed considerable challenges to people's mental health, and the prevalence of anxiety and depression increased substantially during the pandemic. Early detection of potential depression is crucial for timely preventive interventions; therefore, there is a need for depression prediction. Data and methods: This study was based on survey data collected from 5001 Norwegians (3001 in 2020 and 2000 in 2021). Machine learning models were used to predict depression risk and to select models with the best performance for each pandemic phase. Probability thresholds were chosen based on cost-sensitive analysis, and measures such as accuracy (ACC) and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the models' performance. Results: The study found that decision tree models and regularised regressions had the best performance in both 2020 and 2021. For the 2020 predictions, the highest accuracies were obtained using gradient boosting machines (ACC = 0.72, AUC = 0.74) and random forest algorithm (ACC = 0.71, AUC = 0.75). For the 2021 predictions, the random forest (ACC = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) and elastic net regularisation (ACC = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) exhibited the best performances. Highly ranked predictors of depression that remained stable over time were self-perceived exposure risks, income, compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions, frequency of being outdoors, contact with family and friends and work-life conflict. While epidemiological factors (having COVID symptoms or having close contact with the infected) influenced the level of psychological distress to a larger extent in the relatively early stage of pandemic, the importance of socioeconomic factors (gender, age, household type and employment status) increased substantially in the later stage. Conclusion: Machine learning models consisting of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and epidemiological features can be used for fast \textbackslash textasciigravefirst-hand' screening to diagnose mental health problems. The models may be helpful for stakeholders and healthcare providers to provide early diagnosis and intervention, as well as to provide insight into forecasting which social groups are more vulnerable to mental illness in which social settings.},
+  abstract = {Background and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed considerable challenges to people's mental health, and the prevalence of anxiety and depression increased substantially during the pandemic. Early detection of potential depression is crucial for timely preventive interventions; therefore, there is a need for depression prediction. Data and methods: This study was based on survey data collected from 5001 Norwegians (3001 in 2020 and 2000 in 2021). Machine learning models were used to predict depression risk and to select models with the best performance for each pandemic phase. Probability thresholds were chosen based on cost-sensitive analysis, and measures such as accuracy (ACC) and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the models' performance. Results: The study found that decision tree models and regularised regressions had the best performance in both 2020 and 2021. For the 2020 predictions, the highest accuracies were obtained using gradient boosting machines (ACC = 0.72, AUC = 0.74) and random forest algorithm (ACC = 0.71, AUC = 0.75). For the 2021 predictions, the random forest (ACC = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) and elastic net regularisation (ACC = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) exhibited the best performances. Highly ranked predictors of depression that remained stable over time were self-perceived exposure risks, income, compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions, frequency of being outdoors, contact with family and friends and work-life conflict. While epidemiological factors (having COVID symptoms or having close contact with the infected) influenced the level of psychological distress to a larger extent in the relatively early stage of pandemic, the importance of socioeconomic factors (gender, age, household type and employment status) increased substantially in the later stage. Conclusion: Machine learning models consisting of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and epidemiological features can be used for fast {\textbackslash}textasciigravefirst-hand' screening to diagnose mental health problems. The models may be helpful for stakeholders and healthcare providers to provide early diagnosis and intervention, as well as to provide insight into forecasting which social groups are more vulnerable to mental illness in which social settings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2484,7 +2944,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {118},
   issn = {0190-7409},
   doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105333},
-  abstract = {This paper addresses the conceptualization of \textbackslash textasciigraveoutcomes' for care experienced people through an in-depth longitudinal study of 75 young adults in Denmark, England and Norway. \textbackslash textasciigraveOutcome' studies have played a crucial role in raising awareness of the risk of disadvantage that care experienced people face, across a variety of domains including education and employment. These studies may have an unintended consequence, however, if care experienced people are predominantly viewed, and studied, through a problem-focused lens. The danger is that policy and research neglects other - perhaps less readily measurable - aspects of experience, including subjective understandings - what matters to care experienced people themselves. Our analyses are based on an in-depth qualitative longitudinal study, which explored meanings of \textbackslash textasciigravedoing well' over time among care experienced people (aged 16-32), all of whom were \textbackslash textasciigravesuccessful' in relation to traditional indicators of participation in education and/or employment (including voluntary work). Across countries, their accounts revealed the importance of attending to subjective and dynamic understandings of \textbackslash textasciigravedoing well', and the significance of ordinary, mundane and \textbackslash textasciigravedo-able' lives. Participants' narratives highlight aspects of doing well that raise challenging questions about how traditional outcome indicators - and corresponding policy priorities - might better capture what young people themselves see as important. A narrow interpretation of outcomes may lead to misrecognition of what it means to do well, and so to a stigmatizing \textbackslash textasciigraveway of seeing' care experienced lives. A broader conceptualization of outcomes is necessary to recognize - and so to develop policy and services to support - the complex, dynamic relationality of doing well.},
+  abstract = {This paper addresses the conceptualization of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveoutcomes' for care experienced people through an in-depth longitudinal study of 75 young adults in Denmark, England and Norway. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveOutcome' studies have played a crucial role in raising awareness of the risk of disadvantage that care experienced people face, across a variety of domains including education and employment. These studies may have an unintended consequence, however, if care experienced people are predominantly viewed, and studied, through a problem-focused lens. The danger is that policy and research neglects other - perhaps less readily measurable - aspects of experience, including subjective understandings - what matters to care experienced people themselves. Our analyses are based on an in-depth qualitative longitudinal study, which explored meanings of {\textbackslash}textasciigravedoing well' over time among care experienced people (aged 16-32), all of whom were {\textbackslash}textasciigravesuccessful' in relation to traditional indicators of participation in education and/or employment (including voluntary work). Across countries, their accounts revealed the importance of attending to subjective and dynamic understandings of {\textbackslash}textasciigravedoing well', and the significance of ordinary, mundane and {\textbackslash}textasciigravedo-able' lives. Participants' narratives highlight aspects of doing well that raise challenging questions about how traditional outcome indicators - and corresponding policy priorities - might better capture what young people themselves see as important. A narrow interpretation of outcomes may lead to misrecognition of what it means to do well, and so to a stigmatizing {\textbackslash}textasciigraveway of seeing' care experienced lives. A broader conceptualization of outcomes is necessary to recognize - and so to develop policy and services to support - the complex, dynamic relationality of doing well.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2513,6 +2973,55 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Balbo2013,
+  title = {Fertility in {{Advanced Societies}}: {{A Review}} of {{Research}}: {{La}} F{\'e}condit{\'e} Dans Les Soci{\'e}t{\'e}s Avanc{\'e}es: Un Examen Des Recherches},
+  shorttitle = {Fertility in {{Advanced Societies}}},
+  author = {Balbo, Nicoletta and Billari, Francesco C. and Mills, Melinda},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {European Journal of Population / Revue europ{\'e}enne de D{\'e}mographie},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1--38},
+  issn = {0168-6577, 1572-9885},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Baldridge2006,
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Anticipated Social Consequences}} on {{Recurring Disability Accommodation Requests}}},
+  author = {Baldridge, David C. and Veiga, John F.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Management},
+  volume = {32},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {158--179},
+  issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211},
+  doi = {10.1177/0149206305277800},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) has not achieved its potential, in part, because those it sought to help have shown a reluctance to request accommodations. Using survey data from 229 hearing-impaired employees and an expert panel, logistic regression confirmed that monetary costs and impositions on others negatively influence the likelihood of requesting recurring accommodations. Furthermore, monetary costs and impositions on others negatively influence the requester's assessments of the social consequences of making such requests. These consequences, in turn, can also negatively influence future disability accommodation requests.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Baldridge2013,
+  title = {Withholding {{Requests}} for {{Disability Accommodation}}: {{The Role}} of {{Individual Differences}} and {{Disability Attributes}}},
+  shorttitle = {Withholding {{Requests}} for {{Disability Accommodation}}},
+  author = {Baldridge, David C. and Swift, Michele L.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Management},
+  volume = {39},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {743--762},
+  issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211},
+  doi = {10.1177/0149206310396375},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Prior research suggests that people with disabilities often do not request needed workplace accommodations, though relatively few studies address which factors influence the extent of such potentially self-limiting behavior. Drawing on workplace disability, help seeking, and social identity literature, this study proposes and tests a model of request withholding frequency using survey data from 279 people with hearing impairments. Consistent with expectations, older employees withheld requests less frequently; however, there was no main effect of gender. Moreover, the strength of the relationship between age and request withholding frequency was significantly weaker when the disability was more severe and when the age of disability onset was earlier. Similarly, disability severity influenced the strength of the relationship between gender and request withholding frequency, though the age of disability onset did not. These findings are consistent with social identity theory, in that those individual differences and disability attributes that shape social identities also appear to affect decisions to request disability accommodation. In practical terms, managers need to not only be supportive of disability accommodation requests but also recognize that some employees, such as young persons with disabilities, may need even more support, and support in a form that affirms or minimizes threats to other salient identities, such as their youth. Additional implications for management research and practice are discussed.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Balkhi2020,
   title = {Psychological and {{Behavioral Response}} to the {{Coronavirus}} ({{COVID-19}}) {{Pandemic}}},
   author = {Balkhi, Fizra and Nasir, Aamna and Zehra, Arhama and Riaz, Ramsha},
@@ -2556,6 +3065,38 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Balser2007,
+  title = {Predictors of {{Workplace Accommodations}} for {{Employees With Mobility-Related Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Balser, Deborah B.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Administration \& Society},
+  volume = {39},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {656--683},
+  issn = {0095-3997, 1552-3039},
+  doi = {10.1177/0095399707303639},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Our understanding of reasonable accommodations in the workplace is incomplete. Frequently, research on disability either neglects issues of accommodation or examines the receipt of any accommodation, without specifying type. However, people with disabilities need specific accommodations, not any accommodation. This article uses comprehensive models to test the predictors of four types of accommodations received by employees with mobility-related disabilities. Overall, the results show that different factors predicted receipt of different types of accommodations. Furthermore, factors that facilitate or constrain an employer's capacity to make particular accommodations were more powerful predictors than an individual's need for accommodation or socioeconomic status.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Balser2008,
+  title = {Factors {{Affecting Employee Satisfaction}} with {{Disability Accommodation}}: {{A Field Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Factors {{Affecting Employee Satisfaction}} with {{Disability Accommodation}}},
+  author = {Balser, Deborah B. and Harris, Michael M.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal},
+  volume = {20},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {13--28},
+  issn = {0892-7545, 1573-3378},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10672-007-9062-y},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Baltagi2018,
   title = {Network Effects on Labor Contracts of Internal Migrants in {{China}}: A Spatial Autoregressive Model},
   author = {Baltagi, Badi H. and Deng, Ying and Ma, Xiangjun},
@@ -2567,7 +3108,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {265--296},
   issn = {0377-7332},
   doi = {10.1007/s00181-017-1333-3},
-  abstract = {This paper studies the fact that 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the internal migrants in China do not sign a labor contract with their employers, as revealed in a nationwide survey. These contract-free jobs pay lower hourly wages, require longer weekly work hours, and provide less insurance or on-the-job training than regular jobs with contracts. We find that the co-villager networks play an important role in a migrant's decision on whether to accept such insecure and irregular jobs. By employing a comprehensive nationwide survey in 2011 in the spatial autoregressive logit model, we show that the common behavior of not signing contracts in the co-villager network increases the probability that a migrant accepts a contract-free job. We provide three possible explanations on how networks influence migrants' contract decisions: job referral mechanism, limited information on contract benefits, and the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemini-labor union\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace formed among co-villagers, which substitutes for a formal contract. In the subsample analysis, we also find that the effects are larger for migrants whose jobs were introduced by their co-villagers, male migrants, migrants with rural Hukou, short-term migrants, and less educated migrants. The heterogeneous effects for migrants of different employer types, industries, and home provinces provide policy implications.},
+  abstract = {This paper studies the fact that 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the internal migrants in China do not sign a labor contract with their employers, as revealed in a nationwide survey. These contract-free jobs pay lower hourly wages, require longer weekly work hours, and provide less insurance or on-the-job training than regular jobs with contracts. We find that the co-villager networks play an important role in a migrant's decision on whether to accept such insecure and irregular jobs. By employing a comprehensive nationwide survey in 2011 in the spatial autoregressive logit model, we show that the common behavior of not signing contracts in the co-villager network increases the probability that a migrant accepts a contract-free job. We provide three possible explanations on how networks influence migrants' contract decisions: job referral mechanism, limited information on contract benefits, and the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemini-labor union{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace formed among co-villagers, which substitutes for a formal contract. In the subsample analysis, we also find that the effects are larger for migrants whose jobs were introduced by their co-villagers, male migrants, migrants with rural Hukou, short-term migrants, and less educated migrants. The heterogeneous effects for migrants of different employer types, industries, and home provinces provide policy implications.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2581,7 +3122,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {40},
   pages = {113--156},
   doi = {10.1108/S0147-912120140000040004},
-  abstract = {Job Corps is the United State's largest and most comprehensive training program for disadvantaged youth aged 16-24 years old. A randomized social experiment concluded that, on average, individuals benefited from the program in the form of higher weekly earnings and employment prospects. At the same time, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveyoung adults\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (ages 20-24) realized much higher impacts relative to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveadolescents\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (ages 16-19). Employing recent nonparametric bounds for causal mediation, we investigate whether these two groups' disparate effects correspond to them benefiting differentially from distinct aspects of Job Corps, with a particular focus on the attainment of a degree (GED, high school, or vocational). We find that, for young adults, the part of the total effect of Job Corps on earnings (employment) that is due to attaining a degree within the program is at most 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% (32\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the total effect, whereas for adolescents that part can account for up to 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% (100\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the total effect. We also find evidence that the magnitude of the part of the effect of Job Corps on the outcomes that works through components of Job Corps other than degree attainment (e.g., social skills, job placement, residential services) is likely higher for young adults than for adolescents. That those other components likely play a more important role for young adults has policy implications for more effectively servicing participants. More generally, our results illustrate how researchers can learn about particular mechanisms of an intervention.},
+  abstract = {Job Corps is the United State's largest and most comprehensive training program for disadvantaged youth aged 16-24 years old. A randomized social experiment concluded that, on average, individuals benefited from the program in the form of higher weekly earnings and employment prospects. At the same time, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveyoung adults{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (ages 20-24) realized much higher impacts relative to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveadolescents{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (ages 16-19). Employing recent nonparametric bounds for causal mediation, we investigate whether these two groups' disparate effects correspond to them benefiting differentially from distinct aspects of Job Corps, with a particular focus on the attainment of a degree (GED, high school, or vocational). We find that, for young adults, the part of the total effect of Job Corps on earnings (employment) that is due to attaining a degree within the program is at most 41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the total effect, whereas for adolescents that part can account for up to 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the total effect. We also find evidence that the magnitude of the part of the effect of Job Corps on the outcomes that works through components of Job Corps other than degree attainment (e.g., social skills, job placement, residential services) is likely higher for young adults than for adolescents. That those other components likely play a more important role for young adults has policy implications for more effectively servicing participants. More generally, our results illustrate how researchers can learn about particular mechanisms of an intervention.},
   isbn = {978-1-78441-149-7; 978-1-78441-150-3},
   langid = {english}
 }
@@ -2762,12 +3303,12 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Barr, Ben and Kinderman, Peter and Whitehead, Margaret},
   year = {2015},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {147},
   pages = {324--331},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.009},
-  abstract = {Several indicators of population mental health in the UK have deteriorated since the financial crisis, during a period when a number of welfare reforms and austerity measures have been implemented. We do not know which groups have been most affected by these trends or the extent to which recent economic trends or recent policies have contributed to them. We use data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey to investigate trends in self reported mental health problems by socioeconomic group and employment status in England between 2004 and 2013. We then use panel regression models to investigate the association between local trends in mental health problems and local trends in unemployment and wages to investigate the extent to which these explain increases in mental health problems during this time. We found that the trend in the prevalence of people reporting mental health problems increased significantly more between 2009 and 2013 compared to the previous trends. This increase was greatest amongst people with low levels of education and inequalities widened. The gap in prevalence between low and high educated groups widened by 1.29 percentage points for women (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Cl: 0.50 to 2.08) and 136 percentage points for men (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Cl: 0.31 to 2.42) between 2009 and 2013. Trends in unemployment and wages only partly explained these recent increases in mental health problems. The trend in reported mental health problems across England broadly mirrored the pattern of increases in suicides and antidepressant prescribing. Welfare policies and austerity measures implemented since 2010 may have contributed to recent increases in mental health problems and widening inequalities. This has led to rising numbers of people with low levels of education out of work with mental health problems. These trends are likely to increase social exclusion as well as demand for and reliance on social welfare systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Several indicators of population mental health in the UK have deteriorated since the financial crisis, during a period when a number of welfare reforms and austerity measures have been implemented. We do not know which groups have been most affected by these trends or the extent to which recent economic trends or recent policies have contributed to them. We use data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey to investigate trends in self reported mental health problems by socioeconomic group and employment status in England between 2004 and 2013. We then use panel regression models to investigate the association between local trends in mental health problems and local trends in unemployment and wages to investigate the extent to which these explain increases in mental health problems during this time. We found that the trend in the prevalence of people reporting mental health problems increased significantly more between 2009 and 2013 compared to the previous trends. This increase was greatest amongst people with low levels of education and inequalities widened. The gap in prevalence between low and high educated groups widened by 1.29 percentage points for women (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Cl: 0.50 to 2.08) and 136 percentage points for men (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Cl: 0.31 to 2.42) between 2009 and 2013. Trends in unemployment and wages only partly explained these recent increases in mental health problems. The trend in reported mental health problems across England broadly mirrored the pattern of increases in suicides and antidepressant prescribing. Welfare policies and austerity measures implemented since 2010 may have contributed to recent increases in mental health problems and widening inequalities. This has led to rising numbers of people with low levels of education out of work with mental health problems. These trends are likely to increase social exclusion as well as demand for and reliance on social welfare systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2780,7 +3321,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08987-w},
-  abstract = {BackgroundLeisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation.MethodsA two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction.ResultsAcross the 10 populations (N =26,022), 18.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I-2 =99.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of adults ({$>$}= 18years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P {$<$}0.001; I-2 =97.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P =0.004; I-2 =98.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel.ConclusionsIn these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundLeisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation.MethodsA two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction.ResultsAcross the 10 populations (N =26,022), 18.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I-2 =99.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of adults ({$>$}= 18years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P {$<$}0.001; I-2 =97.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P =0.004; I-2 =98.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel.ConclusionsIn these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2792,7 +3333,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   journal = {TRANSPORTMETRICA A-TRANSPORT SCIENCE},
   issn = {2324-9935},
   doi = {10.1080/23249935.2023.2236235},
-  abstract = {Clustering activity patterns and identifying homogeneous travel behaviour through trip chain sequences offer valuable insight for transportation planners and policymakers in addressing transport equity problems and travel demand management. This study explores how income and car-ownership levels determine mobility patterns and travellers' decisions. Unlike previous studies that investigated the travel mode and destinations separately, we designed a novel, aggregated form considering the trip purpose and associated transport mode use as a unit of our analysis. To mitigate the subjectivity of rule-based approaches for trip chain analysis, we employ a novel sequence clustering framework to extract homogeneous clusters of activity patterns. Our results reveal that income and car-ownership levels influence travellers' travel decisions and mobility patterns. Among low-income carless households, 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their daily trips include care activities where women more frequently than men play this traditional role in a household by either public transit or a car as a passenger. In the low-income car-owner subsample, females still use public transit for their work trips, whereas males more often use the available car to commute to work. Males of wealthy carless households integrate public transit and active transportation for their daily trips when they live in high-density and more accessible neighbourhoods. While our findings demonstrate the impact of car ownership, income, and built environment on trip-chaining behaviour, we recognise that achieving transport equity will require tailored transportation and land use policies and investments that address the specific needs and barriers faced by different household types, particularly the most vulnerable ones in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, accessibility levels, and affordability issues. Hence, we recommend that policymakers and planners take a more holistic approach to transportation planning that considers the interplay of these factors to ensure that transportation systems and services are accessible, affordable, and equitable for all.},
+  abstract = {Clustering activity patterns and identifying homogeneous travel behaviour through trip chain sequences offer valuable insight for transportation planners and policymakers in addressing transport equity problems and travel demand management. This study explores how income and car-ownership levels determine mobility patterns and travellers' decisions. Unlike previous studies that investigated the travel mode and destinations separately, we designed a novel, aggregated form considering the trip purpose and associated transport mode use as a unit of our analysis. To mitigate the subjectivity of rule-based approaches for trip chain analysis, we employ a novel sequence clustering framework to extract homogeneous clusters of activity patterns. Our results reveal that income and car-ownership levels influence travellers' travel decisions and mobility patterns. Among low-income carless households, 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of their daily trips include care activities where women more frequently than men play this traditional role in a household by either public transit or a car as a passenger. In the low-income car-owner subsample, females still use public transit for their work trips, whereas males more often use the available car to commute to work. Males of wealthy carless households integrate public transit and active transportation for their daily trips when they live in high-density and more accessible neighbourhoods. While our findings demonstrate the impact of car ownership, income, and built environment on trip-chaining behaviour, we recognise that achieving transport equity will require tailored transportation and land use policies and investments that address the specific needs and barriers faced by different household types, particularly the most vulnerable ones in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, accessibility levels, and affordability issues. Hence, we recommend that policymakers and planners take a more holistic approach to transportation planning that considers the interplay of these factors to ensure that transportation systems and services are accessible, affordable, and equitable for all.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2825,7 +3366,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
 }
 
 @article{Barsoum2019,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWomen}}, Work and Family': {{Educated}} Women's Employment Decisions and Social Policies in {{Egypt}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWomen}}, Work and Family': {{Educated}} Women's Employment Decisions and Social Policies in {{Egypt}}},
   author = {Barsoum, Ghada},
   year = {2019},
   month = jul,
@@ -2847,7 +3388,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   journal = {WORK EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIETY},
   issn = {0950-0170},
   doi = {10.1177/09500170231155293},
-  abstract = {This article revisits a central tenet of the welfare state paradox, also known as the inclusion-equality trade-off. Using large-scale survey data for 31 European countries and the United States, collected over a recent 15-year period, the article re-investigates the relationship between female labour force participation and gender segregation. Emphasising the transitional role played by the monetisation of domestic tasks, the study identifies a \textbackslash textasciigravegender equality hurdle' that countries with the highest levels of female labour force participation have already passed. The results show that occupational gender segregation is currently lower in countries with high female labour force participation, regardless of public sector size. However, the findings also indicate that high relative levels of public spending on health, education and care are particularly conducive to desegregation. Hence, rather than being paradoxical, more equality in participation begets more equality in the labour market, as well as in gendered tasks in society overall.},
+  abstract = {This article revisits a central tenet of the welfare state paradox, also known as the inclusion-equality trade-off. Using large-scale survey data for 31 European countries and the United States, collected over a recent 15-year period, the article re-investigates the relationship between female labour force participation and gender segregation. Emphasising the transitional role played by the monetisation of domestic tasks, the study identifies a {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender equality hurdle' that countries with the highest levels of female labour force participation have already passed. The results show that occupational gender segregation is currently lower in countries with high female labour force participation, regardless of public sector size. However, the findings also indicate that high relative levels of public spending on health, education and care are particularly conducive to desegregation. Hence, rather than being paradoxical, more equality in participation begets more equality in the labour market, as well as in gendered tasks in society overall.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2856,13 +3397,13 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Bartley, M and Sacker, A and Firth, D and Fitzpatrick, R},
   year = {1999},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {49},
   number = {6},
   pages = {831--845},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00192-6},
-  abstract = {Many studies have attempted to understand observed social variations in cardiovascular disease in terms of sets of intermediate or confounding risk factors. Tests of these models have tended to produce inconsistent evidence. This paper examines the relationships to cardiovascular risk factors or two theoretically based measures of social position. Tt shows that the strength of the relationships between social position and cardiovascular risk factors varies according to the definition of social position which is used: there is a closer relationship between most health behaviours and the Cambridge scale, an indicator of \textbackslash textasciigravegeneral social advantage and lifestyle', whereas the Erikson-Goldthorpe schema, which is based on employment relations and conditions, is more strongly related to work control and breathlessness. The implications of these findings for understanding the conflicting evidence in other studies of health inequalities are then discussed. The paper concludes that inconsistencies between studies may be in part due to unexamined differences between the conceptual bases of the measures of social position they use, combined with a failure to make explicit the hypothetical mechanisms of effect. If neither the conceptual basis of the measure of social position, nor the links between social position and health outcome tested in each study are clear, inconsistencies between studies will be difficult to interpret, making policy recommendations highly problematic. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Many studies have attempted to understand observed social variations in cardiovascular disease in terms of sets of intermediate or confounding risk factors. Tests of these models have tended to produce inconsistent evidence. This paper examines the relationships to cardiovascular risk factors or two theoretically based measures of social position. Tt shows that the strength of the relationships between social position and cardiovascular risk factors varies according to the definition of social position which is used: there is a closer relationship between most health behaviours and the Cambridge scale, an indicator of {\textbackslash}textasciigravegeneral social advantage and lifestyle', whereas the Erikson-Goldthorpe schema, which is based on employment relations and conditions, is more strongly related to work control and breathlessness. The implications of these findings for understanding the conflicting evidence in other studies of health inequalities are then discussed. The paper concludes that inconsistencies between studies may be in part due to unexamined differences between the conceptual bases of the measures of social position they use, combined with a failure to make explicit the hypothetical mechanisms of effect. If neither the conceptual basis of the measure of social position, nor the links between social position and health outcome tested in each study are clear, inconsistencies between studies will be difficult to interpret, making policy recommendations highly problematic. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2892,7 +3433,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {183--205},
   issn = {0165-0203},
   doi = {10.1111/1477-8947.12216},
-  abstract = {Women make up almost half the Canadian labour force and more than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of post-secondary students. However, in natural resources (NR) industries (energy, mining, forestry), they represent less than 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the workforce, face persistent wage gaps, hold traditionally gendered roles (in sales, administrative and support services) instead of technical or managerial positions, and are persistently absent from leadership roles. Retention of women is also a big challenge in these industries: many tend to leave their jobs within the first five years of employment, and/or after one or more maternity leaves. Women are very poorly represented in leadership positions (as senior executives and board members) despite significant evidence that gender diversity in leadership is good for business. Findings from our study of the status of women in NR employment in Canada produced concrete policy recommendations for recruiting, retaining, and promoting women in energy, mining, and forestry. Although these are intended specifically for Canadian organisations, they may also be relevant for other countries where women are underrepresented in NR industries.},
+  abstract = {Women make up almost half the Canadian labour force and more than 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of post-secondary students. However, in natural resources (NR) industries (energy, mining, forestry), they represent less than 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the workforce, face persistent wage gaps, hold traditionally gendered roles (in sales, administrative and support services) instead of technical or managerial positions, and are persistently absent from leadership roles. Retention of women is also a big challenge in these industries: many tend to leave their jobs within the first five years of employment, and/or after one or more maternity leaves. Women are very poorly represented in leadership positions (as senior executives and board members) despite significant evidence that gender diversity in leadership is good for business. Findings from our study of the status of women in NR employment in Canada produced concrete policy recommendations for recruiting, retaining, and promoting women in energy, mining, and forestry. Although these are intended specifically for Canadian organisations, they may also be relevant for other countries where women are underrepresented in NR industries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2920,7 +3461,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {1889-U45},
   issn = {0161-8105},
   doi = {10.5665/sleep.4238},
-  abstract = {Study Objectives: Chronic sleep restriction is prevalent in the U.S. population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The primary reasons for reduced sleep are unknown. Using population data on time use, we sought to identify individual characteristics and behaviors associated with short sleep that could be targeted for intervention programs. Design: Analysis of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). Setting: Cross-sectional annual survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Participants: Representative cohort (N = 124,517) of Americans 15 years and older surveyed between 2003 and 2011. Interventions: None. Measurements and Results: Telephone survey of activities over 24 hours. Relative to all other waking activities, paid work time was the primary waking activity exchanged for sleep. Time spent traveling, which included commuting to/from work, and immediate pre- and post-sleep activities (socializing, grooming, watching TV) were also reciprocally related to sleep duration. With every hour that work or educational training started later in the morning, sleep time increased by approximately 20 minutes. Working multiple jobs was associated with the highest odds for sleeping = 6 hours on weekdays (adjusted OR 1.61, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.44; 1.81). Self-employed respondents were less likely to be short sleepers compared to private sector employees (OR 0.83, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.72; 0.95). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with paid work (age 25-64, male sex, high income, and employment per se) were consistently associated with short sleep. Conclusions: U.S. population time use survey findings suggest that interventions to increase sleep time should concentrate on delaying the morning start time of work and educational activities (or making them more flexible), increasing sleep opportunities, and shortening morning and evening commute times. Reducing the need for multiple jobs may increase sleep time, but economic disincentives from working fewer hours will need to be offset. Raising awareness of the importance of sufficient sleep for health and safety may be necessary to positively influence discretionary behaviors that reduce sleep time, including television viewing and morning grooming.},
+  abstract = {Study Objectives: Chronic sleep restriction is prevalent in the U.S. population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The primary reasons for reduced sleep are unknown. Using population data on time use, we sought to identify individual characteristics and behaviors associated with short sleep that could be targeted for intervention programs. Design: Analysis of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). Setting: Cross-sectional annual survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Participants: Representative cohort (N = 124,517) of Americans 15 years and older surveyed between 2003 and 2011. Interventions: None. Measurements and Results: Telephone survey of activities over 24 hours. Relative to all other waking activities, paid work time was the primary waking activity exchanged for sleep. Time spent traveling, which included commuting to/from work, and immediate pre- and post-sleep activities (socializing, grooming, watching TV) were also reciprocally related to sleep duration. With every hour that work or educational training started later in the morning, sleep time increased by approximately 20 minutes. Working multiple jobs was associated with the highest odds for sleeping = 6 hours on weekdays (adjusted OR 1.61, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.44; 1.81). Self-employed respondents were less likely to be short sleepers compared to private sector employees (OR 0.83, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.72; 0.95). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with paid work (age 25-64, male sex, high income, and employment per se) were consistently associated with short sleep. Conclusions: U.S. population time use survey findings suggest that interventions to increase sleep time should concentrate on delaying the morning start time of work and educational activities (or making them more flexible), increasing sleep opportunities, and shortening morning and evening commute times. Reducing the need for multiple jobs may increase sleep time, but economic disincentives from working fewer hours will need to be offset. Raising awareness of the importance of sufficient sleep for health and safety may be necessary to positively influence discretionary behaviors that reduce sleep time, including television viewing and morning grooming.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2949,7 +3490,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {18},
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5297-9},
-  abstract = {Background: In Australia, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people diagnosed with cancer will be of working age (25-64 years). A cancer diagnosis may lead to temporary or permanent changes in a person's labour force participation, which has an economic impact on both the individual and the economy. However, little is known about this economic impact of cancer due to lost productivity in Australia. This paper aims to determine the labour force participation characteristics of people with cancer, to estimate the indirect cost due to lost productivity, and to identify any inequality in the distribution of labour force absence in Australia. Methods: This study used national cross-sectional data from the 2015 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The ABS weighted each component of the survey to ensure the sample represented the population distribution of Australia. The analysis was limited to people aged 25-64 years. Participants were assigned to one of three health condition groups: \textbackslash textasciigraveno health condition', \textbackslash textasciigravecancer', and \textbackslash textasciigraveany other long-term health condition'. A series of logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between health condition and labour force participation. Results: A total of 34,393 participants surveyed were aged 25-64 years, representing approximately 12,387,800 Australians. Almost half (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of people with cancer were not in the labour force, resulting in a reduction of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1.7 billion to the Australian gross domestic product (GDP). Amongst those in the labour force, people with no health condition were 3.00 times more likely to be employed full-time compared to people with cancer (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.96-4.57), after adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment and rurality. Amongst those with cancer, people without a tertiary qualification were 3.73 times more likely to be out of the labour force (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.97-7.07). Conclusions: This paper is the first in Australia to estimate the national labour force participation rates of people with cancer. People with cancer were less likely to be in the labour force, resulting in a reduction in Australia's GDP. Cancer survivors, especially those without a tertiary qualification may benefit from support to return to work after a diagnosis.},
+  abstract = {Background: In Australia, 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people diagnosed with cancer will be of working age (25-64 years). A cancer diagnosis may lead to temporary or permanent changes in a person's labour force participation, which has an economic impact on both the individual and the economy. However, little is known about this economic impact of cancer due to lost productivity in Australia. This paper aims to determine the labour force participation characteristics of people with cancer, to estimate the indirect cost due to lost productivity, and to identify any inequality in the distribution of labour force absence in Australia. Methods: This study used national cross-sectional data from the 2015 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The ABS weighted each component of the survey to ensure the sample represented the population distribution of Australia. The analysis was limited to people aged 25-64 years. Participants were assigned to one of three health condition groups: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveno health condition', {\textbackslash}textasciigravecancer', and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveany other long-term health condition'. A series of logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between health condition and labour force participation. Results: A total of 34,393 participants surveyed were aged 25-64 years, representing approximately 12,387,800 Australians. Almost half (46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of people with cancer were not in the labour force, resulting in a reduction of {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1.7 billion to the Australian gross domestic product (GDP). Amongst those in the labour force, people with no health condition were 3.00 times more likely to be employed full-time compared to people with cancer (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.96-4.57), after adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment and rurality. Amongst those with cancer, people without a tertiary qualification were 3.73 times more likely to be out of the labour force (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.97-7.07). Conclusions: This paper is the first in Australia to estimate the national labour force participation rates of people with cancer. People with cancer were less likely to be in the labour force, resulting in a reduction in Australia's GDP. Cancer survivors, especially those without a tertiary qualification may benefit from support to return to work after a diagnosis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2967,6 +3508,21 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Bauer2011,
+  title = {Assistive Technology Device Classification Based upon the {{World Health Organization}}'s, {{International Classification}} of {{Functioning}}, {{Disability}} and {{Health}} ({{ICF}})},
+  author = {Bauer, Stephen M. and Elsaesser, Linda-Jeanne and Arthanat, Sajay},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology},
+  volume = {6},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {243--259},
+  issn = {1748-3107, 1748-3115},
+  doi = {10.3109/17483107.2010.529631},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Baugh2019,
   title = {The Dynamics of Poverty, Educational Attainment, and the Children of the Disadvantaged Entering Medical School},
   author = {Baugh, Aaron D. and Vanderbilt, Allison A. and Baugh, Reginald F.},
@@ -2976,7 +3532,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   pages = {667--676},
   issn = {1179-7258},
   doi = {10.2147/AMEP.S196840},
-  abstract = {Approximately one-third of the US population lives at or near the poverty line; however, this group makes up less than 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the incoming medical students. In the United Kingdom, the ratio of those of the highest social stratum is 30 times greater than those of the lowest to receive admission to medical school. In an effort to address health disparities and improve patient care, the authors argue that significant barriers must be overcome for the children of the disadvantaged to gain admission to medical school. Poverty is intergenerational and multidimensional. Familial wealth affects opportunities and educational attainment, starting when children are young and compounding as they get older. In addition, structural and other barriers exist to these students pursuing higher education, such as the realities of financial aid and the shadow of debt. Yet the medical education community can take steps to better support the children of the disadvantaged throughout their education, so they are able to reach medical school. If educators value the viewpoints and life experiences of diverse students enriching the learning environment, they must acknowledge the unique contributions that the children of the disadvantaged bring and work to increase their representation in medical schools and the physician workforce. We describe who the disadvantaged are contrasted with the metrics used by medical school admissions to identify them. The consequences of multiple facets of poverty on educational attainment are explored, including its interaction with other social identities, inter-generational impacts, and the importance of wealth versus annual income. Structural barriers to admission are reviewed. Given the multi-dimensional and cumulative nature of poverty, we conclude that absent significant and sustained intervention, medical school applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds will remain few and workforce issues affecting the care patients receive will not be resolved. The role of physicians and medical schools and advocating for necessary societal changes to alleviate this dynamic are highlighted.},
+  abstract = {Approximately one-third of the US population lives at or near the poverty line; however, this group makes up less than 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the incoming medical students. In the United Kingdom, the ratio of those of the highest social stratum is 30 times greater than those of the lowest to receive admission to medical school. In an effort to address health disparities and improve patient care, the authors argue that significant barriers must be overcome for the children of the disadvantaged to gain admission to medical school. Poverty is intergenerational and multidimensional. Familial wealth affects opportunities and educational attainment, starting when children are young and compounding as they get older. In addition, structural and other barriers exist to these students pursuing higher education, such as the realities of financial aid and the shadow of debt. Yet the medical education community can take steps to better support the children of the disadvantaged throughout their education, so they are able to reach medical school. If educators value the viewpoints and life experiences of diverse students enriching the learning environment, they must acknowledge the unique contributions that the children of the disadvantaged bring and work to increase their representation in medical schools and the physician workforce. We describe who the disadvantaged are contrasted with the metrics used by medical school admissions to identify them. The consequences of multiple facets of poverty on educational attainment are explored, including its interaction with other social identities, inter-generational impacts, and the importance of wealth versus annual income. Structural barriers to admission are reviewed. Given the multi-dimensional and cumulative nature of poverty, we conclude that absent significant and sustained intervention, medical school applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds will remain few and workforce issues affecting the care patients receive will not be resolved. The role of physicians and medical schools and advocating for necessary societal changes to alleviate this dynamic are highlighted.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2989,7 +3545,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   volume = {6},
   issn = {1476-072X},
   doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-6-50},
-  abstract = {Background: The aim was to assess the relationships between social and material deprivation and the use of tobacco, excessive alcohol and psychotropic drugs by both sexes and in various age groups. Greater knowledge concerning these issues may help public health policy-makers design more effective means of preventing substance abuse. Methods: The sample comprised 6,216 people aged {$>$}= 15 years randomly selected from the population in northeastern France. Subjects completed a post-mailed questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, occupation, employment, income, smoking habit, alcohol abuse and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepsychotropic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace drug intake (for headache, tiredness, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia). A deprivation score (D) was defined by the cumulative number of: low educational level, manual worker, unemployed, living alone, nationality other than western European, low income, and non-home-ownership. Data were analysed using adjusted odds ratios (ORa) computed with logistic models. Results: Deprivation was common: 37.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents fell into category D = 1, 21.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% into D = 2, and 10.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% into D {$>$}= 3. More men than women reported tobacco use (30.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 21.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and alcohol abuse (12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 3.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), whereas psychotropic drug use was more common among women (23.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 41.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Increasing levels of deprivation were associated with a greater likelihood of tobacco use (ORa vs. D = 0: 1.16 in D = 1, 1.49 in D = 2, and 1.93 in D {$>$}= 3), alcohol abuse (1.19 in D = 1, 1.32 in D = 2, and 1.80 in D {$>$}= 3) and frequent psychotropic drug intake (1.26 in D = 1, 1.51 in D = 2, and 1.91 in D {$>$}= 3). These patterns were observed in working/other non-retired men and women (except for alcohol abuse in women). Among retired people, deprivation was associated with tobacco and psychotropic drug use only in men. Conclusion: Preventive measures should be designed to improve work conditions, reduce deprivation, and help deprived populations to be more aware of risk and to find remedial measures.},
+  abstract = {Background: The aim was to assess the relationships between social and material deprivation and the use of tobacco, excessive alcohol and psychotropic drugs by both sexes and in various age groups. Greater knowledge concerning these issues may help public health policy-makers design more effective means of preventing substance abuse. Methods: The sample comprised 6,216 people aged {$>$}= 15 years randomly selected from the population in northeastern France. Subjects completed a post-mailed questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, occupation, employment, income, smoking habit, alcohol abuse and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepsychotropic{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace drug intake (for headache, tiredness, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia). A deprivation score (D) was defined by the cumulative number of: low educational level, manual worker, unemployed, living alone, nationality other than western European, low income, and non-home-ownership. Data were analysed using adjusted odds ratios (ORa) computed with logistic models. Results: Deprivation was common: 37.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents fell into category D = 1, 21.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% into D = 2, and 10.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% into D {$>$}= 3. More men than women reported tobacco use (30.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 21.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and alcohol abuse (12.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 3.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), whereas psychotropic drug use was more common among women (23.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 41.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Increasing levels of deprivation were associated with a greater likelihood of tobacco use (ORa vs. D = 0: 1.16 in D = 1, 1.49 in D = 2, and 1.93 in D {$>$}= 3), alcohol abuse (1.19 in D = 1, 1.32 in D = 2, and 1.80 in D {$>$}= 3) and frequent psychotropic drug intake (1.26 in D = 1, 1.51 in D = 2, and 1.91 in D {$>$}= 3). These patterns were observed in working/other non-retired men and women (except for alcohol abuse in women). Among retired people, deprivation was associated with tobacco and psychotropic drug use only in men. Conclusion: Preventive measures should be designed to improve work conditions, reduce deprivation, and help deprived populations to be more aware of risk and to find remedial measures.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -2998,7 +3554,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities specifically but may contain studies that do}
   author = {Baumann, Isabel and Eyjolfsdottir, Harpa Sif and Fritzell, Johan and Lennartsson, Carin and {Darin-Mattsson}, Alexander and Kareholt, Ingemar and Andel, Ross and Dratva, Julia and Agahi, Neda},
   year = {2022},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {42},
   number = {2},
   pages = {306--330},
@@ -3109,7 +3665,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-019-4473-7},
-  abstract = {Background General practitioners (GPs) are among the most important resources of healthcare system and public health is considerably influenced by the function of this group. Income inequality among GPs considerably affects the motivation and performance of this group. The present study aims to examine the income inequality among Iranian GPs in order to provide the necessary evidence for health human resource policy. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the distribution of income and wage inequality among GPs was investigated using income quintiles. We also used the Dagum's model to analyze the inequality between different groups of GPs through the decomposition of the Gini coefficient. Moreover, a regression model was used to determine the effective factors on GPs' income. Results The results of this study indicated that income and wages of GPs in the highest quintile were eight times more than those of doctors at the lowest quintile. Regression estimates showed that factors such as gender, practice setting, and activity as the family physician (P {$<$} 0.001) were effective on income of GPs; and also male and self-employed GPs had significantly more wage (P {$<$} 0.001). Total Gini coefficient of GPs' income and wage were estimated at 0.403 and 0.412, respectively. Highest monthly income was found in GPs with 16-20 years practice experience (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8358) based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), male (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8339 PPP), and self-employed GPs (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8134 PPP) subgroup. However, the female (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5389 PPP) and single (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5438 PPP) GPs had the lowest income. Population share; income/wage share; income/wage mean; Gini coefficient; and within, between and overlap decomposed components of Gini coefficient are also reported for each GPs subgroups. Conclusions We found significant inequalities in income and wages among Iranian GPs. Adjustment of income based on working hours indicated that one of the most common causes of income inequality among GPs in Iran was different workloads among different groups. Since the motivation and function of physicians can be influenced by income inequality, policymakers in the health system should consider factors increasing such inequalities.},
+  abstract = {Background General practitioners (GPs) are among the most important resources of healthcare system and public health is considerably influenced by the function of this group. Income inequality among GPs considerably affects the motivation and performance of this group. The present study aims to examine the income inequality among Iranian GPs in order to provide the necessary evidence for health human resource policy. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the distribution of income and wage inequality among GPs was investigated using income quintiles. We also used the Dagum's model to analyze the inequality between different groups of GPs through the decomposition of the Gini coefficient. Moreover, a regression model was used to determine the effective factors on GPs' income. Results The results of this study indicated that income and wages of GPs in the highest quintile were eight times more than those of doctors at the lowest quintile. Regression estimates showed that factors such as gender, practice setting, and activity as the family physician (P {$<$} 0.001) were effective on income of GPs; and also male and self-employed GPs had significantly more wage (P {$<$} 0.001). Total Gini coefficient of GPs' income and wage were estimated at 0.403 and 0.412, respectively. Highest monthly income was found in GPs with 16-20 years practice experience ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar8358) based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), male ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar8339 PPP), and self-employed GPs ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar8134 PPP) subgroup. However, the female ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar5389 PPP) and single ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar5438 PPP) GPs had the lowest income. Population share; income/wage share; income/wage mean; Gini coefficient; and within, between and overlap decomposed components of Gini coefficient are also reported for each GPs subgroups. Conclusions We found significant inequalities in income and wages among Iranian GPs. Adjustment of income based on working hours indicated that one of the most common causes of income inequality among GPs in Iran was different workloads among different groups. Since the motivation and function of physicians can be influenced by income inequality, policymakers in the health system should consider factors increasing such inequalities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3125,7 +3681,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   issn = {1017-6772, 1467-8268},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00148.x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract:{$\quad$}               This paper reviews theoretical frameworks for sectoral decomposition and assesses the within- and between-sector contributions to changes in aggregate poverty in Cameroon informed by the Shapley Value decomposition rule. Between 1984 and 1996 poverty remained a rural phenomenon in Cameroon. It became more widespread, deeper and severer in both rural and urban areas, but more so in urban than rural areas. While the within-sector effects disproportionately accounted for the increase in poverty in the period 1984\textendash 96, the between-sector contributions in both rural and semi-urban areas played a mitigating role on the worse effects of the increase in poverty. These findings infer the potential positive feedback effects of migration such as remittances, and/or increases in rural consumption expenditure in the face of rural underemployment, as effective strategies used by migrants to lift their families and villages out of the worse effects of poverty. The implication of this interpretation is that decision-makers need to better understand the factors that push or pull potential migrants. Rural\textendash urban mobility could, therefore, be viewed as a strategy used by households to moderate the worse effects of poverty and a vector of shared growth. The implications for public policy, in terms of open unemployment and associated social and insecurity problems at the receiving end, point to the wisdom of addressing the push-factors via targeting more in favour of rural areas.},
+  abstract = {Abstract:{$\quad$}               This paper reviews theoretical frameworks for sectoral decomposition and assesses the within- and between-sector contributions to changes in aggregate poverty in Cameroon informed by the Shapley Value decomposition rule. Between 1984 and 1996 poverty remained a rural phenomenon in Cameroon. It became more widespread, deeper and severer in both rural and urban areas, but more so in urban than rural areas. While the within-sector effects disproportionately accounted for the increase in poverty in the period 1984{\textendash}96, the between-sector contributions in both rural and semi-urban areas played a mitigating role on the worse effects of the increase in poverty. These findings infer the potential positive feedback effects of migration such as remittances, and/or increases in rural consumption expenditure in the face of rural underemployment, as effective strategies used by migrants to lift their families and villages out of the worse effects of poverty. The implication of this interpretation is that decision-makers need to better understand the factors that push or pull potential migrants. Rural{\textendash}urban mobility could, therefore, be viewed as a strategy used by households to moderate the worse effects of poverty and a vector of shared growth. The implications for public policy, in terms of open unemployment and associated social and insecurity problems at the receiving end, point to the wisdom of addressing the push-factors via targeting more in favour of rural areas.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3164,13 +3720,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   author = {Beaudoin, Pier-Luc and Anchouche, Sonia and Gaffar, Rouan and Guadagno, Elena and Ayad, Tareck and Poenaru, Dan},
   year = {2020},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {JAMA OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& NECK SURGERY},
+  journal = {JAMA OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& NECK SURGERY},
   volume = {146},
   number = {3},
   pages = {291--297},
   issn = {2168-6181},
   doi = {10.1001/jamaoto.2019.4311},
-  abstract = {This systematic review analyzes published studies to identify social and clinical factors in head and neck cancer treatment in low-income and lower-middle-income countries predominantly in South Asia. Importance The identification of the barriers to care for patients with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries is a crucial first step toward the identification of targets for developing and implementing cost-effective programs to increase awareness, prevention, and treatment of head and neck cancer in this setting. Objective To identify the barriers to care for patients presenting with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Evidence Review Nine databases were searched from their inception to December 21, 2017: Africa-Wide Information, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Global Health, LILACS, MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, and Web of Science. Search terms referred to head and neck cancer, barriers to care, and low- and lower-middle-income countries, and no temporal and linguistic restrictions were imposed. Articles were reviewed by 2 independent investigators, and differences in inclusion were resolved by discussion. Bibliographies of all included articles were screened, and all relevant articles were reviewed using the same procedure. Quantitative articles were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies tool, and articles with qualitative data used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42018092448) and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. Findings Of the 44 articles selected for review, 18 (41\textbackslash textbackslash\%) met the selection criteria. All articles reported quantitative results, and 3 (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) added some qualitative material to the study design. Most (11 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace61\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) of the studies originated from India. A total of 41 different barriers to care were identified, with low level of education (cited in 8 articles \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace44\textbackslash textbackslash\%]), low socioeconomic status (in 4 articles \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace22\textbackslash textbackslash\%]), and lack of knowledge about head and neck cancer (in 3 articles \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace17\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) being statistically associated with a delayed presentation. Misunderstanding of signs and symptoms, use of alternative medicine, and inability to access health care were other barriers discussed in the qualitative articles. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review highlighted the lack of both qualitative and quantitative information for patients with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. The findings suggest that integrating the barriers to care with information from patient lives may identify the clinical and social relevance of these barriers and guide future research. Question What are the barriers to care for patients presenting with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries? Findings In this mixed-methods systematic review of 18 studies that originated from Asia and Africa, a low level of literacy was statistically associated with a delayed presentation in 8 articles (44\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and lower socioeconomic status was statistically associated in 4 articles (22\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Qualitative articles identified misunderstanding of symptoms, use of alternative medicine, and inability to access health care as factors associated with a delayed presentation. Meaning Findings of this study may help identify the clinical and social validity of a given barrier to care in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and may guide future work in this understudied area.},
+  abstract = {This systematic review analyzes published studies to identify social and clinical factors in head and neck cancer treatment in low-income and lower-middle-income countries predominantly in South Asia. Importance The identification of the barriers to care for patients with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries is a crucial first step toward the identification of targets for developing and implementing cost-effective programs to increase awareness, prevention, and treatment of head and neck cancer in this setting. Objective To identify the barriers to care for patients presenting with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Evidence Review Nine databases were searched from their inception to December 21, 2017: Africa-Wide Information, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Global Health, LILACS, MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, and Web of Science. Search terms referred to head and neck cancer, barriers to care, and low- and lower-middle-income countries, and no temporal and linguistic restrictions were imposed. Articles were reviewed by 2 independent investigators, and differences in inclusion were resolved by discussion. Bibliographies of all included articles were screened, and all relevant articles were reviewed using the same procedure. Quantitative articles were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies tool, and articles with qualitative data used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42018092448) and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. Findings Of the 44 articles selected for review, 18 (41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) met the selection criteria. All articles reported quantitative results, and 3 (17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) added some qualitative material to the study design. Most (11 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]) of the studies originated from India. A total of 41 different barriers to care were identified, with low level of education (cited in 8 articles {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]), low socioeconomic status (in 4 articles {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]), and lack of knowledge about head and neck cancer (in 3 articles {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]) being statistically associated with a delayed presentation. Misunderstanding of signs and symptoms, use of alternative medicine, and inability to access health care were other barriers discussed in the qualitative articles. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review highlighted the lack of both qualitative and quantitative information for patients with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. The findings suggest that integrating the barriers to care with information from patient lives may identify the clinical and social relevance of these barriers and guide future research. Question What are the barriers to care for patients presenting with head and neck cancer in low-income and lower-middle-income countries? Findings In this mixed-methods systematic review of 18 studies that originated from Asia and Africa, a low level of literacy was statistically associated with a delayed presentation in 8 articles (44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and lower socioeconomic status was statistically associated in 4 articles (22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Qualitative articles identified misunderstanding of symptoms, use of alternative medicine, and inability to access health care as factors associated with a delayed presentation. Meaning Findings of this study may help identify the clinical and social validity of a given barrier to care in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and may guide future work in this understudied area.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::systematic}
 }
@@ -3186,13 +3742,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   pages = {431--439},
   issn = {0031-4005},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.2013-2437},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Health care reform offers a new opportunity to address child health disparities. This study sought to characterize racial differences in pediatric asthma readmissions with a focus on the potential explanatory role of hardships that might be addressed in future patient care models. METHODS: We enrolled 774 children, aged 1 to 16 years, admitted for asthma or bronchodilator-responsive wheezing in a population-based prospective observational cohort. The outcome was time to readmission. Child race, socioeconomic status (measured by lower income and caregiver educational attainment), and hardship (caregivers looking for work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married) were recorded. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: The cohort was 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% African American, 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% white, and 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% multiracial/other; 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% were readmitted within 12 months. After adjustment for asthma severity classification, African Americans were twice as likely to be readmitted as whites (hazard ratio: 1.98; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 1.42 to 2.77). Compared with whites, African American caregivers were significantly more likely to report lower income and educational attainment, difficulty finding work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married (all P {$<$}= .01). Hardships explained 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the observed racial disparity in readmission; jointly, socioeconomic status and hardship explained 49\textbackslash textbackslash\%. CONCLUSIONS: African American children were twice as likely to be readmitted as white children; hardships explained {$>$} 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this disparity. Additional factors (eg, pollution, tobacco exposure, housing quality) may explain residual disparities. Targeted interventions could help achieve greater child health equity.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Health care reform offers a new opportunity to address child health disparities. This study sought to characterize racial differences in pediatric asthma readmissions with a focus on the potential explanatory role of hardships that might be addressed in future patient care models. METHODS: We enrolled 774 children, aged 1 to 16 years, admitted for asthma or bronchodilator-responsive wheezing in a population-based prospective observational cohort. The outcome was time to readmission. Child race, socioeconomic status (measured by lower income and caregiver educational attainment), and hardship (caregivers looking for work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married) were recorded. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: The cohort was 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% African American, 33{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% white, and 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% multiracial/other; 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were readmitted within 12 months. After adjustment for asthma severity classification, African Americans were twice as likely to be readmitted as whites (hazard ratio: 1.98; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval: 1.42 to 2.77). Compared with whites, African American caregivers were significantly more likely to report lower income and educational attainment, difficulty finding work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married (all P {$<$}= .01). Hardships explained 41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the observed racial disparity in readmission; jointly, socioeconomic status and hardship explained 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. CONCLUSIONS: African American children were twice as likely to be readmitted as white children; hardships explained {$>$} 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of this disparity. Additional factors (eg, pollution, tobacco exposure, housing quality) may explain residual disparities. Targeted interventions could help achieve greater child health equity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Beck2015,
-  title = {{\textbf{Basic Income \textendash{} Healthy Outcome?}} {{Effects}} on Health of an {{Indian}} Basic Income Pilot Project: A Cluster Randomised Trial},
-  shorttitle = {{\textbf{Basic Income \textendash{} Healthy Outcome?}}},
+  title = {{\textbf{Basic Income {\textendash} Healthy Outcome?}} {{Effects}} on Health of an {{Indian}} Basic Income Pilot Project: A Cluster Randomised Trial},
+  shorttitle = {{\textbf{Basic Income {\textendash} Healthy Outcome?}}},
   author = {Beck, Simon and {Pulkki-Br{\"a}nnstr{\"o}m}, Anni-Maria and San Sebasti{\'a}n, Miguel},
   year = {2015},
   month = jan,
@@ -3206,6 +3762,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Becker1973,
+  title = {On the {{Interaction}} between the {{Quantity}} and {{Quality}} of {{Children}}},
+  author = {Becker, Gary S. and Lewis, H. Gregg},
+  year = {1973},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+  volume = {81},
+  number = {2, Part 2},
+  pages = {S279-S288},
+  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
+  doi = {10.1086/260166},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Bederman1974,
   title = {{{JOB ACCESSIBILITY AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT}}},
   author = {Bederman, Sanford H. and Adams, John S.},
@@ -3240,12 +3811,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   title = {Marxist {{Perspectives}} on the {{Global Enclosures}} of {{Social Reproduction}}},
   author = {Beier, Friederike},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {TRIPLEC-COMMUNICATION CAPITALISM \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CRITIQUE},
+  journal = {TRIPLEC-COMMUNICATION CAPITALISM {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CRITIQUE},
   volume = {16},
   number = {2},
   pages = {546--561},
   issn = {1726-670X},
-  abstract = {Women's unpaid care and domestic work is gaining relevance in policy-making as well as in academia. Feminist scholars and activists have lobbied successfully for the integration of unpaid care and domestic work into the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 5.4) of the United Nations in the hope for greater recognition of women's contribution to the economy. Policy documents about social reproduction highlight women's disproportionate share of reproductive activities as an obstacle to women's economic empowerment and as a relic of \textbackslash textasciigravetraditional' gender roles. Social reproduction is thereby not understood as a merit in itself, but as an obstacle to women's participation in paid labour. Policy implications will enable certain empowerment effects for some women, but at the same time promote the increasing privatization and commodification of reproductive work across the globe. Rising inequalities between the Global North and South and between women along the categories of class and race will be one major result. To theoretically explain such contradictory effects of the recognition of social reproduction, I use the concept of \textbackslash textasciigraveenclosures' based on Marx' \textbackslash textasciigraveprimitive accumulation'. Feminist scholars use the concept to explain how unpaid care and housework is commodified or de-commodified to integrate women into the paid labour force or to reduce the costs of social reproduction according to the needs of the economy. The sudden interest in unpaid care and domestic work e.g. in the Sustainable Development Goals can therefore be seen as process of double enclosure, which integrates women into the paid labour force, but also sets the grounds for the further commodification of domestic and care work. This paper aims to critically discuss the sudden interest in unpaid domestic and care work and its contradictory effects from a Marxist feminist perspective and reflects on feminist strategies and movements in global governance. After introducing Marxist perspectives on social reproduction, the question if and how feminist ideas and concepts have been appropriated, the effects and implications of global policies on social reproduction and global inequalities, as well as possible counter-strategies will be discussed.},
+  abstract = {Women's unpaid care and domestic work is gaining relevance in policy-making as well as in academia. Feminist scholars and activists have lobbied successfully for the integration of unpaid care and domestic work into the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 5.4) of the United Nations in the hope for greater recognition of women's contribution to the economy. Policy documents about social reproduction highlight women's disproportionate share of reproductive activities as an obstacle to women's economic empowerment and as a relic of {\textbackslash}textasciigravetraditional' gender roles. Social reproduction is thereby not understood as a merit in itself, but as an obstacle to women's participation in paid labour. Policy implications will enable certain empowerment effects for some women, but at the same time promote the increasing privatization and commodification of reproductive work across the globe. Rising inequalities between the Global North and South and between women along the categories of class and race will be one major result. To theoretically explain such contradictory effects of the recognition of social reproduction, I use the concept of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveenclosures' based on Marx' {\textbackslash}textasciigraveprimitive accumulation'. Feminist scholars use the concept to explain how unpaid care and housework is commodified or de-commodified to integrate women into the paid labour force or to reduce the costs of social reproduction according to the needs of the economy. The sudden interest in unpaid care and domestic work e.g. in the Sustainable Development Goals can therefore be seen as process of double enclosure, which integrates women into the paid labour force, but also sets the grounds for the further commodification of domestic and care work. This paper aims to critically discuss the sudden interest in unpaid domestic and care work and its contradictory effects from a Marxist feminist perspective and reflects on feminist strategies and movements in global governance. After introducing Marxist perspectives on social reproduction, the question if and how feminist ideas and concepts have been appropriated, the effects and implications of global policies on social reproduction and global inequalities, as well as possible counter-strategies will be discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3291,6 +3862,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Bellin2011,
+  title = {Interrelationships of Sex, Level of Lesion, and Transition Outcomes among Young Adults with Myelomeningocele: {{Young Adults}} with {{Myelomeningocele}}},
+  shorttitle = {Interrelationships of Sex, Level of Lesion, and Transition Outcomes among Young Adults with Myelomeningocele},
+  author = {Bellin, Melissa H and Dicianno, Brad E and Levey, Eric and Dosa, Nienke and Roux, Gayle and Marben, Kim and Zabel, T Andrew},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Developmental Medicine \& Child Neurology},
+  volume = {53},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {647--652},
+  issn = {00121622},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03938.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Belloso2023,
   title = {Navigating the Pandemic: {{Gendered}} Perspectives on Vulnerability, Resilience and Institutional Change in Times of Crisis},
   author = {Belloso, Marfa Lopez and Strid, Sofia},
@@ -3312,7 +3899,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CURRENT TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR RESEARCH},
   series = {Current {{Trends}} in {{Public Sector Research}}},
   issn = {2336-1239},
-  abstract = {We analyze the main features of current personal income tax system in Japan and Korea. Both countries have progressive personal income tax schedules. Individual income tax rate in Japan exceeds average for Asian countries almost by 26\textbackslash textbackslash\%, while Korean personal income tax rate exceeds average by 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The calculated indices for the overall tax wedge and its components in Korea and Japan allowed us to determine that in Japan the progressivity of personal income tax rate and overall tax wedge are lower than OECD average, while in Korea these values are higher than OECD average, due to targeted provisions for low incomes in Korea. The regression analysis showed that in Japan only labor force participation rate influences on the labor productivity, while in Korea the latter is influenced additionally by labor freedom index, determining quality of labor market institutions. It can be explained by different trends, related to the digital transformation, specifics of the long-term employment and wage schedules, and by different levels of labor market inequality.},
+  abstract = {We analyze the main features of current personal income tax system in Japan and Korea. Both countries have progressive personal income tax schedules. Individual income tax rate in Japan exceeds average for Asian countries almost by 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, while Korean personal income tax rate exceeds average by 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The calculated indices for the overall tax wedge and its components in Korea and Japan allowed us to determine that in Japan the progressivity of personal income tax rate and overall tax wedge are lower than OECD average, while in Korea these values are higher than OECD average, due to targeted provisions for low incomes in Korea. The regression analysis showed that in Japan only labor force participation rate influences on the labor productivity, while in Korea the latter is influenced additionally by labor freedom index, determining quality of labor market institutions. It can be explained by different trends, related to the digital transformation, specifics of the long-term employment and wage schedules, and by different levels of labor market inequality.},
   isbn = {978-80-210-8924-2},
   langid = {english},
   note = {22nd International Conference on Current Trends in Public Sector Research, Slapanice, CZECH REPUBLIC, JAN 18-19, 2018}
@@ -3340,7 +3927,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   pages = {338--343},
   issn = {0271-3586},
   doi = {10.1002/ajim.20717},
-  abstract = {Background International migration has emerged as a global issue that has transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of persons. Migrant workers contribute to the economic growth of high-income countries often serving as the labour force, performing dangerous, dirty and degrading work that nationals are reluctant to perform. Methods Critical examination of the scientific and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegrey\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace literatures on immigration, employment relations and health. Results Both lay and scientific literatures indicate that public health researchers should be concerned about the health consequences of migration processes. Migrant workers are more represented in dangerous industries and in hazardous jobs, occupations and tasks. They are often hired as labourers in precarious jobs with poverty wages and experience more serious abuse and exploitation at the workplace. Also, analyses document migrant workers' problems of social exclusion, lack of health and safety training, fear of reprisals for demanding better working conditions, linguistic and cultural barriers that minimize the effectiveness of training, incomplete OHS surveillance of foreign workers and difficulty accessing care and compensation when injured. Therefore migrant status can be an important source of occupational health inequalities. Conclusions Available evidence shows that the employment conditions and associated work organization of most migrant workers are dangerous to their health. The overall impact of immigration on population health, however; still is poorly understood and many mechanisms, pathways and overall health impact are poorly documented. Current limitations highlight the need to engage in explicit analytical, intervention and policy research Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:338-343,2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
+  abstract = {Background International migration has emerged as a global issue that has transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of persons. Migrant workers contribute to the economic growth of high-income countries often serving as the labour force, performing dangerous, dirty and degrading work that nationals are reluctant to perform. Methods Critical examination of the scientific and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegrey{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace literatures on immigration, employment relations and health. Results Both lay and scientific literatures indicate that public health researchers should be concerned about the health consequences of migration processes. Migrant workers are more represented in dangerous industries and in hazardous jobs, occupations and tasks. They are often hired as labourers in precarious jobs with poverty wages and experience more serious abuse and exploitation at the workplace. Also, analyses document migrant workers' problems of social exclusion, lack of health and safety training, fear of reprisals for demanding better working conditions, linguistic and cultural barriers that minimize the effectiveness of training, incomplete OHS surveillance of foreign workers and difficulty accessing care and compensation when injured. Therefore migrant status can be an important source of occupational health inequalities. Conclusions Available evidence shows that the employment conditions and associated work organization of most migrant workers are dangerous to their health. The overall impact of immigration on population health, however; still is poorly understood and many mechanisms, pathways and overall health impact are poorly documented. Current limitations highlight the need to engage in explicit analytical, intervention and policy research Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:338-343,2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3370,7 +3957,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   pages = {178--188},
   issn = {1044-2073},
   doi = {10.1177/1044207316658752},
-  abstract = {Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining hearing earnings gaps, namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% may reflect differences in communication skills and other unobservable characteristics, occupational segregation, labor market discrimination, and stigma.},
+  abstract = {Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining hearing earnings gaps, namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% may reflect differences in communication skills and other unobservable characteristics, occupational segregation, labor market discrimination, and stigma.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3396,7 +3983,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   volume = {44},
   issn = {1020-4989},
   doi = {10.26633/RPSP.2020.94},
-  abstract = {Objectives. To identify the preferred specialties, salary perception and other factors that influence the choice of a career in primary care among last-year medical students or social service students in Central America. Methods. A cross-sectional, multicenter study using a survey that investigated demographic information, preferred specialty, salary perception, and other factors that influence the choice of a specialty. Results. A total of 1 722 students from 31 universities participated and identified as future specialties: surgery (11.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), gynecology/obstetrics (10.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), pediatrics (9.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and internal medicine (6.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). General medicine was preferred by 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% and family medicine by 1.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%. On grouping them, the greatest interest was observed for medical specialties (49.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by surgical specialties (31.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Primary care registered an interest of 17.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Surgical specialties were perceived as having the highest income (USD 36 000); primary care was perceived as having the lowest income (USD 24 000). Income (23.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), future work (19.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemaking a difference in people\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (8.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were the main factors involved in the choice. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveWorking with people with low access\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace was significantly associated with preference for primary care. Preference for other specialties was influenced by \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveperceived prestige\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveenjoying life\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (P {$<$} 0.05). Most participants who chose primary care were studying at a public university (P {$<$} 0.05), highlighting the role of public institutions of higher education. Conclusions. There is a combination of facilitating factors and barriers that affect the low interest in primary care careers. There is a need for strategies from academia and the government sector, as well as the definition of public policies, that support the choice of primary care.},
+  abstract = {Objectives. To identify the preferred specialties, salary perception and other factors that influence the choice of a career in primary care among last-year medical students or social service students in Central America. Methods. A cross-sectional, multicenter study using a survey that investigated demographic information, preferred specialty, salary perception, and other factors that influence the choice of a specialty. Results. A total of 1 722 students from 31 universities participated and identified as future specialties: surgery (11.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), gynecology/obstetrics (10.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), pediatrics (9.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and internal medicine (6.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). General medicine was preferred by 3.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and family medicine by 1.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. On grouping them, the greatest interest was observed for medical specialties (49.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by surgical specialties (31.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Primary care registered an interest of 17.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Surgical specialties were perceived as having the highest income (USD 36 000); primary care was perceived as having the lowest income (USD 24 000). Income (23.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), future work (19.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemaking a difference in people{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (8.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were the main factors involved in the choice. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveWorking with people with low access{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace was significantly associated with preference for primary care. Preference for other specialties was influenced by {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveperceived prestige{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveenjoying life{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (P {$<$} 0.05). Most participants who chose primary care were studying at a public university (P {$<$} 0.05), highlighting the role of public institutions of higher education. Conclusions. There is a combination of facilitating factors and barriers that affect the low interest in primary care careers. There is a need for strategies from academia and the government sector, as well as the definition of public policies, that support the choice of primary care.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -3405,13 +3992,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; policies;}
   author = {Benson, Odessa Gonzalez and Cross, Fernanda and Montalvo, Christopher Sanjurjo},
   year = {2022},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ETHNIC \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ETHNIC {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK},
   volume = {31},
   number = {3-5, SI},
   pages = {275--279},
   issn = {1531-3204},
   doi = {10.1080/15313204.2022.2070894},
-  abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 laid bare how migrant and immigrant workers are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveessential workers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the critical industries of agriculture/farming, meat production, restaurants/hospitality and health care in the United States. In this article, we discuss this demand for migrant labor and implications for social work. We argue that a labor-focused framework as critical perspective would complement the rights-based, participatory frameworks that inform social work scholarship and practice with immigrants, together accounting for systemic racism, global and national inequality, and discrimination embedded in immigration and social policies and forms of practice. In the first place, by recognizing how non-immigrants and immigrants are inextricably linked through structural means of production and consumption, social workers would develop deeper empathy toward immigrant clients and communities, leading to interactions that are empowering and affirming, and thus effective. Direct practice interventions would be richly informed, as practitioners account for immigrants' work environment, such as difficult work conditions, low wages and lack of benefits, that often impact clients and families. A labor-focused perspective also points to areas of social work advocacy and meso/macro practice, those focusing on workers' rights and immigration policy.},
+  abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 laid bare how migrant and immigrant workers are {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveessential workers{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in the critical industries of agriculture/farming, meat production, restaurants/hospitality and health care in the United States. In this article, we discuss this demand for migrant labor and implications for social work. We argue that a labor-focused framework as critical perspective would complement the rights-based, participatory frameworks that inform social work scholarship and practice with immigrants, together accounting for systemic racism, global and national inequality, and discrimination embedded in immigration and social policies and forms of practice. In the first place, by recognizing how non-immigrants and immigrants are inextricably linked through structural means of production and consumption, social workers would develop deeper empathy toward immigrant clients and communities, leading to interactions that are empowering and affirming, and thus effective. Direct practice interventions would be richly informed, as practitioners account for immigrants' work environment, such as difficult work conditions, low wages and lack of benefits, that often impact clients and families. A labor-focused perspective also points to areas of social work advocacy and meso/macro practice, those focusing on workers' rights and immigration policy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3443,7 +4030,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1478-4505},
   doi = {10.1186/s12961-015-0029-4},
-  abstract = {Background: As many challenges exist for access to diabetes care in developing countries, the International Insulin Foundation developed a Rapid Assessment tool and implemented this approach to identify barriers to care and propose concrete recommendations for decision makers. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that contributed to informing and influencing policymakers with regards to this work. Methods: A documentary review comprised Stage 1. Stage 2 used an online questionnaire to gain insight from users of the Rapid Assessment results. Based on Stages 1 and 2, Stage 3 comprised in-depth interviews with a total of nine individuals (one individual each from the six participating countries; two individuals from the World Health Organization; one \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGlobal Diabetes Advocate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace). Interviews were analyzed based on a list of themes developed from Stage 2. Results: Stage 1 led to the identification of various types of documents referring to the results. The online questionnaire had a response rate of 33\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Respondents directly involved in the assessment had a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGood\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveVery Good\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace appreciation of most aspects and scored these higher than those not directly involved. From the interviews, formalized methods and close collaboration between the international team and local partners were strengths. Trust and a relationship with local partners were also seen as assets. All stakeholders valued the results and the credibility of the data generated. Local partners felt that more could have been done for dissemination. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of specific results from the different assessments. In addressing complex issues having external experts involved was seen as an advantage. The uptake of results was due to the credibility of the research which was influenced by a mix of the people involved, past assessments, trusted local partners, and the use of the results by knowledge brokers, such as the World Health Organization. Through these brokers, others gained ownership of the data. The methods used and the fact that this data was grounded in a local context also reinforced its value. Despite limitations, this study offers a unique perspective where a similar research approach was taken in six countries.},
+  abstract = {Background: As many challenges exist for access to diabetes care in developing countries, the International Insulin Foundation developed a Rapid Assessment tool and implemented this approach to identify barriers to care and propose concrete recommendations for decision makers. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that contributed to informing and influencing policymakers with regards to this work. Methods: A documentary review comprised Stage 1. Stage 2 used an online questionnaire to gain insight from users of the Rapid Assessment results. Based on Stages 1 and 2, Stage 3 comprised in-depth interviews with a total of nine individuals (one individual each from the six participating countries; two individuals from the World Health Organization; one {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveGlobal Diabetes Advocate{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace). Interviews were analyzed based on a list of themes developed from Stage 2. Results: Stage 1 led to the identification of various types of documents referring to the results. The online questionnaire had a response rate of 33{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Respondents directly involved in the assessment had a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveGood{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveVery Good{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace appreciation of most aspects and scored these higher than those not directly involved. From the interviews, formalized methods and close collaboration between the international team and local partners were strengths. Trust and a relationship with local partners were also seen as assets. All stakeholders valued the results and the credibility of the data generated. Local partners felt that more could have been done for dissemination. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of specific results from the different assessments. In addressing complex issues having external experts involved was seen as an advantage. The uptake of results was due to the credibility of the research which was influenced by a mix of the people involved, past assessments, trusted local partners, and the use of the results by knowledge brokers, such as the World Health Organization. Through these brokers, others gained ownership of the data. The methods used and the fact that this data was grounded in a local context also reinforced its value. Despite limitations, this study offers a unique perspective where a similar research approach was taken in six countries.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Berchick2012,
+  title = {Inequality and the Association between Involuntary Job Loss and Depressive Symptoms},
+  author = {Berchick, Edward R. and Gallo, William T. and Maralani, Vida and Kasl, Stanislav V.},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {75},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {1891--1894},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.024},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3458,7 +4060,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {651--678},
   issn = {1475-1461},
   doi = {10.1093/ser/mwu039},
-  abstract = {This article examines how the informal sector, as a group of potential \textbackslash textasciigravefree riders' for public welfare goods, relates to individual social policy preferences in low-and middle-income countries. The exclusion hypothesis proposes that a large informal sector lowers the preferences from formal workers and the middle-and high-income groups for social services to be provided by the state, and raises these groups' preferences for public welfare goods to become club goods. In contrast, the prospect hypothesis argues that formal workers, particularly the middle-income group, ally themselves to the informal sector to insure against the risk of future employment in informality. The study examines individual preferences for the provision of pensions and health care by either the state or private enterprises. The two competing hypotheses are tested with a hierarchical model using survey data from Latin America for 1995, 1998 and 2008. The findings offer support for the exclusion hypothesis.},
+  abstract = {This article examines how the informal sector, as a group of potential {\textbackslash}textasciigravefree riders' for public welfare goods, relates to individual social policy preferences in low-and middle-income countries. The exclusion hypothesis proposes that a large informal sector lowers the preferences from formal workers and the middle-and high-income groups for social services to be provided by the state, and raises these groups' preferences for public welfare goods to become club goods. In contrast, the prospect hypothesis argues that formal workers, particularly the middle-income group, ally themselves to the informal sector to insure against the risk of future employment in informality. The study examines individual preferences for the provision of pensions and health care by either the state or private enterprises. The two competing hypotheses are tested with a hierarchical model using survey data from Latin America for 1995, 1998 and 2008. The findings offer support for the exclusion hypothesis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3472,10 +4074,26 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {110--118},
   issn = {0195-6663},
   doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.006},
-  abstract = {Background Current measures of parent feeding practices are typically survey-based and assessed as static/ unchanging characteristics, failing to account for fluctuations in these behaviors across time and context. The current study uses ecological momentary assessment to examine variability of, and predictors of, parent feeding practices within a low-income, racially/ethnically diverse, and immigrant sample. Methods: Children ages 5-7 years old and their parents (n = 150 dyads) from six racial/ethnic groups (n = 25 from each; Black/African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, White) were recruited for this mixed-methods study through primary care clinics. Results: Among parents who used restriction (49\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and pressure-to-eat (69\textbackslash textbackslash\%) feeding practices, these feeding practices were utilized about every other day. Contextual factors at the meal associated with parent feeding practices included: number of people at the meal, who prepared the meal, types of food served at meals (e.g., pre-prepared, homemade, fast food), meal setting (e.g., kitchen table, front room), and meal emotional atmosphere (p {$<$} 0.05). Parents tended to restrict desserts, dairy, and vegetables and pressure children to eat fruits, vegetables, meat proteins, and refined grains (p {$<$} 0.05). There were some differences by race/ethnicity across findings (p {$<$} 0.01), with Hmong parents engaging in the highest levels of pressure-to-eat feeding practices. Conclusions: Parent feeding practices varied across the week, indicating feeding practices are more likely to be context-specific, or state-like than trait-like. There were some meal characteristics more strongly associated with engaging in restriction and pressure-to-eat feeding practices. Given that parent feeding practices appear to be state-like, future interventions and health care providers who work with parents and children may want to address contextual factors associated with parent feeding practices to decrease restriction and pressure-to-eat parent feeding practices.},
+  abstract = {Background Current measures of parent feeding practices are typically survey-based and assessed as static/ unchanging characteristics, failing to account for fluctuations in these behaviors across time and context. The current study uses ecological momentary assessment to examine variability of, and predictors of, parent feeding practices within a low-income, racially/ethnically diverse, and immigrant sample. Methods: Children ages 5-7 years old and their parents (n = 150 dyads) from six racial/ethnic groups (n = 25 from each; Black/African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, White) were recruited for this mixed-methods study through primary care clinics. Results: Among parents who used restriction (49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and pressure-to-eat (69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) feeding practices, these feeding practices were utilized about every other day. Contextual factors at the meal associated with parent feeding practices included: number of people at the meal, who prepared the meal, types of food served at meals (e.g., pre-prepared, homemade, fast food), meal setting (e.g., kitchen table, front room), and meal emotional atmosphere (p {$<$} 0.05). Parents tended to restrict desserts, dairy, and vegetables and pressure children to eat fruits, vegetables, meat proteins, and refined grains (p {$<$} 0.05). There were some differences by race/ethnicity across findings (p {$<$} 0.01), with Hmong parents engaging in the highest levels of pressure-to-eat feeding practices. Conclusions: Parent feeding practices varied across the week, indicating feeding practices are more likely to be context-specific, or state-like than trait-like. There were some meal characteristics more strongly associated with engaging in restriction and pressure-to-eat feeding practices. Given that parent feeding practices appear to be state-like, future interventions and health care providers who work with parents and children may want to address contextual factors associated with parent feeding practices to decrease restriction and pressure-to-eat parent feeding practices.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Berger1992,
+  title = {Child {{Care Subsidies}}, {{Quality}} of {{Care}}, and the {{Labor Supply}} of {{Low-Income}}, {{Single Mothers}}},
+  author = {Berger, Mark C. and Black, Dan A.},
+  year = {1992},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
+  volume = {74},
+  number = {4},
+  eprint = {2109377},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {635},
+  issn = {00346535},
+  doi = {10.2307/2109377},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Bergman2022,
   title = {A Comparison of Routine and Case-Managed Pathways for Recovery from Musculoskeletal Disorders in People in Employment},
   author = {Bergman, Beverly P. and Demou, Evangelia and Lewsey, James and Macdonald, Ewan},
@@ -3502,7 +4120,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {108--122},
   issn = {1369-6866},
   doi = {10.1111/1468-2397.00249},
-  abstract = {In the 1990s Sweden went through a deep economic recession accompanied by a massive increase in unemployment and a rapidly growing budget deficit. The crisis had large repercussions for the welfare of many citizens and it generated cutbacks in virtually all social policy programmes. This halted a welfare-state expansion that had been going on for decades. It also caused great concern about the state of welfare of the nation. In 1999 the Swedish Government appointed a \textbackslash textasciigraveWelfare Commission', a team of academic researchers who were assigned the task of drawing up a balance sheet for the development of welfare in the 1990s. The Commission delivered its final report in October 2001. This article is a condensed account of one of the more central issues for the Commission; namely, how the unemployment crisis affected already socially and economically vulnerable groups. Looking at the development over the entire decade, three groups stand out as particularly disadvantaged in terms of individual welfare resources: young adults, immigrants and single mothers. The downturn for these groups was especially accentuated in terms of employment and income. Young people and immigrants trying to get into the labour market during the crisis years faced the problems of newcomers to the systems of social protection. The poor economic development for single mothers could essentially be attributed to the shortage of work in general and of full-time work in particular that followed from the unemployment crisis. As a consequence, the importance of selective benefits increased and the relative size of all public transfers - despite rationing measures - stayed fairly unchanged. The results highlight the great influence of macroeconomic conditions and policy making for the welfare of vulnerable groups in society.},
+  abstract = {In the 1990s Sweden went through a deep economic recession accompanied by a massive increase in unemployment and a rapidly growing budget deficit. The crisis had large repercussions for the welfare of many citizens and it generated cutbacks in virtually all social policy programmes. This halted a welfare-state expansion that had been going on for decades. It also caused great concern about the state of welfare of the nation. In 1999 the Swedish Government appointed a {\textbackslash}textasciigraveWelfare Commission', a team of academic researchers who were assigned the task of drawing up a balance sheet for the development of welfare in the 1990s. The Commission delivered its final report in October 2001. This article is a condensed account of one of the more central issues for the Commission; namely, how the unemployment crisis affected already socially and economically vulnerable groups. Looking at the development over the entire decade, three groups stand out as particularly disadvantaged in terms of individual welfare resources: young adults, immigrants and single mothers. The downturn for these groups was especially accentuated in terms of employment and income. Young people and immigrants trying to get into the labour market during the crisis years faced the problems of newcomers to the systems of social protection. The poor economic development for single mothers could essentially be attributed to the shortage of work in general and of full-time work in particular that followed from the unemployment crisis. As a consequence, the importance of selective benefits increased and the relative size of all public transfers - despite rationing measures - stayed fairly unchanged. The results highlight the great influence of macroeconomic conditions and policy making for the welfare of vulnerable groups in society.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {International Symposium on the Uncertain Future of Social Security, UNIV CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, 2001}
 }
@@ -3517,7 +4135,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {267+},
   issn = {0047-2328},
   doi = {10.3138/jcfs.36.2.267},
-  abstract = {The entry of large numbers of women with children into the paid labor force was a major demographic shift throughout North America and Europe during the last half of the 20th century. Mexican women have gone through similar changes in employment, though less research has been done to document their experiences. As in North America and Europe, Mexican women and girls are doing more unpaid caregiving and housework than men and boys. The issue of central concern in this article is the impact that gender disparities in family carework have on women's educational and work opportunities and experiences in Chiapas, Mexico. This article shows that girls' and women's unequal share of the unpaid childcare and housework has a substantial impact on their school performance, job choice, wages, and job retention. In 99 in-depth, open-ended interviews with working mothers in Chiapas, Mexico, 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% said that unpaid caregiving in the home affected their own education negatively; while 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% said that unpaid caregiving had a negative impact on their daughters' education. Thirteen percent of women interviewed reported job loss due to caregiving, while 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported income loss. Altogether, unpaid caregiving negatively impacted the school or work lives of 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the working mothers we interviewed. Their experiences are detailed in this article and have broad relevance for policy debates around the role of social services, educational and work benefits in improving the lives of men and women in Mexico and other industrializing countries.},
+  abstract = {The entry of large numbers of women with children into the paid labor force was a major demographic shift throughout North America and Europe during the last half of the 20th century. Mexican women have gone through similar changes in employment, though less research has been done to document their experiences. As in North America and Europe, Mexican women and girls are doing more unpaid caregiving and housework than men and boys. The issue of central concern in this article is the impact that gender disparities in family carework have on women's educational and work opportunities and experiences in Chiapas, Mexico. This article shows that girls' and women's unequal share of the unpaid childcare and housework has a substantial impact on their school performance, job choice, wages, and job retention. In 99 in-depth, open-ended interviews with working mothers in Chiapas, Mexico, 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% said that unpaid caregiving in the home affected their own education negatively; while 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% said that unpaid caregiving had a negative impact on their daughters' education. Thirteen percent of women interviewed reported job loss due to caregiving, while 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported income loss. Altogether, unpaid caregiving negatively impacted the school or work lives of 52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the working mothers we interviewed. Their experiences are detailed in this article and have broad relevance for policy debates around the role of social services, educational and work benefits in improving the lives of men and women in Mexico and other industrializing countries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3576,7 +4194,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {912--921},
   issn = {0009-921X},
   doi = {10.1097/CORR.0000000000002446},
-  abstract = {BackgroundIt is well documented that routinely collected patient sociodemographic characteristics (such as race and insurance type) and geography-based social determinants of health (SDoH) measures (for example, the Area Deprivation Index) are associated with health disparities, including symptom severity at presentation. However, the association of patient-level SDoH factors (such as housing status) on musculoskeletal health disparities is not as well documented. Such insight might help with the development of more-targeted interventions to help address health disparities in orthopaedic surgery.Questions/purposes(1) What percentage of patients presenting for new patient visits in an orthopaedic surgery clinic who were unemployed but seeking work reported transportation issues that could limit their ability to attend a medical appointment or acquire medications, reported trouble paying for medications, and/or had no current housing? (2) Accounting for traditional sociodemographic factors and patient-level SDoH measures, what factors are associated with poorer patient-reported outcome physical health scores at presentation? (3) Accounting for traditional sociodemographic factor patient-level SDoH measures, what factors are associated with poorer patient-reported outcome mental health scores at presentation?MethodsNew patient encounters at one Level 1 trauma center clinic visit from March 2018 to December 2020 were identified. Included patients had to meet two criteria: they had completed the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Information System (PROMIS) Global-10 at their new orthopaedic surgery clinic encounter as part of routine clinical care, and they had visited their primary care physician and completed a series of specific SDoH questions. The SDoH questionnaire was developed in our institution to improve data that drive interventions to address health disparities as part of our accountable care organization work. Over the study period, the SDoH questionnaire was only distributed at primary care provider visits. The SDoH questions focused on transportation, housing, employment, and ability to pay for medications. Because we do not have a way to determine how many patients had both primary care provider office visits and new orthopaedic surgery clinic visits over the study period, we were unable to determine how many patients could have been included; however, 9057 patients were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The mean age was 61 +/- 15 years, and most patients self-reported being of White race (83\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace7561 of 9057]). Approximately half the patient sample had commercial insurance (46\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace4167 of 9057]). To get a better sense of how this study cohort compared with the overall patient population seen at the participating center during the time in question, we reviewed all new patient clinic encounters (n = 135,223). The demographic information between the full patient sample and our study subgroup appeared similar. Using our study cohort, two multivariable linear regression models were created to determine which traditional metrics (for example, self-reported race or insurance type) and patient-specific SDoH factors (for example, lack of reliable transportation) were associated with worse physical and mental health symptoms (that is, lower PROMIS scores) at new patient encounters. The variance inflation factor was used to assess for multicollinearity. For all analyses, p values {$<$} 0.05 designated statistical significance. The concept of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was used to assess clinical importance. Regression coefficients represent the projected change in PROMIS physical or mental health symptom scores (that is, the dependent variable in our regression analyses) accounting for the other included variables. Thus, a regression coefficient for a given variable at or above a known MCID value suggests a clinical difference between those patients with and without the presence of that given characteristic. In this manuscript, regression coefficients at or above 4.2 (or at and below -4.2) for PROMIS Global Physical Health and at or above 5.1 (or at and below -5.1) for PROMIS Global Mental Health were considered clinically relevant.ResultsAmong the included patients, 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (685 of 9057) were unemployed but seeking work, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (399 of 9057) reported transportation issues that could limit their ability to attend a medical appointment or acquire medications, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (328 of 9057) reported trouble paying for medications, and 2\textbackslash textbackslash\% (181 of 9057) had no current housing. Lack of reliable transportation to attend doctor visits or pick up medications (beta = -4.52 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.45 to -3.59]; p {$<$} 0.001), trouble paying for medications (beta = -4.55 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.55 to -3.54]; p {$<$} 0.001), Medicaid insurance (beta = -5.81 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -6.41 to -5.20]; p {$<$} 0.001), and workers compensation insurance (beta = -5.99 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -7.65 to -4.34]; p {$<$} 0.001) were associated with clinically worse function at presentation. Trouble paying for medications (beta = -6.01 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -7.10 to -4.92]; p {$<$} 0.001), Medicaid insurance (beta = -5.35 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -6.00 to -4.69]; p {$<$} 0.001), and workers compensation (beta = -6.07 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -7.86 to -4.28]; p {$<$} 0.001) were associated with clinically worse mental health at presentation.ConclusionAlthough transportation issues and financial hardship were found to be associated with worse presenting physical function and mental health, Medicaid and workers compensation insurance remained associated with worse presenting physical function and mental health as well even after controlling for these more detailed, patient-level SDoH factors. Because of that, interventions to decrease health disparities should focus on not only sociodemographic variables (for example, insurance type) but also tangible patient-specific SDoH characteristics. For example, this may include giving patients taxi vouchers or ride-sharing credits to attend clinic visits for patients demonstrating such a need, initiating financial assistance programs for necessary medications, and/or identifying and connecting certain patient groups with social support services early on in the care cycle.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundIt is well documented that routinely collected patient sociodemographic characteristics (such as race and insurance type) and geography-based social determinants of health (SDoH) measures (for example, the Area Deprivation Index) are associated with health disparities, including symptom severity at presentation. However, the association of patient-level SDoH factors (such as housing status) on musculoskeletal health disparities is not as well documented. Such insight might help with the development of more-targeted interventions to help address health disparities in orthopaedic surgery.Questions/purposes(1) What percentage of patients presenting for new patient visits in an orthopaedic surgery clinic who were unemployed but seeking work reported transportation issues that could limit their ability to attend a medical appointment or acquire medications, reported trouble paying for medications, and/or had no current housing? (2) Accounting for traditional sociodemographic factors and patient-level SDoH measures, what factors are associated with poorer patient-reported outcome physical health scores at presentation? (3) Accounting for traditional sociodemographic factor patient-level SDoH measures, what factors are associated with poorer patient-reported outcome mental health scores at presentation?MethodsNew patient encounters at one Level 1 trauma center clinic visit from March 2018 to December 2020 were identified. Included patients had to meet two criteria: they had completed the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Information System (PROMIS) Global-10 at their new orthopaedic surgery clinic encounter as part of routine clinical care, and they had visited their primary care physician and completed a series of specific SDoH questions. The SDoH questionnaire was developed in our institution to improve data that drive interventions to address health disparities as part of our accountable care organization work. Over the study period, the SDoH questionnaire was only distributed at primary care provider visits. The SDoH questions focused on transportation, housing, employment, and ability to pay for medications. Because we do not have a way to determine how many patients had both primary care provider office visits and new orthopaedic surgery clinic visits over the study period, we were unable to determine how many patients could have been included; however, 9057 patients were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. The mean age was 61 +/- 15 years, and most patients self-reported being of White race (83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace7561 of 9057]). Approximately half the patient sample had commercial insurance (46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace4167 of 9057]). To get a better sense of how this study cohort compared with the overall patient population seen at the participating center during the time in question, we reviewed all new patient clinic encounters (n = 135,223). The demographic information between the full patient sample and our study subgroup appeared similar. Using our study cohort, two multivariable linear regression models were created to determine which traditional metrics (for example, self-reported race or insurance type) and patient-specific SDoH factors (for example, lack of reliable transportation) were associated with worse physical and mental health symptoms (that is, lower PROMIS scores) at new patient encounters. The variance inflation factor was used to assess for multicollinearity. For all analyses, p values {$<$} 0.05 designated statistical significance. The concept of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was used to assess clinical importance. Regression coefficients represent the projected change in PROMIS physical or mental health symptom scores (that is, the dependent variable in our regression analyses) accounting for the other included variables. Thus, a regression coefficient for a given variable at or above a known MCID value suggests a clinical difference between those patients with and without the presence of that given characteristic. In this manuscript, regression coefficients at or above 4.2 (or at and below -4.2) for PROMIS Global Physical Health and at or above 5.1 (or at and below -5.1) for PROMIS Global Mental Health were considered clinically relevant.ResultsAmong the included patients, 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (685 of 9057) were unemployed but seeking work, 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (399 of 9057) reported transportation issues that could limit their ability to attend a medical appointment or acquire medications, 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (328 of 9057) reported trouble paying for medications, and 2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (181 of 9057) had no current housing. Lack of reliable transportation to attend doctor visits or pick up medications (beta = -4.52 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -5.45 to -3.59]; p {$<$} 0.001), trouble paying for medications (beta = -4.55 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -5.55 to -3.54]; p {$<$} 0.001), Medicaid insurance (beta = -5.81 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -6.41 to -5.20]; p {$<$} 0.001), and workers compensation insurance (beta = -5.99 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -7.65 to -4.34]; p {$<$} 0.001) were associated with clinically worse function at presentation. Trouble paying for medications (beta = -6.01 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -7.10 to -4.92]; p {$<$} 0.001), Medicaid insurance (beta = -5.35 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -6.00 to -4.69]; p {$<$} 0.001), and workers compensation (beta = -6.07 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -7.86 to -4.28]; p {$<$} 0.001) were associated with clinically worse mental health at presentation.ConclusionAlthough transportation issues and financial hardship were found to be associated with worse presenting physical function and mental health, Medicaid and workers compensation insurance remained associated with worse presenting physical function and mental health as well even after controlling for these more detailed, patient-level SDoH factors. Because of that, interventions to decrease health disparities should focus on not only sociodemographic variables (for example, insurance type) but also tangible patient-specific SDoH characteristics. For example, this may include giving patients taxi vouchers or ride-sharing credits to attend clinic visits for patients demonstrating such a need, initiating financial assistance programs for necessary medications, and/or identifying and connecting certain patient groups with social support services early on in the care cycle.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3605,7 +4223,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1219--1226},
   issn = {2168-6165},
   doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4566},
-  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Approximately 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of US adults are affected by visual disability, with disproportionately higher rates in groups impacted by certain social determinants of health (SDOH). OBJECTIVE To evaluate SDOH associated with severe visual impairment (SVI) to ultimately guide targeted interventions to improve ophthalmic health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This quality improvement study used cross-sectional data from a telephone survey from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) that was conducted in the US from January 2019 to December 2020. Participants were noninstitutionalized adult civilians who were randomly selected and interviewed and self-identified as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind or having serious difficulty seeing, even while wearing glasses.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace EXPOSURES Demographic and health care access factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomewas risk of SVI associated with various factors as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CIs. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed using theWeb Enabled Analysis Tool in the BRFFS. RESULTS During the study period, 820 226 people (53.07\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) participated in the BRFSS survey, of whom 42 412 (5.17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) self-identified as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind or having serious difficulty seeing, even while wearing glasses.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Compared with White, non-Hispanic individuals, risk of SVI was increased among American Indian/Alaska Native (OR, 1.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.38-1.91), Black/African American (OR, 1.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.39-1.62), Hispanic (OR, 1.65; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.53-1.79), and multiracial (OR, 1.33; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.15-1.53) individuals. Lower annual household income and educational level (eg, not completing high school) were associated with greater risk of SVI. Individuals who were out of work for 1 year or longer (OR, 1.78; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.54-2.07) or who reported being unable to work (OR, 2.90; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 2.66-3.16) had higher odds of SVI compared with the other variables studied. Mental health diagnoses and 14 or more days per month with poor mental health were associated with increased risk of SVI (OR, 1.87; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.73-2.02). Health care access factors associated with increased visual impairment risk included lack of health care coverage and inability to afford to see a physician. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, various SDOH were associated with SVI, including self-identification as being from a racial or ethnic minority group; low socioeconomic status and educational level; long-term unemployment and inability to work; divorced, separated, or widowed marital status; poor mental health; and lack of health care coverage. These disparities in care and barriers to health care access should guide targeted interventions.},
+  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Approximately 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of US adults are affected by visual disability, with disproportionately higher rates in groups impacted by certain social determinants of health (SDOH). OBJECTIVE To evaluate SDOH associated with severe visual impairment (SVI) to ultimately guide targeted interventions to improve ophthalmic health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This quality improvement study used cross-sectional data from a telephone survey from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) that was conducted in the US from January 2019 to December 2020. Participants were noninstitutionalized adult civilians who were randomly selected and interviewed and self-identified as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblind or having serious difficulty seeing, even while wearing glasses.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace EXPOSURES Demographic and health care access factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomewas risk of SVI associated with various factors as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CIs. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed using theWeb Enabled Analysis Tool in the BRFFS. RESULTS During the study period, 820 226 people (53.07{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female) participated in the BRFSS survey, of whom 42 412 (5.17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) self-identified as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblind or having serious difficulty seeing, even while wearing glasses.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Compared with White, non-Hispanic individuals, risk of SVI was increased among American Indian/Alaska Native (OR, 1.63; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.38-1.91), Black/African American (OR, 1.50; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.39-1.62), Hispanic (OR, 1.65; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.53-1.79), and multiracial (OR, 1.33; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.15-1.53) individuals. Lower annual household income and educational level (eg, not completing high school) were associated with greater risk of SVI. Individuals who were out of work for 1 year or longer (OR, 1.78; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.54-2.07) or who reported being unable to work (OR, 2.90; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 2.66-3.16) had higher odds of SVI compared with the other variables studied. Mental health diagnoses and 14 or more days per month with poor mental health were associated with increased risk of SVI (OR, 1.87; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.73-2.02). Health care access factors associated with increased visual impairment risk included lack of health care coverage and inability to afford to see a physician. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, various SDOH were associated with SVI, including self-identification as being from a racial or ethnic minority group; low socioeconomic status and educational level; long-term unemployment and inability to work; divorced, separated, or widowed marital status; poor mental health; and lack of health care coverage. These disparities in care and barriers to health care access should guide targeted interventions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3652,7 +4270,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
 }
 
 @article{Bezak2022,
-  title = {The {{Biggest Challenges Resulting}} from the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Gender-Related Work}} from {{Home}} in {{Biomedical Fields}}\textemdash{{World-Wide Qualitative Survey Analysis}}},
+  title = {The {{Biggest Challenges Resulting}} from the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Gender-Related Work}} from {{Home}} in {{Biomedical Fields}}{\textemdash}{{World-Wide Qualitative Survey Analysis}}},
   author = {Bezak, Eva and {Carson-Chahhoud}, Kristin V. and Marcu, Loredana G. and Stoeva, Magdalena and Lhotska, Lenka and Barabino, Gilda A. and Ibrahim, Fatimah and Kaldoudi, Eleni and Lim, Sierin and Marques Da Silva, Ana Maria and Tan, Peck Ha and Tsapaki, Virginia and Frize, Monique},
   year = {2022},
   month = mar,
@@ -3667,6 +4285,17 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Bhalotra2018,
+  title = {Fertility and {{Labor Market Responses}} to {{Reductions}} in {{Mortality}}},
+  author = {Bhalotra, Sonia and Venkataramani, Atheendar and Walther, Selma},
+  year = {2018},
+  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
+  issn = {1556-5068},
+  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3213304},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Bhambhani2022,
   title = {Developing and {{Adapting}} a {{Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention}} for {{Racially}} and {{Economically Marginalized Patients}} in the {{Bronx}} Br},
   author = {Bhambhani, Yash and Gallo, Laurie},
@@ -3677,7 +4306,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {4},
   pages = {771--786},
   issn = {1077-7229},
-  abstract = {Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs; e.g., MBSR, MBCT, ACT) have been widely used and disseminated for treat-ment of myriad physical and psychological problems. However, most MBIs have primarily been used with middle-or upper-class White populations, with some instances where they have been adapted for use with diverse populations (e.g., Burnett-Zeigler et al., 2016; Roth \textbackslash textbackslash\& Robbins, 2004). However, even when adapted, most MBIs have not explicitly addressed unique factors faced by the target population, such as racial discrimination, unemployment, lack of financial means, and other stressors. We developed and used an iterative approach to refine a MBI group based on MBSR and MBCT, for a racially and ethnically diverse population in the Bronx, considered by the U.S. census to be the most diverse in the country. Based on a trauma-informed care and centering people of color approach, we developed a longer than usual (16 weeks) mindfulness-based group, where core skills were broken down into smaller chunks to facilitate easier incorpo-ration into daily life. We also used a longer duration and 1-hour weekly meeting time keeping in mind needs of the indi-viduals, who often had limited time to participate due to work limitations and other comorbid physical conditions. While acknowledging that the individuals this group was catering to had experienced multiple traumatic events, we sought to also highlight and further develop the resilience and courage people in the Bronx community bring to the table. We review two clinically rich case vignettes, and also discuss recommendations for working with racially and economically marginal-ized people, and include a call to action for health care providers and organizations to engage in activism.},
+  abstract = {Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs; e.g., MBSR, MBCT, ACT) have been widely used and disseminated for treat-ment of myriad physical and psychological problems. However, most MBIs have primarily been used with middle-or upper-class White populations, with some instances where they have been adapted for use with diverse populations (e.g., Burnett-Zeigler et al., 2016; Roth {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Robbins, 2004). However, even when adapted, most MBIs have not explicitly addressed unique factors faced by the target population, such as racial discrimination, unemployment, lack of financial means, and other stressors. We developed and used an iterative approach to refine a MBI group based on MBSR and MBCT, for a racially and ethnically diverse population in the Bronx, considered by the U.S. census to be the most diverse in the country. Based on a trauma-informed care and centering people of color approach, we developed a longer than usual (16 weeks) mindfulness-based group, where core skills were broken down into smaller chunks to facilitate easier incorpo-ration into daily life. We also used a longer duration and 1-hour weekly meeting time keeping in mind needs of the indi-viduals, who often had limited time to participate due to work limitations and other comorbid physical conditions. While acknowledging that the individuals this group was catering to had experienced multiple traumatic events, we sought to also highlight and further develop the resilience and courage people in the Bronx community bring to the table. We review two clinically rich case vignettes, and also discuss recommendations for working with racially and economically marginal-ized people, and include a call to action for health care providers and organizations to engage in activism.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3724,15 +4353,28 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Bieszk-Stolorz2012,
+  title = {Economic {{Activity}} of the {{Disabled}} in {{Poland}} in 2010},
+  author = {{Bieszk-Stolorz}, Beata},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia},
+  volume = {10},
+  number = {2},
+  issn = {1898-0198, 1730-4237},
+  doi = {10.2478/v10031-011-0037-7},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Bifarin2022,
   title = {Intersections between the Culture of {{Xiao}} and Caring for Older Relatives in {{China}}: Perspectives of {{United Kingdom-based Chinese}} Students on Future Care for Their Parents},
   author = {Bifarin, Oladayo and Quinn, Catherine and Breen, Liz and Zhang, Bing and Oyebode, Jan},
   year = {2022},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   issn = {0144-686X},
   doi = {10.1017/S0144686X22001118},
-  abstract = {Emphasis placed on Xiao (filial piety) in Chinese culture highlights parents' investment in their children with the expectation of being cared for when older. An increasing number of Chinese students come to the United Kingdom (UK) to study, with the majority returning home and likely to become future care-givers for their parents. Little attention has been paid to the implications of transnational mobility of Chinese students on the reciprocal aspects of future care responsibility. With the uniquely changing family structure due to consequences of the One-Child Policy, we conducted proactive research on the opportunities and challenges that Chinese transnational students anticipate they may face in future care-giving for elderly parents. Hence, this study's aim was to make a novel contribution to knowledge through exploration of the perspectives of Chinese students in England on intergenerational ties and filial obligations. Adopting a social constructivist philosophical position, we conducted three focus groups with 19 UK-based Chinese students, using a semi-structured topic guide with informed consent. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed using reflective thematic analysis, capturing semantic and latent meanings, and employed a descriptive and interpretative approach. Six themes were discovered, revealing a \textbackslash textasciigraveculture of duty' where familial obligation and societal expectations were prominent. Prospective care-givers anticipated a future dilemma between balancing work commitments and providing care as mandated by Xiao. Furthermore, it appeared that lack of preparedness might further exacerbate barriers faced when accessing support. We surmised that the changing demographics and absence of formal support could compound stressors over time, especially if cognitive dissonance arises as realities of life do not fit with societal expectations. Our findings imply that policy makers, practitioners and the government will need to adequately support prospective family care-givers who are returnees in caring for older generations.},
+  abstract = {Emphasis placed on Xiao (filial piety) in Chinese culture highlights parents' investment in their children with the expectation of being cared for when older. An increasing number of Chinese students come to the United Kingdom (UK) to study, with the majority returning home and likely to become future care-givers for their parents. Little attention has been paid to the implications of transnational mobility of Chinese students on the reciprocal aspects of future care responsibility. With the uniquely changing family structure due to consequences of the One-Child Policy, we conducted proactive research on the opportunities and challenges that Chinese transnational students anticipate they may face in future care-giving for elderly parents. Hence, this study's aim was to make a novel contribution to knowledge through exploration of the perspectives of Chinese students in England on intergenerational ties and filial obligations. Adopting a social constructivist philosophical position, we conducted three focus groups with 19 UK-based Chinese students, using a semi-structured topic guide with informed consent. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed using reflective thematic analysis, capturing semantic and latent meanings, and employed a descriptive and interpretative approach. Six themes were discovered, revealing a {\textbackslash}textasciigraveculture of duty' where familial obligation and societal expectations were prominent. Prospective care-givers anticipated a future dilemma between balancing work commitments and providing care as mandated by Xiao. Furthermore, it appeared that lack of preparedness might further exacerbate barriers faced when accessing support. We surmised that the changing demographics and absence of formal support could compound stressors over time, especially if cognitive dissonance arises as realities of life do not fit with societal expectations. Our findings imply that policy makers, practitioners and the government will need to adequately support prospective family care-givers who are returnees in caring for older generations.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3746,7 +4388,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {17--27},
   issn = {0277-5395},
   doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2017.08.004},
-  abstract = {Rwanda's development policy focuses on socio-economic transformation with a specific focus on the agriculture sector and gender equality. Through the commercialization of agriculture, employment opportunities inside and outside the sector are expected to be created. Both women and men are integrated into this new agriculture production system. Based on a mixed-method approach, this paper provides insights into current transformations of the rural labour market. The feminization debates build the theoretical background. The empirical results show that wage employment is created almost exclusively in the informal sector, typically for casual on-field agriculture workers. It is apparent that for the same work, women earn approximately 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% less than men. Women play an important role in the rural labour market while carrying the main bulk of reproductive work. The agricultural transformation is gendered, and due to reproductive work, women do not have the same opportunities in the paid labour market.},
+  abstract = {Rwanda's development policy focuses on socio-economic transformation with a specific focus on the agriculture sector and gender equality. Through the commercialization of agriculture, employment opportunities inside and outside the sector are expected to be created. Both women and men are integrated into this new agriculture production system. Based on a mixed-method approach, this paper provides insights into current transformations of the rural labour market. The feminization debates build the theoretical background. The empirical results show that wage employment is created almost exclusively in the informal sector, typically for casual on-field agriculture workers. It is apparent that for the same work, women earn approximately 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less than men. Women play an important role in the rural labour market while carrying the main bulk of reproductive work. The agricultural transformation is gendered, and due to reproductive work, women do not have the same opportunities in the paid labour market.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3762,7 +4404,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {1017-6772, 1467-8268},
   doi = {10.1111/1467-8268.00001},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Poverty is gradually spreading to the urban areas of Ethiopia, although it remains more extensive in the rural areas. This paper presents the first substantial analysis, since the 1960s, of the distribution of urban incomes and their determinants. It uses data for 1994 for an analysis of the economic well-being of urban households; it shows that income diversification is a typical characteristic of the poor, while those who are better off derive more than 75 per cent of their income from wage employment. Multiple activity remains less common in urban Ethiopia than in comparable countries, which is not surprising, since the two-decade socialist rule ruined the private sector.             \textemdash{}             La pauvret\'e, d\'ej\`a g\'en\'eralis\'ee dans les r\'egions rurales de l'Ethiopie, se r\'epand progressivement dans les zones urbaines de ce pays. Cet article pr\'esente la premi\`ere analyse approfondie relative \`a la distribution des revenus dans les villes et aux d\'eterminants de ces revenus, depuis les ann\'ees 60. Les donn\'ees pour 1994 sont utilis\'ees pour analyser les conditions de vie des m\'enages urbains; l'article montre que la diversification du revenu est une caract\'eristique des pauvres tandis que les couches de la population mieux nanties tirent plus de 75 pour cent de leurs revenus d'un emploi salari\'e. Par rapport \`a d'autres pays analogues, la multiplicit\'e de l'activit\'e reste peu courante dans les zones urbaines d'Ethiopie, ce qui n'est gu\`ere surprenant \'etant donn\'e que les deux d\'ecennies de r\'egime socialiste ont ruin\'e le secteur priv\'e.},
+  abstract = {Poverty is gradually spreading to the urban areas of Ethiopia, although it remains more extensive in the rural areas. This paper presents the first substantial analysis, since the 1960s, of the distribution of urban incomes and their determinants. It uses data for 1994 for an analysis of the economic well-being of urban households; it shows that income diversification is a typical characteristic of the poor, while those who are better off derive more than 75 per cent of their income from wage employment. Multiple activity remains less common in urban Ethiopia than in comparable countries, which is not surprising, since the two-decade socialist rule ruined the private sector.             {\textemdash}             La pauvret{\'e}, d{\'e}j{\`a} g{\'e}n{\'e}ralis{\'e}e dans les r{\'e}gions rurales de l'Ethiopie, se r{\'e}pand progressivement dans les zones urbaines de ce pays. Cet article pr{\'e}sente la premi{\`e}re analyse approfondie relative {\`a} la distribution des revenus dans les villes et aux d{\'e}terminants de ces revenus, depuis les ann{\'e}es 60. Les donn{\'e}es pour 1994 sont utilis{\'e}es pour analyser les conditions de vie des m{\'e}nages urbains; l'article montre que la diversification du revenu est une caract{\'e}ristique des pauvres tandis que les couches de la population mieux nanties tirent plus de 75 pour cent de leurs revenus d'un emploi salari{\'e}. Par rapport {\`a} d'autres pays analogues, la multiplicit{\'e} de l'activit{\'e} reste peu courante dans les zones urbaines d'Ethiopie, ce qui n'est gu{\`e}re surprenant {\'e}tant donn{\'e} que les deux d{\'e}cennies de r{\'e}gime socialiste ont ruin{\'e} le secteur priv{\'e}.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3777,7 +4419,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {189--204},
   issn = {2353-883X},
   doi = {10.15678/EBER.2020.080311},
-  abstract = {Objective: The objective of the article is to determine links of gender discrimination with compensation and benefits practices, the main features of assurance of equal rights and their impact on employees' motives that can shift economic results of the enterprises. Research Design \textbackslash textbackslash\& Methods: For macro level analysis, we use graph and mapping method. Features of gender discrimination and its links with compensation and benefits are revealed in sociological review. Findings: Ensuring gender equality is a difficult task for even the most developed countries of the world, as none of them has achieved full equality of sex, including in respect of labour rights. As our study shows, significant progress has been made in this area in Ukraine, as in general, gender gap and the economic equality of women keep within the EU-specific range of values. Gender discrimination is accompanied by age: 57.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% out of the 71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of discriminated women are aged under 35; the higher the age and gender discrimination, the smaller the wage gap. In enterprises with gender discrimination, the potential level of turnover is 71\textbackslash textbackslash\%, which is significantly higher comparing to enterprises with equal rights. Implications \textbackslash textbackslash\& Recommendations: The obtained results should be used by trade unions and public policy makers in socio-labour agreements to reduce inequality in compensation and benefits practices. Contribution \textbackslash textbackslash\& Value Added: We suggest the developed approach to define gender discrimination in order to determine its features in compensation and benefits policy, but also to influence business results via assurance of equal rights of employees.},
+  abstract = {Objective: The objective of the article is to determine links of gender discrimination with compensation and benefits practices, the main features of assurance of equal rights and their impact on employees' motives that can shift economic results of the enterprises. Research Design {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Methods: For macro level analysis, we use graph and mapping method. Features of gender discrimination and its links with compensation and benefits are revealed in sociological review. Findings: Ensuring gender equality is a difficult task for even the most developed countries of the world, as none of them has achieved full equality of sex, including in respect of labour rights. As our study shows, significant progress has been made in this area in Ukraine, as in general, gender gap and the economic equality of women keep within the EU-specific range of values. Gender discrimination is accompanied by age: 57.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% out of the 71.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of discriminated women are aged under 35; the higher the age and gender discrimination, the smaller the wage gap. In enterprises with gender discrimination, the potential level of turnover is 71{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, which is significantly higher comparing to enterprises with equal rights. Implications {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Recommendations: The obtained results should be used by trade unions and public policy makers in socio-labour agreements to reduce inequality in compensation and benefits practices. Contribution {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Value Added: We suggest the developed approach to define gender discrimination in order to determine its features in compensation and benefits policy, but also to influence business results via assurance of equal rights of employees.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3791,7 +4433,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {209--220},
   issn = {0157-6321},
   doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.2006.tb00007.x},
-  abstract = {This paper evaluates the effectiveness of disability employment policy in assisting people with psychiatric disability to find, or return to, paid work. We argue that the poor employment outcomes from current programs establish the need for a paradigmatic shift in the form of a state-provided Job Guarantee (JG) for people with psychiatric disability. In the absence of measures to generate suitable jobs, forthcoming changes to the eligibility criteria for Disability Support Pension will create risks rather than opportunities. Under the JG, the Federal Government would maintain a \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer stock' of minimum wage, public sector jobs to provide secure paid employment for this highly disadvantaged group. The role of the state in this alternative model is two fold. First, the state must provide the quantum of JG jobs required. Second, the state must ensure the design of jobs is flexible enough to meet the heterogeneous and variable support needs of workers. This will require effective integration of the JG scheme with mental health, rehabilitation and employment support services.},
+  abstract = {This paper evaluates the effectiveness of disability employment policy in assisting people with psychiatric disability to find, or return to, paid work. We argue that the poor employment outcomes from current programs establish the need for a paradigmatic shift in the form of a state-provided Job Guarantee (JG) for people with psychiatric disability. In the absence of measures to generate suitable jobs, forthcoming changes to the eligibility criteria for Disability Support Pension will create risks rather than opportunities. Under the JG, the Federal Government would maintain a {\textbackslash}textasciigravebuffer stock' of minimum wage, public sector jobs to provide secure paid employment for this highly disadvantaged group. The role of the state in this alternative model is two fold. First, the state must provide the quantum of JG jobs required. Second, the state must ensure the design of jobs is flexible enough to meet the heterogeneous and variable support needs of workers. This will require effective integration of the JG scheme with mental health, rehabilitation and employment support services.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Billava2016,
+  title = {Empowerment of {{Women Representatives}} in {{Panchayat Raj Institutions}}: {{A Thematic Review}}},
+  shorttitle = {Empowerment of {{Women Representatives}} in {{Panchayat Raj Institutions}}},
+  author = {Billava, Narayana and Nayak, Nayanatara S.},
+  year = {2016},
+  journal = {Journal of Politics and Governance},
+  volume = {5},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {5},
+  issn = {2278-473X, 2456-8023},
+  doi = {10.5958/2456-8023.2016.00001.2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3813,7 +4470,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Bindley, Kristin and Lewis, Joanne and Travaglia, Joanne and DiGiacomo, Michelle},
   year = {2021},
   month = may,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {29},
   number = {3},
   pages = {631--642},
@@ -3832,7 +4489,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1664-0640},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.807259},
-  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, a treatment gap exists for individuals with severe mental illness, with 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people with psychosis failing to receive appropriate care. This is most pronounced in low and middle-income countries, where there are neither the financial nor human resources to provide high-quality community-based care. Low-cost, evidence-based interventions are urgently needed to address this treatment gap. AimTo conduct a situation analysis to (i) describe the provision of psychosocial interventions within the context of existing care in two LMICs-India and Pakistan, and (ii) understand the barriers and facilitators of delivering a new psychosocial intervention. MethodA situation analysis including a quantitative survey and individual interviews with clinicians, patients and caregivers was conducted. Quantitative survey data was collected from staff members at 11 sites (private and government run hospitals) to assess organizational readiness to implement a new psychosocial intervention. To obtain in-depth information, 24 stakeholders including clinicians and service managers were interviewed about the typical care they provide and/or receive, and their experience of either accessing or delivering psychosocial interventions. This was triangulated by six interviews with carer and patient representatives. Results and discussionThe results highlight the positive views toward psychosocial interventions within routine care and the enthusiasm for multidisciplinary working. However, barriers to implementation such as clinician time, individual attitudes toward psychosocial interventions and organizational concerns including the lack of space within the facility were highlighted. Such barriers need to be taken into consideration when designing how best to implement and sustain new psychosocial interventions for the community treatment of psychosis within LMICs.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, a treatment gap exists for individuals with severe mental illness, with 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people with psychosis failing to receive appropriate care. This is most pronounced in low and middle-income countries, where there are neither the financial nor human resources to provide high-quality community-based care. Low-cost, evidence-based interventions are urgently needed to address this treatment gap. AimTo conduct a situation analysis to (i) describe the provision of psychosocial interventions within the context of existing care in two LMICs-India and Pakistan, and (ii) understand the barriers and facilitators of delivering a new psychosocial intervention. MethodA situation analysis including a quantitative survey and individual interviews with clinicians, patients and caregivers was conducted. Quantitative survey data was collected from staff members at 11 sites (private and government run hospitals) to assess organizational readiness to implement a new psychosocial intervention. To obtain in-depth information, 24 stakeholders including clinicians and service managers were interviewed about the typical care they provide and/or receive, and their experience of either accessing or delivering psychosocial interventions. This was triangulated by six interviews with carer and patient representatives. Results and discussionThe results highlight the positive views toward psychosocial interventions within routine care and the enthusiasm for multidisciplinary working. However, barriers to implementation such as clinician time, individual attitudes toward psychosocial interventions and organizational concerns including the lack of space within the facility were highlighted. Such barriers need to be taken into consideration when designing how best to implement and sustain new psychosocial interventions for the community treatment of psychosis within LMICs.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Bisello2017,
+  title = {The {{Gender Employment Gap}}: {{Costs}} and {{Policy Responses}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Gender Employment Gap}}},
+  author = {Bisello, Martina and Mascherini, Massimiliano},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Intereconomics},
+  volume = {52},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {24--27},
+  issn = {0020-5346, 1613-964X},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10272-017-0638-y},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3852,6 +4525,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{Bishu2017,
+  title = {A {{Systematic Review}} of the {{Gender Pay Gap}} and {{Factors That Predict It}}},
+  author = {Bishu, Sebawit G. and Alkadry, Mohamad G.},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Administration \& Society},
+  volume = {49},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {65--104},
+  issn = {0095-3997, 1552-3039},
+  doi = {10.1177/0095399716636928},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This study conducts a systematic review of 98 peer-reviewed journal articles that empirically investigate the presence of the gender pay gap along with factors that espouse it in organizations. The purposes of this study are threefold. First, it aims to explore trends in recurring themes that surface as factors that engender the gender pay gap in the workforce. Second, based on identified themes, the review summarizes and compares the gender pay gap by sector. Finally, the study presents a discussion on how the public sector fairs out in closing the gender pay gap and factors that predict it.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Bisio2023,
   title = {Complementary Collective Bargaining and Firm Performance: New Evidence for {{Italian}} Firms},
   author = {Bisio, Laura and Cardinaleschi, Stefania and Leoni, Riccardo},
@@ -3863,7 +4552,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {728--754},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0373},
-  abstract = {PurposeWithin the two-tier bargaining system, the role of complementary collective bargaining is somewhat controversial. In this paper, the authors analyse collective agreements from a triple perspective: scanning the contents of firm-level complementary collective agreements (CCAs); identifying the factors that determine the probability of signing a CCA and analysing the relationship between the latter and firm performance with a focus on the role of different negotiated topics.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical procedure is based on 2 main linked sources: longitudinal balance sheet data and a cross-sectional dataset of a representative sample of Italian firms with at least 15 employees, including some retrospective information. The innovative dataset derives from integrating multiple sources. The main empirical approaches include Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations, multivariate regressions, as well as instrumental variable (IV) estimations to overcome simultaneity issues.FindingsWith respect to the probability of signing a CCA, on the firms' side, the authors find a positive role of the degree of firm capitalisation and affiliation with an employers' association and a negative role of family firms compared to non-family firms; on the workers' side, a positive role of the workers' unionisation rate and a positive but differentiated weight of workers' union representations and industrial conflicts. With regard to firm performance, the authors' estimates suggest that signing a CCA is associated with an average increase of 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% in total factor productivity (TFP) and 7.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% in labour productivity. By investigating the contents of the complementarity agreements, the authors show that bargaining a wider range of topics implies advantages that are not homogenous, benefitting more efficient firms. Moreover, the authors find a specific positive and significant role for three main interacting issues: economic incentives, organisation and employment.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional structure of the data on bargaining practices prevents detecting causal relationships due to either potential common driver(s) of both the target variables (firm performance) and bargaining practices (simultaneity bias) and unobservable time-invariant firm-level characteristics (heterogeneity bias).Practical implicationsAccording to the authors' results, policymakers should operate along four fiscal channels to spur the efficiency of firms, via CCA. First, tax incentives stimulate higher firm capitalisation, as this seems to be a CCA-favouring factor. Second, deduction in taxable income for union members, which should led to higher membership rates, hence raising the likelihood of obtaining a CCA. Third, incentives aimed at directly promoting the greater diffusion of CCAs as a source of improved performance. Fourth, fiscal tools aimed at favouring the negotiation of either specific contents or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebundles\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of contents, which the authors' estimates show as an additional performance-enhancing tool of CCA practices.Originality/valueThe conceptualisation of the contents of CCA as organisational investments and the whole probability function of signing a CCA are quite innovative. Moreover, the econometric strategy takes account of several potential sources of bias when estimating the relevant coefficients at each stage, which is currently not fully considered in the literature. Finally, this is the first study to shed light on both the diverse outcomes associated with different negotiated topics (in terms of quantity and quality) and the distinction between short and medium-long term effects.},
+  abstract = {PurposeWithin the two-tier bargaining system, the role of complementary collective bargaining is somewhat controversial. In this paper, the authors analyse collective agreements from a triple perspective: scanning the contents of firm-level complementary collective agreements (CCAs); identifying the factors that determine the probability of signing a CCA and analysing the relationship between the latter and firm performance with a focus on the role of different negotiated topics.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical procedure is based on 2 main linked sources: longitudinal balance sheet data and a cross-sectional dataset of a representative sample of Italian firms with at least 15 employees, including some retrospective information. The innovative dataset derives from integrating multiple sources. The main empirical approaches include Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations, multivariate regressions, as well as instrumental variable (IV) estimations to overcome simultaneity issues.FindingsWith respect to the probability of signing a CCA, on the firms' side, the authors find a positive role of the degree of firm capitalisation and affiliation with an employers' association and a negative role of family firms compared to non-family firms; on the workers' side, a positive role of the workers' unionisation rate and a positive but differentiated weight of workers' union representations and industrial conflicts. With regard to firm performance, the authors' estimates suggest that signing a CCA is associated with an average increase of 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in total factor productivity (TFP) and 7.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in labour productivity. By investigating the contents of the complementarity agreements, the authors show that bargaining a wider range of topics implies advantages that are not homogenous, benefitting more efficient firms. Moreover, the authors find a specific positive and significant role for three main interacting issues: economic incentives, organisation and employment.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional structure of the data on bargaining practices prevents detecting causal relationships due to either potential common driver(s) of both the target variables (firm performance) and bargaining practices (simultaneity bias) and unobservable time-invariant firm-level characteristics (heterogeneity bias).Practical implicationsAccording to the authors' results, policymakers should operate along four fiscal channels to spur the efficiency of firms, via CCA. First, tax incentives stimulate higher firm capitalisation, as this seems to be a CCA-favouring factor. Second, deduction in taxable income for union members, which should led to higher membership rates, hence raising the likelihood of obtaining a CCA. Third, incentives aimed at directly promoting the greater diffusion of CCAs as a source of improved performance. Fourth, fiscal tools aimed at favouring the negotiation of either specific contents or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebundles{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of contents, which the authors' estimates show as an additional performance-enhancing tool of CCA practices.Originality/valueThe conceptualisation of the contents of CCA as organisational investments and the whole probability function of signing a CCA are quite innovative. Moreover, the econometric strategy takes account of several potential sources of bias when estimating the relevant coefficients at each stage, which is currently not fully considered in the literature. Finally, this is the first study to shed light on both the diverse outcomes associated with different negotiated topics (in terms of quantity and quality) and the distinction between short and medium-long term effects.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3878,7 +4567,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {547--559},
   issn = {1396-5883},
   doi = {10.1111/eje.12840},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Brazil has experienced transformations in higher education and health services, including launching more inclusive public policies focused on these two areas. Objective: To evaluate the profile of final-year dental students from a Brazilian public university from 2010 to 2019, accompanied by changes in public health and higher education policies. Methods: A prospective observacional study was carried out with final-year dental students. A self-applicable semi-structured questionnaire was applied. Result: Six-hundred and seventy-seven students participated, of which 71.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were women, 72.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% aged between 21 and 25 years, 96.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% single, and 96.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% were without children. Over ten years, it was possible to identify trends in the profile explained by implementing public policies toward more inclusive access to Brazilian higher education by socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Students who completed the course between 2018 and 2019 did not have the state capital city (the wealthiest area) as their origin city and had lower parental education and income levels than dental students graduating between 2010 and 2011. Moreover, working as a primary care dentist in the Brazilian National Health System was considered a professional possibility by 61.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the students, and has gained prominence significantly over time, ranging from 21.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2010 to 72.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2019 (p {$<$} .05). Conclusion: Over the study period, concomitantly to advances in public health and higher education policies in Brazil, more diverse access to public dental education was observed, allowing students from low socioeconomic positions to take the education. Changes have also impacted the students' perspectives regarding the need for postgraduate training and a career in public health dentistry. However, these trends need to be consolidated, and public policies continued and strengthened.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Brazil has experienced transformations in higher education and health services, including launching more inclusive public policies focused on these two areas. Objective: To evaluate the profile of final-year dental students from a Brazilian public university from 2010 to 2019, accompanied by changes in public health and higher education policies. Methods: A prospective observacional study was carried out with final-year dental students. A self-applicable semi-structured questionnaire was applied. Result: Six-hundred and seventy-seven students participated, of which 71.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were women, 72.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% aged between 21 and 25 years, 96.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% single, and 96.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were without children. Over ten years, it was possible to identify trends in the profile explained by implementing public policies toward more inclusive access to Brazilian higher education by socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Students who completed the course between 2018 and 2019 did not have the state capital city (the wealthiest area) as their origin city and had lower parental education and income levels than dental students graduating between 2010 and 2011. Moreover, working as a primary care dentist in the Brazilian National Health System was considered a professional possibility by 61.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the students, and has gained prominence significantly over time, ranging from 21.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2010 to 72.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2019 (p {$<$} .05). Conclusion: Over the study period, concomitantly to advances in public health and higher education policies in Brazil, more diverse access to public dental education was observed, allowing students from low socioeconomic positions to take the education. Changes have also impacted the students' perspectives regarding the need for postgraduate training and a career in public health dentistry. However, these trends need to be consolidated, and public policies continued and strengthened.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3887,13 +4576,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Bittman, M},
   year = {2002},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
+  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {408--425},
   issn = {0144-5596},
   doi = {10.1111/1467-9515.t01-1-00262},
-  abstract = {The concept of social exclusion has become a central rganizing, concept in social policy research. Indeed \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial exclusion\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has displaced many of the terms formerly in use, such as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveinequality\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedeprivation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepoverty\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity, culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws our attention to how people can be \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveshut out of society\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by their inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income. Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender After controlling for working hours, household income has no significant effect on. available leisure time. A leisure-time poverty line, based on half-median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure participation.},
+  abstract = {The concept of social exclusion has become a central rganizing, concept in social policy research. Indeed {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial exclusion{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has displaced many of the terms formerly in use, such as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveinequality{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedeprivation{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepoverty{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity, culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws our attention to how people can be {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveshut out of society{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace by their inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income. Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender After controlling for working hours, household income has no significant effect on. available leisure time. A leisure-time poverty line, based on half-median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure participation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -3917,7 +4606,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   year = {2019},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMEDIA (MM'19)},
   doi = {10.1145/3343031.3355512},
-  abstract = {In the digital age, the fields and professions related to computing are having an unprecedent impact on our lives, and on societies. As computing becomes integrated in fundamental ways in healthcare \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace10,11], labor markets \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2,4], and political processes \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace3,6], questions about who participates and takes decisions in developing digital technologies are becoming increasingly crucial and unavoidable \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace7]. A bottom line is that, if a rather homogeneous group develops most of the digital technologies, there is a risk that these technologies only consider a part of the population, and therefore unwillingly introduce biases or trigger exclusion. There are many intersectional characteristics - such as race, gender, or class - by which people can be part of an excluded minority. This keynote focuses on women as a gender minority in computing. In Western societies, the percentage of women participating in computing is low. According to a recent report for the European Commission, there are four times more men than women in Europe in studies related to Information and Communication Technologies \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace12]. Similarly, a study by the Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that only 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% of computing jobs in USA were held by women \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace13]. Denmark is often viewed as a progressive country with gender equality; therefore, the gender homogeneity displayed in computer science education often comes as a surprise. In 2016, only 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the incoming bachelor students were women at the Computer Science department at the University of Copenhagen (DIKU). This remarkable low percentage triggered many questions to us: How did a field initially led by women lost so many of them? Why is this an issue that society should care about? What are the practices and actions that help address this issue? Who should engage with those practices and actions? These are some of the questions that we have been addressing at FemTech(1), an action research project started in 2017 at DIKU. Action research is an approach by which researchers explore a problem, and develop theoretical understandings, while working on the development of solutions \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace9]. Unsurprisingly, our results show that there is no silver bullet to address the gender gap in computing. However, there are different strategies that can help broaden participation, and they come with their advantages and pitfalls. At FemTech, our efforts have been focusing in creating opportunities for people, and in particular young women with no prior interest in Computer Science, to explore ways in which computing could match their personal interests \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. This approach is aligned with previous successful initiatives which suggested to create \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenew computing clubs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace instead of including women in existing clubs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace5]; and differentiates from a \textbackslash textasciigravedeficit' approach, by which the issue of gender diversity in computer science is framed as a problem of too few women, which can be addressed by bringing in more women \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. FemTech is a project with many developments and interventions. What started as a primarily educational initiative for women high-school students has evolved into a broaden initiative that seeks to address structural and cultural issues in computing \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace8]. The project has delivered many results, some of them especially tangible and measurable such as the increase of from 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women incoming bachelor students at the department in two years; and the decrease of the drop-out rate in the first year of the bachelor from 22\textbackslash textbackslash\%-3.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%. More importantly, throughout this project we have developed a great amount of insights which can be useful for engaging in similar endeavors and prompting discussions among those interested in addressing the issue of women as gender minority in computing. These insights include the importance of changing computer science departments from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewithin\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, the relevance of challenging stereotypical and narrow definitions of computer science, and the instrumentality of interactive artefacts in prompting change.},
+  abstract = {In the digital age, the fields and professions related to computing are having an unprecedent impact on our lives, and on societies. As computing becomes integrated in fundamental ways in healthcare {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace10,11], labor markets {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace2,4], and political processes {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace3,6], questions about who participates and takes decisions in developing digital technologies are becoming increasingly crucial and unavoidable {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace7]. A bottom line is that, if a rather homogeneous group develops most of the digital technologies, there is a risk that these technologies only consider a part of the population, and therefore unwillingly introduce biases or trigger exclusion. There are many intersectional characteristics - such as race, gender, or class - by which people can be part of an excluded minority. This keynote focuses on women as a gender minority in computing. In Western societies, the percentage of women participating in computing is low. According to a recent report for the European Commission, there are four times more men than women in Europe in studies related to Information and Communication Technologies {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace12]. Similarly, a study by the Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that only 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of computing jobs in USA were held by women {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace13]. Denmark is often viewed as a progressive country with gender equality; therefore, the gender homogeneity displayed in computer science education often comes as a surprise. In 2016, only 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the incoming bachelor students were women at the Computer Science department at the University of Copenhagen (DIKU). This remarkable low percentage triggered many questions to us: How did a field initially led by women lost so many of them? Why is this an issue that society should care about? What are the practices and actions that help address this issue? Who should engage with those practices and actions? These are some of the questions that we have been addressing at FemTech(1), an action research project started in 2017 at DIKU. Action research is an approach by which researchers explore a problem, and develop theoretical understandings, while working on the development of solutions {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace9]. Unsurprisingly, our results show that there is no silver bullet to address the gender gap in computing. However, there are different strategies that can help broaden participation, and they come with their advantages and pitfalls. At FemTech, our efforts have been focusing in creating opportunities for people, and in particular young women with no prior interest in Computer Science, to explore ways in which computing could match their personal interests {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1]. This approach is aligned with previous successful initiatives which suggested to create {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenew computing clubs{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace instead of including women in existing clubs {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace5]; and differentiates from a {\textbackslash}textasciigravedeficit' approach, by which the issue of gender diversity in computer science is framed as a problem of too few women, which can be addressed by bringing in more women {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1]. FemTech is a project with many developments and interventions. What started as a primarily educational initiative for women high-school students has evolved into a broaden initiative that seeks to address structural and cultural issues in computing {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace8]. The project has delivered many results, some of them especially tangible and measurable such as the increase of from 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women incoming bachelor students at the department in two years; and the decrease of the drop-out rate in the first year of the bachelor from 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-3.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. More importantly, throughout this project we have developed a great amount of insights which can be useful for engaging in similar endeavors and prompting discussions among those interested in addressing the issue of women as gender minority in computing. These insights include the importance of changing computer science departments from {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewithin{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, the relevance of challenging stereotypical and narrow definitions of computer science, and the instrumentality of interactive artefacts in prompting change.},
   isbn = {978-1-4503-6889-6},
   langid = {english},
   note = {27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM), Nice, FRANCE, OCT 21-25, 2019}
@@ -3953,6 +4642,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Blackorby1996,
+  title = {Longitudinal {{Postschool Outcomes}} of {{Youth}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{Findings}} from the {{National Longitudinal Transition Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Longitudinal {{Postschool Outcomes}} of {{Youth}} with {{Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Blackorby, Jose and Wagner, Mary},
+  year = {1996},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Exceptional Children},
+  volume = {62},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {399--413},
+  issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560},
+  doi = {10.1177/001440299606200502},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This article describes findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study (NLTS) of Special Education Students regarding trends in the employment, wages, postsecondary education, and residential independence of youth with disabilities in their first 5 years after high school. Data from the NLTS indicated strong gains in all four outcome areas over time. In all areas, however, youth with disabilities continued to lag behind their peers in the general population. Several differences between youth in certain disability categories were found regarding employment, postsecondary education, and movement toward independence over time. Longitudinal outcomes also differed widely by gender, ethnicity, and high school completion status.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Blair-Loy2004,
   title = {Mothers in Finance: {{Surviving}} and Thriving},
   author = {{Blair-Loy}, M and Wharton, {\relax AS}},
@@ -3971,7 +4677,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   title = {The Use of Quantitative Medical Sociology},
   author = {Blane, D},
   year = {2003},
-  journal = {SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ILLNESS},
+  journal = {SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ILLNESS},
   volume = {25},
   number = {SI},
   pages = {115--130},
@@ -3989,7 +4695,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {16},
   issn = {1475-9276},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-017-0634-7},
-  abstract = {Background: Employment conditions are associated with health inequities. In 2013, French young people had the highest unemployment rate and among those who worked as salaried workers most of them had temporary job. The purpose of the study was to assess mental health state of French young people through the prism of their occupational status and to measure whether occupational status is a determinant of health inequities. Methods: A cross-sectional multicentre observational survey was performed in June and July 2010 in 115 French Local Social Centres and 74 Health Examination Centres, who were available to participate. The survey was based on an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire delivered by social workers or healthcare professionals to young people age from 16 to 25 years old. The questionnaire was composed of 54 items. Several health outcomes were measured: self-perceived health, mental health, addictions and to be victim of violence. The association of occupational status and mental health was assessed by adjusting results on age and gender and by introducing other explanatory variables such as social deprivation. Results: A total of 4282 young people completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 83\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 1866 men and 2378 women, sex-ratio 0.79. French young people having a non-working occupational status or a non-permanent working status were more exposed to poor self-perceived health, poor mental health, addictions and violence. To be at school particularly secondary school was a protective factor for addiction. Conclusions: Occupational status of French young people was a determinant of mental health inequities. Young people not at work and not studying reported greater vulnerability and should be targeted therefore by appropriate and specific social and medical services.},
+  abstract = {Background: Employment conditions are associated with health inequities. In 2013, French young people had the highest unemployment rate and among those who worked as salaried workers most of them had temporary job. The purpose of the study was to assess mental health state of French young people through the prism of their occupational status and to measure whether occupational status is a determinant of health inequities. Methods: A cross-sectional multicentre observational survey was performed in June and July 2010 in 115 French Local Social Centres and 74 Health Examination Centres, who were available to participate. The survey was based on an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire delivered by social workers or healthcare professionals to young people age from 16 to 25 years old. The questionnaire was composed of 54 items. Several health outcomes were measured: self-perceived health, mental health, addictions and to be victim of violence. The association of occupational status and mental health was assessed by adjusting results on age and gender and by introducing other explanatory variables such as social deprivation. Results: A total of 4282 young people completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 1866 men and 2378 women, sex-ratio 0.79. French young people having a non-working occupational status or a non-permanent working status were more exposed to poor self-perceived health, poor mental health, addictions and violence. To be at school particularly secondary school was a protective factor for addiction. Conclusions: Occupational status of French young people was a determinant of mental health inequities. Young people not at work and not studying reported greater vulnerability and should be targeted therefore by appropriate and specific social and medical services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4002,7 +4708,38 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {156},
   issn = {0304-3878},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102807},
-  abstract = {We study two interventions for poor and underemployed Ethiopian youth: a \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Each one is designed to help overcome two common barriers to employment: financial market imperfections and matching frictions. We find significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year. After five years, however, we see no evidence of long run effects of either intervention. The grant led short-run increases in self-employment, productivity and earnings, but these appear to dissipate over time as recipients exit their businesses. Worrisomely, offers of factory work had no effect on employment or earnings, but led to serious adverse effects on health after one year. Evidence of these effects is gone after five years as well, however. These results point to convergence in most outcomes, and suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.},
+  abstract = {We study two interventions for poor and underemployed Ethiopian youth: a {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Each one is designed to help overcome two common barriers to employment: financial market imperfections and matching frictions. We find significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year. After five years, however, we see no evidence of long run effects of either intervention. The grant led short-run increases in self-employment, productivity and earnings, but these appear to dissipate over time as recipients exit their businesses. Worrisomely, offers of factory work had no effect on employment or earnings, but led to serious adverse effects on health after one year. Evidence of these effects is gone after five years as well, however. These results point to convergence in most outcomes, and suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Blau1998,
+  title = {The {{Demand}} for {{Quality}} in {{Child Care}}},
+  author = {Blau, David~M. and Hagy, Alison~P.},
+  year = {1998},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+  volume = {106},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {104--146},
+  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
+  doi = {10.1086/250004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Blau2000,
+  title = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{Pay}}},
+  author = {Blau, Francine D and Kahn, Lawrence M},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {75--100},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.14.4.75},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {We consider the gender pay gap in the United States. Both gender-specific factors, including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall wage structure, the rewards for skills and employment in particular sectors, importantly influence the gender pay gap. Declining gender differentials in the U.S., and the more rapid closing of the gender pay gap in the U.S. than elsewhere, appear to be primarily due to gender-specific factors. However, the relatively large gender pay gap in the U.S. compared to a number of other advanced countries seems primarily attributable to the very high level of U.S. wage inequality.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4017,7 +4754,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1664--1674},
   issn = {0008-543X},
   doi = {10.1002/cncr.26478},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous research has found an 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% return-to-work rate in mid-income white breast cancer survivors, but little is known about the employment trajectory of low-income minorities or whites. We set out to compare the trajectories of low-income Latina and non-Latina white survivors and to identify correlates of employment status. METHODS: Participants were low-income women who had localized breast cancer, spoke English or Spanish, and were employed at the time of diagnosis. Interviews were conducted 6, 18, and 36 months after diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent correlates of employment status at 18 months. RESULTS: Of 290 participants, 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Latina. Latinas were less likely than non-Latina whites to be working 6 months ( 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 49\textbackslash textbackslash\%; P.0002) and 18 months ( 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 59\textbackslash textbackslash\%; P.02) after diagnosis, but at 36 months there was no significant difference ( 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 59\textbackslash textbackslash\%; P.29). Latinas were more likely to be manual laborers than were non-Latina whites ( P {$<$}.0001). Baseline job type and receipt of axillary node dissection were associated with employment status among Latinas but not non-Latina whites. CONCLUSIONS: Neither low-income Latinas nor non-Latina whites approached the 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% rate of return to work seen in wealthier white populations. Latinas followed a protracted return-to-work trajectory compared to non-Latina whites, and differences in job type appear to have played an important role. Manual laborers may be disproportionately impacted by surgical procedures that limit physical activity. This can inform the development of rehabilitative interventions and may have important implications for the surgical and postsurgical management of patients. Cancer 2012; 118: 1664-74. VC 2011 American Cancer Society.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous research has found an 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% return-to-work rate in mid-income white breast cancer survivors, but little is known about the employment trajectory of low-income minorities or whites. We set out to compare the trajectories of low-income Latina and non-Latina white survivors and to identify correlates of employment status. METHODS: Participants were low-income women who had localized breast cancer, spoke English or Spanish, and were employed at the time of diagnosis. Interviews were conducted 6, 18, and 36 months after diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent correlates of employment status at 18 months. RESULTS: Of 290 participants, 62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were Latina. Latinas were less likely than non-Latina whites to be working 6 months ( 27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; P.0002) and 18 months ( 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; P.02) after diagnosis, but at 36 months there was no significant difference ( 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; P.29). Latinas were more likely to be manual laborers than were non-Latina whites ( P {$<$}.0001). Baseline job type and receipt of axillary node dissection were associated with employment status among Latinas but not non-Latina whites. CONCLUSIONS: Neither low-income Latinas nor non-Latina whites approached the 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% rate of return to work seen in wealthier white populations. Latinas followed a protracted return-to-work trajectory compared to non-Latina whites, and differences in job type appear to have played an important role. Manual laborers may be disproportionately impacted by surgical procedures that limit physical activity. This can inform the development of rehabilitative interventions and may have important implications for the surgical and postsurgical management of patients. Cancer 2012; 118: 1664-74. VC 2011 American Cancer Society.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4074,6 +4811,36 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Bloom2009,
+  title = {Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Demographic Dividend},
+  author = {Bloom, David E. and Canning, David and Fink, G{\"u}nther and Finlay, Jocelyn E.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {79--101},
+  issn = {1381-4338, 1573-7020},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Bloom2009a,
+  title = {Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Demographic Dividend},
+  author = {Bloom, David E. and Canning, David and Fink, G{\"u}nther and Finlay, Jocelyn E.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {79--101},
+  issn = {1381-4338, 1573-7020},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Blumenberg2014,
   title = {Travel {{Behavior}} of the {{Poor After Welfare Reform}}},
   author = {Blumenberg, Evelyn and Thomas, Trevor},
@@ -4114,7 +4881,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {139--148},
   issn = {0361-1981},
   doi = {10.1177/0361198119860488},
-  abstract = {Older adults are delaying retirement and remaining in the paid workforce longer than in previous decades. There are many potential explanations for this trend. In this study, it is hypothesized that the ease or difficulty of traveling may significantly influence the labor force participation of older adults, just as it does for other working-age adults. As they age, older adults can face a number of barriers to mobility. The hypothesis is tested using data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey (CHTS) and propensity score matching. The paper focuses on the effects of automobile ownership and transit access on the employment status of older adults (60+), controlling for a host of characteristics associated with the likelihood of employment. The analysis shows that transportation access has a substantial and positive association with employment for older adults, particularly older adults living in low-income households (those earning less than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000 per year). Access to jobs by public transit is especially influential among low-income older adults who live in households without automobiles. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing the transportation environment such that it allows older adults to travel regularly on their own by car or, in dense urban neighborhoods, by public transit. Limitations to this study suggest the need for additional quantitative analysis of longitudinal data as well as qualitative analysis of data from interviews and focus groups.},
+  abstract = {Older adults are delaying retirement and remaining in the paid workforce longer than in previous decades. There are many potential explanations for this trend. In this study, it is hypothesized that the ease or difficulty of traveling may significantly influence the labor force participation of older adults, just as it does for other working-age adults. As they age, older adults can face a number of barriers to mobility. The hypothesis is tested using data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey (CHTS) and propensity score matching. The paper focuses on the effects of automobile ownership and transit access on the employment status of older adults (60+), controlling for a host of characteristics associated with the likelihood of employment. The analysis shows that transportation access has a substantial and positive association with employment for older adults, particularly older adults living in low-income households (those earning less than {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar35,000 per year). Access to jobs by public transit is especially influential among low-income older adults who live in households without automobiles. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing the transportation environment such that it allows older adults to travel regularly on their own by car or, in dense urban neighborhoods, by public transit. Limitations to this study suggest the need for additional quantitative analysis of longitudinal data as well as qualitative analysis of data from interviews and focus groups.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4188,7 +4955,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1750--1763},
   issn = {0140-6736},
   doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31992-0},
-  abstract = {Background Women across the world are mistreated during childbirth. We aimed to develop and implement evidence-informed, validated tools to measure mistreatment during childbirth, and report results from a cross-sectional study in four low-income and middle-income countries. Methods We prospectively recruited women aged at least 15 years in twelve health facilities (three per country) in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria between Sept 19, 2016, and Jan 18, 2018. Continuous observations of labour and childbirth were done from admission up to 2 h post partum. Surveys were administered by interviewers in the community to women up to 8 weeks post partum. Labour observations were not done in Myanmar. Data were collected on sociodemographics, obstetric history, and experiences of mistreatment. Findings 2016 labour observations and 2672 surveys were done. 838 (41.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2016 observed women and 945 (35.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2672 surveyed women experienced physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination. Physical and verbal abuse peaked 30 min before birth until 15 min after birth (observation). Many women did not consent for episiotomy (observation: 190 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace75.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 253; survey: 295 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace56.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 526) or caesarean section (observation: 35 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace13.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 261; survey: 52 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace10.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%] of 483), despite receiving these procedures. 133 (5.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2672 women or their babies were detained in the facility because they were unable to pay the bill (survey). Younger age (15-19 years) and lack of education were the primary determinants of mistreatment (survey). For example, younger women with no education (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR] 3.6, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1 .6-8.0) and younger women with some education (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) were more likely to experience verbal abuse, compared with older women ({$>$}= 30 years), adjusting for marital status and parity. Interpretation More than a third of women experienced mistreatment and were particularly vulnerable around the time of birth. Women who were younger and less educated were most at risk, suggesting inequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Understanding drivers and structural dimensions of mistreatment, including gender and social inequalities, is essential to ensure that interventions adequately account for the broader context. Copyright (C) 2019 This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
+  abstract = {Background Women across the world are mistreated during childbirth. We aimed to develop and implement evidence-informed, validated tools to measure mistreatment during childbirth, and report results from a cross-sectional study in four low-income and middle-income countries. Methods We prospectively recruited women aged at least 15 years in twelve health facilities (three per country) in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria between Sept 19, 2016, and Jan 18, 2018. Continuous observations of labour and childbirth were done from admission up to 2 h post partum. Surveys were administered by interviewers in the community to women up to 8 weeks post partum. Labour observations were not done in Myanmar. Data were collected on sociodemographics, obstetric history, and experiences of mistreatment. Findings 2016 labour observations and 2672 surveys were done. 838 (41.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of 2016 observed women and 945 (35.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of 2672 surveyed women experienced physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination. Physical and verbal abuse peaked 30 min before birth until 15 min after birth (observation). Many women did not consent for episiotomy (observation: 190 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace75.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] of 253; survey: 295 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace56.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] of 526) or caesarean section (observation: 35 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace13.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] of 261; survey: 52 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace10.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] of 483), despite receiving these procedures. 133 (5.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of 2672 women or their babies were detained in the facility because they were unable to pay the bill (survey). Younger age (15-19 years) and lack of education were the primary determinants of mistreatment (survey). For example, younger women with no education (odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR] 3.6, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1 .6-8.0) and younger women with some education (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) were more likely to experience verbal abuse, compared with older women ({$>$}= 30 years), adjusting for marital status and parity. Interpretation More than a third of women experienced mistreatment and were particularly vulnerable around the time of birth. Women who were younger and less educated were most at risk, suggesting inequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Understanding drivers and structural dimensions of mistreatment, including gender and social inequalities, is essential to ensure that interventions adequately account for the broader context. Copyright (C) 2019 This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4221,6 +4988,68 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Boman2014,
+  title = {Can People with Disabilities Gain from Education? {{Similarities}} and Differences between Occupational Attainment among Persons with and without Disabilities},
+  shorttitle = {Can People with Disabilities Gain from Education?},
+  author = {Boman, Tomas and Kjellberg, Anders and Danermark, Berth and Boman, Eva},
+  year = {2014},
+  journal = {Work},
+  volume = {49},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {193--204},
+  issn = {10519815},
+  doi = {10.3233/WOR-131718},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Bongaarts1994,
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Population Policies}}: {{Comment}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Population Policies}}},
+  author = {Bongaarts, John},
+  year = {1994},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {20},
+  number = {3},
+  eprint = {2137604},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {616},
+  issn = {00987921},
+  doi = {10.2307/2137604},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Bongaarts2016,
+  title = {Pensions at a {{Glance}} 2015: {{OECD}} and {{G20 IndicatorsParis}}: {{OECD Publishing}}, 2015. 376 p. \$54.00 (Pbk.).},
+  shorttitle = {Pensions at a {{Glance}} 2015},
+  author = {Bongaarts, John},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {42},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {383--384},
+  issn = {0098-7921, 1728-4457},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00147.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Bongaarts2018,
+  title = {From {{Fertility Preferences}} to {{Reproductive Outcomes}} in the {{Developing World}}},
+  author = {Bongaarts, John and Casterline, John B.},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {44},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {793--809},
+  issn = {0098-7921, 1728-4457},
+  doi = {10.1111/padr.12197},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Bonneuil2017,
   title = {Precarious Employment among {{South Korean}} Women: {{Is}} Inequality Changing with Time?},
   author = {Bonneuil, Noel and Kim, Younga},
@@ -4266,7 +5095,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
 }
 
 @article{Borgkvist2021,
-  title = {Critical Considerations of Workplace Flexibility \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor All\textbackslash ensuremath'' and Gendered Outcomes: {{Men}} Being Flexible about Their Flexibility},
+  title = {Critical Considerations of Workplace Flexibility {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefor All{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' and Gendered Outcomes: {{Men}} Being Flexible about Their Flexibility},
   author = {Borgkvist, Ashlee and Moore, Vivienne and Crabb, Shona and Eliott, Jaklin},
   year = {2021},
   month = nov,
@@ -4276,7 +5105,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {2076--2090},
   issn = {0968-6673},
   doi = {10.1111/gwao.12680},
-  abstract = {Flexible working arrangements (FWA) \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor all, from the CEO down\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, have begun to be promoted in Australia, heralded as a means to finally achieve gender equity in the workplace. However, workplaces are gendered spaces in which masculine traits and unconstrained availability are usually highly valued, as encapsulated in the notion of the ideal worker, and women are seen as lacking or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveother\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. We undertook a study to examine how upper level managers in large, male-dominated organizations endorsing FWA for all perceived and reflected on the use of FWA within their organizations and by themselves. Interviews were undertaken with 12 upper level managers (9 men). Applying a social constructionist perspective and critical theoretical lens informed by theories of Acker and Ahmed, qualitative analysis suggested that, despite being \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor all\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in organizational rhetoric, FWA remains viewed as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefor women\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, and appropriate to lower level, routinized roles. Upper level managers described themselves and other men as able to be \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveflexible about their flexibility\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace thus maintaining their standing as ideal workers. This framing of flexibility has implications for men, women and society. It enabled ongoing positioning of women as other in workplace settings, rendering invisible structural inequality. Thus, FWA for all does not necessarily transform workplace gender equity.},
+  abstract = {Flexible working arrangements (FWA) {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefor all, from the CEO down{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, have begun to be promoted in Australia, heralded as a means to finally achieve gender equity in the workplace. However, workplaces are gendered spaces in which masculine traits and unconstrained availability are usually highly valued, as encapsulated in the notion of the ideal worker, and women are seen as lacking or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveother{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. We undertook a study to examine how upper level managers in large, male-dominated organizations endorsing FWA for all perceived and reflected on the use of FWA within their organizations and by themselves. Interviews were undertaken with 12 upper level managers (9 men). Applying a social constructionist perspective and critical theoretical lens informed by theories of Acker and Ahmed, qualitative analysis suggested that, despite being {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefor all{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in organizational rhetoric, FWA remains viewed as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefor women{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, and appropriate to lower level, routinized roles. Upper level managers described themselves and other men as able to be {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveflexible about their flexibility{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace thus maintaining their standing as ideal workers. This framing of flexibility has implications for men, women and society. It enabled ongoing positioning of women as other in workplace settings, rendering invisible structural inequality. Thus, FWA for all does not necessarily transform workplace gender equity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4315,13 +5144,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Borowy, Iris and Aillon, Jean-Louis},
   year = {2017},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {SOCIAL THEORY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {SOCIAL THEORY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {15},
   number = {3},
   pages = {346--368},
   issn = {1477-8211},
   doi = {10.1057/s41285-017-0032-7},
-  abstract = {The extraordinary economic growth rates of the twentieth century are historically exceptional and a continuation into the future seems neither possible nor desirable. Consequently, it is in the interest of public health to actively shape a socioeconomic transformation towards a system that is not based on growth. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDegrowth'' provides coherent guidelines for such a system. Combining existing scholarship from the degrowth and the public health fields, this paper makes seven suggestions for a public health agenda towards sustainable health: (1) to develop an index of health status in relation to present and future health burden; (2) to reduce the resource burden of medical therapy; (3) to translate increased productivity to fewer working hours and more free time instead of more income and material consumption; (4) to make use of non-conventional knowledge and non-commercial forms of work and product exchange; (5) to make knowledge freely available, making use of innovative research frameworks such as open source drug research; (6) to relocalize economic life and health-related organization and to reshape citizen participation and (7) to reduce socio-economic inequality through redistribution. Generally, this paper argues that it is time for discussions on degrowth to enter the mainstream medical and health community and for doctors and other health workers to acknowledge that they have a significant role to play and important experience to contribute when our societies face the upcoming challenge of no-longer-growing economies.},
+  abstract = {The extraordinary economic growth rates of the twentieth century are historically exceptional and a continuation into the future seems neither possible nor desirable. Consequently, it is in the interest of public health to actively shape a socioeconomic transformation towards a system that is not based on growth. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveDegrowth'' provides coherent guidelines for such a system. Combining existing scholarship from the degrowth and the public health fields, this paper makes seven suggestions for a public health agenda towards sustainable health: (1) to develop an index of health status in relation to present and future health burden; (2) to reduce the resource burden of medical therapy; (3) to translate increased productivity to fewer working hours and more free time instead of more income and material consumption; (4) to make use of non-conventional knowledge and non-commercial forms of work and product exchange; (5) to make knowledge freely available, making use of innovative research frameworks such as open source drug research; (6) to relocalize economic life and health-related organization and to reshape citizen participation and (7) to reduce socio-economic inequality through redistribution. Generally, this paper argues that it is time for discussions on degrowth to enter the mainstream medical and health community and for doctors and other health workers to acknowledge that they have a significant role to play and important experience to contribute when our societies face the upcoming challenge of no-longer-growing economies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4392,6 +5221,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Botuck1996,
+  title = {Gender-Related Differences in Placement Rates of Young Adults with Mental Retardation and Severe Learning Disabilities:},
+  shorttitle = {Gender-Related Differences in Placement Rates of Young Adults with Mental Retardation and Severe Learning Disabilities},
+  author = {Botuck, S. and Levy, J. M. and Rimmerman, A.},
+  year = {1996},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {International Journal of Rehabilitation Research},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {259--264},
+  issn = {0342-5282},
+  doi = {10.1097/00004356-199609000-00007},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Bould2021,
   title = {A Co-Design Approach to Examine and Develop Pathways to Open Employment for People with Acquired Brain Injury},
   author = {Bould, Em and Callaway, Libby},
@@ -4403,7 +5248,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {50--66},
   issn = {1443-9646},
   doi = {10.1017/BrImp.2020.9},
-  abstract = {Background and objectives: People with acquired brain injury (ABI) have traditionally experienced low employment rates, compared with the national average and others with disability in Australia. To positively impact mainstream economic participation following ABI, a co-design approach was used to investigate open employment pathways available and consider necessary pathway features to enable employment for people with ABI. Method: A qualitative focus group methodology was used with four groups: people with ABI; health professionals working with this group; employers providing work for people with ABI and social and injury insurers funding employment services. The project was delivered in two phases: (1) review existing work pathways in Australia and gather knowledge about enablers and barriers to employment following ABI and (2) use ABI lived experience, employers' experience and allied health and social insurer expertise to develop a new pathway to mainstream employment. Results: Co-design helped to identify enablers and barriers to employment of people with ABI, as well as practical strategies to facilitate workplace diversity and inclusion. Enablers included replacing interviews with an onsite assessment to meet key staff and trial work tasks, employer education on ABI, the use of compensatory cognitive aides and graded on-the-job support. This guided the development of a new employment pathway, tailored for people with ABI, called \textbackslash textasciigraveEmployment CoLab'. Conclusions: The Employment CoLab pathway, when coupled with person-centred collaborative and effective social disability insurance approaches, offers opportunities to build inclusive, sustainable and scalable economic participation and mainstream wages for people with ABI.},
+  abstract = {Background and objectives: People with acquired brain injury (ABI) have traditionally experienced low employment rates, compared with the national average and others with disability in Australia. To positively impact mainstream economic participation following ABI, a co-design approach was used to investigate open employment pathways available and consider necessary pathway features to enable employment for people with ABI. Method: A qualitative focus group methodology was used with four groups: people with ABI; health professionals working with this group; employers providing work for people with ABI and social and injury insurers funding employment services. The project was delivered in two phases: (1) review existing work pathways in Australia and gather knowledge about enablers and barriers to employment following ABI and (2) use ABI lived experience, employers' experience and allied health and social insurer expertise to develop a new pathway to mainstream employment. Results: Co-design helped to identify enablers and barriers to employment of people with ABI, as well as practical strategies to facilitate workplace diversity and inclusion. Enablers included replacing interviews with an onsite assessment to meet key staff and trial work tasks, employer education on ABI, the use of compensatory cognitive aides and graded on-the-job support. This guided the development of a new employment pathway, tailored for people with ABI, called {\textbackslash}textasciigraveEmployment CoLab'. Conclusions: The Employment CoLab pathway, when coupled with person-centred collaborative and effective social disability insurance approaches, offers opportunities to build inclusive, sustainable and scalable economic participation and mainstream wages for people with ABI.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4418,7 +5263,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {511--520},
   issn = {0964-2633},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01407.x},
-  abstract = {Background Families of children with disabilities experience extra financial strains, and mothers are frequently unable to participate in paid work because of caregiving obligations. Methods A mailed survey and follow-up phone calls were used to gather data about mother's health, workforce participation and barriers to inclusion in the workplace (n = 152). Verbatim reports of issues that hindered workforce participation were analysed qualitatively to derive themes. Maternal health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using the Short Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF-36v2). Norm-based conversions were used to compare HRQoL between working and non-working mothers and to compare to population norms. Results Eighty-two per cent of mothers in the sample wanted and needed to work for pay but indicated over 300 issues that prevent their work participation. Data analysis revealed 26 common issues which prevent work participation. These issues fit into three main categories: mother-related reasons (28\textbackslash textbackslash\%), child-related reasons (29\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and service limitations (43\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Mothers who worked (n = 83) reported significantly better HRQoL than mothers who did not work (n = 69) on five of the eight SF-36v2 dimensions and overall mental health. Conclusions Compared to other working Australians, mothers in this study had higher education yet reported poorer health, lower family income and lower workforce participation. Respondents reported that service system limitations were the main barriers to participation in the paid workforce. Investigation of service changes such as increased respite care, availability of outside hours school care, improved professional competency and family-centred services is recommended in order to improve maternal participation in paid work.},
+  abstract = {Background Families of children with disabilities experience extra financial strains, and mothers are frequently unable to participate in paid work because of caregiving obligations. Methods A mailed survey and follow-up phone calls were used to gather data about mother's health, workforce participation and barriers to inclusion in the workplace (n = 152). Verbatim reports of issues that hindered workforce participation were analysed qualitatively to derive themes. Maternal health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using the Short Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF-36v2). Norm-based conversions were used to compare HRQoL between working and non-working mothers and to compare to population norms. Results Eighty-two per cent of mothers in the sample wanted and needed to work for pay but indicated over 300 issues that prevent their work participation. Data analysis revealed 26 common issues which prevent work participation. These issues fit into three main categories: mother-related reasons (28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), child-related reasons (29{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and service limitations (43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Mothers who worked (n = 83) reported significantly better HRQoL than mothers who did not work (n = 69) on five of the eight SF-36v2 dimensions and overall mental health. Conclusions Compared to other working Australians, mothers in this study had higher education yet reported poorer health, lower family income and lower workforce participation. Respondents reported that service system limitations were the main barriers to participation in the paid workforce. Investigation of service changes such as increased respite care, availability of outside hours school care, improved professional competency and family-centred services is recommended in order to improve maternal participation in paid work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4431,7 +5276,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {3},
   pages = {499--514},
   issn = {1840-2291},
-  abstract = {Background: Empirical studies have used a piecemeal approach to the examination of health, health care-seeking, uninsured people and the health status of those who are chronically ill, but no study emerged in an extensive literature search, on the developing nations, and in particular Latin America and the Caribbean, that has investigated health and health care-seeking behaviour among uninsured ill people in a single research. Aims: The current study aims to narrow this divide by investigating health, self-reported diagnosed health conditions, and health care-seeking behaviour among uninsured ill Jamaicans, and to model factors which account for their moderate-to-very good health status as well as health care-seeking behaviour. Methods and materials: The current study utilises cross-sectional survey data on Jamaicans which was collected in 2007. The survey is a modification of the World Bank's Living Standard Household Survey. This work extracted a sample of 736 respondents who indicated that they were ill and uninsured from a sample of 6,783 respondents. Logistic regression analyses examined 1) the relationship between moderate-to-very good health status and some socio-demographic, economic and biological variables; as well as 2) a correlation between medical care-seeking behaviour and some socio-demographic, economic and biological variables. Results: Sixty out of every 100 uninsured ill Jamaicans were females; 43 out of every 100 were poor; 59 out of every 100 uninsured ill persons dwelled in rural areas; 1 of every 2 utilised public health care facilities, two-thirds had chronic health conditions, and 22 out of every 100 reported at least poor health. Moderate-to-very good health status was correlated with age (OR = 0.97, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.95-0.98); male (OR = 0.60, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.37-0.97); middle class (OR = 0.45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.21-0.95); logged income (OR = 2.87, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.50-5.49); area of residence (Other Town - OR = 2.33, 95(boolean AND)\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.19-4.54; Urban - OR = 2.01, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.11-3.62), and health care-seeking behaviour (OR = 0.45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.27-0.74). Sixty-one of every 100 uninsured respondents with ill health sought medical care. Medical care-seeking behaviour was significantly related to chronic illness (OR = 2.25, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.31-3.88); age (OR = 1.03, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.01-1.04); crowding (OR = 1.12, 1.01-1.24); income (OR = 1.00, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.00-1.00); and married people (OR = 0.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.28-0.82). Uninsured ill Jamaicans who resided in rural areas had the lowest moderate-to-very good health status, but there was no difference in health care-seeking behaviour based on the geographical location of residence. Conclusion: Despite the fact that there is health insurance coverage available for those who are chronically ill and elderly in Jamaica, there are still many such people who are without health insurance coverage. The task of public health specialists and policy makers is to fashion public education and interventions that will address many of the realities which emerged in this research.},
+  abstract = {Background: Empirical studies have used a piecemeal approach to the examination of health, health care-seeking, uninsured people and the health status of those who are chronically ill, but no study emerged in an extensive literature search, on the developing nations, and in particular Latin America and the Caribbean, that has investigated health and health care-seeking behaviour among uninsured ill people in a single research. Aims: The current study aims to narrow this divide by investigating health, self-reported diagnosed health conditions, and health care-seeking behaviour among uninsured ill Jamaicans, and to model factors which account for their moderate-to-very good health status as well as health care-seeking behaviour. Methods and materials: The current study utilises cross-sectional survey data on Jamaicans which was collected in 2007. The survey is a modification of the World Bank's Living Standard Household Survey. This work extracted a sample of 736 respondents who indicated that they were ill and uninsured from a sample of 6,783 respondents. Logistic regression analyses examined 1) the relationship between moderate-to-very good health status and some socio-demographic, economic and biological variables; as well as 2) a correlation between medical care-seeking behaviour and some socio-demographic, economic and biological variables. Results: Sixty out of every 100 uninsured ill Jamaicans were females; 43 out of every 100 were poor; 59 out of every 100 uninsured ill persons dwelled in rural areas; 1 of every 2 utilised public health care facilities, two-thirds had chronic health conditions, and 22 out of every 100 reported at least poor health. Moderate-to-very good health status was correlated with age (OR = 0.97, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.95-0.98); male (OR = 0.60, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.37-0.97); middle class (OR = 0.45, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.21-0.95); logged income (OR = 2.87, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.50-5.49); area of residence (Other Town - OR = 2.33, 95(boolean AND){\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.19-4.54; Urban - OR = 2.01, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.11-3.62), and health care-seeking behaviour (OR = 0.45, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.27-0.74). Sixty-one of every 100 uninsured respondents with ill health sought medical care. Medical care-seeking behaviour was significantly related to chronic illness (OR = 2.25, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.31-3.88); age (OR = 1.03, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.01-1.04); crowding (OR = 1.12, 1.01-1.24); income (OR = 1.00, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.00-1.00); and married people (OR = 0.48, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.28-0.82). Uninsured ill Jamaicans who resided in rural areas had the lowest moderate-to-very good health status, but there was no difference in health care-seeking behaviour based on the geographical location of residence. Conclusion: Despite the fact that there is health insurance coverage available for those who are chronically ill and elderly in Jamaica, there are still many such people who are without health insurance coverage. The task of public health specialists and policy makers is to fashion public education and interventions that will address many of the realities which emerged in this research.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4445,7 +5290,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {6, S},
   pages = {E499-E507},
   issn = {0031-4005},
-  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) was enacted in 1997 to provide health insurance coverage to uninsured low-income children from families who earned too much to be eligible for Medicaid. Objectives. To develop a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave baseline\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace portrait of SCHIP enrollees in 5 states ( Alabama, Florida, Kansas, Indiana, and New York) by examining: 1) SCHIP enrollees' demographic characteristics and health care experiences before enrolling in SCHIP, particularly children with special health care needs ( CSHCN), racial and ethnic minority children, and adolescents; 2) the quality of the care adolescents received before enrollment; and 3) the changes in enrollee characteristics as programs evolve and mature. Methods. Each of 5 projects from the Child Health Insurance Research Initiative ( CHIRI) surveyed new SCHIP enrollees as identified by state enrollment data. CHIRI investigators developed the CHIRI common core ( a set of survey items from validated instruments), which were largely incorporated into each survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care and differences between CSHCN and those without. Current Population Survey data for New York State were used to identify secular trends in enrollee characteristics. Results. Most SCHIP enrollees ( 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Florida to 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% in New York) resided in families with incomes less than or equal to 150\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level. Almost half of SCHIP enrollees lived in single- parent households. A majority of SCHIP parents had not had education beyond high school, and in 2 states ( Alabama and New York) similar to 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% had not completed high school. The vast majority of children lived in households with a working adult, and in a substantial proportion of households both parents worked. Children tended to be either insured for the entire 12 months or uninsured the entire 12 months before enrolling in SCHIP. Private insurance was the predominant form of insurance before enrollment in SCHIP in most states, but 23.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 51.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured children had Medicaid as their most recent insurance. Health Care Use and Unmet Needs Before SCHIP. The vast majority of all SCHIP enrollees had a usual source of care ( USC) during the year before SCHIP. The proportion of children who changed their USC after enrolling in SCHIP ranged from 29\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 41.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. A large proportion of SCHIP enrollees used health services during the year before SCHIP, with some variability across states in the use of health care. Nevertheless, 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% to almost 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children reported unmet needs. CSHCN. The prevalence of CSHCN in SCHIP ( between 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in the study states was higher than the prevalence of CSHCN reported in the general population in those states. In many respects, CSHCN were similar to children without special health care needs, but CSHCN had poorer health status, were more likely to have had unmet needs, and were more likely to use the emergency department, mental health care, specialty care, and acute care in the year before enrolling in SCHIP than children without special health care needs. Race and Ethnicity. A substantial proportion of SCHIP enrollees were black non- Hispanic or Hispanic children ( Alabama: 34\textbackslash textbackslash\% and {$<$} 1\textbackslash textbackslash\%; Florida: 6\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 26\textbackslash textbackslash\%; Kansas: 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\%; and New York: 31\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 45\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively). Minority children were poorer, in poorer health, and less likely to have had a USC or private insurance before enrolling in SCHIP. The prevalence and magnitude of the disparities varied among the states. Quality of Care for Adolescents. Seventy- three percent of adolescent SCHIP enrollees engaged in one or more risk behaviors ( ie, feeling sad or blue; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use; having sexual intercourse; and not wearing seat belts). Although almost 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of adolescents reported having had a preventive care visit the previous year, a majority of them did not receive counseling in each of 4 counseling areas. Controlling for other factors, having a private, confidential visit with the physician was associated with an increased likelihood ( 2 - 3 times more likely) that the adolescent received counseling for 3 of 4 counseling areas. Trends Over Time. New York SCHIP enrollees in 2001, compared with 1994 enrollees in New York's SCHIP- precursor child health insurance program, were more likely to be black or Hispanic, older, from New York City, and from families with lower education, income, and employment levels. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees was uninsured for some time in the year before enrollment, was insured by Medicaid, and lacked a USC. Secular trends in the low- income population in the state did not seem to be responsible for these differences. Program modifications during this time period that may be related to the shift in enrollee characteristics include changes to benefits, outreach and marketing efforts, changes in the premium structure, and the advent of a single application form for multiple public programs. Conclusions. SCHIP enrollees are a diverse group, and there was considerable variation among the 5 study states. Overall, SCHIP enrollees had substantial and wide- ranging health care needs despite high levels of prior contact with the health care system. A sizable minority of SCHIP enrollees has special health care needs. There is racial and ethnic diversity in the composition of enrollees as well, with racial and ethnic disparities present. The quality of care adolescents received before enrollment in SCHIP was suboptimal, with many reporting unmet health care needs and not receiving recommended counseling. The characteristics of SCHIP enrollees can be expected to change as SCHIP programs evolve and mature. Policy Implications. 1) Benefits should be structured to meet the needs of SCHIP enrollees, which are comparable to Medicaid enrollees' needs in many respects. 2) Provider networks will have to be broad if continuity of care is to be achieved. 3) Multiple outreach strategies should be used, including using providers to distribute information about SCHIP. 4) The quality of care delivered to vulnerable populations ( eg, minority children, CSHCN, and adolescents) should be monitored. 5) States and health plans should actively promote quality health care with the goal of improving the care received by SCHIP enrollees before enrollment. 6) States will have to craft policies that fit their local context. 7) Collecting baseline information on SCHIP enrollees on a continuous basis is important, because enrollee characteristics and needs can change, and many vulnerable children are enrolling in SCHIP.},
+  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) was enacted in 1997 to provide health insurance coverage to uninsured low-income children from families who earned too much to be eligible for Medicaid. Objectives. To develop a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave baseline{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace portrait of SCHIP enrollees in 5 states ( Alabama, Florida, Kansas, Indiana, and New York) by examining: 1) SCHIP enrollees' demographic characteristics and health care experiences before enrolling in SCHIP, particularly children with special health care needs ( CSHCN), racial and ethnic minority children, and adolescents; 2) the quality of the care adolescents received before enrollment; and 3) the changes in enrollee characteristics as programs evolve and mature. Methods. Each of 5 projects from the Child Health Insurance Research Initiative ( CHIRI) surveyed new SCHIP enrollees as identified by state enrollment data. CHIRI investigators developed the CHIRI common core ( a set of survey items from validated instruments), which were largely incorporated into each survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care and differences between CSHCN and those without. Current Population Survey data for New York State were used to identify secular trends in enrollee characteristics. Results. Most SCHIP enrollees ( 65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in Florida to 79{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in New York) resided in families with incomes less than or equal to 150{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level. Almost half of SCHIP enrollees lived in single- parent households. A majority of SCHIP parents had not had education beyond high school, and in 2 states ( Alabama and New York) similar to 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had not completed high school. The vast majority of children lived in households with a working adult, and in a substantial proportion of households both parents worked. Children tended to be either insured for the entire 12 months or uninsured the entire 12 months before enrolling in SCHIP. Private insurance was the predominant form of insurance before enrollment in SCHIP in most states, but 23.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 51.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of insured children had Medicaid as their most recent insurance. Health Care Use and Unmet Needs Before SCHIP. The vast majority of all SCHIP enrollees had a usual source of care ( USC) during the year before SCHIP. The proportion of children who changed their USC after enrolling in SCHIP ranged from 29{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 41.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. A large proportion of SCHIP enrollees used health services during the year before SCHIP, with some variability across states in the use of health care. Nevertheless, 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to almost 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of children reported unmet needs. CSHCN. The prevalence of CSHCN in SCHIP ( between 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) in the study states was higher than the prevalence of CSHCN reported in the general population in those states. In many respects, CSHCN were similar to children without special health care needs, but CSHCN had poorer health status, were more likely to have had unmet needs, and were more likely to use the emergency department, mental health care, specialty care, and acute care in the year before enrolling in SCHIP than children without special health care needs. Race and Ethnicity. A substantial proportion of SCHIP enrollees were black non- Hispanic or Hispanic children ( Alabama: 34{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and {$<$} 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; Florida: 6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; Kansas: 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; and New York: 31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively). Minority children were poorer, in poorer health, and less likely to have had a USC or private insurance before enrolling in SCHIP. The prevalence and magnitude of the disparities varied among the states. Quality of Care for Adolescents. Seventy- three percent of adolescent SCHIP enrollees engaged in one or more risk behaviors ( ie, feeling sad or blue; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use; having sexual intercourse; and not wearing seat belts). Although almost 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of adolescents reported having had a preventive care visit the previous year, a majority of them did not receive counseling in each of 4 counseling areas. Controlling for other factors, having a private, confidential visit with the physician was associated with an increased likelihood ( 2 - 3 times more likely) that the adolescent received counseling for 3 of 4 counseling areas. Trends Over Time. New York SCHIP enrollees in 2001, compared with 1994 enrollees in New York's SCHIP- precursor child health insurance program, were more likely to be black or Hispanic, older, from New York City, and from families with lower education, income, and employment levels. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees was uninsured for some time in the year before enrollment, was insured by Medicaid, and lacked a USC. Secular trends in the low- income population in the state did not seem to be responsible for these differences. Program modifications during this time period that may be related to the shift in enrollee characteristics include changes to benefits, outreach and marketing efforts, changes in the premium structure, and the advent of a single application form for multiple public programs. Conclusions. SCHIP enrollees are a diverse group, and there was considerable variation among the 5 study states. Overall, SCHIP enrollees had substantial and wide- ranging health care needs despite high levels of prior contact with the health care system. A sizable minority of SCHIP enrollees has special health care needs. There is racial and ethnic diversity in the composition of enrollees as well, with racial and ethnic disparities present. The quality of care adolescents received before enrollment in SCHIP was suboptimal, with many reporting unmet health care needs and not receiving recommended counseling. The characteristics of SCHIP enrollees can be expected to change as SCHIP programs evolve and mature. Policy Implications. 1) Benefits should be structured to meet the needs of SCHIP enrollees, which are comparable to Medicaid enrollees' needs in many respects. 2) Provider networks will have to be broad if continuity of care is to be achieved. 3) Multiple outreach strategies should be used, including using providers to distribute information about SCHIP. 4) The quality of care delivered to vulnerable populations ( eg, minority children, CSHCN, and adolescents) should be monitored. 5) States and health plans should actively promote quality health care with the goal of improving the care received by SCHIP enrollees before enrollment. 6) States will have to craft policies that fit their local context. 7) Collecting baseline information on SCHIP enrollees on a continuous basis is important, because enrollee characteristics and needs can change, and many vulnerable children are enrolling in SCHIP.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4487,7 +5332,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {125--161},
   issn = {1475-1461},
   doi = {10.1093/ser/mwy045},
-  abstract = {Prominent research has claimed that work-family reconciliation policies trigger \textbackslash textasciigravetradeoffs' and \textbackslash textasciigraveparadoxes' in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women. These claims have greatly influenced debates regarding social policy, work, family and gender inequality. Motivated by limitations of prior research, we analyze the relationship between the two most prominent work-family reconciliation policies (paid parental leave and public childcare coverage) and seven labor market outcomes (employment, full-time employment, earnings, full-time earnings, being a manager, being a lucrative manager and occupation percent female). We estimate multilevel models of individuals nested in a cross-section of 21 rich democracies near 2005, and two-way fixed effects models of individuals nested in a panel of 12 rich democracies over time. The vast majority of coefficients for work-family policies fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effects. The pattern of insignificance occurs regardless of which set of models or coefficients one compares. Moreover, there is as much evidence that significantly contradicts the \textbackslash textasciigravetradeoff hypothesis' as is consistent with the hypothesis. Altogether, the analyses undermine claims that work-family reconciliation policies trigger trade-offs and paradoxes in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women.},
+  abstract = {Prominent research has claimed that work-family reconciliation policies trigger {\textbackslash}textasciigravetradeoffs' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveparadoxes' in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women. These claims have greatly influenced debates regarding social policy, work, family and gender inequality. Motivated by limitations of prior research, we analyze the relationship between the two most prominent work-family reconciliation policies (paid parental leave and public childcare coverage) and seven labor market outcomes (employment, full-time employment, earnings, full-time earnings, being a manager, being a lucrative manager and occupation percent female). We estimate multilevel models of individuals nested in a cross-section of 21 rich democracies near 2005, and two-way fixed effects models of individuals nested in a panel of 12 rich democracies over time. The vast majority of coefficients for work-family policies fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effects. The pattern of insignificance occurs regardless of which set of models or coefficients one compares. Moreover, there is as much evidence that significantly contradicts the {\textbackslash}textasciigravetradeoff hypothesis' as is consistent with the hypothesis. Altogether, the analyses undermine claims that work-family reconciliation policies trigger trade-offs and paradoxes in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4516,7 +5361,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {1472-6874},
   doi = {10.1186/s12905-021-01515-x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               Globally, one in three women experienced domestic~violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a~very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India.                                         Methods               The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015\textendash 16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15\textendash 49~years. Bivariate~descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health.                                         Results               The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8\%, 13.8\% and 7.0\%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77\% by sexual violence and 44\% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy.                                         Conclusion               This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it~is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               Globally, one in three women experienced domestic~violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a~very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India.                                         Methods               The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015{\textendash}16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15{\textendash}49~years. Bivariate~descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health.                                         Results               The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8\%, 13.8\% and 7.0\%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77\% by sexual violence and 44\% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy.                                         Conclusion               This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it~is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4589,7 +5434,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {3},
   pages = {257--268},
   doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2020.105},
-  abstract = {Background: Hypertension control is poor everywhere, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). An effective response requires understanding factors acting at each stage on the patients' pathway through the health system from entry or first contact with the health system, through to treatment initiation and follow up. This systematic review aimed to identify barriers to and facilitators of hypertension control along this pathway and, respectively, ways to overcome or strengthen them. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL Plus, and Africa-Wide Information (1980-April 2019) were searched for studies of hypertensive adults in LMICs reporting details of at least 2 adequately described health system contacts. Data were extracted and analysed by 2 reviewers. Themes were developed using NVivo in patient-related (sociodemographic, knowledge and health beliefs, health status and co-morbidities, trade-offs), social (social relationships and traditions) and health system domains (resources and processes). Results are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: From 2584 identified records, 30 were included in the narrative synthesis. At entry, \textbackslash textasciigravehealth systems resources and processes' and \textbackslash textasciigraveknowledge and beliefs about hypertension' dominated while \textbackslash textasciigravesocial relations and traditions' and \textbackslash textasciigravecomorbidities' assume greater importance subsequently, with patients making \textbackslash textasciigravetrade-offs' with family priorities during follow up. Socio-demographic factors play a role, but to a lesser extent than other factors. Context matters. Conclusion: Understanding the changing barriers to hypertension control along the patient journey is necessary to develop a comprehensive and efficient response to this persisting problem. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017074786 Copyright: (c) 2020 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Brathwaite R, Hutchinson E, McKee M Palafox B, Balabanova D. The long and winding road: a systematic literature review conceptualising pathways for hypertension care and control in low-and middle-income countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2020;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.105},
+  abstract = {Background: Hypertension control is poor everywhere, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). An effective response requires understanding factors acting at each stage on the patients' pathway through the health system from entry or first contact with the health system, through to treatment initiation and follow up. This systematic review aimed to identify barriers to and facilitators of hypertension control along this pathway and, respectively, ways to overcome or strengthen them. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL Plus, and Africa-Wide Information (1980-April 2019) were searched for studies of hypertensive adults in LMICs reporting details of at least 2 adequately described health system contacts. Data were extracted and analysed by 2 reviewers. Themes were developed using NVivo in patient-related (sociodemographic, knowledge and health beliefs, health status and co-morbidities, trade-offs), social (social relationships and traditions) and health system domains (resources and processes). Results are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: From 2584 identified records, 30 were included in the narrative synthesis. At entry, {\textbackslash}textasciigravehealth systems resources and processes' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveknowledge and beliefs about hypertension' dominated while {\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial relations and traditions' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravecomorbidities' assume greater importance subsequently, with patients making {\textbackslash}textasciigravetrade-offs' with family priorities during follow up. Socio-demographic factors play a role, but to a lesser extent than other factors. Context matters. Conclusion: Understanding the changing barriers to hypertension control along the patient journey is necessary to develop a comprehensive and efficient response to this persisting problem. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017074786 Copyright: (c) 2020 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Brathwaite R, Hutchinson E, McKee M Palafox B, Balabanova D. The long and winding road: a systematic literature review conceptualising pathways for hypertension care and control in low-and middle-income countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2020;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.105},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::systematic}
 }
@@ -4604,7 +5449,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {613--640},
   issn = {2029-4913},
   doi = {10.3846/tede.2010.38},
-  abstract = {The inequality between the regional incomes in a nation with a developed fiscal and para-fiscal regime including social security will be equilibrated automatically by transfer payments from the richer to the poorer regions. The automatic system is not a guaranty for success. Internationally a project oriented system of the international organizations is known instead of an automatic system but the final goal is not always very clear. Multiple Objectives Optimization looks more robust to obtain regional and international development. Moreover a system of transfer payments is not sufficient to measure the well being of a regional population. In the well-being economy, each individual would have to feel good concerning material wealth, health, education, all kind of security and concerning the environment. With other words, multiple objectives have to be fulfilled. However, these different multiple objectives are expressed in different units. Weights are most of the time used to equalize these different units. Introduction of weights means introduction of subjectivity. In order to avoid this dilemma, the internal mechanical solution of a ratio system, producing dimensionless numbers, is preferred: MOORA. In addition, this outcome creates the opportunity to use an additional non-subjective reference point theory. The choice and importance of the objectives is also non-subjective if all stakeholders involved come to an agreement. This theory is applied on the different counties of Lithuania. At that moment it is no more only a question of redistribution of income but also of a national policy of new constructions, of tourism development, of pollution abatement and of energy renewables, after the European Commission \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverelated to the promotion of local employment\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace.},
+  abstract = {The inequality between the regional incomes in a nation with a developed fiscal and para-fiscal regime including social security will be equilibrated automatically by transfer payments from the richer to the poorer regions. The automatic system is not a guaranty for success. Internationally a project oriented system of the international organizations is known instead of an automatic system but the final goal is not always very clear. Multiple Objectives Optimization looks more robust to obtain regional and international development. Moreover a system of transfer payments is not sufficient to measure the well being of a regional population. In the well-being economy, each individual would have to feel good concerning material wealth, health, education, all kind of security and concerning the environment. With other words, multiple objectives have to be fulfilled. However, these different multiple objectives are expressed in different units. Weights are most of the time used to equalize these different units. Introduction of weights means introduction of subjectivity. In order to avoid this dilemma, the internal mechanical solution of a ratio system, producing dimensionless numbers, is preferred: MOORA. In addition, this outcome creates the opportunity to use an additional non-subjective reference point theory. The choice and importance of the objectives is also non-subjective if all stakeholders involved come to an agreement. This theory is applied on the different counties of Lithuania. At that moment it is no more only a question of redistribution of income but also of a national policy of new constructions, of tourism development, of pollution abatement and of energy renewables, after the European Commission {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraverelated to the promotion of local employment{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4636,7 +5481,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},
   doi = {10.1177/00333549141291S206},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)\textemdash the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use ``medical care'' rather than ``health care'' to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between ``health'' and ``health care.'' The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as ``the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age'' and ``the fundamental drivers of these conditions.'' The term ``social determinants'' often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social\textemdash and particularly socioeconomic\textemdash factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.},
+  abstract = {During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH){\textemdash}the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use ``medical care'' rather than ``health care'' to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between ``health'' and ``health care.'' The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as ``the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age'' and ``the fundamental drivers of these conditions.'' The term ``social determinants'' often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social{\textemdash}and particularly socioeconomic{\textemdash}factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4665,7 +5510,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {93--98},
   issn = {1540-9996},
   doi = {10.1089/jwh.2016.6031},
-  abstract = {Background: Women with pre-existing diabetes are at high maternal risk for comorbidities and death, particularly when early prenatal care is not received. Low income is a known barrier to early prenatal care. It is unknown whether recent policies to expand access to prenatal care have reduced income disparities. We hypothesized that income disparities would be minimized and that the odds of receipt of first trimester prenatal care among women with pre-existing diabetes would become similar across income strata over time. Material and Methods: Using the Colorado birth certificate registry from 2007 to 2014, receipt of prenatal care was assessed retrospectively in 2,497 women with pre-existing diabetes. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between high ({$>\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000), medium (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar25,000-50,000), and low ({$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar25,000) income strata and receipt of first trimester prenatal care by birth year, adjusted for demographics. Results: High, medium, and low income represented 29.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 19.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 51.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the cohort, respectively. Women with high income were more likely to receive first trimester care than women with low income from 2007 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceadjusted odds ratio, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 2.16 (1.18, 3.96)] through 2013 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.66 (1.01, 2.73)], but significant differences were no longer observed in 2014 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.59 (0.89, 2.84)]. The likelihood of receiving first trimester prenatal care was not significantly different between medium- and low-income strata from 2007 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.07 (0.66, 1.74)] through 2014 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.77 (0.48, 1.23)]. Conclusions: From 2007 to 2013, women in Colorado with diabetes were more likely to receive early prenatal care if they were in the highest income stratum than in the lowest stratum. In 2014, receipt of first trimester care became equitable across all income strata. Future work should examine national patterns of income with receipt of prenatal care and outcomes among women with pre-existing diabetes.},
+  abstract = {Background: Women with pre-existing diabetes are at high maternal risk for comorbidities and death, particularly when early prenatal care is not received. Low income is a known barrier to early prenatal care. It is unknown whether recent policies to expand access to prenatal care have reduced income disparities. We hypothesized that income disparities would be minimized and that the odds of receipt of first trimester prenatal care among women with pre-existing diabetes would become similar across income strata over time. Material and Methods: Using the Colorado birth certificate registry from 2007 to 2014, receipt of prenatal care was assessed retrospectively in 2,497 women with pre-existing diabetes. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between high ({$>\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar50,000), medium ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar25,000-50,000), and low ({$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar25,000) income strata and receipt of first trimester prenatal care by birth year, adjusted for demographics. Results: High, medium, and low income represented 29.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 19.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 51.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the cohort, respectively. Women with high income were more likely to receive first trimester care than women with low income from 2007 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceadjusted odds ratio, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval: 2.16 (1.18, 3.96)] through 2013 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1.66 (1.01, 2.73)], but significant differences were no longer observed in 2014 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1.59 (0.89, 2.84)]. The likelihood of receiving first trimester prenatal care was not significantly different between medium- and low-income strata from 2007 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1.07 (0.66, 1.74)] through 2014 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace0.77 (0.48, 1.23)]. Conclusions: From 2007 to 2013, women in Colorado with diabetes were more likely to receive early prenatal care if they were in the highest income stratum than in the lowest stratum. In 2014, receipt of first trimester care became equitable across all income strata. Future work should examine national patterns of income with receipt of prenatal care and outcomes among women with pre-existing diabetes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4680,7 +5525,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {27--34},
   issn = {0008-4263},
   doi = {10.17269/s41997-018-0038-5},
-  abstract = {Objectives Little is known about the nature of health inequalities present among women who are mothers of young children in Canada. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify dimensions of inequalities based on socio-economic position, race, partner status, and region and determine whether each type of inequality is independent of another. Methods Data are from the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. Women identifying as a parent living with a child {$<$}= 5 years, with complete data on the variables of interest, were selected (n = 2656). Poor health was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions. Exposures included partner status, education level, race, income, and region (Quebec vs. rest of Canada). Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of poor health according to each exposure unadjusted and adjusted for all other exposures. All analyses controlled for age and employment status. Results In the fully adjusted model, among mothers of young children, the odds of poor health were significantly higher among non-white identifying (OR = 1.72; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.34-2.21) and lone mothers (OR = 1.80; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.35-2.39), but were significantly lower among those with higher incomes (OR\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceper decile] = 0.86; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.82-0.90) and those from Quebec (vs. the rest of Canada; OR = 0.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.38-0.67). Conclusions Living in Quebec compared to elsewhere in Canada appears to protect against poor health among mothers of young children. Regardless of region, health inequalities exist by socio-economic position, race, and partnership status. These findings have implications for public health programs and policies, such as universal child care.},
+  abstract = {Objectives Little is known about the nature of health inequalities present among women who are mothers of young children in Canada. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify dimensions of inequalities based on socio-economic position, race, partner status, and region and determine whether each type of inequality is independent of another. Methods Data are from the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. Women identifying as a parent living with a child {$<$}= 5 years, with complete data on the variables of interest, were selected (n = 2656). Poor health was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions. Exposures included partner status, education level, race, income, and region (Quebec vs. rest of Canada). Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of poor health according to each exposure unadjusted and adjusted for all other exposures. All analyses controlled for age and employment status. Results In the fully adjusted model, among mothers of young children, the odds of poor health were significantly higher among non-white identifying (OR = 1.72; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.34-2.21) and lone mothers (OR = 1.80; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.35-2.39), but were significantly lower among those with higher incomes (OR{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceper decile] = 0.86; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.82-0.90) and those from Quebec (vs. the rest of Canada; OR = 0.50; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.38-0.67). Conclusions Living in Quebec compared to elsewhere in Canada appears to protect against poor health among mothers of young children. Regardless of region, health inequalities exist by socio-economic position, race, and partnership status. These findings have implications for public health programs and policies, such as universal child care.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Breslin2007,
+  title = {Antecedents of {{Work Disability Absence Among Young People}}: {{A Prospective Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Antecedents of {{Work Disability Absence Among Young People}}},
+  author = {Breslin, F. Curtis and Pole, Jason D. and Tompa, Emile and Amick, Benjamin C. and Smith, Peter and Johnson, Sheilah Hogg},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Annals of Epidemiology},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {814--820},
+  issn = {10472797},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.04.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4695,7 +5556,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {494--502},
   issn = {0738-3991},
   doi = {10.1016/j.pec.2018.10.013},
-  abstract = {Objective: To explore generalist palliative care providers' experiences of emotional labour when undertaking conversations around palliative and end-of-life care with patients and families, to inform supportive strategies. Methods: Semi-structured interviews conducted with generalist staff (those providing \textbackslash textasciigraveprimary' or \textbackslash textasciigravegeneral' palliative care, not palliative care specialists) who had attended a communication workshop. Sampling was purposive (by gender, profession, experience). Data were analysed using a framework approach; a sample of transcripts were double-coded for rigour. Data collection and analysis were informed by theories of emotional labour, coping, and communication. Results: Four ambulance staff, three nurses, two speech and language therapists, and one therapy assistant were interviewed. Five themes emerged: emotions experienced; emotion \textbackslash textasciigravedisplay rules'; emotion management; support needs; and perceived impact of emotional labour. Participants reported balancing \textbackslash textasciigravehuman' and \textbackslash textasciigraveprofessional' expressions of emotion. Support needs included time for emotion management, workplace cultures that normalise emotional experiences, formal emotional support, and palliative and end-of-life care skills training. Conclusion: Diverse strategies to support the emotional needs of generalist staff are crucial to ensure high-quality end-of-life care and communication, and to support staff well-being. Practice implications: Both formal and informal support is required, alongside skills training, to enable a supportive workplace culture and individual development. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To explore generalist palliative care providers' experiences of emotional labour when undertaking conversations around palliative and end-of-life care with patients and families, to inform supportive strategies. Methods: Semi-structured interviews conducted with generalist staff (those providing {\textbackslash}textasciigraveprimary' or {\textbackslash}textasciigravegeneral' palliative care, not palliative care specialists) who had attended a communication workshop. Sampling was purposive (by gender, profession, experience). Data were analysed using a framework approach; a sample of transcripts were double-coded for rigour. Data collection and analysis were informed by theories of emotional labour, coping, and communication. Results: Four ambulance staff, three nurses, two speech and language therapists, and one therapy assistant were interviewed. Five themes emerged: emotions experienced; emotion {\textbackslash}textasciigravedisplay rules'; emotion management; support needs; and perceived impact of emotional labour. Participants reported balancing {\textbackslash}textasciigravehuman' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveprofessional' expressions of emotion. Support needs included time for emotion management, workplace cultures that normalise emotional experiences, formal emotional support, and palliative and end-of-life care skills training. Conclusion: Diverse strategies to support the emotional needs of generalist staff are crucial to ensure high-quality end-of-life care and communication, and to support staff well-being. Practice implications: Both formal and informal support is required, alongside skills training, to enable a supportive workplace culture and individual development. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4752,7 +5613,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {298--311},
   issn = {0197-5897},
   doi = {10.1057/jphp.2010.20},
-  abstract = {The \textbackslash textasciigraveworking poor' may not exceed the poverty threshold despite full-time (or even double) employment. The general relationship between poverty and illness is understood, but little is known about specific health implications of the \textbackslash textasciigraveworking poor' status. The proportion of \textbackslash textasciigraveworking poor' is increasing in Germany. Poverty-related health problems occur because of a lower standard of nutrition and housing, financial restraints, bad labour conditions, high-risk behaviours, and lack of access to health services. Impaired health status, in turn, adversely affects incomes and wages, raising concern about a vicious circle. Limited health-care resources demand preventive policies to improve employment status and income. Health and economic policy demand specific research on the health implications of precarious employment. In some areas, swift action is required. Journal of Public Health Policy (2010) 31, 298-311. doi:10.1057/jphp.2010.20},
+  abstract = {The {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworking poor' may not exceed the poverty threshold despite full-time (or even double) employment. The general relationship between poverty and illness is understood, but little is known about specific health implications of the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworking poor' status. The proportion of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworking poor' is increasing in Germany. Poverty-related health problems occur because of a lower standard of nutrition and housing, financial restraints, bad labour conditions, high-risk behaviours, and lack of access to health services. Impaired health status, in turn, adversely affects incomes and wages, raising concern about a vicious circle. Limited health-care resources demand preventive policies to improve employment status and income. Health and economic policy demand specific research on the health implications of precarious employment. In some areas, swift action is required. Journal of Public Health Policy (2010) 31, 298-311. doi:10.1057/jphp.2010.20},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4782,7 +5643,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1498--1507},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2065543},
-  abstract = {Purpose Although most clients on work disability benefits face multiple problems, most traditional interventions for (re)integration focus on a single problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveComprehensive Approach to Reintegrate clients with multiple problems\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (CARm), which provides a strategy for labour experts to build a relationship with each client in order to support clients in their needs and mobilize their social networks. Methods This study is a stratified, two-armed, non-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT), with a 12-month follow-up period. Outcome measures were: having paid work, level of functioning, general health, quality of life, and social support. Results We included a total of 207 clients in our study; 97 in the intervention group and 110 in the care as usual (CAU) group. The clients' mean age was 35.4 years (SD 12.8), 53.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female, and 179 (86.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported multiple problems. We found the CARm intervention to have no significant effects superior to those of the CAU group on all outcomes. Conclusion As we found no superior effect of the CARm intervention compared to CAU, we cannot recommend widespread adoption of CARm. A process evaluation will give more insight into possible implementation failure of the intervention.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Although most clients on work disability benefits face multiple problems, most traditional interventions for (re)integration focus on a single problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveComprehensive Approach to Reintegrate clients with multiple problems{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (CARm), which provides a strategy for labour experts to build a relationship with each client in order to support clients in their needs and mobilize their social networks. Methods This study is a stratified, two-armed, non-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT), with a 12-month follow-up period. Outcome measures were: having paid work, level of functioning, general health, quality of life, and social support. Results We included a total of 207 clients in our study; 97 in the intervention group and 110 in the care as usual (CAU) group. The clients' mean age was 35.4 years (SD 12.8), 53.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female, and 179 (86.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported multiple problems. We found the CARm intervention to have no significant effects superior to those of the CAU group on all outcomes. Conclusion As we found no superior effect of the CARm intervention compared to CAU, we cannot recommend widespread adoption of CARm. A process evaluation will give more insight into possible implementation failure of the intervention.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4822,7 +5683,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {16},
   issn = {1742-4755},
   doi = {10.1186/s12978-019-0701-1},
-  abstract = {BackgroundThe Republic of Niger has the highest rate of early marriage and adolescent fertility in the world. Recent global health initiatives, such as Family Planning 2020, have reinvigorated investments in family planning in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As part of this initiative, Niger has implemented ambitious plans to increase contraceptive prevalence through policies designed to increase coverage and access to family planning services. One strategy involves the deployment of volunteer community health workers (relais communautaires) in rural settings to improve access to family planning services, especially among adolescents and youth. The objective of this article is to determine if visits by relais are associated with increased use of modern contraception among young married women in rural Niger.MethodsCross-sectional data from a household survey were collected from young married women between the ages of 13 and 19 in three rural districts in the region of Dosso, Niger from May to August 2016. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to assess the odds of married female youth reporting current use of modern contraceptive methods based on being visited by a relais in the past three months.ResultsA total of 956 young married women were included in the final analysis. Among study participants, 9.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported a relais visit to discuss health issues in the past three months and 11.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported currently using a modern method of contraception. Controlling for socio-demographic variables, the odds of current use of modern contraceptive methods were higher among young married women who were visited by a relais in the last three months compared to those not visited by a relais during this period (AOR=1.94\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.07-3.51]). In this study setting, relais were less likely to visit nulliparous women and women that worked in the past 12months.ConclusionYoung married women visited by relais were more likely to use modern contraceptive methods compared to those not visited by a relais. These results are consistent with similar family planning studies from sub-Saharan Africa and suggest that relais in Niger may be able to provide access to essential family planning services in rural and hard-to-reach areas. Additional efforts to understand the contraceptive barriers faced by nulliparous women and working women should be a key research priority in Niger.Trial registrationClinical trial registration number 2016-1430; registered on October 7, 2016 (retrospectively registered). AbstractContexteLa Republique du Niger a le taux le plus eleve de mariages precoces et de fecondite des adolescentes du monde. Les recentes initiatives mondiales pour la sante, telles que Planification Familiale 2020 (FP2020), ont redynamise les investissements dans la planification familiale dans les pays a revenu faible ou intermediaire. Dans le cadre de cette initiative, le Niger a mis en OEuvre des plans ambitieux pour accroitre la prevalence de la contraception par le biais de politiques concues pour accroitre la couverture et l'acces aux services de planification familiale. Une des strategies consiste au deploiement d'agents de sante communautaires volontaires (relais communautaires) en milieu rural pour ameliorer l'acces aux services de planification familiale, en particulier chez les adolescents et les jeunes. L'objectif de cet article est. de determiner si les visites a domicile conduites par des relais sont associees a une utilisation accrue de la contraception moderne chez les jeunes femmes mariees des zones rurales du Niger. MethodesLes donnees transversales d'une enquete-menages ont ete collectees aupres de jeunes femmes mariees agees de 13 a 19 ans dans trois districts ruraux de la region de Dosso, au Niger, de Mai a Aout 2016. Une regression logistique multivariee a ete menee pour evaluer la probabilite que les jeunes femmes mariees declarant utiliser actuellement des methodes contraceptives modernes apres avoir ete visitees par un relai au cours des trois derniers mois.ResultatsAu total, 956 jeunes femmes mariees ont ete incluses dans l'analyse finale. Parmi les participants a l'etude, 9,3\textbackslash textbackslash\% ont signale une visite de relais pour discuter de problemes de sante au cours des trois derniers mois et 11,4\textbackslash textbackslash\% ont declare utiliser actuellement une methode de contraception moderne. En tenant compte des variables sociodemographiques, les probabilites d'utilisation actuelle de methodes contraceptives modernes etaient plus elevees chez les jeunes femmes mariees visitees par un relai au cours des trois derniers mois par rapport a celles qui n'avaient pas ete visitees par un relai au cours de cette periode (AOR=1,94 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% IC 1,07-3,51]). Dans cette etude, les relais etaient moins susceptibles de rendre visite aux femmes nullipares et aux femmes ayant travaille au cours des 12 derniers mois.ConclusionLes jeunes femmes mariees visitees par les relais etaient plus susceptibles d'utiliser des methodes de contraception modernes que celles qui n'etaient pas visitees par les relais. Ces resultats concordent avec ceux d'etudes similaires sur la planification familiale menees en Afrique subsaharienne et suggerent que les relais au Niger pourraient donner acces a des services essentiels de planification familiale dans les zones rurales et difficiles d'acces. Des efforts supplementaires pour comprendre les barrieres contraceptives rencontrees par les femmes nullipares et les travailleuses devraient constituer une priorite de recherche essentielle au Niger.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundThe Republic of Niger has the highest rate of early marriage and adolescent fertility in the world. Recent global health initiatives, such as Family Planning 2020, have reinvigorated investments in family planning in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As part of this initiative, Niger has implemented ambitious plans to increase contraceptive prevalence through policies designed to increase coverage and access to family planning services. One strategy involves the deployment of volunteer community health workers (relais communautaires) in rural settings to improve access to family planning services, especially among adolescents and youth. The objective of this article is to determine if visits by relais are associated with increased use of modern contraception among young married women in rural Niger.MethodsCross-sectional data from a household survey were collected from young married women between the ages of 13 and 19 in three rural districts in the region of Dosso, Niger from May to August 2016. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to assess the odds of married female youth reporting current use of modern contraceptive methods based on being visited by a relais in the past three months.ResultsA total of 956 young married women were included in the final analysis. Among study participants, 9.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported a relais visit to discuss health issues in the past three months and 11.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported currently using a modern method of contraception. Controlling for socio-demographic variables, the odds of current use of modern contraceptive methods were higher among young married women who were visited by a relais in the last three months compared to those not visited by a relais during this period (AOR=1.94{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.07-3.51]). In this study setting, relais were less likely to visit nulliparous women and women that worked in the past 12months.ConclusionYoung married women visited by relais were more likely to use modern contraceptive methods compared to those not visited by a relais. These results are consistent with similar family planning studies from sub-Saharan Africa and suggest that relais in Niger may be able to provide access to essential family planning services in rural and hard-to-reach areas. Additional efforts to understand the contraceptive barriers faced by nulliparous women and working women should be a key research priority in Niger.Trial registrationClinical trial registration number 2016-1430; registered on October 7, 2016 (retrospectively registered). AbstractContexteLa Republique du Niger a le taux le plus eleve de mariages precoces et de fecondite des adolescentes du monde. Les recentes initiatives mondiales pour la sante, telles que Planification Familiale 2020 (FP2020), ont redynamise les investissements dans la planification familiale dans les pays a revenu faible ou intermediaire. Dans le cadre de cette initiative, le Niger a mis en OEuvre des plans ambitieux pour accroitre la prevalence de la contraception par le biais de politiques concues pour accroitre la couverture et l'acces aux services de planification familiale. Une des strategies consiste au deploiement d'agents de sante communautaires volontaires (relais communautaires) en milieu rural pour ameliorer l'acces aux services de planification familiale, en particulier chez les adolescents et les jeunes. L'objectif de cet article est. de determiner si les visites a domicile conduites par des relais sont associees a une utilisation accrue de la contraception moderne chez les jeunes femmes mariees des zones rurales du Niger. MethodesLes donnees transversales d'une enquete-menages ont ete collectees aupres de jeunes femmes mariees agees de 13 a 19 ans dans trois districts ruraux de la region de Dosso, au Niger, de Mai a Aout 2016. Une regression logistique multivariee a ete menee pour evaluer la probabilite que les jeunes femmes mariees declarant utiliser actuellement des methodes contraceptives modernes apres avoir ete visitees par un relai au cours des trois derniers mois.ResultatsAu total, 956 jeunes femmes mariees ont ete incluses dans l'analyse finale. Parmi les participants a l'etude, 9,3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% ont signale une visite de relais pour discuter de problemes de sante au cours des trois derniers mois et 11,4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% ont declare utiliser actuellement une methode de contraception moderne. En tenant compte des variables sociodemographiques, les probabilites d'utilisation actuelle de methodes contraceptives modernes etaient plus elevees chez les jeunes femmes mariees visitees par un relai au cours des trois derniers mois par rapport a celles qui n'avaient pas ete visitees par un relai au cours de cette periode (AOR=1,94 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% IC 1,07-3,51]). Dans cette etude, les relais etaient moins susceptibles de rendre visite aux femmes nullipares et aux femmes ayant travaille au cours des 12 derniers mois.ConclusionLes jeunes femmes mariees visitees par les relais etaient plus susceptibles d'utiliser des methodes de contraception modernes que celles qui n'etaient pas visitees par les relais. Ces resultats concordent avec ceux d'etudes similaires sur la planification familiale menees en Afrique subsaharienne et suggerent que les relais au Niger pourraient donner acces a des services essentiels de planification familiale dans les zones rurales et difficiles d'acces. Des efforts supplementaires pour comprendre les barrieres contraceptives rencontrees par les femmes nullipares et les travailleuses devraient constituer une priorite de recherche essentielle au Niger.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4852,7 +5713,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {84--92},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-019-09848-z},
-  abstract = {Purpose Whether or not to disclose mental illness or mental health issues in the work environment is a highly sensitive dilemma. It can facilitate keeping or finding paid employment, but can also lead to losing employment or to not being hired, because of discrimination and stigma. Research questions were: (1) what do stakeholders see as advantages and disadvantages of disclosing mental illness or mental health issues in the work environment?; (2) what factors are of influence on a positive outcome of disclosure? Methods A focus group study was conducted with five different stakeholder groups: people with mental illness, Human Resources professionals, employers, work reintegration professionals, and mental health advocates. Sessions were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was performed by two researchers using AtlasTi-7.5. Results were visually represented in a diagram to form a theoretical model. Results Concerning (dis-)advantages of disclosure, six themes emerged as advantages (improved relationships, authenticity, work environment support, friendly culture) and two as disadvantages (discrimination and stigma). Of influence on the disclosure outcome were: Aspects of the disclosure process, workplace factors, financial factors, and employee factors. Stakeholders generally agreed, although distinct differences were also found and discussed in the paper. Conclusion As shown from the theoretical model, the (non-)disclosure process is complex, and the outcome is influenced by many factors, most of which cannot be influenced by the individual with mental illness. However, the theme \textbackslash textasciigraveAspects of the disclosure process', including subthemes: who to disclose to, timing, preparation, message content and communication style is promising for improving work participation of people with mental illness or mental health issues, because disclosers can positively influence these aspects themselves.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Whether or not to disclose mental illness or mental health issues in the work environment is a highly sensitive dilemma. It can facilitate keeping or finding paid employment, but can also lead to losing employment or to not being hired, because of discrimination and stigma. Research questions were: (1) what do stakeholders see as advantages and disadvantages of disclosing mental illness or mental health issues in the work environment?; (2) what factors are of influence on a positive outcome of disclosure? Methods A focus group study was conducted with five different stakeholder groups: people with mental illness, Human Resources professionals, employers, work reintegration professionals, and mental health advocates. Sessions were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was performed by two researchers using AtlasTi-7.5. Results were visually represented in a diagram to form a theoretical model. Results Concerning (dis-)advantages of disclosure, six themes emerged as advantages (improved relationships, authenticity, work environment support, friendly culture) and two as disadvantages (discrimination and stigma). Of influence on the disclosure outcome were: Aspects of the disclosure process, workplace factors, financial factors, and employee factors. Stakeholders generally agreed, although distinct differences were also found and discussed in the paper. Conclusion As shown from the theoretical model, the (non-)disclosure process is complex, and the outcome is influenced by many factors, most of which cannot be influenced by the individual with mental illness. However, the theme {\textbackslash}textasciigraveAspects of the disclosure process', including subthemes: who to disclose to, timing, preparation, message content and communication style is promising for improving work participation of people with mental illness or mental health issues, because disclosers can positively influence these aspects themselves.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4865,7 +5726,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {15},
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-2497-4},
-  abstract = {Background: Family-based interventions present a much-needed opportunity to increase children's physical activity levels. However, little is known about how best to engage parents and their children in physical activity research. This study aimed to engage with the whole family to understand how best to recruit for, and retain participation in, physical activity research. Methods: Families (including a \textbackslash textasciigravetarget' child aged between 8 and 11 years, their parents, siblings, and others) were recruited through schools and community groups. Focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured approach (informed by a pilot session). Families were asked to order cards listing the possible benefits of, and the barriers to, being involved in physical activity research and other health promotion activities, highlighting the items they consider most relevant, and suggesting additional items. Duplicate content analysis was used to identify transcript themes and develop a coding frame. Results: Eighty-two participants from 17 families participated, including 17 \textbackslash textasciigravetarget' children (mean age 9.3 +/- 1.1 years, 61.1 \textbackslash textbackslash\% female), 32 other children and 33 adults (including parents, grandparents, and older siblings). Social, health and educational benefits were cited as being key incentives for involvement in physical activity research, with emphasis on children experiencing new things, developing character, and increasing social contact (particularly for shy children). Children's enjoyment was also given priority. The provision of child care or financial reward was not considered sufficiently appealing. Increased time commitment or scheduling difficulties were quoted as the most pertinent barriers to involvement (especially for families with several children), but parents commented these could be overcome if the potential value for children was clear. Conclusions: Lessons learned from this work may contribute to the development of effective recruitment and retention strategies for children and their families. Making the wide range of potential benefits clear to families, providing regular feedback, and carefully considering family structure, may prove useful in achieving desired research participation. This may subsequently assist in engaging families in interventions to increase physical activity in children.},
+  abstract = {Background: Family-based interventions present a much-needed opportunity to increase children's physical activity levels. However, little is known about how best to engage parents and their children in physical activity research. This study aimed to engage with the whole family to understand how best to recruit for, and retain participation in, physical activity research. Methods: Families (including a {\textbackslash}textasciigravetarget' child aged between 8 and 11 years, their parents, siblings, and others) were recruited through schools and community groups. Focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured approach (informed by a pilot session). Families were asked to order cards listing the possible benefits of, and the barriers to, being involved in physical activity research and other health promotion activities, highlighting the items they consider most relevant, and suggesting additional items. Duplicate content analysis was used to identify transcript themes and develop a coding frame. Results: Eighty-two participants from 17 families participated, including 17 {\textbackslash}textasciigravetarget' children (mean age 9.3 +/- 1.1 years, 61.1 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female), 32 other children and 33 adults (including parents, grandparents, and older siblings). Social, health and educational benefits were cited as being key incentives for involvement in physical activity research, with emphasis on children experiencing new things, developing character, and increasing social contact (particularly for shy children). Children's enjoyment was also given priority. The provision of child care or financial reward was not considered sufficiently appealing. Increased time commitment or scheduling difficulties were quoted as the most pertinent barriers to involvement (especially for families with several children), but parents commented these could be overcome if the potential value for children was clear. Conclusions: Lessons learned from this work may contribute to the development of effective recruitment and retention strategies for children and their families. Making the wide range of potential benefits clear to families, providing regular feedback, and carefully considering family structure, may prove useful in achieving desired research participation. This may subsequently assist in engaging families in interventions to increase physical activity in children.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4924,7 +5785,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {305--333},
   issn = {0014-2921},
   doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.02.007},
-  abstract = {This paper analyzes the impact of import competition and dynamic labor adjustment on gender outcomes in wages and welfare in the U.S.. I consider a dynamic model of sectoral choice and structurally estimate mobility costs using data from the Current Population Survey and O\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbraceNET. A measure of intersectoral distance in task characteristics facilitates the structural estimation of switching costs that vary by gender and across sectors. In a set of trade shock simulations, an import competition shock in the manufacturing sector disproportionately affects male employment and wages. Since manufacturing is male labor intensive and men face higher exit costs from manufacturing, wage and welfare gains from trade are higher for women than men. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper analyzes the impact of import competition and dynamic labor adjustment on gender outcomes in wages and welfare in the U.S.. I consider a dynamic model of sectoral choice and structurally estimate mobility costs using data from the Current Population Survey and O{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbraceNET. A measure of intersectoral distance in task characteristics facilitates the structural estimation of switching costs that vary by gender and across sectors. In a set of trade shock simulations, an import competition shock in the manufacturing sector disproportionately affects male employment and wages. Since manufacturing is male labor intensive and men face higher exit costs from manufacturing, wage and welfare gains from trade are higher for women than men. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4954,7 +5815,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {511--516},
   issn = {1092-7875},
   doi = {10.1007/s10995-006-0128-5},
-  abstract = {Objectives: Few studies have examined factors associated with compliance with a postpartum visit (PPV). The identification of such factors is of particular importance in populations with high rates of unintended pregnancies and medical complications of pregnancy. This study seeks to determine factors associated with compliance with a PPV among low-income women in the population served by fourteen Healthy Start sites. Methods: Data from the Healthy Start Survey of Postpartum Women were reviewed to identify variables associated with compliance with a PPV at or beyond 6 weeks. Multiple logistic regression models were created, based on a sociobehavioral model of health services use, to examine which types of factors (demographic, social, enabling or need) are most strongly associated with the use of a PPV. Results: The study population consisted of survey respondents interviewed six weeks or more following delivery. Eighty-five percent of respondents had had a PPV at time of interview. In a multiple regression analysis, enabling factors such as multiple moves (OR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI) = 0.34 (0.18, 0.67)), trouble understanding the provider (OR (95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI) = 0.65 (0.43, 0.99)) and appointment reminders (OR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI) = 2.37 (1.40, 4.02)) were most strongly associated with a PPV. Conclusions: This work finds that women with unstable housing, transportation barriers, and difficulties communicating with providers are at risk for not receiving a PPV. This suggests that access to postpartum health services in the Healthy Start communities studied may not be entirely equitable. Policies aimed at improving interconception care will need to address these barriers to accessing health services.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: Few studies have examined factors associated with compliance with a postpartum visit (PPV). The identification of such factors is of particular importance in populations with high rates of unintended pregnancies and medical complications of pregnancy. This study seeks to determine factors associated with compliance with a PPV among low-income women in the population served by fourteen Healthy Start sites. Methods: Data from the Healthy Start Survey of Postpartum Women were reviewed to identify variables associated with compliance with a PPV at or beyond 6 weeks. Multiple logistic regression models were created, based on a sociobehavioral model of health services use, to examine which types of factors (demographic, social, enabling or need) are most strongly associated with the use of a PPV. Results: The study population consisted of survey respondents interviewed six weeks or more following delivery. Eighty-five percent of respondents had had a PPV at time of interview. In a multiple regression analysis, enabling factors such as multiple moves (OR (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI) = 0.34 (0.18, 0.67)), trouble understanding the provider (OR (95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI) = 0.65 (0.43, 0.99)) and appointment reminders (OR (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI) = 2.37 (1.40, 4.02)) were most strongly associated with a PPV. Conclusions: This work finds that women with unstable housing, transportation barriers, and difficulties communicating with providers are at risk for not receiving a PPV. This suggests that access to postpartum health services in the Healthy Start communities studied may not be entirely equitable. Policies aimed at improving interconception care will need to address these barriers to accessing health services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4966,7 +5827,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
   volume = {17},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-018-0773-5},
-  abstract = {Background: Even though population health is strongly influenced by employment and working conditions, public health research has to a lesser extent explored the social determinants of health inequalities between people in different positions on the labour market, and whether these social determinants vary across the life course. This study analyses mental health inequalities between unemployed and employed in three age groups (youth, adulthood and mid-life), and identifies the extent to which social determinants explain the mental health gap between employed and unemployed in northern Sweden. Methods: The Health on Equal Terms survey of 2014 was used, with self-reported employment (unemployed or employed) as exposure and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) as mental health outcome. The social determinants of health inequalities were grouped into four dimensions: socioeconomic status, economic resources, social network and trust in institutional systems. The non-linear Oaxaca decomposition analysis was applied, stratified by gender and age groups. Results: Mental health inequality was found in all age groups among women and men (difference in GHQ varying between 0.12 and 0.20). The decomposition analysis showed that the social determinants included in the model accounted for 43-51\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the inequalities among youths, 42-98\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the inequalities among adults and 60-65\textbackslash textbackslash\% among middle-aged. The main contributing factors were shown to vary between age groups: cash margin (among youths and middle-aged men), financial strain (among adults and middle-aged women), income (among men in adulthood), along with trust in others (all age groups), practical support (young women) and social support (middle-aged men); stressing how the social determinants of health inequalities vary across the life course. Conclusions: The health gap between employed and unemployed was explained by the difference in access to economic and social resources, and to a smaller extent in the trust in the institutional systems. Findings from this study corroborate that much of the mental health inequality in the Swedish labour market is socially and politically produced and potentially avoidable. Greater attention from researchers, policy makers on unemployment and public health should be devoted to the social and economic deprivation of unemployment from a life course perspective to prevent mental health inequality.},
+  abstract = {Background: Even though population health is strongly influenced by employment and working conditions, public health research has to a lesser extent explored the social determinants of health inequalities between people in different positions on the labour market, and whether these social determinants vary across the life course. This study analyses mental health inequalities between unemployed and employed in three age groups (youth, adulthood and mid-life), and identifies the extent to which social determinants explain the mental health gap between employed and unemployed in northern Sweden. Methods: The Health on Equal Terms survey of 2014 was used, with self-reported employment (unemployed or employed) as exposure and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) as mental health outcome. The social determinants of health inequalities were grouped into four dimensions: socioeconomic status, economic resources, social network and trust in institutional systems. The non-linear Oaxaca decomposition analysis was applied, stratified by gender and age groups. Results: Mental health inequality was found in all age groups among women and men (difference in GHQ varying between 0.12 and 0.20). The decomposition analysis showed that the social determinants included in the model accounted for 43-51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the inequalities among youths, 42-98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the inequalities among adults and 60-65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among middle-aged. The main contributing factors were shown to vary between age groups: cash margin (among youths and middle-aged men), financial strain (among adults and middle-aged women), income (among men in adulthood), along with trust in others (all age groups), practical support (young women) and social support (middle-aged men); stressing how the social determinants of health inequalities vary across the life course. Conclusions: The health gap between employed and unemployed was explained by the difference in access to economic and social resources, and to a smaller extent in the trust in the institutional systems. Findings from this study corroborate that much of the mental health inequality in the Swedish labour market is socially and politically produced and potentially avoidable. Greater attention from researchers, policy makers on unemployment and public health should be devoted to the social and economic deprivation of unemployment from a life course perspective to prevent mental health inequality.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4978,7 +5839,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
   volume = {18},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-019-0950-1},
-  abstract = {Background: The increasing mental health inequalities between native- and foreign-born persons in Sweden is an important public health issue. Improving social integration has been stressed as a key strategy to combat this development. While a vast amount of studies have confirmed the importance of social integration for good mental health, less is known about the role of different types of social integration, and how they relate to mental health inequalities. This study aimed to examine the extent to which indicators of social integration explained mental health inequalities between the native- and foreign-born. Methods: Based on the Health on Equal Terms survey from 2011/2015 in Vastra Gotaland, Sweden (n=71,643), a non-linear Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis was performed comparing native- and foreign-born individuals from Nordic-, European- and non-European countries. The General Health Questionnaire was used to assess psychological distress, while 11 items assessed employment conditions and economic disparities, social relations, and experiences of discrimination to measure different aspects of social integration. Results: Differences in social integration explained large proportions of observed mental health differences between the native- and foreign-born. Important indicators included low levels of social activity (20\textbackslash textbackslash\%), trust in others (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and social support (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but also labour market disadvantages, such as being outside the labour market (15\textbackslash textbackslash\%), unemployment (10\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and experiencing financial strain (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In analyses stratified by region of origin, low trust in others and discrimination contributed to the mental health gap between the native-born and European-born (17 and 9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively), and the native-born and non-European-born (19 and 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively). Precarious labour market position was a particularly important factor in the mental health gap between the native-born and Nordic-origin (22\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and non-European origin (36\textbackslash textbackslash\%) populations. Conclusion: Social integration factors play a central role in explaining the mental health inequality between natives and migrants in Sweden. Our findings suggest that public health actions targeting mental health gaps could benefit from focusing on inequalities in social and economic recourses between natives and migrants in Sweden. Areas of priority include improving migrants' financial strain, as well as increasing trust in othersand social support and opportunities for civic engagement.},
+  abstract = {Background: The increasing mental health inequalities between native- and foreign-born persons in Sweden is an important public health issue. Improving social integration has been stressed as a key strategy to combat this development. While a vast amount of studies have confirmed the importance of social integration for good mental health, less is known about the role of different types of social integration, and how they relate to mental health inequalities. This study aimed to examine the extent to which indicators of social integration explained mental health inequalities between the native- and foreign-born. Methods: Based on the Health on Equal Terms survey from 2011/2015 in Vastra Gotaland, Sweden (n=71,643), a non-linear Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis was performed comparing native- and foreign-born individuals from Nordic-, European- and non-European countries. The General Health Questionnaire was used to assess psychological distress, while 11 items assessed employment conditions and economic disparities, social relations, and experiences of discrimination to measure different aspects of social integration. Results: Differences in social integration explained large proportions of observed mental health differences between the native- and foreign-born. Important indicators included low levels of social activity (20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), trust in others (17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and social support (16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), but also labour market disadvantages, such as being outside the labour market (15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), unemployment (10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and experiencing financial strain (16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). In analyses stratified by region of origin, low trust in others and discrimination contributed to the mental health gap between the native-born and European-born (17 and 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively), and the native-born and non-European-born (19 and 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively). Precarious labour market position was a particularly important factor in the mental health gap between the native-born and Nordic-origin (22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and non-European origin (36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) populations. Conclusion: Social integration factors play a central role in explaining the mental health inequality between natives and migrants in Sweden. Our findings suggest that public health actions targeting mental health gaps could benefit from focusing on inequalities in social and economic recourses between natives and migrants in Sweden. Areas of priority include improving migrants' financial strain, as well as increasing trust in othersand social support and opportunities for civic engagement.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -4990,7 +5851,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
   volume = {18},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-019-0926-1},
-  abstract = {Background: A growing literature investigates health effects of the recent economic crisis. This study examines how different economic mechanisms affected low self-rated health (SRH) in Europe over the crisis period (20082011). We measure changes in low SRH over 2008-2011 and analyze how they are accounted for by changes in household income levels and income distribution (income poverty, income inequality), labour market developments (increasing unemployment, falling employment, changes in labour market inactivity), and non-income poverty (material deprivation). Methods: We use balanced panel data for 2008-2011 covering 26 European countries and 43,456 participants. The data come from longitudinal 2011 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database. Increases in low SRH incidence over time are decomposed into the contributions of changes in the distribution of covariates and changes in returns to the covariates. Main covariates include household income and its distribution, labour market developments, and non-income poverty (material deprivation). The decompositions are performed using a detailed non-linear multivariate regression-based decomposition methodology. Results: Low SRH incidence increased in Europe during the crisis by almost 2 percentage points, and by 3.7 percentage points in case of the Baltic countries. Decomposition analysis shows that: 1) decreasing household incomes and changing income distribution had no impact on low SRH incidence, 2) rise of material deprivation accounts for a significant portion (12\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the overall growth in low SRH rates (27\textbackslash textbackslash\% for the Baltic countries), 3) decreasing levels of full-time and part-time employment as well as transitions to unemployment, economic inactivity, disability, or retirement account jointly for about 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the rise in low SRH in Europe (73\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Baltic countries). Conclusion: Together, the recession-related economic factors account for about 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the increase in low SRH incidence in Europe during the crisis, and for about 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the increase in the Baltic countries. Public health policy during recessions should focus also on reducing material deprivation through free or subsidized access to public services, public housing, and other means.},
+  abstract = {Background: A growing literature investigates health effects of the recent economic crisis. This study examines how different economic mechanisms affected low self-rated health (SRH) in Europe over the crisis period (20082011). We measure changes in low SRH over 2008-2011 and analyze how they are accounted for by changes in household income levels and income distribution (income poverty, income inequality), labour market developments (increasing unemployment, falling employment, changes in labour market inactivity), and non-income poverty (material deprivation). Methods: We use balanced panel data for 2008-2011 covering 26 European countries and 43,456 participants. The data come from longitudinal 2011 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database. Increases in low SRH incidence over time are decomposed into the contributions of changes in the distribution of covariates and changes in returns to the covariates. Main covariates include household income and its distribution, labour market developments, and non-income poverty (material deprivation). The decompositions are performed using a detailed non-linear multivariate regression-based decomposition methodology. Results: Low SRH incidence increased in Europe during the crisis by almost 2 percentage points, and by 3.7 percentage points in case of the Baltic countries. Decomposition analysis shows that: 1) decreasing household incomes and changing income distribution had no impact on low SRH incidence, 2) rise of material deprivation accounts for a significant portion (12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the overall growth in low SRH rates (27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for the Baltic countries), 3) decreasing levels of full-time and part-time employment as well as transitions to unemployment, economic inactivity, disability, or retirement account jointly for about 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the rise in low SRH in Europe (73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Baltic countries). Conclusion: Together, the recession-related economic factors account for about 33{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the increase in low SRH incidence in Europe during the crisis, and for about 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the increase in the Baltic countries. Public health policy during recessions should focus also on reducing material deprivation through free or subsidized access to public services, public housing, and other means.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5059,7 +5920,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Budig, Michelle J. and Kraus, Vered and Levanon, Asaf},
   year = {2023},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {GENDER {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {37},
   number = {2},
   pages = {208--239},
@@ -5077,7 +5938,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {EDULEARN19: 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION AND NEW LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES},
   series = {{{EDULEARN Proceedings}}},
   issn = {2340-1117},
-  abstract = {In a historical moment where senior citizens in advanced societies increase their life expectancy and, in turn, new information and communication technologies evolve, develop and advance at breakneck speed; the participatory inclusion of the senior generations in the digital society becomes necessary. Life expectancy has increased in recent years, as shown in the report \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEvolution of the family in Europe 2018 European Parliament\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace: on average about 10 years in the last 50 years. On the other hand, 1 in 5 Europeans (19.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) is over 65 years old, surpassing 97.7 million people. The population over 80 years old reaches 25 million people, and now represents 5.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population(1). The Committee on Culture and Education of the European Parliament, at its meeting on education in the digital age: challenges, opportunities and lessons for the design of the Union's policies carried out in December 2018, warned that 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population of the Union The European population between the ages of 16 and 74 years lack basic digital capabilities, which causes a situation that threatens to create a new social fracture and significant gaps between men and women and between generations and social groups'. For this reason, the commission proposes lifelong learning in digital competencies of different governments in cooperation with all stakeholders, such as companies and civil society organizations, and through formal and non-formal frameworks, to guarantee a sustainable digital transformation. in which no one is excluded. The social constructions on aging, where care principles prevailed, have been transformed in the last decades towards some improvements in which potentiality and active aging form the pillars of previous generations. In this sense, new technologies stand out as necessary entry doors for digital inclusion, empowerment and the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveactivation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of the elders of our time. For all the above, this article aims to serve as an example of the achievement of the appropriation of digital skills by including older people in the processes of co-creation and co-validation of online tools and their content, specifically through the Design of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) designed to promote the active life of older people through the collaborative economy. MOOCs, as demonstrated in recent years, allow to facilitate and guarantee the quality training of any group, regardless of their geographical situation or age(2). The participants of this project met in two sessions (co-creation and co-validation) in Spain, Greece, Germany, France and Austria, at two different times to determine the structure and content of a MOOC for the elderly and the General population interested in the processes of activation of older people and in the collaborative economy. In them, 40 people participated with the following population profiles: elderly people, local representatives of older people and professionals who work daily with these groups. At the conclusion of the sessions, significant improvements were made in aspects such as the autonomy in the management of ICT, the adaptation of tools to all groups, the construction of new meanings on the opportunities offered by ICT for the elderly, overcoming barriers and encouraging creativity through assets. Participation of the entire process of gestation of the tool.},
+  abstract = {In a historical moment where senior citizens in advanced societies increase their life expectancy and, in turn, new information and communication technologies evolve, develop and advance at breakneck speed; the participatory inclusion of the senior generations in the digital society becomes necessary. Life expectancy has increased in recent years, as shown in the report {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveEvolution of the family in Europe 2018 European Parliament{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace: on average about 10 years in the last 50 years. On the other hand, 1 in 5 Europeans (19.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population) is over 65 years old, surpassing 97.7 million people. The population over 80 years old reaches 25 million people, and now represents 5.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population(1). The Committee on Culture and Education of the European Parliament, at its meeting on education in the digital age: challenges, opportunities and lessons for the design of the Union's policies carried out in December 2018, warned that 44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population of the Union The European population between the ages of 16 and 74 years lack basic digital capabilities, which causes a situation that threatens to create a new social fracture and significant gaps between men and women and between generations and social groups'. For this reason, the commission proposes lifelong learning in digital competencies of different governments in cooperation with all stakeholders, such as companies and civil society organizations, and through formal and non-formal frameworks, to guarantee a sustainable digital transformation. in which no one is excluded. The social constructions on aging, where care principles prevailed, have been transformed in the last decades towards some improvements in which potentiality and active aging form the pillars of previous generations. In this sense, new technologies stand out as necessary entry doors for digital inclusion, empowerment and the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveactivation{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of the elders of our time. For all the above, this article aims to serve as an example of the achievement of the appropriation of digital skills by including older people in the processes of co-creation and co-validation of online tools and their content, specifically through the Design of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) designed to promote the active life of older people through the collaborative economy. MOOCs, as demonstrated in recent years, allow to facilitate and guarantee the quality training of any group, regardless of their geographical situation or age(2). The participants of this project met in two sessions (co-creation and co-validation) in Spain, Greece, Germany, France and Austria, at two different times to determine the structure and content of a MOOC for the elderly and the General population interested in the processes of activation of older people and in the collaborative economy. In them, 40 people participated with the following population profiles: elderly people, local representatives of older people and professionals who work daily with these groups. At the conclusion of the sessions, significant improvements were made in aspects such as the autonomy in the management of ICT, the adaptation of tools to all groups, the construction of new meanings on the opportunities offered by ICT for the elderly, overcoming barriers and encouraging creativity through assets. Participation of the entire process of gestation of the tool.},
   isbn = {978-84-09-12031-4},
   langid = {english},
   note = {11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), Palma, SPAIN, JUL 01-03, 2019}
@@ -5088,11 +5949,11 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Buhai, I. Sebastian and {van der Leij}, Marco J.},
   year = {2023},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CONTROL},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CONTROL},
   volume = {147},
   issn = {0165-1889},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jedc.2022.104593},
-  abstract = {We propose an equilibrium interaction model of occupational segregation and labor market inequality between two social groups, generated exclusively through the documented tendency to refer informal job seekers of identical \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial color\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The expected social color homophily in job referrals strategically induces distinct career choices for individuals from different social groups, which further translates into stable partial occupational segregation equilibria with sustained wage and employment inequality - in line with observed patterns of racial or gender labor market disparities. Supporting the qualitative analysis with a calibration and simulation exercise, we furthermore show that both first and second best utilitarian social optima entail segregation, any integration policy requiring explicit distributional concerns. Our framework highlights that the mere social interaction through homophilous contact networks can be a pivotal channel for the propagation and persistence of gender and racial labor market gaps, complementary to long studied mechanisms such as taste or statistical discrimination. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {We propose an equilibrium interaction model of occupational segregation and labor market inequality between two social groups, generated exclusively through the documented tendency to refer informal job seekers of identical {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial color{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. The expected social color homophily in job referrals strategically induces distinct career choices for individuals from different social groups, which further translates into stable partial occupational segregation equilibria with sustained wage and employment inequality - in line with observed patterns of racial or gender labor market disparities. Supporting the qualitative analysis with a calibration and simulation exercise, we furthermore show that both first and second best utilitarian social optima entail segregation, any integration policy requiring explicit distributional concerns. Our framework highlights that the mere social interaction through homophilous contact networks can be a pivotal channel for the propagation and persistence of gender and racial labor market gaps, complementary to long studied mechanisms such as taste or statistical discrimination. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5107,7 +5968,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {301--318},
   issn = {1305-5577},
   doi = {10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.01.15},
-  abstract = {The Oil Crisis erupted in 1974 has caused severe contractions in global investment and aggregate demand. In order to combat the consequences of this crisis, a new process has been initiated in the global economy under the leadership of developed countries such as the USA, Japan and Germany. This process dominated by neo-liberal economic policies has included opening up economies to foreign markets, and initiating deregulation policies in domestic labour, goods and capital markets. Since then, the production of new goods and services and their financing has become a new global agenda. In order to manage this new process, new economic associations have started to be established. One of these new associations is the BRICS countries. This process, called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveglobalization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, has also affected financial markets. In this period, the types of financial instruments have increased, their usage has become widespread and financial markets have deepened. One of the most important areas affected by financial deepening, which has an increasing impact on the global economy, and has many economic impacts ranging from employment to balance of payments, from monetary policies to fiscal policies, is the distribution of income. In the present study, the effect of financial deepening on income distribution is examined for BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey). The study utilizes annual panel data for the period of 1993-2015. According to the results of the econometric analyses, an increase of 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in domestic credits, which is one of the financial deepening indicators, decreases the Gini coefficient by about 0.068\textbackslash textbackslash\%, an increase of 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the stock exchange value increases the Gini coefficient by approximately 0.011\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and an increase of 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the financial system deposits increases the Gini coefficient by about 0.061\textbackslash textbackslash\%. In other words, financial deepening affects income distribution positively in one aspect and negatively in other. Therefore, it can be said that the empirical findings of the study support both the Inequality-Narrowing Hypothesis and the Inequality-Extending Hypothesis in the literature.},
+  abstract = {The Oil Crisis erupted in 1974 has caused severe contractions in global investment and aggregate demand. In order to combat the consequences of this crisis, a new process has been initiated in the global economy under the leadership of developed countries such as the USA, Japan and Germany. This process dominated by neo-liberal economic policies has included opening up economies to foreign markets, and initiating deregulation policies in domestic labour, goods and capital markets. Since then, the production of new goods and services and their financing has become a new global agenda. In order to manage this new process, new economic associations have started to be established. One of these new associations is the BRICS countries. This process, called {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveglobalization{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, has also affected financial markets. In this period, the types of financial instruments have increased, their usage has become widespread and financial markets have deepened. One of the most important areas affected by financial deepening, which has an increasing impact on the global economy, and has many economic impacts ranging from employment to balance of payments, from monetary policies to fiscal policies, is the distribution of income. In the present study, the effect of financial deepening on income distribution is examined for BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey). The study utilizes annual panel data for the period of 1993-2015. According to the results of the econometric analyses, an increase of 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in domestic credits, which is one of the financial deepening indicators, decreases the Gini coefficient by about 0.068{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, an increase of 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the stock exchange value increases the Gini coefficient by approximately 0.011{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and an increase of 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the financial system deposits increases the Gini coefficient by about 0.061{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. In other words, financial deepening affects income distribution positively in one aspect and negatively in other. Therefore, it can be said that the empirical findings of the study support both the Inequality-Narrowing Hypothesis and the Inequality-Extending Hypothesis in the literature.},
   langid = {turkish}
 }
 
@@ -5158,7 +6019,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Burchardt, Tania},
   year = {2010},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {TIME \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {TIME {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {19},
   number = {3},
   pages = {318--344},
@@ -5179,7 +6040,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {439--456},
   issn = {1074-3529},
   doi = {10.1111/coep.12213},
-  abstract = {Since 2012, the Congressional Budget Office has included an estimate of the market value of government-provided health insurance coverage in its measures of household income. We follow this practice for both public and private health insurance to capture the impact of greater access to government-provided health insurance for working-age people with disabilities, whose market value rose in 2010 dollars from \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar11.7 billion in 1980 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar114.3 billion in 2012. We then consider the more general implications of incorporating estimates of the market price of insurance, equivalent to that provided by the government, into policy analyses in a post-Affordable Care Act world. (JEL D31, H24, I18, J31)},
+  abstract = {Since 2012, the Congressional Budget Office has included an estimate of the market value of government-provided health insurance coverage in its measures of household income. We follow this practice for both public and private health insurance to capture the impact of greater access to government-provided health insurance for working-age people with disabilities, whose market value rose in 2010 dollars from {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar11.7 billion in 1980 to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar114.3 billion in 2012. We then consider the more general implications of incorporating estimates of the market price of insurance, equivalent to that provided by the government, into policy analyses in a post-Affordable Care Act world. (JEL D31, H24, I18, J31)},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5194,7 +6055,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {314--330},
   issn = {0002-7162},
   doi = {10.1177/00027162211031772},
-  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government-mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings losses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic well-being of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravek-shaped\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides and that progrowth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained.},
+  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government-mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings losses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic well-being of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravek-shaped{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides and that progrowth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5209,16 +6070,16 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1187--1218},
   issn = {0028-0283},
   doi = {10.17310/ntj.2020.4.12},
-  abstract = {The universal earned income tax credit is a worker subsidy designed to offset wage stagnation. The base proposal would replace existing subsidies for working families with a refundable 100 percent tax credit on individual wages up to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10,000 and a larger, refundable child tax credit. The maximum credit grows with gross domestic product, guaranteeing that low-wage workers benefit from economic growth. The credits are offset by a broad-based value-added tax or income surtax. The proposals are progressive: After-tax income for the bottom quintile would increase by about 2.5 percent. The tax burden on the top 1 percent would increase by 7-14 percent of income, depending on financing.},
+  abstract = {The universal earned income tax credit is a worker subsidy designed to offset wage stagnation. The base proposal would replace existing subsidies for working families with a refundable 100 percent tax credit on individual wages up to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar10,000 and a larger, refundable child tax credit. The maximum credit grows with gross domestic product, guaranteeing that low-wage workers benefit from economic growth. The credits are offset by a broad-based value-added tax or income surtax. The proposals are progressive: After-tax income for the bottom quintile would increase by about 2.5 percent. The tax burden on the top 1 percent would increase by 7-14 percent of income, depending on financing.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Burr2019,
-  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveI}} Just Felt as Though {{I}} Had to Drop Something': The Implications of Care for Female Working Elder Carers' Working Lives},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveI}} Just Felt as Though {{I}} Had to Drop Something': The Implications of Care for Female Working Elder Carers' Working Lives},
   author = {Burr, Viv and Colley, Helen},
   year = {2019},
   month = may,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {39},
   number = {5},
   pages = {877--898},
@@ -5236,7 +6097,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING},
   volume = {4},
   doi = {10.3389/fspor.2022.871907},
-  abstract = {For decades, the German sports policy mission statement \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveSport for All\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has been aimed at attracting women to voluntary work in the sports sector. Nevertheless, women are consistently underrepresented in volunteering within sports organizations and especially on boards. One-dimensional gender analyses that exclude other factors like class and ethnicity cannot, however, adequately describe different modes of disadvantage. In order to analyze the unequal access to volunteering and leadership positions in sport, we refer to inequality theory and intersectional approaches, which include different factors of disadvantage. Our study is based on a quantitative population survey on volunteering in Germany with more than 25,000 respondents conducted in 2014 and 2019. We examine factors and interactions that can predict women's volunteering and leadership in sport. The results show that the proportion of women who volunteer is lower than the proportion of men and that fewer women than men take on leadership positions. The gender differences were not as pronounced in 2019 as they were in 2014. Independent of gender, the likelihood of volunteering increases with higher income, A-levels, no immigration status, marriage and the presence of children in the household. Part-time and marginal employment is more often associated with volunteering among women than among men; however, the likelihood of volunteering decreases more for women than for men when they are not employed at all. Moreover, higher income for women is less likely to be associated with voluntary work than for men while volunteering in other areas has a more positive effect on volunteering in sports for women than for men. Independent of gender, the likelihood of holding a leadership position increases with higher income, with marriage, and decreases with immigration background and with the presence of children in the household. Part-time and marginal employment increase the likelihood of having a leadership position to a greater extent for men than for women. In terms of leadership positions men benefit more than women if there are no children in the household. The results suggest that practical and policy efforts should focus more on improving the conditions for women to gain voluntary leadership positions.},
+  abstract = {For decades, the German sports policy mission statement {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveSport for All{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has been aimed at attracting women to voluntary work in the sports sector. Nevertheless, women are consistently underrepresented in volunteering within sports organizations and especially on boards. One-dimensional gender analyses that exclude other factors like class and ethnicity cannot, however, adequately describe different modes of disadvantage. In order to analyze the unequal access to volunteering and leadership positions in sport, we refer to inequality theory and intersectional approaches, which include different factors of disadvantage. Our study is based on a quantitative population survey on volunteering in Germany with more than 25,000 respondents conducted in 2014 and 2019. We examine factors and interactions that can predict women's volunteering and leadership in sport. The results show that the proportion of women who volunteer is lower than the proportion of men and that fewer women than men take on leadership positions. The gender differences were not as pronounced in 2019 as they were in 2014. Independent of gender, the likelihood of volunteering increases with higher income, A-levels, no immigration status, marriage and the presence of children in the household. Part-time and marginal employment is more often associated with volunteering among women than among men; however, the likelihood of volunteering decreases more for women than for men when they are not employed at all. Moreover, higher income for women is less likely to be associated with voluntary work than for men while volunteering in other areas has a more positive effect on volunteering in sports for women than for men. Independent of gender, the likelihood of holding a leadership position increases with higher income, with marriage, and decreases with immigration background and with the presence of children in the household. Part-time and marginal employment increase the likelihood of having a leadership position to a greater extent for men than for women. In terms of leadership positions men benefit more than women if there are no children in the household. The results suggest that practical and policy efforts should focus more on improving the conditions for women to gain voluntary leadership positions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5249,7 +6110,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {11},
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-11-577},
-  abstract = {Background: Few studies have investigated how area-level deprivation influences the relationship between individual disadvantage and suicide mortality. The aim of this study was to examine individual measures of material and social disadvantage in relation to suicide mortality in Canada and to determine whether these relationships were modified by area deprivation. Methods: Using the 1991-2001 Canadian Census Mortality Follow-up Study cohort (N = 2,685,400), measures of individual social (civil status, family structure, living alone) and material (education, income, employment) disadvantage were entered into Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CI) for male and female suicide mortality. Two indices of area deprivation were computed one capturing social, and the other material, dimensions - and models were run separately for high versus low deprivation. Results: After accounting for individual and area characteristics, individual social and material disadvantage were associated with higher suicide mortality, especially for individuals not employed, not married, with low education and low income. Associations between social and material area deprivation and suicide mortality largely disappeared upon adjustment for individual-level disadvantage. In stratified analyses, suicide risk was greater for low income females in socially deprived areas and males living alone in materially deprived areas, and there was no evidence of other modifying effects of area deprivation. Conclusions: Individual disadvantage was associated with suicide mortality, particularly for males. With some exceptions, there was little evidence that area deprivation modified the influence of individual disadvantage on suicide risk. Prevention strategies should primarily focus on individuals who are unemployed or out of the labour force, and have low education or income. Individuals with low income or who are living alone in deprived areas should also be targeted.},
+  abstract = {Background: Few studies have investigated how area-level deprivation influences the relationship between individual disadvantage and suicide mortality. The aim of this study was to examine individual measures of material and social disadvantage in relation to suicide mortality in Canada and to determine whether these relationships were modified by area deprivation. Methods: Using the 1991-2001 Canadian Census Mortality Follow-up Study cohort (N = 2,685,400), measures of individual social (civil status, family structure, living alone) and material (education, income, employment) disadvantage were entered into Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CI) for male and female suicide mortality. Two indices of area deprivation were computed one capturing social, and the other material, dimensions - and models were run separately for high versus low deprivation. Results: After accounting for individual and area characteristics, individual social and material disadvantage were associated with higher suicide mortality, especially for individuals not employed, not married, with low education and low income. Associations between social and material area deprivation and suicide mortality largely disappeared upon adjustment for individual-level disadvantage. In stratified analyses, suicide risk was greater for low income females in socially deprived areas and males living alone in materially deprived areas, and there was no evidence of other modifying effects of area deprivation. Conclusions: Individual disadvantage was associated with suicide mortality, particularly for males. With some exceptions, there was little evidence that area deprivation modified the influence of individual disadvantage on suicide risk. Prevention strategies should primarily focus on individuals who are unemployed or out of the labour force, and have low education or income. Individuals with low income or who are living alone in deprived areas should also be targeted.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5321,13 +6182,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Bushway, Shawn D. and Apel, Robert},
   year = {2012},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {CRIMINOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& PUBLIC POLICY},
+  journal = {CRIMINOLOGY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& PUBLIC POLICY},
   volume = {11},
   number = {1},
   pages = {17--50},
   issn = {1538-6473},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00785.x},
-  abstract = {This study argues that employment programs for individuals exiting prison can benefit society even if they do not directly reduce recidivism, by helping to identify quickly and efficiently those desisters who are ready to work. We make the following basic claims: 1. Individuals exiting prison have poor work experience, low levels of education, and generally qualify for only low-skill, entry-level jobs. Moreover, the majority will recidivate within 3 years. Employment training programs are designed to ameliorate these deficits, but to date, they have demonstrated only limited potential to improve employment prospects and recidivism risk. 2. Despite a poor track record for employment-based reentry programming, a substantial minority of individuals exiting prison has desisted from crime and has the capacity to maintain stable employment. 3. Growing evidence suggests that this desistance process occurs quickly-almost instantaneously-and is driven by decisions on the part of the individual to change. 4. This type of instantaneous, agent-based change is difficult to predict using static risk prediction tools. As a result, desistance is fundamentally unobservable to employers and others who might wish to identify good employees from the group of people who have criminal history records. In lieu of additional information, one's true desistance state will only be revealed through time. This situation is a classic case of a market with asymmetric information. 5. Although growing numbers of employers refuse to hire individuals with criminal history records, some are in fact willing to hire from this pool of workers. More might be willing to do so if they could reliably identify desisters. The current legal environment is increasingly hostile to across-the-board bans on hiring individuals with criminal history records without documentation of business necessity. 6. Program participation, completion, and endorsement from a training organization can provide a reliable signal to employers that a given individual has desisted and is prepared to be a productive employee, as long as the cost to program completion is high for those who have not desisted, and low for those who have desisted. Effective signals must be voluntary. Requiring program completion, or graduating all participants, renders the signal useless. 7. Existing evidence demonstrates that program participants (or program completers) do in fact recidivate less often and have better employment outcomes than program nonparticipants (or program dropouts), even in cases where the program does not seem to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in a causal sense. This evidence can be taken to suggest that program completion provides valuable information-a signal-to the labor market. 8. Limited anecdotal evidence suggests that some employers-among those willing to hire individuals with a criminal history record-may already be using completion of employment training programs to identify \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood employees\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace among the pool of low-skill labor. 9. The development of effective signals could create a net gain to society if, in the absence of signals, employers will largely avoid hiring individuals with criminal history records. Evidence suggests that individuals with prison records are exiting the labor market at higher rates than in the past. 10. The signaling approach is different than risk prediction because it relies on actions taken by individuals to reveal information about them that is, by definition, unobservable. Information about program completion can be valuable even if the program has not caused individuals to change. 11. Other actions besides completion of employment training programs also could function as useful signals in domains other than employment. Policy Implications Reframing the problem of reentry as a case of asymmetric information could potentially have dramatic implications for policy makers struggling to deal with the growing number of individuals with criminal history records, who are increasingly disconnected from the labor market. This disconnection occurs, at least in part, because this group is more readily identifiable through the use of criminal background checks. Although restricting the use of background checks may be infeasible in the current legal climate, policy makers are actively working to create standards for hiring individuals with criminal history records. For example, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is currently revising its guidance for hiring individuals with criminal history records. It is hard to overstate the level of interest, by both advocates and employers, in these ongoing discussions. Research insight could be incorporated into government statutes that currently bar individuals with criminal history records from certain types of employment. Indirectly, such guidelines also would help individuals with criminal history records trying to identify themselves to employers as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood bets.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Key elements of a research plan needed to develop this idea further include: 1. Formalizing the argument with a theoretical model that can be explicitly parameterized. Key elements of the argument depend crucially on factors such as the size of the desisting population, the outcome in the absence of effective signals, and the magnitude of the correlation between the cost of the signal and desistance. Proper specification of the requirements for effective signals in this context could then inform empirical tests of the model. . 2. Empirical testing for evidence that employers are already using factors such as program completion as signals. This testing can include surveys of employers who hire individuals with criminal history records to develop some idea of how they discriminate between individuals with criminal history records. Other potential methods include attempts to compare labor market outcomes of individuals with otherwise similar skill levels, one who has identifiably completed a program and one who has not. Empirical research testing the strength of the link between the concept of crime desistance and work productivity also would be valuable. 3. Calculating the relative costs of programs that provide signals with more traditional risk prediction tools that take advantage of currently available information. Creating these programs to generate signals only can be justified if the additional information generates savings over and above what can be gained by more passive methods. 4. Better understanding the trade-offs between maintaining voluntary programs to generate signals and creating mandatory programs, like Project HOPE, that might enhance rehabilitation. Although signaling and rehabilitation are not competing concepts, the requirement that signals be voluntarily acquired could potentially conflict with mandatory rehabilitation programs. In the short term, it might not be necessary to wait for the completion of this research before policy makers can make progress in this area. We are aware of one set of programs, often called Certificates of Relief, Rehabilitation, or Good Conduct, by which policy makers explicitly identify individuals with criminal history records who have met certain requirements, including program completion. In the strongest cases, these certificates carry with them explicit removal of statutory restrictions on individuals with criminal history records. In our view, these government-run programs are an attempt to create an explicit signal for employers that these individuals have desisted from crime. However, we are not aware of attempts to validate the standards used to qualify individuals for these certificates, nor are we aware of attempts to verify whether these signals work to create better opportunities for the involved individuals. We urge those involved in these programs to redouble their efforts to validate these promising programs.},
+  abstract = {This study argues that employment programs for individuals exiting prison can benefit society even if they do not directly reduce recidivism, by helping to identify quickly and efficiently those desisters who are ready to work. We make the following basic claims: 1. Individuals exiting prison have poor work experience, low levels of education, and generally qualify for only low-skill, entry-level jobs. Moreover, the majority will recidivate within 3 years. Employment training programs are designed to ameliorate these deficits, but to date, they have demonstrated only limited potential to improve employment prospects and recidivism risk. 2. Despite a poor track record for employment-based reentry programming, a substantial minority of individuals exiting prison has desisted from crime and has the capacity to maintain stable employment. 3. Growing evidence suggests that this desistance process occurs quickly-almost instantaneously-and is driven by decisions on the part of the individual to change. 4. This type of instantaneous, agent-based change is difficult to predict using static risk prediction tools. As a result, desistance is fundamentally unobservable to employers and others who might wish to identify good employees from the group of people who have criminal history records. In lieu of additional information, one's true desistance state will only be revealed through time. This situation is a classic case of a market with asymmetric information. 5. Although growing numbers of employers refuse to hire individuals with criminal history records, some are in fact willing to hire from this pool of workers. More might be willing to do so if they could reliably identify desisters. The current legal environment is increasingly hostile to across-the-board bans on hiring individuals with criminal history records without documentation of business necessity. 6. Program participation, completion, and endorsement from a training organization can provide a reliable signal to employers that a given individual has desisted and is prepared to be a productive employee, as long as the cost to program completion is high for those who have not desisted, and low for those who have desisted. Effective signals must be voluntary. Requiring program completion, or graduating all participants, renders the signal useless. 7. Existing evidence demonstrates that program participants (or program completers) do in fact recidivate less often and have better employment outcomes than program nonparticipants (or program dropouts), even in cases where the program does not seem to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravework{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in a causal sense. This evidence can be taken to suggest that program completion provides valuable information-a signal-to the labor market. 8. Limited anecdotal evidence suggests that some employers-among those willing to hire individuals with a criminal history record-may already be using completion of employment training programs to identify {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood employees{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace among the pool of low-skill labor. 9. The development of effective signals could create a net gain to society if, in the absence of signals, employers will largely avoid hiring individuals with criminal history records. Evidence suggests that individuals with prison records are exiting the labor market at higher rates than in the past. 10. The signaling approach is different than risk prediction because it relies on actions taken by individuals to reveal information about them that is, by definition, unobservable. Information about program completion can be valuable even if the program has not caused individuals to change. 11. Other actions besides completion of employment training programs also could function as useful signals in domains other than employment. Policy Implications Reframing the problem of reentry as a case of asymmetric information could potentially have dramatic implications for policy makers struggling to deal with the growing number of individuals with criminal history records, who are increasingly disconnected from the labor market. This disconnection occurs, at least in part, because this group is more readily identifiable through the use of criminal background checks. Although restricting the use of background checks may be infeasible in the current legal climate, policy makers are actively working to create standards for hiring individuals with criminal history records. For example, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is currently revising its guidance for hiring individuals with criminal history records. It is hard to overstate the level of interest, by both advocates and employers, in these ongoing discussions. Research insight could be incorporated into government statutes that currently bar individuals with criminal history records from certain types of employment. Indirectly, such guidelines also would help individuals with criminal history records trying to identify themselves to employers as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood bets.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Key elements of a research plan needed to develop this idea further include: 1. Formalizing the argument with a theoretical model that can be explicitly parameterized. Key elements of the argument depend crucially on factors such as the size of the desisting population, the outcome in the absence of effective signals, and the magnitude of the correlation between the cost of the signal and desistance. Proper specification of the requirements for effective signals in this context could then inform empirical tests of the model. . 2. Empirical testing for evidence that employers are already using factors such as program completion as signals. This testing can include surveys of employers who hire individuals with criminal history records to develop some idea of how they discriminate between individuals with criminal history records. Other potential methods include attempts to compare labor market outcomes of individuals with otherwise similar skill levels, one who has identifiably completed a program and one who has not. Empirical research testing the strength of the link between the concept of crime desistance and work productivity also would be valuable. 3. Calculating the relative costs of programs that provide signals with more traditional risk prediction tools that take advantage of currently available information. Creating these programs to generate signals only can be justified if the additional information generates savings over and above what can be gained by more passive methods. 4. Better understanding the trade-offs between maintaining voluntary programs to generate signals and creating mandatory programs, like Project HOPE, that might enhance rehabilitation. Although signaling and rehabilitation are not competing concepts, the requirement that signals be voluntarily acquired could potentially conflict with mandatory rehabilitation programs. In the short term, it might not be necessary to wait for the completion of this research before policy makers can make progress in this area. We are aware of one set of programs, often called Certificates of Relief, Rehabilitation, or Good Conduct, by which policy makers explicitly identify individuals with criminal history records who have met certain requirements, including program completion. In the strongest cases, these certificates carry with them explicit removal of statutory restrictions on individuals with criminal history records. In our view, these government-run programs are an attempt to create an explicit signal for employers that these individuals have desisted from crime. However, we are not aware of attempts to validate the standards used to qualify individuals for these certificates, nor are we aware of attempts to verify whether these signals work to create better opportunities for the involved individuals. We urge those involved in these programs to redouble their efforts to validate these promising programs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5372,10 +6233,25 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {463--481},
   issn = {1758-3004},
   doi = {10.1080/17583004.2022.2120418},
-  abstract = {As the threat of irreversible climate change has increased over time, the UK has continued to set increasingly ambitious policies to reduce its carbon emission. An assessment of mitigation progress to date at the local authority level clarifies the factors that have affected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the path to carbon neutrality. This research uses regression analyses between local authorities' GHG emission redcutions and selected explanatory variables (including population density, household income, and manufacturing employment) identified from the literature to explore mitigation performance over time, focusing on GHG emissions changes between 2005 and 2016. Substantial and relatively consistent GHG emissions reductions were achieved in this time frame, with average total reductions across UK local authorities of 31.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Population density was moderately-to-strongly correlated with the success of transportation GHG emissions mitigation, though this sector has seen the smallest percentage declines over this period. Local authorities with densities below 25 inhabitants per hectare were generally among the poorest performers in transportation GHG mitigation. This underscores the need to support remote working and electrification of personal transportation in areas where public/active transportation options are not viable alternatives. Furthermore, consideration of population density in conjunction with domestic and urban planning will allow for future emissions reductions to occur across the UK. Fundamentally, GHG emissions reductions to date are largely driven by historic factors (density), shifting economic structures (deindustrialisation), and centralised initiatives (decarbonisation of electricity generation).},
+  abstract = {As the threat of irreversible climate change has increased over time, the UK has continued to set increasingly ambitious policies to reduce its carbon emission. An assessment of mitigation progress to date at the local authority level clarifies the factors that have affected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the path to carbon neutrality. This research uses regression analyses between local authorities' GHG emission redcutions and selected explanatory variables (including population density, household income, and manufacturing employment) identified from the literature to explore mitigation performance over time, focusing on GHG emissions changes between 2005 and 2016. Substantial and relatively consistent GHG emissions reductions were achieved in this time frame, with average total reductions across UK local authorities of 31.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Population density was moderately-to-strongly correlated with the success of transportation GHG emissions mitigation, though this sector has seen the smallest percentage declines over this period. Local authorities with densities below 25 inhabitants per hectare were generally among the poorest performers in transportation GHG mitigation. This underscores the need to support remote working and electrification of personal transportation in areas where public/active transportation options are not viable alternatives. Furthermore, consideration of population density in conjunction with domestic and urban planning will allow for future emissions reductions to occur across the UK. Fundamentally, GHG emissions reductions to date are largely driven by historic factors (density), shifting economic structures (deindustrialisation), and centralised initiatives (decarbonisation of electricity generation).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Butterfield2004,
+  title = {Research and Case Study Findings in the Area of Workplace Accommodations Including Provisions for Assistive Technology: {{A}} Literature Review},
+  shorttitle = {Research and Case Study Findings in the Area of Workplace Accommodations Including Provisions for Assistive Technology},
+  author = {Butterfield, Tina M. and Ramseur, J. Hunter},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Technology and Disability},
+  volume = {16},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {201--210},
+  issn = {1878643X, 10554181},
+  doi = {10.3233/TAD-2004-16402},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Buttery2021,
   title = {Contemporary Perspectives in {{COPD}}: {{Patient}} Burden, the Role of Gender and Trajectories of Multimorbidity},
   author = {Buttery, Sara C. and Zysman, Maeva and Vikjord, Sigrid A. A. and Hopkinson, Nicholas S. and Jenkins, Christine and Vanfleteren, Lowie E. G. W.},
@@ -5391,6 +6267,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Buvinic1998,
+  title = {The {{Costs}} of {{Adolescent Childbearing}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Chile}}, {{Barbados}}, {{Guatemala}}, and {{Mexico}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Costs}} of {{Adolescent Childbearing}}},
+  author = {Buvinic, Mayra},
+  year = {1998},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Studies in Family Planning},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {2},
+  eprint = {172159},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {201},
+  issn = {00393665},
+  doi = {10.2307/172159},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Buwule2022,
   title = {Implications of the {{Covid-19}} Mitigation Model on People's Right to Health in {{Uganda}}},
   author = {Buwule, Robert Stalone and Ssebunya, Margaret and Kisitu, Gyaviira},
@@ -5416,7 +6309,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {1},
   issn = {0379-6175},
   doi = {10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1631},
-  abstract = {Background: Community reintegration is a major outcome of rehabilitation after the acute phase in people with spinal cord injury (PWSCI). Objective: To investigated clinical and socio-demographic factors determining community participation in PWSCI, living in the greater eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province. Method: Our quantitative, cross-sectional study had a convenient sample of 41 PWSCI. A trained interviewer obtained socio-demographic information using a structured questionnaire. Participants completed the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI). Descriptive statistics were used in summarising the data; inferential statistics, -a t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the association of clinical and socio-demographic factors with the extent of community reintegration. A multiple linear regression investigated the determinants of community reintegration with the alpha level set at p = 0.05. Results: Mean age of the participants was 41 years (s.d.: 10, range 25-66), with the majority (n = 32, 78\textbackslash textbackslash\%) being male. The mean RNLI score was 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% (s.d.: 22, range 24-100). Participants scored higher on the RNLI if they were male (mean difference \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceMD] 18\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI]: 2-34), were employed (MD 16\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0-32), had a salary (MD 19\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 5-32) and had no muscle spasms (MD 14\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1-27. Muscle spasms (p = 0.012, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 3.85-29.05) and being female PWSCI (p = 0.010, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -35.75 to -5.18) were significant negative predictors of community reintegration. Conclusion: Community reintegration may be influenced by socio-economic factors. Special interventions for muscle spasms and support for women living with spinal cord injuries may enhance community reintegration. Clinical implication: Therapists need to focus on community reintegration with female PWSCI and on returning to PWSCI to work as this was improved community reintegration.},
+  abstract = {Background: Community reintegration is a major outcome of rehabilitation after the acute phase in people with spinal cord injury (PWSCI). Objective: To investigated clinical and socio-demographic factors determining community participation in PWSCI, living in the greater eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province. Method: Our quantitative, cross-sectional study had a convenient sample of 41 PWSCI. A trained interviewer obtained socio-demographic information using a structured questionnaire. Participants completed the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI). Descriptive statistics were used in summarising the data; inferential statistics, -a t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the association of clinical and socio-demographic factors with the extent of community reintegration. A multiple linear regression investigated the determinants of community reintegration with the alpha level set at p = 0.05. Results: Mean age of the participants was 41 years (s.d.: 10, range 25-66), with the majority (n = 32, 78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) being male. The mean RNLI score was 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (s.d.: 22, range 24-100). Participants scored higher on the RNLI if they were male (mean difference {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceMD] 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCI]: 2-34), were employed (MD 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0-32), had a salary (MD 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 5-32) and had no muscle spasms (MD 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1-27. Muscle spasms (p = 0.012, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 3.85-29.05) and being female PWSCI (p = 0.010, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -35.75 to -5.18) were significant negative predictors of community reintegration. Conclusion: Community reintegration may be influenced by socio-economic factors. Special interventions for muscle spasms and support for women living with spinal cord injuries may enhance community reintegration. Clinical implication: Therapists need to focus on community reintegration with female PWSCI and on returning to PWSCI to work as this was improved community reintegration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5425,7 +6318,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Buyse, Tim and Heylen, Freddy and {Van de Kerckhove}, Renaat},
   year = {2017},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FINANCE},
   volume = {16},
   number = {2},
   pages = {144--172},
@@ -5462,7 +6355,37 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {E900-E905},
   issn = {0031-4005},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.2007-1559},
-  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Providing asthma education in a primary care setting can be challenging because of time and resource constraints. The purpose of this work was to determine factors associated with the provision of different asthma self-management tools. METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 896 parents of children with asthma (age 2-12 years). We collected information regarding demographics and asthma care, including parent receipt of an asthma action plan, a symptom diary, and asthma information materials; whether an asthma management plan was sent to the child's school; and whether the physician reviewed written instructions on use of a metereddose inhaler. We used multivariate logistic regression methods to determine factors associated with receipt of different asthma self-management tools controlling for demographic factors. RESULTS. For families where parents only completed high school, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan and physician review of written instructions about how to use an inhaler. For families with a household income less than twice the poverty line, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan, the physician sending a letter to the child's school regarding the child's asthma, and receipt of an asthma symptom diary. CONCLUSIONS. In our sample, primary care pediatricians do not routinely provide asthma education in accordance with National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravetriage\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which families receive additional asthma education. We believe that the use of targeted asthma education is a symptom of the limited time and competing demands during a typical visit. As a result, those involved in quality improvement need to help physicians become more efficient and effective at providing asthma education within such time constraints or develop alternative systems of providing asthma education.},
+  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Providing asthma education in a primary care setting can be challenging because of time and resource constraints. The purpose of this work was to determine factors associated with the provision of different asthma self-management tools. METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 896 parents of children with asthma (age 2-12 years). We collected information regarding demographics and asthma care, including parent receipt of an asthma action plan, a symptom diary, and asthma information materials; whether an asthma management plan was sent to the child's school; and whether the physician reviewed written instructions on use of a metereddose inhaler. We used multivariate logistic regression methods to determine factors associated with receipt of different asthma self-management tools controlling for demographic factors. RESULTS. For families where parents only completed high school, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan and physician review of written instructions about how to use an inhaler. For families with a household income less than twice the poverty line, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan, the physician sending a letter to the child's school regarding the child's asthma, and receipt of an asthma symptom diary. CONCLUSIONS. In our sample, primary care pediatricians do not routinely provide asthma education in accordance with National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravetriage{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which families receive additional asthma education. We believe that the use of targeted asthma education is a symptom of the limited time and competing demands during a typical visit. As a result, those involved in quality improvement need to help physicians become more efficient and effective at providing asthma education within such time constraints or develop alternative systems of providing asthma education.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Caceres-Delpiano2006,
+  title = {The {{Impacts}} of {{Family Size}} on {{Investment}} in {{Child Quality}}},
+  author = {{C{\'a}ceres-Delpiano}, Julio},
+  year = {2006},
+  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
+  volume = {XLI},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {738--754},
+  issn = {0022-166X, 1548-8004},
+  doi = {10.3368/jhr.XLI.4.738},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Cagatay1995,
+  title = {Feminization of the Labor Force: {{The}} Effects of Long-Term Development and Structural Adjustment},
+  shorttitle = {Feminization of the Labor Force},
+  author = {{\c C}a{\u g}atay, Nil{\"u}fer and {\"O}zler, {\c S}ule},
+  year = {1995},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {World Development},
+  volume = {23},
+  number = {11},
+  pages = {1883--1894},
+  issn = {0305750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(95)00086-R},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5476,7 +6399,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {103--117},
   issn = {0973-0826},
   doi = {10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.005},
-  abstract = {Indonesia has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7, namely to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The Indonesian government improves electricity access through various programs, from the fast-track program for coal-fired power plants to the electricity subsidy for lowincome households. In contrast, energy efficiency has been a crucial problem, given that most power plants work with coal. This study raised the electricity usage issue between insufficiency and efficiency by investigating factors associated with electricity consumption inequality using quantile regression in urban and rural areas. It revealed that most Indonesian households still encountered energy insufficiency. Households vulnerable to falling into the energy poverty category were low-income households characterized by: female-headed households in urban areas, non-educated household heads, renters in urban areas, elderlies, and self-employed in rural areas. On the other hand, energy efficiency may target high-usage households characterized by: urban self-employed, university-level education, and houses 2200 VA power outlet or more. However, only 1 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of households were electricity productive users. Therefore, the government should provide affirmative action by promoting access to affordable energy for energy-poor households while considering sustainable energy for future generations. This condition will mean clean and sustainable energy development must be embedded in the country's energy plan to increase the electrification ratio and consumption. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Energy Initiative.},
+  abstract = {Indonesia has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7, namely to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The Indonesian government improves electricity access through various programs, from the fast-track program for coal-fired power plants to the electricity subsidy for lowincome households. In contrast, energy efficiency has been a crucial problem, given that most power plants work with coal. This study raised the electricity usage issue between insufficiency and efficiency by investigating factors associated with electricity consumption inequality using quantile regression in urban and rural areas. It revealed that most Indonesian households still encountered energy insufficiency. Households vulnerable to falling into the energy poverty category were low-income households characterized by: female-headed households in urban areas, non-educated household heads, renters in urban areas, elderlies, and self-employed in rural areas. On the other hand, energy efficiency may target high-usage households characterized by: urban self-employed, university-level education, and houses 2200 VA power outlet or more. However, only 1 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of households were electricity productive users. Therefore, the government should provide affirmative action by promoting access to affordable energy for energy-poor households while considering sustainable energy for future generations. This condition will mean clean and sustainable energy development must be embedded in the country's energy plan to increase the electrification ratio and consumption. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Energy Initiative.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Cai2010,
+  title = {The Relationship between Health and Labour Force Participation: {{Evidence}} from a Panel Data Simultaneous Equation Model},
+  shorttitle = {The Relationship between Health and Labour Force Participation},
+  author = {Cai, Lixin},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Labour Economics},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {77--90},
+  issn = {09275371},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2009.04.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5515,7 +6454,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Cain, Joanna M. and Denny, Lynette},
   year = {2018},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& OBSTETRICS},
+  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& OBSTETRICS},
   volume = {143},
   number = {2, SI},
   pages = {153--158},
@@ -5538,6 +6477,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Caldwell1978,
+  title = {A {{Theory}} of {{Fertility}}: {{From High Plateau}} to {{Destabilization}}},
+  shorttitle = {A {{Theory}} of {{Fertility}}},
+  author = {Caldwell, John C.},
+  year = {1978},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {4},
+  eprint = {1971727},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {553},
+  issn = {00987921},
+  doi = {10.2307/1971727},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Caliendo2011,
   title = {Start-up Subsidies for the Unemployed: {{Long-term}} Evidence and Effect Heterogeneity},
   author = {Caliendo, Marco and Kuenn, Steffen},
@@ -5549,7 +6505,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {311--331},
   issn = {0047-2727},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.003},
-  abstract = {Turning unemployment into self-employment has become an increasingly important part of active labor market policies (ALMP) in many OECD countries. Germany is a good example where the spending on start-up subsidies for the unemployed accounted for nearly 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total spending on ALMP in 2004. In contrast to other programs like vocational training, job creation schemes, or wage subsidies the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such schemes is still scarce: especially regarding long-term effects and effect heterogeneity. This paper aims to close this gap. We use administrative and survey data from a large sample of participants in two distinct start-up programs and a control group of unemployed individuals. We find that over 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants are integrated in the labor market and have relatively high labor income five years after start-up. Additionally, participants are much more satisfied with their current occupational situation compared to previous jobs. Based on propensity score matching methods we estimate the long-term effects of the programs against non-participation and take great care in assessing the sensitivity of our results with respect to deviations from the identifying assumption. Our results turn out to be robust and show that both programs are effective with respect to income and employment outcomes in the long-run, i.e., five years after start-up. Moreover, we consider effect heterogeneity with respect to several dimensions and show that startup subsidies for the unemployed tend to be most effective for disadvantaged groups in the labor market. (C) 2010 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Turning unemployment into self-employment has become an increasingly important part of active labor market policies (ALMP) in many OECD countries. Germany is a good example where the spending on start-up subsidies for the unemployed accounted for nearly 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the total spending on ALMP in 2004. In contrast to other programs like vocational training, job creation schemes, or wage subsidies the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such schemes is still scarce: especially regarding long-term effects and effect heterogeneity. This paper aims to close this gap. We use administrative and survey data from a large sample of participants in two distinct start-up programs and a control group of unemployed individuals. We find that over 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants are integrated in the labor market and have relatively high labor income five years after start-up. Additionally, participants are much more satisfied with their current occupational situation compared to previous jobs. Based on propensity score matching methods we estimate the long-term effects of the programs against non-participation and take great care in assessing the sensitivity of our results with respect to deviations from the identifying assumption. Our results turn out to be robust and show that both programs are effective with respect to income and employment outcomes in the long-run, i.e., five years after start-up. Moreover, we consider effect heterogeneity with respect to several dimensions and show that startup subsidies for the unemployed tend to be most effective for disadvantaged groups in the labor market. (C) 2010 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5579,7 +6535,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {440--451},
   issn = {0268-1080},
   doi = {10.1093/heapol/czz156},
-  abstract = {There is a well-recognized need for empirical study of processes and factors that influence scale up of evidence-based interventions in low-income countries to address the \textbackslash textasciigraveknow-do' gap. We undertook a qualitative case study of the scale up of chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord (CHX) in Bangladesh to identify and compare facilitators and barriers for the institutionalization and expansion stages of scale up. Data collection and analysis for this case study were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and the WHO/ExpandNet model of scale up. At the national level, we interviewed 20 stakeholders involved in CHX policy or implementation. At the district level, we conducted interviews with 31 facility-based healthcare providers in five districts and focus group discussions (FGDs) with eight community-based providers and eight programme managers. At the community level, we conducted 7 FGDs with 53 mothers who had a baby within the past year. Expanded interview notes were thematically coded and analysed following an adapted Framework approach. National stakeholders identified external policy and incentives, and the engagement of stakeholders in policy development through the National Technical Working Committee for Newborn Health, as key facilitators for policy and health systems changes. Stakeholders, providers and families perceived the intervention to be simple, safe and effective, and more consistent with family preferences than the prior policy of dry cord care. The major barriers that delayed or decreased the public health impact of the scale up of CHX in Bangladesh's public health system related to commodity production, procurement and distribution. Bangladesh's experience scaling up CHX suggests that scale up should involve early needs assessments and planning for institutionalizing new drugs and commodities into the supply chain. While the five CFIR domains were useful for categorizing barriers and facilitators, additional constructs are needed for common health systems barriers in low-income settings.},
+  abstract = {There is a well-recognized need for empirical study of processes and factors that influence scale up of evidence-based interventions in low-income countries to address the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveknow-do' gap. We undertook a qualitative case study of the scale up of chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord (CHX) in Bangladesh to identify and compare facilitators and barriers for the institutionalization and expansion stages of scale up. Data collection and analysis for this case study were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and the WHO/ExpandNet model of scale up. At the national level, we interviewed 20 stakeholders involved in CHX policy or implementation. At the district level, we conducted interviews with 31 facility-based healthcare providers in five districts and focus group discussions (FGDs) with eight community-based providers and eight programme managers. At the community level, we conducted 7 FGDs with 53 mothers who had a baby within the past year. Expanded interview notes were thematically coded and analysed following an adapted Framework approach. National stakeholders identified external policy and incentives, and the engagement of stakeholders in policy development through the National Technical Working Committee for Newborn Health, as key facilitators for policy and health systems changes. Stakeholders, providers and families perceived the intervention to be simple, safe and effective, and more consistent with family preferences than the prior policy of dry cord care. The major barriers that delayed or decreased the public health impact of the scale up of CHX in Bangladesh's public health system related to commodity production, procurement and distribution. Bangladesh's experience scaling up CHX suggests that scale up should involve early needs assessments and planning for institutionalizing new drugs and commodities into the supply chain. While the five CFIR domains were useful for categorizing barriers and facilitators, additional constructs are needed for common health systems barriers in low-income settings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5594,7 +6550,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1638--1643},
   issn = {1057-9230},
   doi = {10.1002/hec.3112},
-  abstract = {Longitudinal analysis of Wave 5 to 10 of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia dataset was undertaken to assess whether multidimensional poverty status can predict chronic income poverty. Of those who were multidimensionally poor (low income plus poor health or poor health and insufficient education attainment) in 2007, and those who were in income poverty only (no other forms of disadvantage) in 2007, a greater proportion of those in multidimensional poverty continued to be in income poverty for the subsequent 5years through to 2012. People who were multidimensionally poor in 2007 had 2.17 times the odds of being in income poverty each year through to 2012 than those who were in income poverty only in 2005 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.23-3.83). Multidimensional poverty measures are a useful tool for policymakers to identify target populations for policies aiming to improve equity and reduce chronic disadvantage. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
+  abstract = {Longitudinal analysis of Wave 5 to 10 of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia dataset was undertaken to assess whether multidimensional poverty status can predict chronic income poverty. Of those who were multidimensionally poor (low income plus poor health or poor health and insufficient education attainment) in 2007, and those who were in income poverty only (no other forms of disadvantage) in 2007, a greater proportion of those in multidimensional poverty continued to be in income poverty for the subsequent 5years through to 2012. People who were multidimensionally poor in 2007 had 2.17 times the odds of being in income poverty each year through to 2012 than those who were in income poverty only in 2005 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.23-3.83). Multidimensional poverty measures are a useful tool for policymakers to identify target populations for policies aiming to improve equity and reduce chronic disadvantage. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5611,7 +6567,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {1755-6171, 1755-618X},
   doi = {10.1111/cars.12091},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Cet article traite de l'impact d'une exp\'erience sociale men\'ee dans les ann\'ees 1970, l'Exp\'erience du revenu annuel de base du Manitoba (MINCOME). J'examine le lieu de ``saturation'' de la~MINCOME, la ville de Dauphin au Manitoba, o\`u tous les habitants \'etaient admissibles \`a des versements de revenus annuels garantis pendant trois ans. \`A partir d'archives de r\'ecits qualitatifs des participants je montre que la conception et le discours autour de la~MINCOME~ont amen\'e les participants \`a voir les versements d'un oeil pragmatique, contrairement \`a la perspective moralisatrice qu'inspire le bien-\^etre sociale. Conform\'ement \`a la th\'eorie existante cet article constate que la participation \`a la MINCOME n'a pas produit de stigmate social. Plus largement, cette \'etude discute de la faisabilit\'e d'autres formes d'organisation socio-\'economique \`a travers une prise en compte des aspects moraux de la politique \'economique. La signification sociale de la~MINCOME~\'etait suffisamment puissante pour que m\^eme les participants ayant des attitudes n\'egatives \`a l'\'egard d'aides gouvernementales se sentirent capables de recevoir des versements de la~MINCOME~sans un sentiment de contradiction. En occultant les distinctions entre les ``pauvres m\'eritants'' et les ``pauvres non-m\'eritants'', les programmes universalistes de support \'economique peuvent affaiblir la stigmatisation sociale et augmenter la durabilit\'e du programme.             This paper examines the impact of a social experiment from the 1970s called the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment (Mincome). I examine Mincome's ``saturation'' site located in Dauphin, Manitoba, where all town residents were eligible for guaranteed annual income payments for three years. Drawing on archived qualitative participant accounts I show that the design and framing of Mincome led participants to view payments through a pragmatic lens, rather than the moralistic lens through which welfare is viewed. Consistent with prior theory, this paper finds that Mincome participation did not produce social stigma. More broadly, this paper bears on the feasibility of alternative forms of socioeconomic organization through a consideration of the moral aspects of economic policy. The social meaning of Mincome was sufficiently powerful that even participants with particularly negative attitudes toward government assistance felt able to collect Mincome payments without a sense of contradiction. By obscuring the distinctions between the ``deserving'' and ``undeserving'' poor, universalistic income maintenance programs may weaken social stigmatization and strengthen program sustainability.},
+  abstract = {Cet article traite de l'impact d'une exp{\'e}rience sociale men{\'e}e dans les ann{\'e}es 1970, l'Exp{\'e}rience du revenu annuel de base du Manitoba (MINCOME). J'examine le lieu de ``saturation'' de la~MINCOME, la ville de Dauphin au Manitoba, o{\`u} tous les habitants {\'e}taient admissibles {\`a} des versements de revenus annuels garantis pendant trois ans. {\`A} partir d'archives de r{\'e}cits qualitatifs des participants je montre que la conception et le discours autour de la~MINCOME~ont amen{\'e} les participants {\`a} voir les versements d'un oeil pragmatique, contrairement {\`a} la perspective moralisatrice qu'inspire le bien-{\^e}tre sociale. Conform{\'e}ment {\`a} la th{\'e}orie existante cet article constate que la participation {\`a} la MINCOME n'a pas produit de stigmate social. Plus largement, cette {\'e}tude discute de la faisabilit{\'e} d'autres formes d'organisation socio-{\'e}conomique {\`a} travers une prise en compte des aspects moraux de la politique {\'e}conomique. La signification sociale de la~MINCOME~{\'e}tait suffisamment puissante pour que m{\^e}me les participants ayant des attitudes n{\'e}gatives {\`a} l'{\'e}gard d'aides gouvernementales se sentirent capables de recevoir des versements de la~MINCOME~sans un sentiment de contradiction. En occultant les distinctions entre les ``pauvres m{\'e}ritants'' et les ``pauvres non-m{\'e}ritants'', les programmes universalistes de support {\'e}conomique peuvent affaiblir la stigmatisation sociale et augmenter la durabilit{\'e} du programme.             This paper examines the impact of a social experiment from the 1970s called the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment (Mincome). I examine Mincome's ``saturation'' site located in Dauphin, Manitoba, where all town residents were eligible for guaranteed annual income payments for three years. Drawing on archived qualitative participant accounts I show that the design and framing of Mincome led participants to view payments through a pragmatic lens, rather than the moralistic lens through which welfare is viewed. Consistent with prior theory, this paper finds that Mincome participation did not produce social stigma. More broadly, this paper bears on the feasibility of alternative forms of socioeconomic organization through a consideration of the moral aspects of economic policy. The social meaning of Mincome was sufficiently powerful that even participants with particularly negative attitudes toward government assistance felt able to collect Mincome payments without a sense of contradiction. By obscuring the distinctions between the ``deserving'' and ``undeserving'' poor, universalistic income maintenance programs may weaken social stigmatization and strengthen program sustainability.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5627,7 +6583,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {1536-5042, 1537-6052},
   doi = {10.1177/1536504219830673},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {This essay evaluates the state of the debate around basic income, a controversial and much-discussed policy proposal. I explore its contested meaning and consider its potential impact. I provide a summary of the randomized guaranteed income experiments from the 1970s, emphasizing how experimental methods using scattered sets of isolated participants cannot capture the crucial social factors that help to explain changes in people's patterns of work. In contrast, I examine a community experiment from the same period, where all residents of the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, were eligible for basic income payments. This ``macro-experiment'' sheds light on the community-level realities of basic income. I describe evidence showing that wages offered by Dauphin businesses increased. Additionally, labor market participation fell. By ignoring the social interactions that characterize real-world community contexts, randomized studies underestimate the decline in labor market participation and its impact on employers. These findings depend to a great extent on the details of the policy design, and as such I conclude that the oft-proposed right\textendash left ideological alliance on basic income is unlikely to survive the move from basic income as a broad policy umbrella to basic income as a concrete policy option.},
+  abstract = {This essay evaluates the state of the debate around basic income, a controversial and much-discussed policy proposal. I explore its contested meaning and consider its potential impact. I provide a summary of the randomized guaranteed income experiments from the 1970s, emphasizing how experimental methods using scattered sets of isolated participants cannot capture the crucial social factors that help to explain changes in people's patterns of work. In contrast, I examine a community experiment from the same period, where all residents of the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, were eligible for basic income payments. This ``macro-experiment'' sheds light on the community-level realities of basic income. I describe evidence showing that wages offered by Dauphin businesses increased. Additionally, labor market participation fell. By ignoring the social interactions that characterize real-world community contexts, randomized studies underestimate the decline in labor market participation and its impact on employers. These findings depend to a great extent on the details of the policy design, and as such I conclude that the oft-proposed right{\textendash}left ideological alliance on basic income is unlikely to survive the move from basic income as a broad policy umbrella to basic income as a concrete policy option.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5639,7 +6595,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY},
   volume = {12},
   doi = {10.1186/s12966-015-0285-2},
-  abstract = {Background: The association between socioeconomic position and diet in early childhood has mainly been addressed based on maternal education and household income. We aimed to assess the influence of a variety of social factors from different socio-ecological levels (parents, household and child-care) on multi-time point dietary patterns identified from 2 to 5 y. Method: This study included 974 children from the French EDEN mother-child cohort. Two multi-time point dietary patterns were derived in a previous study: they correspond to consistent exposures to either core-or non-core foods across 2, 3 and 5 y and were labelled \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGuidelines\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveProcessed, fast-foods\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The associations of various social factors collected during pregnancy (age, education level) or at 2-y follow-up (mother's single status, occupation, work commitments, household financial disadvantage, presence of older siblings and child-care arrangements) with each of the two dietary patterns, were assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: The adherence to a diet close to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGuidelines\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace was positively and independently associated with both maternal and paternal education levels. The adherence to a diet consistently composed of processed and fast-foods was essentially linked with maternal variables (younger age and lower education level), household financial disadvantage, the presence of older sibling (s) and being cared for at home by someone other than the mother. Conclusions: Multiple social factors operating at different levels (parents, household, and child-care) were found to be associated with the diet of young children. Different independent predictors were found for each of the two longitudinal dietary patterns, suggesting distinct pathways of influence. Our findings further suggest that interventions promoting healthier dietary choices for young children should involve both parents and take into account not only household financial disadvantage but also maternal age, family size and options for child-care.},
+  abstract = {Background: The association between socioeconomic position and diet in early childhood has mainly been addressed based on maternal education and household income. We aimed to assess the influence of a variety of social factors from different socio-ecological levels (parents, household and child-care) on multi-time point dietary patterns identified from 2 to 5 y. Method: This study included 974 children from the French EDEN mother-child cohort. Two multi-time point dietary patterns were derived in a previous study: they correspond to consistent exposures to either core-or non-core foods across 2, 3 and 5 y and were labelled {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveGuidelines{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveProcessed, fast-foods{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. The associations of various social factors collected during pregnancy (age, education level) or at 2-y follow-up (mother's single status, occupation, work commitments, household financial disadvantage, presence of older siblings and child-care arrangements) with each of the two dietary patterns, were assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: The adherence to a diet close to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveGuidelines{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace was positively and independently associated with both maternal and paternal education levels. The adherence to a diet consistently composed of processed and fast-foods was essentially linked with maternal variables (younger age and lower education level), household financial disadvantage, the presence of older sibling (s) and being cared for at home by someone other than the mother. Conclusions: Multiple social factors operating at different levels (parents, household, and child-care) were found to be associated with the diet of young children. Different independent predictors were found for each of the two longitudinal dietary patterns, suggesting distinct pathways of influence. Our findings further suggest that interventions promoting healthier dietary choices for young children should involve both parents and take into account not only household financial disadvantage but also maternal age, family size and options for child-care.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5648,7 +6604,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Cambron, Christopher and Gringeri, Christina and {Vogel-Ferguson}, Mary Beth},
   year = {2014},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL WORK},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL WORK},
   volume = {39},
   number = {4},
   pages = {221--229},
@@ -5658,6 +6614,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Cameron2001,
+  title = {Education and {{Labor Market Participation}} of {{Women}} in {{Asia}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Five Countries}}},
+  shorttitle = {Education and {{Labor Market Participation}} of {{Women}} in {{Asia}}},
+  author = {Cameron, Lisa A. and Malcolm Dowling, J. and Worswick, Christopher},
+  year = {2001},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
+  volume = {49},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {459--477},
+  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
+  doi = {10.1086/452511},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Cameron2021,
   title = {How Might We Best Support the Effective and Meaningful Employment of Autistic People and Improve Outcomes?},
   author = {Cameron, Carl and Townend, Abbey},
@@ -5669,7 +6641,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {41--48},
   issn = {2056-3868},
   doi = {10.1108/AIA-08-2020-0046},
-  abstract = {Purpose To determine the most appropriate and effective support to enable autistic people to gain and maintain employment in their chosen field. This paper aims to determine this and by which methods are most suitable for this kind of support, with a focus on mentoring. Design/methodology/approach Mentoring is an intervention that has shown promise in assisting people who encounter barriers in finding work (for example, Roycroft, 2014). This research was conducted to determine whether the mentoring of autistic adults is effective in helping them to gain and maintain employment. The study examined the mentoring records of 90 autistic adults who were in receipt of funded mentoring with 18 separate organisations across England. Findings The authors found that the nationally recognised statistic of autistic people in full-time employment as 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% (National Autistic Society, 2016) was ambitious and subject to regional variation. Based on the results of a programme providing employment and mentoring support that is available and accessible to autistic people, however, outcomes improve and employment is more likely to be achieved and maintained - including in areas of, especially low employment. It was found that 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% of autistic job seekers who were supported by specialist mentors found paid employment (full-time or part-time), demonstrating a 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in paid employment between those who received mentoring support and those who did not. Research limitations/implications A wider study across the UK would first determine if the nationally recognised figure is incorrect and also highlight those areas of the country which perform particularly well or badly. Originality/value This paper believes that this is the only research of it is kind in the UK and that it is a springboard for others who have greater resources available to them. This study is two very early-career academics on the autism spectrum with limited resources available to us.},
+  abstract = {Purpose To determine the most appropriate and effective support to enable autistic people to gain and maintain employment in their chosen field. This paper aims to determine this and by which methods are most suitable for this kind of support, with a focus on mentoring. Design/methodology/approach Mentoring is an intervention that has shown promise in assisting people who encounter barriers in finding work (for example, Roycroft, 2014). This research was conducted to determine whether the mentoring of autistic adults is effective in helping them to gain and maintain employment. The study examined the mentoring records of 90 autistic adults who were in receipt of funded mentoring with 18 separate organisations across England. Findings The authors found that the nationally recognised statistic of autistic people in full-time employment as 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (National Autistic Society, 2016) was ambitious and subject to regional variation. Based on the results of a programme providing employment and mentoring support that is available and accessible to autistic people, however, outcomes improve and employment is more likely to be achieved and maintained - including in areas of, especially low employment. It was found that 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of autistic job seekers who were supported by specialist mentors found paid employment (full-time or part-time), demonstrating a 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increase in paid employment between those who received mentoring support and those who did not. Research limitations/implications A wider study across the UK would first determine if the nationally recognised figure is incorrect and also highlight those areas of the country which perform particularly well or badly. Originality/value This paper believes that this is the only research of it is kind in the UK and that it is a springboard for others who have greater resources available to them. This study is two very early-career academics on the autism spectrum with limited resources available to us.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5713,7 +6685,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {149--166},
   issn = {1440-7833},
   doi = {10.1177/1440783311408970},
-  abstract = {This article examines the quality of part-time employment for solicitors in private practice in Australia. Although full-time jobs based on long hours are dominant in the legal profession, part-time jobs, primarily taken by women, have attracted attention in recent years. The article seeks to answer fundamental questions about the extent and quality of these jobs, and how well they serve the needs of the increasingly diverse workforce. The article draws on recent surveys and in-depth interviews, as well as Census and other secondary data to describe the features of the part-time workforce and to explore aspects of poor quality such as limited access, inferior job content, stalled career progression and narrow schedules. It suggests that the major barrier to improving the quality of part-time jobs is the dominant model of full-time work in law firms, centred on heavy workloads, high targets of \textbackslash textasciigravebillable hours' and long working hours.},
+  abstract = {This article examines the quality of part-time employment for solicitors in private practice in Australia. Although full-time jobs based on long hours are dominant in the legal profession, part-time jobs, primarily taken by women, have attracted attention in recent years. The article seeks to answer fundamental questions about the extent and quality of these jobs, and how well they serve the needs of the increasingly diverse workforce. The article draws on recent surveys and in-depth interviews, as well as Census and other secondary data to describe the features of the part-time workforce and to explore aspects of poor quality such as limited access, inferior job content, stalled career progression and narrow schedules. It suggests that the major barrier to improving the quality of part-time jobs is the dominant model of full-time work in law firms, centred on heavy workloads, high targets of {\textbackslash}textasciigravebillable hours' and long working hours.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5756,7 +6728,24 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-13259-w},
-  abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted economically-disadvantaged populations in the United States (US). Precarious employment conditions may contribute to these disparities by impeding workers in such conditions from adopting COVID-19 mitigation measures to reduce infection risk. This study investigated the relationship between employment and economic conditions and the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors among US workers during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Employing a social media advertisement campaign, an online, self-administered survey was used to collect data from 2,845 working adults in April 2020. Hierarchical generalized linear models were performed to assess the differences in engagement with recommended protective behaviors based on employment and economic conditions, while controlling for knowledge and perceived threat of COVID-19, as would be predicted by the Health Belief Model (HBM). Results Essential workers had more precarious employment and economic conditions than non-essential workers: 67\textbackslash textbackslash\% had variable income; 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not have paid sick leave; 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% had lost income due to COVID-19, and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% were food insecure. The adoption of protective behaviors was high in the sample: 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants avoided leaving home, and 93\textbackslash textbackslash\% increased hand hygiene. Consistent with the HBM, COVID-19 knowledge scores and perceived threat were positively associated with engaging in all protective behaviors. However, after controlling for these, essential workers were 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely than non-essential workers, who by the nature of their jobs cannot stay at home, to stay at home and increase hand hygiene, respectively. Similarly, participants who could not afford to quarantine were 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to avoid leaving home (AOR: 0.5; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.4, 0.6) than those who could, whereas there were no significant differences concerning hand hygiene. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the accumulating evidence that the employment conditions of essential workers and other low-income earners are precarious, that they have experienced disproportionately higher rates of income loss during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and face significant barriers to adopting protective measures. Our findings underscore the importance and need of policy responses focusing on expanding social protection and benefits to prevent the further deepening of existing health disparities in the US.},
+  abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted economically-disadvantaged populations in the United States (US). Precarious employment conditions may contribute to these disparities by impeding workers in such conditions from adopting COVID-19 mitigation measures to reduce infection risk. This study investigated the relationship between employment and economic conditions and the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors among US workers during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Employing a social media advertisement campaign, an online, self-administered survey was used to collect data from 2,845 working adults in April 2020. Hierarchical generalized linear models were performed to assess the differences in engagement with recommended protective behaviors based on employment and economic conditions, while controlling for knowledge and perceived threat of COVID-19, as would be predicted by the Health Belief Model (HBM). Results Essential workers had more precarious employment and economic conditions than non-essential workers: 67{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had variable income; 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% did not have paid sick leave; 42{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had lost income due to COVID-19, and 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were food insecure. The adoption of protective behaviors was high in the sample: 77{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants avoided leaving home, and 93{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increased hand hygiene. Consistent with the HBM, COVID-19 knowledge scores and perceived threat were positively associated with engaging in all protective behaviors. However, after controlling for these, essential workers were 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less likely than non-essential workers, who by the nature of their jobs cannot stay at home, to stay at home and increase hand hygiene, respectively. Similarly, participants who could not afford to quarantine were 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less likely to avoid leaving home (AOR: 0.5; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.4, 0.6) than those who could, whereas there were no significant differences concerning hand hygiene. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the accumulating evidence that the employment conditions of essential workers and other low-income earners are precarious, that they have experienced disproportionately higher rates of income loss during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and face significant barriers to adopting protective measures. Our findings underscore the importance and need of policy responses focusing on expanding social protection and benefits to prevent the further deepening of existing health disparities in the US.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Capella2002,
+  title = {Inequities in the {{VR System}}: {{Do They Still Exist}}?},
+  shorttitle = {Inequities in the {{VR System}}},
+  author = {Capella, Michele E.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin},
+  volume = {45},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {143--153},
+  issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853},
+  doi = {10.1177/003435520204500303},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This investigation determined whether differences still exist for racial minorities and women in terms of acceptance rates, employment outcomes, and quality of successful closures in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system. Three control variables{\textemdash} age, education level, and severity of disability{\textemdash}were used in a logistic regression model. Differences in odds (based on odds ratio estimates) were found for the following: (a) acceptance rates{\textemdash}favored European Americans over African Americans, (b) employment outcomes{\textemdash}favored European Americans over both African Americans and Native Americans, and (c) quality of closures{\textemdash}favored men over women, with age acting as an effect modifier.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5785,7 +6774,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {714--721},
   issn = {0957-4824},
   doi = {10.1093/heapro/daaa112},
-  abstract = {The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the incongruity of individualization ideologies that position individuals at the centre of health care, by contributing, making informed decisions and exercising choice regarding their health options and lifestyle considerations. When confronted with a global health threat, government across the world, have understood that the rhetoric of individualization, personal responsibility and personal choice would only led to disastrous national health consequences. In other words, individual choice offers a poor criterion to guide the health and wellbeing of a population. This reality has forced many advanced economies around the world to suspend their pledges to \textbackslash textasciigravesmall government', individual responsibility and individual freedom, opting instead for a more rebalanced approach to economic and health outcomes with an increasing role for institutions and mutualization. For many marginalized communities, individualization ideologies and personalization approaches have never worked. On the contrary, they have exacerbated social and health inequalities by benefiting affluent individuals who possess the educational, cultural and economic resources required to exercise \textbackslash textasciigraveresponsibility', avert risks and adopt health protecting behaviours. The individualization of the management of risk has also further stigmatized the poor by shifting the blame for poor health outcomes from government to individuals. This paper will explore how the COVID-19 pandemic exposes the cracks of neoliberal rhetoric on personalization and opens new opportunities to approach the health of a nation as socially, economically and politically determined requiring \textbackslash textasciigraveupstream' interventions on key areas of health including housing, employment, education and access to health care.},
+  abstract = {The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the incongruity of individualization ideologies that position individuals at the centre of health care, by contributing, making informed decisions and exercising choice regarding their health options and lifestyle considerations. When confronted with a global health threat, government across the world, have understood that the rhetoric of individualization, personal responsibility and personal choice would only led to disastrous national health consequences. In other words, individual choice offers a poor criterion to guide the health and wellbeing of a population. This reality has forced many advanced economies around the world to suspend their pledges to {\textbackslash}textasciigravesmall government', individual responsibility and individual freedom, opting instead for a more rebalanced approach to economic and health outcomes with an increasing role for institutions and mutualization. For many marginalized communities, individualization ideologies and personalization approaches have never worked. On the contrary, they have exacerbated social and health inequalities by benefiting affluent individuals who possess the educational, cultural and economic resources required to exercise {\textbackslash}textasciigraveresponsibility', avert risks and adopt health protecting behaviours. The individualization of the management of risk has also further stigmatized the poor by shifting the blame for poor health outcomes from government to individuals. This paper will explore how the COVID-19 pandemic exposes the cracks of neoliberal rhetoric on personalization and opens new opportunities to approach the health of a nation as socially, economically and politically determined requiring {\textbackslash}textasciigraveupstream' interventions on key areas of health including housing, employment, education and access to health care.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5830,7 +6819,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {465--487},
   issn = {0022-1856},
   doi = {10.1177/0022185614538442},
-  abstract = {Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions critical to mothers' work and caring security are: contracts providing two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security. Occupations can be clustered into \textbackslash textasciigraveshapes', based on the relative mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring security; others involve types of \textbackslash textasciigraveflexibility focusing a trade-off between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms - that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be grouped into five shapes that were associated with different concentrations of mothers. Occupational \textbackslash textasciigraveshapes' may thus act as barriers or enablers to mothers' labour market transitions. They may tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation, and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve mothers' access to both career and caring security.},
+  abstract = {Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions critical to mothers' work and caring security are: contracts providing two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security. Occupations can be clustered into {\textbackslash}textasciigraveshapes', based on the relative mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring security; others involve types of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveflexibility focusing a trade-off between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms - that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be grouped into five shapes that were associated with different concentrations of mothers. Occupational {\textbackslash}textasciigraveshapes' may thus act as barriers or enablers to mothers' labour market transitions. They may tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation, and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve mothers' access to both career and caring security.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5845,7 +6834,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {866--888},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/IJM-01-2020-0022},
-  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify the labor market outcomes of people with disabilities (PwD) in Indonesia and compares them to people without disabilities. It first studies the labor force participation of PwD before examining the large and persistent wage gaps they face. It explores whether these wage gaps are explained by differences in productivity, a distinction which has important implications for policies addressing these gaps. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey Wave 5, which includes unique questions allowing for several definitions of disability. Multinomial logistic regression is used to study differences in type of employment for PwD. Wage gaps are estimated and corrected for selection using propensity score matching, supported by a Heckman selection model and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Comparisons with other physically disadvantaged subgroups and the analysis of heterogeneity by job requirements and sector of work explore whether productivity gaps help explain wage gaps. Findings PwD generally have lower unconditional labor force participation, but disparities largely disappear when controlling for characteristics. Moreover, patterns vary depending on whether the measure of disability used depends on prior medical diagnosis. PwD that do not require prior diagnosis tend to work in more vulnerable employment. When they are employed for wages, people with these types of disabilities face lower wages, up to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower. Meanwhile, (surprisingly) those with medically diagnosed conditions face no difference or a wage premium. This paper finds compelling evidence that, where a wage penalty exists, a substantial part is unexplained by observable characteristics. Originality/value Previous literature on disability has been mostly based on studies of high-income economies. This paper extends the literature to Indonesia, which differs from high-income contexts due to lack of mental healthcare resources and assistive technologies, as well as weaker rule of law. It provides unique insights based on types of disability and the salient dimensions of disability in the workplace. It also provides evidence that productivity differences do not explain the wage gap.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify the labor market outcomes of people with disabilities (PwD) in Indonesia and compares them to people without disabilities. It first studies the labor force participation of PwD before examining the large and persistent wage gaps they face. It explores whether these wage gaps are explained by differences in productivity, a distinction which has important implications for policies addressing these gaps. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey Wave 5, which includes unique questions allowing for several definitions of disability. Multinomial logistic regression is used to study differences in type of employment for PwD. Wage gaps are estimated and corrected for selection using propensity score matching, supported by a Heckman selection model and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Comparisons with other physically disadvantaged subgroups and the analysis of heterogeneity by job requirements and sector of work explore whether productivity gaps help explain wage gaps. Findings PwD generally have lower unconditional labor force participation, but disparities largely disappear when controlling for characteristics. Moreover, patterns vary depending on whether the measure of disability used depends on prior medical diagnosis. PwD that do not require prior diagnosis tend to work in more vulnerable employment. When they are employed for wages, people with these types of disabilities face lower wages, up to 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower. Meanwhile, (surprisingly) those with medically diagnosed conditions face no difference or a wage premium. This paper finds compelling evidence that, where a wage penalty exists, a substantial part is unexplained by observable characteristics. Originality/value Previous literature on disability has been mostly based on studies of high-income economies. This paper extends the literature to Indonesia, which differs from high-income contexts due to lack of mental healthcare resources and assistive technologies, as well as weaker rule of law. It provides unique insights based on types of disability and the salient dimensions of disability in the workplace. It also provides evidence that productivity differences do not explain the wage gap.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5860,7 +6849,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1+},
   issn = {1366-5278},
   doi = {10.3310/hta15090},
-  abstract = {Background: There is a need to identify and analyse the range of models developed to date for delivering health-related lifestyle advice (HRLA), or training, for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in improving the health and well-being of individuals and communities in the UK, with particular reference to the reduction of inequalities. Objectives: To identify the component intervention techniques of lifestyle advisors (LAs) in the UK and similar contexts, and the outcomes of HRLA interventions. Data sources: Stakeholder views, secondary analysis of the National Survey of Health Trainer Activity, telephone survey of health trainer leads/coordinators. A search of a range of electronic databases was undertaken \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceincluding the Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), EMBASE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), MEDLINE, Psyc INFO, etc.], as well searching relevant journals and reference lists, conducted from inception to September 2008. Review methods: Identified studies were scanned by two reviewers and those meeting the following criteria were included: studies carrying out an evaluation of HRLA; those taking place in developed countries similar to the UK context; those looking at adult groups; interventions with the explicit aim of health improvement; interventions that involved paid or voluntary work with an individual or group of peers acting in an advisory role; advice delivered by post, online or electronically; training, support or counselling delivered to patients, communities or members of the public. After quality assessment, studies were selected for inclusion in the review. Data were abstracted from each study according to an agreed procedure and narrative, and realist and economic approaches were used to synthesise the data. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions was undertaken. Results: In total, 269 studies were identified but 243 were excluded. The 26 included studies addressing chronic care, mental health, breastfeeding, smoking, diet and physical activity, screening and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevention. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of LAs to promote health and improve quality of life (QoL), and thus uncertainty about the interventions' cost-effectiveness. However, the economic analysis showed that LA interventions were cost-effective in chronic care and smoking cessation, inconclusive for breastfeeding and mental health and not cost-effective for screening uptake and diet/physical activity. LA interventions for HIV prevention were cost-effective, but not in a UK context. Limitations: The wide variety of LA models, delivery settings and target populations prevented the reviewers from establishing firm causal relationships between intervention mode and study outcomes. Conclusions: Evidence was variable, giving only limited support to LAs having a positive impact on health knowledge, behaviours and outcomes. Levels of acceptability appeared to be high. LAs acted as translational agents, sometimes removing barriers to prescribed behaviour or helping to create facilitative social environments. Reporting of processes of accessing or capitalising on indigenous knowledge was limited. Ambiguity was apparent with respect to the role and impact of lay and peer characteristics of the interventions. A future programme of research on HRLA could benefit from further emphasis on identification of needs, the broadening of population focus and intervention aims, the measurement of outcomes and the reviewing of evidence.},
+  abstract = {Background: There is a need to identify and analyse the range of models developed to date for delivering health-related lifestyle advice (HRLA), or training, for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in improving the health and well-being of individuals and communities in the UK, with particular reference to the reduction of inequalities. Objectives: To identify the component intervention techniques of lifestyle advisors (LAs) in the UK and similar contexts, and the outcomes of HRLA interventions. Data sources: Stakeholder views, secondary analysis of the National Survey of Health Trainer Activity, telephone survey of health trainer leads/coordinators. A search of a range of electronic databases was undertaken {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceincluding the Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), EMBASE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), MEDLINE, Psyc INFO, etc.], as well searching relevant journals and reference lists, conducted from inception to September 2008. Review methods: Identified studies were scanned by two reviewers and those meeting the following criteria were included: studies carrying out an evaluation of HRLA; those taking place in developed countries similar to the UK context; those looking at adult groups; interventions with the explicit aim of health improvement; interventions that involved paid or voluntary work with an individual or group of peers acting in an advisory role; advice delivered by post, online or electronically; training, support or counselling delivered to patients, communities or members of the public. After quality assessment, studies were selected for inclusion in the review. Data were abstracted from each study according to an agreed procedure and narrative, and realist and economic approaches were used to synthesise the data. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions was undertaken. Results: In total, 269 studies were identified but 243 were excluded. The 26 included studies addressing chronic care, mental health, breastfeeding, smoking, diet and physical activity, screening and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevention. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of LAs to promote health and improve quality of life (QoL), and thus uncertainty about the interventions' cost-effectiveness. However, the economic analysis showed that LA interventions were cost-effective in chronic care and smoking cessation, inconclusive for breastfeeding and mental health and not cost-effective for screening uptake and diet/physical activity. LA interventions for HIV prevention were cost-effective, but not in a UK context. Limitations: The wide variety of LA models, delivery settings and target populations prevented the reviewers from establishing firm causal relationships between intervention mode and study outcomes. Conclusions: Evidence was variable, giving only limited support to LAs having a positive impact on health knowledge, behaviours and outcomes. Levels of acceptability appeared to be high. LAs acted as translational agents, sometimes removing barriers to prescribed behaviour or helping to create facilitative social environments. Reporting of processes of accessing or capitalising on indigenous knowledge was limited. Ambiguity was apparent with respect to the role and impact of lay and peer characteristics of the interventions. A future programme of research on HRLA could benefit from further emphasis on identification of needs, the broadening of population focus and intervention aims, the measurement of outcomes and the reviewing of evidence.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5875,7 +6864,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1--24},
   issn = {0020-7780},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1564-913X.2015.00029.x},
-  abstract = {The concept of a living wage is defined by quality of life and work life, not merely economic subsistence. It extends to adequate participation in organizational and social life. In development economics, these crucial components of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedecent work\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace connect with \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecapabilities\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, whose development is important to individuals, organizations and society. However, the links between income and capabilities remain unknown, and living wages are often set by fiat. By integrating theories from development studies, management, psychology and employment relations into a single concentric, contingency model, the authors derive a series of propositions with which to test this context-sensitive model in empirical research.},
+  abstract = {The concept of a living wage is defined by quality of life and work life, not merely economic subsistence. It extends to adequate participation in organizational and social life. In development economics, these crucial components of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedecent work{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace connect with {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecapabilities{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, whose development is important to individuals, organizations and society. However, the links between income and capabilities remain unknown, and living wages are often set by fiat. By integrating theories from development studies, management, psychology and employment relations into a single concentric, contingency model, the authors derive a series of propositions with which to test this context-sensitive model in empirical research.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5890,7 +6879,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {369--377},
   issn = {1351-0711},
   doi = {10.1136/oemed-2017-104619},
-  abstract = {Objectives Past studies have identified socioeconomic inequalities in the timing and route of labour market exit at older ages. However, few studies have compared these trends cross-nationally and existing evidence focuses on specific institutional outcomes (such as disability pension and sickness absence) in Nordic countries. We examined differences by education level and occupational grade in the risks of work exit and health-related work exit. Methods Prospective longitudinal data were drawn from seven studies (n=99164). Participants were in paid work at least once around age 50. Labour market exit was derived based on reductions in working hours, changes in self-reported employment status or from administrative records. Health-related exit was ascertained by receipt of health-related benefit or pension or from the reported reason for stopping work. Cox regression models were estimated for each study, adjusted for baseline self-rated health and birth cohort. Results There were 50003 work exits during follow-up, of which an average of 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% (range 2-32\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were health related. Low level education and low occupational grade were associated with increased risks of health-related exit in most studies. Low level education and occupational grade were also associated with an increased risk of any exit from work, although with less consistency across studies. Conclusions Workers with low socioeconomic position have an increased risk of health-related exit from employment. Policies that extend working life may disadvantage such workers disproportionally, especially where institutional support for those exiting due to poor health is minimal.},
+  abstract = {Objectives Past studies have identified socioeconomic inequalities in the timing and route of labour market exit at older ages. However, few studies have compared these trends cross-nationally and existing evidence focuses on specific institutional outcomes (such as disability pension and sickness absence) in Nordic countries. We examined differences by education level and occupational grade in the risks of work exit and health-related work exit. Methods Prospective longitudinal data were drawn from seven studies (n=99164). Participants were in paid work at least once around age 50. Labour market exit was derived based on reductions in working hours, changes in self-reported employment status or from administrative records. Health-related exit was ascertained by receipt of health-related benefit or pension or from the reported reason for stopping work. Cox regression models were estimated for each study, adjusted for baseline self-rated health and birth cohort. Results There were 50003 work exits during follow-up, of which an average of 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (range 2-32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were health related. Low level education and low occupational grade were associated with increased risks of health-related exit in most studies. Low level education and occupational grade were also associated with an increased risk of any exit from work, although with less consistency across studies. Conclusions Workers with low socioeconomic position have an increased risk of health-related exit from employment. Policies that extend working life may disadvantage such workers disproportionally, especially where institutional support for those exiting due to poor health is minimal.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5904,7 +6893,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {7},
   issn = {0021-9355},
   doi = {10.2106/JBJS.20.01464},
-  abstract = {Background: There is substantial disparity in access to surgical care worldwide that largely impacts children in resource-limited environments. Although it has been suggested that surgeons in high-income countries work alongside their overseas peers to bridge this gap, there is limited information regarding the impact of pediatric orthopaedic observerships that are available to international surgeons. This study aimed to assess the perceived impact of such visitations on overseas surgeons, including their professional development and clinical practice. Methods: A survey was distributed to overseas surgeons who participated in a pediatric orthopaedic observership in North America in the years 2009 to 2019. Details were collected regarding each respondent's demographics and observership program, and the impact of this short-term clinical experience as perceived by the visiting surgeon. Results: Of the 181 international surgeons from 56 countries who participated in a pediatric orthopaedic observership, most were young male surgeons residing in a middle-income nation. The majority of surgeons observed in outpatient clinics (98\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and in the operating room (96\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and attended educational in-house conferences (92\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most observers (75\textbackslash textbackslash\%) acknowledged gaining relevant orthopaedic knowledge and clinical skills that improved local patient care, and nearly all (99\textbackslash textbackslash\%) shared the newly acquired knowledge with their peers and trainees. Most (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were still living and working in the country that had been their residence at the time of their observership. No noteworthy trends were identified between the income classification of the surgeons' country of residence and their ability to incorporate the acquired skills into their practice. Conclusions: Participating in a North American pediatric orthopaedic observership has a positive perceived impact on the majority of visiting surgeons, with potential gains in clinical skills and knowledge that likely benefit their patients, peers, and trainees. Such participation does not contribute to substantial brain drain and may assist with local capacity building. Identifying ways to increase access to such educational opportunities, particularly for surgeons from lower-income countries, should be explored further.},
+  abstract = {Background: There is substantial disparity in access to surgical care worldwide that largely impacts children in resource-limited environments. Although it has been suggested that surgeons in high-income countries work alongside their overseas peers to bridge this gap, there is limited information regarding the impact of pediatric orthopaedic observerships that are available to international surgeons. This study aimed to assess the perceived impact of such visitations on overseas surgeons, including their professional development and clinical practice. Methods: A survey was distributed to overseas surgeons who participated in a pediatric orthopaedic observership in North America in the years 2009 to 2019. Details were collected regarding each respondent's demographics and observership program, and the impact of this short-term clinical experience as perceived by the visiting surgeon. Results: Of the 181 international surgeons from 56 countries who participated in a pediatric orthopaedic observership, most were young male surgeons residing in a middle-income nation. The majority of surgeons observed in outpatient clinics (98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and in the operating room (96{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and attended educational in-house conferences (92{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most observers (75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) acknowledged gaining relevant orthopaedic knowledge and clinical skills that improved local patient care, and nearly all (99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) shared the newly acquired knowledge with their peers and trainees. Most (97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were still living and working in the country that had been their residence at the time of their observership. No noteworthy trends were identified between the income classification of the surgeons' country of residence and their ability to incorporate the acquired skills into their practice. Conclusions: Participating in a North American pediatric orthopaedic observership has a positive perceived impact on the majority of visiting surgeons, with potential gains in clinical skills and knowledge that likely benefit their patients, peers, and trainees. Such participation does not contribute to substantial brain drain and may assist with local capacity building. Identifying ways to increase access to such educational opportunities, particularly for surgeons from lower-income countries, should be explored further.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5913,13 +6902,29 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Carrougher, Gretchen J. and Brych, Sabina B. and Pham, Tam N. and Mandell, Samuel P. and Gibran, Nicole S.},
   year = {2017},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF BURN CARE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& RESEARCH},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF BURN CARE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& RESEARCH},
   volume = {38},
   number = {1},
   pages = {E70-E78},
   issn = {1559-047X},
   doi = {10.1097/BCR.0000000000000410},
-  abstract = {Rates of return to work (RTW) after burn injury vary. A 2012 systematic review of the burn literature reported that nearly 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all adult burn survivors never return to any form of employment. These authors called for interventions designed to assist survivors' ability to function in an employed capacity. In 2010, our burn center outpatient clinic instituted an intervention aimed to return injured workers to employment within 90 days of their insurance claims. The interventions include patient/family education focused on recovery rather than disability, employer contact and education by the vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselor, physician recommendations for work accommodations, provision of employee status letters, and Activity Prescription Forms (APFs). The purpose of this study is to report on the effectiveness of these interventions. Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, medical records of adults with occupation-related burn injuries and receiving care at a single regional burn center from June 2010 to July 2015 were reviewed. Data on patient and injury characteristics and outpatient VR services provided were collected. The primary outcome of interest was the percentage of patients who RTW; 338 individuals met study entry criteria. The VR counselor evaluated all patients. All patients received an employer letter(s) and APF documentation. Workplace accommodations were provided to more than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients. RTW rate was 93\textbackslash textbackslash\%, with an average of 24 days from injury to RTW. In an intervention bundle involving the patient, employer, Workers' compensation, and the burn clinic staff, injured workers achieved a high rate of RTW. Although we cannot correlate individual bundle components to outcome, we postulate that the combination of employer/employee/insurer engagement and flexibility contributed to the success of this program.},
+  abstract = {Rates of return to work (RTW) after burn injury vary. A 2012 systematic review of the burn literature reported that nearly 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all adult burn survivors never return to any form of employment. These authors called for interventions designed to assist survivors' ability to function in an employed capacity. In 2010, our burn center outpatient clinic instituted an intervention aimed to return injured workers to employment within 90 days of their insurance claims. The interventions include patient/family education focused on recovery rather than disability, employer contact and education by the vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselor, physician recommendations for work accommodations, provision of employee status letters, and Activity Prescription Forms (APFs). The purpose of this study is to report on the effectiveness of these interventions. Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, medical records of adults with occupation-related burn injuries and receiving care at a single regional burn center from June 2010 to July 2015 were reviewed. Data on patient and injury characteristics and outpatient VR services provided were collected. The primary outcome of interest was the percentage of patients who RTW; 338 individuals met study entry criteria. The VR counselor evaluated all patients. All patients received an employer letter(s) and APF documentation. Workplace accommodations were provided to more than 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients. RTW rate was 93{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, with an average of 24 days from injury to RTW. In an intervention bundle involving the patient, employer, Workers' compensation, and the burn clinic staff, injured workers achieved a high rate of RTW. Although we cannot correlate individual bundle components to outcome, we postulate that the combination of employer/employee/insurer engagement and flexibility contributed to the success of this program.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Carter2011,
+  title = {Community-{{Based Summer Work Experiences}} of {{Adolescents With High-Incidence Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Carter, Erik W. and Trainor, Audrey A. and Ditchman, Nicole and Swedeen, Beth and Owens, Laura},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {The Journal of Special Education},
+  volume = {45},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {89--103},
+  issn = {0022-4669, 1538-4764},
+  doi = {10.1177/0022466909353204},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Although summer offers a natural context for adolescents to gain community-based work experience, little is known about the extent to which youth with disabilities are accessing these transition-related opportunities. We examined the summer employment experiences of 220 youth with high-incidence disabilities at two time points. Although more than half of all youth were employed at some point during the summer, youth with emotional/behavioral disorders and intellectual disabilities worked at significantly lower rates than youth with learning disabilities, and all received limited formal support related to finding and maintaining their jobs. Skill-related factors and spring work experience emerged as prominent predictors of summer employment outcomes. We present recommendations for schools, families, and communities to expand summer employment opportunities for youth with disabilities as an avenue for promoting career development.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -5958,7 +6963,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Carvajal, Manuel J.},
   year = {2018},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
+  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
   volume = {14},
   number = {11},
   pages = {999--1006},
@@ -6078,7 +7083,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {12},
   issn = {1476-072X},
   doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-12-27},
-  abstract = {Background: Unmet health needs should be, in theory, a minor issue in Italy where a publicly funded and universally accessible health system exists. This, however, does not seem to be the case. Moreover, in the last two decades responsibilities for health care have been progressively decentralized to regional governments, which have differently organized health service delivery within their territories. Regional decision-making has affected the use of health care services, further increasing the existing geographical disparities in the access to care across the country. This study aims at comparing self-perceived unmet needs across Italian regions and assessing how the reported reasons - grouped into the categories of availability, accessibility and acceptability - vary geographically. Methods: Data from the 2006 Italian component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions are employed to explore reasons and predictors of self-reported unmet medical needs among 45,175 Italian respondents aged 18 and over. Multivariate logistic regression models are used to determine adjusted rates for overall unmet medical needs and for each of the three categories of reasons. Results: Results show that, overall, 6.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the Italian population stated having experienced at least one unmet medical need during the last 12 months. The unadjusted rates vary markedly across regions, thus resulting in a clear-cut north-south divide (4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the North-East vs. 10.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the South). Among those reporting unmet medical needs, the leading reason was problems of accessibility related to cost or transportation (45.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by acceptability (26.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and availability due to the presence of too long waiting lists (21.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In the South, more than one out of two individuals with an unmet need refrained from seeing a physician due to economic reasons. In the northern regions, working and family responsibilities contribute relatively more to the underutilization of medical services. Logistic regression results suggest that some population groups are more vulnerable than others to experiencing unmet health needs and to reporting some categories of reasons. Adjusting for the predictors resulted in very few changes in the rank order of macro-area rates. Conclusions: Policies to address unmet health care needs should adopt a multidimensional approach and be tailored so as to consider such geographical heterogeneities.},
+  abstract = {Background: Unmet health needs should be, in theory, a minor issue in Italy where a publicly funded and universally accessible health system exists. This, however, does not seem to be the case. Moreover, in the last two decades responsibilities for health care have been progressively decentralized to regional governments, which have differently organized health service delivery within their territories. Regional decision-making has affected the use of health care services, further increasing the existing geographical disparities in the access to care across the country. This study aims at comparing self-perceived unmet needs across Italian regions and assessing how the reported reasons - grouped into the categories of availability, accessibility and acceptability - vary geographically. Methods: Data from the 2006 Italian component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions are employed to explore reasons and predictors of self-reported unmet medical needs among 45,175 Italian respondents aged 18 and over. Multivariate logistic regression models are used to determine adjusted rates for overall unmet medical needs and for each of the three categories of reasons. Results: Results show that, overall, 6.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the Italian population stated having experienced at least one unmet medical need during the last 12 months. The unadjusted rates vary markedly across regions, thus resulting in a clear-cut north-south divide (4.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the North-East vs. 10.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the South). Among those reporting unmet medical needs, the leading reason was problems of accessibility related to cost or transportation (45.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by acceptability (26.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and availability due to the presence of too long waiting lists (21.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). In the South, more than one out of two individuals with an unmet need refrained from seeing a physician due to economic reasons. In the northern regions, working and family responsibilities contribute relatively more to the underutilization of medical services. Logistic regression results suggest that some population groups are more vulnerable than others to experiencing unmet health needs and to reporting some categories of reasons. Adjusting for the predictors resulted in very few changes in the rank order of macro-area rates. Conclusions: Policies to address unmet health care needs should adopt a multidimensional approach and be tailored so as to consider such geographical heterogeneities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6098,7 +7103,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
 }
 
 @article{Caven2022,
-  title = {Gender Inequality in an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveEqual}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Environment},
+  title = {Gender Inequality in an {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveEqual}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' Environment},
   author = {Caven, Valerie and Navarro Astor, Elena and Urbanaviciene, Vita},
   year = {2022},
   month = sep,
@@ -6108,7 +7113,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1658--1675},
   issn = {0968-6673},
   doi = {10.1111/gwao.12715},
-  abstract = {Lithuania, as a part of the former Soviet Union, has a long-standing history of perceived equality for women in the workplace. Women played an equal role in economic production as it was a constitutional expectation that all citizens had both a right and an obligation to work. Consequently, at the time of independence in 1990 the levels of participation of women in the workplace including at managerial and professional levels were much higher than other western European countries. In architecture, women achieved parity in terms of numbers, but this equality did not transfer into all aspects of economic activity. Drawing on qualitative survey and interview data from 31 Lithuanian women architects, our findings show, despite the historical emphasis on equality, the existence of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecritical mass\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of women in the profession and the adoption of EU gender equality policy, the position of women remains poor with clear evidence of sex discrimination, harassment, and lack of opportunities for career advancement.},
+  abstract = {Lithuania, as a part of the former Soviet Union, has a long-standing history of perceived equality for women in the workplace. Women played an equal role in economic production as it was a constitutional expectation that all citizens had both a right and an obligation to work. Consequently, at the time of independence in 1990 the levels of participation of women in the workplace including at managerial and professional levels were much higher than other western European countries. In architecture, women achieved parity in terms of numbers, but this equality did not transfer into all aspects of economic activity. Drawing on qualitative survey and interview data from 31 Lithuanian women architects, our findings show, despite the historical emphasis on equality, the existence of a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecritical mass{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of women in the profession and the adoption of EU gender equality policy, the position of women remains poor with clear evidence of sex discrimination, harassment, and lack of opportunities for career advancement.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6169,7 +7174,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {0276-8739, 1520-6688},
   doi = {10.1002/pam.20337},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             This paper reviews the literature on poverty dynamics in the U.S. It surveys the most prevalent data, theories, and methods used to answer three key questions: How likely are people to enter, exit, and reenter poverty? How long do people remain in poverty? And what events are associated with entering and exiting poverty? The paper then analyzes the combined findings of the literature, discussing overarching patterns of poverty dynamics, differences among demographic groups, and how poverty probabilities, duration, and events have changed over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and avenues for future research. \textcopyright{} 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
+  abstract = {Abstract             This paper reviews the literature on poverty dynamics in the U.S. It surveys the most prevalent data, theories, and methods used to answer three key questions: How likely are people to enter, exit, and reenter poverty? How long do people remain in poverty? And what events are associated with entering and exiting poverty? The paper then analyzes the combined findings of the literature, discussing overarching patterns of poverty dynamics, differences among demographic groups, and how poverty probabilities, duration, and events have changed over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and avenues for future research. {\textcopyright} 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6186,6 +7191,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Cerrutti2000,
+  title = {Economic {{Reform}}, {{Structural Adjustment}} and {{Female Labor Force Participation}} in {{Buenos Aires}}, {{Argentina}}},
+  author = {Cerrutti, Marcela},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {World Development},
+  volume = {28},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {879--891},
+  issn = {0305750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00163-1},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Cervantes2021,
   title = {Experiences of {{Latinx Individuals Hospitalized}} for {{COVID-19 A Qualitative Study}}},
   author = {Cervantes, Lilia and Martin, Marlene and Frank, Maria G. and Farfan, Julia F. and Kearns, Mark and Rubio, Luis A. and Tong, Allison and Matus Gonzalez, Andrea and Camacho, Claudia and Collings, Adriana and Mundo, William and Powe, Neil R. and Fernandez, Alicia},
@@ -6196,7 +7216,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {3},
   issn = {2574-3805},
   doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0684},
-  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Latinx individuals, particularly immigrants, are at higher risk than non-Latinx White individuals of contracting and dying from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about Latinx experiences with COVID-19 infection and treatment. OBJECTIVE To describe the experiences of Latinx individuals who were hospitalized with and survived COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The qualitative study used semistructured phone interviews of 60 Latinx adults who survived a COVID-19 hospitalization in public hospitals in San Francisco, California, and Denver, Colorado, from March 2020 to July 2020. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Data analysis was conducted from May 2020 to September 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Themes and subthemes that reflected patient experiences. RESULTS Sixty people (24 women and 36 men; mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD] age, 48 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace12] years) participated. All lived in low-income areas, 47 participants (78\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had more than 4 people in the home, and most (44 participants \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace73\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) were essential workers. Four participants (9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) could work from home, 12 (20\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had paid sick leave, and 21 (35\textbackslash textbackslash\%) lost their job because of COVID-19. We identified 5 themes (and subthemes) with public health and clinical care implications: COVID-19 was a distant and secondary threat (invincibility, misinformation and disbelief, ingrained social norms); COVID-19 was a compounder of disadvantage (fear of unemployment and eviction, lack of safeguards for undocumented immigrants, inability to protect self from COVID-19, and high-density housing); reluctance to seek medical care (worry about health care costs, concerned about ability to access care if uninsured or undocumented, undocumented immigrants fear deportation); health care system interactions (social isolation and change in hospital procedures, appreciation for clinicians and language access, and discharge with insufficient resources or clinical information); and faith and community resiliency (spirituality, Latinx COVID-19 advocates). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In interviews, Latinx patients with COVID-19 who survived hospitalization described initial disease misinformation and economic and immigration fears as having driven exposure and delays in presentation. To confront COVID-19 as a compounder of social disadvantage, public health authorities should mitigate COVID-19-related misinformation, immigration fears, and challenges to health care access, as well as create policies that provide work protection and address economic disadvantages.},
+  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Latinx individuals, particularly immigrants, are at higher risk than non-Latinx White individuals of contracting and dying from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about Latinx experiences with COVID-19 infection and treatment. OBJECTIVE To describe the experiences of Latinx individuals who were hospitalized with and survived COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The qualitative study used semistructured phone interviews of 60 Latinx adults who survived a COVID-19 hospitalization in public hospitals in San Francisco, California, and Denver, Colorado, from March 2020 to July 2020. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Data analysis was conducted from May 2020 to September 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Themes and subthemes that reflected patient experiences. RESULTS Sixty people (24 women and 36 men; mean {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD] age, 48 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace12] years) participated. All lived in low-income areas, 47 participants (78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had more than 4 people in the home, and most (44 participants {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]) were essential workers. Four participants (9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) could work from home, 12 (20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had paid sick leave, and 21 (35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) lost their job because of COVID-19. We identified 5 themes (and subthemes) with public health and clinical care implications: COVID-19 was a distant and secondary threat (invincibility, misinformation and disbelief, ingrained social norms); COVID-19 was a compounder of disadvantage (fear of unemployment and eviction, lack of safeguards for undocumented immigrants, inability to protect self from COVID-19, and high-density housing); reluctance to seek medical care (worry about health care costs, concerned about ability to access care if uninsured or undocumented, undocumented immigrants fear deportation); health care system interactions (social isolation and change in hospital procedures, appreciation for clinicians and language access, and discharge with insufficient resources or clinical information); and faith and community resiliency (spirituality, Latinx COVID-19 advocates). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In interviews, Latinx patients with COVID-19 who survived hospitalization described initial disease misinformation and economic and immigration fears as having driven exposure and delays in presentation. To confront COVID-19 as a compounder of social disadvantage, public health authorities should mitigate COVID-19-related misinformation, immigration fears, and challenges to health care access, as well as create policies that provide work protection and address economic disadvantages.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6224,7 +7244,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {284--291},
   issn = {2630-6344},
   doi = {10.12991/jrp.2019.135},
-  abstract = {Wage is a key element for the performance of the health professional. Because of that, an observational study was carried out based on the secondary analysis of the main results from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveNational Survey of University Graduates and Universities (NSUGU), 2014\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to identify the conditioning factors of inequality in accessing to the labor market and low wage of Peruvian pharmacists. Chi square, crude Odds Ratio (cOR) and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval were calculated. In the bivariate analysis the work not related to pharmaceutical training exposed pharmacists to almost four and a half times the risk of a remuneration lower than 1000 PEN compared to those who had a job related to their professional training (cOR=4.473) and it increased to six times in the multivariate analysis (cOR=5.938). Women were less likely to have this remuneration than men (cOR = 0.544) and maintained this characteristic in the multivariate analysis. The graduation from a public university was a protective factor of remuneration lower than 1000 PEN in the multivariate analysis, but not in the bivariate analysis. Women and graduates from public universities are more likely to be unemployed, while exposure to low income is measured by occupation not related to professional training.},
+  abstract = {Wage is a key element for the performance of the health professional. Because of that, an observational study was carried out based on the secondary analysis of the main results from the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveNational Survey of University Graduates and Universities (NSUGU), 2014{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to identify the conditioning factors of inequality in accessing to the labor market and low wage of Peruvian pharmacists. Chi square, crude Odds Ratio (cOR) and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval were calculated. In the bivariate analysis the work not related to pharmaceutical training exposed pharmacists to almost four and a half times the risk of a remuneration lower than 1000 PEN compared to those who had a job related to their professional training (cOR=4.473) and it increased to six times in the multivariate analysis (cOR=5.938). Women were less likely to have this remuneration than men (cOR = 0.544) and maintained this characteristic in the multivariate analysis. The graduation from a public university was a protective factor of remuneration lower than 1000 PEN in the multivariate analysis, but not in the bivariate analysis. Women and graduates from public universities are more likely to be unemployed, while exposure to low income is measured by occupation not related to professional training.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6254,7 +7274,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {5},
   issn = {2059-7908},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001032},
-  abstract = {Introduction Among all barriers to breastfeeding, the need to work has been cited as one of the top reasons for not breastfeeding overall and for early weaning among mothers who seek to breastfeed. We aimed to examine whether extending the duration of paid maternity leave available to new mothers affected early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months and breastfeeding duration in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We merged longitudinal data measuring national maternity leave policies with information on breasffeeding related to 992 419 live births occurring between 1996 and 2014 in 38 LMICs that participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys. We used a difference-in-differences approach to compare changes in the prevalence of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, as well as the duration of breasffeeding, among treated countries that lengthened their paid maternity leave policy between 1995 and 2013 versus control countries that did not. Regression models included country and year fixed effects, as well as measured individual-level, household-level and country-level covariates. All models incorporated robust SEs and respondent-level sampling weights. Results A 1-month increase in the legislated duration of paid maternity leave was associated with a 7.4 percentage point increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 3.2 to 11.7) in the prevalence of early initiation of breasffeeding, a 5.9 percentage point increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.0 to 9.8) in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and a 2.2- month increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1 to 3.4) in breasffeeding duration. Conclusion Extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave appears to promote breasffeeding practices in LMICs. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism to reduce barriers to breasffeeding for working mothers.},
+  abstract = {Introduction Among all barriers to breastfeeding, the need to work has been cited as one of the top reasons for not breastfeeding overall and for early weaning among mothers who seek to breastfeed. We aimed to examine whether extending the duration of paid maternity leave available to new mothers affected early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months and breastfeeding duration in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We merged longitudinal data measuring national maternity leave policies with information on breasffeeding related to 992 419 live births occurring between 1996 and 2014 in 38 LMICs that participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys. We used a difference-in-differences approach to compare changes in the prevalence of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, as well as the duration of breasffeeding, among treated countries that lengthened their paid maternity leave policy between 1995 and 2013 versus control countries that did not. Regression models included country and year fixed effects, as well as measured individual-level, household-level and country-level covariates. All models incorporated robust SEs and respondent-level sampling weights. Results A 1-month increase in the legislated duration of paid maternity leave was associated with a 7.4 percentage point increase (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 3.2 to 11.7) in the prevalence of early initiation of breasffeeding, a 5.9 percentage point increase (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 2.0 to 9.8) in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and a 2.2- month increase (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.1 to 3.4) in breasffeeding duration. Conclusion Extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave appears to promote breasffeeding practices in LMICs. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism to reduce barriers to breasffeeding for working mothers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6271,11 +7291,27 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Chakravarty2018,
+  title = {Lack of {{Economic Opportunities}} and {{Persistence}} of {{Child Marriage}} in {{West Bengal}}},
+  author = {Chakravarty, Deepita},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Indian Journal of Gender Studies},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {180--204},
+  issn = {0971-5215, 0973-0672},
+  doi = {10.1177/0971521518761430},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {West Bengal (WB) ranks high among the 15 major states of India, where there is still a disturbing persistence of underage marriage among girls, leading to early motherhood as a consequence. The article explores the reasons for this in the context of social and economic conditions in the state. The article argues that more than poverty and illiteracy, the unavailability of new employment opportunities for women and girls in the rural and urban areas of the state explains why parents do not have the incentive to invest in more schooling or the higher education of their daughters. The article is mainly based on secondary data with occasional references to some primary evidence from a recent survey done by the author.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Chamberlain2016,
   title = {The Impact of the Spatial Mismatch between Parolee and Employment Locations on Recidivism},
   author = {Chamberlain, Alyssa W. and Boggess, Lyndsay N. and Powers, Rachael A.},
   year = {2016},
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF CRIME \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& JUSTICE},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF CRIME {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& JUSTICE},
   volume = {39},
   number = {3},
   pages = {398--420},
@@ -6361,11 +7397,11 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Chandola, Tarani and Rouxel, Patrick},
   year = {2021},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {285},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114313},
-  abstract = {There has been limited theoretical and empirical research into the role of workplace accommodations in enabling workers with and without impairments to remain in work. This study used the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model to examine (a) whether workplace accommodations enable workers, particularly those with different impairments, to remain economically active; and (b) the predictors of the onset of work accommodations. Data from two waves of a large-scale longitudinal survey of disability in Great Britain, the Life Opportunities Survey (2009-2012) were analysed. 2307 workers with an impairment and 4308 workers without an impairment were followed up for a year. Work accommodations appear to enable workers with impairments to remain economically active, especially those with mental impairments. There was no difference in the employment rates of workers with and without mental impairments who had two or more work accommodations, in contrast to the 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% employment gap between workers with and without mental impairments who did not have any work accommodations. While there was no gender difference in the disability employment gap, barriers to employment related to caregiving were much greater for women compared to men. Moreover, only workers with incident pain impairments were associated with an increase in their work accommodations, not workers with incident mental impairments. Despite the evidence that workers with mental impairments could benefit considerably from workplace accommodations, they are less likely to have their workplace adjusted. The ICF model is particularly useful in analysing the role of work accommodations because it considers a much wider range of factors that are relevant not just to workers with different types of impairments, but are also relevant to the wider group of workers who use workplace accommodations.},
+  abstract = {There has been limited theoretical and empirical research into the role of workplace accommodations in enabling workers with and without impairments to remain in work. This study used the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model to examine (a) whether workplace accommodations enable workers, particularly those with different impairments, to remain economically active; and (b) the predictors of the onset of work accommodations. Data from two waves of a large-scale longitudinal survey of disability in Great Britain, the Life Opportunities Survey (2009-2012) were analysed. 2307 workers with an impairment and 4308 workers without an impairment were followed up for a year. Work accommodations appear to enable workers with impairments to remain economically active, especially those with mental impairments. There was no difference in the employment rates of workers with and without mental impairments who had two or more work accommodations, in contrast to the 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% employment gap between workers with and without mental impairments who did not have any work accommodations. While there was no gender difference in the disability employment gap, barriers to employment related to caregiving were much greater for women compared to men. Moreover, only workers with incident pain impairments were associated with an increase in their work accommodations, not workers with incident mental impairments. Despite the evidence that workers with mental impairments could benefit considerably from workplace accommodations, they are less likely to have their workplace adjusted. The ICF model is particularly useful in analysing the role of work accommodations because it considers a much wider range of factors that are relevant not just to workers with different types of impairments, but are also relevant to the wider group of workers who use workplace accommodations.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6409,7 +7445,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {350--366},
   issn = {0164-0704},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jmacro.2018.06.006},
-  abstract = {This paper examines the equilibrium optimality with consumption-induced social comparisons in a unionized economy which entails unemployment. We show that social comparisons of consumption lead to excessive labor supply for employed workers, but trade unionism results in under-employment. When conspicuous consumption meets trade unionism, the labor force exhibits an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveintensive margin\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace under which the excessive labor supply caused by social comparisons of consumption is restrained by unionization. Conspicuous consumption can then achieve the social sub-optimum, without a need for government intervention, creating no distortions in consumption, capital accumulation, and output in a competitive equilibrium. When social comparisons in consumption are more intensive, a higher degree of unionization is required for restoring optimality. Given a specific degree of social comparison in consumption, a higher degree of unionization is socially desirable if the output elasticity of labor, the elasticity of labor supply, or the elasticity of substitution between working hours and employment is high. By contrast, a lower degree of unionization is socially desirable when the trade union displays a more favorable orientation toward wages. By shedding light on the role of trade unionism, our study also provides a reconciliation of the disparity between the theoretical prediction and the empirical findings.},
+  abstract = {This paper examines the equilibrium optimality with consumption-induced social comparisons in a unionized economy which entails unemployment. We show that social comparisons of consumption lead to excessive labor supply for employed workers, but trade unionism results in under-employment. When conspicuous consumption meets trade unionism, the labor force exhibits an {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveintensive margin{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace under which the excessive labor supply caused by social comparisons of consumption is restrained by unionization. Conspicuous consumption can then achieve the social sub-optimum, without a need for government intervention, creating no distortions in consumption, capital accumulation, and output in a competitive equilibrium. When social comparisons in consumption are more intensive, a higher degree of unionization is required for restoring optimality. Given a specific degree of social comparison in consumption, a higher degree of unionization is socially desirable if the output elasticity of labor, the elasticity of labor supply, or the elasticity of substitution between working hours and employment is high. By contrast, a lower degree of unionization is socially desirable when the trade union displays a more favorable orientation toward wages. By shedding light on the role of trade unionism, our study also provides a reconciliation of the disparity between the theoretical prediction and the empirical findings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6426,7 +7462,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   doi = {10.1111/jmwh.13243},
   abstract = {Introduction Returning to paid employment is one of the reasons women stop breastfeeding earlier than they planned to. This systematic review aimed to provide insight into the experiences and views of women and employers on breastfeeding and returning to paid employment, with findings used to inform practice and policy. Methods The review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published in English. JBI's meta-aggregative approach informed data analysis. The studies in this analysis included women who stopped breastfeeding before, and those who continued breastfeeding after, returning to paid employment and the employers, work managers, or supervisors of women who continued breastfeeding after returning to paid employment. Results Twenty-six articles presenting findings from 25 studies were included and critically appraised. Synthesized findings showed that women experienced physical and emotional difficulties and described gender and employment inequalities in accessing and receiving the support they needed. Women reported that the importance of their own motivation and having workplace legislation in place facilitated breastfeeding during employment. Support from employers, colleagues, and family members, as well as access to convenient child care, helped women continue breastfeeding on return to paid employment. Employers' personal experiences influenced their views on breastfeeding and working, and the need for more education and communication between employers and employers on breastfeeding in the workplace was recognized. Discussion Support from family, work colleagues, and employers was important to reduce the physical and emotional challenges women experienced when combing breastfeeding with return to paid employment. Gender inequalities, especially in low- and middle-income countries, in accessing support exacerbated the difficulties women experienced. Limited data were identified regarding employers' experiences and views, suggesting an urgent need for further research to explore employers' and work colleagues' experiences and views.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::health,outcome::rtw,review::qualitative,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::gender,outcome::health,outcome::rtw,review::qualitative,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NNBJSYFS/Chang et al_2021_Women's and Employers' Experiences and Views of Combining Breastfeeding with a.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -6508,7 +7544,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
   volume = {11},
   doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114256},
-  abstract = {IntroductionThis study explores the predictive power of macro-structural characteristics on quality rating and improvement system (QRIS) outcomes of Family Day Care (FDC) services in Australia. MethodsThe dataset consisted of 441 FDC National Quality Standard (NQS) ratings from all Australian states and territories, with overall ratings of Exceeding NQS, Meeting NQS, Working Towards NQS, or Significant Improvement Required. ResultsMultinomial logistic regressions confirmed that management type, community socioeconomic status (SES), level of urbanization, and government jurisdiction explained 6.9 to 19.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the variation in QRIS outcomes. Results indicated that lower FDC NQS ratings were more likely for (1) private for-profit vs. not-for-profit; (2) low-SES vs. high-SES area; and (3) regional or remote area vs. metropolitan. State/territory jurisdiction also influenced NQS ratings. DiscussionThese findings imply the need for policy attention to inequalities in FDC quality associated with systemic and organizational differences. Greater effort is needed to promote equality and equity in FDC services.},
+  abstract = {IntroductionThis study explores the predictive power of macro-structural characteristics on quality rating and improvement system (QRIS) outcomes of Family Day Care (FDC) services in Australia. MethodsThe dataset consisted of 441 FDC National Quality Standard (NQS) ratings from all Australian states and territories, with overall ratings of Exceeding NQS, Meeting NQS, Working Towards NQS, or Significant Improvement Required. ResultsMultinomial logistic regressions confirmed that management type, community socioeconomic status (SES), level of urbanization, and government jurisdiction explained 6.9 to 19.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the variation in QRIS outcomes. Results indicated that lower FDC NQS ratings were more likely for (1) private for-profit vs. not-for-profit; (2) low-SES vs. high-SES area; and (3) regional or remote area vs. metropolitan. State/territory jurisdiction also influenced NQS ratings. DiscussionThese findings imply the need for policy attention to inequalities in FDC quality associated with systemic and organizational differences. Greater effort is needed to promote equality and equity in FDC services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6569,7 +7605,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   doi = {10.1007/s12571-021-01171-x},
   abstract = {Mounting concerns over food insecurity have emerged as a key agenda in many recent global development dialogues, on accounts of observed and expected health outcomes. The present study attempts a reflective summary around a yet little-explored aspect of food insecurity: health and social ramifications of coping behaviours (adaptive strategies to improve food availability, accessibility, utilisation, and stability), with specific emphasis on women and children. We conducted a systematic literature with different search engines and databases to identify a diversity of recent journal articles, reports, working papers, white papers, proceedings, dissertations, newspaper articles, book chapters, and grey literature, published in the post-2000s period. We thus identified two broad generic categories in the relevant global literature: coping behaviours that are (a) non-food (livelihood alterations) and (2) food-based. For women, the former includes outdoor employment, selling asset bases, borrowing food and/or money, and purchasing food on credit. Food-based coping strategies included reduced daily meal portion sizes and reducing the frequency of food uptake or skipping meals altogether (i.e., Food Rationing); nutritional switch (i.e., Food Stretching); and Food Sharing. Coping behaviours involving children primarily include dropping out of school, begging, stealing, and Food Seeking (i.e., eating outside home, with relatives or friends, or at charitable institutions). The likely health outcomes included stunting and wasting, disrupted socio-cognitive development among children. A subsidiary idea to conduct this study was to offer the concerned authorities an insight into the breadth of coping behaviours, so as to help them anticipate targeted and gender-responsive interventions on a priori basis. We offer a discourse on what we refer to as time poverty, especially for farm women, resulting from obligatory outdoor employment, mostly as farm labourers to highlight a social paradox: women provide massive contributions in the translation of high value goods and services of a vibrant global agricultural system, and yet are among the first victims of food insecurity themselves. This situation contradicts a number of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and aggravates gender disparity. In final section we appeal for more targeted, evidence-based research to establish direct causal linkages between food insecurity and coping behaviours, distinguishing them from life-as-usual scenarios. To that end, we present a brief critique on Coping Strategy Index (CSI) -a widely used tool to evaluate severity of coping behaviours.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::poverty,integrated,outcome::educational,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::poverty,outcome::educational,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DA48J8QM/Chaudhuri et al_2021_Coping Behaviours and the concept of Time Poverty.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -6615,7 +7651,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {263--277},
   issn = {2196-8799},
   doi = {10.1007/s40609-021-00215-6},
-  abstract = {Purpose Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a breach of fundamental human rights, and a global health issue. While the literature is rich in research on the determinants of IPV, the possible effect of socioeconomic inequality on IPV has received little attention. The present paper is aimed at examining the effect of socioeconomic inequality on IPV in India, a nation where VAW is among the highest in the world. Methods We used data from the third and fourth round of National Family Health Survey for India, a nationally representative sample survey conducted in 2005-2006 and 2015-2016, respectively. It is claimed that, by eroding social capital in the living community, socioeconomic inequality raises the likelihood of witnessing violence. To estimate the impact of socioeconomic inequality on IPV, we rely on concentration curve, and decomposition analysis method. Results Our findings show a clear statistically significant positive association between IPV and socioeconomic inequality in India, though the percentage has decreased from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016 (39.7 to 31.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The large age gap between couples was found to be positively associated where younger women have a higher risk of IPV from their spouses. In addition, other covariates such as no education, husband's unemployment status, poor economic status of household increases the risk of IPV and were also statistically significant. Women's working status protected them against IPV (A.O.R = 0.80 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2005-2006]; A.O.R = 0.70 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2015-2016]), though there was a greater risk of IPV among uneducated women. Conclusion Poverty and deprivation among men often emerge as potentially important drivers of this. Interventions to empower women would not only expand women's access to economic services and opportunities, but should also collaborate with men and women to tackle men's livelihoods, male gender stereotypes, and masculinity norms.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a breach of fundamental human rights, and a global health issue. While the literature is rich in research on the determinants of IPV, the possible effect of socioeconomic inequality on IPV has received little attention. The present paper is aimed at examining the effect of socioeconomic inequality on IPV in India, a nation where VAW is among the highest in the world. Methods We used data from the third and fourth round of National Family Health Survey for India, a nationally representative sample survey conducted in 2005-2006 and 2015-2016, respectively. It is claimed that, by eroding social capital in the living community, socioeconomic inequality raises the likelihood of witnessing violence. To estimate the impact of socioeconomic inequality on IPV, we rely on concentration curve, and decomposition analysis method. Results Our findings show a clear statistically significant positive association between IPV and socioeconomic inequality in India, though the percentage has decreased from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016 (39.7 to 31.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The large age gap between couples was found to be positively associated where younger women have a higher risk of IPV from their spouses. In addition, other covariates such as no education, husband's unemployment status, poor economic status of household increases the risk of IPV and were also statistically significant. Women's working status protected them against IPV (A.O.R = 0.80 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace2005-2006]; A.O.R = 0.70 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace2015-2016]), though there was a greater risk of IPV among uneducated women. Conclusion Poverty and deprivation among men often emerge as potentially important drivers of this. Interventions to empower women would not only expand women's access to economic services and opportunities, but should also collaborate with men and women to tackle men's livelihoods, male gender stereotypes, and masculinity norms.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6641,7 +7677,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {122--126},
   issn = {1743-9191},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.522},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Musculoskeletal disease (MSD) is a major cause of disability in the global burden of disease, yet data regarding the magnitude of this burden in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. The Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) survey was designed to measure incidence and prevalence of surgically treatable conditions, including MSD, in patients in LMICs. Methods: A countrywide survey was done in Nepal using SOSAS in May-June 2014. Clusters were chosen based on population weighted random sampling. Chi squared tests and multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between demographic variables and MSD. Results: Self-reported MSDs were seen in 14.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of survey respondents with an unmet need of 60\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The majority of MSDs (73.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) occurred between 1 and 12 months prior to the survey. Female sex (OR = 0.6; p {$<$} 0.000), access to motorized transport (for secondary facility, OR = 0.714; p {$<$} 0.012), and access to a tertiary health facility (OR = 0.512; p {$<$} 0.008) were associated with lower odds of MSD. Discussion: Based on this study, there are approximately 2.35 million people living with MSDs in Nepal. As the study identified non-availability, lack of money, and fear and/or lack of trust as the major barriers to orthopedic care in Nepal, future work should consider interventions to address these barriers. Conclusion: There is a need to increase surgical capacity in LMICs; in particular, there is a need to bolster trauma and orthopedic care. Previous studies have suggested ways to allocate resources to build capacity. We recommend targeting the alleviation of these identified barriers in parallel with capacity building. (C) 2016 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Musculoskeletal disease (MSD) is a major cause of disability in the global burden of disease, yet data regarding the magnitude of this burden in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. The Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) survey was designed to measure incidence and prevalence of surgically treatable conditions, including MSD, in patients in LMICs. Methods: A countrywide survey was done in Nepal using SOSAS in May-June 2014. Clusters were chosen based on population weighted random sampling. Chi squared tests and multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between demographic variables and MSD. Results: Self-reported MSDs were seen in 14.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of survey respondents with an unmet need of 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The majority of MSDs (73.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) occurred between 1 and 12 months prior to the survey. Female sex (OR = 0.6; p {$<$} 0.000), access to motorized transport (for secondary facility, OR = 0.714; p {$<$} 0.012), and access to a tertiary health facility (OR = 0.512; p {$<$} 0.008) were associated with lower odds of MSD. Discussion: Based on this study, there are approximately 2.35 million people living with MSDs in Nepal. As the study identified non-availability, lack of money, and fear and/or lack of trust as the major barriers to orthopedic care in Nepal, future work should consider interventions to address these barriers. Conclusion: There is a need to increase surgical capacity in LMICs; in particular, there is a need to bolster trauma and orthopedic care. Previous studies have suggested ways to allocate resources to build capacity. We recommend targeting the alleviation of these identified barriers in parallel with capacity building. (C) 2016 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6661,6 +7697,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   note = {Conference on Women and Work, KINGSTON, CANADA, 1998}
 }
 
+@article{Chen2007,
+  title = {Design and Feasibility Study of an Integrated Pointing Device Apparatus for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury},
+  author = {Chen, Hsieh-Ching and Liu, Yung-Ping and Chen, Chia-Ling and Chen, Chih-Yong},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {275--283},
+  issn = {00036870},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2006.06.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Chen2010,
   title = {Accommodating {{Migrants}} in the {{Post-reform Urban China}}: {{The Perspective}} of the {{Chinese Hukou System}}},
   shorttitle = {Accommodating {{Migrants}} in the {{Post-reform Urban China}}},
@@ -6727,7 +7778,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1095--1118},
   issn = {2029-4913},
   doi = {10.3846/tede.2021.15006},
-  abstract = {A previously undocumented association between city-level degree of hukou-based labor market discrimination and migrant's individual entrepreneurship engagement is examined. Applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis on the micro data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) suggests that hukou-based labor market discrimination can on average explain a 6.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% differential in personal income for rural migrants relative to otherwise identical urban migrants. A one standard deviation increase in a city's average hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with roughly 2.9 percentage point higher of entrepreneurship rate among rural migrants, holding other things equal. Furthermore, city-level hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with much higher propensity for engagement in necessity-based entrepreneurship compared with opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Our empirical work also suggests that the association between city-level hukou discrimination and migrant entrepreneurship is more prominent for people with middle level of education, young people, married people, and renters. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.},
+  abstract = {A previously undocumented association between city-level degree of hukou-based labor market discrimination and migrant's individual entrepreneurship engagement is examined. Applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis on the micro data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) suggests that hukou-based labor market discrimination can on average explain a 6.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% differential in personal income for rural migrants relative to otherwise identical urban migrants. A one standard deviation increase in a city's average hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with roughly 2.9 percentage point higher of entrepreneurship rate among rural migrants, holding other things equal. Furthermore, city-level hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with much higher propensity for engagement in necessity-based entrepreneurship compared with opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Our empirical work also suggests that the association between city-level hukou discrimination and migrant entrepreneurship is more prominent for people with middle level of education, young people, married people, and renters. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6754,7 +7805,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH},
   volume = {10},
   doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2022.961019},
-  abstract = {BackgroundChina advocates a health insurance system with social health insurance (SHI) as the main body and private health insurance (PHI) as the supplement. The study of PHI's complementary role in health is conducive to providing evidence for PHI's policy expansion and encouraging the public to participate in PHI, which is insufficient in China. MethodsWe used the three-wave balanced panel data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). Taking the ownership of supplementary PHI as the independent variable and EQ-5D index scores as the dependent variable, the panel instrumental variable (IV) method was used to analyze the impact of participation in PHI on health. We also assessed the heterogeneity of the health effects of PHI between chronic and non-chronic disease groups and between low- and high-income groups. ResultsThe coverage rate of PHI at baseline was 10.53\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The regression results showed that participating in PHI on the basis of SHI could result in an additional 8.21\textbackslash textbackslash\% health gain (p {$<$} 0.001). At the same time, PHI had greater health gain for chronic disease population than for healthy population (9.25 vs. 6.24\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), and greater health gain for high-income population than for low-income population (8.32 vs. 5.31\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001). ConclusionParticipating in supplementary PHI can effectively enhance the health status of the insured, and has a more significant effect on patients with chronic diseases. The development of PHI should be further supported, while the health inequality in different income groups should be paid attention to.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundChina advocates a health insurance system with social health insurance (SHI) as the main body and private health insurance (PHI) as the supplement. The study of PHI's complementary role in health is conducive to providing evidence for PHI's policy expansion and encouraging the public to participate in PHI, which is insufficient in China. MethodsWe used the three-wave balanced panel data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). Taking the ownership of supplementary PHI as the independent variable and EQ-5D index scores as the dependent variable, the panel instrumental variable (IV) method was used to analyze the impact of participation in PHI on health. We also assessed the heterogeneity of the health effects of PHI between chronic and non-chronic disease groups and between low- and high-income groups. ResultsThe coverage rate of PHI at baseline was 10.53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The regression results showed that participating in PHI on the basis of SHI could result in an additional 8.21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% health gain (p {$<$} 0.001). At the same time, PHI had greater health gain for chronic disease population than for healthy population (9.25 vs. 6.24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), and greater health gain for high-income population than for low-income population (8.32 vs. 5.31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001). ConclusionParticipating in supplementary PHI can effectively enhance the health status of the insured, and has a more significant effect on patients with chronic diseases. The development of PHI should be further supported, while the health inequality in different income groups should be paid attention to.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6767,7 +7818,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {10},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.3390/children10010151},
-  abstract = {There are multiple reasons to consider the use of formal childcare: parental employment, child development, fertility choices, elderly health, generational relations, etc. This study explores the relationship between regional differences (urban/rural; eastern/central/western) and demand for childcare services (quantity, price, quality) from birth to three years of age, moderated and mediated by the family childcare contexts among Chinese women. Altogether, 1770 mothers of children aged 0-3 were selected from a national survey and analyzed. There are three major findings: (1) Urban mothers show a willingness to spend on the higher monetary cost of center-based childcare compared to rural mothers, as a result of more severe work-child conflicts faced by urban women. Urban-rural gaps in individual and household income also contribute to the differences in affordability. (2) Mothers in eastern China have a more substantial need to place their infants or toddlers in nurseries before the age of three than their counterparts in central and western China, primarily due to a lack of grandparental and paternal childcare support and an expectation of higher quality programs. (3) There is no significant regional disparity in terms of care-related or education-related quality preferences. The paper proposes regional prioritized strategies and targeted services to address the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave3A\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace problems of childcare provision.},
+  abstract = {There are multiple reasons to consider the use of formal childcare: parental employment, child development, fertility choices, elderly health, generational relations, etc. This study explores the relationship between regional differences (urban/rural; eastern/central/western) and demand for childcare services (quantity, price, quality) from birth to three years of age, moderated and mediated by the family childcare contexts among Chinese women. Altogether, 1770 mothers of children aged 0-3 were selected from a national survey and analyzed. There are three major findings: (1) Urban mothers show a willingness to spend on the higher monetary cost of center-based childcare compared to rural mothers, as a result of more severe work-child conflicts faced by urban women. Urban-rural gaps in individual and household income also contribute to the differences in affordability. (2) Mothers in eastern China have a more substantial need to place their infants or toddlers in nurseries before the age of three than their counterparts in central and western China, primarily due to a lack of grandparental and paternal childcare support and an expectation of higher quality programs. (3) There is no significant regional disparity in terms of care-related or education-related quality preferences. The paper proposes regional prioritized strategies and targeted services to address the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave3A{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace problems of childcare provision.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6781,7 +7832,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {1},
   issn = {2574-3805},
   doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50674},
-  abstract = {IMPORTANCE The degree to which health and economic outcomes of musculoskeletal disorders are attributable to high body mass index (BMI) has not been quantified on a global scale. OBJECTIVE To estimate global health and economic outcomes associated with musculoskeletal disorders-low back pain (LBP), gout, and osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI in 2019. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used data of 192 countries and territories from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure, World Bank, and International Labour Organization databases. Data analyses were conducted from February 24 to June 16, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), health care costs, and productivity losses due to morbidity from LBP, gout, and osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI by region and country. Prevalence and YLDs were calculated with the population attributable fraction approach. The economic burden, including health care costs and productivity losses due to morbidity, was also quantified. Health care costs borne by the public, private, and out-of-pocket sectors were estimated based on their corresponding payment shares. Productivity losses were estimated based on the output per worker. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to arrive at the base, minimum, and maximum estimates (ie, uncertainty interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceUI]) by using the mean, lower, and upper bounds of all input variables. RESULTS High BMI was estimated to be responsible for 36.3 million (UI, 18.4-61.0 million), 16.9 million (UI, 7.5-32.5 million), and 73.0 million (UI, 32.4-131.1 million) prevalent cases of LBP, gout, and osteoarthritis, respectively, which accounted for 7.3 million (UI, 3.0-15.0 million) YLDs across 192 countries and territories in 2019. Globally, the YLDs of musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high BMI accounted for 1.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all-cause YLDs in the working-age population aged 15 to 84 years. The global total costs of musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high BMI reached \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar180.7 billion (UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar83.8-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar333.1 billion), including \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar60.5 billion (UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar30.7-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar100.5 billion) in health care costs and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar120.2 billion (UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar53.1-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar232.7 billion) in productivity losses. In terms of the global health care costs, 58.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35.6 billion; UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar17.8-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar59.6 billion) was borne by the public sector, 24.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar14.5 billion; UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar7.8-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar23.2 billion) by the private sector, and 17.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%(\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10.3 billion; UI, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5.1-\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar17.6 billion) by the out-of-pocket sector. On average, the total costs accounted for 0.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of global gross domestic product. Great inequalities in the disease and economic burden existed across regions and countries. Nearly 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of global health care (82.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and morbidity-related costs (82.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were paid by high-income countries, whereas more than 60\textbackslash textbackslash\%(61.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of global YLDs occurred in middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of 192 countries and territories, a substantial amount of the health and economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders was attributable to high BMI. Developing effective policies and active participation from health professionals to prevent excessive weight gain are needed. More available estimates are also needed to facilitate a global analysis.},
+  abstract = {IMPORTANCE The degree to which health and economic outcomes of musculoskeletal disorders are attributable to high body mass index (BMI) has not been quantified on a global scale. OBJECTIVE To estimate global health and economic outcomes associated with musculoskeletal disorders-low back pain (LBP), gout, and osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI in 2019. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used data of 192 countries and territories from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure, World Bank, and International Labour Organization databases. Data analyses were conducted from February 24 to June 16, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), health care costs, and productivity losses due to morbidity from LBP, gout, and osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI by region and country. Prevalence and YLDs were calculated with the population attributable fraction approach. The economic burden, including health care costs and productivity losses due to morbidity, was also quantified. Health care costs borne by the public, private, and out-of-pocket sectors were estimated based on their corresponding payment shares. Productivity losses were estimated based on the output per worker. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to arrive at the base, minimum, and maximum estimates (ie, uncertainty interval {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceUI]) by using the mean, lower, and upper bounds of all input variables. RESULTS High BMI was estimated to be responsible for 36.3 million (UI, 18.4-61.0 million), 16.9 million (UI, 7.5-32.5 million), and 73.0 million (UI, 32.4-131.1 million) prevalent cases of LBP, gout, and osteoarthritis, respectively, which accounted for 7.3 million (UI, 3.0-15.0 million) YLDs across 192 countries and territories in 2019. Globally, the YLDs of musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high BMI accounted for 1.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all-cause YLDs in the working-age population aged 15 to 84 years. The global total costs of musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high BMI reached {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar180.7 billion (UI, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar83.8-{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar333.1 billion), including {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar60.5 billion (UI, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar30.7-{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar100.5 billion) in health care costs and {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar120.2 billion (UI, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar53.1-{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar232.7 billion) in productivity losses. In terms of the global health care costs, 58.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar35.6 billion; UI, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar17.8-{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar59.6 billion) was borne by the public sector, 24.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar14.5 billion; UI, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar7.8-{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar23.2 billion) by the private sector, and 17.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar10.3 billion; UI, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar5.1-{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar17.6 billion) by the out-of-pocket sector. On average, the total costs accounted for 0.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of global gross domestic product. Great inequalities in the disease and economic burden existed across regions and countries. Nearly 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of global health care (82.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and morbidity-related costs (82.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were paid by high-income countries, whereas more than 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%(61.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of global YLDs occurred in middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of 192 countries and territories, a substantial amount of the health and economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders was attributable to high BMI. Developing effective policies and active participation from health professionals to prevent excessive weight gain are needed. More available estimates are also needed to facilitate a global analysis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6790,7 +7841,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Cheney, Ann M. and Newkirk, Christine and Rodriguez, Katheryn and Montez, Anselmo},
   year = {2018},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {215},
   pages = {115--122},
   issn = {0277-9536},
@@ -6856,7 +7907,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {297--303},
   issn = {1101-1262},
   doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa253},
-  abstract = {Background: International literature shows unemployment and income loss during the Great Recession worsened population mental health. This individual-level longitudinal study examines how regional economic trends and austerity related to depression using administrative prescription data for a large and representative population sample. Methods: Records from a sample of the Scottish Longitudinal Study (N=86 500) were linked to monthly primary care antidepressant prescriptions (2009-15). Regional economic trends were characterized by annual full-time employment data (2004-14). Economic impact of austerity was measured via annual income lost per working age adult due to welfare reforms (2010-15). Sequence analysis identified new cases of antidepressant use, and group-based trajectory modelling classified regions into similar economic trajectories. Multi-level logistic regression examined relationships between regional economic trends and new antidepressant prescriptions. Structural equation mediation analysis assessed the contributory role of welfare reforms. Results: Employed individuals living in regions not recovering post-recession had the highest risk of beginning a new course of antidepressants (AOR 1.23; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.08-1.38). Individuals living in areas with better recovery trajectories had the lowest risk. Mediation analyses showed that 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 7-61 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) of this association was explained by the impact of welfare benefit reforms on average incomes. Conclusions: Following the Great Recession, local labour market decline and austerity measures were associated with growing antidepressant usage, increasing regional inequalities in mental health. The study evidences the impact of austerity on health inequalities and suggests that economic conditions and welfare policies impact on population health. Reducing the burden of mental ill-health primarily requires action on the social determinants.},
+  abstract = {Background: International literature shows unemployment and income loss during the Great Recession worsened population mental health. This individual-level longitudinal study examines how regional economic trends and austerity related to depression using administrative prescription data for a large and representative population sample. Methods: Records from a sample of the Scottish Longitudinal Study (N=86 500) were linked to monthly primary care antidepressant prescriptions (2009-15). Regional economic trends were characterized by annual full-time employment data (2004-14). Economic impact of austerity was measured via annual income lost per working age adult due to welfare reforms (2010-15). Sequence analysis identified new cases of antidepressant use, and group-based trajectory modelling classified regions into similar economic trajectories. Multi-level logistic regression examined relationships between regional economic trends and new antidepressant prescriptions. Structural equation mediation analysis assessed the contributory role of welfare reforms. Results: Employed individuals living in regions not recovering post-recession had the highest risk of beginning a new course of antidepressants (AOR 1.23; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.08-1.38). Individuals living in areas with better recovery trajectories had the lowest risk. Mediation analyses showed that 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 7-61 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of this association was explained by the impact of welfare benefit reforms on average incomes. Conclusions: Following the Great Recession, local labour market decline and austerity measures were associated with growing antidepressant usage, increasing regional inequalities in mental health. The study evidences the impact of austerity on health inequalities and suggests that economic conditions and welfare policies impact on population health. Reducing the burden of mental ill-health primarily requires action on the social determinants.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6871,7 +7922,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {108+},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4},
-  abstract = {Social capital-the strength of an individual's social network and community-has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health(1-8). However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers(9), we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES-which we term economic connectedness-is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date(10,11). Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% on average. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality(12-14). To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at https://www.socialcapital.org.},
+  abstract = {Social capital-the strength of an individual's social network and community-has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health(1-8). However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers(9), we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES-which we term economic connectedness-is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date(10,11). Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% on average. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality(12-14). To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at https://www.socialcapital.org.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6905,6 +7956,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Chevalier2002,
+  title = {The Causality between Female Labour Force Participation and the Availability of Childcare},
+  author = {Chevalier, A. and Viitanen, T. K.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Applied Economics Letters},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {14},
+  pages = {915--918},
+  issn = {1350-4851, 1466-4291},
+  doi = {10.1080/13504850210138469},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Chhea2010,
   title = {Health Worker Effectiveness and Retention in Rural {{Cambodia}}},
   author = {Chhea, C. and Warren, N. and Manderson, L.},
@@ -6918,8 +7984,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Chiang2013,
+  title = {Factors {{Associated}} with {{Participation}} in {{Employment}} for {{High School Leavers}} with {{Autism}}},
+  author = {Chiang, Hsu-Min and Cheung, Ying Kuen and Li, Huacheng and Tsai, Luke Y.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},
+  volume = {43},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {1832--1842},
+  issn = {0162-3257, 1573-3432},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10803-012-1734-2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Chikovore2015,
-  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveFor}} a Mere Cough, Men Must Just Chew {{Conjex}}, Gain Strength, and Continue Working': The Provider Construction and Tuberculosis Care-Seeking Implications in {{Blantyre}}, {{Malawi}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveFor}} a Mere Cough, Men Must Just Chew {{Conjex}}, Gain Strength, and Continue Working': The Provider Construction and Tuberculosis Care-Seeking Implications in {{Blantyre}}, {{Malawi}}},
   author = {Chikovore, Jeremiah and Hart, Graham and Kumwenda, Moses and Chipungu, Geoffrey A. and Corbett, Liz},
   year = {2015},
   journal = {GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION},
@@ -6939,7 +8020,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {81},
   issn = {0038-0121},
   doi = {10.1016/j.seps.2021.101184},
-  abstract = {Urban mobility conditions play a main role in shaping inequalities in megacities. In the municipality of Sao Paulo, work-related trips take 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% longer, are 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% more lengthy and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% more motorized compared to other reasons. The objective of this work is to quantitatively assess the city's master plan guidelines which encourage the decrease in the job-housing distance, through the creation of local job offers in the suburbs to effectively decrease the commuting time of the suburban population. The analysis was carried out using a specific spatial regression model (the Spatial Error Durbin Model), using data from an extensive origin-destination survey. Results show that an increase in 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% in local job offers in a 7-km radius buffer in Sao Paulo would decrease the mean distance travelled in about 5.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, which would be particularly beneficial for the suburban areas. This highlights the importance of incorporating the spatial planning of land use within transport planning in a megacity environment. Therefore, policymakers should consider strategies to bring housing and jobs closer as means to not only decrease transport inequities, but also to mitigate pollutant emissions, health burdens and economic losses, leading to overall improvements in quality of life. With the growing trend in remote work imposed by the pandemic, it will be necessary to improve our understanding of the relationship between employment and urban mobility conditions.},
+  abstract = {Urban mobility conditions play a main role in shaping inequalities in megacities. In the municipality of Sao Paulo, work-related trips take 62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% longer, are 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% more lengthy and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% more motorized compared to other reasons. The objective of this work is to quantitatively assess the city's master plan guidelines which encourage the decrease in the job-housing distance, through the creation of local job offers in the suburbs to effectively decrease the commuting time of the suburban population. The analysis was carried out using a specific spatial regression model (the Spatial Error Durbin Model), using data from an extensive origin-destination survey. Results show that an increase in 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in local job offers in a 7-km radius buffer in Sao Paulo would decrease the mean distance travelled in about 5.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, which would be particularly beneficial for the suburban areas. This highlights the importance of incorporating the spatial planning of land use within transport planning in a megacity environment. Therefore, policymakers should consider strategies to bring housing and jobs closer as means to not only decrease transport inequities, but also to mitigate pollutant emissions, health burdens and economic losses, leading to overall improvements in quality of life. With the growing trend in remote work imposed by the pandemic, it will be necessary to improve our understanding of the relationship between employment and urban mobility conditions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6952,7 +8033,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {17},
   number = {4},
   doi = {10.1002/cl2.1194},
-  abstract = {Background Lack of access to and use of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) cause 1.6 million deaths every year, of which 1.2 million are due to gastrointestinal illnesses like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections like pneumonia. Poor WASH access and use also diminish nutrition and educational attainment, and cause danger and stress for vulnerable populations, especially for women and girls. The hardest hit regions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 calls for the end of open defecation, and universal access to safely managed water and sanitation facilities, and basic hand hygiene, by 2030. WASH access and use also underpin progress in other areas such as SDG1 poverty targets, SDG3 health and SDG4 education targets. Meeting the SDG equity agenda to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveleave none behind\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace will require WASH providers prioritise the hardest to reach including those living remotely and people who are disadvantaged. Objectives Decision makers need access to high-quality evidence on what works in WASH promotion in different contexts, and for different groups of people, to reach the most disadvantaged populations and thereby achieve universal targets. The WASH evidence map is envisioned as a tool for commissioners and researchers to identify existing studies to fill synthesis gaps, as well as helping to prioritise new studies where there are gaps in knowledge. It also supports policymakers and practitioners to navigate the evidence base, including presenting critically appraised findings from existing systematic reviews. Methods This evidence map presents impact evaluations and systematic reviews from the WASH sector, organised according to the types of intervention mechanisms, WASH technologies promoted, and outcomes measured. It is based on a framework of intervention mechanisms (e.g., behaviour change triggering or microloans) and outcomes along the causal pathway, specifically behavioural outcomes (e.g., handwashing and food hygiene practices), ill-health outcomes (e.g., diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality), nutrition and socioeconomic outcomes (e.g., school absenteeism and household income). The map also provides filters to examine the evidence for a particular WASH technology (e.g., latrines), place of use (e.g., home, school or health facility), location (e.g., global region, country, rural and urban) and group (e.g., people living with disability). Systematic searches for published and unpublished literature and trial registries were conducted of studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Searches were conducted in March 2018, and searches for completed trials were done in May 2020. Coding of information for the map was done by two authors working independently. Impact evaluations were critically appraised according to methods of conduct and reporting. Systematic reviews were critically appraised using a new approach to assess theory-based, mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Results There has been an enormous growth in impact evaluations and systematic reviews of WASH interventions since the International Year of Sanitation, 2008. There are now at least 367 completed or ongoing rigorous impact evaluations in LMICs, nearly three-quarters of which have been conducted since 2008, plus 43 systematic reviews. Studies have been done in 83 LMICs, with a high concentration in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya. WASH sector programming has increasingly shifted in focus from what technology to supply (e.g. , a handwashing station or child's potty), to the best way in which to do so to promote demand. Research also covers a broader set of intervention mechanisms. For example, there has been increased interest in behaviour change communication using psychosocial \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravetriggering\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, such as social marketing and community-led total sanitation. These studies report primarily on behavioural outcomes. With the advent of large-scale funding, in particular by the Bill \textbackslash textbackslash\& Melinda Gates Foundation, there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies on sanitation technologies, particularly latrines. Sustaining behaviour is fundamental for sustaining health and other quality of life improvements. However, few studies have been done of intervention mechanisms for, or measuring outcomes on sustained adoption of latrines to stop open defaecation. There has also been some increase in the number of studies looking at outcomes and interventions that disproportionately affect women and girls, who quite literally carry most of the burden of poor water and sanitation access. However, most studies do not report sex disaggregated outcomes, let alone integrate gender analysis into their framework. Other vulnerable populations are even less addressed; no studies eligible for inclusion in the map were done of interventions targeting, or reporting on outcomes for, people living with disabilities. We were only able to find a single controlled evaluation of WASH interventions in a health care facility, in spite of the importance of WASH in health facilities in global policy debates. The quality of impact evaluations has improved, such as the use of controlled designs as standard, attention to addressing reporting biases, and adequate cluster sample size. However, there remain important concerns about quality of reporting. The quality and usefulness of systematic reviews for policy is also improving, which draw clearer distinctions between intervention mechanisms and synthesise the evidence on outcomes along the causal pathway. Adopting mixed-methods approaches also provides information for programmes on barriers and enablers affecting implementation. Conclusion Ensuring everyone has access to appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities is one of the most fundamental of challenges for poverty elimination. Researchers and funders need to consider carefully where there is the need for new primary evidence, and new syntheses of that evidence. This study suggests the following priority areas: Impact evaluations incorporating understudied outcomes, such as sustainability and slippage, of WASH provision in understudied places of use, such as health care facilities, and of interventions targeting, or presenting disaggregated data for, vulnerable populations, particularly over the life-course and for people living with a disability; Improved reporting in impact evaluations, including presentation of participant flow diagrams; and Synthesis studies and updates in areas with sufficient existing and planned impact evaluations, such as for diarrhoea mortality, ARIs, WASH in schools and decentralisation. These studies will preferably be conducted as mixed-methods systematic reviews that are able to answer questions about programme targeting, implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and compare alternative intervention mechanisms to achieve and sustain outcomes in particular contexts, preferably using network meta-analysis.},
+  abstract = {Background Lack of access to and use of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) cause 1.6 million deaths every year, of which 1.2 million are due to gastrointestinal illnesses like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections like pneumonia. Poor WASH access and use also diminish nutrition and educational attainment, and cause danger and stress for vulnerable populations, especially for women and girls. The hardest hit regions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 calls for the end of open defecation, and universal access to safely managed water and sanitation facilities, and basic hand hygiene, by 2030. WASH access and use also underpin progress in other areas such as SDG1 poverty targets, SDG3 health and SDG4 education targets. Meeting the SDG equity agenda to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveleave none behind{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace will require WASH providers prioritise the hardest to reach including those living remotely and people who are disadvantaged. Objectives Decision makers need access to high-quality evidence on what works in WASH promotion in different contexts, and for different groups of people, to reach the most disadvantaged populations and thereby achieve universal targets. The WASH evidence map is envisioned as a tool for commissioners and researchers to identify existing studies to fill synthesis gaps, as well as helping to prioritise new studies where there are gaps in knowledge. It also supports policymakers and practitioners to navigate the evidence base, including presenting critically appraised findings from existing systematic reviews. Methods This evidence map presents impact evaluations and systematic reviews from the WASH sector, organised according to the types of intervention mechanisms, WASH technologies promoted, and outcomes measured. It is based on a framework of intervention mechanisms (e.g., behaviour change triggering or microloans) and outcomes along the causal pathway, specifically behavioural outcomes (e.g., handwashing and food hygiene practices), ill-health outcomes (e.g., diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality), nutrition and socioeconomic outcomes (e.g., school absenteeism and household income). The map also provides filters to examine the evidence for a particular WASH technology (e.g., latrines), place of use (e.g., home, school or health facility), location (e.g., global region, country, rural and urban) and group (e.g., people living with disability). Systematic searches for published and unpublished literature and trial registries were conducted of studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Searches were conducted in March 2018, and searches for completed trials were done in May 2020. Coding of information for the map was done by two authors working independently. Impact evaluations were critically appraised according to methods of conduct and reporting. Systematic reviews were critically appraised using a new approach to assess theory-based, mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Results There has been an enormous growth in impact evaluations and systematic reviews of WASH interventions since the International Year of Sanitation, 2008. There are now at least 367 completed or ongoing rigorous impact evaluations in LMICs, nearly three-quarters of which have been conducted since 2008, plus 43 systematic reviews. Studies have been done in 83 LMICs, with a high concentration in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya. WASH sector programming has increasingly shifted in focus from what technology to supply (e.g. , a handwashing station or child's potty), to the best way in which to do so to promote demand. Research also covers a broader set of intervention mechanisms. For example, there has been increased interest in behaviour change communication using psychosocial {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravetriggering{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, such as social marketing and community-led total sanitation. These studies report primarily on behavioural outcomes. With the advent of large-scale funding, in particular by the Bill {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Melinda Gates Foundation, there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies on sanitation technologies, particularly latrines. Sustaining behaviour is fundamental for sustaining health and other quality of life improvements. However, few studies have been done of intervention mechanisms for, or measuring outcomes on sustained adoption of latrines to stop open defaecation. There has also been some increase in the number of studies looking at outcomes and interventions that disproportionately affect women and girls, who quite literally carry most of the burden of poor water and sanitation access. However, most studies do not report sex disaggregated outcomes, let alone integrate gender analysis into their framework. Other vulnerable populations are even less addressed; no studies eligible for inclusion in the map were done of interventions targeting, or reporting on outcomes for, people living with disabilities. We were only able to find a single controlled evaluation of WASH interventions in a health care facility, in spite of the importance of WASH in health facilities in global policy debates. The quality of impact evaluations has improved, such as the use of controlled designs as standard, attention to addressing reporting biases, and adequate cluster sample size. However, there remain important concerns about quality of reporting. The quality and usefulness of systematic reviews for policy is also improving, which draw clearer distinctions between intervention mechanisms and synthesise the evidence on outcomes along the causal pathway. Adopting mixed-methods approaches also provides information for programmes on barriers and enablers affecting implementation. Conclusion Ensuring everyone has access to appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities is one of the most fundamental of challenges for poverty elimination. Researchers and funders need to consider carefully where there is the need for new primary evidence, and new syntheses of that evidence. This study suggests the following priority areas: Impact evaluations incorporating understudied outcomes, such as sustainability and slippage, of WASH provision in understudied places of use, such as health care facilities, and of interventions targeting, or presenting disaggregated data for, vulnerable populations, particularly over the life-course and for people living with a disability; Improved reporting in impact evaluations, including presentation of participant flow diagrams; and Synthesis studies and updates in areas with sufficient existing and planned impact evaluations, such as for diarrhoea mortality, ARIs, WASH in schools and decentralisation. These studies will preferably be conducted as mixed-methods systematic reviews that are able to answer questions about programme targeting, implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and compare alternative intervention mechanisms to achieve and sustain outcomes in particular contexts, preferably using network meta-analysis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -6966,7 +8047,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {5},
   pages = {789--796},
   issn = {1876-2859},
-  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Children of color and from low-income families experience disparities in hospital care and outcomes. This study examined the experiences of parents and providers who participated in a novel patient navigation program designed to address these disparities. METHODS: Between April and October 2018, we conducted semistructured interviews with parents enrolled in the Family Bridge navigation pilot study, and inpatient care providers. Each set of interviews was thematically coded and analyzed according to the Realist Evaluation Framework of context, mechanism and outcomes; to identify how and when the pro-gram worked, for whom, and with what results. RESULTS: Of 60 parents enrolled in the intervention, 50 (83\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed an interview. All enrolled children had public insurance; 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Hispanic, 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% were non -His-panic Black, and 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of parents preferred Spanish for communication. Of 23 providers who completed an inter-view, 16 (70\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were attending physicians. Parents identified 4 contexts influencing intervention effectiveness: past clinical experience, barriers to communication, access to resources, and timing of intervention delivery. Four mechanisms were identified by both parents and providers: emotional support, information collection and sharing, facilitating communication, and addressing unmet social needs. Parent-level outcomes included improved communication, feeling supported, and increased parental knowledge surrounding the child's care and the health system. Provider-level outcomes included providing tailored communication and attending to family nonmedical needs. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided insight into the mechanisms by which an inpatient navigation program may improve communication, support, and knowledge for parents of low-income children of color, both directly and by changing provider behavior.},
+  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Children of color and from low-income families experience disparities in hospital care and outcomes. This study examined the experiences of parents and providers who participated in a novel patient navigation program designed to address these disparities. METHODS: Between April and October 2018, we conducted semistructured interviews with parents enrolled in the Family Bridge navigation pilot study, and inpatient care providers. Each set of interviews was thematically coded and analyzed according to the Realist Evaluation Framework of context, mechanism and outcomes; to identify how and when the pro-gram worked, for whom, and with what results. RESULTS: Of 60 parents enrolled in the intervention, 50 (83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed an interview. All enrolled children had public insurance; 66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were Hispanic, 24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were non -His-panic Black, and 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of parents preferred Spanish for communication. Of 23 providers who completed an inter-view, 16 (70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were attending physicians. Parents identified 4 contexts influencing intervention effectiveness: past clinical experience, barriers to communication, access to resources, and timing of intervention delivery. Four mechanisms were identified by both parents and providers: emotional support, information collection and sharing, facilitating communication, and addressing unmet social needs. Parent-level outcomes included improved communication, feeling supported, and increased parental knowledge surrounding the child's care and the health system. Provider-level outcomes included providing tailored communication and attending to family nonmedical needs. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided insight into the mechanisms by which an inpatient navigation program may improve communication, support, and knowledge for parents of low-income children of color, both directly and by changing provider behavior.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7107,7 +8188,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/IJM-04-2022-0179},
-  abstract = {PurposeParticipation of women in engineering education is considerably low in India, although it is increasing in recent years. Also, engineering is primarily treated as a male-dominated profession, and the authors do not find many women in this sector. What factors contribute to this significant gender differences in engineering education and labour market in India? In this context, this study aims to examine the factors that explain the gender variations in academic performance and labour market outcomes (placement and earnings) of engineering graduates in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on primary survey data from fourth-year engineering students in Delhi, collected in 2018-2019, with a total sample size of 3186. The study uses Ordinary least square method (OLS) and Heckman selection model to analyse gender differences in academic performance and labour market outcomes of engineering graduates, respectively.FindingsThe study finds that academic performance of male students is around 10.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% more than female students. However, this difference is heavily influenced by various socioeconomic and institutional factors. Interestingly, 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female engineering graduates have received more job offers than males, which contradicts the common belief that women engineers face job discrimination in the labour market in India. However, the authors find that male engineers earn around 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% more than female engineers shows the evidence of pro-male gender wage inequality in earnings. The findings support that there is a considerable variation in academic performance and earnings between male and female engineering graduates.Originality/valueWhile the authors find some literature in the area of gender difference in the academic performance and labour market among university graduates in India, studies in the field of engineering education are sparse. In a context where fewer women are found in the field of engineering education along with low participation in the labour market, the findings of this study significantly contribute to the policy making.},
+  abstract = {PurposeParticipation of women in engineering education is considerably low in India, although it is increasing in recent years. Also, engineering is primarily treated as a male-dominated profession, and the authors do not find many women in this sector. What factors contribute to this significant gender differences in engineering education and labour market in India? In this context, this study aims to examine the factors that explain the gender variations in academic performance and labour market outcomes (placement and earnings) of engineering graduates in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on primary survey data from fourth-year engineering students in Delhi, collected in 2018-2019, with a total sample size of 3186. The study uses Ordinary least square method (OLS) and Heckman selection model to analyse gender differences in academic performance and labour market outcomes of engineering graduates, respectively.FindingsThe study finds that academic performance of male students is around 10.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% more than female students. However, this difference is heavily influenced by various socioeconomic and institutional factors. Interestingly, 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of female engineering graduates have received more job offers than males, which contradicts the common belief that women engineers face job discrimination in the labour market in India. However, the authors find that male engineers earn around 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% more than female engineers shows the evidence of pro-male gender wage inequality in earnings. The findings support that there is a considerable variation in academic performance and earnings between male and female engineering graduates.Originality/valueWhile the authors find some literature in the area of gender difference in the academic performance and labour market among university graduates in India, studies in the field of engineering education are sparse. In a context where fewer women are found in the field of engineering education along with low participation in the labour market, the findings of this study significantly contribute to the policy making.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7138,7 +8219,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   issn = {0971-5231, 0973-0788},
   doi = {10.1177/0971523121995365},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers and remittances flow to Bangladesh, the fastest growing South Asian country. Migrant workers have been playing an important role in propelling the economic activities of the country for a vast majority of the low-income population. Bangladesh is one of the major remittance recipient countries and earned US\$21.8 billion in 2020. Over half a million workers from Bangladesh are employed in foreign countries annually, which eases the pressure on the domestic labour market considerably. However, the inflow of these enormous remittances has been encountered by various challenges including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought numerous adverse socio-economic impacts on the migrant workers. Policy recommendations suggest designing and implementing well-coordinated public\textendash private migrant workers' inclusive policies and creating a supportive environment for the returnee migrant workers to overcome this crisis. Initiating dialogues and negotiation with the employing countries to protect the jobs and workers' rights can restore the employment and remittances during and after the pandemic, facilitate the expansion of the labour market across borders, and harness the valuable remittances for the overall welfare of the country.},
+  abstract = {This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers and remittances flow to Bangladesh, the fastest growing South Asian country. Migrant workers have been playing an important role in propelling the economic activities of the country for a vast majority of the low-income population. Bangladesh is one of the major remittance recipient countries and earned US\$21.8 billion in 2020. Over half a million workers from Bangladesh are employed in foreign countries annually, which eases the pressure on the domestic labour market considerably. However, the inflow of these enormous remittances has been encountered by various challenges including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought numerous adverse socio-economic impacts on the migrant workers. Policy recommendations suggest designing and implementing well-coordinated public{\textendash}private migrant workers' inclusive policies and creating a supportive environment for the returnee migrant workers to overcome this crisis. Initiating dialogues and negotiation with the employing countries to protect the jobs and workers' rights can restore the employment and remittances during and after the pandemic, facilitate the expansion of the labour market across borders, and harness the valuable remittances for the overall welfare of the country.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7156,7 +8237,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
 }
 
 @article{Christofides2013,
-  title = {Gender Wage Gaps, \textbackslash textasciigravesticky Floors' and \textbackslash textasciigraveglass Ceilings' in {{Europe}}},
+  title = {Gender Wage Gaps, {\textbackslash}textasciigravesticky Floors' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveglass Ceilings' in {{Europe}}},
   author = {Christofides, Louis N. and Polycarpou, Alexandros and Vrachimis, Konstantinos},
   year = {2013},
   month = apr,
@@ -7165,7 +8246,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {86--102},
   issn = {0927-5371},
   doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003},
-  abstract = {We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 26 European countries, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.(4)The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries, definitions of the gap, and selection-correction mechanisms. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in a number of countries, the wage gap is wider at the top ('glass ceilings') and/or at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). We find larger mean/median gender gaps and more evidence of glass ceilings for full-time full-year employees, suggesting more female disadvantage in \textbackslash textasciigravebetter' jobs. These features may be related to country-specific policies that cannot be evaluated at the individual-country level, at a point in time. We use the cross-country variation in the unexplained wage gaps of this larger-than-usual sample of states to explore the influence of (i) country policies that reconcile work and family life and (ii) their wage-setting institutions. We find that country policies and institutions are related to features of their unexplained gender wage gaps in systematic, quantitatively important, ways. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 26 European countries, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.(4)The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries, definitions of the gap, and selection-correction mechanisms. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in a number of countries, the wage gap is wider at the top ('glass ceilings') and/or at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). We find larger mean/median gender gaps and more evidence of glass ceilings for full-time full-year employees, suggesting more female disadvantage in {\textbackslash}textasciigravebetter' jobs. These features may be related to country-specific policies that cannot be evaluated at the individual-country level, at a point in time. We use the cross-country variation in the unexplained wage gaps of this larger-than-usual sample of states to explore the influence of (i) country policies that reconcile work and family life and (ii) their wage-setting institutions. We find that country policies and institutions are related to features of their unexplained gender wage gaps in systematic, quantitatively important, ways. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7183,6 +8264,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Chua2016,
+  title = {Social Capital in {{Singapore}}: {{Gender}} Differences, Ethnic Hierarchies, and Their Intersection},
+  shorttitle = {Social Capital in {{Singapore}}},
+  author = {Chua, Vincent and Mathews, Mathew and Loh, Yi Cheng},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Social Networks},
+  volume = {47},
+  pages = {138--150},
+  issn = {03788733},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Chumo2023,
   title = {Community Advisory Committee as a Facilitator of Health and Wellbeing: {{A}} Qualitative Study in Informal Settlements in {{Nairobi}}, {{Kenya}}},
   author = {Chumo, Ivy and Kabaria, Caroline and Oduor, Clement and Amondi, Christine and Njeri, Ann and Mberu, Blessing},
@@ -7195,6 +8291,36 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Chung2009,
+  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Retirement}} on {{Weight}}},
+  author = {Chung, S. and Domino, M. E. and Stearns, S. C.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},
+  volume = {64B},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {656--665},
+  issn = {1079-5014, 1758-5368},
+  doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbn044},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Chung2009a,
+  title = {Retirement and {{Physical Activity}}},
+  author = {Chung, Sukyung and Domino, Marisa E. and Stearns, Sally C. and Popkin, Barry M.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
+  volume = {36},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {422--428},
+  issn = {07493797},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.026},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Chung2022,
   title = {A {{Social Policy Case}} for a {{Four-Day Week}}},
   author = {Chung, Heejung},
@@ -7206,7 +8332,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {551--566},
   issn = {0047-2794},
   doi = {10.1017/S0047279422000186},
-  abstract = {There has been an explosion of interest in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefour-day-week\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace movement across the globe, especially due to its potential in addressing many of the societal challenges left by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four-day-week is a movement set to shorten the working hours of full-time workers without a reduction in pay. I aim to set out the case for a national move towards a four-day-week explaining why social policy scholars should lead the debate. First, I provide evidence of the societal costs that the current long-hours work culture has on workers' and their family's well-being and welfare, social inequality, and social cohesion. Shorter working can help tackle these issues by giving workers right to time, shifting the balance between work and non-work activities in our lives and valuing them both. Social policy scholars need to lead this debate owing to our existing knowledge and expertise in dealing with these social issues and state-level interventions. In addition, without pressing for fundamental changes in our labour market, we cannot adequately address some of the key challenges we face as a society. The paper ends with key research questions social policy scholars should address as a part of this move.},
+  abstract = {There has been an explosion of interest in the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefour-day-week{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace movement across the globe, especially due to its potential in addressing many of the societal challenges left by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four-day-week is a movement set to shorten the working hours of full-time workers without a reduction in pay. I aim to set out the case for a national move towards a four-day-week explaining why social policy scholars should lead the debate. First, I provide evidence of the societal costs that the current long-hours work culture has on workers' and their family's well-being and welfare, social inequality, and social cohesion. Shorter working can help tackle these issues by giving workers right to time, shifting the balance between work and non-work activities in our lives and valuing them both. Social policy scholars need to lead this debate owing to our existing knowledge and expertise in dealing with these social issues and state-level interventions. In addition, without pressing for fundamental changes in our labour market, we cannot adequately address some of the key challenges we face as a society. The paper ends with key research questions social policy scholars should address as a part of this move.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7226,7 +8352,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
 }
 
 @article{Ciarini2016,
-  title = {The Social Investment Approach as a Field of Job Creation. {{From}} the \textbackslash textasciigraverecalibration' to a Resurgent Trade-off between Employment Growth and Low Wage (White) Jobs. {{A}} Comparison between {{Germany}} and {{Italy}}},
+  title = {The Social Investment Approach as a Field of Job Creation. {{From}} the {\textbackslash}textasciigraverecalibration' to a Resurgent Trade-off between Employment Growth and Low Wage (White) Jobs. {{A}} Comparison between {{Germany}} and {{Italy}}},
   author = {Ciarini, Andrea},
   year = {2016},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE SOCIOLOGIE},
@@ -7235,7 +8361,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {497--512},
   issn = {0390-6701},
   doi = {10.1080/03906701.2016.1206295},
-  abstract = {The social investment approach emerged as a new welfare paradigm, aimed at reconciling the traditional functions of the welfare supply with a productive social agenda, designed at preparing people to confront the \textbackslash textasciigravenew social risks', whether they be related to the problem of balancing paid work and family responsibilities, upgrading the skills, preventing inequalities and promoting the availability of in-kind services. In order to achieve these objectives, especially those related to care needs and work-life balance, the adoption of social investment-based strategies necessarily implies an expansion of the jobs related to health and social care services. In more recent years, many studies have analysed the limitations of the social investment policies because of their different redistributive impacts on social groups. Several studies have found a higher use of these policies for high-income families. Another source of criticism on social investment is that spending on these policies would seem to crowd out more traditional passive social expenditures. In this article, we examine another question related to the widespread of this approach: what are the effects of the social investment policies in terms of direct job creation? In fact, one of the more controversial issues, related to social investment policies, is their direct contribution to the labour market in terms of both quantity and quality of work within welfare services. The article analyses these issues focusing on Germany and Italy, two countries that represent not only two different care regimes but also two distinct models regarding job creation strategies in the care sector. In doing so, particular attention will be paid to long-term care policies, as they represent one of the pivotal areas of the social investment approach, both in terms of social services, to address new social risks, and new jobs related to welfare services},
+  abstract = {The social investment approach emerged as a new welfare paradigm, aimed at reconciling the traditional functions of the welfare supply with a productive social agenda, designed at preparing people to confront the {\textbackslash}textasciigravenew social risks', whether they be related to the problem of balancing paid work and family responsibilities, upgrading the skills, preventing inequalities and promoting the availability of in-kind services. In order to achieve these objectives, especially those related to care needs and work-life balance, the adoption of social investment-based strategies necessarily implies an expansion of the jobs related to health and social care services. In more recent years, many studies have analysed the limitations of the social investment policies because of their different redistributive impacts on social groups. Several studies have found a higher use of these policies for high-income families. Another source of criticism on social investment is that spending on these policies would seem to crowd out more traditional passive social expenditures. In this article, we examine another question related to the widespread of this approach: what are the effects of the social investment policies in terms of direct job creation? In fact, one of the more controversial issues, related to social investment policies, is their direct contribution to the labour market in terms of both quantity and quality of work within welfare services. The article analyses these issues focusing on Germany and Italy, two countries that represent not only two different care regimes but also two distinct models regarding job creation strategies in the care sector. In doing so, particular attention will be paid to long-term care policies, as they represent one of the pivotal areas of the social investment approach, both in terms of social services, to address new social risks, and new jobs related to welfare services},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7267,6 +8393,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Cieza2005,
+  title = {{{ICF}} Linking Rules: An Update Based on Lessons Learned},
+  shorttitle = {{{ICF}} Linking Rules},
+  author = {Cieza, Alarcos and Geyh, Szilvia and Chatterji, Somnath and Kostanjsek, Nenad and {\"U}st{\"u}n, Bedirhan and Stucki, Gerold},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine},
+  volume = {37},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {212--218},
+  issn = {1650-1977},
+  doi = {10.1080/16501970510040263},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Cin2021,
   title = {Women's Empowerment in the Period of the Rapid Expansion of Higher Education in {{Turkey}}: Developments and Paradoxes of Gender Equality in the Labour Market},
   author = {Cin, F. Melis and Gumus, Sedat and Weiss, Felix},
@@ -7335,7 +8476,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1664-1078},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.689815},
-  abstract = {BackgroundAlmost nowhere in the world do women participate as much as men in the labor force. Despite differences in countries' economic, social and cultural contexts, gender norms-unwritten rules of acceptable actions for men and women-have been found to affect women's labor participation across contexts. Gender norms include those regulating who takes care of children, who is expected to earn more, and in which sectors men and women should work. Importantly, norms affect access to labor markets at times of scarcity: when there's only work for one, gender norms can dictate whether a woman or man gets the job. Advocates of equal labor force participation point to evidence that employment can contribute to people's health and well-being; yet the evidence is mixed and contradictory, and mostly comes from high-income countries. In restrictive normative contexts in which women are assigned the role of family caretaker, full time employment (FTE) might be particularly burdensome. At the same time, the literature lacks a cross-country analysis of how gender norms affect women's FTE and their health when employed full time, despite qualitative research providing clear evidence of the influence of gender norms on labor participation. AimsIn this paper we examine: (1) how gender norms affect women's access to FTE across 97 countries; (2) associations between FTE and women's self-reported health self-rated (SRH) across different normative contexts (i.e., countries where it is common vs. uncommon for women to stay home); and (3) how women's FTE and gender norms changed over time in four countries. DataWe used time-series data from the World Values Survey and European Values Survey conducted in over 100 countries between 1981 and 2014. Both surveys attempt to capture norms, beliefs and values in addition to sociodemographic information among a nationally representative adult population in each country. The sample for the cross-sectional analyses (aims 1 and 2) included 97 countries and 131,132 respondents. The sample for aim 3 included data from Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan. VariablesOur outcome of interest was pro-equality norms in the context of access to the labor market for women. Respondents were asked \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveif jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women do?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Response options included no, neither or yes. We created a binary variable to represent pro-equality norms. We included employment status and SRH as exposures of interest. AnalysisWe used individual-level data to generate on-average and sex-stratified estimates of the outcome and exposures for each country, at each time point. We estimated the percentage of all respondents, of women, and of men who held pro-equality norms (believe that men should not have more right to a job than women), the percentage who were employed full time, and the average level of SRH. To measure gender inequality in FTE, we also estimated the absolute difference in FTE between women and men for each country at each time point. First, we conducted descriptive, cross-sectional ecological analyses using one survey per country from wave 5 or 6 (whichever was most recent) to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status as a proxy for associations between norms and the context of employment in each country. We also examined associations between pro-equality norms and SRH. We then specified adjusted logistic regression models with controls for age, sex and education to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status. To examine if the relationship between FTE and SRH varied by normative context, we grouped countries in quartiles of pro-equality norms. Finally, we conducted descriptive ecological analyses of the relationship between pro-equality norms and employment status over time in four countries. ResultsObjective 1: Gender norms intersect with socio-cultural contexts in determining women's FTE. While in some countries gender norms aligned positively with women's access to employment (i.e., more equal norms matched more equality in FTE), in Eastern Europe and South America we observed a mismatch. In Eastern Europe we found strong norms against equal access but small sex differences in FTE. In South America, we observed a stark difference in FTE favoring men, despite positive gender norms promoting women's paid employment. Objective 2: We found the association between SRH and FTE to vary across normative contexts. For instance, while in Scandinavian countries it was protective to be a woman in FTE and harmful not to work full-time, we found the opposite effect in Middle Eastern countries. Objective 3: We found a general tendency to move toward greater equality in norms and FTE over time everywhere in the world. However, political and economic events can generate variations over time and setbacks in progress toward equality.We specifically looked at 4 countries: Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan and assessed the effects of economic, political and national legislative changes on FTE over time. ImplicationsThis paper contributes to the conversation on tensions between universal justice and contextual factors affecting one's health. To achieve purposeful and global universal health and justice, policy makers and global health practitioners must design effective, context-relevant interventions that are deeply and transparently informed by the values they embody. As we strive to achieve global gender equality, its meanings and purposes will vary across contexts in ways that demand people-led conversations and interventions.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundAlmost nowhere in the world do women participate as much as men in the labor force. Despite differences in countries' economic, social and cultural contexts, gender norms-unwritten rules of acceptable actions for men and women-have been found to affect women's labor participation across contexts. Gender norms include those regulating who takes care of children, who is expected to earn more, and in which sectors men and women should work. Importantly, norms affect access to labor markets at times of scarcity: when there's only work for one, gender norms can dictate whether a woman or man gets the job. Advocates of equal labor force participation point to evidence that employment can contribute to people's health and well-being; yet the evidence is mixed and contradictory, and mostly comes from high-income countries. In restrictive normative contexts in which women are assigned the role of family caretaker, full time employment (FTE) might be particularly burdensome. At the same time, the literature lacks a cross-country analysis of how gender norms affect women's FTE and their health when employed full time, despite qualitative research providing clear evidence of the influence of gender norms on labor participation. AimsIn this paper we examine: (1) how gender norms affect women's access to FTE across 97 countries; (2) associations between FTE and women's self-reported health self-rated (SRH) across different normative contexts (i.e., countries where it is common vs. uncommon for women to stay home); and (3) how women's FTE and gender norms changed over time in four countries. DataWe used time-series data from the World Values Survey and European Values Survey conducted in over 100 countries between 1981 and 2014. Both surveys attempt to capture norms, beliefs and values in addition to sociodemographic information among a nationally representative adult population in each country. The sample for the cross-sectional analyses (aims 1 and 2) included 97 countries and 131,132 respondents. The sample for aim 3 included data from Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan. VariablesOur outcome of interest was pro-equality norms in the context of access to the labor market for women. Respondents were asked {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveif jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women do?{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Response options included no, neither or yes. We created a binary variable to represent pro-equality norms. We included employment status and SRH as exposures of interest. AnalysisWe used individual-level data to generate on-average and sex-stratified estimates of the outcome and exposures for each country, at each time point. We estimated the percentage of all respondents, of women, and of men who held pro-equality norms (believe that men should not have more right to a job than women), the percentage who were employed full time, and the average level of SRH. To measure gender inequality in FTE, we also estimated the absolute difference in FTE between women and men for each country at each time point. First, we conducted descriptive, cross-sectional ecological analyses using one survey per country from wave 5 or 6 (whichever was most recent) to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status as a proxy for associations between norms and the context of employment in each country. We also examined associations between pro-equality norms and SRH. We then specified adjusted logistic regression models with controls for age, sex and education to examine associations between pro-equality norms and employment status. To examine if the relationship between FTE and SRH varied by normative context, we grouped countries in quartiles of pro-equality norms. Finally, we conducted descriptive ecological analyses of the relationship between pro-equality norms and employment status over time in four countries. ResultsObjective 1: Gender norms intersect with socio-cultural contexts in determining women's FTE. While in some countries gender norms aligned positively with women's access to employment (i.e., more equal norms matched more equality in FTE), in Eastern Europe and South America we observed a mismatch. In Eastern Europe we found strong norms against equal access but small sex differences in FTE. In South America, we observed a stark difference in FTE favoring men, despite positive gender norms promoting women's paid employment. Objective 2: We found the association between SRH and FTE to vary across normative contexts. For instance, while in Scandinavian countries it was protective to be a woman in FTE and harmful not to work full-time, we found the opposite effect in Middle Eastern countries. Objective 3: We found a general tendency to move toward greater equality in norms and FTE over time everywhere in the world. However, political and economic events can generate variations over time and setbacks in progress toward equality.We specifically looked at 4 countries: Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan and assessed the effects of economic, political and national legislative changes on FTE over time. ImplicationsThis paper contributes to the conversation on tensions between universal justice and contextual factors affecting one's health. To achieve purposeful and global universal health and justice, policy makers and global health practitioners must design effective, context-relevant interventions that are deeply and transparently informed by the values they embody. As we strive to achieve global gender equality, its meanings and purposes will vary across contexts in ways that demand people-led conversations and interventions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7401,6 +8542,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Clark2019a,
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Childcare}} on {{Poor Urban Women}}'s {{Economic Empowerment}} in {{Africa}}},
+  author = {Clark, Shelley and Kabiru, Caroline W. and Laszlo, Sonia and Muthuri, Stella},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {56},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {1247--1272},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Despite evidence from other regions, researchers and policy-makers remain skeptical that women's disproportionate childcare responsibilities act as a significant barrier to women's economic empowerment in Africa. This randomized control trial study in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, demonstrates that limited access to affordable early childcare inhibits poor urban women's participation in paid work. Women who were offered vouchers for subsidized early childcare were, on average, 8.5 percentage points more likely to be employed than those who were not given vouchers. Most of these employment gains were realized by married mothers. Single mothers, in contrast, benefited by significantly reducing the time spent working without any loss to their earnings by shifting to jobs with more regular hours. The effects on other measures of women's economic empowerment were mixed. With the exception of children's health care, access to subsidized daycare did not increase women's participation in other important household decisions. In addition, contrary to concerns that reducing the costs of childcare may elevate women's desire for more children, we find no effect on women's fertility intentions. These findings demonstrate that the impact of subsidized childcare differs by marital status and across outcomes. Nonetheless, in poor urban Africa, as elsewhere, failure to address women's childcare needs undermines efforts to promote women's economic empowerment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Clark2020,
   title = {Income Inequality in the Post-2000 Era: {{Development}}, Globalization, and the State},
   author = {Clark, Rob},
@@ -7441,7 +8598,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {511--516},
   issn = {1057-9230},
   doi = {10.1002/hec.767},
-  abstract = {In recent work, the concentration index has been widely used as a measure of income-related health inequality. The purpose of this note is to illustrate two different methods for decomposing the overall health concentration index using data collected from a Short Form (SF-36) survey of the general Australian population conducted in 1995. For simplicity, we focus on the physical functioning scale of the SF-36. Firstly we examine decomposition \textbackslash textasciigraveby component' by separating the concentration index for the physical functioning scale into the ten items on which it is based. The results show that the items contribute differently to the overall inequality measure, i.e. two of the items contributed 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively, to the overall measure. Second, to illustrate the \textbackslash textasciigraveby subgroup' method we decompose the concentration index by employment status. This involves separating the population into two groups: individuals currently in employment; and individuals not currently employed. We find that the inequality between these groups is about five times greater than the inequality within each group. These methods provide insights into the nature of inequality that can be used to inform policy design to reduce income related health inequalities. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
+  abstract = {In recent work, the concentration index has been widely used as a measure of income-related health inequality. The purpose of this note is to illustrate two different methods for decomposing the overall health concentration index using data collected from a Short Form (SF-36) survey of the general Australian population conducted in 1995. For simplicity, we focus on the physical functioning scale of the SF-36. Firstly we examine decomposition {\textbackslash}textasciigraveby component' by separating the concentration index for the physical functioning scale into the ten items on which it is based. The results show that the items contribute differently to the overall inequality measure, i.e. two of the items contributed 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively, to the overall measure. Second, to illustrate the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveby subgroup' method we decompose the concentration index by employment status. This involves separating the population into two groups: individuals currently in employment; and individuals not currently employed. We find that the inequality between these groups is about five times greater than the inequality within each group. These methods provide insights into the nature of inequality that can be used to inform policy design to reduce income related health inequalities. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7484,12 +8641,27 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {11},
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-11-170},
-  abstract = {Background: Employment rates of long-term ill and disabled people in the UK are low and 2.63 million are on disability-related state benefits. Since the mid-1990 s, UK governments have experimented with a range of active labour market policies aimed to move disabled people off benefits and into work to reduce the risk of poverty and social exclusion. This systematic review asks what employment impact have these interventions had and how might they work better? Methods: A systematic review of observational and qualitative empirical studies and systematic reviews published between 2002 and mid-2008 reporting employment effects and/or process evaluations of national UK government interventions focused on helping long-term sick or disabled people (aged 16-64) into the open labour market. This built on our previous systematic review which covered the years 1970 to 2001. Results: Searches identified 42 studies, 31 of which evaluated initiatives with an individual focus (improving an individual's employability or providing financial support in returning to work) while 11 evaluated initiatives with an environmental focus (directed at the employment environment or changing the behaviour of employers). This paper synthesises evidence from the 31 studies with an individual focus. The use of personal advisors and individual case management in these schemes helped some participants back to work. Qualitative studies, however, revealed that time pressures and job outcome targets influenced advisors to select \textbackslash textasciigraveeasier-to-place' claimants into programmes and also inhibited the development of mutual trust, which was needed for individual case management to work effectively. Financial incentives can help with lasting transitions into work, but the incentives were often set too low or were too short-term to have an effect. Many of the studies suffered from selection bias into these programmes of more work-ready claimants. Even though these were national programmes, they had very low awareness and take-up rates, making it unlikely that a population-level impact would be achieved even if effective for participants. Conclusions: The evidence reveals barriers and facilitators for the effective implementation of these types of interventions that could inform the continuing welfare reforms. The evidence points towards the need for more long-term, sustained and staged support for those furthest from the labour market.},
+  abstract = {Background: Employment rates of long-term ill and disabled people in the UK are low and 2.63 million are on disability-related state benefits. Since the mid-1990 s, UK governments have experimented with a range of active labour market policies aimed to move disabled people off benefits and into work to reduce the risk of poverty and social exclusion. This systematic review asks what employment impact have these interventions had and how might they work better? Methods: A systematic review of observational and qualitative empirical studies and systematic reviews published between 2002 and mid-2008 reporting employment effects and/or process evaluations of national UK government interventions focused on helping long-term sick or disabled people (aged 16-64) into the open labour market. This built on our previous systematic review which covered the years 1970 to 2001. Results: Searches identified 42 studies, 31 of which evaluated initiatives with an individual focus (improving an individual's employability or providing financial support in returning to work) while 11 evaluated initiatives with an environmental focus (directed at the employment environment or changing the behaviour of employers). This paper synthesises evidence from the 31 studies with an individual focus. The use of personal advisors and individual case management in these schemes helped some participants back to work. Qualitative studies, however, revealed that time pressures and job outcome targets influenced advisors to select {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeasier-to-place' claimants into programmes and also inhibited the development of mutual trust, which was needed for individual case management to work effectively. Financial incentives can help with lasting transitions into work, but the incentives were often set too low or were too short-term to have an effect. Many of the studies suffered from selection bias into these programmes of more work-ready claimants. Even though these were national programmes, they had very low awareness and take-up rates, making it unlikely that a population-level impact would be achieved even if effective for participants. Conclusions: The evidence reveals barriers and facilitators for the effective implementation of these types of interventions that could inform the continuing welfare reforms. The evidence points towards the need for more long-term, sustained and staged support for those furthest from the labour market.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/E7LJBKAR/Clayton et al_2011_Assembling the evidence jigsaw.pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Clayton2016,
+  title = {Reporting {{Sex}}, {{Gender}}, or {{Both}} in {{Clinical Research}}?},
+  author = {Clayton, Janine Austin and Tannenbaum, Cara},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {JAMA},
+  volume = {316},
+  number = {18},
+  pages = {1863},
+  issn = {0098-7484},
+  doi = {10.1001/jama.2016.16405},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Clemens2023,
   title = {Disparities in Functional Recovery after Dysvascular Lower Limb Amputation Are Associated with Employment Status and Self-Efficacy},
   author = {Clemens, Sheila M. and Kershaw, Kiarri N. and McDonald, Cody L. and Darter, Benjamin J. and Bursac, Zoran and Garcia, Stephanie J. and Rossi, Mark D. and Lee, Szu Ping},
@@ -7501,7 +8673,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {2280--2287},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2087762},
-  abstract = {Purpose Employment status is considered a determinant of health, yet returning to work is frequently a challenge after lower limb amputation. No studies have documented if working after lower limb amputation is associated with functional recovery. The study's purpose was to examine the influence of full-time employment on functioning after lower limb amputation. Methods Multisite, cross-sectional study of 49 people with dysvascular lower limb amputation. Outcomes of interest included performance-based measures, the Component Timed-Up-and-Go test, the 2-min walk test, and self-reported measures of prosthetic mobility and activity participation. Results Average participant age was 62.1 +/- 9.7 years, 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female and 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% were persons of color. Results indicated that 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants were not employed full-time. Accounting for age, people lacking full-time employment exhibited significantly poorer outcomes of mobility and activity participation. Per regression analyses, primary contributors to better prosthetic mobility were working full-time (R-2 ranging from 0.06 to 0.24) and greater self-efficacy (R-2 ranging from 0.32 to 0.75). Conclusions This study offers novel evidence of associations between employment and performance-based mobility outcomes after dysvascular lower limb amputation. Further research is required to determine cause-effect directionalities. These results provide the foundation for future patient-centered research into how work affects outcomes after lower limb amputation.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Employment status is considered a determinant of health, yet returning to work is frequently a challenge after lower limb amputation. No studies have documented if working after lower limb amputation is associated with functional recovery. The study's purpose was to examine the influence of full-time employment on functioning after lower limb amputation. Methods Multisite, cross-sectional study of 49 people with dysvascular lower limb amputation. Outcomes of interest included performance-based measures, the Component Timed-Up-and-Go test, the 2-min walk test, and self-reported measures of prosthetic mobility and activity participation. Results Average participant age was 62.1 +/- 9.7 years, 39{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female and 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were persons of color. Results indicated that 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants were not employed full-time. Accounting for age, people lacking full-time employment exhibited significantly poorer outcomes of mobility and activity participation. Per regression analyses, primary contributors to better prosthetic mobility were working full-time (R-2 ranging from 0.06 to 0.24) and greater self-efficacy (R-2 ranging from 0.32 to 0.75). Conclusions This study offers novel evidence of associations between employment and performance-based mobility outcomes after dysvascular lower limb amputation. Further research is required to determine cause-effect directionalities. These results provide the foundation for future patient-centered research into how work affects outcomes after lower limb amputation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7510,7 +8682,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Cmar, Jennifer L. and Steverson, Anne},
   year = {2021},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& BLINDNESS},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& BLINDNESS},
   volume = {115},
   number = {6, SI},
   pages = {479--492},
@@ -7531,7 +8703,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {429--446},
   issn = {1047-7039},
   doi = {10.1287/orsc.2017.1125},
-  abstract = {Wage inequality in the United States has risen dramatically over the past few decades, prompting scholars to develop a number of theoretical accounts for the upward trend. This study argues that large firms have been a prominent labor-market institution that mitigates inequality. By compensating their low-and middle-wage employees with a greater premium than their higher-wage counterparts, large U.S. firms reduced overall wage dispersion. Yet, broader changes to employment relations associated with the demise of internal labor markets and the emergence of alternative employment arrangements have undermined large firms' role as an equalizing institution. Using data from the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we find that in 1989, although all private-sector workers benefited from a firm-size wage premium, the premium was significantly higher for individuals at the lower end and middle of the wage distribution compared to those at the higher end. Between 1989 and 2014, the average firm-size wage premium declined markedly. The decline, however, was exclusive to those at the lower end and middle of the wage distribution, while there was no change for those at the higher end. As such, the uneven declines in the premium across the wage spectrum could account for about 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of rising wage inequality during this period, suggesting that firms are of great importance to the study of rising inequality.},
+  abstract = {Wage inequality in the United States has risen dramatically over the past few decades, prompting scholars to develop a number of theoretical accounts for the upward trend. This study argues that large firms have been a prominent labor-market institution that mitigates inequality. By compensating their low-and middle-wage employees with a greater premium than their higher-wage counterparts, large U.S. firms reduced overall wage dispersion. Yet, broader changes to employment relations associated with the demise of internal labor markets and the emergence of alternative employment arrangements have undermined large firms' role as an equalizing institution. Using data from the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we find that in 1989, although all private-sector workers benefited from a firm-size wage premium, the premium was significantly higher for individuals at the lower end and middle of the wage distribution compared to those at the higher end. Between 1989 and 2014, the average firm-size wage premium declined markedly. The decline, however, was exclusive to those at the lower end and middle of the wage distribution, while there was no change for those at the higher end. As such, the uneven declines in the premium across the wage spectrum could account for about 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of rising wage inequality during this period, suggesting that firms are of great importance to the study of rising inequality.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7554,7 +8726,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Colby, Amy and Yanco, Abigail and Inson, Ann and {Gance-Cleveland}, Bonnie},
   year = {2021},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NURSING-NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILIES},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NURSING-NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FAMILIES},
   volume = {60},
   pages = {92--99},
   issn = {0882-5963},
@@ -7568,13 +8740,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Colen, Cynthia G. and Geronimus, Arline T. and Phipps, Maureen G.},
   year = {2006},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {63},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1531--1545},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.006},
-  abstract = {In the United States, the 1990s was a decade of dramatic economic growth as well as a period characterized by substantial declines in teenage childbearing. This study examines whether falling teen fertility rates during the 1990s were responsive to expanding employment opportunities and whether the implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act (PRWORA), increasing rates of incarceration, or restrictive abortion policies may have affected this association. Fixed-effects Poisson regression models were estimated to assess the relationship between age-specific birth rates and state-specific unemployment rates from 1990 to 1999 for Black and White females aged 10-29. Falling unemployment rates in the 1990s were associated with decreased childbearing among African-American women aged 15-24, but were largely unrelated to declines in fertility for Whites. For 18-19 year-old African-Americans, the group for whom teen childbearing is most normative, our model accounted for 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the decrease in rates of first births. Young Black women, especially older teens, may have adjusted their reproductive behavior to take advantage of expanded labor market opportunities. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {In the United States, the 1990s was a decade of dramatic economic growth as well as a period characterized by substantial declines in teenage childbearing. This study examines whether falling teen fertility rates during the 1990s were responsive to expanding employment opportunities and whether the implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act (PRWORA), increasing rates of incarceration, or restrictive abortion policies may have affected this association. Fixed-effects Poisson regression models were estimated to assess the relationship between age-specific birth rates and state-specific unemployment rates from 1990 to 1999 for Black and White females aged 10-29. Falling unemployment rates in the 1990s were associated with decreased childbearing among African-American women aged 15-24, but were largely unrelated to declines in fertility for Whites. For 18-19 year-old African-Americans, the group for whom teen childbearing is most normative, our model accounted for 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the decrease in rates of first births. Young Black women, especially older teens, may have adjusted their reproductive behavior to take advantage of expanded labor market opportunities. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7619,7 +8791,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {371--384},
   issn = {0268-1153},
   doi = {10.1093/her/cys009},
-  abstract = {Cities are important sites for intervention on social determinants of health (SDOH); yet, little is known about how influential local actors, namely workers in municipal governments (GOVs) and community-based organizations (CBOs), perceive the SDOH. Capturing and comparing perceptions between these groups are important for assessing how SDOH discourse has permeated local actors' thinking-a meaningful endeavour as local-level health equity action often invokes inter-institutional partnerships. This paper compares SDOH perceptions between CBO workers in Hamilton, Ontario, with politicians and senior-level staff in GOVs in Vancouver, British Columbia, based on two studies with surveys containing identical questions on SDOH perceptions. Overall, there was high comparability between the groups in their relative ratings of the SDOH. Both groups assigned high levels of \textbackslash textasciigraveinfluence' and \textbackslash textasciigravepriority' to \textbackslash textasciigravehealthy lifestyles' and \textbackslash textasciigraveclean air and water' and lower levels to \textbackslash textasciigravestrong community' and \textbackslash textasciigraveincome'. Given the importance of a shared vision in collaborative enterprises, the comparability of perceptions between the groups found here holds promise for the prospect of inter-institutional partnerships. However, the low rating assigned to more structural health determinants suggests that more work is needed from researchers and advocates to effectively advance a health equity agenda at the local level in Canada.},
+  abstract = {Cities are important sites for intervention on social determinants of health (SDOH); yet, little is known about how influential local actors, namely workers in municipal governments (GOVs) and community-based organizations (CBOs), perceive the SDOH. Capturing and comparing perceptions between these groups are important for assessing how SDOH discourse has permeated local actors' thinking-a meaningful endeavour as local-level health equity action often invokes inter-institutional partnerships. This paper compares SDOH perceptions between CBO workers in Hamilton, Ontario, with politicians and senior-level staff in GOVs in Vancouver, British Columbia, based on two studies with surveys containing identical questions on SDOH perceptions. Overall, there was high comparability between the groups in their relative ratings of the SDOH. Both groups assigned high levels of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveinfluence' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravepriority' to {\textbackslash}textasciigravehealthy lifestyles' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveclean air and water' and lower levels to {\textbackslash}textasciigravestrong community' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveincome'. Given the importance of a shared vision in collaborative enterprises, the comparability of perceptions between the groups found here holds promise for the prospect of inter-institutional partnerships. However, the low rating assigned to more structural health determinants suggests that more work is needed from researchers and advocates to effectively advance a health equity agenda at the local level in Canada.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7638,17 +8810,32 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Colquitt2001,
+  title = {Justice at the Millennium: {{A}} Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational Justice Research.},
+  shorttitle = {Justice at the Millennium},
+  author = {Colquitt, Jason A. and Conlon, Donald E. and Wesson, Michael J. and Porter, Christopher O. L. H. and Ng, K. Yee},
+  year = {2001},
+  journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
+  volume = {86},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {425--445},
+  issn = {1939-1854, 0021-9010},
+  doi = {10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Colvin2015,
   title = {Shared Workplace Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Police Officers in the {{United Kingdom}}},
   author = {Colvin, Roddrick},
   year = {2015},
-  journal = {POLICING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLICE STRATEGIES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MANAGEMENT},
+  journal = {POLICING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLICE STRATEGIES {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MANAGEMENT},
   volume = {38},
   number = {2},
   pages = {333--349},
   issn = {1363-951X},
   doi = {10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2014-0121},
-  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explores the contemporary workplace experiences of lesbian and gay officers who serve across the UK. Design/methodology/approach - Using an online survey, the research asked lesbian and gay officers to share their experiences in law enforcement environments. Acknowledging the changing climate in many law enforcement environments, this respondents here were asked to focus on both positive and negative experiences in the workplace. Findings - The responses of 243 police officers revealed that lesbian and gay officers face barriers to equal employment opportunities similar to those faced by women and other minorities in law enforcement, but lesbian officers appear to experience and witness lower levels of discrimination than gay male police officers. Attitudinal bias against lesbian and gay officers remains a significant problem in the force. Lesbian officers report feelings of tokenism at higher levels than gay male police officers. Research limitations/implications - Future research endeavors should analyze any differences between the experiences of different lesbians and gay men at different levels of visibility within law enforcement, including \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveout\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecloseted\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace officers. Research about when officers come out as lesbian or gay - during training, on the force, after they retire - would be insightful in understanding officers' perceptions. Practical implications - The research suggests that police departments in the UK have made good strides in opening the law enforcement workforce, but continue to face on-going challenges in creating fair, diverse, and representative work environments for lesbian and gay officers. Specifically, agencies should review policies where supervisor have discretion over the employment-related actions. By not meetings the challenges of a more diverse workplace, agencies risk lower job satisfaction, and decreased police effectiveness, especially on community policing environments. Originality/value - This research joins a small, but growing body of research that offers specific barriers and opportunities - as perceived by the officers. As other agencies engage in efforts to recruit and retain diversity police forces, the results of this research can enhance policies and practices, with regards to lesbian and gay officers.},
+  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explores the contemporary workplace experiences of lesbian and gay officers who serve across the UK. Design/methodology/approach - Using an online survey, the research asked lesbian and gay officers to share their experiences in law enforcement environments. Acknowledging the changing climate in many law enforcement environments, this respondents here were asked to focus on both positive and negative experiences in the workplace. Findings - The responses of 243 police officers revealed that lesbian and gay officers face barriers to equal employment opportunities similar to those faced by women and other minorities in law enforcement, but lesbian officers appear to experience and witness lower levels of discrimination than gay male police officers. Attitudinal bias against lesbian and gay officers remains a significant problem in the force. Lesbian officers report feelings of tokenism at higher levels than gay male police officers. Research limitations/implications - Future research endeavors should analyze any differences between the experiences of different lesbians and gay men at different levels of visibility within law enforcement, including {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveout{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecloseted{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace officers. Research about when officers come out as lesbian or gay - during training, on the force, after they retire - would be insightful in understanding officers' perceptions. Practical implications - The research suggests that police departments in the UK have made good strides in opening the law enforcement workforce, but continue to face on-going challenges in creating fair, diverse, and representative work environments for lesbian and gay officers. Specifically, agencies should review policies where supervisor have discretion over the employment-related actions. By not meetings the challenges of a more diverse workplace, agencies risk lower job satisfaction, and decreased police effectiveness, especially on community policing environments. Originality/value - This research joins a small, but growing body of research that offers specific barriers and opportunities - as perceived by the officers. As other agencies engage in efforts to recruit and retain diversity police forces, the results of this research can enhance policies and practices, with regards to lesbian and gay officers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7662,10 +8849,41 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {151--185},
   issn = {0011-5258},
   doi = {10.1590/00115258201541},
-  abstract = {Contemporary Brazil is portrayed based on aggregate data on work, employment, income, poverty, and inequality, seeking to establish the recent of the social macrodynamic. To this end, the authors analyze role of the exponential increase of employment, the reduction of unemployment and informalization; real minimum wage increases and the rise of average salaries, the strengthening of Social Security and social programs; the retreat of extreme poverty. This set of data comparatively indicates that, while the Cardoso government turned toward private investment, monetary and fiscal restriction, and state reform (in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemodern\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace sense of decreasing its size), in the Lula government another perspective of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemodernization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace: the reinforcement of state capacity to achieve \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveembedded autonomy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. It concludes that the challenge of modernization is still guided towards redistribution of wealth, the creation of an effective Welfare State and sovereign insertion in the international arena.},
+  abstract = {Contemporary Brazil is portrayed based on aggregate data on work, employment, income, poverty, and inequality, seeking to establish the recent of the social macrodynamic. To this end, the authors analyze role of the exponential increase of employment, the reduction of unemployment and informalization; real minimum wage increases and the rise of average salaries, the strengthening of Social Security and social programs; the retreat of extreme poverty. This set of data comparatively indicates that, while the Cardoso government turned toward private investment, monetary and fiscal restriction, and state reform (in the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemodern{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace sense of decreasing its size), in the Lula government another perspective of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemodernization{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace: the reinforcement of state capacity to achieve {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveembedded autonomy{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. It concludes that the challenge of modernization is still guided towards redistribution of wealth, the creation of an effective Welfare State and sovereign insertion in the international arena.},
   langid = {portuguese}
 }
 
+@article{Connelly1992,
+  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Child Care Costs}} on {{Married Women}}'s {{Labor Force Participation}}},
+  author = {Connelly, Rachel},
+  year = {1992},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
+  volume = {74},
+  number = {1},
+  eprint = {2109545},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {83},
+  issn = {00346535},
+  doi = {10.2307/2109545},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Connelly2003,
+  title = {Marital Status and Full{\textendash}Time/Part{\textendash}Time Work Status in Child Care Choices},
+  author = {Connelly, Rachel and Kimmel, Jean},
+  year = {2003},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Applied Economics},
+  volume = {35},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {761--777},
+  issn = {0003-6846, 1466-4283},
+  doi = {10.1080/0003684022000020841},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Connelly2018,
   title = {The {{Care Economy}} in {{Post-Reform China}}: {{Feminist Research}} on {{Unpaid}} and {{Paid Work}} and {{Well-Being}}},
   author = {Connelly, Rachel and Dong, Xiao-yuan and Jacobsen, Joyce and Zhao, Yaohui},
@@ -7768,7 +8986,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {1007--1014},
   issn = {0002-953X},
   doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101359},
-  abstract = {Objective: This study examines the long-term effects of evidence-based supported employment services on three vocational outcomes: tabor force participation, earnings, and attainment of Social Security Administration (SSA) non beneficiary status through suspension or termination of disability cash payments due to work (NSTW). Method: Data from 449 individuals with psychiatric disabilities who participated in a multisite controlled trial of supported employment were matched to SSA data over a 13-year period (2000-2012) following supported employment services. Long-term outcomes were analyzed using random effects regression models comparing participants in the experimental and control conditions on measures of employment, earnings, and attainment of NSTW. The authors adjusted for time, age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, schizophrenia diagnosis, substance abuse history, and geographic region. Results: Overall outcomes were modest across the 13-year follow-up, with 32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants having any earned income and 13.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% ever attaining NSTW. Supported employment recipients were almost three times as likely as control subjects to be employed over 13 years (odds ratio=2.89). Although earnings were low, supported employment participants had significantly higher earnings per month than control subjects over time (parameter estimate=\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar23.82) and were more likely than control subjects to attain NSTW (odds ratio=12.99). The supported employment effect diminished and was completely attenuated over time. Conclusions: The study's findings indicate a small but significant vocational advantage accruing to recipients of evidence-based supported employment in the decade following service delivery, adding to the evidence on the durability of supported employment effects. Results can inform policies designed to help workers enhance economic security and reduce dependence on Social Security disability benefits.},
+  abstract = {Objective: This study examines the long-term effects of evidence-based supported employment services on three vocational outcomes: tabor force participation, earnings, and attainment of Social Security Administration (SSA) non beneficiary status through suspension or termination of disability cash payments due to work (NSTW). Method: Data from 449 individuals with psychiatric disabilities who participated in a multisite controlled trial of supported employment were matched to SSA data over a 13-year period (2000-2012) following supported employment services. Long-term outcomes were analyzed using random effects regression models comparing participants in the experimental and control conditions on measures of employment, earnings, and attainment of NSTW. The authors adjusted for time, age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, schizophrenia diagnosis, substance abuse history, and geographic region. Results: Overall outcomes were modest across the 13-year follow-up, with 32.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants having any earned income and 13.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% ever attaining NSTW. Supported employment recipients were almost three times as likely as control subjects to be employed over 13 years (odds ratio=2.89). Although earnings were low, supported employment participants had significantly higher earnings per month than control subjects over time (parameter estimate={\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar23.82) and were more likely than control subjects to attain NSTW (odds ratio=12.99). The supported employment effect diminished and was completely attenuated over time. Conclusions: The study's findings indicate a small but significant vocational advantage accruing to recipients of evidence-based supported employment in the decade following service delivery, adding to the evidence on the durability of supported employment effects. Results can inform policies designed to help workers enhance economic security and reduce dependence on Social Security disability benefits.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Cooke2006,
+  title = {Policy {{Changes}} and the {{Labour Force Participation}} of {{Older Workers}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Six Countries}}},
+  shorttitle = {Policy {{Changes}} and the {{Labour Force Participation}} of {{Older Workers}}},
+  author = {Cooke, Martin},
+  year = {2006},
+  journal = {Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {387--400},
+  issn = {0714-9808, 1710-1107},
+  doi = {10.1353/cja.2007.0015},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {ABSTRACT             In response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.           ,              R{\'E}SUM{\'E}                            En r{\'e}ponse aux pressions bient{\^o}t exerc{\'e}es par le vieillissement de la population, des gouvernements nationaux et des organismes supranationaux comme l'Organisation de coop{\'e}ration et de d{\'e}veloppement {\'e}conomiques (OCDE) et l'Union europ{\'e}enne (UE) ont pr{\'e}conis{\'e} l'adoption de politiques visant {\`a} encourager les travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s {\`a} demeurer ou {\`a} revenir sur le march{\'e} du travail. L'{\'e}limination r{\'e}cente de l'obligation {\`a} la retraite en Ontario en est un exemple, et certaines autres politiques comportent des modifications aux r{\'e}gimes nationaux de pension ainsi qu'aux programmes d'assurance-invalidit{\'e} et d'assurance-emploi, des politiques d'intervention active sur le march{\'e} du travail et la promotion de la retraite graduelle. Le pr{\'e}sent article examine les diff{\'e}rentes approches politiques prises par les six pays participant au projet               Workforce Aging in the New Economy               (WANE), un projet sur le vieillissement de la population active face {\`a} la nouvelle {\'e}conomie qui place les approches politiques canadiennes en relation avec celles de l'Australie, de l'Allemagne, des Pays-Bas, du Royaume-Uni et des {\'E}tats-unis. Les approches politiques faisant l'objet de discussion ici ne tiennent pas compte de l'h{\'e}t{\'e}rog{\'e}n{\'e}it{\'e} du cours de la vie des travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s ou des domaines connexes de la sant{\'e} et de la famille. De m{\^e}me, les modifications apport{\'e}es jusqu'{\`a} maintenant ne semblent pas vouloir mener {\`a} une participation accrue des travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s au march{\'e} du travail, et certaines peuvent entra{\^i}ner, pour les travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s, un plus grand risque de trouver seulement un emploi moins bien r{\'e}mun{\'e}r{\'e}.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7796,12 +9030,28 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {241--269},
   issn = {0360-0572},
   doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.241},
-  abstract = {The new welfare system mandates participation in work activity. We review the evolution of the 1996 legislation and how states implement welfare reform. We examine evidence on recipients' employment, well-being, and future earnings potential. to assess the role of welfare in women's work. Policies rewarding work and penalizing nonwork, such as sanctions, time limits, diversion, and earnings \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedisregards,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace vary across states. While caseloads felt and employment rose, most women who left welfare work in low-wage jobs without benefits. Large minorities report material hardships and face barriers to work including depression, low skills, or no transportation. And disposable income decreased among the poorest female-headed families. Among the important challenges for future research is to differentiate between the effects of welfare reform, the economy, and other policies on women's work, and to assess how variations in state welfare programs affect caseloads and employment outcomes of recipients.},
+  abstract = {The new welfare system mandates participation in work activity. We review the evolution of the 1996 legislation and how states implement welfare reform. We examine evidence on recipients' employment, well-being, and future earnings potential. to assess the role of welfare in women's work. Policies rewarding work and penalizing nonwork, such as sanctions, time limits, diversion, and earnings {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedisregards,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace vary across states. While caseloads felt and employment rose, most women who left welfare work in low-wage jobs without benefits. Large minorities report material hardships and face barriers to work including depression, low skills, or no transportation. And disposable income decreased among the poorest female-headed families. Among the important challenges for future research is to differentiate between the effects of welfare reform, the economy, and other policies on women's work, and to assess how variations in state welfare programs affect caseloads and employment outcomes of recipients.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZJ4XXP85/Corcoran et al_2000_How welfare reform is affecting women's work.pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Corna2013,
+  title = {A Life Course Perspective on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: {{A}} Critical Review of Conceptual Frameworks},
+  shorttitle = {A Life Course Perspective on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health},
+  author = {Corna, Laurie M.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Advances in Life Course Research},
+  volume = {18},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {150--159},
+  issn = {10402608},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.alcr.2013.01.002},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{CornejoEspinoza2022,
   title = {{Association between social determinants and mental health: Effect of the double burden of paid and domestic}},
   author = {Cornejo Espinoza, Natalia and Ligueno Herrero, Tachira and Monsalve Ortiz, Marcela and Moreno Herrera, Ximena},
@@ -7827,7 +9077,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {7--33},
   issn = {0007-4918},
   doi = {10.1080/00074918.2013.772937},
-  abstract = {The arrival of a new year has brought with it an increased focus on Indonesia's 2014 legislative and presidential elections. While voters may be disillusioned with established political figures, a strong presidential candidate has yet to emerge. Many voters appear to yearn for an experienced and uncorrupt leader with new and proactive policies, which is why Jakarta's new governor, Joko Widodo, is being viewed as a potential candidate. The Constitutional Court has made two major, controversial rulings in recent months: the first concerned the upstream oil and gas regulator BPMigas, the second the international-standard pilot-project schools (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional, RSBIs). The Court ruled both institutions unconstitutional and called for their immediate disbandment. In 2012, Indonesia's year-on-year economic growth slowed slightly, to a still healthy 6.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, owing to continued weak global demand for its exports and a contraction in government expenditure. In contrast, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment were particularly strong, with respective increases of 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% and more than 142\textbackslash textbackslash\%. At 4.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, inflation for the 2012 calendar year still remains well within the government's and Bank Indonesia's expectations. However, inflation expectations are high for 2013, owing to likely reforms to energy subsidies; the expected effect of bad weather on food prices; and increases in minimum wages, which attracted attention in 2012 because of their magnitude and their apparent disparity among regions. Concerns also exist that these rises in minimum wages will hamper Indonesia's international competitiveness and could discourage investment in labour-intensive industries. Minimum-wage policy is also controversial because of doubts about its relevance to the genuinely poor sections of society those in informal employment or with primarily subsistence income, who constitute a large proportion of the population. Indonesia has experienced a steady increase in income inequality in the last decade, indicating that the benefits of strong economic growth have not been shared equally. Potential reasons for this increasing inequality relate to labour-market segmentation amid a growing middle class, weak institutional foundations, and commodity-driven growth. It appeared in 2012 that Indonesia has also been one of the world's poorest performers in HIV/AIDS prevention in recent years. While prevalence rates are low, the number of new HIV infections in 2011 was more than four times that of any other South Asian or Southeast Asian country, and the infection rate among the working-age population has risen by more than 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% since 2001. Infection rates among high-risk groups are also alarmingly high compared with those of other Southeast Asian countries. Targeted prevention, treatment and support programs among these groups are paramount.},
+  abstract = {The arrival of a new year has brought with it an increased focus on Indonesia's 2014 legislative and presidential elections. While voters may be disillusioned with established political figures, a strong presidential candidate has yet to emerge. Many voters appear to yearn for an experienced and uncorrupt leader with new and proactive policies, which is why Jakarta's new governor, Joko Widodo, is being viewed as a potential candidate. The Constitutional Court has made two major, controversial rulings in recent months: the first concerned the upstream oil and gas regulator BPMigas, the second the international-standard pilot-project schools (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional, RSBIs). The Court ruled both institutions unconstitutional and called for their immediate disbandment. In 2012, Indonesia's year-on-year economic growth slowed slightly, to a still healthy 6.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, owing to continued weak global demand for its exports and a contraction in government expenditure. In contrast, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment were particularly strong, with respective increases of 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and more than 142{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. At 4.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, inflation for the 2012 calendar year still remains well within the government's and Bank Indonesia's expectations. However, inflation expectations are high for 2013, owing to likely reforms to energy subsidies; the expected effect of bad weather on food prices; and increases in minimum wages, which attracted attention in 2012 because of their magnitude and their apparent disparity among regions. Concerns also exist that these rises in minimum wages will hamper Indonesia's international competitiveness and could discourage investment in labour-intensive industries. Minimum-wage policy is also controversial because of doubts about its relevance to the genuinely poor sections of society those in informal employment or with primarily subsistence income, who constitute a large proportion of the population. Indonesia has experienced a steady increase in income inequality in the last decade, indicating that the benefits of strong economic growth have not been shared equally. Potential reasons for this increasing inequality relate to labour-market segmentation amid a growing middle class, weak institutional foundations, and commodity-driven growth. It appeared in 2012 that Indonesia has also been one of the world's poorest performers in HIV/AIDS prevention in recent years. While prevalence rates are low, the number of new HIV infections in 2011 was more than four times that of any other South Asian or Southeast Asian country, and the infection rate among the working-age population has risen by more than 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% since 2001. Infection rates among high-risk groups are also alarmingly high compared with those of other Southeast Asian countries. Targeted prevention, treatment and support programs among these groups are paramount.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7884,7 +9134,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {210--225},
   issn = {0190-7409},
   doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.019},
-  abstract = {Affordable child care is an essential support for families with young children, and quality of care impacts a range of child development outcomes. Still, many families face a number of barriers to accessing high-quality care. Given the necessary resources for raising a child with a disability, high-quality child care may be particularly salient for families with a child with a disability. Yet, these families face additional challenges to accessing appropriate care, and children with disabilities may be less likely to be receiving quality care than their nondisabled peers. Despite these challenges, little empirical work has been done to examine differences in child care arrangements between families who have a child with a disability and those who do not. Using data from the National Household Education Surveys (NHES) Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) surveys, this paper seeks to understand if there are differences in the types of arrangements used. Results suggest young children with disabilities are 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% more likely to be enrolled in formal, center-based care compared to no enrollment in child care and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to be enrolled in informal care compared to center-based care than their nondisabled peers, with additional differences by household income and child's age. Findings offer a crucial first step in understanding child care arrangements for young children with disaiblities and indicate that center-based care may be particularly important for families.},
+  abstract = {Affordable child care is an essential support for families with young children, and quality of care impacts a range of child development outcomes. Still, many families face a number of barriers to accessing high-quality care. Given the necessary resources for raising a child with a disability, high-quality child care may be particularly salient for families with a child with a disability. Yet, these families face additional challenges to accessing appropriate care, and children with disabilities may be less likely to be receiving quality care than their nondisabled peers. Despite these challenges, little empirical work has been done to examine differences in child care arrangements between families who have a child with a disability and those who do not. Using data from the National Household Education Surveys (NHES) Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) surveys, this paper seeks to understand if there are differences in the types of arrangements used. Results suggest young children with disabilities are 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% more likely to be enrolled in formal, center-based care compared to no enrollment in child care and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less likely to be enrolled in informal care compared to center-based care than their nondisabled peers, with additional differences by household income and child's age. Findings offer a crucial first step in understanding child care arrangements for young children with disaiblities and indicate that center-based care may be particularly important for families.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -7898,7 +9148,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {11--29},
   issn = {0213-8093},
   doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.100.18715},
-  abstract = {Beyond the insidious and morally contemptible personality of the authoritarian political leaders that have emerged in the last decade, the political \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesupply\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of populism responds to a real \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedemand\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for popular policies that exists in advanced societies. This demands a rebalancing of economic policies in favour of the working classes, the middle classes and the social groups that have not benefited from the economic growth of the last decades. This social demand responds to an objective cause: the increase in inequalities and economic insecurity. Coinciding with the neoliberal shift in social and economic policies that accompanied the shift to conservatism in the late 1970s and with the hyper-globalization and the change of skin that global corporate capitalism experienced from the 1990s onward, large groups of middle classes in developed countries saw their jobs, their welfare, their opportunities, and the lifestyles of the communities in which they lived disappear or deteriorate. The Covid-19 pandemic has only accentuated these inequalities. This malaise with inequality and economic insecurity is fertile ground for political polarization and authoritarian political populism. In this sense, inequality and economic insecurity have acted as a powerful solvent of the glue that every liberal society needs to function harmoniously, to make the market economy inclusive, and to prevent democracy from falling into the chaos of authoritarian populism. The challenge now is to rebuild that glue, as it was done after the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War 11. This essay argues, first, that this glue must come from a new post-pandemic social contract. Secondly, that the core of that new social contract is in the reform of the enterprise to correct the misallocation of surplus (value added) between wages, top management salaries and dividends. The correction of this malfunctioning distribution requires investigating its causes. Here it is argued that there are two. On the one hand, the bias that capitalism acquired from the eighties in benefit of shareholders and to the detriment of workers, suppliers, customers and communities. On the other hand, that corporate concentration and the market power acquired by large corporations has led to stagnation of real wages and the precarization of employment. The malfunctioning of distribution is not, however, the only source of inequality and economic insecurity. They also come from the malfunctioning of pre-distribution. To the extent that technological change has opened a gap between the capabilities and skills of the population and the professional profiles needed by companies, this gap brings about inequality of income and employment opportunities. On the other hand, the redistributive mechanisms of the Welfare State, both taxes and social programs, have seen their capacity to correct the inequality produced by the economy reduced. To respond to this inequality and economic insecurity, the political offer of new social contracts is wide and varied: the neoliberal, the extreme right, the extreme left and the radical progressive. All try to respond to the problem of distribution, but they do so through different paths, depending on whether they emphasize pre-distribution, redistribution, or distribution. The historical experience of the 1930s teaches us that not everyone is well reconciled with the future. A new progressive social contract must be based on the recovery of the fundamental role of the third pillar of prosperity: the Social Economy. Its abandonment in recent decades in favour of the market and the State is one of the causes of the inability of market economies to generate good jobs now.},
+  abstract = {Beyond the insidious and morally contemptible personality of the authoritarian political leaders that have emerged in the last decade, the political {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesupply{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of populism responds to a real {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedemand{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for popular policies that exists in advanced societies. This demands a rebalancing of economic policies in favour of the working classes, the middle classes and the social groups that have not benefited from the economic growth of the last decades. This social demand responds to an objective cause: the increase in inequalities and economic insecurity. Coinciding with the neoliberal shift in social and economic policies that accompanied the shift to conservatism in the late 1970s and with the hyper-globalization and the change of skin that global corporate capitalism experienced from the 1990s onward, large groups of middle classes in developed countries saw their jobs, their welfare, their opportunities, and the lifestyles of the communities in which they lived disappear or deteriorate. The Covid-19 pandemic has only accentuated these inequalities. This malaise with inequality and economic insecurity is fertile ground for political polarization and authoritarian political populism. In this sense, inequality and economic insecurity have acted as a powerful solvent of the glue that every liberal society needs to function harmoniously, to make the market economy inclusive, and to prevent democracy from falling into the chaos of authoritarian populism. The challenge now is to rebuild that glue, as it was done after the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War 11. This essay argues, first, that this glue must come from a new post-pandemic social contract. Secondly, that the core of that new social contract is in the reform of the enterprise to correct the misallocation of surplus (value added) between wages, top management salaries and dividends. The correction of this malfunctioning distribution requires investigating its causes. Here it is argued that there are two. On the one hand, the bias that capitalism acquired from the eighties in benefit of shareholders and to the detriment of workers, suppliers, customers and communities. On the other hand, that corporate concentration and the market power acquired by large corporations has led to stagnation of real wages and the precarization of employment. The malfunctioning of distribution is not, however, the only source of inequality and economic insecurity. They also come from the malfunctioning of pre-distribution. To the extent that technological change has opened a gap between the capabilities and skills of the population and the professional profiles needed by companies, this gap brings about inequality of income and employment opportunities. On the other hand, the redistributive mechanisms of the Welfare State, both taxes and social programs, have seen their capacity to correct the inequality produced by the economy reduced. To respond to this inequality and economic insecurity, the political offer of new social contracts is wide and varied: the neoliberal, the extreme right, the extreme left and the radical progressive. All try to respond to the problem of distribution, but they do so through different paths, depending on whether they emphasize pre-distribution, redistribution, or distribution. The historical experience of the 1930s teaches us that not everyone is well reconciled with the future. A new progressive social contract must be based on the recovery of the fundamental role of the third pillar of prosperity: the Social Economy. Its abandonment in recent decades in favour of the market and the State is one of the causes of the inability of market economies to generate good jobs now.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -7949,6 +9199,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Coutinho2006,
+  title = {Differences in {{Outcomes}} for {{Female}} and {{Male Students}} in {{Special Education}}},
+  author = {Coutinho, Martha J. and Oswald, Donald P. and Best, Al M.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Career Development for Exceptional Individuals},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {48--59},
+  issn = {0885-7288, 1557-5047},
+  doi = {10.1177/08857288060290010401},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Interest in differences in outcomes for male and female students in special education has increased in recent years. Using the nationally representative, longitudinal National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS-88) data set, a logistic regression model was used to examine the extent to which outcome variables were differentially associated with gender for students participating in special education. Evidence was obtained for several differential effects, with most results favoring males. Among other findings, females as compared to males with disabilities were less likely to obtain a high school diploma, were less likely to be employed, earned less, and were more likely to be a biological parent. Recommendations are provided for improved transition services, the implementation of promising practices related to self-determination, and renewed emphasis on comprehensive and flexible life{\textemdash}career preparation to foster better outcomes among females with disabilities.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Covington2009,
   title = {Spatial {{Mismatch}} of the {{Poor}}: {{An Explanation}} of {{Recent Declines}} in {{Job Isolation}}},
   shorttitle = {Spatial {{Mismatch}} of the {{Poor}}},
@@ -8051,7 +9317,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {215--233},
   issn = {0169-2046},
   doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.019},
-  abstract = {Questions related to economics figured prominently in the priority information needs identified in the 1997 Tongass Land Management Plan. Follow-on studies in economics were designed to improve understanding of aspects of the competitiveness of the Alaska forest sector, links between Alaska timber markets and other markets as evident in prices, and the relationship between resource allocation decisions and economic conditions in communities and the region. Analysis of the role of recreation and tourism in the regional economy was added to the topics addressed, based on early results of work to describe economic dynamics. Comparisons are undertaken to evaluate the economic changes taking place in southeast Alaska, to analyze the sources of these changes, and to determine if and why they differ from the changes taking place at larger scales and those occurring in a similar rural and resource-abundant region. Divergent views regarding the current role of the Tongass in the regional economy are summarized and assessed by using contemporary evidence. A variety of factors contribute to comparative and competitive disadvantages for the forest products sector in southeast Alaska. Alaska product and log markets are effectively integrated with other markets supplied by producers in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Empirical evidence suggests the need to re-examine assumptions regarding the relation between changes in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebasic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace sector activities and employment (such as timber harvesting and wood products manufacturing) and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenonbasic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (or support sector) employment in the rural communities of southeast Alaska. Many of the changes occurring in the economy of rural southeast Alaska are driven by changes in the international markets in which Alaskan products compete, and are largely independent of Tongass forest management. Unearned income and tourism have replaced resource-extractive industries as the principal sources of income growth in the region. The contribution of the Tongass National Forest to the regional economy has become more complex and difficult to quantify. Forest management policies that enhance the comparative advantages the region enjoys in providing both tourism opportunities and quality of life attributes will aid communities in maintaining and expanding their economic opportunities. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Questions related to economics figured prominently in the priority information needs identified in the 1997 Tongass Land Management Plan. Follow-on studies in economics were designed to improve understanding of aspects of the competitiveness of the Alaska forest sector, links between Alaska timber markets and other markets as evident in prices, and the relationship between resource allocation decisions and economic conditions in communities and the region. Analysis of the role of recreation and tourism in the regional economy was added to the topics addressed, based on early results of work to describe economic dynamics. Comparisons are undertaken to evaluate the economic changes taking place in southeast Alaska, to analyze the sources of these changes, and to determine if and why they differ from the changes taking place at larger scales and those occurring in a similar rural and resource-abundant region. Divergent views regarding the current role of the Tongass in the regional economy are summarized and assessed by using contemporary evidence. A variety of factors contribute to comparative and competitive disadvantages for the forest products sector in southeast Alaska. Alaska product and log markets are effectively integrated with other markets supplied by producers in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Empirical evidence suggests the need to re-examine assumptions regarding the relation between changes in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebasic{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace sector activities and employment (such as timber harvesting and wood products manufacturing) and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenonbasic{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (or support sector) employment in the rural communities of southeast Alaska. Many of the changes occurring in the economy of rural southeast Alaska are driven by changes in the international markets in which Alaskan products compete, and are largely independent of Tongass forest management. Unearned income and tourism have replaced resource-extractive industries as the principal sources of income growth in the region. The contribution of the Tongass National Forest to the regional economy has become more complex and difficult to quantify. Forest management policies that enhance the comparative advantages the region enjoys in providing both tourism opportunities and quality of life attributes will aid communities in maintaining and expanding their economic opportunities. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Crooks2007,
+  title = {Women's Experiences of Developing Musculoskeletal Diseases: {{Employment}} Challenges and Policy Recommendations},
+  shorttitle = {Women's Experiences of Developing Musculoskeletal Diseases},
+  author = {Crooks, Valorie A.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {14},
+  pages = {1107--1116},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.1080/09638280600948193},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8060,7 +9342,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Crooks, Roderic N.},
   year = {2019},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HUMAN VALUES},
+  journal = {SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HUMAN VALUES},
   volume = {44},
   number = {1},
   pages = {118--142},
@@ -8083,6 +9365,37 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Crowther2001,
+  title = {Helping People with Severe Mental Illness to Obtain Work: Systematic Review},
+  shorttitle = {Helping People with Severe Mental Illness to Obtain Work},
+  author = {Crowther, R. E},
+  year = {2001},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {BMJ},
+  volume = {322},
+  number = {7280},
+  pages = {204--208},
+  issn = {09598138},
+  doi = {10.1136/bmj.322.7280.204},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Cruces2007,
+  title = {Fertility and Female Labor Supply in {{Latin America}}: {{New}} Causal Evidence},
+  shorttitle = {Fertility and Female Labor Supply in {{Latin America}}},
+  author = {Cruces, Guillermo and Galiani, Sebastian},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Labour Economics},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {565--573},
+  issn = {09275371},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2005.10.006},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Crush2011,
   title = {Supermarket {{Expansion}} and the {{Informal Food Economy}} in {{Southern African Cities}}: {{Implications}} for {{Urban Food Security}}},
   shorttitle = {Supermarket {{Expansion}} and the {{Informal Food Economy}} in {{Southern African Cities}}},
@@ -8123,7 +9436,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   volume = {87},
   issn = {1049-0078},
   doi = {10.1016/j.asieco.2023.101615},
-  abstract = {We use microdata to calculate the gains of eliminating gender and ethnic labor market gaps in Malaysia for the period 2010-2017. We document significant gaps in terms of participation in the labor market and entrepreneurship, distinguishing between employers and self-employed. Female-male ratios are 64\textbackslash textbackslash\% for labor market participation, 82\textbackslash textbackslash\% for self-employment, and 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% for being employers. Across different age and ethnic groups, gender gaps in labor force participation are particularly pronounced for older workers and in entrepreneurship for Chinese workers. Our results indicate substantial income gains if gender and ethnic gaps were eliminated. Eliminating the entrepreneurship gender gaps increases income per capita by 6.54\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the long run. When we also include the employment gender gap, the long-run gains are 26.18\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The elimination of ethnic gaps could in the long run result in a smaller but still sizeable increase in income per capita of 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%.},
+  abstract = {We use microdata to calculate the gains of eliminating gender and ethnic labor market gaps in Malaysia for the period 2010-2017. We document significant gaps in terms of participation in the labor market and entrepreneurship, distinguishing between employers and self-employed. Female-male ratios are 64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for labor market participation, 82{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for self-employment, and 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for being employers. Across different age and ethnic groups, gender gaps in labor force participation are particularly pronounced for older workers and in entrepreneurship for Chinese workers. Our results indicate substantial income gains if gender and ethnic gaps were eliminated. Eliminating the entrepreneurship gender gaps increases income per capita by 6.54{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the long run. When we also include the employment gender gap, the long-run gains are 26.18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The elimination of ethnic gaps could in the long run result in a smaller but still sizeable increase in income per capita of 11.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8137,7 +9450,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {49--56},
   issn = {0190-7409},
   doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.006},
-  abstract = {Child support is a critical source of income, especially for the growing proportion of children born to unmarried mothers. Current social policy supports custodial parent employment (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceEITC] and other work supports have largely taken the place of an entitlement to cash assistance for single mothers of young children). Given many single mothers' limited earnings potential, child support from noncustodial fathers is also important. This raises questions about the effects of child support on custodial mothers' labor supply, and whether policies that increase child support receipt will thereby discourage mothers' employment. This paper addresses these questions, taking advantage of data from a statewide randomized experiment conducted in Wisconsin. Unlike previous nonexperimental research, we do not find any negative effect of child support on the likelihood to work for pay or the number of hours worked in a given week. Recent U.S. social welfare policies have focused on increasing both custodial mothers' child support collections and their labor supply. The results suggest that these may be compatible policies; the absence of a negative labor supply effect strengthens the potential antipoverty effectiveness of child support. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Child support is a critical source of income, especially for the growing proportion of children born to unmarried mothers. Current social policy supports custodial parent employment (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceEITC] and other work supports have largely taken the place of an entitlement to cash assistance for single mothers of young children). Given many single mothers' limited earnings potential, child support from noncustodial fathers is also important. This raises questions about the effects of child support on custodial mothers' labor supply, and whether policies that increase child support receipt will thereby discourage mothers' employment. This paper addresses these questions, taking advantage of data from a statewide randomized experiment conducted in Wisconsin. Unlike previous nonexperimental research, we do not find any negative effect of child support on the likelihood to work for pay or the number of hours worked in a given week. Recent U.S. social welfare policies have focused on increasing both custodial mothers' child support collections and their labor supply. The results suggest that these may be compatible policies; the absence of a negative labor supply effect strengthens the potential antipoverty effectiveness of child support. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8177,7 +9490,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {19--26},
   issn = {0091-7435},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.012},
-  abstract = {Organised mammography screening programmes may reduce socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer screening, but evidence is contradictory. Switzerland has no national organised mammography screening programme, but regional programmes were progressively introduced since 1999, giving the opportunity to conduct a nationwide quasi-experimental study. We examined the evolution of socioeconomic inequalities in mammography screening in Switzerland and if exposure to regional organised programmes reduced socioeconomic inequalities. Data of 10,927 women aged 50 to 70 years old were collected from the Swiss Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey repeated 5 times (1992-2012). Socioeconomic characteristics were assessed using education, income, employment status, and occupational class. Adjusted prevalence ratios of up-to-date mammography screening were estimated with Poisson regressions and weighted for sampling strategy and non-participation bias. In the absence of organised screening programmes (1992-1997), prevalence of mammography screening increased by 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% and was associated with tertiary education and working part time. During the period of progressive introduction of regionally organised programmes (2002-2012), prevalence of mammography screening increased by 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% every 5 years and was associated with exposure to regional programmes and with independent/artisan occupations. Tertiary education and working part time were no longer associated. Exposure to organised programmes did not modify socioeconomic inequalities except for employment status: not employed women benefitted more from organised programmes compared to women working full time. In conclusion, socioeconomic inequalities in mammography screening decreased over time but organised programmes did not greatly modify them, except women not employed whose prevalence passed employed women.},
+  abstract = {Organised mammography screening programmes may reduce socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer screening, but evidence is contradictory. Switzerland has no national organised mammography screening programme, but regional programmes were progressively introduced since 1999, giving the opportunity to conduct a nationwide quasi-experimental study. We examined the evolution of socioeconomic inequalities in mammography screening in Switzerland and if exposure to regional organised programmes reduced socioeconomic inequalities. Data of 10,927 women aged 50 to 70 years old were collected from the Swiss Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey repeated 5 times (1992-2012). Socioeconomic characteristics were assessed using education, income, employment status, and occupational class. Adjusted prevalence ratios of up-to-date mammography screening were estimated with Poisson regressions and weighted for sampling strategy and non-participation bias. In the absence of organised screening programmes (1992-1997), prevalence of mammography screening increased by 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and was associated with tertiary education and working part time. During the period of progressive introduction of regionally organised programmes (2002-2012), prevalence of mammography screening increased by 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% every 5 years and was associated with exposure to regional programmes and with independent/artisan occupations. Tertiary education and working part time were no longer associated. Exposure to organised programmes did not modify socioeconomic inequalities except for employment status: not employed women benefitted more from organised programmes compared to women working full time. In conclusion, socioeconomic inequalities in mammography screening decreased over time but organised programmes did not greatly modify them, except women not employed whose prevalence passed employed women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8207,7 +9520,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {4},
   pages = {655--676},
   issn = {1049-2089},
-  abstract = {HIV-infected people with low socioeconomic status (SES) and people who are members of a racial or ethnic minority have been found to receive fewer services, including treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), than others. We examined whether these groups also have worse survival than others and the degree to which service use and antiretroviral medications explain these disparities in a prospective cohort study of a national probability sample of 2,864 adults receiving HIV care. The independent variables were wealth (net accumulated financial assets), annual income, educational attainment, employment status (currently working or not working), race/ethnicity, insurance status, use of services, and use of medications at baseline. The main outcome variable was death between January 1996 and December 2000. The analysis was descriptive and multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of survival. By December 2000, 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% (13\textbackslash textbackslash\% from HIV, 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% non-HIV causes) of the sample had died. Those with no accumulated financial assets had an 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater risk of death (RR= 1.89, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.15-3.13) and those with less than a high school education had a 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater risk of death (RR= 1.53, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.15-2.04) than their counterparts, after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables only. Further adjusting for use of services and antiretroviral treatment diminished, but did not eliminate, the elevated relative risk of death for those with low SES by three of the four measures. The finding of markedly elevated relative risks of death for those with HIV infection and low SES is of particular concern given the disproportionate rates of HIV infection in these groups. Effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes for low SES groups with HIV infection.},
+  abstract = {HIV-infected people with low socioeconomic status (SES) and people who are members of a racial or ethnic minority have been found to receive fewer services, including treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), than others. We examined whether these groups also have worse survival than others and the degree to which service use and antiretroviral medications explain these disparities in a prospective cohort study of a national probability sample of 2,864 adults receiving HIV care. The independent variables were wealth (net accumulated financial assets), annual income, educational attainment, employment status (currently working or not working), race/ethnicity, insurance status, use of services, and use of medications at baseline. The main outcome variable was death between January 1996 and December 2000. The analysis was descriptive and multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of survival. By December 2000, 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% from HIV, 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% non-HIV causes) of the sample had died. Those with no accumulated financial assets had an 89{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% greater risk of death (RR= 1.89, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI= 1.15-3.13) and those with less than a high school education had a 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% greater risk of death (RR= 1.53, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI= 1.15-2.04) than their counterparts, after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables only. Further adjusting for use of services and antiretroviral treatment diminished, but did not eliminate, the elevated relative risk of death for those with low SES by three of the four measures. The finding of markedly elevated relative risks of death for those with HIV infection and low SES is of particular concern given the disproportionate rates of HIV infection in these groups. Effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes for low SES groups with HIV infection.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8216,7 +9529,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   author = {Cuomo, Raphael E. and Davis, Daniel B. and Goetz, Stephan J. and Shapiro, Josh D. and Walshok, Mary L.},
   year = {2020},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {RISK HAZARDS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CRISIS IN PUBLIC POLICY},
+  journal = {RISK HAZARDS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CRISIS IN PUBLIC POLICY},
   volume = {11},
   number = {2},
   pages = {166--187},
@@ -8250,7 +9563,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   pages = {61--71},
   issn = {0967-070X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.01.002},
-  abstract = {This paper explores the relationship between car ownership and financial circumstances for people living in disadvantaged urban communities. Assumptions about cars signifying status and income are problematised by an examination of the characteristics of those who adopt cars. We consider the possibility that, despite low incomes and financial problems, cars may be a necessity for some urban dwellers. Patterns of car ownership and adoption are analysed using cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data collected from communities in Glasgow, between 2006 and 2011, before, during and after the recession. Car ownership rates increased, as more people adopted a car than relinquished vehicles. The likelihood of household car adoption was influenced by changes in household size, increased financial difficulties in relation to housing costs, and where householders gained work. A small but growing proportion of households (up to 8.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% by 2011) are deemed \textbackslash textasciigraveforced car owners' by virtue of owning a car despite also reporting financial difficulties: three-quarters of this group maintain a car despite financial problems whilst a quarter adopt a car despite financial problems. Findings suggest that poor households are reluctant to relinquish their cars to ease money problems when under financial stress and that, for some, acquiring a car may be seen as necessary to better their circumstances. In neither case can we see evidence that the sustainable transport agenda is reaching disadvantaged communities and there are concerns that regeneration strategies are failing to promote mobility and accessibility for poor communities via transport policies.},
+  abstract = {This paper explores the relationship between car ownership and financial circumstances for people living in disadvantaged urban communities. Assumptions about cars signifying status and income are problematised by an examination of the characteristics of those who adopt cars. We consider the possibility that, despite low incomes and financial problems, cars may be a necessity for some urban dwellers. Patterns of car ownership and adoption are analysed using cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data collected from communities in Glasgow, between 2006 and 2011, before, during and after the recession. Car ownership rates increased, as more people adopted a car than relinquished vehicles. The likelihood of household car adoption was influenced by changes in household size, increased financial difficulties in relation to housing costs, and where householders gained work. A small but growing proportion of households (up to 8.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% by 2011) are deemed {\textbackslash}textasciigraveforced car owners' by virtue of owning a car despite also reporting financial difficulties: three-quarters of this group maintain a car despite financial problems whilst a quarter adopt a car despite financial problems. Findings suggest that poor households are reluctant to relinquish their cars to ease money problems when under financial stress and that, for some, acquiring a car may be seen as necessary to better their circumstances. In neither case can we see evidence that the sustainable transport agenda is reaching disadvantaged communities and there are concerns that regeneration strategies are failing to promote mobility and accessibility for poor communities via transport policies.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {International Workshop on Energy-Related Economic Stress at the Interface Between Transport Poverty, Fuel Poverty and Residential Location, Univ Leeds, Inst Transport Studies, Leeds, ENGLAND, MAY 20-21, 2015}
 }
@@ -8265,7 +9578,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcome; policies},
   number = {1},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053919},
-  abstract = {Objective The aim of this study was to identify knowledge translation (KT) strategies aimed at improving sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (SRMNCAH) and well-being. Design Rapid scoping review. Search strategy A comprehensive and peer-reviewed search strategy was developed and applied to four electronic databases: MEDLINE ALL, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. Additional searches of grey literature were conducted to identify KT strategies aimed at supporting SRMNCAH. KT strategies and policies published in English from January 2000 to May 2020 onwards were eligible for inclusion. Results Only 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of included 90 studies were conducted in low-income countries with the majority (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%) conducted in high-income countries. Studies primarily focused on maternal newborn or child health and well-being. Education (81\textbackslash textbackslash\%), including staff workshops and education modules, was the most commonly identified intervention component from the KT interventions. Low-income and middle-income countries were more likely to include civil society organisations, government and policymakers as stakeholders compared with high-income countries. Reported barriers to KT strategies included limited resources and time constraints, while enablers included stakeholder involvement throughout the KT process. Conclusion We identified a number of gaps among KT strategies for SRMNCAH policy and action, including limited focus on adolescent, sexual and reproductive health and rights and SRMNCAH financing strategies. There is a need to support stakeholder engagement in KT interventions across the continuum of SRMNCAH services. Researchers and policymakers should consider enhancing efforts to work with multisectoral stakeholders to implement future KT strategies and policies to address SRMNCAH priorities.},
+  abstract = {Objective The aim of this study was to identify knowledge translation (KT) strategies aimed at improving sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (SRMNCAH) and well-being. Design Rapid scoping review. Search strategy A comprehensive and peer-reviewed search strategy was developed and applied to four electronic databases: MEDLINE ALL, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. Additional searches of grey literature were conducted to identify KT strategies aimed at supporting SRMNCAH. KT strategies and policies published in English from January 2000 to May 2020 onwards were eligible for inclusion. Results Only 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of included 90 studies were conducted in low-income countries with the majority (52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) conducted in high-income countries. Studies primarily focused on maternal newborn or child health and well-being. Education (81{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), including staff workshops and education modules, was the most commonly identified intervention component from the KT interventions. Low-income and middle-income countries were more likely to include civil society organisations, government and policymakers as stakeholders compared with high-income countries. Reported barriers to KT strategies included limited resources and time constraints, while enablers included stakeholder involvement throughout the KT process. Conclusion We identified a number of gaps among KT strategies for SRMNCAH policy and action, including limited focus on adolescent, sexual and reproductive health and rights and SRMNCAH financing strategies. There is a need to support stakeholder engagement in KT interventions across the continuum of SRMNCAH services. Researchers and policymakers should consider enhancing efforts to work with multisectoral stakeholders to implement future KT strategies and policies to address SRMNCAH priorities.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::scoping},
   note = {looks at sex ed and educational inequalities; policies
@@ -8299,10 +9612,24 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {38--77},
   issn = {0887-378X},
   doi = {10.1111/1468-0009.12532},
-  abstract = {Policy Points Policies that increase county income levels, particularly for middle-income households, may reduce low birth weight rates and shrink disparities between Black and White infants. Given the role of aggregate maternal characteristics in predicting low birth weight rates, policies that increase human capital investments (e.g., funding for higher education, job training) could lead to higher income levels while improving population birth outcomes. The association between county income levels and racial disparities in low birth weight is independent of disparities in maternal risks, and thus a broad set of policies aimed at increasing income levels (e.g., income supplements, labor protections) may be warranted. Context Low birth weight (LBW; {$<$}2,500 grams) and infant mortality rates vary among place and racial group in the United States, with economic resources being a likely fundamental contributor to these disparities. The goals of this study were to examine time-varying county median income as a predictor of LBW rates and Black-White LBW disparities and to test county prevalence and racial disparities in maternal sociodemographic and health risk factors as mediators. Methods Using national birth records for 1992-2014 from the National Center for Health Statistics, a total of approximately 27.4 million singleton births to non-Hispanic Black and White mothers were included. Data were aggregated in three-year county-period observations for 868 US counties meeting eligibility requirements (n = 3,723 observations). Sociodemographic factors included rates of low maternal education, nonmarital childbearing, teenage pregnancy, and advanced-age pregnancy; and health factors included rates of smoking during pregnancy and inadequate prenatal care. Among other covariates, linear models included county and period fixed effects and unemployment, poverty, and income inequality. Findings An increase of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10,000 in county median income was associated with 0.34 fewer LBW cases per 100 live births and smaller Black-White LBW disparities of 0.58 per 100 births. Time-varying county rates of maternal sociodemographic and health risks mediated the association between median income and LBW, accounting for 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this estimate, respectively, but racial disparities in risk factors did not mediate the income association with Black-White LBW disparities. Similarly, county median income was associated with very low birth weight rates and related Black-White disparities. Conclusions Efforts to increase income levels-for example, through investing in human capital, enacting labor union protections, or attracting well-paying employment-have broad potential to influence population reproductive health. Higher income levels may reduce LBW rates and lead to more equitable outcomes between Black and White mothers.},
+  abstract = {Policy Points Policies that increase county income levels, particularly for middle-income households, may reduce low birth weight rates and shrink disparities between Black and White infants. Given the role of aggregate maternal characteristics in predicting low birth weight rates, policies that increase human capital investments (e.g., funding for higher education, job training) could lead to higher income levels while improving population birth outcomes. The association between county income levels and racial disparities in low birth weight is independent of disparities in maternal risks, and thus a broad set of policies aimed at increasing income levels (e.g., income supplements, labor protections) may be warranted. Context Low birth weight (LBW; {$<$}2,500 grams) and infant mortality rates vary among place and racial group in the United States, with economic resources being a likely fundamental contributor to these disparities. The goals of this study were to examine time-varying county median income as a predictor of LBW rates and Black-White LBW disparities and to test county prevalence and racial disparities in maternal sociodemographic and health risk factors as mediators. Methods Using national birth records for 1992-2014 from the National Center for Health Statistics, a total of approximately 27.4 million singleton births to non-Hispanic Black and White mothers were included. Data were aggregated in three-year county-period observations for 868 US counties meeting eligibility requirements (n = 3,723 observations). Sociodemographic factors included rates of low maternal education, nonmarital childbearing, teenage pregnancy, and advanced-age pregnancy; and health factors included rates of smoking during pregnancy and inadequate prenatal care. Among other covariates, linear models included county and period fixed effects and unemployment, poverty, and income inequality. Findings An increase of {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar10,000 in county median income was associated with 0.34 fewer LBW cases per 100 live births and smaller Black-White LBW disparities of 0.58 per 100 births. Time-varying county rates of maternal sociodemographic and health risks mediated the association between median income and LBW, accounting for 65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of this estimate, respectively, but racial disparities in risk factors did not mediate the income association with Black-White LBW disparities. Similarly, county median income was associated with very low birth weight rates and related Black-White disparities. Conclusions Efforts to increase income levels-for example, through investing in human capital, enacting labor union protections, or attracting well-paying employment-have broad potential to influence population reproductive health. Higher income levels may reduce LBW rates and lead to more equitable outcomes between Black and White mothers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Cutler1976,
+  title = {Age {{Differences}} in {{Voluntary Association Memberships}}},
+  author = {Cutler, Stephen J.},
+  year = {1976},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Social Forces},
+  volume = {55},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {43},
+  issn = {00377732},
+  doi = {10.2307/2577092},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Cvetkovski2012,
   title = {The Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Distress in {{Australian}} Tertiary Students Compared to Their Community Peers},
   author = {Cvetkovski, Stefan and Reavley, Nicola J. and Jorm, Anthony F.},
@@ -8314,7 +9641,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {457--467},
   issn = {0004-8674},
   doi = {10.1177/0004867411435290},
-  abstract = {Objective: To examine differences between university students, vocational education and training (VET) students, tertiary students combined and non-students in the prevalence of psychological distress and the socio-demographic and economic characteristics associated with psychological distress. Method: The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to estimate the prevalence of moderate (16-21) and high (22-50) distress with data from three national surveys: the 2007 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, the 2007-08 National Health Survey (NHS), and the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB). Multinomial logistic regression models were also estimated using the HILDA survey to examine any differences in the characteristics associated with moderate and high distress between the groups. Results: There was evidence of a higher prevalence of moderate distress in tertiary students than non-students in the HILDA survey (27.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 21.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.05) and the NSMHWB (27.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 19.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.05), but not the NHS (26.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$>$} 0.05). However, standardized rates for age and gender attenuated the difference in moderate distress in the HILDA survey and the NSMHWB. The prevalence of high distress was similar between the groups in all three surveys. The multinomial regression analyses using the HILDA survey showed the following subgroups of students to be at a greater risk of high distress relative to those with low distress: younger university students, and university and VET students with financial problems. Compared to VET students and non-students, younger university students and those who worked 1-39 hours per week in paid employment were at a greater risk of high distress. Conclusions: There is evidence that tertiary students have a greater prevalence of moderate, but not high distress than non-students. Financial factors increase the risk of high distress and are likely to take on more importance as the participation rate of socio-economically disadvantaged students increases.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To examine differences between university students, vocational education and training (VET) students, tertiary students combined and non-students in the prevalence of psychological distress and the socio-demographic and economic characteristics associated with psychological distress. Method: The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to estimate the prevalence of moderate (16-21) and high (22-50) distress with data from three national surveys: the 2007 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, the 2007-08 National Health Survey (NHS), and the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB). Multinomial logistic regression models were also estimated using the HILDA survey to examine any differences in the characteristics associated with moderate and high distress between the groups. Results: There was evidence of a higher prevalence of moderate distress in tertiary students than non-students in the HILDA survey (27.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 21.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.05) and the NSMHWB (27.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 19.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.05), but not the NHS (26.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 22.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$>$} 0.05). However, standardized rates for age and gender attenuated the difference in moderate distress in the HILDA survey and the NSMHWB. The prevalence of high distress was similar between the groups in all three surveys. The multinomial regression analyses using the HILDA survey showed the following subgroups of students to be at a greater risk of high distress relative to those with low distress: younger university students, and university and VET students with financial problems. Compared to VET students and non-students, younger university students and those who worked 1-39 hours per week in paid employment were at a greater risk of high distress. Conclusions: There is evidence that tertiary students have a greater prevalence of moderate, but not high distress than non-students. Financial factors increase the risk of high distress and are likely to take on more importance as the participation rate of socio-economically disadvantaged students increases.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8356,7 +9683,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {5},
   issn = {0212-6567},
   doi = {10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102020},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To explore the health effects of a community health intervention on older people who are isolated at home due to mobility problems or architectural barriers, to identify associated characteristics and to assess participants' satisfaction. Design: Quasi-experimental before-after study. Setting: Five low-income neighbourhoods of Barcelona during 2010-15. Participants: 147 participants, aged {$>$}= 59, living in isolation due to mobility problems or architectural barriers were interviewed before the intervention and after 6 months. Intervention: Primary Health Care teams, public health and social workers, and other community agents carried out a community health intervention, consisting of weekly outings, facilitated by volunteers. Measurements: We assessed self-rated health, mental health using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and quality of life through the EuroQol scale. Satisfaction with the programme was evaluated using a set of questions. We analysed pre and post data with McNemar tests and fitted lineal and Poisson regression models. Results: At 6 months, participants showed improvements in self-rated health and mental health and a reduction of anxiety. Improvements were greater among women, those who had not left home for {$>$}= 4 months, those with lower educational level, and those who had made {$>$}= 9 outings. Self-rated health \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceaRR: 1.29(1.04-1.62)] and mental health improvements \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracebeta: 2.92(1.64-4.2)] remained significant in the multivariate models. Mean satisfaction was 9.3 out of 10. Conclusion: This community health intervention appears to improve several health outcomes in isolated elderly people, especially among the most vulnerable groups. Replications of this type of intervention could work in similar contexts. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To explore the health effects of a community health intervention on older people who are isolated at home due to mobility problems or architectural barriers, to identify associated characteristics and to assess participants' satisfaction. Design: Quasi-experimental before-after study. Setting: Five low-income neighbourhoods of Barcelona during 2010-15. Participants: 147 participants, aged {$>$}= 59, living in isolation due to mobility problems or architectural barriers were interviewed before the intervention and after 6 months. Intervention: Primary Health Care teams, public health and social workers, and other community agents carried out a community health intervention, consisting of weekly outings, facilitated by volunteers. Measurements: We assessed self-rated health, mental health using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and quality of life through the EuroQol scale. Satisfaction with the programme was evaluated using a set of questions. We analysed pre and post data with McNemar tests and fitted lineal and Poisson regression models. Results: At 6 months, participants showed improvements in self-rated health and mental health and a reduction of anxiety. Improvements were greater among women, those who had not left home for {$>$}= 4 months, those with lower educational level, and those who had made {$>$}= 9 outings. Self-rated health {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceaRR: 1.29(1.04-1.62)] and mental health improvements {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracebeta: 2.92(1.64-4.2)] remained significant in the multivariate models. Mean satisfaction was 9.3 out of 10. Conclusion: This community health intervention appears to improve several health outcomes in isolated elderly people, especially among the most vulnerable groups. Replications of this type of intervention could work in similar contexts. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8369,7 +9696,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {16},
   issn = {1471-2393},
   doi = {10.1186/s12884-016-0965-1},
-  abstract = {Background: The U.S. continues to have one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the industrialized world. Studies have shown that full-time employment and early return to work decreased breastfeeding duration, but little is known about the relationship between leave policies and breastfeeding initiation and cessation. This study aimed to identify workplace-related barriers and facilitators associated with breastfeeding initiation and cessation in the first 6 months postpartum. Methods: A prospective cohort study design was utilized to recruit 817 Minnesota women aged 18 and older while hospitalized for childbirth. Selection criteria included English-speaking, employed mothers with a healthy, singleton birth. These women were followed up using telephone interviews at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months after childbirth. The main study outcomes were breastfeeding initiation, measured during hospital enrollment, and breastfeeding cessation by 6 months postpartum. Results: Women were 30 years old; 86 \textbackslash textbackslash\% were White, and 73 \textbackslash textbackslash\% were married. Breastfeeding rates were 81 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at childbirth, 67 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 weeks, 49 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at 12 weeks, and 33 \textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 months postpartum. Logistic regression revealed the odds of breastfeeding initiation were higher for women who: held professional jobs, were primiparae, had graduate degree, did not smoke prenatally, had no breastfeeding problems, and had family or friends who breastfeed. Survival analyses showed the hazard for breastfeeding cessation by 6 months was: higher for women who returned to work at any time during the 6 months postpartum versus those who did not return, lower for professional workers, higher among single than married women, higher for every educational category compared to graduate school, and higher for those with no family or friends who breastfeed. Conclusions: While employer paid leave policy did not affect breastfeeding initiation or cessation, women who took shorter leaves were more likely to stop breastfeeding in the first 6 months postpartum. Future research should examine women's awareness of employer policies regarding paid and unpaid leave.},
+  abstract = {Background: The U.S. continues to have one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the industrialized world. Studies have shown that full-time employment and early return to work decreased breastfeeding duration, but little is known about the relationship between leave policies and breastfeeding initiation and cessation. This study aimed to identify workplace-related barriers and facilitators associated with breastfeeding initiation and cessation in the first 6 months postpartum. Methods: A prospective cohort study design was utilized to recruit 817 Minnesota women aged 18 and older while hospitalized for childbirth. Selection criteria included English-speaking, employed mothers with a healthy, singleton birth. These women were followed up using telephone interviews at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months after childbirth. The main study outcomes were breastfeeding initiation, measured during hospital enrollment, and breastfeeding cessation by 6 months postpartum. Results: Women were 30 years old; 86 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were White, and 73 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were married. Breastfeeding rates were 81 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at childbirth, 67 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at 6 weeks, 49 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at 12 weeks, and 33 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at 6 months postpartum. Logistic regression revealed the odds of breastfeeding initiation were higher for women who: held professional jobs, were primiparae, had graduate degree, did not smoke prenatally, had no breastfeeding problems, and had family or friends who breastfeed. Survival analyses showed the hazard for breastfeeding cessation by 6 months was: higher for women who returned to work at any time during the 6 months postpartum versus those who did not return, lower for professional workers, higher among single than married women, higher for every educational category compared to graduate school, and higher for those with no family or friends who breastfeed. Conclusions: While employer paid leave policy did not affect breastfeeding initiation or cessation, women who took shorter leaves were more likely to stop breastfeeding in the first 6 months postpartum. Future research should examine women's awareness of employer policies regarding paid and unpaid leave.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8384,7 +9711,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {618--629},
   issn = {2197-3792},
   doi = {10.1007/s40615-020-00821-8},
-  abstract = {Background Transportation vulnerability (defined as lack of personal/public transportation access) is particularly prevalent in areas with high racial/ethnic segregation where communities typically lack proximity to quality education, jobs, healthy food, playgrounds, and medical care. Prior research has shown an association between residential segregation and youth cardiovascular health, although little work has examined the effects of transportation vulnerability on this relationship. Methods Longitudinal mixed methods were used to compare the effects of transportation vulnerability on the association between changes in exposure to residential segregation (defined as the uneven geographic distribution of minorities) and five cardiovascular health outcomes across sex in minority youth for up to four consecutive years of participation in an afterschool fitness program during 2010-2018 (n = 2742; Miami-Dade County, Florida, US). Results After accounting for child race/ethnicity, age, year, and poverty, girls with high transportation vulnerability and reduced exposure to segregation (vs. increased or no change in segregation) showed the most improvements across all outcomes, including body mass index percentile (26\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 23.84, 28.30)), sum of skinfold thicknesses (18\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 14.90, 20.46)), run time (17\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 14.88, 18.64)), systolic blood pressure percentile (15\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 11.96, 17.08)), and diastolic blood pressure percentile (12\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 9.09, 14.61)). Conclusion Transportation inequities related to concentrated racial/ethnic segregation may be an important factor in reducing disparities in youth cardiovascular health, particularly among girls. These study findings provide important longitudinal evidence in support of health interventions to reduce transportation vulnerability for racial/ethnic minority youth in underserved areas.},
+  abstract = {Background Transportation vulnerability (defined as lack of personal/public transportation access) is particularly prevalent in areas with high racial/ethnic segregation where communities typically lack proximity to quality education, jobs, healthy food, playgrounds, and medical care. Prior research has shown an association between residential segregation and youth cardiovascular health, although little work has examined the effects of transportation vulnerability on this relationship. Methods Longitudinal mixed methods were used to compare the effects of transportation vulnerability on the association between changes in exposure to residential segregation (defined as the uneven geographic distribution of minorities) and five cardiovascular health outcomes across sex in minority youth for up to four consecutive years of participation in an afterschool fitness program during 2010-2018 (n = 2742; Miami-Dade County, Florida, US). Results After accounting for child race/ethnicity, age, year, and poverty, girls with high transportation vulnerability and reduced exposure to segregation (vs. increased or no change in segregation) showed the most improvements across all outcomes, including body mass index percentile (26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 23.84, 28.30)), sum of skinfold thicknesses (18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 14.90, 20.46)), run time (17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 14.88, 18.64)), systolic blood pressure percentile (15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 11.96, 17.08)), and diastolic blood pressure percentile (12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 9.09, 14.61)). Conclusion Transportation inequities related to concentrated racial/ethnic segregation may be an important factor in reducing disparities in youth cardiovascular health, particularly among girls. These study findings provide important longitudinal evidence in support of health interventions to reduce transportation vulnerability for racial/ethnic minority youth in underserved areas.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8416,7 +9743,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   issn = {2059-7908},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007225},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Introduction               Since sex-based biological and gender factors influence COVID-19 mortality, we wanted to investigate the difference in mortality rates between women and men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).                                         Method               We included 69 580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men: n=43 071; women: n=26 509) and age (0\textendash 39 years: n=41 682; 40\textendash 59 years: n=20 757; 60+ years: n=7141), from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until 1 September 2020. We computed the SSA-specific and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach.                                         Results                                A total of 1656 deaths (2.4\% of total cases reported) were reported, with men accounting for 70.5\% of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean                                                         C                     F                                                                     R                                                                       d                         i                         f                         f                                                                                                 = -0.9\%; 95\% credible intervals (CIs) -1.1\% to -0.6\%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 years or more (40\textendash 59 age group: mean                                                         C                     F                                                                     R                                                                       d                         i                         f                         f                                                                                                 = -0.7\%; 95\% CI -1.1\% to -0.2\%; 60+ years age group: mean                                                         C                     F                                                                     R                                                                       d                         i                         f                         f                                                                                                 = -3.9\%; 95\% CI -5.3\% to -2.4\%). At the country level, 7 of the 20 SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ years age group in seven countries and 40\textendash 59 years age group in one country.                                                        Conclusions               Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality globally. Countries should prioritise the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data so as to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender-sensitive public health response.},
+  abstract = {Introduction               Since sex-based biological and gender factors influence COVID-19 mortality, we wanted to investigate the difference in mortality rates between women and men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).                                         Method               We included 69 580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men: n=43 071; women: n=26 509) and age (0{\textendash}39 years: n=41 682; 40{\textendash}59 years: n=20 757; 60+ years: n=7141), from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until 1 September 2020. We computed the SSA-specific and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach.                                         Results                                A total of 1656 deaths (2.4\% of total cases reported) were reported, with men accounting for 70.5\% of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean                                                         C                     F                                                                     R                                                                       d                         i                         f                         f                                                                                                 = -0.9\%; 95\% credible intervals (CIs) -1.1\% to -0.6\%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 years or more (40{\textendash}59 age group: mean                                                         C                     F                                                                     R                                                                       d                         i                         f                         f                                                                                                 = -0.7\%; 95\% CI -1.1\% to -0.2\%; 60+ years age group: mean                                                         C                     F                                                                     R                                                                       d                         i                         f                         f                                                                                                 = -3.9\%; 95\% CI -5.3\% to -2.4\%). At the country level, 7 of the 20 SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ years age group in seven countries and 40{\textendash}59 years age group in one country.                                                        Conclusions               Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality globally. Countries should prioritise the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data so as to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender-sensitive public health response.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8430,7 +9757,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {354--362},
   issn = {1465-9891},
   doi = {10.3109/14659891.2014.923532},
-  abstract = {Background: Project Access UK was designed to provide real-world observations on the status of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) of opioid dependence. Methods: 544 respondents from three groups (physicians, patients in MAT and out-of-treatment users) were interviewed or completed questionnaires. Results: Patient reasons for seeking treatment included ending their dependence and improving their health and well-being. Patients and users reported a mean of 4.0 versus 2.7 prior MAT episodes, but patient awareness of the main treatment options varied from 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% for methadone to 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% for buprenorphine-naloxone. Among patients, 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% requested a specific medication (mostly methadone) and 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% of requests were granted. Forty percent of patients were not currently receiving psychosocial or key-working support. Daily supervised dosing was most commonly cited as a condition of staying in treatment with the biggest impact on daily life (36\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Among patients, 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% continued to use illicit drugs on top of their MAT and few (7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were in employment. The majority of patients (56\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and users (51\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had been in prison (an average of 6.8 times). Conclusion: Patients are motivated to recover. However, the full range of evidence-based interventions are not fully utilised and many patients cycle repeatedly through periods of treatment, relapse and imprisonment.},
+  abstract = {Background: Project Access UK was designed to provide real-world observations on the status of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) of opioid dependence. Methods: 544 respondents from three groups (physicians, patients in MAT and out-of-treatment users) were interviewed or completed questionnaires. Results: Patient reasons for seeking treatment included ending their dependence and improving their health and well-being. Patients and users reported a mean of 4.0 versus 2.7 prior MAT episodes, but patient awareness of the main treatment options varied from 94{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for methadone to 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for buprenorphine-naloxone. Among patients, 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% requested a specific medication (mostly methadone) and 78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of requests were granted. Forty percent of patients were not currently receiving psychosocial or key-working support. Daily supervised dosing was most commonly cited as a condition of staying in treatment with the biggest impact on daily life (36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Among patients, 56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% continued to use illicit drugs on top of their MAT and few (7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were in employment. The majority of patients (56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and users (51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had been in prison (an average of 6.8 times). Conclusion: Patients are motivated to recover. However, the full range of evidence-based interventions are not fully utilised and many patients cycle repeatedly through periods of treatment, relapse and imprisonment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8455,7 +9782,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s40621-021-00304-2},
-  abstract = {BackgroundFirearm violence is a public health problem that disparately impacts areas of economic and social deprivation. Despite a growing literature on neighborhood characteristics and injury, few studies have examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and fatal and nonfatal firearm assault using data on injury location. We conducted an ecological Bayesian spatial analysis examining neighborhood disadvantage as a social determinant of firearm injury in Seattle, Washington.MethodsNeighborhood disadvantage was measured using the National Neighborhood Data Archive disadvantage index. The index includes proportion of female-headed households with children, proportion of households with public assistance income, proportion of people with income below poverty in the past 12months, and proportion of the civilian labor force aged 16 and older that are unemployed at the census tract level. Firearm injury counts included individuals with a documented assault-related gunshot wound identified from medical records and supplemented with the Gun Violence Archive between March 20, 2016 and December 31, 2018. Available addresses were geocoded to identify their point locations and then aggregated to the census tract level. Besag-York-Mollie (BYM2) Bayesian Poisson models were fit to the data to estimate the association between the index of neighborhood disadvantage and firearm injury count with a population offset within each census tract.ResultsNeighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with the count of firearm injury in both non-spatial and spatial models. For two census tracts that differed by 1 decile of neighborhood disadvantage, the number of firearm injuries was higher by 21.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% credible interval: 10.5, 32.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in the group with higher neighborhood disadvantage. After accounting for spatial structure, there was still considerable residual spatial dependence with 53.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% credible interval: 17.0, 87.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the model variance being spatial. Additionally, we observed census tracts with higher disadvantage and lower count of firearm injury in communities with proximity to employment opportunities and targeted redevelopment, suggesting other contextual protective factors.ConclusionsEven after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, firearm injury research should investigate spatial clustering as independence cannot be able to be assumed. Future research should continue to examine potential contextual and environmental neighborhood determinants that could impact firearm injuries in urban communities.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundFirearm violence is a public health problem that disparately impacts areas of economic and social deprivation. Despite a growing literature on neighborhood characteristics and injury, few studies have examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and fatal and nonfatal firearm assault using data on injury location. We conducted an ecological Bayesian spatial analysis examining neighborhood disadvantage as a social determinant of firearm injury in Seattle, Washington.MethodsNeighborhood disadvantage was measured using the National Neighborhood Data Archive disadvantage index. The index includes proportion of female-headed households with children, proportion of households with public assistance income, proportion of people with income below poverty in the past 12months, and proportion of the civilian labor force aged 16 and older that are unemployed at the census tract level. Firearm injury counts included individuals with a documented assault-related gunshot wound identified from medical records and supplemented with the Gun Violence Archive between March 20, 2016 and December 31, 2018. Available addresses were geocoded to identify their point locations and then aggregated to the census tract level. Besag-York-Mollie (BYM2) Bayesian Poisson models were fit to the data to estimate the association between the index of neighborhood disadvantage and firearm injury count with a population offset within each census tract.ResultsNeighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with the count of firearm injury in both non-spatial and spatial models. For two census tracts that differed by 1 decile of neighborhood disadvantage, the number of firearm injuries was higher by 21.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% credible interval: 10.5, 32.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) in the group with higher neighborhood disadvantage. After accounting for spatial structure, there was still considerable residual spatial dependence with 53.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% credible interval: 17.0, 87.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the model variance being spatial. Additionally, we observed census tracts with higher disadvantage and lower count of firearm injury in communities with proximity to employment opportunities and targeted redevelopment, suggesting other contextual protective factors.ConclusionsEven after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, firearm injury research should investigate spatial clustering as independence cannot be able to be assumed. Future research should continue to examine potential contextual and environmental neighborhood determinants that could impact firearm injuries in urban communities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8470,7 +9797,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {1370--1378},
   issn = {1389-4986},
   doi = {10.1007/s11121-022-01417-w},
-  abstract = {Family- and neighborhood-level poverty are associated with youth violence. Economic policies may address this risk factor by reducing parental stress and increasing opportunities. The federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is the largest cash transfer program in the US providing support to low-income working families. Many states have additional EITCs that vary in structure and generosity. To estimate the association between state EITC and youth violence, we conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis using the variation in state EITC generosity over time by state and self-reported data in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) from 2005 to 2019. We estimated the association for all youth and then stratified by sex and race and ethnicity. A 10-percentage point greater state EITC was significantly associated with 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower prevalence of physical fighting among youth, overall (PR: 0.96; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.94-0.99), and for male students, 149 fewer (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -243, -55) students per 10,000 experiencing physical fighting. A 10-percentage point greater state EITC was significantly associated with 118 fewer (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -184,-52) White students per 10,000 experiencing physical fighting in the past 12 months while reductions among Black students (75 fewer; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -176, 26) and Hispanic/Latino students (14 fewer; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -93, 65) were not statistically significant. State EITC generosity was not significantly associated with measures of violence at school. Economic policies that increase financial security and provide financial resources may reduce the burden of youth violence; further attention to their differential benefits among specific population subgroups is warranted.},
+  abstract = {Family- and neighborhood-level poverty are associated with youth violence. Economic policies may address this risk factor by reducing parental stress and increasing opportunities. The federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is the largest cash transfer program in the US providing support to low-income working families. Many states have additional EITCs that vary in structure and generosity. To estimate the association between state EITC and youth violence, we conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis using the variation in state EITC generosity over time by state and self-reported data in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) from 2005 to 2019. We estimated the association for all youth and then stratified by sex and race and ethnicity. A 10-percentage point greater state EITC was significantly associated with 3.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower prevalence of physical fighting among youth, overall (PR: 0.96; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.94-0.99), and for male students, 149 fewer (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -243, -55) students per 10,000 experiencing physical fighting. A 10-percentage point greater state EITC was significantly associated with 118 fewer (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -184,-52) White students per 10,000 experiencing physical fighting in the past 12 months while reductions among Black students (75 fewer; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -176, 26) and Hispanic/Latino students (14 fewer; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -93, 65) were not statistically significant. State EITC generosity was not significantly associated with measures of violence at school. Economic policies that increase financial security and provide financial resources may reduce the burden of youth violence; further attention to their differential benefits among specific population subgroups is warranted.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8532,11 +9859,11 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
 }
 
 @article{Dare2018,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveThe}} People Make It Fun, the Activities We Do Just Make Sure We Turn up on Time.\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Factors}} Influencing Older Adults' Participation in Community-Based Group Programmes in {{Perth}}, {{Western Australia}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveThe}} People Make It Fun, the Activities We Do Just Make Sure We Turn up on Time.{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Factors}} Influencing Older Adults' Participation in Community-Based Group Programmes in {{Perth}}, {{Western Australia}}},
   author = {Dare, Julie and Wilkinson, Celia and Marquis, Ruth and Donovan, Robert J.},
   year = {2018},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {26},
   number = {6},
   pages = {871--881},
@@ -8556,7 +9883,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {9},
   issn = {1549-1277},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002897},
-  abstract = {Background Effective and cost-effective primary care treatments for low back pain (LBP) are required to reduce the burden of the world's most disabling condition. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Fear Reduction Exercised Early (FREE) approach to LBP (intervention) with usual general practitioner (GP) care (control). Methods and findings This pragmatic, cluster-randomised controlled trial with process evaluation and parallel economic evaluation was conducted in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand. Eight general practices were randomly assigned (stratified by practice size) with a 1:1 ratio to intervention (4 practices; 34 GPs) or control group (4 practices; 29 GPs). Adults presenting to these GPs with LBP as their primary complaint were recruited. GPs in the intervention practices were trained in the FREE approach, and patients presenting to these practices received care based on the FREE approach. The FREE approach restructures LBP consultations to prioritise early identification and management of barriers to recovery. GPs in control practices did not receive specific training for this study, and patients presenting to these practices received usual care. Between 23 September 2016 and 31 July 2017, 140 eligible patients presented to intervention practices (126 enrolled) and 110 eligible patients presented to control practices (100 enrolled). Patient mean age was 46.1 years (SD 14.4), and 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female. The duration of LBP was less than 6 weeks in 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients. Primary outcome was change from baseline in patient participant Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score at 6 months. Secondary patient outcomes included pain, satisfaction, and psychosocial indices. GP outcomes included attitudes, knowledge, confidence, and GP LBP management behaviour. There was active and passive surveillance of potential harms. Patients and outcome assessors were blind to group assignment. Analysis followed intention-to-treat principles. A total of 122 (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients from 32 GPs in the intervention group and 99 (99\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients from 25 GPs in the control group were included in the primary outcome analysis. At 6 months, the groups did not significantly differ on the primary outcome (adjusted mean RMDQ score difference 0.57, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI - 0.64 to 1.78; p = 0.354) or secondary patient outcomes. The RMDQ difference met the predefined criterion to indicate noninferiority. One control group participant experienced an activity-related gluteal tear, with no other adverse events recorded. Intervention group GPs had improvements in attitudes, knowledge, and confidence compared with control group GPs. Intervention group GP LBP management behaviour became more guideline concordant than the control group. In cost-effectiveness, the intervention dominated control with lower costs and higher QualityAdjusted Life Year (QALY) gains. Limitations of this study were that although adequately powered for primary outcome assessment, the study was not powered for evaluating some employment, healthcare use, and economic outcomes. It was also not possible for research nurses (responsible for patient recruitment) to be masked on group allocation for practices. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that the FREE approach improves GP concordance with LBP guideline recommendations but does not improve patient recovery outcomes compared with usual care. The FREE approach may reduce unnecessary healthcare use and produce economic benefits. Work participation or health resource use should be considered for primary outcome assessment in future trials of undifferentiated LBP.},
+  abstract = {Background Effective and cost-effective primary care treatments for low back pain (LBP) are required to reduce the burden of the world's most disabling condition. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Fear Reduction Exercised Early (FREE) approach to LBP (intervention) with usual general practitioner (GP) care (control). Methods and findings This pragmatic, cluster-randomised controlled trial with process evaluation and parallel economic evaluation was conducted in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand. Eight general practices were randomly assigned (stratified by practice size) with a 1:1 ratio to intervention (4 practices; 34 GPs) or control group (4 practices; 29 GPs). Adults presenting to these GPs with LBP as their primary complaint were recruited. GPs in the intervention practices were trained in the FREE approach, and patients presenting to these practices received care based on the FREE approach. The FREE approach restructures LBP consultations to prioritise early identification and management of barriers to recovery. GPs in control practices did not receive specific training for this study, and patients presenting to these practices received usual care. Between 23 September 2016 and 31 July 2017, 140 eligible patients presented to intervention practices (126 enrolled) and 110 eligible patients presented to control practices (100 enrolled). Patient mean age was 46.1 years (SD 14.4), and 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female. The duration of LBP was less than 6 weeks in 88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients. Primary outcome was change from baseline in patient participant Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score at 6 months. Secondary patient outcomes included pain, satisfaction, and psychosocial indices. GP outcomes included attitudes, knowledge, confidence, and GP LBP management behaviour. There was active and passive surveillance of potential harms. Patients and outcome assessors were blind to group assignment. Analysis followed intention-to-treat principles. A total of 122 (97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) patients from 32 GPs in the intervention group and 99 (99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) patients from 25 GPs in the control group were included in the primary outcome analysis. At 6 months, the groups did not significantly differ on the primary outcome (adjusted mean RMDQ score difference 0.57, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI - 0.64 to 1.78; p = 0.354) or secondary patient outcomes. The RMDQ difference met the predefined criterion to indicate noninferiority. One control group participant experienced an activity-related gluteal tear, with no other adverse events recorded. Intervention group GPs had improvements in attitudes, knowledge, and confidence compared with control group GPs. Intervention group GP LBP management behaviour became more guideline concordant than the control group. In cost-effectiveness, the intervention dominated control with lower costs and higher QualityAdjusted Life Year (QALY) gains. Limitations of this study were that although adequately powered for primary outcome assessment, the study was not powered for evaluating some employment, healthcare use, and economic outcomes. It was also not possible for research nurses (responsible for patient recruitment) to be masked on group allocation for practices. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that the FREE approach improves GP concordance with LBP guideline recommendations but does not improve patient recovery outcomes compared with usual care. The FREE approach may reduce unnecessary healthcare use and produce economic benefits. Work participation or health resource use should be considered for primary outcome assessment in future trials of undifferentiated LBP.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8588,7 +9915,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {224--231},
   issn = {0013-7006},
   doi = {10.1016/j.encep.2011.06.007},
-  abstract = {Introduction. - The INDIGO study (INternational study of Discrimination and stiGma Outcomes) aims at assessing the impact of schizophrenic disorders diagnosis on privacy, social and professional life, in terms of discrimination. In the general population, and even among health and social professionals, erroneous negative stereotypes (double personality, dangerosity) lead to high social distance. And this has an impact on various parts of daily life: employment, housing, compliance, self-esteem... About a tenth of the adult population suffers from mental disorders at any one time. These disorders now account for about 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global impact of disability, and this will rise to 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% by the year 2020. People living with schizophrenia, for example, experience reduced social participation, whilst public images of mental illness and social reactions add a dimension of suffering, which has been described as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesecond illness\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Stigmatizing attitudes and discriminatory behavior among the general population against people with severe mental illness are common in all countries. Globally, little is known of effective interventions against stigma. It is clear that the negative effects of stigma can act as formidable barriers to active recovery. Methodology. - The INDIGO study intends to establish detailed international data on how stigma and discrimination affect the lives of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The first aim of the INDIGO study is to conduct qualitative and quantitative interviews with 25 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in each participating site, to elicit information on how the condition affects their everyday lives, with a focus upon sites in Europe. The second is to gather data for all participating countries on the laws, policies and regulations which set a clear distinction between people with a diagnosis of mental illness and others, to establish an international profile of such discrimination. A new scale (Discrimination and Stigma Scale \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceDISC]), used in a face-to-face setting was developed. Interviewers asked service users to comment on how far their mental disorder has affected key areas of their lives, including work, marriage and partnerships, housing, leisure, and religious activities. For country-level information, staff at each national site gathered the best available data on whether special legal, policy or administrative arrangements are made for people with a diagnosis of mental illness. These items included, for example, information on access to insurance, financial services, driving licenses, voting, jury service, or travel visas. The INDIGO study is conducted within the framework of the WPA global program to fight stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia. French interviews occurred in two sites (Lille and Nice) on a sample of 25 patients. Results. - First, expressed disadvantages are high for several items (all relations, work and training, housing). In addition, we wish to highlight three specific points: almost half of the participants (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%) suffer from not being respected because of contacts with services, 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them felt rejected by people who know their diagnosis, and 76\textbackslash textbackslash\% hide/conceal their diagnosis. Positive experienced discrimination was rare. Two thirds of participants anticipated discrimination for job seeking and close personal relationships, sometimes with no experienced discrimination. Conclusions. - This study, one of the rare in France adopting the point of view of a stigmatized group, revealed the numerous impacts of a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders on everyday life. Comparisons between French and international results confirmed that the situation is not different in France, and even highlighted the extent of the stigmatization in the country. (C) L'Encephale, Paris, 2011.},
+  abstract = {Introduction. - The INDIGO study (INternational study of Discrimination and stiGma Outcomes) aims at assessing the impact of schizophrenic disorders diagnosis on privacy, social and professional life, in terms of discrimination. In the general population, and even among health and social professionals, erroneous negative stereotypes (double personality, dangerosity) lead to high social distance. And this has an impact on various parts of daily life: employment, housing, compliance, self-esteem... About a tenth of the adult population suffers from mental disorders at any one time. These disorders now account for about 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the global impact of disability, and this will rise to 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% by the year 2020. People living with schizophrenia, for example, experience reduced social participation, whilst public images of mental illness and social reactions add a dimension of suffering, which has been described as a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesecond illness{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Stigmatizing attitudes and discriminatory behavior among the general population against people with severe mental illness are common in all countries. Globally, little is known of effective interventions against stigma. It is clear that the negative effects of stigma can act as formidable barriers to active recovery. Methodology. - The INDIGO study intends to establish detailed international data on how stigma and discrimination affect the lives of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The first aim of the INDIGO study is to conduct qualitative and quantitative interviews with 25 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in each participating site, to elicit information on how the condition affects their everyday lives, with a focus upon sites in Europe. The second is to gather data for all participating countries on the laws, policies and regulations which set a clear distinction between people with a diagnosis of mental illness and others, to establish an international profile of such discrimination. A new scale (Discrimination and Stigma Scale {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceDISC]), used in a face-to-face setting was developed. Interviewers asked service users to comment on how far their mental disorder has affected key areas of their lives, including work, marriage and partnerships, housing, leisure, and religious activities. For country-level information, staff at each national site gathered the best available data on whether special legal, policy or administrative arrangements are made for people with a diagnosis of mental illness. These items included, for example, information on access to insurance, financial services, driving licenses, voting, jury service, or travel visas. The INDIGO study is conducted within the framework of the WPA global program to fight stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia. French interviews occurred in two sites (Lille and Nice) on a sample of 25 patients. Results. - First, expressed disadvantages are high for several items (all relations, work and training, housing). In addition, we wish to highlight three specific points: almost half of the participants (46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) suffer from not being respected because of contacts with services, 88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of them felt rejected by people who know their diagnosis, and 76{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% hide/conceal their diagnosis. Positive experienced discrimination was rare. Two thirds of participants anticipated discrimination for job seeking and close personal relationships, sometimes with no experienced discrimination. Conclusions. - This study, one of the rare in France adopting the point of view of a stigmatized group, revealed the numerous impacts of a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders on everyday life. Comparisons between French and international results confirmed that the situation is not different in France, and even highlighted the extent of the stigmatization in the country. (C) L'Encephale, Paris, 2011.},
   langid = {french}
 }
 
@@ -8616,7 +9943,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {443--447},
   issn = {0586-7614},
   doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbv023},
-  abstract = {Objective: Although it is undisputable that patients with severe mental illness have impaired ability to work, the extent of this is unclear. This is a nation-wide, cross-sectional survey of patients who have been hospitalized with severe mental illness earning minimum wage or above. Method: Data from the Israeli Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry were linked with nationwide data from the National Insurance Institute (the equivalent of US Social Security) on personal income. Hospitalization data were obtained on all consecutive admissions to any psychiatric hospital in the country between 1990-2008 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, other nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder (N = 35 673). Earning minimum wage or more was defined as earning at least 1000 USD/month, which was equivalent to minimum wage in Israel in December 2010. Results: The percentages of patients with only 1 admission who were earning minimum wage or above in December 2010 were as follows: 10.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia; 21.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with a diagnosis of nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 24.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with bipolar disorder. The percentages of patients with multiple admissions who were earning minimum wage or above were as follows: 5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with schizophrenia; 11.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 19.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients with bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Despite potential confounders, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia, nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder have a poor employment outcome, even if they have only been admitted once. These results emphasize the importance of improving interventions to re-integrate these individuals into the work force.},
+  abstract = {Objective: Although it is undisputable that patients with severe mental illness have impaired ability to work, the extent of this is unclear. This is a nation-wide, cross-sectional survey of patients who have been hospitalized with severe mental illness earning minimum wage or above. Method: Data from the Israeli Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry were linked with nationwide data from the National Insurance Institute (the equivalent of US Social Security) on personal income. Hospitalization data were obtained on all consecutive admissions to any psychiatric hospital in the country between 1990-2008 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, other nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder (N = 35 673). Earning minimum wage or more was defined as earning at least 1000 USD/month, which was equivalent to minimum wage in Israel in December 2010. Results: The percentages of patients with only 1 admission who were earning minimum wage or above in December 2010 were as follows: 10.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia; 21.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients with a diagnosis of nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 24.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients with bipolar disorder. The percentages of patients with multiple admissions who were earning minimum wage or above were as follows: 5.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients with schizophrenia; 11.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients with nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 19.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients with bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Despite potential confounders, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia, nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder have a poor employment outcome, even if they have only been admitted once. These results emphasize the importance of improving interventions to re-integrate these individuals into the work force.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8625,13 +9952,29 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   author = {Davies, J and Heyman, B and Bryar, R and Graffy, J and Gunnell, C and Lamb, B and Morris, L},
   year = {2002},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {10},
   number = {5},
   pages = {370--381},
   issn = {0966-0410},
   doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2524.2002.00377.x},
-  abstract = {Little is known about the research aspirations and experiences of practice nurses. The study discussed in the present paper had three main aims: (1) to assess the level of research interest among practice nurses working in Essex and East London, UK; (2) to identify practice nurses' research priorities; and (3) to explore factors which facilitate and impede the development of practice nursing research. All practice nurses (n = 1054) in the above areas were sent a questionnaire, and a total of 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 426) responded after two follow-up letters. Fifty-five respondents who volunteered for further participation were interviewed, either individually or in focus groups. About half (n = 207) of the survey respondents expressed an interest in undertaking research. One-third (n = 145) reported previous participation in research, and 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 85) had initiated their own research. Logistic regression showed that practice nurses educated to graduate level, and those working in practices with nurse training or participation in external research, were most likely to want to undertake research. Working in a medical training practice was found to be a negative predictor of research interest. Respondents prioritised research into long-term health problems with a high prevalence in the local population; for example, diabetes. Their reasons for wishing to engage in research included improving the service, career development, making work more interesting and reducing isolation. The main barriers identified were lack of time, lack of support from some general practitioners and poor access to higher education resources outside formal courses. The development of practice nurse research would provide a distinctive perspective on health need and service provision. It would contribute to the achievement of the national strategic objective of improving the quality of primary care, enhance the status of the profession, utilise the enthusiasm of individuals, increase job satisfaction and staff retention, and answer real questions.},
+  abstract = {Little is known about the research aspirations and experiences of practice nurses. The study discussed in the present paper had three main aims: (1) to assess the level of research interest among practice nurses working in Essex and East London, UK; (2) to identify practice nurses' research priorities; and (3) to explore factors which facilitate and impede the development of practice nursing research. All practice nurses (n = 1054) in the above areas were sent a questionnaire, and a total of 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 426) responded after two follow-up letters. Fifty-five respondents who volunteered for further participation were interviewed, either individually or in focus groups. About half (n = 207) of the survey respondents expressed an interest in undertaking research. One-third (n = 145) reported previous participation in research, and 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 85) had initiated their own research. Logistic regression showed that practice nurses educated to graduate level, and those working in practices with nurse training or participation in external research, were most likely to want to undertake research. Working in a medical training practice was found to be a negative predictor of research interest. Respondents prioritised research into long-term health problems with a high prevalence in the local population; for example, diabetes. Their reasons for wishing to engage in research included improving the service, career development, making work more interesting and reducing isolation. The main barriers identified were lack of time, lack of support from some general practitioners and poor access to higher education resources outside formal courses. The development of practice nurse research would provide a distinctive perspective on health need and service provision. It would contribute to the achievement of the national strategic objective of improving the quality of primary care, enhance the status of the profession, utilise the enthusiasm of individuals, increase job satisfaction and staff retention, and answer real questions.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Davies2009,
+  title = {Transitions from School for Young Adults with Intellectual Disability: {{Parental}} Perspectives on ``Life as an Adjustment''},
+  shorttitle = {Transitions from School for Young Adults with Intellectual Disability},
+  author = {Davies, Michael D. and Beamish, Wendi},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Journal of Intellectual \& Developmental Disability},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {248--257},
+  issn = {1366-8250, 1469-9532},
+  doi = {10.1080/13668250903103676},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8644,7 +9987,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {5},
   number = {12},
   doi = {10.2196/30668},
-  abstract = {Background: The incidence of mental health problems in children and adolescents in the United Kingdom has significantly increased in recent years, and more people are in contact with mental health services in Greater Manchester than in other parts of the country. Children and young people spend most of their time at school and with teachers. Therefore, schools and other educational settings may be ideal environments in which to identify those experiencing or those at the risk of developing psychological symptoms and provide timely support for children most at risk of mental health or related problems. Objective: This study aims to test the feasibility of embedding a low-cost, scalable, and innovative digital mental health intervention in schools in the Greater Manchester area. Methods: Two components of a 6-week digital intervention were implemented in a primary school in Greater Manchester: Lexplore, a reading assessment using eye-tracking technology to assess reading ability and detect early atypicality, and Lincus, a digital support and well-being monitoring platform. Results: Of the 115 children approached, 34 (29.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) consented and took part; of these 34 children, all 34 (100\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed the baseline Lexplore assessment, and 30 (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed the follow-up. In addition, most children were classified by Lincus as regular ({$>$}= 1 per week) survey users. Overall, the teaching staff and children found both components of the digital intervention engaging, usable, feasible, and acceptable. Despite the widespread enthusiasm and recognition of the potential added value from staff, we met significant implementation barriers. Conclusions: This study explored the acceptability and feasibility of a digital mental health intervention for schoolchildren. Further work is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the digital intervention and to understand whether the assessment of reading atypicality using Lexplore can identify those who require additional help and whether they can also be supported by Lincus. This study provides high-quality pilot data and highlights the potential benefits of implementing digital assessment and mental health support tools in a primary school setting.},
+  abstract = {Background: The incidence of mental health problems in children and adolescents in the United Kingdom has significantly increased in recent years, and more people are in contact with mental health services in Greater Manchester than in other parts of the country. Children and young people spend most of their time at school and with teachers. Therefore, schools and other educational settings may be ideal environments in which to identify those experiencing or those at the risk of developing psychological symptoms and provide timely support for children most at risk of mental health or related problems. Objective: This study aims to test the feasibility of embedding a low-cost, scalable, and innovative digital mental health intervention in schools in the Greater Manchester area. Methods: Two components of a 6-week digital intervention were implemented in a primary school in Greater Manchester: Lexplore, a reading assessment using eye-tracking technology to assess reading ability and detect early atypicality, and Lincus, a digital support and well-being monitoring platform. Results: Of the 115 children approached, 34 (29.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) consented and took part; of these 34 children, all 34 (100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed the baseline Lexplore assessment, and 30 (88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed the follow-up. In addition, most children were classified by Lincus as regular ({$>$}= 1 per week) survey users. Overall, the teaching staff and children found both components of the digital intervention engaging, usable, feasible, and acceptable. Despite the widespread enthusiasm and recognition of the potential added value from staff, we met significant implementation barriers. Conclusions: This study explored the acceptability and feasibility of a digital mental health intervention for schoolchildren. Further work is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the digital intervention and to understand whether the assessment of reading atypicality using Lexplore can identify those who require additional help and whether they can also be supported by Lincus. This study provides high-quality pilot data and highlights the potential benefits of implementing digital assessment and mental health support tools in a primary school setting.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8678,7 +10021,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
 }
 
 @article{Davis2010a,
-  title = {Rural\textendash{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}},
+  title = {Rural{\textendash}{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}},
   author = {Davis, Elizabeth E. and Grobe, Deana and Weber, Roberta B.},
   year = {2010},
   month = mar,
@@ -8689,7 +10032,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   issn = {2040-5790, 2040-5804},
   doi = {10.1093/aepp/ppp004},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural\textendash urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural{\textendash}urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8730,13 +10073,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   author = {Dearing, Kim},
   year = {2021},
   month = may,
-  journal = {EVIDENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {EVIDENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {17},
   number = {2},
   pages = {261--277},
   issn = {1744-2648},
   doi = {10.1332/174426421X16140992285741},
-  abstract = {Background: Supported Employment has been advocated for by successive governments and policymakers alike as the best approach to employment inclusion for people with an intellectual disability who are in receipt of social care. Yet only 5.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of this demographic are in any form of work and these numbers have been persistently stagnant for many years. Aims: This study aimed to explore the employment landscape and grapple with the intersecting layers of policy consequence for people who have an intellectual disability, and are in receipt of social care, who wish to engage with work preparation employment support. Methods: As an active participant in the field, this study was ethnographic and conducted at a new job club that had been established in England. In addition, three further sites of complementary data were explored in Wales, through interviews and focus groups. Findings: This study demonstrates that there is a mismatch between how evidence informs policy, and how funding is allocated to support with work preparation. Those unable to secure Supported Employment services are, instead, navigating extreme employment disadvantage and scant opportunities, in the open labour market. Further, bound up in this analysis is evidence of a non-universal understanding of waged work where any form of financial remuneration is welcome. Discussion and conclusion: Overall, with a mismatch between evidence that informs policy, policy rhetoric, realistic employment prospects, and available work, without a fundamental employment policy shift, the very low employment rates within this demographic will not increase.},
+  abstract = {Background: Supported Employment has been advocated for by successive governments and policymakers alike as the best approach to employment inclusion for people with an intellectual disability who are in receipt of social care. Yet only 5.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of this demographic are in any form of work and these numbers have been persistently stagnant for many years. Aims: This study aimed to explore the employment landscape and grapple with the intersecting layers of policy consequence for people who have an intellectual disability, and are in receipt of social care, who wish to engage with work preparation employment support. Methods: As an active participant in the field, this study was ethnographic and conducted at a new job club that had been established in England. In addition, three further sites of complementary data were explored in Wales, through interviews and focus groups. Findings: This study demonstrates that there is a mismatch between how evidence informs policy, and how funding is allocated to support with work preparation. Those unable to secure Supported Employment services are, instead, navigating extreme employment disadvantage and scant opportunities, in the open labour market. Further, bound up in this analysis is evidence of a non-universal understanding of waged work where any form of financial remuneration is welcome. Discussion and conclusion: Overall, with a mismatch between evidence that informs policy, policy rhetoric, realistic employment prospects, and available work, without a fundamental employment policy shift, the very low employment rates within this demographic will not increase.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8752,6 +10095,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Debpuur2002,
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of the {{Navrongo Project}} on {{Contraceptive Knowledge}} and {{Use}}, {{Reproductive Preferences}}, and {{Fertility}}},
+  author = {Debpuur, Cornelius and Phillips, James F. and Jackson, Elizabeth F. and Nazzar, Alex and Ngom, Pierre and Binka, Fred N.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Studies in Family Planning},
+  volume = {33},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {141--164},
+  issn = {0039-3665, 1728-4465},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1728-4465.2002.00141.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project is a quasi-experimental study designed to test the hypothesis that introducing health and family planning services in a traditional African societal setting will introduce reproductive change. This article presents the impact of the initial three years of project exposure on contraceptive knowledge, awareness of supply sources, reproductive preferences, contraceptive use, and fertility. Findings show that knowledge of methods and supply sources increased as a result of exposure to project activities and that deployment of nurses to communities was associated with the emergence of preferences to limit childbearing. Fertility impact is evident in all treatment cells, most prominently in areas where nurse-outreach activities are combined with strategies for involving traditional leaders and male volunteers in promoting the program. In this combined cell, the initial three years of project exposure reduced the total fertility rate by one birth, comprising a 15 percent fertility decline relative to fertility levels in comparison communities.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{deFranca2020,
   title = {Equality and Poverty: Views from Managers and Professionals from Public Services and Household Heads in the {{Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area}}, {{Brazil}}},
   author = {{de Franca}, Viviane Helena and Modena, Celina Maria and Confalonieri, Ulisses Eugenio Cavalcanti},
@@ -8761,7 +10120,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-020-01243-y},
-  abstract = {Background Tackling poverty requires reconsideration of quantitative factors related to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewho\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is poor and by \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehow much\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and qualitative factors addressing \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewhat poverty means in these individuals' lives\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Greater understanding is required concerning the types of access actually used by families in poverty in attempts to meet their basic needs. Poverty must be addressed based on the question: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveInequality of what?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace It is in reflecting on the realities of such groups when their basic needs are not met that public policies can be improved and implemented with legitimate priorities. Objective: Describe coverage and access to public health, education and social assistance services and the related effects on the quality of life of families in extreme poverty. Methods An exploratory mixed methods study was conducted applying Amartya Sen's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBasic Capability Equality\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace framework, with: 1) 27 interviews with managers and professionals from public services serving territories with extreme poverty; 2) Survey with a systematic proportionate stratified sample of 336 heads of households in extreme poverty from a total 2605 families. The resulting data was analyzed with thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics, respectively. Results The managers and professionals described the lives of families in extreme poverty with phrases such as, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThese people suffer. Sadness weighs on their lives!\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDepression is the most common illness\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Their precarious circumstances and inadequate access were cited as causes. Quality of life was considered bad or very bad by 41.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of heads of households. A total income of less than one-third of the minimum wage was received by 56.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample. One or more people were unemployed in the family in 55.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cases. For 53.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of heads of households, public services \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedid not meet any or few of their needs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace.The main social determinants of health were described as: alcohol and drugs (68.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%); lack of good health care (60.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and absence of income/work (37.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The following were identified as solutions to improve their quality of life: (1) health (40.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%); (2) education (37.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and (3) employment (44.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions The social determinants of poverty and health must be addressed jointly through intersectoral public policies and egalitarian mechanisms that promote investment in social protection.},
+  abstract = {Background Tackling poverty requires reconsideration of quantitative factors related to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewho{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace is poor and by {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehow much{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and qualitative factors addressing {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewhat poverty means in these individuals' lives{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Greater understanding is required concerning the types of access actually used by families in poverty in attempts to meet their basic needs. Poverty must be addressed based on the question: {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveInequality of what?{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace It is in reflecting on the realities of such groups when their basic needs are not met that public policies can be improved and implemented with legitimate priorities. Objective: Describe coverage and access to public health, education and social assistance services and the related effects on the quality of life of families in extreme poverty. Methods An exploratory mixed methods study was conducted applying Amartya Sen's {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBasic Capability Equality{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace framework, with: 1) 27 interviews with managers and professionals from public services serving territories with extreme poverty; 2) Survey with a systematic proportionate stratified sample of 336 heads of households in extreme poverty from a total 2605 families. The resulting data was analyzed with thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics, respectively. Results The managers and professionals described the lives of families in extreme poverty with phrases such as, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveThese people suffer. Sadness weighs on their lives!{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveDepression is the most common illness{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Their precarious circumstances and inadequate access were cited as causes. Quality of life was considered bad or very bad by 41.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of heads of households. A total income of less than one-third of the minimum wage was received by 56.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the sample. One or more people were unemployed in the family in 55.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of cases. For 53.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of heads of households, public services {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedid not meet any or few of their needs{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace.The main social determinants of health were described as: alcohol and drugs (68.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); lack of good health care (60.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); and absence of income/work (37.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The following were identified as solutions to improve their quality of life: (1) health (40.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); (2) education (37.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); and (3) employment (44.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusions The social determinants of poverty and health must be addressed jointly through intersectoral public policies and egalitarian mechanisms that promote investment in social protection.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8776,7 +10135,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {106--112},
   issn = {0168-8510},
   doi = {10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.11.009},
-  abstract = {The World Health Organization's End TB Strategy aims to eliminate tuberculosis (TB) by 2050. Low-burden countries such as Australia are targeted for early elimination (2035), which will require an increase in the intensity and scope of case finding and treatment of people with latent TB infection (LTBI). Because 80 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of TB disease in Australia occurs in metropolitan Sydney (New South Wales) and Melbourne (Victoria), the commitment to move towards elimination has major implications for TB programs in these jurisdictions. We report on a case study analysis that compares and contrasts key attributes of each of these healthcare organizations. Such analysis has important implications for all countries seeking to implement international agreements within local health structures. Differences in the organizational structure, culture and systems of care in NSW and Victoria may facilitate or create barriers to changes in organizational system functions, especially the way in which TB prevention and LTBI treatment is delivered. Ratification of global health treaties and the development of national strategies, alone, is insufficient for realizing the promised outcomes. Even in high income countries, global health agendas such as TB elimination can be complicated by differences in local system structure and funding. As the timelines tighten towards 2035, more work must be done to identify the organizational conditions and service models that will facilitate progress towards TB elimination. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {The World Health Organization's End TB Strategy aims to eliminate tuberculosis (TB) by 2050. Low-burden countries such as Australia are targeted for early elimination (2035), which will require an increase in the intensity and scope of case finding and treatment of people with latent TB infection (LTBI). Because 80 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of TB disease in Australia occurs in metropolitan Sydney (New South Wales) and Melbourne (Victoria), the commitment to move towards elimination has major implications for TB programs in these jurisdictions. We report on a case study analysis that compares and contrasts key attributes of each of these healthcare organizations. Such analysis has important implications for all countries seeking to implement international agreements within local health structures. Differences in the organizational structure, culture and systems of care in NSW and Victoria may facilitate or create barriers to changes in organizational system functions, especially the way in which TB prevention and LTBI treatment is delivered. Ratification of global health treaties and the development of national strategies, alone, is insufficient for realizing the promised outcomes. Even in high income countries, global health agendas such as TB elimination can be complicated by differences in local system structure and funding. As the timelines tighten towards 2035, more work must be done to identify the organizational conditions and service models that will facilitate progress towards TB elimination. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{DeGrip2015,
+  title = {Retirement and Cognitive Development in the {{Netherlands}}: {{Are}} the Retired Really Inactive?},
+  shorttitle = {Retirement and Cognitive Development in the {{Netherlands}}},
+  author = {De Grip, Andries and Dupuy, Arnaud and Jolles, Jelle and Van Boxtel, Martin},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Economics \& Human Biology},
+  volume = {19},
+  pages = {157--169},
+  issn = {1570677X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8784,7 +10158,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   title = {The Influence of Motherhood on Income: Do Partner Characteristics and Parity Matter?},
   author = {{de Hoon}, Sean and Keizer, Renske and Dykstra, Pearl},
   year = {2017},
-  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
+  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FAMILY},
   volume = {20},
   number = {2},
   pages = {211--225},
@@ -8794,6 +10168,35 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{DeJong2017,
+  title = {Estimating the {{Causal Effect}} of {{Fertility}} on {{Women}}'s {{Employment}} in {{Africa Using Twins}}},
+  author = {De Jong, Eelke and Smits, Jeroen and Longwe, Abiba},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {World Development},
+  volume = {90},
+  pages = {360--368},
+  issn = {0305750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.10.012},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{DeJonge2006,
+  title = {Consumer-Identified Barriers and Strategies for Optimizing Technology Use in the Workplace},
+  author = {De Jonge, Desleigh M. and Rodger, Sylvia A.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology},
+  volume = {1},
+  number = {1-2},
+  pages = {79--88},
+  issn = {1748-3107, 1748-3115},
+  doi = {10.1080/09638280500167324},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{DelaCruz2023,
   title = {{{PROTOCOL}}: {{Effects}} of Interventions to Improve Access to Financial Services for Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{An}} Evidence and Gap Map},
   author = {Dela Cruz, Nina Ashley and Villanueva, Alyssa Cyrielle B. and Tolin, Lovely Ann and Disse, Sabrina and Lensink, Robert and White, Howard},
@@ -8803,12 +10206,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {19},
   number = {3},
   doi = {10.1002/cl2.1341},
-  abstract = {BackgroundMicro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) account for the vast majority of firms in most economies, particularly in developing nations, and are key contributors to job creation and global economic development. However, the most significant impediment to MSME development in low- and middle-income countries is a lack of access to both investment and working capital financing. Due to a lack of essential track record, appropriate collateral, and credit history, MSMEs are frequently denied business loans by traditional lending institutions. In addition, SMEs' inability to access funding is hindered by institutional, structural, and non-financial factors. To address this, both the public and private sectors employ indirect and direct finance interventions to help MSMEs in developing and emerging economies enhance and increase their financing needs. Given the importance of MSMEs in the economy, a comprehensive overview of and systematic synthesizing of the evidence of the effects of financial access interventions for MSMEs, capturing a wide variety of outcome variables, is useful. ObjectivesThe objective of this evidence and gap map (EGM) is to describe the existing evidence on the effects of various interventions dedicated to supporting and improving MSMEs' access to credit, as well as the corresponding firm performance and/or welfare outcomes. MethodsAn EGM is a systematic evidence product that displays the existing evidence relevant to a specific research question. An EGM's end product is a research article or report, but it can also be shared via an interactive map drawn as a matrix of included studies and their corresponding interventions and outcomes. Interventions in low- and middle-income countries that target specific population subgroups are included on the map. The EGM considers five types of interventions: (i) strategy, legislation and regulatory; (ii) systems and institutions; (iii) facilitate access; (iv) lending instruments or financial products; and (v) demand-side interventions. The map, on the other hand, covers outcome domains for policy environment, financial inclusion, firm performance, and welfare. Impact evaluations or systematic reviews of relevant interventions for a previously defined target population are included in the EGM. Studies using experimental or non-experimental designs, as well as systematic reviews, are eligible. The EGM excludes before-and-after study designs with no suitable comparison group. Furthermore, the map excludes literature reviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and descriptive analyses. Search strings were used to conduct electronic searches in databases. To ensure that the research team had identified a significant portion of relevant research works, the search strategy was supplemented with gray literature searches and systematic review citation tracking. We have compiled studies that are either completed or in progress. For practical reasons, studies are limited to papers written in English and are not restricted by publication date. Selection CriteriaWe included studies that examined interventions to enhance MSMEs' access to finance in low- and middle-income countries targeting MSMEs including households, smallholder farmers and single person enterprise as well as financial institutions/agencies and their staff. The EGM considers five types of interventions that aim to: (i) deliver strategy, legislation, and regulatory aspects; (ii) systems and institutions that enable financing; (iii) facilitate access to finance; (iv) deliver different lending instruments or financial products, including traditional forms of microcredit; and (v) demand-side interventions such as programs on financial literacy. The map includes outcome domains surrounding policy environment, financial inclusion, firm performance, and welfare. Eligible studies must be experimental, non-experimental, or systematic reviews. In addition, the study designs must have a suitable comparison group before and after the implementation of interventions. ResultsThe EGM includes 413 studies. The majority of the studies (379 studies) analyzed microenterprises, such as households and smallholder farmers; 7 studies analyzed community groups; while 109 studies analyzed small and medium enterprises. There were 147 studies on interventions that targeted multiple firm sizes. Lending instruments/financial products are the most common intervention across all firm types. When it comes to the types of firms that receive the said financial intervention, the data is overwhelmingly in favor of microenterprises (278 studies), followed by systems and organizations (138 studies) that support better access to such financial products and services. Welfare outcomes have the most evidence out of all of the outcomes of interest, followed by firm performance and financial inclusion. Among all firm types, welfare outcomes are primarily targeted at microenterprises. With 59 studies, we can say that small businesses have a significantly large number of enterprise performance outcomes. of the 413 studies, 243 used non-experimental or quasi-experimental designs (mainly propensity score matching and instrumental variable approaches), 136 used experimental methods, and 34 were systematic reviews. 175 studies (43\textbackslash textbackslash\%) provided evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, 142 studies (35\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from South Asia, 86 studies (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from East Asia and the Pacific, 66 studies (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from Latin America and the Caribbean, 28 studies (7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), Europe and Central Asia, and 21 studies (5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) from the Middle East and North Africa. Most of the included evidence covers low-income (26\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and lower-middle income countries (66\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and to a lesser extent upper-middle-income countries (26\textbackslash textbackslash\%). ConclusionThis map depicts the existing evidence and gaps on the effects of interventions to enhance MSMEs' access to financial services in low and middle-income countries. Interventions directed at microenterprises with welfare outcomes have a significant number of research outcomes in the literature. SME evaluations have looked at firm performance, with less focus to employment and the welfare effects on owners and employees, including poverty reduction. Microcredit/loans have been the focus of a large number of research papers (238 studies), indicating the field's growing popularity. However, emerging financial interventions such as facilitating access to digital financial services are relatively under-studied. Several studies also investigate rural or population in remote areas with 192 studies, 126 studies on poor and disadvantaged, and 114 papers on women. Most of the research is conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (175 studies) and South Asia (142 studies) so further research in other regions could be conducted to allow a more holistic understanding of the effects of financial inclusion interventions. Credit lines, supply chain finance, and trade financing, which are some of the ADB's financial tools have limited evidence. Future studies should look into strategy, law, and regulation interventions, as well as interventions targeted at SMEs, and examine policy and regulatory environment outcomes as well as welfare outcomes. Interventions on the demand side and their impact on the policy and regulatory environment, as well as facilitating access are relatively understudied.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundMicro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) account for the vast majority of firms in most economies, particularly in developing nations, and are key contributors to job creation and global economic development. However, the most significant impediment to MSME development in low- and middle-income countries is a lack of access to both investment and working capital financing. Due to a lack of essential track record, appropriate collateral, and credit history, MSMEs are frequently denied business loans by traditional lending institutions. In addition, SMEs' inability to access funding is hindered by institutional, structural, and non-financial factors. To address this, both the public and private sectors employ indirect and direct finance interventions to help MSMEs in developing and emerging economies enhance and increase their financing needs. Given the importance of MSMEs in the economy, a comprehensive overview of and systematic synthesizing of the evidence of the effects of financial access interventions for MSMEs, capturing a wide variety of outcome variables, is useful. ObjectivesThe objective of this evidence and gap map (EGM) is to describe the existing evidence on the effects of various interventions dedicated to supporting and improving MSMEs' access to credit, as well as the corresponding firm performance and/or welfare outcomes. MethodsAn EGM is a systematic evidence product that displays the existing evidence relevant to a specific research question. An EGM's end product is a research article or report, but it can also be shared via an interactive map drawn as a matrix of included studies and their corresponding interventions and outcomes. Interventions in low- and middle-income countries that target specific population subgroups are included on the map. The EGM considers five types of interventions: (i) strategy, legislation and regulatory; (ii) systems and institutions; (iii) facilitate access; (iv) lending instruments or financial products; and (v) demand-side interventions. The map, on the other hand, covers outcome domains for policy environment, financial inclusion, firm performance, and welfare. Impact evaluations or systematic reviews of relevant interventions for a previously defined target population are included in the EGM. Studies using experimental or non-experimental designs, as well as systematic reviews, are eligible. The EGM excludes before-and-after study designs with no suitable comparison group. Furthermore, the map excludes literature reviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and descriptive analyses. Search strings were used to conduct electronic searches in databases. To ensure that the research team had identified a significant portion of relevant research works, the search strategy was supplemented with gray literature searches and systematic review citation tracking. We have compiled studies that are either completed or in progress. For practical reasons, studies are limited to papers written in English and are not restricted by publication date. Selection CriteriaWe included studies that examined interventions to enhance MSMEs' access to finance in low- and middle-income countries targeting MSMEs including households, smallholder farmers and single person enterprise as well as financial institutions/agencies and their staff. The EGM considers five types of interventions that aim to: (i) deliver strategy, legislation, and regulatory aspects; (ii) systems and institutions that enable financing; (iii) facilitate access to finance; (iv) deliver different lending instruments or financial products, including traditional forms of microcredit; and (v) demand-side interventions such as programs on financial literacy. The map includes outcome domains surrounding policy environment, financial inclusion, firm performance, and welfare. Eligible studies must be experimental, non-experimental, or systematic reviews. In addition, the study designs must have a suitable comparison group before and after the implementation of interventions. ResultsThe EGM includes 413 studies. The majority of the studies (379 studies) analyzed microenterprises, such as households and smallholder farmers; 7 studies analyzed community groups; while 109 studies analyzed small and medium enterprises. There were 147 studies on interventions that targeted multiple firm sizes. Lending instruments/financial products are the most common intervention across all firm types. When it comes to the types of firms that receive the said financial intervention, the data is overwhelmingly in favor of microenterprises (278 studies), followed by systems and organizations (138 studies) that support better access to such financial products and services. Welfare outcomes have the most evidence out of all of the outcomes of interest, followed by firm performance and financial inclusion. Among all firm types, welfare outcomes are primarily targeted at microenterprises. With 59 studies, we can say that small businesses have a significantly large number of enterprise performance outcomes. of the 413 studies, 243 used non-experimental or quasi-experimental designs (mainly propensity score matching and instrumental variable approaches), 136 used experimental methods, and 34 were systematic reviews. 175 studies (43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) provided evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, 142 studies (35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) from South Asia, 86 studies (21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) from East Asia and the Pacific, 66 studies (16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) from Latin America and the Caribbean, 28 studies (7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), Europe and Central Asia, and 21 studies (5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) from the Middle East and North Africa. Most of the included evidence covers low-income (26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and lower-middle income countries (66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and to a lesser extent upper-middle-income countries (26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). ConclusionThis map depicts the existing evidence and gaps on the effects of interventions to enhance MSMEs' access to financial services in low and middle-income countries. Interventions directed at microenterprises with welfare outcomes have a significant number of research outcomes in the literature. SME evaluations have looked at firm performance, with less focus to employment and the welfare effects on owners and employees, including poverty reduction. Microcredit/loans have been the focus of a large number of research papers (238 studies), indicating the field's growing popularity. However, emerging financial interventions such as facilitating access to digital financial services are relatively under-studied. Several studies also investigate rural or population in remote areas with 192 studies, 126 studies on poor and disadvantaged, and 114 papers on women. Most of the research is conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (175 studies) and South Asia (142 studies) so further research in other regions could be conducted to allow a more holistic understanding of the effects of financial inclusion interventions. Credit lines, supply chain finance, and trade financing, which are some of the ADB's financial tools have limited evidence. Future studies should look into strategy, law, and regulation interventions, as well as interventions targeted at SMEs, and examine policy and regulatory environment outcomes as well as welfare outcomes. Interventions on the demand side and their impact on the policy and regulatory environment, as well as facilitating access are relatively understudied.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Delaney2016,
-  title = {No \textbackslash textasciigraveself' Left behind? {{Part-time}} Distance Learning University Graduates: Social Class, Graduate Identity and Employability},
+  title = {No {\textbackslash}textasciigraveself' Left behind? {{Part-time}} Distance Learning University Graduates: Social Class, Graduate Identity and Employability},
   author = {Delaney, Lorraine and Farren, Margaret},
   year = {2016},
   journal = {OPEN LEARNING},
@@ -8825,7 +10228,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   title = {Thinking about Informality: Gender (in)Equality (in) Decent Work across Geographic and Economic Boundaries},
   author = {Delaney, Annie and Macdonald, Fiona},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
+  journal = {LABOUR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
   volume = {28},
   number = {2},
   pages = {99--114},
@@ -8845,7 +10248,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {4},
   pages = {301--308},
   issn = {0185-3325},
-  abstract = {Introduction Depression is a public health problem that carries substantial costs for the individual and the society. In order to establish evidence-based priorities for resource allocation in mental health care, it is necessary to integrate the costs and effectiveness of interventions and specify the essential packages for their treatment. The following are pioneering studies of cost-effectiveness for the treatment of depression: 1. compared psychopharmacology options (fluoxetine, imipramine and desipramine) to found no difference between drugs in terms of clinical efficacy, effect on quality of life and costs, and 2. evaluated cost-effectiveness of collaborative program of stepped care in primary care of persistent depression, to demonstrate a substantial increase in the effectiveness and additional moderate cost increase in comparison with usual treatment. Recently, the World Health Organization convened the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, as a collaborating center, to participate in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveSelecting interventions that are cost-effective\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. labeled WHO-CHOICE (CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective). This paper presents the findings of the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of different clinical interventions for the treatment of depression in Mexico, considering its implementation in primary care services. Method The cost-effectiveness unit of measure gathered by WHO (and used in this work) are the years of healthy life lost because of disease, named DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). DALYs result from the sum of years lost by premature mortality over the years that are lost through living in disability status. The advantages of using a measure of health at the population level as lost DALYs is that it allows comparing interventions for different diseases and addresses a relevant question from the avoidable burden health policy standpoint. Interventions evaluated included: 1. tricyclic antidepressants, 2. new antidepressants (SSRIs), 3. brief psychotherapy, 4. trycliclic antidepressants + brief psychotherapy, 5. new antidepressants + brief psychotherapy, 6. tricyclic antidepressants + brief psychotherapy + proactive case management, and 7. new antidepressants + brief psychotherapy + proactive case management. DALYs avoided as a result of each intervention or combination were calculated to determine its effectiveness. Both patients and program costs, a 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% discount by the process of converting future values to present ones, as well as an age adjustment giving less weight to year lived by the young were included. Finally, the cost of averted DALYs for each intervention was estimated to determine their cost effectiveness. Results The combined strategies of proactive case management with psychotherapy plus antidepressants can be considered as the most effective one. With the combination with tricyclic antidepressants, the number of DALYs averted was 207,171, and with SSRI of 217,568, corresponding to more than double of DALYs when tricyclic antidepressants are used alone and almost double when using only SSRIs. The most expensive intervention was the combination of SSRIs with brief psychotherapy, with a total of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar12,256 million pesos (972 million dollars), the least expensive treatment were tricyclic antidepressants, which involved \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4,523 million pesos (359 million dollars). Over 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the costs were from patient medications, and less than 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% from program and training costs. It is clear that the greatest cost is for added proactive case management. The use of SSRI was the most cost-effective treatment (no combination) for the management of depression in Mexican primary care. The most cost-effective combination was tryciclic antidepressants plus brief psychotherapy plus proactive case management. Conclusions Although the are some studies on health economics in Mexico, most are directed to consider costs, and few ones have evaluated the cost-effectiveness relationship of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, lees son in the mental health field. Antecedents of the present study in Mexico included a study that observed that psychiatric patients require more medical consultations, laboratory analysis, hospitalization days, surgeries and medication, in contrast with patients that never needed mental attention. Nevertheless, investigations about cost-effectiveness relationship are rare. Just one study evaluates the costs of positive changes in psychopathology with antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenic patients. In this direction, the present work is the first effort to evaluate cost-effectiveness of different communitarian interventions to treat depression in Mexico. According with our findings, also in Mexico, the interventions available to treat depression in primary care level prevent a substantial number of DALYs: almost six times when SSRIs plus brief psychotherapy plus proactive case management are administered. The specific effect of proactive case management is preventing relapses and increasing the time free of disease, which results in greater benefit to the patient, his family and the society. Thus, interventions are cost-effective despite the proactive case management significantly increases the cost of care to these patients. In conclusion, the inclusion of psychosocial treatments is advantageous from a cost-effectiveness standpoint. Averted DALYs with these interventions are more \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. As observed in previous studies, a modest investment in improving depression produces greater gains in resource-limited environments. In Mexico, there is evidence that such interventions in primary care are effective when they are given by medical staff with a brief training, making them a promising tool for a cost-effective and evidence-based public policy.},
+  abstract = {Introduction Depression is a public health problem that carries substantial costs for the individual and the society. In order to establish evidence-based priorities for resource allocation in mental health care, it is necessary to integrate the costs and effectiveness of interventions and specify the essential packages for their treatment. The following are pioneering studies of cost-effectiveness for the treatment of depression: 1. compared psychopharmacology options (fluoxetine, imipramine and desipramine) to found no difference between drugs in terms of clinical efficacy, effect on quality of life and costs, and 2. evaluated cost-effectiveness of collaborative program of stepped care in primary care of persistent depression, to demonstrate a substantial increase in the effectiveness and additional moderate cost increase in comparison with usual treatment. Recently, the World Health Organization convened the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, as a collaborating center, to participate in the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveSelecting interventions that are cost-effective{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. labeled WHO-CHOICE (CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective). This paper presents the findings of the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of different clinical interventions for the treatment of depression in Mexico, considering its implementation in primary care services. Method The cost-effectiveness unit of measure gathered by WHO (and used in this work) are the years of healthy life lost because of disease, named DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). DALYs result from the sum of years lost by premature mortality over the years that are lost through living in disability status. The advantages of using a measure of health at the population level as lost DALYs is that it allows comparing interventions for different diseases and addresses a relevant question from the avoidable burden health policy standpoint. Interventions evaluated included: 1. tricyclic antidepressants, 2. new antidepressants (SSRIs), 3. brief psychotherapy, 4. trycliclic antidepressants + brief psychotherapy, 5. new antidepressants + brief psychotherapy, 6. tricyclic antidepressants + brief psychotherapy + proactive case management, and 7. new antidepressants + brief psychotherapy + proactive case management. DALYs avoided as a result of each intervention or combination were calculated to determine its effectiveness. Both patients and program costs, a 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% discount by the process of converting future values to present ones, as well as an age adjustment giving less weight to year lived by the young were included. Finally, the cost of averted DALYs for each intervention was estimated to determine their cost effectiveness. Results The combined strategies of proactive case management with psychotherapy plus antidepressants can be considered as the most effective one. With the combination with tricyclic antidepressants, the number of DALYs averted was 207,171, and with SSRI of 217,568, corresponding to more than double of DALYs when tricyclic antidepressants are used alone and almost double when using only SSRIs. The most expensive intervention was the combination of SSRIs with brief psychotherapy, with a total of {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar12,256 million pesos (972 million dollars), the least expensive treatment were tricyclic antidepressants, which involved {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar4,523 million pesos (359 million dollars). Over 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the costs were from patient medications, and less than 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% from program and training costs. It is clear that the greatest cost is for added proactive case management. The use of SSRI was the most cost-effective treatment (no combination) for the management of depression in Mexican primary care. The most cost-effective combination was tryciclic antidepressants plus brief psychotherapy plus proactive case management. Conclusions Although the are some studies on health economics in Mexico, most are directed to consider costs, and few ones have evaluated the cost-effectiveness relationship of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, lees son in the mental health field. Antecedents of the present study in Mexico included a study that observed that psychiatric patients require more medical consultations, laboratory analysis, hospitalization days, surgeries and medication, in contrast with patients that never needed mental attention. Nevertheless, investigations about cost-effectiveness relationship are rare. Just one study evaluates the costs of positive changes in psychopathology with antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenic patients. In this direction, the present work is the first effort to evaluate cost-effectiveness of different communitarian interventions to treat depression in Mexico. According with our findings, also in Mexico, the interventions available to treat depression in primary care level prevent a substantial number of DALYs: almost six times when SSRIs plus brief psychotherapy plus proactive case management are administered. The specific effect of proactive case management is preventing relapses and increasing the time free of disease, which results in greater benefit to the patient, his family and the society. Thus, interventions are cost-effective despite the proactive case management significantly increases the cost of care to these patients. In conclusion, the inclusion of psychosocial treatments is advantageous from a cost-effectiveness standpoint. Averted DALYs with these interventions are more {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomic{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. As observed in previous studies, a modest investment in improving depression produces greater gains in resource-limited environments. In Mexico, there is evidence that such interventions in primary care are effective when they are given by medical staff with a brief training, making them a promising tool for a cost-effective and evidence-based public policy.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -8907,17 +10310,17 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
 }
 
 @article{DeLuca2020,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveNot Just}} a {{Lateral Move}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Residential Decisions}} and the {{Reproduction}} of {{Urban Inequality}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveNot Just}} a {{Lateral Move}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Residential Decisions}} and the {{Reproduction}} of {{Urban Inequality}}},
   author = {DeLuca, Stefanie and {Jang-Trettien}, Christine},
   year = {2020},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {CITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {CITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& COMMUNITY},
   volume = {19},
   number = {3},
   pages = {451--488},
   issn = {1535-6841},
   doi = {10.1111/cico.12515},
-  abstract = {Despite decades of research on residential mobility and neighborhood effects, we know comparatively less about how people sort across geography. While there are reasons for lagging developments in the area of residential decisions, we join others in calling for research to consider residential selection as a social stratification process-one ripe with significant conceptual and policy potential. In this paper, we present findings from work our team has done over the last 17 years to explore how people end up living where they do. We focus on four key decisions: whether to move; where to move; whether to send children to school in the neighborhood; and whether to rent or own a home. We found that many residential mobility decisions among the poor were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereactive,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with unpredictable shocks forcing families out of their homes. As a result of reactive moving, time frames became shorter as poor parents employed short-term survival solutions to secure housing instead of long-term investment thinking about neighborhood quality and schools. These shocks, constraints, and shorter time frames led parents to decouple important aspects of neighborhood and school quality from the housing search process while maximizing others like immediacy of shelter, unit quality, and proximity to work and child care. Finally, we found that policies can have a significant impact on some of these decisions. Combined, our research revealed some of the decision-making processes that underlie locational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of neighborhood context.},
+  abstract = {Despite decades of research on residential mobility and neighborhood effects, we know comparatively less about how people sort across geography. While there are reasons for lagging developments in the area of residential decisions, we join others in calling for research to consider residential selection as a social stratification process-one ripe with significant conceptual and policy potential. In this paper, we present findings from work our team has done over the last 17 years to explore how people end up living where they do. We focus on four key decisions: whether to move; where to move; whether to send children to school in the neighborhood; and whether to rent or own a home. We found that many residential mobility decisions among the poor were {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravereactive,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace with unpredictable shocks forcing families out of their homes. As a result of reactive moving, time frames became shorter as poor parents employed short-term survival solutions to secure housing instead of long-term investment thinking about neighborhood quality and schools. These shocks, constraints, and shorter time frames led parents to decouple important aspects of neighborhood and school quality from the housing search process while maximizing others like immediacy of shelter, unit quality, and proximity to work and child care. Finally, we found that policies can have a significant impact on some of these decisions. Combined, our research revealed some of the decision-making processes that underlie locational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of neighborhood context.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8929,7 +10332,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
   volume = {13},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-014-0090-6},
-  abstract = {Introduction: There is the tendency in occupational health research of approximating the \textbackslash textasciigravechanged world of work' with a sole focus on the intrinsic characteristics of the work task, encompassing the job content and working conditions. This is insufficient to explain the mental health risks associated with contemporary paid work as not only the nature of work tasks have changed but also the terms and conditions of employment. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether a set of indicators referring to quality of the employment arrangement is associated with the well-being of people in salaried employment. Associations between the quality of contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in salaried workers are investigated through a multidimensional set of indicators for employment quality (contract type; income; irregular and/or unsocial working hours; employment status; training; participation; and representation). The second and third aim are to investigate whether the relation between employment quality and mental well-being is different for employed men and women and across different welfare regimes. Methods: Cross-sectional data of salaried workers aged 15-65 from 21 EU-member states (n = 11,940) were obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: For both men and women, and irrespective of welfare regime, several sub-dimensions of low employment quality are significantly related with poor mental well-being. Most of the significant relations persist after controlling for intrinsic job characteristics. An insufficient household income and irregular and/or unsocial working hours are the strongest predictors of poor mental well-being. A differential vulnerability of employed men and women to the sub-dimensions of employment quality is found in Traditional family and Southern European welfare regimes. Conclusions: There are significant relations between indicators of low employment quality and poor mental well-being, also when intrinsic characteristics of the work task are controlled. Gender differences are least pronounced in Earner-carer countries.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: There is the tendency in occupational health research of approximating the {\textbackslash}textasciigravechanged world of work' with a sole focus on the intrinsic characteristics of the work task, encompassing the job content and working conditions. This is insufficient to explain the mental health risks associated with contemporary paid work as not only the nature of work tasks have changed but also the terms and conditions of employment. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether a set of indicators referring to quality of the employment arrangement is associated with the well-being of people in salaried employment. Associations between the quality of contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in salaried workers are investigated through a multidimensional set of indicators for employment quality (contract type; income; irregular and/or unsocial working hours; employment status; training; participation; and representation). The second and third aim are to investigate whether the relation between employment quality and mental well-being is different for employed men and women and across different welfare regimes. Methods: Cross-sectional data of salaried workers aged 15-65 from 21 EU-member states (n = 11,940) were obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: For both men and women, and irrespective of welfare regime, several sub-dimensions of low employment quality are significantly related with poor mental well-being. Most of the significant relations persist after controlling for intrinsic job characteristics. An insufficient household income and irregular and/or unsocial working hours are the strongest predictors of poor mental well-being. A differential vulnerability of employed men and women to the sub-dimensions of employment quality is found in Traditional family and Southern European welfare regimes. Conclusions: There are significant relations between indicators of low employment quality and poor mental well-being, also when intrinsic characteristics of the work task are controlled. Gender differences are least pronounced in Earner-carer countries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8974,7 +10377,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {525--535},
   issn = {1078-4659},
   doi = {10.1097/PHH.0000000000001540},
-  abstract = {Context: The New York Paid Family Leave (NYPFL) law was passed in April 2016 and took effect January 1, 2018. Expanding paid family leave (PFL) coverage has been proposed as a public health strategy to improve population health and reduce disparities. Objective: To describe first-year enrollment in NYPFL and to evaluate utilization of NYPFL benefits. Design: Observational study. Setting: New York State. Participants: Employees enrolled in the NYPFL program (N = 8 528 580). Methods: We merged NYPFL enrollment and claim data sets for 2018. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess utilization by demographic variables and business size. Main Outcome Measure(s): Utilization and duration of NYPFL to bond with a newborn or care for a family member differed by employees' age, sex, race and ethnicity, residence, income, and business size. Results: Approximately 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% of working New Yorkers (N = 8 528 580) were enrolled in NYPFL. First-year utilization of PFL for newborn bonding and family care (9.4 and 4.0 per 1000 employees, respectively) was higher than comparable state PFL programs in California, New Jersey, or Rhode Island. An estimated 38.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of employed women in New York utilized PFL for newborn bonding. Employees who worked at small businesses (1-49 employees) had lower utilization of PFL. Employees with lower incomes were more likely to claim PFL and employees of color or with lower incomes were more likely to take the maximum 8 weeks of PFL. Conclusions: These findings suggest that state PFL programs increase equity in employment benefits. Wider adoption of state/federal PFL programs could help reduce health disparities and improve maternal and infant health outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Context: The New York Paid Family Leave (NYPFL) law was passed in April 2016 and took effect January 1, 2018. Expanding paid family leave (PFL) coverage has been proposed as a public health strategy to improve population health and reduce disparities. Objective: To describe first-year enrollment in NYPFL and to evaluate utilization of NYPFL benefits. Design: Observational study. Setting: New York State. Participants: Employees enrolled in the NYPFL program (N = 8 528 580). Methods: We merged NYPFL enrollment and claim data sets for 2018. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess utilization by demographic variables and business size. Main Outcome Measure(s): Utilization and duration of NYPFL to bond with a newborn or care for a family member differed by employees' age, sex, race and ethnicity, residence, income, and business size. Results: Approximately 90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of working New Yorkers (N = 8 528 580) were enrolled in NYPFL. First-year utilization of PFL for newborn bonding and family care (9.4 and 4.0 per 1000 employees, respectively) was higher than comparable state PFL programs in California, New Jersey, or Rhode Island. An estimated 38.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of employed women in New York utilized PFL for newborn bonding. Employees who worked at small businesses (1-49 employees) had lower utilization of PFL. Employees with lower incomes were more likely to claim PFL and employees of color or with lower incomes were more likely to take the maximum 8 weeks of PFL. Conclusions: These findings suggest that state PFL programs increase equity in employment benefits. Wider adoption of state/federal PFL programs could help reduce health disparities and improve maternal and infant health outcomes.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Denton2009,
+  title = {What {{Is Retirement}}? {{A Review}} and {{Assessment}} of {{Alternative Concepts}} and {{Measures}}},
+  shorttitle = {What {{Is Retirement}}?},
+  author = {Denton, Frank T. and Spencer, Byron G.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement},
+  volume = {28},
+  number = {01},
+  pages = {63},
+  issn = {0714-9808, 1710-1107},
+  doi = {10.1017/S0714980809090047},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -8983,13 +10402,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   author = {{de Oliveira}, Fernanda Artimos and {da Silva}, Angela Malaquias and {da Hora}, Senir Santos and {de Oliveira}, Solange Artimos and {da Silva Junior}, Aluisio Gomes and Araujo Cardoso, Claudete Aparecida},
   year = {2022},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {CIENCIA \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SAUDE COLETIVA},
+  journal = {CIENCIA {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SAUDE COLETIVA},
   volume = {27},
   number = {9},
   pages = {3679--3688},
   issn = {1413-8123},
   doi = {10.1590/1413-81232022279.02972022},
-  abstract = {Niteroi Coletiva, Abstract The objective of this study was to des-cribe if the victims of the Zika have access to es-sential public policies to guarantee social rights. Methods: We used a cross-sectional study of a historical cohort of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in a reference hospital. CZS diagnosis was based on the Ministry of Health protocol. The variables analyzed were sociode-mographic and social rights of children. Results: Of the 161 children seen from April 2016 to July 2018, 42 were diagnosed with CZS. Of these, 37 children participated in the study and 75.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them had severe neurological disorders. Anticon-vulsants were used by 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children, with 81\textbackslash textbackslash\% paid by families. The families were also res-ponsible for purchasing nutritional formulas and diapers in, respectively, 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cases, and 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children had access to rehabilita-tion therapy, although 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them faced several barriers to do it. Of the 24 working mothers, 83\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not return to the labor market after the birth of their children. Conclusions: The results showed that the families were at an intersection between the integral activity of caring for a child with se-vere disabilities and inefficient and omissive pu-blic authorities, a disincentive and discouraging context that made them give up in seeking their rights.},
+  abstract = {Niteroi Coletiva, Abstract The objective of this study was to des-cribe if the victims of the Zika have access to es-sential public policies to guarantee social rights. Methods: We used a cross-sectional study of a historical cohort of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in a reference hospital. CZS diagnosis was based on the Ministry of Health protocol. The variables analyzed were sociode-mographic and social rights of children. Results: Of the 161 children seen from April 2016 to July 2018, 42 were diagnosed with CZS. Of these, 37 children participated in the study and 75.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of them had severe neurological disorders. Anticon-vulsants were used by 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the children, with 81{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% paid by families. The families were also res-ponsible for purchasing nutritional formulas and diapers in, respectively, 79{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of cases, and 89{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the children had access to rehabilita-tion therapy, although 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of them faced several barriers to do it. Of the 24 working mothers, 83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% did not return to the labor market after the birth of their children. Conclusions: The results showed that the families were at an intersection between the integral activity of caring for a child with se-vere disabilities and inefficient and omissive pu-blic authorities, a disincentive and discouraging context that made them give up in seeking their rights.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9004,7 +10423,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   doi = {10.3390/su12229459},
   abstract = {The objective of this article is to determine, as conclusively as possible, if the implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) would lead to a significant reduction in the working age population labour supply. If this were true, implementation of a UBI may not be sustainable. To do this, we will compile empirical evidence from studies over the last few decades on the effects of implementation of a UBI on employment. We apply the PRISMA methodology to better judge their validity, which ensures maximum reliability of the results by avoiding biases and making the work reproducible. Given that the methodologies used in these studies are diverse, they are reviewed to contextualize the results taking into account the possible limitations detected in these methodologies. While many authors have been writing about this issue citing experiences or experiments, the added value of this article is that it performs a systematic review following a widely tested scientific methodology. Over 1200 documents that discuss the UBI/employment relationship have been reviewed. We found a total of 50 empirical cases, of which 18 were selected, and 38 studies with contrasted empirical evidence on this relationship. The results speak for themselves: Despite a detailed search, we have not found any evidence of a significant reduction in labour supply. Instead, we found evidence that labour supply increases globally among adults, men and women, young and old, and the existence of some insignificant and functional reductions to the system such as a decrease in workers from the following categories: Children, the elderly, the sick, those with disabilities, women with young children to look after, or young people who continued studying. These reductions do not reduce the overall supply since it is largely offset by increased supply from other members of the community.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {integrated,intervention::basic\_income,outcome::labour\_supply,relevant,review::systematic},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,intervention::basic\_income,outcome::labour\_supply,relevant,review::systematic},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QSDCV6EM/de Paz-Banez et al_2020_Is There Empirical Evidence on How the Implementation of a Universal Basic.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -9043,7 +10462,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {585--606},
   issn = {1869-4187},
   doi = {10.1007/s13209-021-00241-9},
-  abstract = {Using data from social security records and an event study approach, we estimate the child penalty in Spain, looking at disparities for women and men across different labor outcomes following the birth of the first child. Our findings show that, the year after the first child is born, mothers' annual earnings drop by 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% while men's remain unchanged. The gender gap is even larger 10 years after birth. Our estimate of the long-run child penalty in earnings equals 28\textbackslash textbackslash\%, similar to those found for Denmark, Finland, Sweden or the USA. In addition, we identify channels that may drive this phenomenon, including reductions in working days and shifts to part-time or fixed-term contracts. Finally, we provide evidence of heterogeneous responses in earnings and labor market participation by educational level: college-educated women react to motherhood more on the intensive margin (working part-time), while non-college-educated women are relatively more likely to do so in the extensive margin (working fewer days).},
+  abstract = {Using data from social security records and an event study approach, we estimate the child penalty in Spain, looking at disparities for women and men across different labor outcomes following the birth of the first child. Our findings show that, the year after the first child is born, mothers' annual earnings drop by 11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% while men's remain unchanged. The gender gap is even larger 10 years after birth. Our estimate of the long-run child penalty in earnings equals 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, similar to those found for Denmark, Finland, Sweden or the USA. In addition, we identify channels that may drive this phenomenon, including reductions in working days and shifts to part-time or fixed-term contracts. Finally, we provide evidence of heterogeneous responses in earnings and labor market participation by educational level: college-educated women react to motherhood more on the intensive margin (working part-time), while non-college-educated women are relatively more likely to do so in the extensive margin (working fewer days).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9058,7 +10477,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {169--228},
   issn = {0033-5533},
   doi = {10.1093/qje/qjaa031},
-  abstract = {The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross-industry difference-in-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.},
+  abstract = {The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross-industry difference-in-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{DeRijk2009,
+  title = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{Work Modifications}} and {{Changed Job Characteristics During}} the {{Return-To-Work Process}}: {{A Prospective Cohort Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{Work Modifications}} and {{Changed Job Characteristics During}} the {{Return-To-Work Process}}},
+  author = {De Rijk, A. and Nijhuis, F. and Alexanderson, K.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {185--193},
+  issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10926-009-9168-1},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9122,7 +10557,24 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {569--576},
   issn = {0269-9702},
   doi = {10.1111/bioe.12444},
-  abstract = {Political struggles not only change social institutions and conventions, they also often shape normative language. Moral notions of lasting significance are like geological formations insofar as they are usually not formed in a void but under considerable pressure. While some notions are fundamentally linked to legal documents or academic treatises, others are mainly advanced in songs, pamphlets, or manifestos. Philosophical attempts to define these evolved notions are often sensitive to their particular histories in order to avoid detachment from common pre-theoretical usage. After all, moral theory would be ill-advised to rid itself of considered conceptual intuitions unless there are strong grounds for revision. Even though theoretical reflection may produce reasons to deviate from prevailing understandings of core moral notions, it must eventually rely on some form of a semantic orientation. The line between reconstructing and redefining moral notions is particularly hard to draw when it comes to comparatively young and polymorphic notions, such as solidarity. It is difficult to provide a finite definition of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity', as the term has been appropriated in the pursuit of a variety of causes. Different theoretical reconstructions explicate solidarity as a form of unity, fraternity, civic friendship, charity, humanity, or camaraderie. Instead of reflecting on this variety of meanings, the present contribution examines the reference to solidarity within a specific context of moral debate. There are recurring calls for solidarity in contemporary oppositions to the erosion of the protective reliabilities of society, as it becomes manifest in the reduction, privatization, or stratification of both social security in general and health care in particular. In this context, solidarity is invoked as a relation that connects all members of society, providing a reason to accept or support the introduction or continuation of universal health care. In the following, I am concerned with the adequacy of the moral terminology implied in this line of reasoning. My claim is that - at least relative to the purpose of moral philosophy to provide a systematic, comprehensive, and fine-grained account of moral obligation - a specific partisan notion of solidarity is of greater systematic value to moral terminology than the alternative universal notion. At least one central strain of moral references to \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' does not conceive it as a notion of universal moral inclusion, but of communal relatedness. This conception of solidarity imprints the term with a specific community-related perspective, i.e. the distinctive normative and motivational force of solidarity relations is taken to reside in a specific form of partiality toward significant groups like unions, cooperatives, parties, committees, etc. Ralph Chaplin's Solidarity Forever, for instance, memorably assigns the distinctive strength of references to solidarity to union's inspiration. In this understanding, the reference to solidarity bears a specific moral and political relevance because it conveys a normative insight to members of specific communities, explicating why they may be obliged to take a stand for a common cause, even if this involves going well beyond what can be expected of them merely qua moral subjects. I aim to show that a conception of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' that confines it to this decidedly partisan moral relation provides a significant contribution to moral philosophy because it grasps a specific and important facet of moral obligation. In the following, this structural feature of solidarity is discussed with regard to the moral foundation of health care policies. I argue that the demand to universal access to health care should be conceived as a matter of justice, decency, or humanity, rather than of solidarity, because the failure or refusal to provide adequate health coverage does not disregard individuals as members of specific communities, but as moral subjects. My argument for this terminological suggestion comes in three sections. The first section establishes a normative notion of solidarity as a source of - essentially partisan - communal obligations reflecting on shared identificatory attributes like convictions, social positions, or significant histories. Under this description, solidarity is understood to pose a particular type of special obligations, creating moral requirements that obtain apart from and beyond the demands of universal morality. The reference to solidarity unfolds a particular theoretical potential when it captures a distinct form of communality. The second section locates the normative foundation of calls for universal health care in the domain of justice by understanding the provision of basic health care as a right of every moral subject that is independent of normatively significant commonalities. The third section concludes that solidarity is a notion that does have a place in health-related norms, but that does not provide the best moral foundation of demands for universal health care. Rather, relations of solidarity establish forms of moral obligations that are indispensable when social systems fail to provide justice or reach their legitimate limits. The first step of the argument brings \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' into view as a systematic term of moral philosophy as opposed to its role in sociology or political theory. This perspective focuses on solidarity as a relation that provides specific moral reasons, such as the reason to accept and obey practices of mutual assistance, to put oneself at risk or at a disadvantage for the benefit of others, to endure hardships for the common good, etc. Thus, the reference to solidarity within moral justification bears a discursive force in its own right. The main difficulty in the appropriation of solidarity to moral philosophy is to individuate and explicate a defining set of features of recognized uses of the term. Due to the variety of relations, attitudes, and dispositions that are commonly referred to as solidarity, no coherent notion can be expected to be able to simultaneously capture obligations toward humankind, or the exploited and the poor, among comrades and sisters in arms, and between the members of parties, teams, clubs, gangs, unions, collectives, and social movements. One reaction to this diagnosis is to accept that solidarity is a pluralistic notion that cannot be reduced to either of these meanings. However, this approach would possibly have to allow a very broad understanding of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' that could render the notion empty or incoherent. Such a conception of solidarity may pose no difficulties within everyday language, but it can be argued to be unsuitable for the kind of justification sought in moral philosophy. There are legitimate doubts about the confinement of moral notions like solidarity to the narrow boundaries of philosophical concepts for systematic purposes. However, if the language of moral philosophy is not to become artificial, it has to adopt notions of our common language and alter them to avoid incoherences. A moral account of solidarity is only of systematic value if the reference to \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' captures a specific type of obligation that can be distinguished from other moral obligations. Without an explanation in what regards obligations of solidarity are different from, go beyond, or are more specific than obligations of justice, humanity, charity, fidelity, or loyalty, there is arguably no need for a distinct theory of solidarity within moral philosophy. Thus, a convincing exposition of solidarity should fulfill a condition of conceptual discriminability, and of irreducibility. If it is to play any significant role in moral philosophy, \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' has to refer to a moral relation sui generis. Once some defining features of solidarity are established, the meaning of references to solidarity in debates about public health care can be addressed. In approaching a sound notion of solidarity, different accounts can be distinguished with regard to their position on its normative scope, i.e. with regard to the extension of the groups within which subjects are considered to have mutual obligations and corresponding claims of solidarity. The main dividing line that is relevant to the present context - to the analysis of the systematic function of references to solidarity within moral philosophy - must be drawn between universalist and partisan accounts of solidarity. Some prominent accounts of moral solidarity conceive it as a universal relation that extends to all humanity, or to all members of society, making solidarity the basis of a universal form of moral obligation. David Wiggins and Jurgen Habermas, for instance, invoke different notions of universal solidarity for different conceptual reasons. While Wiggins refers to solidarity in order to designate a fundamental form of a pre-reflective universal recognition implying negative duties, Habermas describes solidarity as a non-formal positive attitude of care complementing formal requirements of justice. Both accounts provide valuable insights into the nature of political and moral obligation. Yet, the competing understanding of solidarity as specific by virtue of its partiality comes with considerable systematic advantages. Wiggins understands solidarity as a fundamental moral relation that is characterized, among other things, by its universality. In this understanding, solidarity is a particular form of recognition that forms the basis of morality altogether. This form of recognition entails deontological constraints, but these constraints are not solely based on demands of reason. Thus, solidarity resembles Kantian respect in terms of the demands it poses, but with regard to the underlying attitude, solidarity resembles Humean sympathy. In the course of outlining obligations of solidarity, Wiggins identifies solidarity as \textbackslash textasciigravethe \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] thing that any human being owes to any or all other human beings, namely the solidum that is presupposed to the ordinary morality of all interaction between human beings'. As the very bedrock of moral relatedness, solidarity must extend to every moral subject alike. Solidarity is the basic form of recognition that interconnects moral subjects through their mutual consideration as bearers of a point of view that commands respect. Habermas brings forth a different account of solidarity, but he also uses the term to denote a relation with a universal extension. In this account: Solidarity \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] is rooted in the realization that each person must take responsibility for the other because as consociates all must have an interest in the integrity of their shared life context in the same way. Justice conceived deontologically requires solidarity as its reverse side. Habermas distinguishes the fundamental moral demands of justice that are directly based on the principles of discourse from complementary demands of sympathy or care that are based on solidarity. While justice substantiates negative obligations, solidarity requires moral subjects to strive at promoting the welfare of others. Thus, Habermas supplements the discourse theory of morals with the relation of solidarity in order to be able to account for materially rich notions of social relatedness. However, in this description the \textbackslash textasciigraveshared life-context' relevant to solidarity is not economic class, social position, or political stance but society as a whole. For Habermas, justice and solidarity differ with regard to the content of their obligation, yet they are similar in their universal scope, as solidarity is conceived of as extending toward all members of society. While both accounts capture an important aspect of moral and political obligation, their recourse to \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' is not without problems. There is no incontestable argument that would be sufficient to reject these two notions of universal solidarity. While there is no \textbackslash textasciigraveseparate essence' of solidarity that could be referred to in order to argue for the conceptual necessity of solidarity's partiality, some features may reasonably be stipulated as being essential to solidarity with a view to its systematic function within moral philosophy. Thus, I aim to uncover some systematic disadvantages of assigning \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' in the description of a universal relation within moral philosophy. The universal notion of solidarity misses - or deliberately excludes - something that is at the core of a competing account of solidarity. What is this feature of solidarity that is lost in its universalization? As indicated before, influential references to solidarity identify unity, cohesion, or community as essential elements of solidarity. The idea that is at the core of this understanding of solidarity can be illustrated with reference to a terminological precursor of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity'. A legal construction of Roman civil law, the obligatio in solidum, describes a joint liability, or a liability for the whole, that is incurred when individual debtors assume responsibility for a collective loan. Accordingly, one can argue that obligations of solidarity require a solidum, i.e. some form of an entirety or a whole that serves as a point of reference in the content of solidary obligations. Wiggins understands the solidum to refer to the firmness of solidarity by making the relation of solidarity \textbackslash textasciigravethe root of the ethical', or the hard core of morality. For Habermas, the solidum may be society as a whole comprising moral subjects viewed as consociates. These references to a solidum, however, have to be distinguished from those that base solidarity in communal relations entailing significant forms of relatedness that go beyond the obligations of moral subjects qua moral subjects. Solidarity qua partisan relation refers to a morally significant solidum in terms of a wholeness or unity of distinct communities. The question with regard to universal solidarity is what the reference to a solidum contributes normatively beyond the consideration of others as mere moral subjects. In the case of partial solidarity, significant commonalities determine the range and the dimension of specific obligations of solidarity. If a solidary community is of moral significance, then it must entail a relevant distinction between subjects as members of the community and others as - mere - moral subjects, just like friends, comrades, or family members have to make this distinction in order to satisfy the normative implications entailed in friendship, camaraderie, or family. The moral significance that is missing in accounts of universal solidarity concerns the role of expressions like \textbackslash textasciigravemy' or \textbackslash textasciigraveour' as irreducible constituents of moral reasons that are indicative of communal obligation. In this manner, the reference to others as \textbackslash textasciigravemy friend', \textbackslash textasciigravemy sister', or \textbackslash textasciigravemy ally' expresses a structural characteristic of morally significant relations within a community. Thus, the obligation toward one's own community is not merely an obligation toward some community based on a neutral moral property but on a reason that necessarily entails a reference to the bearer of the obligation. This demonstrates that the universal relation that Wiggins and Habermas have in mind cannot be regarded as one specific form of - a human or a moral - solidarity that may coexist with narrower forms of national, ethnic, cultural, or political solidarities. The problem is that human solidarity lacks the significant reference to a solidum. While there is a difference between characterizing someone as a friend or a comrade and referring to her as one's own friend or as my comrade, it is plainly difficult to comprehend what would distinguish someone as \textbackslash textasciigravemy fellow human' from someone as merely \textbackslash textasciigravea human'. The solidarity within civil rights movements or political unions requires a reference to others in relation to the subject of solidarity exposing their significant commonality as feminists, homosexuals, workers, anarchists, etc. Thus understood, relations of solidarity, and the entitlements and obligations associated with them, only extend to those who are related via significant commonalities, and the content of solidary obligations is explained and limited by these commonalities as well. This structural difference between agent-relative and neutral moral reasons suggests that the notions of universal and partisan solidarity are incompatible; but this does not imply that the universal notion has to give way to the partisan notion of solidarity. My argument rests on the assumption that, while the notion of partisan solidarity captures a specific moral phenomenon for which there is no comparable alternative, the partisan conception does not take anything away from those accounts that refer to universal solidarity, because other established moral notions like humanity, charity, or beneficence suffice to capture what appears to be invoked in references to universal solidarity. While it is impossible to pre-decide this issue for all potential conceptions of universal solidarity, the relation that Wiggins has in mind may be re-described as humanity, compassion, or fellow-feeling, or maybe as a basic form of moral recognition. At any rate, other terms than \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity', which is commonly associated with a much more specific meaning, may be conceived as fitting to describe such a fundamental form of moral relatedness. Similarly, one may concede that Habermas makes a valid material point to emphasize positive obligations between all members of society. Yet, there may be alternative notions, like care, mutual concern, or civility, that capture what Habermas has in mind. If using the term solidarity to describe universal moral relations leaves a specific form of moral obligation without a label, more needs to be said about the distinctiveness of the communality that is supposed to be entailed in this form of moral obligation. Solidarity is often regarded as an inherently inclusive ideal to counter the narrowness of commitments to blood, soil, and nation. This appears to be incompatible with the defense of an essentially partial, and thus exclusive, notion of solidarity. However, solidarity cannot only be distinguished from universally inclusive obligations, but also from immediate and exclusive forms of moral relatedness like patriotism, friendship, or loyalty. Thus conceived, solidarity comprises a very specific strain of a wider set of what may be considered associative obligations. These obligations, in turn, belong to a wider class of special obligations comprising contractual duties, reparative duties, and duties of gratitude. Solidarity's normative force depends on meaningful commonalities like a joint struggle, a common ideal of a good life, or a social utopia, in relation to which a solidary subject positions herself, while being aware that others do the same. Solidarity is special insofar as it contains a shared partisan involvement with a group that is not strategic, but that is nonetheless \textbackslash textasciigravemediated by thought and belief'. Due to its normative foundation in reflected commitments, solidarity tends to be more inclusive than immediate ties of kith and kin. Even though solidarity is - inevitably - more exclusive than humanity, it allows for inclusion of those who are willing to join with an identificatory commitment. If solidarity relations pertain to a specific form of communal obligation which holds some significance in moral life, and for the description of which moral philosophy possesses no viable alternative, then abandoning this notion noticeably impoverishes moral language. This pragmatic argument about philosophical terminology does not question the existence of universal obligations, but it suggests that the term solidarity is misplaced in the denotation of universal obligations or affiliations; or at least that the decision to understand solidarity as universal is accompanied by a systematic disadvantage to moral philosophy. In the remainder, I am interested in the possible normative role of this account of solidarity within bioethics and health justice. The previous argument does not, by itself, show that the term solidarity is misplaced in the formulation of moral demands for universal health care. In order to substantiate this thesis, more needs to be said about the vindication of health-related claims and obligations. My terminological suggestion presupposes that public health care is not - or at least not primarily - a matter of communal or partisan obligation, even though the prevalent vocabulary of health care entails some conceptual vicinity to notions like solidarity. The extent to which the moral demand to universal health care can be argued to be based on solidarity depends on the general nature of the normative foundation of the provision of public health care. According to the broad WHO definition, universal health care or coverage exists when \textbackslash textasciigraveall individuals and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship'. Beyond safeguarding access to health services, which can be realized through different types of government interventions from providing health services to structuring public and private insurance schemes, universal health coverage also extends to public health measures addressing disease prevention or health equality. In the first instance, universality is defined in relation to existing societies, requiring all members, citizens, or residents to be adequately protected against the contingency of disease and infirmity. Solidarity is often invoked in this context because it is considered to be closely connected to core mechanisms of health protection, such as the mutual assistance and the socialization of the costs of health protection and health services. Depending on the extent of commodification, i.e. on the absence of government intervention regarding premiums, redistribution, coverage, compulsory membership, etc., some health care regimes rely on conventional insurance models, while others operate through different forms of government intervention. The fundamental distinction to be made concerns different ideas of the socialization of health-related burdens and risks. Many forms of protection against disability, fire, theft, debt default, etc. are covered through insurance policies that are privately offered on markets. In these schemes, individuals pay risk-equivalent premiums to a common fund in order to pool resources that are distributed to individuals suffering the harm covered by the respective scheme of collective protection. The principle underlying these forms of insurance - an idea that increasingly governs systems of private health insurance as well - does not rest on a moral notion of solidarity at all, as the rationale for participation is fully reducible to a non-moral motivation of self-interest. In fact, one of the major criticisms of the privatization of health insurance is directed at the loss of solidarity involved in individualization and the crowding out of poor-risk patients. In contrast to the market model of health insurance, most forms of state-regulated or state-run health care are not organized in the form of a collection of risk-equivalent premiums but entail some redistributive measures, such as the provision or support of social health insurance or tax-based financing of health services. Public health systems deliberately ignore factors like age, gender, social status, or pre-existing health conditions that have an impact on the estimated costs of health services to be covered in the case of maternity, illness, or injury. This renunciation to select, isolate, and exclude poor risks may be considered an institutionalization of a genuinely moral form of solidarity. This moral notion of solidarity as a measure to socialize risk and burdens is ubiquitous in the development of the welfare state. Thus, references to solidarity in the context of health provision may be considered rudiments of the normative frameworks of initial efforts to establish social health care that were conceived to replace vanishing traditional forms of social protection. Toward the establishment of universal public health care, local protective institutions like the family, tribe, or village are gradually supplemented or replaced by initially delineated communities of a company's workforce, the members of a cooperative, a union, craft, or class. The history of the development of public health care is permeated with references to solidarity as an ideal of moral inclusion. Thus, the historic achievement of the modern welfare state could be seen in its incorporation of numerous local solidarities into a single all-encompassing system of solidarity as it may be found in programs of social health insurance and tax-based health systems. If original forms of social protection are describable as forms of solidarity, then the public provision in systems of universal health care may be argued to be an extension of the initially limited forms of group solidarity toward a universal solidarity within society as a whole. One could argue that the development of a separation of privately organized insurance schemes from a universal system of health care runs contrary to the modern process of expanding health insurance and solidarity instead of fragmenting or restricting it. Thus conceived, solidarity would be an adequate normative reference condemning trends toward atomization and self-reliance, and away from the collectivization of health risks. Despite the initial plausibility of this description, the previous distinctions suggest that the relations of solidarity within initially separate schemes of insurance and social protection undergo a substantial transformation by being universalized, thus possibly calling for a description in a different moral vocabulary. The normative innovation that is entailed in the shift from communal toward universal inclusion in health care provision is decisive to the present argument regarding moral terminology. It suggests that universal health care is better justified in a different vocabulary than that of solidarity. There is a fundamental argument that casts conceptual doubt on the idea of understanding solidarity as a foundation of universal health coverage. Even though many factual instances of health care provision may be described as based on solidarity, there is a decisive difference to the moral foundation of universal health care. In order to conform with the previous understanding, the reference to solidarity in arguments supporting universal health care would require a commonality that serves as the solidum substantiating health-related obligations of solidarity. However, the principle of universal inclusion appears to contradict the supposition of a solidum that would substantiate a distinction between members and non-members. One evident candidate for such a commonality would be the human vulnerability to disease, infirmity, or injury. In this line of argument, health claims could be considered to be based on a shared vulnerability that transcends individual claims of justice stemming from general attributes. However, the attempt to base health-related moral claims on a commonality of human vulnerability that unites all human individuals is not convincing. Rather than some form of a commonality, the universal presence of a morally relevant feature appears to do the normative work here. It is hard to comprehend how the universal vulnerability to disease and infirmity would serve as an identificatory point of reference to substantiate moral obligations toward others beyond their significance as moral subjects. In contrast to the universal fragility, the commonality of the specific situation of persons with AIDS or cancer can be conceived as such a point of reference, which is reflected in the membership of patient associations. Another problem of accounts of health-related universal solidarity is that they seem unable to show what this basal identification would add to our idea of moral obligation. If all humans share this vulnerability to disease and infirmity, then all that they could be said to owe to one another as vulnerable subjects is already encompassed in their obligations toward one another as human beings. The alternative to understanding moral demands on health care as stemming from some morally significant commonality is to devise them as universally dispersed entitlements of justice. In this understanding, claims to health do not go beyond the basic forms of moral obligation, and thus require no special obligation. They are neither supererogatory nor are they based in some special form of communality. This idea is reflected as a right to health, which - even though more has to be said about its peculiar object - is widely regarded as a fundamental human right. While the borders of nation-states inevitably set a frame for the political implementation of moral demands to health, the justification of these demands does not depend on the reference to this contingent frame. The reference to a \textbackslash textasciigravehuman right' to health suggests that moral claims to health are not morally based in membership, or citizenship, but in the status of moral persons. There are two conceptual advantages to conceiving of claims to health in terms of justice, rather than solidarity. First, based on the distinction between communal and universal forms of obligation, solidarity remains available as a powerful reference to a specific form of communal obligation that obliges members of specific groups like unions, civil rights movements, political associations, cultural collectives, etc. toward each other beyond neutral morality. Second, the moral significance of health-related claims is reflected in the fact that they are not inferred from a commonality complementing the fundamental demands of morality, but they are situated at the center of social morality. Condemning the absence of sufficient health services by bemoaning a lack of solidarity may not be misconceived entirely, but it does not address the gravity of the moral offense entailed in violating or neglecting demands of justice. The rights-based argument for universal health care can be approached in different ways. It can be interpreted as stemming from a right to a specific health status, as a right to a range of health care services, or as the right to the opportunity to participate in an adequate system of health protection. While these distinctions are of importance when it comes to evaluating health systems, the point in the context of the present analysis is that there is a vindication of moral claims to the provision of health care that is independent of considerations of solidarity, because these claims are independent of a normatively relevant solidum. In theories of justice, health is widely understood as a universally valued good that is worthy of protection, and whose importance generates strong obligations for society, obligations to corresponding rights. However, the reference to a right to health, if understood as a right to be healthy, arguably contains a mistake about the possible objects of moral entitlements. The crucial issue is that the adequate object corresponding to a right cannot be a status, but it must be an action, or a set of rules or an institution. While societies do have an impact on population health through measures of environmental awareness, workplace safety, education, etc., health is something that cannot be unconditionally owed to a person. The right to a certain health status at any rate poses an unreasonable, or even an unrealizable demand. This problem leads to the assumption that there is no right to health, but only to health-related resources and services like vaccines and vaccinations, X-rays, counseling, appendectomies, etc. Accordingly, legal interpretations of the right to health acknowledge that it \textbackslash textasciigravemust be understood as a right to the enjoyment of a variety of facilities, goods, services, and conditions necessary for the realization of the highest attainable standard of health'. This further criterion regarding the range of health services by reference to their adequacy to achieve the \textbackslash textasciigravehighest attainable standard' of health is particularly instructive, because it shows that the mere reference to a right to health care is incomplete. The modified reference to a health status that is not absolute but relative to specific personal and social conditions serves the purpose of delineating a reasonable, but possibly comprehensive, standard of what can be reasonably required in the promotion of health. The reason not to understand the right to health by reference to a fixed catalogue of health services is that the legitimate requirements on health systems depend on the available resources. The right to health as a right to the highest attainable standard of health can thus be understood as a right to the opportunity to achieve a standard of health that is realizable under the prevailing social circumstances. The point that is crucial to the present inquiry is that these justifications of the provision of public health care may - or even should - forgo references to a form of solidarity that is based on significant commonalities. Basic health care can be argued to be a demand of justice, and should not be translated to a demand of solidarity, as this shift of terminology has moral implications. There is a justified demand for universal health care that does not appeal to our specific commonality as beings that are vulnerable to disease and injury or to our membership in specific communities, but that is simply based on the fundamental intrinsic and instrumental importance of health. As the main topic of the present inquiry is moral terminology, my primary aim is not to substantiate the material commitments regarding health-related moral claims that have been incurred along the way but to specify the role of solidarity in the justification of public health care. An admittedly surprising result is that the foundation of moral claims to health via health rights may be subsumed under the Habermasian conception of solidarity. However, my disagreement with Habermas does not concern his substantiation of universal claims to positive measures of assistance but the choice of terminology relative to the functions of moral theory. Thus, my concern regarding the universalization of the term solidarity, and its subsequent suitability to communal obligations, remains. The problem of the universal notion of solidarity in this context consists of the dilemma of either providing an insufficient substantiation of fundamental health-related moral claims or of diluting a notion of communal relatedness that is relevant in other situations. Two more points should be made in order to better grasp the potential role of references to a moral notion of solidarity. The previous characterization of solidarity indicates that philosophical conceptions of solidarity remain relative in at least three regards. First, the field of obligations associated with solidarity depends on normative background assumptions incurred in philosophical accounts of morality. Relations of partial solidarity do not necessarily replace or outweigh universal forms of moral obligation. They constitute merely one dimension in a complex fabric of interpersonal moral relations. If solidarity is conceived of as a type of a special duty, i.e. as a form of obligation that exceeds the demands of neutral morality, then the potential range of obligations of solidarity depends upon what is included in the sphere of general moral obligation, and what is not. This points to a second relativity of solidarity as a moral notion. As indicated before, the moral force of obligations of solidarity depends on the moral legitimacy of the commonalities generating solidarity relations. On the one hand, moral obligations stemming from solidarity can be overridden by demands of justice, but, on the other hand, they also have to meet an internal criterion of moral adequacy. The partisan conception of solidarity does not imply that any form of commonality can be invoked to establish a special obligation toward the members of a group. From a sociological perspective, the cohesion within the mafia or among White supremacists may be described as solidarity, but in virtue of the repulsiveness of their ideological foundation, these relations do not have to be accounted for as morally binding because the immoral content of a common conviction can operate as a defeating reason to the moral validity of its role as an identificatory commonality. In this sense, solidarity is normatively dependent without being reducible to neutral morality. Finally, the importance of relations of solidarity is dependent on the social environment in which they arise. This may, in part, explain the current social reversion to the vocabulary of solidarity. Within just societies, solidarity provides a reference point in the self-location of individuals within identificatory communities. This function is important to the generation and embedding of individual personalities. However, under non-ideal circumstances, solidarity may assume a core function in the enforcement of basic moral claims, and in the compensation of the shortfalls of social institutions. Two reasons appear to be pressing for conceptual clarity when making reference to solidarity. First, there is a danger of underrating the moral weight of claims to health care. In the understanding defended above, solidarity is imprinted with the idea that its obligations are special insofar as they go beyond what persons owe one another as moral subjects. Overstretching this notion opens the possibility of understanding the inadequate provision of health care as something that is regrettable, but that is outside the domain of justice. Solidarity marks those obligations that stem from their relatedness as members of morally significant communities. The obligation to provide a social system of protection against the harms caused by disease and injury extends to persons irrespective of their class, heritage, or belonging. Meeting this basic demand does not mark the solidarity of a society, but its decency. It is not something that must be justified by reference to an additional condition like a morally significant commonality. Second, relations of solidarity provide extremely important normative and motivational resources of social engagement. The preceding argument does not imply that solidarity is dispensable when it comes to analyzing and posing moral demands and corresponding obligations that are related to health. Beyond this, solidarity as a social relation and the obligations that it generates can be argued to be particularly relevant in times of crisis. Solidarity is less likely to be invoked in societies that manage to avoid the emergence of grave inequalities, discrimination, or injustice, than in societies that are unwilling or unable to provide adequate frameworks for just cooperation. The normative and motivational force of the ties invoked by solidarity is particularly relevant when basic moral demands are not met, and all non-ideal societies are in need of these kinds of solidarities. When Greece was hit by economic crisis and austerity, food solidarity centers, social kitchens, and solidarity clinics emerged throughout the country to countervail the gaps left after the retreat of government from the provision of welfare. In this manner, local solidarities may prove crucial in mitigation the effects of social regression. Similarly, the civil society in the United States may be forced revert to these mechanisms of social protection when those with no or low income and those vulnerable to disease and infirmity - i.e. the poor and the poor-risks - are effectively deprived of access to health care through market expansion and government retreat. The call for the emergence of solidarity in these contexts, however, should be strictly distinguished from the indignation about the absence of justice. It is in these contexts that a precise notion of solidarity is required so that it can unfold its full normative potential and the motivational force of union's inspiration. The main concern of the previous argument is that a notion of universal solidarity is employed at the cost of the ability to give expression to a different moral idea of a wide but nonetheless thick communality. Ralph Chaplin considered solidarity to be able to summon a power greater than hoarded gold and greater than the might of armies, and it seems like the power of establishing this form of communality is one of the reasons for the ubiquity of references to solidarity. The actual relations of solidarity may not vanish due to a lack of vocabulary to refer to them, but their potential to generate moral action may decrease as a result of our inability to discern them. The author declares no conflict of interest. See e.g. Stjerno, S. (2005). Solidarity in Europe. The history of an idea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. A topography of the term is offered in Bayertz, K. (1999). Four uses of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 3-28). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.See e.g. ter Meulen, R., Arts, W., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Muffels, R. (Eds.). (2001). Solidarity in health and social care in Europe. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. The famous first lines run as follows: \textbackslash textasciigraveWhen the union's inspiration through the workers' blood shall run, there can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun. Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, for the union makes us strong'. Chaplin, of course, does not just refer to a principle of unity or union, but to the union as a form of political organization. However, union - qua relation of unity - is a defining principle of the type of organizations - like trade unions or cooperatives - that Chaplin praises.A similar argument can be found in Butler, S. (2012). A dialectic of cooperation and competition: Solidarity and universal health care provision. Bioethics, 26, 351-360. Butler understands solidarity as one of the four tiers of social competition and cooperation. His conclusion is that \textbackslash textasciigravewhatever justifications might exist for universal health care provision, none of them are properly referred to as being based in solidarity' (ibid: p. 351). Another defense of a partisan conception of solidarity is advanced in Heyd, D. (2015). Solidarity:A local, partial and reflective emotion. Diametros, 43, 55-64.For the distinction between prescriptive and descriptive notions of solidarity in bioethics, see Prainsack, B., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buyx, A. (2012). Solidarity in contemporary bioethics - Towards a new approach. Bioethics, 26, 343-350. See also Kolers, A. (2016). A moral theory of solidarity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 28.This implies that solidarity's role in moral philosophy amounts to more than that of a \textbackslash textasciigraveshaping sensibility'. See Jennings, B., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Dawson, A. (2015). Solidarity in the moral imagination of bioethics. Hastings Center Report, 45, 31-38.On this dilemma, see Prainsack \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buyx, op. cit. note 5, p. 344.This does not only mean that solidarity must be distinguishable from other norms, but it also excludes accounts of solidarity that consider it a mere instrument in the pursuit of superordinate objects like justice or non-discrimination. While some forms of solidarity may be embedded in struggles for justice, this does not warrant the strong claim that \textbackslash textasciigravejustice implicates solidarity', as suggested in Jennings \textbackslash textbackslash\& Dawson, op. cit. note 6, p. 38. If solidarity was merely instrumental to justice, there would be nothing wrong with breaches of solidarity, as long as they promote - or are intended to promote - overall justice.For a discussion of Wiggins, see Nagel, T. (2010). Wiggins on human solidarity. In T. Nagel (Ed.), Secular philosophy and the religious temperament: Essays 2002-2008 (pp. 147-152). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also Derpmann, S. (2014). Solidarity, moral recognition, and communality. In A. Laitinen \textbackslash textbackslash\& A. Pessi (Eds.), Solidarity: Theory and practice (pp. 105-125). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Wiggins, D. (2009). Solidarity and the root of the ethical. Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 71, 239-269.Habermas, J. (1990). Justice and solidarity: On the discussion concerning stage 6. In T. E. Wren (Ed.), The moral domain (pp. 224-251). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 244. A critical reflection of the universality entailed in Habermas' account can be found in Wildt, A. (1999). Solidarity: Its history and contemporary definition. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 209-220). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, p. 216.Regarding the extension of solidarity in Habermas' conception, see Rehg, W. (1994). Insight and solidarity. A study in the discourse ethics of Jurgen Habermas. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 107-111. Rehg does not reject this account, but he criticizes that Habermas does not sufficiently distinguish moral solidarity from more concrete lifeworld solidarities. Beyond this, I argue that the admission of a notion of moral, i.e. universal solidarity undermines the crucial structure of \textbackslash textasciigravelifeworld solidarities' as essentially partial.Wildt, op. cit. note 11, p. 218.Both Axel Honneth and Rainer Forst observe that the point of solidarity is lost in Habermas's conception due to the absence of an element of \textbackslash textasciigraveparticularism'. See Honneth, A. (2007). Disrespect. The normative foundations of critical theory (pp. 99-128). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press and Forst, R. (2002). Contexts of justice. Political philosophy beyond liberalism and communitarianism (p. 304, note 21). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Richard Rorty places this morally significant \textbackslash textasciigravewe' at the heart of his conception of solidarity: \textbackslash textasciigraveThe force of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveus\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is typically contrastive in the sense that it contrasts with a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethey\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, which is also made up of human beings'. See Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. A distinction of different meanings of this \textbackslash textasciigravewe' can be found in Dean, J. (1995). Reflective solidarity. Constellations, 2, 114-140, 124 ff.This is why Heyd rejects ter Meulen's notion of a \textbackslash textasciigravehumanitarian solidarity' based \textbackslash textasciigraveon identification with the values of humanity and responsibility for the other'. See Heyd, op. cit. note 4, p. 57.For the limits to universal solidarity and the relation between local, national, and cosmopolitan solidarities, see Derpmann, S. (2009). Solidarity and cosmopolitanism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12, 303-315.Ronald Dworkin defines these obligations as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] the special responsibilities social practice attaches to membership in some biological or social group, like the responsibilities of family or friends or neighbors'. See Dworkin, R. (1986). Law's empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 196. A similar terminology is given by Scheffler, S. (2001). Boundaries and allegiances: Problems of justice and responsibility in liberal thought. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 48-49.See Heyd, op. cit. note 4, p. 59. In a similar manner, Jodi Dean defends a \textbackslash textasciigravereflective' understanding of solidarity. See Dean, op. cit. note 15. Avery Kolers highlights this aspect as well, as he understands solidarity - as distinguished from loyalty - to be primarily based on a reason, not on a prior connection to a group. See Kolers, op. cit. note 5, p. 44 ff.Problematic examples may be those where the common commitment itself is exclusionary. While anyone may join the cause of suffragettes and suffragists, tax resisters, guerrilla gardeners, or dadaists, specific groups are excluded in the very content of the ideologies that unite White supremacists, sexists, etc.WHO. (2016). Fact sheet: Universal health coverage (UHC). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs395/en/. Accessed on March 6, 2018.See e.g. Borner, S. (2013). Belonging, solidarity and expansion in social policy. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 35 ff. and Weale, A. (1990). Equality, social solidarity, and the welfare state. Ethics, 100, 473-488. In many cases, this form of insurance solidarity, however, is far from being universal. If individuals are granted the opportunity to opt out of insurance schemes that host high-cost risks, thereby reducing their own fees as well as the socially available funds for redistribution, there is no solidarity in a comprehensive sense but rather solidarity within coexisting social groups.For a systematic account of solidarity with regard to its relation to health care, see Jaeggi, R. (2011). Solidarity and indifference. In R. ter Meulen, W. Arts, \textbackslash textbackslash\& R. Muffels (Eds.), Solidarity in health and social care in Europe (pp. 287-308). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.There is a general problem concerning the term \textbackslash textasciigraveuniversal' in this context, as the universalism of moral theory is contradicted by the localism of its implementation in national health systems. Even though quite a number of moral demands are spelled out in universal terms, the moral claim to health is primarily implemented through the rights of citizens or residents of nation states. Thus, one could object that all existing health systems are partial toward the members of specific societies, and that they may be regarded to be morally based in national solidarity. The recognition of a universal demand to health is not exhausted in the protection and promotion of health of citizens of a particular state but would require the consideration of any moral subject. I will widely bypass this fundamental complexity that affects all theories of political justice and focus on universal health-related moral claims within given societies. The following section reconstructs the normative foundation of health systems by reference to a universal right to health as it is formulated in UN conventions, while its implementation is de facto translated to the fragmented responsibilities of nation states.This argument is also made by Heyd, op. cit. note 4, pp. 62-63.For institutional formulations - and interpretations of this right, see Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2000). Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. General comment No. 14. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThe right to the highest attainable standard of health.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d0.html. Accessed on March 6, 2018.On this argument, see Hessler, K., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buchanan, A. (2002). Specifying the content of the human right to health care. In R. Rhodes, M. Battin, \textbackslash textbackslash\& A. Silvers (Eds.), Medicine and social justice: Essays on the distribution of health (pp. 84-101). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.See CESCR, op. cit. note 27, art. 12, sec 9.Daniels recognizes the need for this extension of his initial account. See Daniels, N. (2008). Just health. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2-3. On this topic, see also Wolff, J. (2012). The human right to health. New York, NY: W. W. Norton \textbackslash textbackslash\& Company, pp. 13-34. INTRODUCTION: FORGING \textbackslash textasciigraveSOLIDARITY' SOLIDARITY AS A MORAL IDEA Solidarity as a relation sui generis Solidarity as a form of communal obligation THE MORALS OF HEALTH CARE Solidarity and universal health care Health and human rights SOLIDARITY AND HEALTH POLICY The relationality of solidarity The importance of telling solidarity and justice apart CONFLICT OF INTEREST Footnotes Solidarity is commonly invoked in the justification of public health care. This is understandable, as calls for and appeals to solidarity are effective in the mobilization of unison action and the willingness to incur sacrifices for others. However, the reference to solidarity as a moral notion requires caution, as there is no agreement on the meaning of solidarity. The article argues that the reference to solidarity as a normative notion is relevant to health-related moral claims, but that it does not provide a convincing foundation of claims to universal health care. References to universal solidarity obliterate an important distinction between those moral demands that are founded on principles like justice, recognition, or humanity, and those demands that stem from partisan relations in communities. While there is no \textbackslash textasciigraveseparate essence' of solidarity that could be referred to in order to argue for the conceptual necessity of solidarity's partiality, some features may reasonably be stipulated as being essential to solidarity with a view to its systematic function within moral philosophy. The normative and motivational force of the ties invoked by solidarity is particularly relevant when basic moral demands are not met, and societies are in need of significant forms of communal relatedness.},
+  abstract = {Political struggles not only change social institutions and conventions, they also often shape normative language. Moral notions of lasting significance are like geological formations insofar as they are usually not formed in a void but under considerable pressure. While some notions are fundamentally linked to legal documents or academic treatises, others are mainly advanced in songs, pamphlets, or manifestos. Philosophical attempts to define these evolved notions are often sensitive to their particular histories in order to avoid detachment from common pre-theoretical usage. After all, moral theory would be ill-advised to rid itself of considered conceptual intuitions unless there are strong grounds for revision. Even though theoretical reflection may produce reasons to deviate from prevailing understandings of core moral notions, it must eventually rely on some form of a semantic orientation. The line between reconstructing and redefining moral notions is particularly hard to draw when it comes to comparatively young and polymorphic notions, such as solidarity. It is difficult to provide a finite definition of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity', as the term has been appropriated in the pursuit of a variety of causes. Different theoretical reconstructions explicate solidarity as a form of unity, fraternity, civic friendship, charity, humanity, or camaraderie. Instead of reflecting on this variety of meanings, the present contribution examines the reference to solidarity within a specific context of moral debate. There are recurring calls for solidarity in contemporary oppositions to the erosion of the protective reliabilities of society, as it becomes manifest in the reduction, privatization, or stratification of both social security in general and health care in particular. In this context, solidarity is invoked as a relation that connects all members of society, providing a reason to accept or support the introduction or continuation of universal health care. In the following, I am concerned with the adequacy of the moral terminology implied in this line of reasoning. My claim is that - at least relative to the purpose of moral philosophy to provide a systematic, comprehensive, and fine-grained account of moral obligation - a specific partisan notion of solidarity is of greater systematic value to moral terminology than the alternative universal notion. At least one central strain of moral references to {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' does not conceive it as a notion of universal moral inclusion, but of communal relatedness. This conception of solidarity imprints the term with a specific community-related perspective, i.e. the distinctive normative and motivational force of solidarity relations is taken to reside in a specific form of partiality toward significant groups like unions, cooperatives, parties, committees, etc. Ralph Chaplin's Solidarity Forever, for instance, memorably assigns the distinctive strength of references to solidarity to union's inspiration. In this understanding, the reference to solidarity bears a specific moral and political relevance because it conveys a normative insight to members of specific communities, explicating why they may be obliged to take a stand for a common cause, even if this involves going well beyond what can be expected of them merely qua moral subjects. I aim to show that a conception of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' that confines it to this decidedly partisan moral relation provides a significant contribution to moral philosophy because it grasps a specific and important facet of moral obligation. In the following, this structural feature of solidarity is discussed with regard to the moral foundation of health care policies. I argue that the demand to universal access to health care should be conceived as a matter of justice, decency, or humanity, rather than of solidarity, because the failure or refusal to provide adequate health coverage does not disregard individuals as members of specific communities, but as moral subjects. My argument for this terminological suggestion comes in three sections. The first section establishes a normative notion of solidarity as a source of - essentially partisan - communal obligations reflecting on shared identificatory attributes like convictions, social positions, or significant histories. Under this description, solidarity is understood to pose a particular type of special obligations, creating moral requirements that obtain apart from and beyond the demands of universal morality. The reference to solidarity unfolds a particular theoretical potential when it captures a distinct form of communality. The second section locates the normative foundation of calls for universal health care in the domain of justice by understanding the provision of basic health care as a right of every moral subject that is independent of normatively significant commonalities. The third section concludes that solidarity is a notion that does have a place in health-related norms, but that does not provide the best moral foundation of demands for universal health care. Rather, relations of solidarity establish forms of moral obligations that are indispensable when social systems fail to provide justice or reach their legitimate limits. The first step of the argument brings {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' into view as a systematic term of moral philosophy as opposed to its role in sociology or political theory. This perspective focuses on solidarity as a relation that provides specific moral reasons, such as the reason to accept and obey practices of mutual assistance, to put oneself at risk or at a disadvantage for the benefit of others, to endure hardships for the common good, etc. Thus, the reference to solidarity within moral justification bears a discursive force in its own right. The main difficulty in the appropriation of solidarity to moral philosophy is to individuate and explicate a defining set of features of recognized uses of the term. Due to the variety of relations, attitudes, and dispositions that are commonly referred to as solidarity, no coherent notion can be expected to be able to simultaneously capture obligations toward humankind, or the exploited and the poor, among comrades and sisters in arms, and between the members of parties, teams, clubs, gangs, unions, collectives, and social movements. One reaction to this diagnosis is to accept that solidarity is a pluralistic notion that cannot be reduced to either of these meanings. However, this approach would possibly have to allow a very broad understanding of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' that could render the notion empty or incoherent. Such a conception of solidarity may pose no difficulties within everyday language, but it can be argued to be unsuitable for the kind of justification sought in moral philosophy. There are legitimate doubts about the confinement of moral notions like solidarity to the narrow boundaries of philosophical concepts for systematic purposes. However, if the language of moral philosophy is not to become artificial, it has to adopt notions of our common language and alter them to avoid incoherences. A moral account of solidarity is only of systematic value if the reference to {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' captures a specific type of obligation that can be distinguished from other moral obligations. Without an explanation in what regards obligations of solidarity are different from, go beyond, or are more specific than obligations of justice, humanity, charity, fidelity, or loyalty, there is arguably no need for a distinct theory of solidarity within moral philosophy. Thus, a convincing exposition of solidarity should fulfill a condition of conceptual discriminability, and of irreducibility. If it is to play any significant role in moral philosophy, {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' has to refer to a moral relation sui generis. Once some defining features of solidarity are established, the meaning of references to solidarity in debates about public health care can be addressed. In approaching a sound notion of solidarity, different accounts can be distinguished with regard to their position on its normative scope, i.e. with regard to the extension of the groups within which subjects are considered to have mutual obligations and corresponding claims of solidarity. The main dividing line that is relevant to the present context - to the analysis of the systematic function of references to solidarity within moral philosophy - must be drawn between universalist and partisan accounts of solidarity. Some prominent accounts of moral solidarity conceive it as a universal relation that extends to all humanity, or to all members of society, making solidarity the basis of a universal form of moral obligation. David Wiggins and Jurgen Habermas, for instance, invoke different notions of universal solidarity for different conceptual reasons. While Wiggins refers to solidarity in order to designate a fundamental form of a pre-reflective universal recognition implying negative duties, Habermas describes solidarity as a non-formal positive attitude of care complementing formal requirements of justice. Both accounts provide valuable insights into the nature of political and moral obligation. Yet, the competing understanding of solidarity as specific by virtue of its partiality comes with considerable systematic advantages. Wiggins understands solidarity as a fundamental moral relation that is characterized, among other things, by its universality. In this understanding, solidarity is a particular form of recognition that forms the basis of morality altogether. This form of recognition entails deontological constraints, but these constraints are not solely based on demands of reason. Thus, solidarity resembles Kantian respect in terms of the demands it poses, but with regard to the underlying attitude, solidarity resembles Humean sympathy. In the course of outlining obligations of solidarity, Wiggins identifies solidarity as {\textbackslash}textasciigravethe {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] thing that any human being owes to any or all other human beings, namely the solidum that is presupposed to the ordinary morality of all interaction between human beings'. As the very bedrock of moral relatedness, solidarity must extend to every moral subject alike. Solidarity is the basic form of recognition that interconnects moral subjects through their mutual consideration as bearers of a point of view that commands respect. Habermas brings forth a different account of solidarity, but he also uses the term to denote a relation with a universal extension. In this account: Solidarity {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] is rooted in the realization that each person must take responsibility for the other because as consociates all must have an interest in the integrity of their shared life context in the same way. Justice conceived deontologically requires solidarity as its reverse side. Habermas distinguishes the fundamental moral demands of justice that are directly based on the principles of discourse from complementary demands of sympathy or care that are based on solidarity. While justice substantiates negative obligations, solidarity requires moral subjects to strive at promoting the welfare of others. Thus, Habermas supplements the discourse theory of morals with the relation of solidarity in order to be able to account for materially rich notions of social relatedness. However, in this description the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveshared life-context' relevant to solidarity is not economic class, social position, or political stance but society as a whole. For Habermas, justice and solidarity differ with regard to the content of their obligation, yet they are similar in their universal scope, as solidarity is conceived of as extending toward all members of society. While both accounts capture an important aspect of moral and political obligation, their recourse to {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' is not without problems. There is no incontestable argument that would be sufficient to reject these two notions of universal solidarity. While there is no {\textbackslash}textasciigraveseparate essence' of solidarity that could be referred to in order to argue for the conceptual necessity of solidarity's partiality, some features may reasonably be stipulated as being essential to solidarity with a view to its systematic function within moral philosophy. Thus, I aim to uncover some systematic disadvantages of assigning {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' in the description of a universal relation within moral philosophy. The universal notion of solidarity misses - or deliberately excludes - something that is at the core of a competing account of solidarity. What is this feature of solidarity that is lost in its universalization? As indicated before, influential references to solidarity identify unity, cohesion, or community as essential elements of solidarity. The idea that is at the core of this understanding of solidarity can be illustrated with reference to a terminological precursor of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity'. A legal construction of Roman civil law, the obligatio in solidum, describes a joint liability, or a liability for the whole, that is incurred when individual debtors assume responsibility for a collective loan. Accordingly, one can argue that obligations of solidarity require a solidum, i.e. some form of an entirety or a whole that serves as a point of reference in the content of solidary obligations. Wiggins understands the solidum to refer to the firmness of solidarity by making the relation of solidarity {\textbackslash}textasciigravethe root of the ethical', or the hard core of morality. For Habermas, the solidum may be society as a whole comprising moral subjects viewed as consociates. These references to a solidum, however, have to be distinguished from those that base solidarity in communal relations entailing significant forms of relatedness that go beyond the obligations of moral subjects qua moral subjects. Solidarity qua partisan relation refers to a morally significant solidum in terms of a wholeness or unity of distinct communities. The question with regard to universal solidarity is what the reference to a solidum contributes normatively beyond the consideration of others as mere moral subjects. In the case of partial solidarity, significant commonalities determine the range and the dimension of specific obligations of solidarity. If a solidary community is of moral significance, then it must entail a relevant distinction between subjects as members of the community and others as - mere - moral subjects, just like friends, comrades, or family members have to make this distinction in order to satisfy the normative implications entailed in friendship, camaraderie, or family. The moral significance that is missing in accounts of universal solidarity concerns the role of expressions like {\textbackslash}textasciigravemy' or {\textbackslash}textasciigraveour' as irreducible constituents of moral reasons that are indicative of communal obligation. In this manner, the reference to others as {\textbackslash}textasciigravemy friend', {\textbackslash}textasciigravemy sister', or {\textbackslash}textasciigravemy ally' expresses a structural characteristic of morally significant relations within a community. Thus, the obligation toward one's own community is not merely an obligation toward some community based on a neutral moral property but on a reason that necessarily entails a reference to the bearer of the obligation. This demonstrates that the universal relation that Wiggins and Habermas have in mind cannot be regarded as one specific form of - a human or a moral - solidarity that may coexist with narrower forms of national, ethnic, cultural, or political solidarities. The problem is that human solidarity lacks the significant reference to a solidum. While there is a difference between characterizing someone as a friend or a comrade and referring to her as one's own friend or as my comrade, it is plainly difficult to comprehend what would distinguish someone as {\textbackslash}textasciigravemy fellow human' from someone as merely {\textbackslash}textasciigravea human'. The solidarity within civil rights movements or political unions requires a reference to others in relation to the subject of solidarity exposing their significant commonality as feminists, homosexuals, workers, anarchists, etc. Thus understood, relations of solidarity, and the entitlements and obligations associated with them, only extend to those who are related via significant commonalities, and the content of solidary obligations is explained and limited by these commonalities as well. This structural difference between agent-relative and neutral moral reasons suggests that the notions of universal and partisan solidarity are incompatible; but this does not imply that the universal notion has to give way to the partisan notion of solidarity. My argument rests on the assumption that, while the notion of partisan solidarity captures a specific moral phenomenon for which there is no comparable alternative, the partisan conception does not take anything away from those accounts that refer to universal solidarity, because other established moral notions like humanity, charity, or beneficence suffice to capture what appears to be invoked in references to universal solidarity. While it is impossible to pre-decide this issue for all potential conceptions of universal solidarity, the relation that Wiggins has in mind may be re-described as humanity, compassion, or fellow-feeling, or maybe as a basic form of moral recognition. At any rate, other terms than {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity', which is commonly associated with a much more specific meaning, may be conceived as fitting to describe such a fundamental form of moral relatedness. Similarly, one may concede that Habermas makes a valid material point to emphasize positive obligations between all members of society. Yet, there may be alternative notions, like care, mutual concern, or civility, that capture what Habermas has in mind. If using the term solidarity to describe universal moral relations leaves a specific form of moral obligation without a label, more needs to be said about the distinctiveness of the communality that is supposed to be entailed in this form of moral obligation. Solidarity is often regarded as an inherently inclusive ideal to counter the narrowness of commitments to blood, soil, and nation. This appears to be incompatible with the defense of an essentially partial, and thus exclusive, notion of solidarity. However, solidarity cannot only be distinguished from universally inclusive obligations, but also from immediate and exclusive forms of moral relatedness like patriotism, friendship, or loyalty. Thus conceived, solidarity comprises a very specific strain of a wider set of what may be considered associative obligations. These obligations, in turn, belong to a wider class of special obligations comprising contractual duties, reparative duties, and duties of gratitude. Solidarity's normative force depends on meaningful commonalities like a joint struggle, a common ideal of a good life, or a social utopia, in relation to which a solidary subject positions herself, while being aware that others do the same. Solidarity is special insofar as it contains a shared partisan involvement with a group that is not strategic, but that is nonetheless {\textbackslash}textasciigravemediated by thought and belief'. Due to its normative foundation in reflected commitments, solidarity tends to be more inclusive than immediate ties of kith and kin. Even though solidarity is - inevitably - more exclusive than humanity, it allows for inclusion of those who are willing to join with an identificatory commitment. If solidarity relations pertain to a specific form of communal obligation which holds some significance in moral life, and for the description of which moral philosophy possesses no viable alternative, then abandoning this notion noticeably impoverishes moral language. This pragmatic argument about philosophical terminology does not question the existence of universal obligations, but it suggests that the term solidarity is misplaced in the denotation of universal obligations or affiliations; or at least that the decision to understand solidarity as universal is accompanied by a systematic disadvantage to moral philosophy. In the remainder, I am interested in the possible normative role of this account of solidarity within bioethics and health justice. The previous argument does not, by itself, show that the term solidarity is misplaced in the formulation of moral demands for universal health care. In order to substantiate this thesis, more needs to be said about the vindication of health-related claims and obligations. My terminological suggestion presupposes that public health care is not - or at least not primarily - a matter of communal or partisan obligation, even though the prevalent vocabulary of health care entails some conceptual vicinity to notions like solidarity. The extent to which the moral demand to universal health care can be argued to be based on solidarity depends on the general nature of the normative foundation of the provision of public health care. According to the broad WHO definition, universal health care or coverage exists when {\textbackslash}textasciigraveall individuals and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship'. Beyond safeguarding access to health services, which can be realized through different types of government interventions from providing health services to structuring public and private insurance schemes, universal health coverage also extends to public health measures addressing disease prevention or health equality. In the first instance, universality is defined in relation to existing societies, requiring all members, citizens, or residents to be adequately protected against the contingency of disease and infirmity. Solidarity is often invoked in this context because it is considered to be closely connected to core mechanisms of health protection, such as the mutual assistance and the socialization of the costs of health protection and health services. Depending on the extent of commodification, i.e. on the absence of government intervention regarding premiums, redistribution, coverage, compulsory membership, etc., some health care regimes rely on conventional insurance models, while others operate through different forms of government intervention. The fundamental distinction to be made concerns different ideas of the socialization of health-related burdens and risks. Many forms of protection against disability, fire, theft, debt default, etc. are covered through insurance policies that are privately offered on markets. In these schemes, individuals pay risk-equivalent premiums to a common fund in order to pool resources that are distributed to individuals suffering the harm covered by the respective scheme of collective protection. The principle underlying these forms of insurance - an idea that increasingly governs systems of private health insurance as well - does not rest on a moral notion of solidarity at all, as the rationale for participation is fully reducible to a non-moral motivation of self-interest. In fact, one of the major criticisms of the privatization of health insurance is directed at the loss of solidarity involved in individualization and the crowding out of poor-risk patients. In contrast to the market model of health insurance, most forms of state-regulated or state-run health care are not organized in the form of a collection of risk-equivalent premiums but entail some redistributive measures, such as the provision or support of social health insurance or tax-based financing of health services. Public health systems deliberately ignore factors like age, gender, social status, or pre-existing health conditions that have an impact on the estimated costs of health services to be covered in the case of maternity, illness, or injury. This renunciation to select, isolate, and exclude poor risks may be considered an institutionalization of a genuinely moral form of solidarity. This moral notion of solidarity as a measure to socialize risk and burdens is ubiquitous in the development of the welfare state. Thus, references to solidarity in the context of health provision may be considered rudiments of the normative frameworks of initial efforts to establish social health care that were conceived to replace vanishing traditional forms of social protection. Toward the establishment of universal public health care, local protective institutions like the family, tribe, or village are gradually supplemented or replaced by initially delineated communities of a company's workforce, the members of a cooperative, a union, craft, or class. The history of the development of public health care is permeated with references to solidarity as an ideal of moral inclusion. Thus, the historic achievement of the modern welfare state could be seen in its incorporation of numerous local solidarities into a single all-encompassing system of solidarity as it may be found in programs of social health insurance and tax-based health systems. If original forms of social protection are describable as forms of solidarity, then the public provision in systems of universal health care may be argued to be an extension of the initially limited forms of group solidarity toward a universal solidarity within society as a whole. One could argue that the development of a separation of privately organized insurance schemes from a universal system of health care runs contrary to the modern process of expanding health insurance and solidarity instead of fragmenting or restricting it. Thus conceived, solidarity would be an adequate normative reference condemning trends toward atomization and self-reliance, and away from the collectivization of health risks. Despite the initial plausibility of this description, the previous distinctions suggest that the relations of solidarity within initially separate schemes of insurance and social protection undergo a substantial transformation by being universalized, thus possibly calling for a description in a different moral vocabulary. The normative innovation that is entailed in the shift from communal toward universal inclusion in health care provision is decisive to the present argument regarding moral terminology. It suggests that universal health care is better justified in a different vocabulary than that of solidarity. There is a fundamental argument that casts conceptual doubt on the idea of understanding solidarity as a foundation of universal health coverage. Even though many factual instances of health care provision may be described as based on solidarity, there is a decisive difference to the moral foundation of universal health care. In order to conform with the previous understanding, the reference to solidarity in arguments supporting universal health care would require a commonality that serves as the solidum substantiating health-related obligations of solidarity. However, the principle of universal inclusion appears to contradict the supposition of a solidum that would substantiate a distinction between members and non-members. One evident candidate for such a commonality would be the human vulnerability to disease, infirmity, or injury. In this line of argument, health claims could be considered to be based on a shared vulnerability that transcends individual claims of justice stemming from general attributes. However, the attempt to base health-related moral claims on a commonality of human vulnerability that unites all human individuals is not convincing. Rather than some form of a commonality, the universal presence of a morally relevant feature appears to do the normative work here. It is hard to comprehend how the universal vulnerability to disease and infirmity would serve as an identificatory point of reference to substantiate moral obligations toward others beyond their significance as moral subjects. In contrast to the universal fragility, the commonality of the specific situation of persons with AIDS or cancer can be conceived as such a point of reference, which is reflected in the membership of patient associations. Another problem of accounts of health-related universal solidarity is that they seem unable to show what this basal identification would add to our idea of moral obligation. If all humans share this vulnerability to disease and infirmity, then all that they could be said to owe to one another as vulnerable subjects is already encompassed in their obligations toward one another as human beings. The alternative to understanding moral demands on health care as stemming from some morally significant commonality is to devise them as universally dispersed entitlements of justice. In this understanding, claims to health do not go beyond the basic forms of moral obligation, and thus require no special obligation. They are neither supererogatory nor are they based in some special form of communality. This idea is reflected as a right to health, which - even though more has to be said about its peculiar object - is widely regarded as a fundamental human right. While the borders of nation-states inevitably set a frame for the political implementation of moral demands to health, the justification of these demands does not depend on the reference to this contingent frame. The reference to a {\textbackslash}textasciigravehuman right' to health suggests that moral claims to health are not morally based in membership, or citizenship, but in the status of moral persons. There are two conceptual advantages to conceiving of claims to health in terms of justice, rather than solidarity. First, based on the distinction between communal and universal forms of obligation, solidarity remains available as a powerful reference to a specific form of communal obligation that obliges members of specific groups like unions, civil rights movements, political associations, cultural collectives, etc. toward each other beyond neutral morality. Second, the moral significance of health-related claims is reflected in the fact that they are not inferred from a commonality complementing the fundamental demands of morality, but they are situated at the center of social morality. Condemning the absence of sufficient health services by bemoaning a lack of solidarity may not be misconceived entirely, but it does not address the gravity of the moral offense entailed in violating or neglecting demands of justice. The rights-based argument for universal health care can be approached in different ways. It can be interpreted as stemming from a right to a specific health status, as a right to a range of health care services, or as the right to the opportunity to participate in an adequate system of health protection. While these distinctions are of importance when it comes to evaluating health systems, the point in the context of the present analysis is that there is a vindication of moral claims to the provision of health care that is independent of considerations of solidarity, because these claims are independent of a normatively relevant solidum. In theories of justice, health is widely understood as a universally valued good that is worthy of protection, and whose importance generates strong obligations for society, obligations to corresponding rights. However, the reference to a right to health, if understood as a right to be healthy, arguably contains a mistake about the possible objects of moral entitlements. The crucial issue is that the adequate object corresponding to a right cannot be a status, but it must be an action, or a set of rules or an institution. While societies do have an impact on population health through measures of environmental awareness, workplace safety, education, etc., health is something that cannot be unconditionally owed to a person. The right to a certain health status at any rate poses an unreasonable, or even an unrealizable demand. This problem leads to the assumption that there is no right to health, but only to health-related resources and services like vaccines and vaccinations, X-rays, counseling, appendectomies, etc. Accordingly, legal interpretations of the right to health acknowledge that it {\textbackslash}textasciigravemust be understood as a right to the enjoyment of a variety of facilities, goods, services, and conditions necessary for the realization of the highest attainable standard of health'. This further criterion regarding the range of health services by reference to their adequacy to achieve the {\textbackslash}textasciigravehighest attainable standard' of health is particularly instructive, because it shows that the mere reference to a right to health care is incomplete. The modified reference to a health status that is not absolute but relative to specific personal and social conditions serves the purpose of delineating a reasonable, but possibly comprehensive, standard of what can be reasonably required in the promotion of health. The reason not to understand the right to health by reference to a fixed catalogue of health services is that the legitimate requirements on health systems depend on the available resources. The right to health as a right to the highest attainable standard of health can thus be understood as a right to the opportunity to achieve a standard of health that is realizable under the prevailing social circumstances. The point that is crucial to the present inquiry is that these justifications of the provision of public health care may - or even should - forgo references to a form of solidarity that is based on significant commonalities. Basic health care can be argued to be a demand of justice, and should not be translated to a demand of solidarity, as this shift of terminology has moral implications. There is a justified demand for universal health care that does not appeal to our specific commonality as beings that are vulnerable to disease and injury or to our membership in specific communities, but that is simply based on the fundamental intrinsic and instrumental importance of health. As the main topic of the present inquiry is moral terminology, my primary aim is not to substantiate the material commitments regarding health-related moral claims that have been incurred along the way but to specify the role of solidarity in the justification of public health care. An admittedly surprising result is that the foundation of moral claims to health via health rights may be subsumed under the Habermasian conception of solidarity. However, my disagreement with Habermas does not concern his substantiation of universal claims to positive measures of assistance but the choice of terminology relative to the functions of moral theory. Thus, my concern regarding the universalization of the term solidarity, and its subsequent suitability to communal obligations, remains. The problem of the universal notion of solidarity in this context consists of the dilemma of either providing an insufficient substantiation of fundamental health-related moral claims or of diluting a notion of communal relatedness that is relevant in other situations. Two more points should be made in order to better grasp the potential role of references to a moral notion of solidarity. The previous characterization of solidarity indicates that philosophical conceptions of solidarity remain relative in at least three regards. First, the field of obligations associated with solidarity depends on normative background assumptions incurred in philosophical accounts of morality. Relations of partial solidarity do not necessarily replace or outweigh universal forms of moral obligation. They constitute merely one dimension in a complex fabric of interpersonal moral relations. If solidarity is conceived of as a type of a special duty, i.e. as a form of obligation that exceeds the demands of neutral morality, then the potential range of obligations of solidarity depends upon what is included in the sphere of general moral obligation, and what is not. This points to a second relativity of solidarity as a moral notion. As indicated before, the moral force of obligations of solidarity depends on the moral legitimacy of the commonalities generating solidarity relations. On the one hand, moral obligations stemming from solidarity can be overridden by demands of justice, but, on the other hand, they also have to meet an internal criterion of moral adequacy. The partisan conception of solidarity does not imply that any form of commonality can be invoked to establish a special obligation toward the members of a group. From a sociological perspective, the cohesion within the mafia or among White supremacists may be described as solidarity, but in virtue of the repulsiveness of their ideological foundation, these relations do not have to be accounted for as morally binding because the immoral content of a common conviction can operate as a defeating reason to the moral validity of its role as an identificatory commonality. In this sense, solidarity is normatively dependent without being reducible to neutral morality. Finally, the importance of relations of solidarity is dependent on the social environment in which they arise. This may, in part, explain the current social reversion to the vocabulary of solidarity. Within just societies, solidarity provides a reference point in the self-location of individuals within identificatory communities. This function is important to the generation and embedding of individual personalities. However, under non-ideal circumstances, solidarity may assume a core function in the enforcement of basic moral claims, and in the compensation of the shortfalls of social institutions. Two reasons appear to be pressing for conceptual clarity when making reference to solidarity. First, there is a danger of underrating the moral weight of claims to health care. In the understanding defended above, solidarity is imprinted with the idea that its obligations are special insofar as they go beyond what persons owe one another as moral subjects. Overstretching this notion opens the possibility of understanding the inadequate provision of health care as something that is regrettable, but that is outside the domain of justice. Solidarity marks those obligations that stem from their relatedness as members of morally significant communities. The obligation to provide a social system of protection against the harms caused by disease and injury extends to persons irrespective of their class, heritage, or belonging. Meeting this basic demand does not mark the solidarity of a society, but its decency. It is not something that must be justified by reference to an additional condition like a morally significant commonality. Second, relations of solidarity provide extremely important normative and motivational resources of social engagement. The preceding argument does not imply that solidarity is dispensable when it comes to analyzing and posing moral demands and corresponding obligations that are related to health. Beyond this, solidarity as a social relation and the obligations that it generates can be argued to be particularly relevant in times of crisis. Solidarity is less likely to be invoked in societies that manage to avoid the emergence of grave inequalities, discrimination, or injustice, than in societies that are unwilling or unable to provide adequate frameworks for just cooperation. The normative and motivational force of the ties invoked by solidarity is particularly relevant when basic moral demands are not met, and all non-ideal societies are in need of these kinds of solidarities. When Greece was hit by economic crisis and austerity, food solidarity centers, social kitchens, and solidarity clinics emerged throughout the country to countervail the gaps left after the retreat of government from the provision of welfare. In this manner, local solidarities may prove crucial in mitigation the effects of social regression. Similarly, the civil society in the United States may be forced revert to these mechanisms of social protection when those with no or low income and those vulnerable to disease and infirmity - i.e. the poor and the poor-risks - are effectively deprived of access to health care through market expansion and government retreat. The call for the emergence of solidarity in these contexts, however, should be strictly distinguished from the indignation about the absence of justice. It is in these contexts that a precise notion of solidarity is required so that it can unfold its full normative potential and the motivational force of union's inspiration. The main concern of the previous argument is that a notion of universal solidarity is employed at the cost of the ability to give expression to a different moral idea of a wide but nonetheless thick communality. Ralph Chaplin considered solidarity to be able to summon a power greater than hoarded gold and greater than the might of armies, and it seems like the power of establishing this form of communality is one of the reasons for the ubiquity of references to solidarity. The actual relations of solidarity may not vanish due to a lack of vocabulary to refer to them, but their potential to generate moral action may decrease as a result of our inability to discern them. The author declares no conflict of interest. See e.g. Stjerno, S. (2005). Solidarity in Europe. The history of an idea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. A topography of the term is offered in Bayertz, K. (1999). Four uses of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 3-28). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.See e.g. ter Meulen, R., Arts, W., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Muffels, R. (Eds.). (2001). Solidarity in health and social care in Europe. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. The famous first lines run as follows: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveWhen the union's inspiration through the workers' blood shall run, there can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun. Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, for the union makes us strong'. Chaplin, of course, does not just refer to a principle of unity or union, but to the union as a form of political organization. However, union - qua relation of unity - is a defining principle of the type of organizations - like trade unions or cooperatives - that Chaplin praises.A similar argument can be found in Butler, S. (2012). A dialectic of cooperation and competition: Solidarity and universal health care provision. Bioethics, 26, 351-360. Butler understands solidarity as one of the four tiers of social competition and cooperation. His conclusion is that {\textbackslash}textasciigravewhatever justifications might exist for universal health care provision, none of them are properly referred to as being based in solidarity' (ibid: p. 351). Another defense of a partisan conception of solidarity is advanced in Heyd, D. (2015). Solidarity:A local, partial and reflective emotion. Diametros, 43, 55-64.For the distinction between prescriptive and descriptive notions of solidarity in bioethics, see Prainsack, B., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Buyx, A. (2012). Solidarity in contemporary bioethics - Towards a new approach. Bioethics, 26, 343-350. See also Kolers, A. (2016). A moral theory of solidarity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 28.This implies that solidarity's role in moral philosophy amounts to more than that of a {\textbackslash}textasciigraveshaping sensibility'. See Jennings, B., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Dawson, A. (2015). Solidarity in the moral imagination of bioethics. Hastings Center Report, 45, 31-38.On this dilemma, see Prainsack {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Buyx, op. cit. note 5, p. 344.This does not only mean that solidarity must be distinguishable from other norms, but it also excludes accounts of solidarity that consider it a mere instrument in the pursuit of superordinate objects like justice or non-discrimination. While some forms of solidarity may be embedded in struggles for justice, this does not warrant the strong claim that {\textbackslash}textasciigravejustice implicates solidarity', as suggested in Jennings {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Dawson, op. cit. note 6, p. 38. If solidarity was merely instrumental to justice, there would be nothing wrong with breaches of solidarity, as long as they promote - or are intended to promote - overall justice.For a discussion of Wiggins, see Nagel, T. (2010). Wiggins on human solidarity. In T. Nagel (Ed.), Secular philosophy and the religious temperament: Essays 2002-2008 (pp. 147-152). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also Derpmann, S. (2014). Solidarity, moral recognition, and communality. In A. Laitinen {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& A. Pessi (Eds.), Solidarity: Theory and practice (pp. 105-125). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Wiggins, D. (2009). Solidarity and the root of the ethical. Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 71, 239-269.Habermas, J. (1990). Justice and solidarity: On the discussion concerning stage 6. In T. E. Wren (Ed.), The moral domain (pp. 224-251). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 244. A critical reflection of the universality entailed in Habermas' account can be found in Wildt, A. (1999). Solidarity: Its history and contemporary definition. In K. Bayertz (Ed.), Solidarity (pp. 209-220). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, p. 216.Regarding the extension of solidarity in Habermas' conception, see Rehg, W. (1994). Insight and solidarity. A study in the discourse ethics of Jurgen Habermas. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 107-111. Rehg does not reject this account, but he criticizes that Habermas does not sufficiently distinguish moral solidarity from more concrete lifeworld solidarities. Beyond this, I argue that the admission of a notion of moral, i.e. universal solidarity undermines the crucial structure of {\textbackslash}textasciigravelifeworld solidarities' as essentially partial.Wildt, op. cit. note 11, p. 218.Both Axel Honneth and Rainer Forst observe that the point of solidarity is lost in Habermas's conception due to the absence of an element of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveparticularism'. See Honneth, A. (2007). Disrespect. The normative foundations of critical theory (pp. 99-128). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press and Forst, R. (2002). Contexts of justice. Political philosophy beyond liberalism and communitarianism (p. 304, note 21). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Richard Rorty places this morally significant {\textbackslash}textasciigravewe' at the heart of his conception of solidarity: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveThe force of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveus{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace is typically contrastive in the sense that it contrasts with a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethey{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, which is also made up of human beings'. See Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. A distinction of different meanings of this {\textbackslash}textasciigravewe' can be found in Dean, J. (1995). Reflective solidarity. Constellations, 2, 114-140, 124 ff.This is why Heyd rejects ter Meulen's notion of a {\textbackslash}textasciigravehumanitarian solidarity' based {\textbackslash}textasciigraveon identification with the values of humanity and responsibility for the other'. See Heyd, op. cit. note 4, p. 57.For the limits to universal solidarity and the relation between local, national, and cosmopolitan solidarities, see Derpmann, S. (2009). Solidarity and cosmopolitanism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12, 303-315.Ronald Dworkin defines these obligations as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace horizontal ellipsis ] the special responsibilities social practice attaches to membership in some biological or social group, like the responsibilities of family or friends or neighbors'. See Dworkin, R. (1986). Law's empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 196. A similar terminology is given by Scheffler, S. (2001). Boundaries and allegiances: Problems of justice and responsibility in liberal thought. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 48-49.See Heyd, op. cit. note 4, p. 59. In a similar manner, Jodi Dean defends a {\textbackslash}textasciigravereflective' understanding of solidarity. See Dean, op. cit. note 15. Avery Kolers highlights this aspect as well, as he understands solidarity - as distinguished from loyalty - to be primarily based on a reason, not on a prior connection to a group. See Kolers, op. cit. note 5, p. 44 ff.Problematic examples may be those where the common commitment itself is exclusionary. While anyone may join the cause of suffragettes and suffragists, tax resisters, guerrilla gardeners, or dadaists, specific groups are excluded in the very content of the ideologies that unite White supremacists, sexists, etc.WHO. (2016). Fact sheet: Universal health coverage (UHC). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs395/en/. Accessed on March 6, 2018.See e.g. Borner, S. (2013). Belonging, solidarity and expansion in social policy. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 35 ff. and Weale, A. (1990). Equality, social solidarity, and the welfare state. Ethics, 100, 473-488. In many cases, this form of insurance solidarity, however, is far from being universal. If individuals are granted the opportunity to opt out of insurance schemes that host high-cost risks, thereby reducing their own fees as well as the socially available funds for redistribution, there is no solidarity in a comprehensive sense but rather solidarity within coexisting social groups.For a systematic account of solidarity with regard to its relation to health care, see Jaeggi, R. (2011). Solidarity and indifference. In R. ter Meulen, W. Arts, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& R. Muffels (Eds.), Solidarity in health and social care in Europe (pp. 287-308). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.There is a general problem concerning the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveuniversal' in this context, as the universalism of moral theory is contradicted by the localism of its implementation in national health systems. Even though quite a number of moral demands are spelled out in universal terms, the moral claim to health is primarily implemented through the rights of citizens or residents of nation states. Thus, one could object that all existing health systems are partial toward the members of specific societies, and that they may be regarded to be morally based in national solidarity. The recognition of a universal demand to health is not exhausted in the protection and promotion of health of citizens of a particular state but would require the consideration of any moral subject. I will widely bypass this fundamental complexity that affects all theories of political justice and focus on universal health-related moral claims within given societies. The following section reconstructs the normative foundation of health systems by reference to a universal right to health as it is formulated in UN conventions, while its implementation is de facto translated to the fragmented responsibilities of nation states.This argument is also made by Heyd, op. cit. note 4, pp. 62-63.For institutional formulations - and interpretations of this right, see Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2000). Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. General comment No. 14. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveThe right to the highest attainable standard of health.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d0.html. Accessed on March 6, 2018.On this argument, see Hessler, K., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Buchanan, A. (2002). Specifying the content of the human right to health care. In R. Rhodes, M. Battin, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& A. Silvers (Eds.), Medicine and social justice: Essays on the distribution of health (pp. 84-101). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.See CESCR, op. cit. note 27, art. 12, sec 9.Daniels recognizes the need for this extension of his initial account. See Daniels, N. (2008). Just health. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2-3. On this topic, see also Wolff, J. (2012). The human right to health. New York, NY: W. W. Norton {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Company, pp. 13-34. INTRODUCTION: FORGING {\textbackslash}textasciigraveSOLIDARITY' SOLIDARITY AS A MORAL IDEA Solidarity as a relation sui generis Solidarity as a form of communal obligation THE MORALS OF HEALTH CARE Solidarity and universal health care Health and human rights SOLIDARITY AND HEALTH POLICY The relationality of solidarity The importance of telling solidarity and justice apart CONFLICT OF INTEREST Footnotes Solidarity is commonly invoked in the justification of public health care. This is understandable, as calls for and appeals to solidarity are effective in the mobilization of unison action and the willingness to incur sacrifices for others. However, the reference to solidarity as a moral notion requires caution, as there is no agreement on the meaning of solidarity. The article argues that the reference to solidarity as a normative notion is relevant to health-related moral claims, but that it does not provide a convincing foundation of claims to universal health care. References to universal solidarity obliterate an important distinction between those moral demands that are founded on principles like justice, recognition, or humanity, and those demands that stem from partisan relations in communities. While there is no {\textbackslash}textasciigraveseparate essence' of solidarity that could be referred to in order to argue for the conceptual necessity of solidarity's partiality, some features may reasonably be stipulated as being essential to solidarity with a view to its systematic function within moral philosophy. The normative and motivational force of the ties invoked by solidarity is particularly relevant when basic moral demands are not met, and societies are in need of significant forms of communal relatedness.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Desai2011,
+  title = {Microcredit, {{Family Planning Programs}}, and {{Contraceptive Behavior}}: {{Evidence From}} a {{Field Experiment}} in {{Ethiopia}}},
+  shorttitle = {Microcredit, {{Family Planning Programs}}, and {{Contraceptive Behavior}}},
+  author = {Desai, Jaikishan and Tarozzi, Alessandro},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {48},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {749--782},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1007/s13524-011-0029-0},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             The impact of community-based family planning programs and access to credit on contraceptive use, fertility, and family size preferences has not been established conclusively in the literature. We provide additional evidence on the possible effect of such programs by describing the results of a randomized field experiment whose main purpose was to increase the use of contraceptive methods in rural areas of Ethiopia. In the experiment, administrative areas were randomly allocated to one of three intervention groups or to a fourth control group. In the first intervention group, both credit and family planning services were provided and the credit officers also provided information on family planning. Only credit or family planning services, but not both, were provided in the other two intervention groups, while areas in the control group received neither type of service. Using pre- and post-intervention surveys, we find that neither type of program, combined or in isolation, led to an increase in contraceptive use that is significantly greater than that observed in the control group. We conjecture that the lack of impact has much to do with the mismatch between women's preferred contraceptive method (injectibles) and the contraceptives provided by community-based agents (pills and condoms).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9131,13 +10583,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   author = {Desjardins, Claude and Bach, Mark A. and Cappola, Anne R. and Seely, Ellen W. and Ehrenberg, Ronald G.},
   year = {2011},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& METABOLISM},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& METABOLISM},
   volume = {96},
   number = {4},
   pages = {923--933},
   issn = {0021-972X},
   doi = {10.1210/jc.2010-1568},
-  abstract = {Context: The United States lacks timely reliable mechanisms for assessing the professional work of subspecialty physicians. Objective: The aim was to use early-career members of The Endocrine Society as a model to estimate subspecialty physician involvement in patient care, teaching, research, and administration among clinical, academic, federal, and pharmaceutical/biotech workplaces and to assess the workforce for research within individual workplaces. Methods: Physicians joining The Endocrine Society from 1991-2005 and residing in North America were invited to complete a Web-based survey. This report relies on 817 early-career endocrinologists or 29.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible respondents. Results: Respondents from all types of workplaces engaged in patient care, teaching, research, and administration. The time committed to the four tasks, however, differed significantly among workplaces. Research (basic, translational, disease, patient, population, and prevention) was accomplished within all workplaces, but the scope and scale of investigative work was employer dependent. Recipients of National Institutes of Health K08/23 awards succeeded in receiving federal research project grants (P {$<$} 0.001). Respondents associated research with lowered incomes, a perception validated by an estimated drop in annual earnings of 2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% per half-day spent on research (P {$<$} 0.001). Women in academic settings earned less than men (P {$<$} 0.01) and were less likely to occupy tenure-eligible positions (P {$<$} 0.01). Conclusions: Web-based surveys offer a simple tool for estimating the work of subspecialty physicians and provide a framework for improving biomedical investigation. Several interventions should be considered for endocrinology: recruit physicians from underrepresented demographic groups, increase K08/23 awards, incentivize investigative careers, and improve the national infrastructure for biomedical research. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 923-933, 2011)},
+  abstract = {Context: The United States lacks timely reliable mechanisms for assessing the professional work of subspecialty physicians. Objective: The aim was to use early-career members of The Endocrine Society as a model to estimate subspecialty physician involvement in patient care, teaching, research, and administration among clinical, academic, federal, and pharmaceutical/biotech workplaces and to assess the workforce for research within individual workplaces. Methods: Physicians joining The Endocrine Society from 1991-2005 and residing in North America were invited to complete a Web-based survey. This report relies on 817 early-career endocrinologists or 29.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of eligible respondents. Results: Respondents from all types of workplaces engaged in patient care, teaching, research, and administration. The time committed to the four tasks, however, differed significantly among workplaces. Research (basic, translational, disease, patient, population, and prevention) was accomplished within all workplaces, but the scope and scale of investigative work was employer dependent. Recipients of National Institutes of Health K08/23 awards succeeded in receiving federal research project grants (P {$<$} 0.001). Respondents associated research with lowered incomes, a perception validated by an estimated drop in annual earnings of 2.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% per half-day spent on research (P {$<$} 0.001). Women in academic settings earned less than men (P {$<$} 0.01) and were less likely to occupy tenure-eligible positions (P {$<$} 0.01). Conclusions: Web-based surveys offer a simple tool for estimating the work of subspecialty physicians and provide a framework for improving biomedical investigation. Several interventions should be considered for endocrinology: recruit physicians from underrepresented demographic groups, increase K08/23 awards, incentivize investigative careers, and improve the national infrastructure for biomedical research. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 923-933, 2011)},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9207,7 +10659,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {2},
   pages = {67--80},
   issn = {1091-4358},
-  abstract = {Background: Mental illness is the prime reason for the inflow into disability insurance in many countries. The integration of persons with a disability into the regular labor market is costly and in the case of mentally ill persons, particularly difficult. Supported Education and Employment - a rehabilitation method that directly places patients in a realistic work environment - has been shown to be effective in increasing competitive employment. However, it has not yet been widely implemented. Aims of the Study: We evaluate ex-ante the willingness to participate in Supported Education and Employment and the barriers to do so from the employer's perspective. Methods: We conducted a discrete choice experiment implemented in an online survey. The survey was carried out among all Swiss companies which provide standard dual-track vocational education and training for commercial occupations in Eastern Switzerland. We presented respondents (employees who are responsible for vocational training and/or for the selection of applicants) with a sample of five hypothetical profiles. These profiles vary along different medical diagnoses, different illness related (dys-)functions, and other characteristics that may be associated with a company's willingness to accept the candidate (such as school performance, motivation, and illness related absences). Respondents were asked whether or not they would train this person. Results: 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the profiles are accepted. However, our results demonstrate that the hypothetical bias - which is the difference between individual saying what they would do in a hypothetical setting and what they will do when they have the opportunity - is severe. Correcting for this bias using follow-up scales (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceAre you sure?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) reduces the overall acceptance in our sample to 9\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Keeping in mind the response rate to our survey of 35\textbackslash textbackslash\%, overall acceptance may be as low as 3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Non-cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. non-adherence to regulations, difficulties with contacts with others) that are related to mental disorders, are the main deterrents. Patients with psychotic disorders are particularly disadvantaged. Implications for Health Policy: Although there are no direct costs to the employer, a wide introduction of Supported Vocational Education and Training is likely to fail at the current stage with the unwillingness of companies to train people with special needs. There may be additional incentives needed, for example in form of subsidies or legal requirements. Even though our experiment has been tailored to the Swiss system, our results may also be relevant in other countries with similar dual-track education systems.},
+  abstract = {Background: Mental illness is the prime reason for the inflow into disability insurance in many countries. The integration of persons with a disability into the regular labor market is costly and in the case of mentally ill persons, particularly difficult. Supported Education and Employment - a rehabilitation method that directly places patients in a realistic work environment - has been shown to be effective in increasing competitive employment. However, it has not yet been widely implemented. Aims of the Study: We evaluate ex-ante the willingness to participate in Supported Education and Employment and the barriers to do so from the employer's perspective. Methods: We conducted a discrete choice experiment implemented in an online survey. The survey was carried out among all Swiss companies which provide standard dual-track vocational education and training for commercial occupations in Eastern Switzerland. We presented respondents (employees who are responsible for vocational training and/or for the selection of applicants) with a sample of five hypothetical profiles. These profiles vary along different medical diagnoses, different illness related (dys-)functions, and other characteristics that may be associated with a company's willingness to accept the candidate (such as school performance, motivation, and illness related absences). Respondents were asked whether or not they would train this person. Results: 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the profiles are accepted. However, our results demonstrate that the hypothetical bias - which is the difference between individual saying what they would do in a hypothetical setting and what they will do when they have the opportunity - is severe. Correcting for this bias using follow-up scales ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceAre you sure?{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) reduces the overall acceptance in our sample to 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Keeping in mind the response rate to our survey of 35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, overall acceptance may be as low as 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Non-cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. non-adherence to regulations, difficulties with contacts with others) that are related to mental disorders, are the main deterrents. Patients with psychotic disorders are particularly disadvantaged. Implications for Health Policy: Although there are no direct costs to the employer, a wide introduction of Supported Vocational Education and Training is likely to fail at the current stage with the unwillingness of companies to train people with special needs. There may be additional incentives needed, for example in form of subsidies or legal requirements. Even though our experiment has been tailored to the Swiss system, our results may also be relevant in other countries with similar dual-track education systems.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9250,7 +10702,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {16},
   issn = {1742-4755},
   doi = {10.1186/s12978-019-0740-7},
-  abstract = {BackgroundMaternal smoking is still a major public health problem posing the risk of several negative health outcomes for both the pregnant woman and her offspring. The prevalence of maternal smoking in Denmark and other high-income countries has decreased continuously since the 1980s, and a prevalence below 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women who continue to smoke during pregnancy has been reported in studies after 2010. Previous studies have shown that low socioeconomic status is associated with maternal smoking. Information from the Danish Birth Register about maternal smoking shows that the prevalence of women who report to smoke in pregnancy has decreased continuously with 23.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% who reported ever smoking in pregnancy in 2000, 12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2010 and 9.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2017. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of maternal smoking at the time of conception and at 20weeks of gestation in a regional Danish population, to describe differences in maternal characteristics among smokers, quitters and never-smokers, and to estimate predictors of smoking at the time of conception.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Department of Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark from August 2015 to March 2016 (n=566). The main outcome was smoking at the time of conception and at 20weeks of gestation. The questionnaire also collected information about maternal, health-related and sociodemographic characteristics. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the potential associated predictors (adjusted odds ratio).ResultsThe prevalence of self-reported smoking at the time of conception was 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n=90) and 6\textbackslash textbackslash\% smoked at 20weeks of gestation (n=35), as 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% of smokers quit smoking during early pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that significant predictors for smoking at conception were the socioeconomic factors; 12years of education, shift work and being unemployed.ConclusionThe prevalence of self-reported maternal smoking in this regional Danish population of pregnant women is lower than seen in previous studies. However, predictors for smoking at the time of conception remain to be factors of low socioeconomic status confirming a social inequality in maternal smoking. Women at risk of smoking during pregnancy must be identified in early pregnancy or even before pregnancy and be offered interventions to help them quit smoking.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundMaternal smoking is still a major public health problem posing the risk of several negative health outcomes for both the pregnant woman and her offspring. The prevalence of maternal smoking in Denmark and other high-income countries has decreased continuously since the 1980s, and a prevalence below 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women who continue to smoke during pregnancy has been reported in studies after 2010. Previous studies have shown that low socioeconomic status is associated with maternal smoking. Information from the Danish Birth Register about maternal smoking shows that the prevalence of women who report to smoke in pregnancy has decreased continuously with 23.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% who reported ever smoking in pregnancy in 2000, 12.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2010 and 9.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2017. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of maternal smoking at the time of conception and at 20weeks of gestation in a regional Danish population, to describe differences in maternal characteristics among smokers, quitters and never-smokers, and to estimate predictors of smoking at the time of conception.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Department of Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark from August 2015 to March 2016 (n=566). The main outcome was smoking at the time of conception and at 20weeks of gestation. The questionnaire also collected information about maternal, health-related and sociodemographic characteristics. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the potential associated predictors (adjusted odds ratio).ResultsThe prevalence of self-reported smoking at the time of conception was 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n=90) and 6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% smoked at 20weeks of gestation (n=35), as 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of smokers quit smoking during early pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that significant predictors for smoking at conception were the socioeconomic factors; 12years of education, shift work and being unemployed.ConclusionThe prevalence of self-reported maternal smoking in this regional Danish population of pregnant women is lower than seen in previous studies. However, predictors for smoking at the time of conception remain to be factors of low socioeconomic status confirming a social inequality in maternal smoking. Women at risk of smoking during pregnancy must be identified in early pregnancy or even before pregnancy and be offered interventions to help them quit smoking.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9261,6 +10713,20 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   institution = {{Development Finance International}}
 }
 
+@article{Dhatt2017,
+  title = {The Role of Women's Leadership and Gender Equity in Leadership and Health System Strengthening},
+  author = {Dhatt, R. and Theobald, S. and Buzuzi, S. and Ros, B. and Vong, S. and Muraya, K. and Molyneux, S. and Hawkins, K. and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Beiras}, C. and Ronsin, K. and Lichtenstein, D. and Wilkins, K. and Thompson, K. and Davis, K. and Jackson, C.},
+  year = {2017},
+  journal = {Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics},
+  volume = {2},
+  pages = {e8},
+  issn = {2054-4200},
+  doi = {10.1017/gheg.2016.22},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Gender equity is imperative to the attainment of healthy lives and wellbeing of all, and promoting gender equity in leadership in the health sector is an important part of this endeavour. This empirical research examines gender and leadership in the health sector, pooling learning from three complementary data sources: literature review, quantitative analysis of gender and leadership positions in global health organisations and qualitative life histories with health workers in Cambodia, Kenya and Zimbabwe. The findings highlight gender biases in leadership in global health, with women underrepresented. Gender roles, relations, norms and expectations shape progression and leadership at multiple levels. Increasing women's leadership within global health is an opportunity to further health system resilience and system responsiveness. We conclude with an agenda and tangible next steps of action for promoting women's leadership in health as a means to promote the global goals of achieving gender equity.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dick2003,
   title = {The Evolution of the {{State Children}}'s {{Health Insurance Program}} ({{SCHIP}}) in {{New York}}: {{Changing}} Program Features and Enrollee Characteristics},
   author = {Dick, {\relax AW} and Klein, {\relax JD} and Shone, {\relax LP} and Zwanziger, J and Yu, H and Szilagyi, {\relax PG}},
@@ -9271,7 +10737,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {6, S},
   pages = {E542-E550},
   issn = {0031-4005},
-  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) has been operating for {$>$} 5 years. Policy makers are interested in the characteristics of children who have enrolled and changes in the health care needs of enrolled children as programs mature. New York State's SCHIP evolved from a similar statewide health insurance program that was developed in 1991 ( Child Health Plus \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace CHPlus]). Understanding how current SCHIP enrollees differ from early CHPlus enrollees together with how program features changed during the period may shed light on how best to serve the evolving SCHIP population. Objective. To 1) describe changes in the characteristics of children enrolled in 1994 CHPlus and 2001 SCHIP; 2) determine if changes in the near- poor, age- eligible population during the time period could account for the evolution of enrollment; and 3) describe changes in the program during the period that could be responsible for the enrollment changes. Setting. New York State, stratified into 4 regions: New York City, New York City environs, upstate urban counties, and upstate rural counties. Design. Retrospective telephone interviews of parents of 2 cohorts of CHPlus enrollees: 1) children who enrolled in CHPlus in 1993 to 1994 and 2) children who enrolled in New York's SCHIP in 2000 to 2001. The Current Population Survey ( CPS) 1992 to 1994 and 1999 to 2001 were used to identify secular trends that could explain differences in the CHPlus and SCHIP enrollees. Program Characteristics. 1994 CHPlus and 2001 SCHIP were similar in design, both limiting eligibility by age, family income, and insurance status. SCHIP 2001 included 1) expansion of eligibility to adolescents 13 to 19 years old; 2) expansion of benefits to include hospitalizations, mental health, and dental benefits; 3) changes in premium contributions; 4) more participating insurance plans, limited to managed care; 5) expansions in marketing and outreach; and 6) a combined enrollment application for SCHIP and several low- income programs including Medicaid. Sample. Cohort 1 included 2126 new CHPlus enrollees 0 to 13 years old who were enrolled for at least 9 months, stratified by geographic region. Cohort 2 included 1100 new SCHIP enrollees 0 to 13 years old who were enrolled for at least 9 months, stratified by geographic region, age, race, and ethnicity. Results were weighted to be representative of statewide CHPlus or SCHIP new enrollees who met the sampling criteria. Samples of age- and income- eligible children from New York State were drawn from the CPS and pooled and reweighted ( 1992 - 1994 and 1999 - 2001) to generate a comparison group of children targeted by CHPlus and SCHIP. Measures. Sociodemographic characteristics, race and ethnicity ( white non- Hispanic, black non- Hispanic, and Hispanic), prior health insurance, health care access, and first source of information about the program. Analyses. Weighted bivariate analyses ( comparisons of means and rates) adjusted for the complex sampling design to compare measures between the 2 program cohorts and between the 2 CPS samples. We tested for equivalence by using chi(2) statistics. Results. As the program evolved from CHPlus to SCHIP, relatively more black and Hispanic children enrolled ( 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% black from 1994 to 2001, and 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% Hispanic), more New York City residents ( 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% from 1994 to 2001), more children with parents who had less than a high school education ( 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%), more children from lower income families ( 59\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% below 150\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level), and more children from families with parents not working ( 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 20\textbackslash textbackslash\%) enrolled. These socioeconomic and demographic changes were not reflected in the underlying age- and income-eligible population. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees were uninsured for some time immediately before enrollment ( 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 76\textbackslash textbackslash\% had an uninsured gap), were insured by Medicaid during the year before enrollment ( 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 48\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and lacked a USC ( 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 14\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Although \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave word of mouth\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace was the most common means by which families heard about both programs, a greater proportion of 2001 enrollees learned about SCHIP from marketing or outreach sources. Conclusion. As New York programs for the uninsured evolved, more children from minority groups, with lower family incomes and education, and having less baseline access to health care were enrolled. Although changes in the underlying population were relatively small, progressively increased marketing and outreach, particularly in New York City, the introduction of a single application form for SCHIP and Medicaid, and expansions in the benefit package may have accounted, in part, for the large change in the characteristics of enrollees.},
+  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) has been operating for {$>$} 5 years. Policy makers are interested in the characteristics of children who have enrolled and changes in the health care needs of enrolled children as programs mature. New York State's SCHIP evolved from a similar statewide health insurance program that was developed in 1991 ( Child Health Plus {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace CHPlus]). Understanding how current SCHIP enrollees differ from early CHPlus enrollees together with how program features changed during the period may shed light on how best to serve the evolving SCHIP population. Objective. To 1) describe changes in the characteristics of children enrolled in 1994 CHPlus and 2001 SCHIP; 2) determine if changes in the near- poor, age- eligible population during the time period could account for the evolution of enrollment; and 3) describe changes in the program during the period that could be responsible for the enrollment changes. Setting. New York State, stratified into 4 regions: New York City, New York City environs, upstate urban counties, and upstate rural counties. Design. Retrospective telephone interviews of parents of 2 cohorts of CHPlus enrollees: 1) children who enrolled in CHPlus in 1993 to 1994 and 2) children who enrolled in New York's SCHIP in 2000 to 2001. The Current Population Survey ( CPS) 1992 to 1994 and 1999 to 2001 were used to identify secular trends that could explain differences in the CHPlus and SCHIP enrollees. Program Characteristics. 1994 CHPlus and 2001 SCHIP were similar in design, both limiting eligibility by age, family income, and insurance status. SCHIP 2001 included 1) expansion of eligibility to adolescents 13 to 19 years old; 2) expansion of benefits to include hospitalizations, mental health, and dental benefits; 3) changes in premium contributions; 4) more participating insurance plans, limited to managed care; 5) expansions in marketing and outreach; and 6) a combined enrollment application for SCHIP and several low- income programs including Medicaid. Sample. Cohort 1 included 2126 new CHPlus enrollees 0 to 13 years old who were enrolled for at least 9 months, stratified by geographic region. Cohort 2 included 1100 new SCHIP enrollees 0 to 13 years old who were enrolled for at least 9 months, stratified by geographic region, age, race, and ethnicity. Results were weighted to be representative of statewide CHPlus or SCHIP new enrollees who met the sampling criteria. Samples of age- and income- eligible children from New York State were drawn from the CPS and pooled and reweighted ( 1992 - 1994 and 1999 - 2001) to generate a comparison group of children targeted by CHPlus and SCHIP. Measures. Sociodemographic characteristics, race and ethnicity ( white non- Hispanic, black non- Hispanic, and Hispanic), prior health insurance, health care access, and first source of information about the program. Analyses. Weighted bivariate analyses ( comparisons of means and rates) adjusted for the complex sampling design to compare measures between the 2 program cohorts and between the 2 CPS samples. We tested for equivalence by using chi(2) statistics. Results. As the program evolved from CHPlus to SCHIP, relatively more black and Hispanic children enrolled ( 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% black from 1994 to 2001, and 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Hispanic), more New York City residents ( 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% from 1994 to 2001), more children with parents who had less than a high school education ( 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), more children from lower income families ( 59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% below 150{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level), and more children from families with parents not working ( 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) enrolled. These socioeconomic and demographic changes were not reflected in the underlying age- and income-eligible population. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees were uninsured for some time immediately before enrollment ( 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 76{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had an uninsured gap), were insured by Medicaid during the year before enrollment ( 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and lacked a USC ( 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Although {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave word of mouth{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace was the most common means by which families heard about both programs, a greater proportion of 2001 enrollees learned about SCHIP from marketing or outreach sources. Conclusion. As New York programs for the uninsured evolved, more children from minority groups, with lower family incomes and education, and having less baseline access to health care were enrolled. Although changes in the underlying population were relatively small, progressively increased marketing and outreach, particularly in New York City, the introduction of a single application form for SCHIP and Medicaid, and expansions in the benefit package may have accounted, in part, for the large change in the characteristics of enrollees.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9317,11 +10783,11 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
 }
 
 @article{Dill2016,
-  title = {Does the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveGlass Escalator}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Compensate}} for the {{Devaluation}} of {{Care Work Occupations}}?: {{The Careers}} of {{Men}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Skill Health Care Jobs}}},
+  title = {Does the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveGlass Escalator}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Compensate}} for the {{Devaluation}} of {{Care Work Occupations}}?: {{The Careers}} of {{Men}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Skill Health Care Jobs}}},
   author = {Dill, Janette S. and {Price-Glynn}, Kim and Rakovski, Carter},
   year = {2016},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {GENDER {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {30},
   number = {2},
   pages = {334--360},
@@ -9332,7 +10798,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
 }
 
 @article{Dill2019,
-  title = {Is Healthcare the New Manufacturing?: {{Industry}}, Gender, and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood Jobs\textbackslash ensuremath'' for Low- and Middle-Skill Workers},
+  title = {Is Healthcare the New Manufacturing?: {{Industry}}, Gender, and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood Jobs{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' for Low- and Middle-Skill Workers},
   author = {Dill, Janette and Hodges, Melissa J.},
   year = {2019},
   month = nov,
@@ -9340,7 +10806,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {84},
   issn = {0049-089X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102350},
-  abstract = {Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we examine whether the heavily feminized health care industry produces \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for workers without a college degree as compared to other major industries. For women, we find that jobs in the health care industry are significantly more likely than the food service and retail industries to provide wages above \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 per hour, health benefits, fulltime hours, and job security. Jobs in the health care industry are not \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for low- and middle-skill men in terms of wages, relative to the industries of construction and manufacturing, but health care jobs can provide men with greater job security, and in comparison to construction, a higher probability of employer-based health insurance. That said, the findings emphasize that because men and women are differentially distributed across industries, access to different forms of job quality is also gendered across industries, with important implications for gender dynamics and economic strain within working class families.},
+  abstract = {Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we examine whether the heavily feminized health care industry produces {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood jobs{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for workers without a college degree as compared to other major industries. For women, we find that jobs in the health care industry are significantly more likely than the food service and retail industries to provide wages above {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 per hour, health benefits, fulltime hours, and job security. Jobs in the health care industry are not {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood jobs{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for low- and middle-skill men in terms of wages, relative to the industries of construction and manufacturing, but health care jobs can provide men with greater job security, and in comparison to construction, a higher probability of employer-based health insurance. That said, the findings emphasize that because men and women are differentially distributed across industries, access to different forms of job quality is also gendered across industries, with important implications for gender dynamics and economic strain within working class families.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9355,12 +10821,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {183--209},
   issn = {0037-7732},
   doi = {10.1093/sf/soy106},
-  abstract = {Navigating the labor market in today's economy has become increasingly difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity, employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs, increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low- and middle-skill men experience a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefatherhood premium\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace after the birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men, nearly all occupations were associated with a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewage penalty\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace after the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector. However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see clear evidence of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemotherhood penalty,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which is partly accounted for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or making an occupational change.},
+  abstract = {Navigating the labor market in today's economy has become increasingly difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity, employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs, increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low- and middle-skill men experience a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefatherhood premium{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace after the birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men, nearly all occupations were associated with a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewage penalty{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace after the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector. However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see clear evidence of a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemotherhood penalty,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which is partly accounted for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or making an occupational change.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Dill2022,
-  title = {The {{Racialized Glass Escalator}} and {{Safety Net}}: {{Wages}} and {{Job Quality}} in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveMeds}} and {{Eds}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' among {{Working-Class Men}}},
+  title = {The {{Racialized Glass Escalator}} and {{Safety Net}}: {{Wages}} and {{Job Quality}} in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveMeds}} and {{Eds}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' among {{Working-Class Men}}},
   author = {Dill, Janette and Hodges, Melissa J.},
   year = {2022},
   month = jul,
@@ -9385,7 +10851,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {31--57},
   issn = {1354-5701},
   doi = {10.1080/13545701.2018.1442582},
-  abstract = {Despite recent progress, women are still disadvantaged by their greater domestic labor commitments and impaired access to well-paid jobs; and, in extreme cases, denied the right to live. This has consequences for the well-being of individuals and economic development. Although tools to evaluate country performance in gender equality, especially composite indicators, have been developed since the 1990s, a historical perspective is lacking. This study introduces a composite index of gender equality covering 129 countries from 1950 to 2003. This index measures gender equality in four dimensions (socioeconomic, health, household, and politics). The index shows substantial progress in gender equality, though there is little evidence that less gender-equal countries are catching up. Goldin's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequiet revolution\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace hypothesis is tested as an explanation for this observation, but fails to provide a good explanation. Rather, the long-term institutional and historical characteristics of countries are the main obstacles to convergence.},
+  abstract = {Despite recent progress, women are still disadvantaged by their greater domestic labor commitments and impaired access to well-paid jobs; and, in extreme cases, denied the right to live. This has consequences for the well-being of individuals and economic development. Although tools to evaluate country performance in gender equality, especially composite indicators, have been developed since the 1990s, a historical perspective is lacking. This study introduces a composite index of gender equality covering 129 countries from 1950 to 2003. This index measures gender equality in four dimensions (socioeconomic, health, household, and politics). The index shows substantial progress in gender equality, though there is little evidence that less gender-equal countries are catching up. Goldin's {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravequiet revolution{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace hypothesis is tested as an explanation for this observation, but fails to provide a good explanation. Rather, the long-term institutional and historical characteristics of countries are the main obstacles to convergence.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9411,7 +10877,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
   volume = {19},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-6822-1},
-  abstract = {BackgroundProviding unpaid support to family and friends with disabling health conditions can limit a carer's capacity to participate in employment. The emotional support needs and unpredictability of caring for people with mental illness may be particularly demanding. While previous research suggests variable employment rates across carers for different conditions, there are limited data on mental health carers specifically.MethodsThis study analysed employment patterns for working-age, co-resident carers of adults with mental illness in an Australian cross-sectional household survey, the 2015 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers.ResultsSignificantly more mental health carers were not employed (42.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 36.6-48.1) compared to non-carers (24.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 23.5-24.6). Employed mental health carers were more likely to work fewer than 16h per week (carers: 17.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 12.8-22.8, vs. non-carers: 11.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 11.3-12.1) and in lower skilled occupations (carers: 22.6, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 17.5-28.7, vs. non-carers: 15.7, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 15.1-16.2). Among the sub-group of primary mental health carers, 25.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 15.6-39.5) had reduced their working hours to care and a further 26.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 17.2-38.2) stopped working altogether. In corresponding comparisons between mental health carers and carers for people with other cognitive/behavioural conditions, and physical conditions with or without secondary mental illness, there were no differences except that mental health carers were more likely to be working in a lower skilled occupation than other cognitive/behavioural condition carers (14.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the latter, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 10.1-21.2). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that female mental health carers were less likely to be employed if they were aged 35-54, had no post-secondary education, had a disability, or cared for someone with severe activity limitations. For male mental health carers, having a disability or caring for someone with severe limitations or who did not receive paid assistance were significantly associated with not being employed.ConclusionsThese results highlight the employment disadvantage experienced by mental health carers compared to non-carers, and similarities in employment patterns across carers for different conditions. Improving the availability of paid support services for people with mental illness may be an important target to assist carers to maintain their own employment.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundProviding unpaid support to family and friends with disabling health conditions can limit a carer's capacity to participate in employment. The emotional support needs and unpredictability of caring for people with mental illness may be particularly demanding. While previous research suggests variable employment rates across carers for different conditions, there are limited data on mental health carers specifically.MethodsThis study analysed employment patterns for working-age, co-resident carers of adults with mental illness in an Australian cross-sectional household survey, the 2015 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers.ResultsSignificantly more mental health carers were not employed (42.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 36.6-48.1) compared to non-carers (24.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 23.5-24.6). Employed mental health carers were more likely to work fewer than 16h per week (carers: 17.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 12.8-22.8, vs. non-carers: 11.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 11.3-12.1) and in lower skilled occupations (carers: 22.6, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 17.5-28.7, vs. non-carers: 15.7, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 15.1-16.2). Among the sub-group of primary mental health carers, 25.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 15.6-39.5) had reduced their working hours to care and a further 26.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 17.2-38.2) stopped working altogether. In corresponding comparisons between mental health carers and carers for people with other cognitive/behavioural conditions, and physical conditions with or without secondary mental illness, there were no differences except that mental health carers were more likely to be working in a lower skilled occupation than other cognitive/behavioural condition carers (14.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the latter, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 10.1-21.2). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that female mental health carers were less likely to be employed if they were aged 35-54, had no post-secondary education, had a disability, or cared for someone with severe activity limitations. For male mental health carers, having a disability or caring for someone with severe limitations or who did not receive paid assistance were significantly associated with not being employed.ConclusionsThese results highlight the employment disadvantage experienced by mental health carers compared to non-carers, and similarities in employment patterns across carers for different conditions. Improving the availability of paid support services for people with mental illness may be an important target to assist carers to maintain their own employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9500,7 +10966,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {259--279},
   issn = {0303-8300},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02597-0},
-  abstract = {Women's employment equality remains compromised by wage and work hour gaps, despite decades of policy action. Shorter work hours are a key to persisting disadvantage because they lock women out of high paying, good quality jobs. Such hour gaps are observed across all countries, and this paper quantifies the reasons behind them. We applied the Oaxaca decomposition method to a sample of employed adults from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). The method can show how the work hour gap would change if (a) women had the same sort of jobs (industry, occupation, work conditions, contract type) as men have and (b) if men lowered their work hours and/or increased their domestic unpaid work. We find that men's allocation of time in and out of the home and the jobs women typically work in are central to explaining unequal paid hours. Women's hours would increase (all else being equal) if they worked in the same industries and had the same job security as men have, accounting for 74\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the explained work hour difference. Women's hours would also increase if they did the same (lower) domestic work as men, or if men worked the same (shorter) hours women typically do (33.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the explained gap). Our study, using Australian data, underscores the need to prioritize men's time use (shorter paid hours, longer unpaid hours) alongside improvement in jobs and work conditions to progress gender equality in employment.},
+  abstract = {Women's employment equality remains compromised by wage and work hour gaps, despite decades of policy action. Shorter work hours are a key to persisting disadvantage because they lock women out of high paying, good quality jobs. Such hour gaps are observed across all countries, and this paper quantifies the reasons behind them. We applied the Oaxaca decomposition method to a sample of employed adults from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). The method can show how the work hour gap would change if (a) women had the same sort of jobs (industry, occupation, work conditions, contract type) as men have and (b) if men lowered their work hours and/or increased their domestic unpaid work. We find that men's allocation of time in and out of the home and the jobs women typically work in are central to explaining unequal paid hours. Women's hours would increase (all else being equal) if they worked in the same industries and had the same job security as men have, accounting for 74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the explained work hour difference. Women's hours would also increase if they did the same (lower) domestic work as men, or if men worked the same (shorter) hours women typically do (33.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the explained gap). Our study, using Australian data, underscores the need to prioritize men's time use (shorter paid hours, longer unpaid hours) alongside improvement in jobs and work conditions to progress gender equality in employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9513,7 +10979,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {3-4},
   pages = {44+},
   issn = {1786-3341},
-  abstract = {Our research was designed to find out to what extent non-profit organisations that identified their scope of activity as enhancing employment and training are able to fulfil their aims, can they increase employment, especially the employment of groups that are disadvantaged in the labour market, what did they achieve in the field of (re)integrating people to the labour market. We analysed existing statistics and also carried out a survey among non-profit organisations. the information that we were able to gather and organise in a systematic way can be used to assess the effectivity of civil initiatives. The number of non-profit organisations active in the field of enhancing employment was around 200 in the past few years, with a slightly declining tendency in the number. The majority had the form of foundations and associations. An increasing number of these organisations had employees, but they have fewer volunteers than other non-profit organisations. The weight of Government financial support is outstandingly high in these organisations, compared to the average of the non-profit sector. The total amount of government financial support to non-profit organisations active in the field of employment issues was 18 billion HUF The majority of the organisations targeted the employment of unemployed persons, their activities included training, job hunting but also the employment of the target group by the organisation itself. The target group is mainly private individuals, but some of the organisations service other organisations or groups, among them minority groups (old, young, families, Roma etc.). the activity of the organisations is mostly limited to a settlement or a micro-region, few of them have a county, macro regional or national activity scope. The demand for the services of these NGOs exceeds their capacity but they are sooner or later able to help. The major source of resources are the municipalities and their own incomes but a large amount comes from the government or from ministries directly and from the offerings of private individuals who can offer 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their income tax to an NGO of their choice. The working conditions and the infrastructure of these NGOs is at a medium level. they have to cope with a shortage in resources, which they try to overcome by continuous applications to various funds; they submit proposals 7 times a year on the average. They consider their own activities to be successful and improving, the majority said that they were able to reach their goals, though they would like to provide services to more people and they would like to improve the co-operation with local municipalities and government organisations.},
+  abstract = {Our research was designed to find out to what extent non-profit organisations that identified their scope of activity as enhancing employment and training are able to fulfil their aims, can they increase employment, especially the employment of groups that are disadvantaged in the labour market, what did they achieve in the field of (re)integrating people to the labour market. We analysed existing statistics and also carried out a survey among non-profit organisations. the information that we were able to gather and organise in a systematic way can be used to assess the effectivity of civil initiatives. The number of non-profit organisations active in the field of enhancing employment was around 200 in the past few years, with a slightly declining tendency in the number. The majority had the form of foundations and associations. An increasing number of these organisations had employees, but they have fewer volunteers than other non-profit organisations. The weight of Government financial support is outstandingly high in these organisations, compared to the average of the non-profit sector. The total amount of government financial support to non-profit organisations active in the field of employment issues was 18 billion HUF The majority of the organisations targeted the employment of unemployed persons, their activities included training, job hunting but also the employment of the target group by the organisation itself. The target group is mainly private individuals, but some of the organisations service other organisations or groups, among them minority groups (old, young, families, Roma etc.). the activity of the organisations is mostly limited to a settlement or a micro-region, few of them have a county, macro regional or national activity scope. The demand for the services of these NGOs exceeds their capacity but they are sooner or later able to help. The major source of resources are the municipalities and their own incomes but a large amount comes from the government or from ministries directly and from the offerings of private individuals who can offer 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of their income tax to an NGO of their choice. The working conditions and the infrastructure of these NGOs is at a medium level. they have to cope with a shortage in resources, which they try to overcome by continuous applications to various funds; they submit proposals 7 times a year on the average. They consider their own activities to be successful and improving, the majority said that they were able to reach their goals, though they would like to provide services to more people and they would like to improve the co-operation with local municipalities and government organisations.},
   langid = {hungarian}
 }
 
@@ -9541,7 +11007,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {15--39},
   issn = {0037-7791},
   doi = {10.1093/socpro/spu004},
-  abstract = {Evidence of protest expansion both in the United States and abroad has stimulated theoretical discussion of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemovement society,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with some arguing that protest activities are becoming a standard feature of democratic politics. In advancing this claim, many have highlighted the role of domestic factors for example, generational change or economic affluence without fully accounting for the possibility that international dynamics may play an important role as well. The lack of work is surprising not only because the trend in protest is international in scope, but also because work in comparative sociology suggests globalization may make an important contribution. This study addresses the empirical gap by examining how political globalization (as measured by memberships in international organizations) and economic globalization (as measured by trade activity and foreign investment) influence trends in protest participation. Using data from World Values Surveys of 37,716 respondents in 17 advanced democracies merged with data on several national and international indicators, this study examines how the probability of participating in protest has changed over time as a result of these two forms of globalization. The results of multivariate, multilevel analysis combined with simulations indicate that trends in political globalization have expanded protest activity, while trends in economic globalization have limited that expansion. These results suggest that social movement scholarship should continue to examine the implications of globalization for protest behavior and other social movement dynamics.},
+  abstract = {Evidence of protest expansion both in the United States and abroad has stimulated theoretical discussion of a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemovement society,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace with some arguing that protest activities are becoming a standard feature of democratic politics. In advancing this claim, many have highlighted the role of domestic factors for example, generational change or economic affluence without fully accounting for the possibility that international dynamics may play an important role as well. The lack of work is surprising not only because the trend in protest is international in scope, but also because work in comparative sociology suggests globalization may make an important contribution. This study addresses the empirical gap by examining how political globalization (as measured by memberships in international organizations) and economic globalization (as measured by trade activity and foreign investment) influence trends in protest participation. Using data from World Values Surveys of 37,716 respondents in 17 advanced democracies merged with data on several national and international indicators, this study examines how the probability of participating in protest has changed over time as a result of these two forms of globalization. The results of multivariate, multilevel analysis combined with simulations indicate that trends in political globalization have expanded protest activity, while trends in economic globalization have limited that expansion. These results suggest that social movement scholarship should continue to examine the implications of globalization for protest behavior and other social movement dynamics.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9560,6 +11026,37 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Doepke2015,
+  title = {{{GARY BECKER ON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF CHILDREN}}},
+  author = {Doepke, Matthias},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Demographic Economics},
+  volume = {81},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {59--66},
+  issn = {2054-0892, 2054-0906},
+  doi = {10.1017/dem.2014.8},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Before Gary Becker, fertility choice was widely considered to be outside the realm of economic analysis. Apart from intellectual tradition, one reason for this was that the data on fertility did not immediately suggest an economic mechanism. In industrialized countries, fertility had declined strongly over time, even though family incomes were rising. Similarly, in many studies using cross-sectional data the relationship between family income and fertility had been shown to be either flat or declining. To many observers, these observations suggested that the ``taste'' for children had waned over time and that high income families placed less value on childbearing than the poor.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Doepke2019,
+  title = {Does Female Empowerment Promote Economic Development?},
+  author = {Doepke, Matthias and Tertilt, Mich{\`e}le},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
+  volume = {24},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {309--343},
+  issn = {1381-4338, 1573-7020},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10887-019-09172-4},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dolan2023,
   title = {Integration of a {{Digital Health Intervention Into Immunization Clinic Workflows}} in {{Kenya}}: {{Qualitative}}, {{Realist Evaluation}} of {{Technology Usability}}},
   author = {Dolan, Samantha B. and Wittenauer, Rachel and Shearer, Jessica C. and Njoroge, Anne and Onyango, Penina and Owiso, George and Lober, William B. and Liu, Shan and Puttkammer, Nancy and Rabinowitz, Peter},
@@ -9582,7 +11079,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {969--998},
   issn = {0303-8300},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02556-9},
-  abstract = {This paper is a comparative analysis of the gender gaps in the non-paid domestic and care work (NPDCW) undertaken in homes in Argentina, Chile, Spain and Uruguay. The explanatory factors of this gap in two-income households and their magnitude and impact on the distribution of NPDCW are analyzed using data from national time use surveys. The weakness of micro-sociological approaches and the variables related to relative resources and time availability is demonstrated using the estimation of a regression model, while the importance of approximations of gender roles and analyses that incorporate macro-sociological factors is shown. Furthermore, the findings show that NPDCW is done by women in 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cases with women's incomes and time availability among the individual variables that drive change within the couple. The results show that the equalizing effects of time availability and gender ideology are stronger for women in more egalitarian countries; women in less egalitarian countries benefit less from their individual-level assets. Additional comparative analysis shows that other macro-level factors (economic development, female labor-force participation, gender norms and welfare systems) may also influence the division of this work. The results suggest that changes in individual-level factors alone may not be enough to achieve an equal division of labor in the household without a parallel reduction in macro-level gender inequality.},
+  abstract = {This paper is a comparative analysis of the gender gaps in the non-paid domestic and care work (NPDCW) undertaken in homes in Argentina, Chile, Spain and Uruguay. The explanatory factors of this gap in two-income households and their magnitude and impact on the distribution of NPDCW are analyzed using data from national time use surveys. The weakness of micro-sociological approaches and the variables related to relative resources and time availability is demonstrated using the estimation of a regression model, while the importance of approximations of gender roles and analyses that incorporate macro-sociological factors is shown. Furthermore, the findings show that NPDCW is done by women in 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of cases with women's incomes and time availability among the individual variables that drive change within the couple. The results show that the equalizing effects of time availability and gender ideology are stronger for women in more egalitarian countries; women in less egalitarian countries benefit less from their individual-level assets. Additional comparative analysis shows that other macro-level factors (economic development, female labor-force participation, gender norms and welfare systems) may also influence the division of this work. The results suggest that changes in individual-level factors alone may not be enough to achieve an equal division of labor in the household without a parallel reduction in macro-level gender inequality.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Donaldson2010,
+  title = {Extending the Integrated Model of Retirement Adjustment: {{Incorporating}} Mastery and Retirement Planning},
+  shorttitle = {Extending the Integrated Model of Retirement Adjustment},
+  author = {Donaldson, Tarryn and Earl, Joanne K. and Muratore, Alexa M.},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Behavior},
+  volume = {77},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {279--289},
+  issn = {00018791},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jvb.2010.03.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9601,7 +11114,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
 }
 
 @article{Donegan2008,
-  title = {Inequality in the Creative City: {{Is}} There Still a Place for \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveOld-Fashioned}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Institutions?},
+  title = {Inequality in the Creative City: {{Is}} There Still a Place for {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveOld-Fashioned}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' Institutions?},
   author = {Donegan, Mary and Lowe, Nicholla},
   year = {2008},
   month = feb,
@@ -9638,12 +11151,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {15},
   issn = {2352-8273},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100891},
-  abstract = {Part-time work is a common work arrangement in the United States that can be precarious, insecure, and lacking opportunities for advancement. In turn, part-time work, especially involuntary part-time work, tends to be associated with worse health outcomes. Although prior research documents heterogeneity in the health consequences of precarious work across countries, we do not know whether state-level institutional contexts shape the association between part-time work and self-rated health in the United States. Using data from the Current Population Survey (2009-2019; n = 813,077), the present study examined whether linkages between part-time work and self-rated health are moderated by state-level social policies and contexts. At the population level, we document differences in the prevalence of fair/poor health among part-time workers across states. For instance, 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% of involuntary part-time workers reported fair/poor health in West Virginia compared to 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of involuntary part-time workers in Massachusetts. Findings also provide evidence that voluntary (beta = .51) and involuntary (beta=.57) part-time work is associated with greater odds of fair/poor health among individuals. Moreover, the association between voluntary part-time work and self-rated health is weaker for individuals living in states with higher amounts for maximum unemployment insurance, higher minimum wage, and lower income inequality. State-level policies did not moderate the association between involuntary part-time work and health. The present study points to the need to mitigate the health consequences of part-time work with social policies that enhance the health of workers.},
+  abstract = {Part-time work is a common work arrangement in the United States that can be precarious, insecure, and lacking opportunities for advancement. In turn, part-time work, especially involuntary part-time work, tends to be associated with worse health outcomes. Although prior research documents heterogeneity in the health consequences of precarious work across countries, we do not know whether state-level institutional contexts shape the association between part-time work and self-rated health in the United States. Using data from the Current Population Survey (2009-2019; n = 813,077), the present study examined whether linkages between part-time work and self-rated health are moderated by state-level social policies and contexts. At the population level, we document differences in the prevalence of fair/poor health among part-time workers across states. For instance, 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of involuntary part-time workers reported fair/poor health in West Virginia compared to 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of involuntary part-time workers in Massachusetts. Findings also provide evidence that voluntary (beta = .51) and involuntary (beta=.57) part-time work is associated with greater odds of fair/poor health among individuals. Moreover, the association between voluntary part-time work and self-rated health is weaker for individuals living in states with higher amounts for maximum unemployment insurance, higher minimum wage, and lower income inequality. State-level policies did not moderate the association between involuntary part-time work and health. The present study points to the need to mitigate the health consequences of part-time work with social policies that enhance the health of workers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Doorley2021,
-  title = {What {{Drove Income Inequality}} in {{EU Crisis Countries}} during the {{Great Recession}}?\textbackslash ast},
+  title = {What {{Drove Income Inequality}} in {{EU Crisis Countries}} during the {{Great Recession}}?{\textbackslash}ast},
   author = {Doorley, Karina and Callan, Tim and Savage, Michael},
   year = {2021},
   month = jun,
@@ -9670,6 +11183,36 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Doren2011,
+  title = {The Role of Gender in the Long-Term Employment Outcomes of Young Adults with Disabilities},
+  author = {Doren, Bonnie and Gau, Jeff M. and Lindstrom, Lauren},
+  year = {2011},
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {35--42},
+  issn = {10522263},
+  doi = {10.3233/JVR-2010-0532},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Doren2013,
+  title = {Addressing Career Barriers for High Risk Adolescent Girls: {{The PATHS}} Curriculum Intervention {\textsuperscript{\ding{73}}}},
+  shorttitle = {Addressing Career Barriers for High Risk Adolescent Girls},
+  author = {Doren, Bonnie and Lombardi, Allison R. and Clark, Julie and Lindstrom, Lauren},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Journal of Adolescence},
+  volume = {36},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {1083--1092},
+  issn = {0140-1971, 1095-9254},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.014},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             The study evaluated a gender-specific comprehensive career development curriculum designed to target career barriers faced by high risk adolescent girls {\textendash} those with disabilities and at risk for school failure. The goal of the curriculum was to promote social cognitive career and self determination outcomes associated with adaptive career development and adjustment. A pre-post control group design was used to evaluate the curriculum. Findings suggest that participation in the curriculum resulted in significant and large gains in autonomy and in disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful gains were noted in perceptions of social support and relevance of school. Participants in a high fidelity sample made significant and large gains in vocational skills self-efficacy and disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful improvements were noted in self-advocacy, autonomy, and vocational outcome expectations. The findings suggest that the curriculum can improve important indicators of positive career development and adjustment in high risk adolescent girls.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dorstyn2023,
   title = {Facilitators and Barriers to Employment for Persons with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury or Disorder: {{A}} Qualitative Study Framed by the Person-Environment-Occupation Model},
   author = {Dorstyn, Diana S. and {Chur-Hansen}, Anna and Mansell, Ella and Murphy, Gregory and Roberts, Rachel M. and Stewart, Peter and Potter, Elizabeth and Kneebone, Ian and Craig, Ashley},
@@ -9685,6 +11228,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Doss2013,
+  title = {Intrahousehold {{Bargaining}} and {{Resource Allocation}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
+  author = {Doss, C.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
+  volume = {28},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {52--78},
+  issn = {0257-3032, 1564-6971},
+  doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkt001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Doss2020,
   title = {Women, Assets, and Formal Savings: {{A}} Comparative Analysis of {{Ecuador}}, {{Ghana}} and {{India}}},
   author = {Doss, Cheryl and Swaminathan, Hema and Deere, Carmen Diana and Suchitra, J. Y. and Oduro, Abena D. and Anglade, Boaz},
@@ -9710,7 +11268,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {544--567},
   issn = {0304-4076},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.07.012},
-  abstract = {We use longitudinal data from the income tax system to study the impacts of firms' employment and wage-setting policies on the level and change in immigrant-native wage differences in Canada. We focus on immigrants who arrived in the early 2000s, distinguishing between those with and without a college degree from two broad groups of countries - the U.S., the U.K. and Northern Europe, and the rest of the world. Consistent with a growing literature based on the two-way fixed effects model of Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis (1999), we find that firm-specific wage premiums explain a significant share of earnings inequality in Canada and contribute to the average earnings gap between immigrants and natives. In the decade after receiving permanent status, earnings of immigrants rise relative to those of natives. Compositional effects due to selective outmigration and changing participation play no role in this gain. About one -sixth is attributable to movements up the job ladder to employers that offer higher pay premiums for all groups, with particularly large gains for immigrants from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverest of the world\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracecountries. Crown Copyright (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {We use longitudinal data from the income tax system to study the impacts of firms' employment and wage-setting policies on the level and change in immigrant-native wage differences in Canada. We focus on immigrants who arrived in the early 2000s, distinguishing between those with and without a college degree from two broad groups of countries - the U.S., the U.K. and Northern Europe, and the rest of the world. Consistent with a growing literature based on the two-way fixed effects model of Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis (1999), we find that firm-specific wage premiums explain a significant share of earnings inequality in Canada and contribute to the average earnings gap between immigrants and natives. In the decade after receiving permanent status, earnings of immigrants rise relative to those of natives. Compositional effects due to selective outmigration and changing participation play no role in this gain. About one -sixth is attributable to movements up the job ladder to employers that offer higher pay premiums for all groups, with particularly large gains for immigrants from the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraverest of the world{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbracecountries. Crown Copyright (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9744,6 +11302,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Downs2014,
+  title = {Increasing {{Women}} in {{Leadership}} in {{Global Health}}:},
+  shorttitle = {Increasing {{Women}} in {{Leadership}} in {{Global Health}}},
+  author = {Downs, Jennifer A. and Reif, Lindsey K. and Hokororo, Adolfine and Fitzgerald, Daniel W.},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Academic Medicine},
+  volume = {89},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {1103--1107},
+  issn = {1040-2446},
+  doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000000369},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Drakakis-Smith1991,
   title = {Urban {{Food Distribution}} in {{Asia}} and {{Africa}}},
   author = {{Drakakis-Smith}, David},
@@ -9801,7 +11375,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {1433--1441},
   issn = {0002-953X},
   doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020214},
-  abstract = {Objective: People with psychiatric impairments (primarily schizophrenia or a mood disorder) are the largest and fastest-growing group of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries. The authors investigated whether evidence-based supported employment and mental health treatments can improve vocational and mental health recovery for this population. Method: Using a randomized controlled trial design, the authors tested a multifaceted intervention: team-based supported employment, systematic medication management, and other behavioral health services, along with elimination of barriers by providing complete health insurance coverage (with no out-of-pocket expenses) and suspending disability reviews. The control group received usual services. Paid employment was the primary outcome measure, and overall mental health and quality of life were secondary outcome measures. Results: Overall, 2,059 SSDI beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression in 23 cities participated in the 2-year intervention. The teams implemented the intervention package with acceptable fidelity. The intervention group experienced more paid employment (60.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with 40.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and reported better mental health and quality of life than the control group. Conclusions: Implementation of the complex intervention in routine mental health treatment settings was feasible, and the intervention was effective in assisting individuals disabled by schizophrenia or depression to return to work and improve their mental health and quality of life.},
+  abstract = {Objective: People with psychiatric impairments (primarily schizophrenia or a mood disorder) are the largest and fastest-growing group of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries. The authors investigated whether evidence-based supported employment and mental health treatments can improve vocational and mental health recovery for this population. Method: Using a randomized controlled trial design, the authors tested a multifaceted intervention: team-based supported employment, systematic medication management, and other behavioral health services, along with elimination of barriers by providing complete health insurance coverage (with no out-of-pocket expenses) and suspending disability reviews. The control group received usual services. Paid employment was the primary outcome measure, and overall mental health and quality of life were secondary outcome measures. Results: Overall, 2,059 SSDI beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression in 23 cities participated in the 2-year intervention. The teams implemented the intervention package with acceptable fidelity. The intervention group experienced more paid employment (60.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% compared with 40.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and reported better mental health and quality of life than the control group. Conclusions: Implementation of the complex intervention in routine mental health treatment settings was feasible, and the intervention was effective in assisting individuals disabled by schizophrenia or depression to return to work and improve their mental health and quality of life.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9816,7 +11390,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {1216--1223},
   issn = {0094-5145},
   doi = {10.1007/s10900-015-0051-z},
-  abstract = {Breast cancer screening combined with follow-up and treatment reduces breast cancer mortality. However, in the study clinic, only 12 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible women {$>$}= 40 years received a mammogram in the previous year. The objective of this project was to implement patient navigation, in our partner health clinic to (1) identify women overdue for a mammogram; and (2) increase mammography utilization in this population over a 2-year period. Women overdue for a mammogram were identified. One patient navigator made navigation attempts over a 2-year period (2009-2011). Navigation included working around systems- and individual-level barriers to receive a mammogram as well as the appropriate follow-up post screening. Women were contacted up to three times to initiate navigation. The proportion of women navigated and who received a mammogram during the study period were compared to women who did not receive a mammogram using Chi square tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables with an alpha = 0.05. Barriers to previous mammography were also assessed. With 94.8 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible women navigated and 94 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of these women completing mammography, the implementation project reached 89 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of the target population. This project was a successful implementation of an evidence-based patient navigation program that continues to provide significant impact in a high-need area. Cost was the most commonly cite barrier to mammography. Increasing awareness of resources in the community for mammography and follow-up care remains a necessary adjunct to removing structural and financial barriers to accessing preventive services.},
+  abstract = {Breast cancer screening combined with follow-up and treatment reduces breast cancer mortality. However, in the study clinic, only 12 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of eligible women {$>$}= 40 years received a mammogram in the previous year. The objective of this project was to implement patient navigation, in our partner health clinic to (1) identify women overdue for a mammogram; and (2) increase mammography utilization in this population over a 2-year period. Women overdue for a mammogram were identified. One patient navigator made navigation attempts over a 2-year period (2009-2011). Navigation included working around systems- and individual-level barriers to receive a mammogram as well as the appropriate follow-up post screening. Women were contacted up to three times to initiate navigation. The proportion of women navigated and who received a mammogram during the study period were compared to women who did not receive a mammogram using Chi square tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables with an alpha = 0.05. Barriers to previous mammography were also assessed. With 94.8 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of eligible women navigated and 94 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of these women completing mammography, the implementation project reached 89 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the target population. This project was a successful implementation of an evidence-based patient navigation program that continues to provide significant impact in a high-need area. Cost was the most commonly cite barrier to mammography. Increasing awareness of resources in the community for mammography and follow-up care remains a necessary adjunct to removing structural and financial barriers to accessing preventive services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9831,7 +11405,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {22+},
   issn = {0015-7120},
   doi = {10.2307/20033973},
-  abstract = {WHEN a presidential election year coincides with an uncertain economy, campaigning politicians invariably invoke an international economic issue as a dire threat to the well-being of Americans. Speechwriters denounce the chosen scapegoat, the media provides blanket coverage of the alleged threat, and legislators scurry to introduce supposed remedies. The cause of this year's commotion is offshore outsourcing-the alleged migration of American jobs overseas. The depth of alarm was strikingly illustrated by the firestorm of reaction to recent testimony by N. Gregory Mankiw, the head of President George W Bush's Council of Economic Advisers. No economist really disputed Mankiw's observation that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveoutsourcing is just a new way of doing international trade,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which makes it \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravea good thing.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace But in the political arena, Mankiw's comments sparked a furor on both sides of the aisle. Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry accused the Bush administration of wanting \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveto export more of our jobs overseas,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle quipped, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveIf this is the administratior's position, I think they owe an apology to every worker in America.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, meanwhile, warned that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveoutsourcing can be a problem for American workers and the American economy.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Critics charge that the information revolution (especially the Internet) has accelerated the decimation of U.S. manufacturing and facilitated the outsourcing of service-sector jobs once considered safe, from backroom call centers to high-level software programming. (This concern feeds into the suspicion that U.S. corporations are exploiting globalization to fatten profits at the expense of workers.) They are right that offshore outsourcing deserves attention and that some measures to assist affected workers are called for. But if their exaggerated alarmism succeeds in provoking protectionist responses from lawmakers, it will do far more harm than good, to the U.S. economy and to American workers. S hould Americans be concerned about the economic effects of outsourcing? Not particularly. Most of the numbers thrown around are vague, overhyped estimates. What hard data exist suggest that gross job losses due to offshore outsourcing have been minimal when compared to the size of the entire U.S. economy. The outsourcing phenomenon has shown that globalization can affect white-collar professions, heretofore immune to foreign competition, in the same way that it has affected manufacturing jobs for years. But Mankiw's statements on outsourcing are absolutely correct; the law of comparative advantage does not stop working just because 401(K)plans are involved. The creation of new jobs overseas will eventually lead to more jobs and higher incomes in the United States. Because the economy and especially job growth-is sluggish at the moment, commentators are attempting to draw a connection between offshore outsourcing and high unemployment. But believing that offshore outsourcing causes unemployment is the economic equivalent of believing that the sun revolves around the earth: intuitively compelling but clearly wrong. Should Americans be concerned about the political backlash to outsourcing? Absolutely. Anecdotes of workers affected by outsourcing are politically powerful, and demands for government protection always increase during economic slowdowns. The short-term political appeal of protectionism is undeniable. Scapegoating foreigners for domestic business cycles is smart politics, and protecting domestic markets gives leaders the appearance of taking direct, decisive action on the economy. Protectionism would not solve the U.S. economy's employment problems, although it would succeed in providing massive subsidies to well-organized interest groups. In open markets, greater competition spurs the reallocation of labor and capital to more profitable sectors of the economy. The benefits of such free trade-to both consumers and producers-are significant. Cushioning this process for displaced however, sales-making TAA out of reach for those affected by it. It makes sense to rework TAA rules to take into account workers displaced by offshore outsourcing even when their former industries or firms maintain robust levels of production. Another option would be to help firms purchase targeted insurance policies to offset the transition costs to workers directly affected by offshore outsourcing. Because the perception of possible unemployment is considerably greater than the actual likelihood of losing a job, insurance programs would impose a very small cost on firms while relieving a great deal of employee anxiety. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that such a scheme could be created for as little as four or five cents per dollar saved from offshore outsourcing. IBM recently announced the creation of a two-year, \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar25 million retraining fund for its employees who fear job losses from outsourcing. Having the private sector handle the problem without extensive government intervention would be an added bonus.},
+  abstract = {WHEN a presidential election year coincides with an uncertain economy, campaigning politicians invariably invoke an international economic issue as a dire threat to the well-being of Americans. Speechwriters denounce the chosen scapegoat, the media provides blanket coverage of the alleged threat, and legislators scurry to introduce supposed remedies. The cause of this year's commotion is offshore outsourcing-the alleged migration of American jobs overseas. The depth of alarm was strikingly illustrated by the firestorm of reaction to recent testimony by N. Gregory Mankiw, the head of President George W Bush's Council of Economic Advisers. No economist really disputed Mankiw's observation that {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveoutsourcing is just a new way of doing international trade,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which makes it {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravea good thing.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace But in the political arena, Mankiw's comments sparked a furor on both sides of the aisle. Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry accused the Bush administration of wanting {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveto export more of our jobs overseas,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle quipped, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveIf this is the administratior's position, I think they owe an apology to every worker in America.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, meanwhile, warned that {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveoutsourcing can be a problem for American workers and the American economy.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Critics charge that the information revolution (especially the Internet) has accelerated the decimation of U.S. manufacturing and facilitated the outsourcing of service-sector jobs once considered safe, from backroom call centers to high-level software programming. (This concern feeds into the suspicion that U.S. corporations are exploiting globalization to fatten profits at the expense of workers.) They are right that offshore outsourcing deserves attention and that some measures to assist affected workers are called for. But if their exaggerated alarmism succeeds in provoking protectionist responses from lawmakers, it will do far more harm than good, to the U.S. economy and to American workers. S hould Americans be concerned about the economic effects of outsourcing? Not particularly. Most of the numbers thrown around are vague, overhyped estimates. What hard data exist suggest that gross job losses due to offshore outsourcing have been minimal when compared to the size of the entire U.S. economy. The outsourcing phenomenon has shown that globalization can affect white-collar professions, heretofore immune to foreign competition, in the same way that it has affected manufacturing jobs for years. But Mankiw's statements on outsourcing are absolutely correct; the law of comparative advantage does not stop working just because 401(K)plans are involved. The creation of new jobs overseas will eventually lead to more jobs and higher incomes in the United States. Because the economy and especially job growth-is sluggish at the moment, commentators are attempting to draw a connection between offshore outsourcing and high unemployment. But believing that offshore outsourcing causes unemployment is the economic equivalent of believing that the sun revolves around the earth: intuitively compelling but clearly wrong. Should Americans be concerned about the political backlash to outsourcing? Absolutely. Anecdotes of workers affected by outsourcing are politically powerful, and demands for government protection always increase during economic slowdowns. The short-term political appeal of protectionism is undeniable. Scapegoating foreigners for domestic business cycles is smart politics, and protecting domestic markets gives leaders the appearance of taking direct, decisive action on the economy. Protectionism would not solve the U.S. economy's employment problems, although it would succeed in providing massive subsidies to well-organized interest groups. In open markets, greater competition spurs the reallocation of labor and capital to more profitable sectors of the economy. The benefits of such free trade-to both consumers and producers-are significant. Cushioning this process for displaced however, sales-making TAA out of reach for those affected by it. It makes sense to rework TAA rules to take into account workers displaced by offshore outsourcing even when their former industries or firms maintain robust levels of production. Another option would be to help firms purchase targeted insurance policies to offset the transition costs to workers directly affected by offshore outsourcing. Because the perception of possible unemployment is considerably greater than the actual likelihood of losing a job, insurance programs would impose a very small cost on firms while relieving a great deal of employee anxiety. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that such a scheme could be created for as little as four or five cents per dollar saved from offshore outsourcing. IBM recently announced the creation of a two-year, {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar25 million retraining fund for its employees who fear job losses from outsourcing. Having the private sector handle the problem without extensive government intervention would be an added bonus.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Drozdzak2016,
+  title = {Retirement and Perceived Social Inferiority Strongly Link with Health Inequalities in Older Age: Decomposition of a Concentration Index of Poor Health Based on {{Polish}} Cross-Sectional Data},
+  shorttitle = {Retirement and Perceived Social Inferiority Strongly Link with Health Inequalities in Older Age},
+  author = {Dro{\.z}d{\.z}ak, Zuzanna and Turek, Konrad},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health},
+  volume = {15},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {21},
+  issn = {1475-9276},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12939-016-0310-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9843,7 +11433,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
   volume = {14},
   doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-14-223},
-  abstract = {Background: Families with low incomes experience an array of health and social challenges that compromise their resilience and lead to negative family outcomes. Along with financial constraints, there are barriers associated with mental and physical health, poorer education and language. In addition, vulnerable populations experience many services as markedly unhelpful. This combination of family and service barriers results in reduced opportunities for effective, primary-level services and an increased use of more expensive secondary-level services (e. g., emergency room visits, child apprehensions, police involvement). A systematic review of effective interventions demonstrated that promotion of physical and mental health using existing service was critically important. Methods/Design: The Families First Edmonton Trial (FFE) tests four service integration approaches to increase use of available health and social services for families with low-income. It is a randomized, two-factor, single-blind, longitudinal effectiveness trial where low-income families (1168) were randomly assigned to receive either (1) Family Healthy Lifestyle plus Family Recreation service integration (Comprehensive), (2) Family Healthy Lifestyle service integration, (3) Family Recreation service integration, or (4) existing services. To be eligible families needed to be receiving one of five government income assistance programs. The trial was conducted in the City of Edmonton between January 2006 and August 2011. The families were followed for a total of three years of which interventional services were received for between 18 and 24 months. The primary outcome is the number of family linkages to health and social services as measured by a customized survey tool \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveFamily Services Inventory\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Secondary outcomes include type and satisfaction with services, cost of services, family member health, and family functioning. Where possible, the measures for secondary outcomes were selected because of their standardization, the presence of published norming data, and their utility as comparators to other studies of low-income families. As an effectiveness trial, community and government partners participated in all committees through a mutually agreed upon governance model and helped manage and problem solve with researchers. Discussion: Modifications were made to the FFE trial based on the pragmatics of community-based trials.},
+  abstract = {Background: Families with low incomes experience an array of health and social challenges that compromise their resilience and lead to negative family outcomes. Along with financial constraints, there are barriers associated with mental and physical health, poorer education and language. In addition, vulnerable populations experience many services as markedly unhelpful. This combination of family and service barriers results in reduced opportunities for effective, primary-level services and an increased use of more expensive secondary-level services (e. g., emergency room visits, child apprehensions, police involvement). A systematic review of effective interventions demonstrated that promotion of physical and mental health using existing service was critically important. Methods/Design: The Families First Edmonton Trial (FFE) tests four service integration approaches to increase use of available health and social services for families with low-income. It is a randomized, two-factor, single-blind, longitudinal effectiveness trial where low-income families (1168) were randomly assigned to receive either (1) Family Healthy Lifestyle plus Family Recreation service integration (Comprehensive), (2) Family Healthy Lifestyle service integration, (3) Family Recreation service integration, or (4) existing services. To be eligible families needed to be receiving one of five government income assistance programs. The trial was conducted in the City of Edmonton between January 2006 and August 2011. The families were followed for a total of three years of which interventional services were received for between 18 and 24 months. The primary outcome is the number of family linkages to health and social services as measured by a customized survey tool {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveFamily Services Inventory{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Secondary outcomes include type and satisfaction with services, cost of services, family member health, and family functioning. Where possible, the measures for secondary outcomes were selected because of their standardization, the presence of published norming data, and their utility as comparators to other studies of low-income families. As an effectiveness trial, community and government partners participated in all committees through a mutually agreed upon governance model and helped manage and problem solve with researchers. Discussion: Modifications were made to the FFE trial based on the pragmatics of community-based trials.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9872,7 +11462,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {E595-E602},
   issn = {1529-7535},
   doi = {10.1097/PCC.0000000000001696},
-  abstract = {Objectives: Clinical research is a complex scientific and social enterprise. Our objective was to identify strategies that pediatric critical care trialists consider acceptable, feasible, and effective to improve the design and conduct randomized controlled trials in pediatric critical care. Design: Qualitative descriptive study using semistructured individual interviews. Subjects: We interviewed 26 pediatric critical care researchers from seven countries who have published a randomized controlled trial (2005-2015). We used purposive sampling to achieve diversity regarding researcher characteristics and randomized controlled trial characteristics. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Most participants (24 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace92\textbackslash textbackslash\%]) were from high-income countries, eight (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had published more than one randomized controlled trial, 17 (65\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had published a multicenter randomized controlled trial, and eight (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had published a multinational randomized controlled trial. An important theme was building communitiesgroups of individuals with similar interests, shared experiences, and common values, bound by professional and personal relationships. Participants described a sense of community as a source of motivation and encouragement and as a means to larger, more rigorous trials, increasing researcher and clinician engagement and maintaining enthusiasm. Strategies to build communities stressed in-person interactions (both professional and social), capable leadership, and trust. Another important theme was getting started. Participants highlighted the importance of formal research training and high-quality experiential learning through collaboration on other's projects, guided by effective mentorship. Also important was working within the systemensuring academic credit for a range of contributions, not only for the principal investigator role. The longitudinal notion of building on success was also underscored as a cross-cutting theme. Conclusions: Coordinated, deliberate actions to build community and ensure key training and practical experiences for new investigators may strengthen the research enterprise in pediatric critical care. These strategies, potentially in combination with other novel approaches, may vitalize clinical research in this field.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: Clinical research is a complex scientific and social enterprise. Our objective was to identify strategies that pediatric critical care trialists consider acceptable, feasible, and effective to improve the design and conduct randomized controlled trials in pediatric critical care. Design: Qualitative descriptive study using semistructured individual interviews. Subjects: We interviewed 26 pediatric critical care researchers from seven countries who have published a randomized controlled trial (2005-2015). We used purposive sampling to achieve diversity regarding researcher characteristics and randomized controlled trial characteristics. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Most participants (24 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace92{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]) were from high-income countries, eight (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had published more than one randomized controlled trial, 17 (65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had published a multicenter randomized controlled trial, and eight (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had published a multinational randomized controlled trial. An important theme was building communitiesgroups of individuals with similar interests, shared experiences, and common values, bound by professional and personal relationships. Participants described a sense of community as a source of motivation and encouragement and as a means to larger, more rigorous trials, increasing researcher and clinician engagement and maintaining enthusiasm. Strategies to build communities stressed in-person interactions (both professional and social), capable leadership, and trust. Another important theme was getting started. Participants highlighted the importance of formal research training and high-quality experiential learning through collaboration on other's projects, guided by effective mentorship. Also important was working within the systemensuring academic credit for a range of contributions, not only for the principal investigator role. The longitudinal notion of building on success was also underscored as a cross-cutting theme. Conclusions: Coordinated, deliberate actions to build community and ensure key training and practical experiences for new investigators may strengthen the research enterprise in pediatric critical care. These strategies, potentially in combination with other novel approaches, may vitalize clinical research in this field.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9891,6 +11481,37 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@techreport{Duflo2004,
+  title = {Intrahousehold {{Resource Allocation}} in {{Cote}} d'{{Ivoire}}: {{Social Norms}}, {{Separate Accounts}} and {{Consumption Choices}}},
+  shorttitle = {Intrahousehold {{Resource Allocation}} in {{Cote}} d'{{Ivoire}}},
+  author = {Duflo, Esther and Udry, Christopher},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = may,
+  number = {w10498},
+  pages = {w10498},
+  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
+  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
+  doi = {10.3386/w10498},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Duflo2012,
+  title = {Women {{Empowerment}} and {{Economic Development}}},
+  author = {Duflo, Esther},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {1051--1079},
+  issn = {0022-0515},
+  doi = {10.1257/jel.50.4.1051},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment{\textemdash}development nexus, and argues that the interrelationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women. (JEL I14, I24, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dumornay2022,
   title = {Improved Emotion Regulation Following a Trauma-Informed {{CBT-based}} Intervention Associates with Reduced Risk for Recidivism in Justice-Involved Emerging Adults},
   author = {Dumornay, Nathalie M. and Finegold, Katherine E. and Chablani, Anisha and Elkins, Lili and Krouch, Sotun and Baldwin, Molly and Youn, Soo Jeong and Marques, Luana and Ressler, Kerry J. and {Moreland-Capuia}, Alisha},
@@ -9900,7 +11521,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1664-0640},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951429},
-  abstract = {ObjectiveMale youth who have been involved in the juvenile legal system have disproportionate rates of trauma and violence exposure. Many justice-involved youth have untreated mental illness, with an estimated 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% of young men who are incarcerated meeting criteria for at least one mental health disorder, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. While Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approaches are considered among effective evidence-based treatments for addressing and treating behavioral and emotional difficulties, male youth with a history of incarceration and youth who are at risk for (re)incarceration, violence, emotion dysregulation, and trauma face significant barriers in accessing these services. MethodsRoca, Inc. (Roca), an internationally recognized organization moving the needle on urban violence by working relentlessly with young people at the center of violence in Massachusetts and Maryland, employs a trauma-informed CBT-based skills curriculum and approach in their intervention model, to improve youths' educational, employment, parenting, and life skills opportunities, while decreasing risk for recidivism, addressing trauma and increasing skills for emotion regulation. The aim of this analysis was to assess the effectiveness of Roca's trauma-informed CBT skills curriculum on youths' emotional and behavioral outcomes. We analyzed data from over 300 participating emerging adult men from four sites in Massachusetts and one site in Baltimore, Maryland who had at least three series of data collection across multiple skills-based sessions. ResultsWe found improvements in outcomes in overall mean scores related to decreased distress about employment and education, as are expected with standard intervention approaches for justice-involved youth. Participants who show improvement in emotion regulation across engagement (approximately half the cohort), were found to have significant improvements in distress related to relationship and family functioning and self-care, and decreased substance use, along with other outcomes compared to those participants with less improvement in emotion regulation. Furthermore, improvement in different aspects of emotion regulation were associated with improved relationships, life distress, substance use, and improved prosocial thinking. ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that adding mental health support and skills training, such as with trauma-informed CBT models, to programs for justice-involved youth may lead to significant improvements in functioning, quality of life, and mental health outcomes.},
+  abstract = {ObjectiveMale youth who have been involved in the juvenile legal system have disproportionate rates of trauma and violence exposure. Many justice-involved youth have untreated mental illness, with an estimated 66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of young men who are incarcerated meeting criteria for at least one mental health disorder, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. While Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approaches are considered among effective evidence-based treatments for addressing and treating behavioral and emotional difficulties, male youth with a history of incarceration and youth who are at risk for (re)incarceration, violence, emotion dysregulation, and trauma face significant barriers in accessing these services. MethodsRoca, Inc. (Roca), an internationally recognized organization moving the needle on urban violence by working relentlessly with young people at the center of violence in Massachusetts and Maryland, employs a trauma-informed CBT-based skills curriculum and approach in their intervention model, to improve youths' educational, employment, parenting, and life skills opportunities, while decreasing risk for recidivism, addressing trauma and increasing skills for emotion regulation. The aim of this analysis was to assess the effectiveness of Roca's trauma-informed CBT skills curriculum on youths' emotional and behavioral outcomes. We analyzed data from over 300 participating emerging adult men from four sites in Massachusetts and one site in Baltimore, Maryland who had at least three series of data collection across multiple skills-based sessions. ResultsWe found improvements in outcomes in overall mean scores related to decreased distress about employment and education, as are expected with standard intervention approaches for justice-involved youth. Participants who show improvement in emotion regulation across engagement (approximately half the cohort), were found to have significant improvements in distress related to relationship and family functioning and self-care, and decreased substance use, along with other outcomes compared to those participants with less improvement in emotion regulation. Furthermore, improvement in different aspects of emotion regulation were associated with improved relationships, life distress, substance use, and improved prosocial thinking. ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that adding mental health support and skills training, such as with trauma-informed CBT models, to programs for justice-involved youth may lead to significant improvements in functioning, quality of life, and mental health outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9919,6 +11540,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Dunbar2013,
+  title = {Children's {{Resources}} in {{Collective Households}}: {{Identification}}, {{Estimation}}, and an {{Application}} to {{Child Poverty}} in {{Malawi}}},
+  shorttitle = {Children's {{Resources}} in {{Collective Households}}},
+  author = {Dunbar, Geoffrey R and Lewbel, Arthur and Pendakur, Krishna},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {American Economic Review},
+  volume = {103},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {438--471},
+  issn = {0002-8282},
+  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.1.438},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The share of household resources devoted to children is hard to identify because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can be shared. Using semiparametric restrictions on individual preferences within a collective model, we identify how total household resources are divided up among household members by observing how each family member's expenditures on a single private good like clothing vary with income and family size. Using data from Malawi we show how resources devoted to wives and children vary by family size and structure, and we find that standard poverty indices understate the incidence of child poverty. (JEL I31, I32, J12, J13, O12, O15)},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Duncan2007,
   title = {Reducing Poverty through Preschool Interventions},
   author = {Duncan, Greg J. and Ludwig, Jens and Magnuson, Katherine A.},
@@ -9929,7 +11567,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {143--160},
   issn = {1054-8289},
   doi = {10.1353/foc.2007.0015},
-  abstract = {Greg Duncan, Jens Ludwig, and Katherine Magnuson explain how providing high-quality care to disadvantaged preschool children can help reduce poverty. In early childhood, they note, children's cognitive and socioemotional skills develop rapidly and are sensitive to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveinputs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace from parents, home learning environments, child care settings, and the health care system. The authors propose an intensive two-year, education-focused intervention for economically disadvantaged three- and four-year-olds. Classrooms would be staffed by college-trained teachers and have no more than six children per teacher. Instruction would be based on proven preschool academic and behavioral curricula and would be provided to children for three hours a day, with wraparound child care available to working parents. The authors estimate that the annual cost of the instructional portion of the program would be about \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8,000, with child care adding up to another \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4,000. The program would fully subsidize low-income children's participation; high-income parents would pay the full cost. The total cost of the proposal, net of current spending, would be \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20 billion a year. Researchers have estimated that a few very intensive early childhood programs have generated benefits of as much as \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar8 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar14 for every \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1 in cost. The authors think it unrealistic that a nationwide early education program could be equally socially profitable, but they estimate that their proposal would likely have benefits amounting to several times its cost. Some of the benefits would appear quickly in the form of less school retention and fewer special education classifications; others would show up later in the form of less crime and greater economic productivity. The authors estimate that their program would reduce the future poverty rates of participants by between 5 percent and 15 percent.},
+  abstract = {Greg Duncan, Jens Ludwig, and Katherine Magnuson explain how providing high-quality care to disadvantaged preschool children can help reduce poverty. In early childhood, they note, children's cognitive and socioemotional skills develop rapidly and are sensitive to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveinputs{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace from parents, home learning environments, child care settings, and the health care system. The authors propose an intensive two-year, education-focused intervention for economically disadvantaged three- and four-year-olds. Classrooms would be staffed by college-trained teachers and have no more than six children per teacher. Instruction would be based on proven preschool academic and behavioral curricula and would be provided to children for three hours a day, with wraparound child care available to working parents. The authors estimate that the annual cost of the instructional portion of the program would be about {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar8,000, with child care adding up to another {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar4,000. The program would fully subsidize low-income children's participation; high-income parents would pay the full cost. The total cost of the proposal, net of current spending, would be {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar20 billion a year. Researchers have estimated that a few very intensive early childhood programs have generated benefits of as much as {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar8 to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar14 for every {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1 in cost. The authors think it unrealistic that a nationwide early education program could be equally socially profitable, but they estimate that their proposal would likely have benefits amounting to several times its cost. Some of the benefits would appear quickly in the form of less school retention and fewer special education classifications; others would show up later in the form of less crime and greater economic productivity. The authors estimate that their program would reduce the future poverty rates of participants by between 5 percent and 15 percent.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -9947,6 +11585,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Dunckel-Graglia2013,
+  title = {`{{Pink}} Transportation' in {{Mexico City}}: Reclaiming Urban Space through Collective Action against Gender-Based Violence},
+  shorttitle = {`{{Pink}} Transportation' in {{Mexico City}}},
+  author = {{Dunckel-Graglia}, Amy},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Gender \& Development},
+  volume = {21},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {265--276},
+  issn = {1355-2074, 1364-9221},
+  doi = {10.1080/13552074.2013.802131},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dunn2017,
   title = {{{GENDER EQUITY AND ACCESS IN THE CARIBBEAN ICT SECTOR}}},
   author = {Dunn, Leith L. and Samuels, Ayanna T.},
@@ -9993,6 +11647,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Dunstan2013,
+  title = {Bearing the {{Brunt}}: {{Co-workers}}' {{Experiences}} of {{Work Reintegration Processes}}},
+  shorttitle = {Bearing the {{Brunt}}},
+  author = {Dunstan, Debra A. and MacEachen, Ellen},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {23},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {44--54},
+  issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10926-012-9380-2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dunstan2016,
   title = {Workplace Managers' View of the Role of Co-Workers in Return-to-Work},
   author = {Dunstan, Debra A. and MacEachen, Ellen},
@@ -10036,6 +11706,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Dustmann2012,
+  title = {Expansions in {{Maternity Leave Coverage}} and {{Children}}'s {{Long-Term Outcomes}}},
+  author = {Dustmann, Christian and Sch{\"o}nberg, Uta},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {190--224},
+  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
+  doi = {10.1257/app.4.3.190},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of three major expansions in maternity leave coverage in Germany on children's long-run outcomes. To identify the causal impact of the reforms, we use a difference-indifference design that compares outcomes of children born shortly before and shortly after a change in maternity leave legislation in years of policy changes, and in years when no changes have taken place. We find no support for the hypothesis that the expansions in leave coverage improved children's outcomes, despite a strong impact on mothers' return to work behavior after childbirth. (JEL J13, J16, J22, J32)},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Dutta2020,
   title = {The {{Impact}} of {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Tertiary Education}} in {{Bangladesh}}: {{Students}}' {{Perspectives}}},
   shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Tertiary Education}} in {{Bangladesh}}},
@@ -10076,7 +11762,24 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {227--231},
   issn = {1440-2440},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.017},
-  abstract = {Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide a profile of the demographics and employment characteristics of the Australian high performance and sport science workforce. Design: This study used a cross-sectional, quantitative survey methodology to collect data about the Australian high performance and sport science workforce. Method: 175 Australian high performance and sport science employees completed an online survey which captured demographic information and work-related characteristics such as role, industry sector, income, permanence of employment and hours worked. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise information and some comparisons were made between position titles, industry sectors and sexes. Results: The Australian high performance and sport science workforce is predominantly male (76.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), {$<$}= 35 years of age (50.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), located on the eastern seaboard of Australia (69\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and have been in their current position for 2-5 years (37.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%). They are mostly employed on a fixed term contract of 2.4 years, by an institute of sport. Income varied, with those working in professional sporting clubs and/or employed as high performance managers earning the highest wage. On average, participants worked well over their contracted hours, with a considerable proportion of these hours outside the standard 9-5 working week. Conclusions: Employees in the high performance and sport science workforce in Australia face significant professional issues that relate to long and unusual work hours, job insecurity and income disparity. Policy makers and the managers of this workforce should consider the impact of these issues on work-life balance, staff retention rates and the risk of burnout. (C) 2018 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide a profile of the demographics and employment characteristics of the Australian high performance and sport science workforce. Design: This study used a cross-sectional, quantitative survey methodology to collect data about the Australian high performance and sport science workforce. Method: 175 Australian high performance and sport science employees completed an online survey which captured demographic information and work-related characteristics such as role, industry sector, income, permanence of employment and hours worked. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise information and some comparisons were made between position titles, industry sectors and sexes. Results: The Australian high performance and sport science workforce is predominantly male (76.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), {$<$}= 35 years of age (50.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), located on the eastern seaboard of Australia (69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and have been in their current position for 2-5 years (37.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). They are mostly employed on a fixed term contract of 2.4 years, by an institute of sport. Income varied, with those working in professional sporting clubs and/or employed as high performance managers earning the highest wage. On average, participants worked well over their contracted hours, with a considerable proportion of these hours outside the standard 9-5 working week. Conclusions: Employees in the high performance and sport science workforce in Australia face significant professional issues that relate to long and unusual work hours, job insecurity and income disparity. Policy makers and the managers of this workforce should consider the impact of these issues on work-life balance, staff retention rates and the risk of burnout. (C) 2018 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Dyck2000,
+  title = {Women with {{Multiple Sclerosis}} and {{Employment Issues}}: {{A Focus}} on {{Social}} and {{Institutional Environments}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women with {{Multiple Sclerosis}} and {{Employment Issues}}},
+  author = {Dyck, Isabel and Jongbloed, Lyn},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy},
+  volume = {67},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {337--346},
+  issn = {0008-4174, 1911-9828},
+  doi = {10.1177/000841740006700506},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This paper examines employment issues for women diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their workplace experiences, focusing analysis on the social and institutional dimensions of the environment. The analysis draws on data from a mixed method study using in-depth interviews and a survey. The findings indicate that although severity of symptoms affect employment status, non-medical factors, including modification of work conditions and understanding employers, and a supportive home environment with the possibility of delegating household tasks, can enhance women's ability to work. The specific focus in the paper on the experiences of women managing their disability in the workplace, from the qualitative phase of the study, acts as an analytic device to illustrate how context influences the way in which such factors play out. In highlighting the issue of disclosure of diagnosis, and associated identity and income concerns for women, the paper demonstrates the importance of the social and institutional dimensions of environment in shaping occupational performance. The findings suggest that inclusion of environmental analysis in clinical practice broadens the range of intervention strategies to be considered and raises the issue of occupational therapists' role in advocacy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10091,7 +11794,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {2431--2436},
   issn = {0268-1161},
   doi = {10.1093/humrep/dex315},
-  abstract = {STUDY QUESTION: How do households recover financially from direct out-of-pocket payment for government subsidized ART? SUMMARY ANSWER: After a mean of 3.8 years, there was poor recovery from initiated financial coping strategies with the poorest households being disproportionatley affected. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Out-of-pocket payment for health services can create financial burdens for households and inequities in access to care. A previous study conducted at a public-academic institution in South Africa documented that patient co-payment for one cycle of ART resulted in catastrophic expenditure for one in five households, and more frequently among the poorest, requiring diverse financial coping strategies to offset costs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: An observational follow-up study was conducted similar to 4 years later to assess financial recovery among the 135 couples who had participated in this previous study. Data were collected over 12 months from 73 informants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD: The study was conducted at a level three referral hospital in the publicacademic health sector of South Africa. At this institution ART is subsidized but requires patient co-payments. A purpose-built questionnaire capturing socio-economic information and recovery from financial coping strategies which had been activated was administered to all informants. Financial recovery was defined as the resolution of strategies initiated for the specific purpose of covering the original ART cycle. Results were analysed by strategy and household with the latter including analysis by tertiles based on socio-economic status at the time of the original expenditure. In addition to descriptive statistics, the Pearson Chi squared test was used to determine differences between socioeconomic tertiles and associations between recovery and other variables. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The participation rate in this follow-up study was 54.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% with equal representation from the three socio-economic tertiles. The average duration of follow-up was 46.1 months (+/- 9.78 SD) and respondents' mean age was 42 years (range 31-52). The recovery rate was below 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% for four of five strategies evaluated: 23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households had re-purchased a sold asset; 23.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% had normalized a previous reduction in household spending, 33.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had regained their savings, and 48.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% were no longer bolstering income through additional work. Two-thirds of households (60.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had repaid all loans and debts. The poorest households showed lower rates of recovery when compared to households in the richest tertile. Complete recovery from all strategies initiated was reported by only 10 households (13.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%): 1 of 19 in the lowest tertile, 3 of 30 in the middle and by 6 of 24 households in the richest tertile (P {$>$} 0.05). No association was found between the degree of financial recovery and additional cost burdens incurred, including related to babies born; or between the degree of recovery and ongoing pursuit of ART. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The sample size was limited. The participation rate was just over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Results were dependent on participants' narrative and recall. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The willingness of patients to pay for ART does not necessarily imply the ability to pay. As a result, the lack of comprehensive third-party funding for ART can create immediate and long-term financial hardship which is more pronounced among poorer households. While more data on the impact of out-of-pocket payment for ART are needed to illustrate the problem in other low resource settings, the results from South Africa provide useful information for similar developing countries. The current absence of more extensive data should therefore not be a barrier to the promotion of financial risk protection for infertile couples, especially the poorest, in need of ART.},
+  abstract = {STUDY QUESTION: How do households recover financially from direct out-of-pocket payment for government subsidized ART? SUMMARY ANSWER: After a mean of 3.8 years, there was poor recovery from initiated financial coping strategies with the poorest households being disproportionatley affected. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Out-of-pocket payment for health services can create financial burdens for households and inequities in access to care. A previous study conducted at a public-academic institution in South Africa documented that patient co-payment for one cycle of ART resulted in catastrophic expenditure for one in five households, and more frequently among the poorest, requiring diverse financial coping strategies to offset costs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: An observational follow-up study was conducted similar to 4 years later to assess financial recovery among the 135 couples who had participated in this previous study. Data were collected over 12 months from 73 informants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD: The study was conducted at a level three referral hospital in the publicacademic health sector of South Africa. At this institution ART is subsidized but requires patient co-payments. A purpose-built questionnaire capturing socio-economic information and recovery from financial coping strategies which had been activated was administered to all informants. Financial recovery was defined as the resolution of strategies initiated for the specific purpose of covering the original ART cycle. Results were analysed by strategy and household with the latter including analysis by tertiles based on socio-economic status at the time of the original expenditure. In addition to descriptive statistics, the Pearson Chi squared test was used to determine differences between socioeconomic tertiles and associations between recovery and other variables. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The participation rate in this follow-up study was 54.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with equal representation from the three socio-economic tertiles. The average duration of follow-up was 46.1 months (+/- 9.78 SD) and respondents' mean age was 42 years (range 31-52). The recovery rate was below 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for four of five strategies evaluated: 23.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of households had re-purchased a sold asset; 23.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had normalized a previous reduction in household spending, 33.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had regained their savings, and 48.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were no longer bolstering income through additional work. Two-thirds of households (60.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had repaid all loans and debts. The poorest households showed lower rates of recovery when compared to households in the richest tertile. Complete recovery from all strategies initiated was reported by only 10 households (13.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%): 1 of 19 in the lowest tertile, 3 of 30 in the middle and by 6 of 24 households in the richest tertile (P {$>$} 0.05). No association was found between the degree of financial recovery and additional cost burdens incurred, including related to babies born; or between the degree of recovery and ongoing pursuit of ART. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The sample size was limited. The participation rate was just over 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Results were dependent on participants' narrative and recall. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The willingness of patients to pay for ART does not necessarily imply the ability to pay. As a result, the lack of comprehensive third-party funding for ART can create immediate and long-term financial hardship which is more pronounced among poorer households. While more data on the impact of out-of-pocket payment for ART are needed to illustrate the problem in other low resource settings, the results from South Africa provide useful information for similar developing countries. The current absence of more extensive data should therefore not be a barrier to the promotion of financial risk protection for infertile couples, especially the poorest, in need of ART.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10130,7 +11833,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12905-022-01893-w},
-  abstract = {Background Compared with wage and salary work, self-employment has been linked to more favorable cardiovascular health outcomes within the general population. Women comprise a significant proportion of the self-employed workforce and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Self-employed women represent a unique population in that their cardiovascular health outcomes may be related to gender-specific advantages of non-traditional employment. To date, no studies have comprehensively explored the association between self-employment and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among women. Methods We conducted a weighted cross-sectional analysis using data from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our study sample consisted of 4624 working women (employed for wages and self-employed) enrolled in the 2016 HRS cohort. Multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between self-employment and several self-reported physical and mental health risk factors for cardiovascular disease, controlling for healthcare access. Results Among working women, self-employment was associated with a 34\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting obesity, a 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting hypertension, a 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting diabetes, and a 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in the odds of reporting participation in at least twice-weekly physical activity (p {$<$} 0.05). BMI for self-employed women was on average 1.79 units lower than it was for women working for wages (p {$<$} 0.01). Conclusions Employment structure may have important implications for cardiovascular health among women, and future studies should explore the causal relationship between self-employment and cardiovascular health outcomes in this population. Trial Registration: Not applicable.},
+  abstract = {Background Compared with wage and salary work, self-employment has been linked to more favorable cardiovascular health outcomes within the general population. Women comprise a significant proportion of the self-employed workforce and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Self-employed women represent a unique population in that their cardiovascular health outcomes may be related to gender-specific advantages of non-traditional employment. To date, no studies have comprehensively explored the association between self-employment and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among women. Methods We conducted a weighted cross-sectional analysis using data from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our study sample consisted of 4624 working women (employed for wages and self-employed) enrolled in the 2016 HRS cohort. Multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between self-employment and several self-reported physical and mental health risk factors for cardiovascular disease, controlling for healthcare access. Results Among working women, self-employment was associated with a 34{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting obesity, a 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting hypertension, a 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of reporting diabetes, and a 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increase in the odds of reporting participation in at least twice-weekly physical activity (p {$<$} 0.05). BMI for self-employed women was on average 1.79 units lower than it was for women working for wages (p {$<$} 0.01). Conclusions Employment structure may have important implications for cardiovascular health among women, and future studies should explore the causal relationship between self-employment and cardiovascular health outcomes in this population. Trial Registration: Not applicable.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10188,7 +11891,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {416--423},
   issn = {1062-6050},
   doi = {10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.01},
-  abstract = {Context: Life-work balance may be one reason for retention concerns among athletic trainers (ATs), yet evidence does not exist to support the supposition. Objective: To assess the perceptions of ATs regarding life-work balance, specifically on parenting issues. Design: Survey. Setting: Online survey at www.surveymonkey.com. Patients or Other Participants: A random sample of National Athletic Trainers' Association members (N = 9516) received the survey; 20.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 1962; male 954, female 816; age = 37 +/- 10 years, experience = 13 +/- 9 years) completed any portion of the survey. Most respondents worked in the college/university (34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 657 of 1908) and secondary school settings (25.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 476 of 1908). A majority of participants (50.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 898 of 1770) were parents. Intervention(s): We calculated frequencies and percentages and used Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests to identify the differences between sexes and among job settings on life-work balance measures among parents. Main Outcome Measures: The questionnaire included 8 life-work balance items, 7 parenting challenge items, and 3 nonparent items. Results: The results indicate that sex and setting significantly affected perceptions about parenting. Males articulated a stronger sense of difficulty in finding balance as a working parent (P {$<$} .001; 1.95 +/- 1.98). Females felt more strongly than males that managing work and family was stressful (P = .04; 3.86 +/- 1.13) and caused burnout (P = .004; 3.50 +/- 1.24), and that their energy tended to fall short of their needs (P {$<$} .001; 3.74 +/- 1.15). The decision not to have children was strongly affected by the work setting (P = .014; 3.37 +/- 1.42). Both college/university (4.14 +/- 0.85) and secondary school (4.03 +/- 0.90) ATs would prefer to spend more time at home, as compared with ATs in other settings (P {$<$} .001). College/university ATs (P = .025; 3.17 +/- 1.23) felt most strongly that their families were neglected because of work. In none of the settings did ATs feel that their employment settings were particularly tolerant of their parenting responsibilities (P = .027; 1.72 +/- 1.97). Conclusions: Male and female employees had similar perceptions of life-work balance, but occupational setting may affect these perceptions.},
+  abstract = {Context: Life-work balance may be one reason for retention concerns among athletic trainers (ATs), yet evidence does not exist to support the supposition. Objective: To assess the perceptions of ATs regarding life-work balance, specifically on parenting issues. Design: Survey. Setting: Online survey at www.surveymonkey.com. Patients or Other Participants: A random sample of National Athletic Trainers' Association members (N = 9516) received the survey; 20.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 1962; male 954, female 816; age = 37 +/- 10 years, experience = 13 +/- 9 years) completed any portion of the survey. Most respondents worked in the college/university (34.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 657 of 1908) and secondary school settings (25.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 476 of 1908). A majority of participants (50.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 898 of 1770) were parents. Intervention(s): We calculated frequencies and percentages and used Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests to identify the differences between sexes and among job settings on life-work balance measures among parents. Main Outcome Measures: The questionnaire included 8 life-work balance items, 7 parenting challenge items, and 3 nonparent items. Results: The results indicate that sex and setting significantly affected perceptions about parenting. Males articulated a stronger sense of difficulty in finding balance as a working parent (P {$<$} .001; 1.95 +/- 1.98). Females felt more strongly than males that managing work and family was stressful (P = .04; 3.86 +/- 1.13) and caused burnout (P = .004; 3.50 +/- 1.24), and that their energy tended to fall short of their needs (P {$<$} .001; 3.74 +/- 1.15). The decision not to have children was strongly affected by the work setting (P = .014; 3.37 +/- 1.42). Both college/university (4.14 +/- 0.85) and secondary school (4.03 +/- 0.90) ATs would prefer to spend more time at home, as compared with ATs in other settings (P {$<$} .001). College/university ATs (P = .025; 3.17 +/- 1.23) felt most strongly that their families were neglected because of work. In none of the settings did ATs feel that their employment settings were particularly tolerant of their parenting responsibilities (P = .027; 1.72 +/- 1.97). Conclusions: Male and female employees had similar perceptions of life-work balance, but occupational setting may affect these perceptions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10232,7 +11935,37 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {562--568},
   issn = {0269-9702},
   doi = {10.1111/bioe.12538},
-  abstract = {When the sick, injured, or dying arrive in a hospital - often along with family members - they find themselves on an alien landscape. Elderly people enter unfamiliar territory as they move from home or hospital into a long-term care setting, which may be the first in a series of placements for their final years. African Americans have been subjected for decades to oppressive urban planning policies, including \textbackslash textasciigraveserial displacement', which have systematically uprooted and dispersed them, their homes, and their places of business and worship. Around the world currently, 65 million people are displaced, most trying to escape uninhabitable environs involving war, persecution, drought, and famine. Some of these migrants and asylum-seekers reside in and around refugee camps but many are in urban enclaves or isolated outside them in desperately inhospitable conditions. Some are trying to integrate and make homes in new countries. Still more people are coming in perilous flight from the unfurling effects of climate change. \textbackslash textasciigraveWe are place-lings,' according to Ed Casey, \textbackslash textasciigravenever without emplaced experiences'. Lorraine Code, explaining our social and geographical embeddedness and interdependence, describes us as \textbackslash textasciigraveecological subjects'. By recognizing place, we can deepen our appreciation for the ways in which we are radically relational, that is, interdependent with people, non-human others, and particular locations. This robust and realistic conception of our relational nature and its implications for health and ethics deserves more attention. Elsewhere I have argued for \textbackslash textasciigraveethical place-making' as morally obligatory for supporting the capability to be healthy, or health justice, for ecological subjects. Drawing on this conception of persons as creatures situated in specific social relations, geographic locations, and atmospheric and material environments, here I emphasize the importance of place and argue for an ideal and practice of \textbackslash textasciigraveethical place-making' as an essential and, indeed, ethically required way of demonstrating and forging future solidarity and advancing justice, particularly health justice. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, I explain what I mean by place and examine the relationships, revealed by contemporary research in social epidemiology, between place and health. In Section 3, I build on the conception of persons as ecological subjects to ground what Carol Gould has called \textbackslash textasciigravesolidaristic recognition', which, as I will interpret it, requires us to reckon with the significance of place in our relational nature. I then link solidaristic recognition to the ideal and practice of ethical place-making and, in turn, the capability to be healthy, that is, health justice. I argue that place-based interventions should be principal and prioritized ways of showing solidarity and promoting justice - especially health justice - for ecological subjects, above all those who are displaced and/or insecurely placed. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, ethical place-making has the potential to catalyze and nurture them and, over time, to advance justice. A full discussion of the complex and contested relationship between solidarity and global justice is beyond the scope of what I can expound on here; I follow - and present concrete manifestations of - the views of Iris Marion Young and Carol Gould in seeing solidarity as having, as Gould puts it, a crucial \textbackslash textasciigraverole not only in motivating people's commitment to the realization of global justice but \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracealso] contribut\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceing] to its construction or constitution.' In Section 4, I present examples of ethical place-making inspired by solidaristic recognition in a range of domains significant for bioethics - clinical and long-term care and urban planning in the United States and Netherlands, and refugee care and resettlement in Lebanon and Germany. In the cases presented, I describe how the particular elements of ethical place-making, emerging from solidaristic recognition, are realized, and so support the conditions for the capability to healthy, or health justice. Following this discussion, I move on to the conclusion. Place \textbackslash textasciigraveis no fixed thing'. The accounts of geographers, philosophers, and some architects emphasize our embodied experience in or around place(s), place's significance for the development of our subjectivity and identity, and, finally, the complex social processes that help to create, maintain, and transform places (and, in turn, bodies and subjectivities). The understanding I follow here defines \textbackslash textasciigraveplace' in terms of the material environment, and how we, as embodied beings, move in, absorb, shape and are shaped by it, and how we, as social agents, interact with and within it, gather and attach particular meanings, and forge relationships and identities. A growing body of research in social epidemiology using realist methods explains in increasingly rich, if grim, detail the ways in which social conditions and features of the external environment, including place-related factors, affect health and longevity, and contribute to preventable health inequities. We are talking about components of the built environment, like land use, housing design, materials and quality, street layout and transportation, exposure to toxins, and violence, access to food and activity options; and urban design or decline. Air and water quality, and access to green space are other place-related factors. We should also include climate and the potential in specific locations for climate-related disasters in our scope of concern. So-called \textbackslash textasciigravedeterminants' such as these operate independently and interactively at various levels and in different contexts to generate harms to health and health inequities. On terrain more typical for bioethics, clinical and other care settings, as currently configured, are notoriously disorienting, anxiety-inducing, and in some ways dangerous for physical, psychological, and existential health. Researchers have detailed a range of effects of institutional design, including the effects of noise and light on recovery times, and the ways architecture can shape interactions and experiences. Long-term care settings are infamous for poor conditions. A lack of light, private space, and access to the outdoors, for example, and isolation from broader social surroundings, adversely affect the health of elderly people. People fleeing war, persecution, and famine endure desperate conditions that threaten health. Many reside in camps (in the form of transit camps and official refugee camps, detention centers, etc. ) while others dwell in slums or other settlements - primarily in urban areas - segregated from the majority population. These people suffer from a range of complex physical and mental health conditions. Before or during transit and in camps and other settings, they face food insecurity, risk of communicable disease, fear, violence, loss, and other experiences. If there is access to health services it is often restricted to acute medical care, and not equipped to adequately address chronic or mental health conditions or the social determinants of health needs. Migrants and asylum-seeking people thus lack crucial capabilities to be healthy. It is not that a relationship between place and health is a modern epiphany. Hippocrates' Airs, waters, and places, the epidemiological work of Louis-Rene Villerme and Rudolph Virchow in the 19th century, and the histories of public health and urban planning, all recognized the importance of environmental conditions. The asylums for the mentally ill in the late 19th century reveal an attention, if not yet evidence-based, for place in care and healing. Inspired by the Moral Treatment movement, New Enlightenment intellectuals, and health advocates like Dorthea Dix, Thomas Kirkbride established professional guidelines on institutional layout and room design for patients. Realist methods in social epidemiology, more recently, have deepened our appreciation and understanding of the processes at work on our corporeal nature, and our entanglement with the world around us. We are situated socially, materially, and geographically, and vulnerable as creatures who need care and who also need to \textbackslash textasciigravefit' with the places in which we dwell and through which we navigate. We are, in short, ecological subjects, beings for whom social interdependence and geographic locatedness are vital. As I will argue below, health justice, or the capability to be healthy, therefore demands thoughtful attention to place and the conditions that create and sustain places. In the next section, I explain the relationship between recognizing people as ecological subjects and the ideal and practice of solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it, refers to reaching out through engaging our moral imaginations across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to recognize and assist others who are vulnerable, in some cases, acutely, and, over time, advance justice. As a practice, solidarity involves two core \textbackslash textasciigraveenacted commitments'. The first commitment is to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need, or what I will describe below as solidaristic recognition. The second commitment is to responsive action. This hybrid definition draws upon the inspirational work of Iris Marion Young, Carol Gould, Fuyuki Kurasawa, and Prainsack and Buyx, all of whom build upon a long and rich history of interpretations of solidarity. Recognizing the suffering of the displaced and others who are \textbackslash textasciigraveimplaced' in conditions unable to sustain them follows from the most minimal appreciation of people as ecological subjects, relational creatures who are densely enmeshed in social relations as well as spatial locations. While my analysis differs substantially, to describe this here I use Carol Gould's term, \textbackslash textasciigravesolidaristic recognition'. Gould distinguishes between what she calls \textbackslash textasciigraverigorous recognition' and \textbackslash textasciigravegenerous recognition'. Rigorous recognition appreciates the equality of all people through an essentially cognitive process involving an acknowledgment of our fellow humanity. The generous genre, which she recasts as \textbackslash textasciigravesolidaristic recognition', involves empathy, or an affective link with others, and focuses on our \textbackslash textasciigravemutual interdependence and common needs'. Solidaristic recognition conceives of others as \textbackslash textasciigraveequal in their difference', that is, their distinctive social group membership and individual particularity. On my own interpretation, solidaristic recognition has two varieties, neither of which relies on empathy: basic and relational, responsible recognition. If we conceive of people in ecological terms, basic recognition (similar to Gould's \textbackslash textasciigraverigorous recognition') might be expanded beyond its appreciation of everyone's equal moral worth to take account of the significance of place for the equitable flourishing of all ecological subjects. This most basic form of recognition acknowledges that we are equal in part because we all share a need to be \textbackslash textasciigravein place' in settings that can sustain us and support our capacities. A second, more ethically responsible, form of recognition I will call relational solidaristic recognition emerges from reckoning more thoroughly with our radically relational nature as ecological subjects. This reckoning demands that we conceive of ourselves and others as embedded but also that we understand that we are constitutive of one another and our environs. Geographers have described this in terms of the intersubjectivity of identity and place. In her philosophical account of ecological subjectivity, Lorraine Code underscores the idea that we are \textbackslash textasciigravemade by and making \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceour] relations in \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceasymmetrical] reciprocity with other subjects and with horizontal ellipsis multiple, diverse locations'. Seeing not just identities, but also, critically, place in relational terms, highlights \textbackslash textasciigravethe variety of interactions between people who are located differently that go into making places'. As Iris Young puts it, we \textbackslash textasciigravedwell together' in \textbackslash textasciigravecomplex, causal' relations of interdependence and in specific atmospheric and material conditions on earth in geographic regions and neighborhoods, in homes, and institutions of care and employment. We ecological subjects, then, contribute to the construction of place - often unintentionally - through actions and interactions within a larger context of social structures and processes. These structures and processes serve to enable some people in the realization of their capacities, yet constrain others, creating and/or sustaining structural injustice. This is evidenced, for example, in urban planning policies that spawn residential segregation or global economic and trade policies that compel health care workers to migrate and deepen health inequities in source countries. While basic solidaristic recognition can allow for or has the potential to generate ethical place-making, relational recognition understands the ways that our own subjectivities, identities, and places of dwelling as ecological subjects are formed in relation to other identities in other places and, crucially, that this generates responsibilities for justice. It is in this sense that relational solidaristic recognition is a more responsible form: it appreciates better-situated ecological subjects' contributions to the injustice suffered by the displaced or precariously placed, and aspires to respond and work toward promoting justice. Responsiveness , an important epistemic and, in turn, ethical capacity, is a crucial element for enactments of solidarity in the view I want to develop. Both Joan Tronto and Elise Springer assign \textbackslash textasciigraveresponsiveness' a prominent place in their work. Springer situates \textbackslash textasciigraveresponsiveness' within virtue ethics. On her view, it involves a kind of adaptability, particularly in unfamiliar moral terrain, or in the face of concerns that \textbackslash textasciigraveresist clear representation'. Springer posits responsiveness as also involving a commitment to \textbackslash textasciigraveextend a temporally continuous thread of attention' or giving one's moral attention over time, not episodically or reactively. Tronto identifies responsiveness as one of four ethical elements of care, casting it as a moral capacity that involves vigilance \textbackslash textasciigraveto the possibilities for abuse that arise with vulnerability'. I would add another element as integral to responsiveness, drawn specifically from ecological epistemology: an ability to show finely tuned sensitivity to context, that is, the particularity of people and circumstance, and give attention and action that is fitting. Solidarity, enacted, should emerge from a disposition committed to responsiveness understood in terms of these capacities, if it is to meet the mark. In the next section I turn to responsive action that arises from solidaristic recognition, in particular, efforts at place-making for the displaced. Innovation, inspired by ecological thinking and increasingly evidence-based, is underway. \textbackslash textasciigravePlace-making' is a set of intentional practices spanning different disciplines that targets neighborhoods, parks and paths, features of landscape, housing developments, streetscapes, long-term care facilities, and hospitals. With and without attention to health, it is either referenced explicitly or somehow central to key international documents and declarations including the Sustainable Development Goals and UN Habitat's New Urban Agenda. It is on the agendas of the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), even the World Bank, some think tanks and foundations, and a major US corporation. Public health leaders point to place-based interventions as \textbackslash textasciigravethe new frontier'. In other work I have interpreted ethical place-making, a notion that first surfaced in the geography literature, as a core component of an enabling, capabilities-oriented conception of justice. Grounded in ecological thinking and an ecological conception of persons, ethical place-making understands all people as embedded socially and spatially, and often enmeshed in relationships of structural injustice that threaten health. Key elements of ethical place-making include: nurturing relations of care and interdependence; protecting bodily integrity; supporting autonomy, not interpreted in terms of individual self-reliance, but in the relational sense that sees us as originating, persisting, and flourishing within relations of care and interdependence, given ongoing opportunities for self-directed thought and action; promoting stability and a sense of rootedness and, at the same time, supporting generative movement; and finally, where necessary, responding to inequities. Below I offer selected examples of place-making drawn from a range of domains pertinent to bioethics. After describing them, I explain why they count as instances of ethical place-making inspired by (and potentially generating more) solidaristic recognition and how they stand to promote - especially health - justice and in some cases address health inequities. I start at the level of community and public health with an urban planning example, and from there, turn to a clinical and then a long-term care setting. These three case studies come from the global north. The final examples explore (mostly health-centered) place-making efforts in refugee reception and resettlement, sketching innovations in Germany and also Lebanon, a country that borders the war in Syria and ranks fourth worldwide as a host to refugees. Further research will yield additional instances of solidarity and place-making, particularly for health, in other parts of the world. In \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracea] system of the city as weaving, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracecreating] crosswise threads enables solidarity, and fundamental to solidarity is the free system of movement horizontal ellipsis \textbackslash textasciigraveIntentional shrinkage', \textbackslash textasciigravesorting', and \textbackslash textasciigraveserial displacement' are terms given to the urban land use and \textbackslash textasciigravedevelopment' policies that systematically shredded the social and material fabric in and around African American neighborhoods in New York City. Public health researchers have linked these policies and the consequent displacement of families, businesses, churches and more, to the AIDS epidemic, addiction, asthma, post-traumatic stress, and obesity. Working together, citizens, planners, and researchers responded with the Giraffe Path (GP), a 6-mile trail from Central Park to the Cloisters. The walking and biking path is a project emerging explicitly from the kind of solidarity described above: the recognition of the city and its people as ecologically embedded, with enduring health inequities as a result of displacements, and responsive action in the form of (re)creating place with and for ecological subjects. The GP is based on a conception of the city and its neighborhoods and residents as interdependent - and is designed to restore connections between formerly fractured communities around and across the Harlem River and, at the same time, to support outdoor physical activity. The closure of the bridge, that had long linked neighbors, as a \textbackslash textasciigravecrime-prevention' measure for gentrifying neighborhoods, severed (in a pattern repeated in cities everywhere) relationships between people according to categories of class and race. By (re)connecting places and people and mending - as its designers say, \textbackslash textasciigraveweaving', \textbackslash textasciigravere-stitching' - the GP helps restore these and cultivate new relations. At the same time, as part of the City Life Is Moving Bodies (CLIMB) Project, the GP's creation of flow and unimpeded movement is being celebrated as \textbackslash textasciigravea victory for the city's entire circulatory system'. The attention paid to (solidaristic recognition of) the importance of place for health and most significantly, health inequities, in this instance of ethical place-making is an exception and not the norm. Urban renewal policies and planning tend to prioritize physical, economic, and social issues, yet few focus explicitly on health or show concern for health equity. Another essential dimension for future solidarity is the potential for political engagement generated by the GP. As Iris Young argues (and the inset quote implies), segregation obscures from the affluent an appreciation of their privilege, and, by limiting interaction, constrains political communication. This erodes the potential for solidarity and perpetuates social injustice. The GP designers aspire to promote solidaristic recognition through facilitating new interactions, forging new relations, and evolving as ecological subjects. We must pay attention to the lived spatial significance of patients' experience of health and illness if we are going to treat them fully and well. Doing so is one step of paying attention to a person horizontal ellipsis The terrain and overall ambience of the clinical setting is famously hostile to non-medical people, notably the ones it exists to serve. Place-centered innovation in hospitals and other centers of care is a growing niche, recognizing the harms done to ecological subjects - here patients and their families - in the \textbackslash textasciigravecare' of institutions built as medical assembly lines organized around time until discharge or demise. One neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the Royal United Hospital in Bath, U.K., recognizes the importance of place for the health and well-being of vulnerable ecological subjects and puts into practice a concept known as \textbackslash textasciigravesecure base', which wraps around patients and families \textbackslash textasciigravelike a hug'. The unit's design also demonstrates solidarity with them in recognizing the effects of typical clinical settings and, in contrast, boasts lots of natural light, greatly reduced noise, private nooks, and a horseshoe-shape design that reflects the progression a newborn will take from intensive care to a neonatal room. In this case of ethical place-making, innovators aim to create a habitat that nurtures overlapping relations of care wherein babies sleep longer, and parents are perhaps a little less distressed, and more able to participate in care and interact with clinical care providers. As noted above, the structure of this temporary dwelling enables families to better understand, through their embodied experience, the clinical pathway the infants will follow until discharge, which in turn likely gives a boost to their sense of agency and empowerment and helps to level the playing field with clinicians. Designed by a long-term care nurse in response to her observations and experience of existing institutions, Hogeway Village accommodates elderly people with dementia in a setting meant to resemble a real European neighborhood. It has a market, cafe, salon, theater, sidewalks, and ample green space. Different models, tailored to appeal to specific social and cultural groups, are available. Staff engage with residents without clinical garb and simultaneously provide skilled care. Family members are integrally involved in care plans. Hogeway is built to protect yet not restrict, allowing residents a wide range of movement and access to the outdoors. The availability of palliative care ensures that residents do not have to relocate at the end of life, which allows for continuity of care and relationships. Another benefit is that family members need not navigate new terrains, or settings, of care or transportation as elders' needs evolve. Emerging research on long-term care settings designed more like homes and communities suggests that residents are more socially engaged and active, and experience better overall \textbackslash textasciigravewell-being'. Preliminary evidence also suggests that integrating families in care can improve relations with care workers, as well as resident care and health. European cities and regions have demonstrated their horizontal ellipsis willingness to express solidarity with horizontal ellipsis the world's refugees via participation in resettlement. Solidarity is at the moral center of humanitarian action, and place-making by other names has long been integral to humanitarian operations. From an emphasis on emergency and temporary assistance, humanitarians have expanded the scope and practice of \textbackslash textasciigravesolidarity' given the nature of current conflicts and the creation of dependencies that may lead to more sustained commitments. Their work now increasingly overlaps with development efforts to bolster host countries' capacities to receive, resettle, and integrate asylum-seekers and other migrants for the long term. Solidarity, indeed, is the basis of commitments to refugee resettlement in international humanitarian law. In 2004, the Mexico Plan of Action to Strengthen International Protection of Refugees in Latin America (MPA), which encompassed regional responsibility sharing, the expansion of resettlement space, reception capacity, and long-term integration, highlighted solidarity as a guiding principle for support of refugees from Columbia and their host countries. Northern Europe has been the preferred destination for refugees from Syria and other places where war has driven people from their homes. Germany, especially its cities, hosts more recent asylum-seekers than any other EU nation. Urban areas have absorbed two-thirds of the world's refugees and now face the work of integration. The region offers myriad examples of efforts in ethical place-making spawned by solidaristic recognition. In both Hamburg and Berlin, organizing around place has been a key strategy in welcoming and helping to integrate new arrivals. In Berlin, city planners have employed a strategy of creating container villages to help refugees feel secure and foster a sense of embeddedness-in-community. While formalized, state-administered efforts have unfolded, citizen volunteers have designed innovative responses to link refugees with needed services, helping to integrate them and provide a sense of place. The coordinated state and civil society effort, in particular, is an inspiring example of politically and socially constructed solidarity, supported and advanced by what Christine Straehle calls a \textbackslash textasciigravecosmopolitan avant-garde' of citizens. Hamburg is also innovative in linking services across sectors like food, shelter, education, work skills, and legal advice, appreciating the importance of integrating services for those who have endured profound dispersion and fragmentation. The city addressed housing needs by redesigning existing buildings and engaged local communities in deciding on locations in order to help ensure a welcoming, safe environment and avoid the possibility of local neighborhood resistance. The countries, such as Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey that serve as the principal hosts to refugees fleeing Syria, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, are organizing around so-called \textbackslash textasciigraveresilience' strategies, which aim at bolstering host countries' capacities to accept and integrate asylum-seekers and other migrants for the long-term. This management philosophy deserves more sustained discussion. I highlight here another civil society initiative involving ethical place-making. In Lebanon during the war (1975-1990) public spaces were among the most dangerous places. Now they serve as temporary shelter areas for migrants and refugees displaced from neighboring conflict who face fear, discrimination, and violence in their new environs. In this context, one architect saw an opportunity: \textbackslash textasciigraveI thought by promoting place-making in Lebanon we can join the efforts of local \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracecivil society] actors, since horizontal ellipsis place-making is based on networking and bringing people together.' With his guidance, youth in Beirut participated in identifying and recreating public spaces with the aims of reducing violence, promoting inclusion, interaction, and community-building. Along with place-making for the sake of social integration, place-based interventions in healthcare services are surfacing in response to contemporary migration patterns. Adapting to the mobility of many displaced people who are, not accessing services in camps, for instance, humanitarian and local actors have reorganized healthcare delivery. The Blue Dot Hubs developed by UNHCR and partners to provide care and services to people en route are a specific example of a response - a place-making intervention to \textbackslash textasciigravechanging therapeutic geographies' in modern crises. In the context of resettlement, interventions focused on the creation of \textbackslash textasciigravetherapeutic landscapes' aim specifically at displaced children as they resettle in new countries. Through recultivating cultural traditions, building social networks, and creating safe places, young people can create new homes. These examples depict different modes of displacement and distinct populations situated in specific kinds of settings and in particular - yet in all cases asymmetrical - relations of power. In each case, responsive action, keenly sensitive to context, emerges from solidaristic recognition, either basic or relational. In some cases it aims explicitly at justice. We can see specific elements of solidarity-sparked ethical place-making across cases. Support for relations of care is at the heart of the efforts made in the Bath NICU and Hogeway Village designs, and also in the GP and initiatives for refugees. Attention to the need for rootedness and movement is manifested in these civil society efforts to welcome and create material, social, economic, and political space for refugees; it is also an organizing principle for the GP, Hogeway, and Bath's NICU. Transformative autonomy is evident in the GP, the therapeutic landscape projects, Hogeway, and the NICU. Attention to inequities, especially health inequities, motivates the GP and Blue Dot Hubs. In all, the creators - architects, designers, planners, carers, and citizens - recognize the \textbackslash textasciigraveusers', let us say \textbackslash textasciigravedwellers', as ecological subjects and respond with concerned attention to their distinctive needs, in real time and over time with the aim of supporting their capabilities, chiefly to be healthy, and in some cases to remedy injustice. I have argued that recognizing all people as ecological subjects enables us, indeed compels us, to forge relations of solidarity and promote justice through ethical place-making with those who are vulnerable through their insecure relationship to place. On the moral landscape(s) of bioethics, an ethic of place-making expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity along with advancing health, social, and global justice with patients and families, elderly people transitioning to long-term care, urban populations confronting health inequities, asylum-seekers dwelling in precarious conditions, and perhaps others. The author declares no conflict of interest. Casey, E. (2009). Getting back into place: Toward a renewed understanding of the place-world. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p. 321. Code, L. (2006). Ecological thinking. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also Bradotti, R. (2013). Posthuman relational subjectivity. In P. Rawes (Ed.), Relational architectural ecologies: Architecture, nature, and subjectivity. New York, NY: Routledge; Bennett, J. (2010). Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Eckenwiler, L. (2016). Defining ethical place-making for place-based interventions. Amer J Pub Health 106, 1944-1946; Eckenwiler, L. (2012). Long-term care, globalization, and justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gould, C. (2007). Recognition, empathy, and solidarity. In G. W. Bertram, R. Celikates, C. Laudou, \textbackslash textbackslash\& D. Lauer (Eds.), Socialite et reconnaissance. Grammaires de l'humain. Paris, France: Editions L'Harmattan, p. 260. Gould, C. (2014). Interactive democracy: The social roots of global justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 119-120. Casey, E. (1997). The fate of place: A philosophical inquiry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, p. 286. See also Grosz, E. (1999). Becomings: Explorations in time, memory, and futures. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; Light, A., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Smith, J. M. (Eds.) (1998). Philosophies of place. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield; Cresswell, T. (Ed.) (2004). Place: A short introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell; Tschumi, B. (2001). Architecture and disjunction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Casey, op. cit. note 6; Seamon, D. (2013). Lived bodies, place, and phenomenology: Implications for human rights and environmental justice. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 4(2), 143-166. Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequities. Lancet, 365, 1099-1104; Browning, C. R., Bjornstorm, E. E. S., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Cagney, K. A. (2011). Health and mortality consequences of the physical environment. In R. G. Rogers \textbackslash textbackslash\& E.M. Crimmins (Eds.), International handbook of adult mortality (pp. 441-464). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; Fitzpatrick, K., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Labory, M. (2011). Unhealthy cities: Poverty, race, and place in America. New York, NY: Francis and Taylor. Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., DuBose, J., Seo, H. B., Choi, Y. S., horizontal ellipsis Joseph, A. (2008). A review of the research literature on evidence based healthcare design. Health Environments \textbackslash textbackslash\& Research Design, 1(3), 61-125; Sternberg, E. (2009). Healing spaces: The science of place and well-being. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Papoulias, C., Csipke, E., Rose, D., McKellar, S., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Wykes, T. (2014). The psychiatric ward as a therapeutic space: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 171-176. Young, I. M. (2005). A room of one's own: Old age, extended care, and privacy. In On female body experience. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Guterres, A., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Spiegel, P. (2012). State of the world's refugees: Adapting responses to urban environments. Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(7), 673-674; Metcalf, V., Haysom, S., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Martin, E. (2012). Sanctuary in the city: Urban displacement and vulnerability in Kabul. London, UK: Humanitarian Policy Group. Tufan, A. E., Alkin, M. G., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Bosgelmez, S. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder among asylum seekers and refugees in Istanbul may be predicted by torture and loss due to violence. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 67(3), 219-224; Jabbar, S. A., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Zaza, H. I. (2014). Impact of conflict in Syria on Syrian children at the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 184(9-10), 1507-1530; Buckley-Zistel, S., Krause, U., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Loeper, L. (2014). Sexual and gender-based violence against women in conflict-related refugee camps: A literature overview. Peripherie, 34(133), 71-89. Wild, V. (2013). Asylum seekers and public health ethics. In D. Strech, I. Hirschberg, \textbackslash textbackslash\& G. Marckmann (Eds.), Ethics in public health and health policy. Concepts, methods, case studies (pp. 193-208). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer International. Ackerknecht, E. H. (1948). Hygiene in France, 1815-1848. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 117-155; Coleman, W. (1982). Death is a social disease: Public health and political economy in early industrial France. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press; Erickson, A. (2012, Aug 24). A brief history of urban planning. CityLab. https://www.citylab.com/life/2012/08/brief-history-birth-urban-planning/ 2365/. Yanni, C. (2007). The architecture of madness: Insane asylums in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Code, op. cit. note 2, p. 128. For discussion of these tiers see: Prainsack, B., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Buyx, A. (2017). Solidarity in biomedicine and beyond. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gould, op. cit. note 4; Gould, C. (2007). Transnational solidarities. Journal of Social Philosophy, 38(1), 148-164; Kurasawa, F. (2007). The work of global justice: Human rights as practices. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Young, I. M. (2000). Inclusion and democracy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; Prainsack and Buyx, op. cit. note 17. Gould, op. cit. note 4. Space constraints preclude a more elaborate discussion of how my account is situated among the many rich philosophical accounts of \textbackslash textasciigraverecognition'. See Schmidt am Busch, H. C., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Zurn, C. F. (2010). The philosophy of recognition: Historical and contemporary perspectives. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Gould, op. cit. note 4, p. 259. Code, op. cit. note 2, p. 128. Raghuram, P., Madge C., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Noxolo, P. (2009). Rethinking responsibility and care for a postcolonial world. Geoforum, 40(1), 5-13, p. 8. Young, op. cit. note 18, p. 224. Eckenwiler 2012. op cit. note 3. Tronto, J. (1994). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge; Springer, E. (2013). Communicating moral concern: An ethics of critical responsiveness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Springer, op. cit. note 26, p. 141. Ibid: 137. Tronto, op. cit. note 26, p. 135. Project for Public Spaces. (2016). What is place-making? New York, NY: PPS; Silerberg, S. (2013). Places in the making: How place making builds places and communities. Boston, MA: MIT Press. United Nations (UN). (2015). Sustainable development goals. See \textbackslash textbackslash\#11. UN Habitat. The New Urban Agenda. (draft September 2016); United Nations Task Team on Habitat III. (2015). Habitat III issue papers: Migration and refugees in urban areas. New York. Available at: http://unhabitat. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Papers-and-Policy-Units \textbackslash textbackslash\_11-April.pdf. World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. (2012). Addressing the social determinants of health: The urban dimension and the role of local government. Copenhagen: WHO; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). About healthy places. Atlanta: CDC; Zhan, M., for the World Bank. (2016, Sept 15). Investing in better public spaces. Presented at Future of Places Leadership Forum, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Amaro, H. (2014). The action is upstream: Place-based approaches for achieving population health and health equity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), 964. Raghuram et al., op. cit. note 22. Eckenwiler 2012, op. cit. note 3. Fullilove, M. T. (2013). Urban alchemy: Restoring joy in America's sorted out cities. New York, NY: New Village Press, p. 164. Fullilove, M. T. (2004). Root shock: How tearing up city neighborhoods hurts America and what we can do about it. New York, NY: Ballantine/One World; Fullilove, M. T. (1996). Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1516-1523. Fullilove, op. cit. note 38. Sullivan, R. (2015, June 23). The town shrink. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/28/magazine/the-town-shrink.html. Mehdipanah, R., Manzano, A., Borrell, C., Malmusi, D., Rodriguez-Sanz, M., Greenhelgh, J., horizontal ellipsis Pawson, R. (2015). Exploring complex causal pathways between urban renewal, health and health inequality using a theory-driven realist approach. Social Science \textbackslash textbackslash\& Medicine, 124, 266-274. Young, op. cit. note 18, p. 205. Jacobson, K. (2017). The living arena of existential health: Space, autonomy, and embodiment. In J. Donohoe (Ed.), Place and phenomenology. London, UK: Rowman and Littlefield, p. 137; Kaufman, S. (2005). And a time to die: How American hospitals shape the end of life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Barton, H., Thompson, S., Burgess, S., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Grant, M. (2015). The Routledge handbook of planning for health and well-being. New York, NY: Routledge; Ulrich et al., op. cit. note 9; Rube, K. (2016). The case for healthy places: How health institutions and others can support public places that improve health and well-being. New York, NY: Project for Public Spaces. Tooley, M., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Marden, B. (2013). Inside Bath's new neonatal unit. HSJ. Available at: https://www.hsj.co.uk/technology-and-innovation/inside-baths-new-neonata l-unit-/5064365. article Zimmerman, S., Bowers, J., Cohen, L. W., Grabowski, D. C., Horn, S. D., Kemper, P., for the THRIVE Research Collaborative. (2016). New evidence on the green house model of nursing home care: Synthesis of findings and implications for policy, practice, and research. Health Services Research, 51(Suppl), 475-495. International Catholic Migration Commission. (2014). A place to live, a place to stay: A good practice guide for housing in refugee resettlement. p. 3. Available at: https://www.resettlement.eu/sites/icmc.tttp.eu/files/ICMC\textbackslash textbackslash\_SHARE\textbackslash textbackslash\%20A\textbackslash textbackslash\%2 0Place\textbackslash textbackslash\%20to\textbackslash textbackslash\%20Live\textbackslash textbackslash\_Housing\textbackslash textbackslash\%20Good\textbackslash textbackslash\%20Practice\textbackslash textbackslash\%20Guide.pdf Kaldor. M. (1999). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; Fassin, D. (2012). Humanitarian reason: A moral history of the present. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. UNHCR. (1988). EXCOM Conclusion no 52, International solidarity and refugee protection. http://www.unhcr.org/3ae68c433c.html. Regional Refugee Instruments \textbackslash textbackslash\& Related (2004). Mexico Declaration and Plan of Action to Strengthen International Protection of Refugees in Latin America. Available at: https://www.oas.org/dil/mexico\textbackslash textbackslash\_declaration\textbackslash textbackslash\_plan\textbackslash textbackslash\_of\textbackslash textbackslash\_action\textbackslash textbackslash\_16nov2004 .pdf; Jubilut, L. L., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Carneiro, W. P. (2011). Resettlement in solidarity: A new regional approach towards a more humane, durable solution. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 30(3): 63-86; White, A. G. (2012). A pillar of protection: Solidarity resettlement for refugees in Latin America. Washington, DC: UNHCR US Committee for Refugee and Immigrants, p. 21. International Organization for Migration. (2015). World Migration Report 2015 - Migrants and cities: New partnerships to manage mobility. Le Grand-Saconnex: Switzerland. See Katz, B., Noring, L., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Garrelts, N. (2016). Cities and refugees - The German experience. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Adenauer Stiftung, K. (2016). Local refugee aid, sustainable local integration measures and identity-creating borough management. http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas\textbackslash textbackslash\_43128-544-1-30.pdf?160513115517. See also Martin, C. (2016). Designing homes to welcome refugees. Lancet, 388(10050), 1150. Straehle, C. (2009). Politically constructed solidarity: The idea of a cosmopolitan avant-garde. Contemporary Political Theory, 9(1), 22-32. Bellamy, C., Haysom, S., Wake, C., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Barbelet, V. (2017). The lives and livelihoods of Syrian refugees: A study of refugee perspectives on their institutional environment in Turkey and Jordan. London, UK: Humanitarian Policy Group. Placemaking for Peacemaking in Beirut. (2017) . An interview with Rony Al Jalkh. The City at Eye Level. p. 6. https://thecityateyelevel.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/placemaking-for-pe acemaking-rony.pdf. UNICEF. (2016). UNHCR, UNICEF launch Blue Dot hubs to boost protection for children and families on the move across Europe. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/media/media\textbackslash textbackslash\_90316.html?p=print me. Dewachi, O., Skelton, M., Nguyen, V. K., Fouad, F. M., Sitta, G. A., Maasri, Z., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Giacaman, R. (2014). Changing therapeutic geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian wars. Lancet, 383, 449-457. Denov, M., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Akesson, B. (2013). Neither here nor there: Place and place-making in the lives of separated children. International Journal of Migration, Health \textbackslash textbackslash\& Social Care, 9(2), 56-70; Sampson, R., \textbackslash textbackslash\& Gifford, S. M. (2010). Place-making, settlement, and well-being: The therapeutic landscapes of recently arrived refugee youth. Health and Place, 16, 116-131. INTRODUCTION PLACE AND HEALTH: ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTS ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTIVITY AND SOLIDARITY Solidaristic recognition Responsiveness SOLIDARITY (AND HEALTH JUSTICE) ENACTED: ETHICAL PLACE-MAKING Community and public health Care settings Refugee assistance and integration The elements of ethical place-making CONCLUSION CONFLICT OF INTEREST Footnotes Drawing on a conception of people as \textbackslash textasciigraveecological subjects', creatures situated in specific social relations, locations, and material environments, I want to emphasize the importance of place and place-making for basing, demonstrating, and forging future solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it here, involves reaching out through moral imagination and responsive action across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to assist other people who are vulnerable, and to advance justice. Contained in the practice of solidarity are two core \textbackslash textasciigraveenacted commitments', first, to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need and, second, to responsive action. Recognizing the suffering of displacement and responding through place-making should follow from even the most simplistic understanding of people as \textbackslash textasciigraveimplaced'. Recognition, furthermore, that places are created and sustained, transformed, or neglected in ways that foster or perpetuate inequities, including health inequities, generates responsibilities concerning place-making. Place-based interventions, on either count, should be principal and, indeed, prioritized ways of showing solidarity for the vulnerable and promoting justice. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, place-making can catalyze and nurture them, and over time advance justice. On the moral landscapes of bioethics, the terrain where care and health are or should be at the center of attention, an ethic of place and place-making for those who have been displaced - patients, the elderly, urban populations, and asylum-seekers, for instance - expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity.},
+  abstract = {When the sick, injured, or dying arrive in a hospital - often along with family members - they find themselves on an alien landscape. Elderly people enter unfamiliar territory as they move from home or hospital into a long-term care setting, which may be the first in a series of placements for their final years. African Americans have been subjected for decades to oppressive urban planning policies, including {\textbackslash}textasciigraveserial displacement', which have systematically uprooted and dispersed them, their homes, and their places of business and worship. Around the world currently, 65 million people are displaced, most trying to escape uninhabitable environs involving war, persecution, drought, and famine. Some of these migrants and asylum-seekers reside in and around refugee camps but many are in urban enclaves or isolated outside them in desperately inhospitable conditions. Some are trying to integrate and make homes in new countries. Still more people are coming in perilous flight from the unfurling effects of climate change. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveWe are place-lings,' according to Ed Casey, {\textbackslash}textasciigravenever without emplaced experiences'. Lorraine Code, explaining our social and geographical embeddedness and interdependence, describes us as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveecological subjects'. By recognizing place, we can deepen our appreciation for the ways in which we are radically relational, that is, interdependent with people, non-human others, and particular locations. This robust and realistic conception of our relational nature and its implications for health and ethics deserves more attention. Elsewhere I have argued for {\textbackslash}textasciigraveethical place-making' as morally obligatory for supporting the capability to be healthy, or health justice, for ecological subjects. Drawing on this conception of persons as creatures situated in specific social relations, geographic locations, and atmospheric and material environments, here I emphasize the importance of place and argue for an ideal and practice of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveethical place-making' as an essential and, indeed, ethically required way of demonstrating and forging future solidarity and advancing justice, particularly health justice. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, I explain what I mean by place and examine the relationships, revealed by contemporary research in social epidemiology, between place and health. In Section 3, I build on the conception of persons as ecological subjects to ground what Carol Gould has called {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidaristic recognition', which, as I will interpret it, requires us to reckon with the significance of place in our relational nature. I then link solidaristic recognition to the ideal and practice of ethical place-making and, in turn, the capability to be healthy, that is, health justice. I argue that place-based interventions should be principal and prioritized ways of showing solidarity and promoting justice - especially health justice - for ecological subjects, above all those who are displaced and/or insecurely placed. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, ethical place-making has the potential to catalyze and nurture them and, over time, to advance justice. A full discussion of the complex and contested relationship between solidarity and global justice is beyond the scope of what I can expound on here; I follow - and present concrete manifestations of - the views of Iris Marion Young and Carol Gould in seeing solidarity as having, as Gould puts it, a crucial {\textbackslash}textasciigraverole not only in motivating people's commitment to the realization of global justice but {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracealso] contribut{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceing] to its construction or constitution.' In Section 4, I present examples of ethical place-making inspired by solidaristic recognition in a range of domains significant for bioethics - clinical and long-term care and urban planning in the United States and Netherlands, and refugee care and resettlement in Lebanon and Germany. In the cases presented, I describe how the particular elements of ethical place-making, emerging from solidaristic recognition, are realized, and so support the conditions for the capability to healthy, or health justice. Following this discussion, I move on to the conclusion. Place {\textbackslash}textasciigraveis no fixed thing'. The accounts of geographers, philosophers, and some architects emphasize our embodied experience in or around place(s), place's significance for the development of our subjectivity and identity, and, finally, the complex social processes that help to create, maintain, and transform places (and, in turn, bodies and subjectivities). The understanding I follow here defines {\textbackslash}textasciigraveplace' in terms of the material environment, and how we, as embodied beings, move in, absorb, shape and are shaped by it, and how we, as social agents, interact with and within it, gather and attach particular meanings, and forge relationships and identities. A growing body of research in social epidemiology using realist methods explains in increasingly rich, if grim, detail the ways in which social conditions and features of the external environment, including place-related factors, affect health and longevity, and contribute to preventable health inequities. We are talking about components of the built environment, like land use, housing design, materials and quality, street layout and transportation, exposure to toxins, and violence, access to food and activity options; and urban design or decline. Air and water quality, and access to green space are other place-related factors. We should also include climate and the potential in specific locations for climate-related disasters in our scope of concern. So-called {\textbackslash}textasciigravedeterminants' such as these operate independently and interactively at various levels and in different contexts to generate harms to health and health inequities. On terrain more typical for bioethics, clinical and other care settings, as currently configured, are notoriously disorienting, anxiety-inducing, and in some ways dangerous for physical, psychological, and existential health. Researchers have detailed a range of effects of institutional design, including the effects of noise and light on recovery times, and the ways architecture can shape interactions and experiences. Long-term care settings are infamous for poor conditions. A lack of light, private space, and access to the outdoors, for example, and isolation from broader social surroundings, adversely affect the health of elderly people. People fleeing war, persecution, and famine endure desperate conditions that threaten health. Many reside in camps (in the form of transit camps and official refugee camps, detention centers, etc. ) while others dwell in slums or other settlements - primarily in urban areas - segregated from the majority population. These people suffer from a range of complex physical and mental health conditions. Before or during transit and in camps and other settings, they face food insecurity, risk of communicable disease, fear, violence, loss, and other experiences. If there is access to health services it is often restricted to acute medical care, and not equipped to adequately address chronic or mental health conditions or the social determinants of health needs. Migrants and asylum-seeking people thus lack crucial capabilities to be healthy. It is not that a relationship between place and health is a modern epiphany. Hippocrates' Airs, waters, and places, the epidemiological work of Louis-Rene Villerme and Rudolph Virchow in the 19th century, and the histories of public health and urban planning, all recognized the importance of environmental conditions. The asylums for the mentally ill in the late 19th century reveal an attention, if not yet evidence-based, for place in care and healing. Inspired by the Moral Treatment movement, New Enlightenment intellectuals, and health advocates like Dorthea Dix, Thomas Kirkbride established professional guidelines on institutional layout and room design for patients. Realist methods in social epidemiology, more recently, have deepened our appreciation and understanding of the processes at work on our corporeal nature, and our entanglement with the world around us. We are situated socially, materially, and geographically, and vulnerable as creatures who need care and who also need to {\textbackslash}textasciigravefit' with the places in which we dwell and through which we navigate. We are, in short, ecological subjects, beings for whom social interdependence and geographic locatedness are vital. As I will argue below, health justice, or the capability to be healthy, therefore demands thoughtful attention to place and the conditions that create and sustain places. In the next section, I explain the relationship between recognizing people as ecological subjects and the ideal and practice of solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it, refers to reaching out through engaging our moral imaginations across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to recognize and assist others who are vulnerable, in some cases, acutely, and, over time, advance justice. As a practice, solidarity involves two core {\textbackslash}textasciigraveenacted commitments'. The first commitment is to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need, or what I will describe below as solidaristic recognition. The second commitment is to responsive action. This hybrid definition draws upon the inspirational work of Iris Marion Young, Carol Gould, Fuyuki Kurasawa, and Prainsack and Buyx, all of whom build upon a long and rich history of interpretations of solidarity. Recognizing the suffering of the displaced and others who are {\textbackslash}textasciigraveimplaced' in conditions unable to sustain them follows from the most minimal appreciation of people as ecological subjects, relational creatures who are densely enmeshed in social relations as well as spatial locations. While my analysis differs substantially, to describe this here I use Carol Gould's term, {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidaristic recognition'. Gould distinguishes between what she calls {\textbackslash}textasciigraverigorous recognition' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravegenerous recognition'. Rigorous recognition appreciates the equality of all people through an essentially cognitive process involving an acknowledgment of our fellow humanity. The generous genre, which she recasts as {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidaristic recognition', involves empathy, or an affective link with others, and focuses on our {\textbackslash}textasciigravemutual interdependence and common needs'. Solidaristic recognition conceives of others as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveequal in their difference', that is, their distinctive social group membership and individual particularity. On my own interpretation, solidaristic recognition has two varieties, neither of which relies on empathy: basic and relational, responsible recognition. If we conceive of people in ecological terms, basic recognition (similar to Gould's {\textbackslash}textasciigraverigorous recognition') might be expanded beyond its appreciation of everyone's equal moral worth to take account of the significance of place for the equitable flourishing of all ecological subjects. This most basic form of recognition acknowledges that we are equal in part because we all share a need to be {\textbackslash}textasciigravein place' in settings that can sustain us and support our capacities. A second, more ethically responsible, form of recognition I will call relational solidaristic recognition emerges from reckoning more thoroughly with our radically relational nature as ecological subjects. This reckoning demands that we conceive of ourselves and others as embedded but also that we understand that we are constitutive of one another and our environs. Geographers have described this in terms of the intersubjectivity of identity and place. In her philosophical account of ecological subjectivity, Lorraine Code underscores the idea that we are {\textbackslash}textasciigravemade by and making {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceour] relations in {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceasymmetrical] reciprocity with other subjects and with horizontal ellipsis multiple, diverse locations'. Seeing not just identities, but also, critically, place in relational terms, highlights {\textbackslash}textasciigravethe variety of interactions between people who are located differently that go into making places'. As Iris Young puts it, we {\textbackslash}textasciigravedwell together' in {\textbackslash}textasciigravecomplex, causal' relations of interdependence and in specific atmospheric and material conditions on earth in geographic regions and neighborhoods, in homes, and institutions of care and employment. We ecological subjects, then, contribute to the construction of place - often unintentionally - through actions and interactions within a larger context of social structures and processes. These structures and processes serve to enable some people in the realization of their capacities, yet constrain others, creating and/or sustaining structural injustice. This is evidenced, for example, in urban planning policies that spawn residential segregation or global economic and trade policies that compel health care workers to migrate and deepen health inequities in source countries. While basic solidaristic recognition can allow for or has the potential to generate ethical place-making, relational recognition understands the ways that our own subjectivities, identities, and places of dwelling as ecological subjects are formed in relation to other identities in other places and, crucially, that this generates responsibilities for justice. It is in this sense that relational solidaristic recognition is a more responsible form: it appreciates better-situated ecological subjects' contributions to the injustice suffered by the displaced or precariously placed, and aspires to respond and work toward promoting justice. Responsiveness , an important epistemic and, in turn, ethical capacity, is a crucial element for enactments of solidarity in the view I want to develop. Both Joan Tronto and Elise Springer assign {\textbackslash}textasciigraveresponsiveness' a prominent place in their work. Springer situates {\textbackslash}textasciigraveresponsiveness' within virtue ethics. On her view, it involves a kind of adaptability, particularly in unfamiliar moral terrain, or in the face of concerns that {\textbackslash}textasciigraveresist clear representation'. Springer posits responsiveness as also involving a commitment to {\textbackslash}textasciigraveextend a temporally continuous thread of attention' or giving one's moral attention over time, not episodically or reactively. Tronto identifies responsiveness as one of four ethical elements of care, casting it as a moral capacity that involves vigilance {\textbackslash}textasciigraveto the possibilities for abuse that arise with vulnerability'. I would add another element as integral to responsiveness, drawn specifically from ecological epistemology: an ability to show finely tuned sensitivity to context, that is, the particularity of people and circumstance, and give attention and action that is fitting. Solidarity, enacted, should emerge from a disposition committed to responsiveness understood in terms of these capacities, if it is to meet the mark. In the next section I turn to responsive action that arises from solidaristic recognition, in particular, efforts at place-making for the displaced. Innovation, inspired by ecological thinking and increasingly evidence-based, is underway. {\textbackslash}textasciigravePlace-making' is a set of intentional practices spanning different disciplines that targets neighborhoods, parks and paths, features of landscape, housing developments, streetscapes, long-term care facilities, and hospitals. With and without attention to health, it is either referenced explicitly or somehow central to key international documents and declarations including the Sustainable Development Goals and UN Habitat's New Urban Agenda. It is on the agendas of the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), even the World Bank, some think tanks and foundations, and a major US corporation. Public health leaders point to place-based interventions as {\textbackslash}textasciigravethe new frontier'. In other work I have interpreted ethical place-making, a notion that first surfaced in the geography literature, as a core component of an enabling, capabilities-oriented conception of justice. Grounded in ecological thinking and an ecological conception of persons, ethical place-making understands all people as embedded socially and spatially, and often enmeshed in relationships of structural injustice that threaten health. Key elements of ethical place-making include: nurturing relations of care and interdependence; protecting bodily integrity; supporting autonomy, not interpreted in terms of individual self-reliance, but in the relational sense that sees us as originating, persisting, and flourishing within relations of care and interdependence, given ongoing opportunities for self-directed thought and action; promoting stability and a sense of rootedness and, at the same time, supporting generative movement; and finally, where necessary, responding to inequities. Below I offer selected examples of place-making drawn from a range of domains pertinent to bioethics. After describing them, I explain why they count as instances of ethical place-making inspired by (and potentially generating more) solidaristic recognition and how they stand to promote - especially health - justice and in some cases address health inequities. I start at the level of community and public health with an urban planning example, and from there, turn to a clinical and then a long-term care setting. These three case studies come from the global north. The final examples explore (mostly health-centered) place-making efforts in refugee reception and resettlement, sketching innovations in Germany and also Lebanon, a country that borders the war in Syria and ranks fourth worldwide as a host to refugees. Further research will yield additional instances of solidarity and place-making, particularly for health, in other parts of the world. In {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracea] system of the city as weaving, {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracecreating] crosswise threads enables solidarity, and fundamental to solidarity is the free system of movement horizontal ellipsis {\textbackslash}textasciigraveIntentional shrinkage', {\textbackslash}textasciigravesorting', and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveserial displacement' are terms given to the urban land use and {\textbackslash}textasciigravedevelopment' policies that systematically shredded the social and material fabric in and around African American neighborhoods in New York City. Public health researchers have linked these policies and the consequent displacement of families, businesses, churches and more, to the AIDS epidemic, addiction, asthma, post-traumatic stress, and obesity. Working together, citizens, planners, and researchers responded with the Giraffe Path (GP), a 6-mile trail from Central Park to the Cloisters. The walking and biking path is a project emerging explicitly from the kind of solidarity described above: the recognition of the city and its people as ecologically embedded, with enduring health inequities as a result of displacements, and responsive action in the form of (re)creating place with and for ecological subjects. The GP is based on a conception of the city and its neighborhoods and residents as interdependent - and is designed to restore connections between formerly fractured communities around and across the Harlem River and, at the same time, to support outdoor physical activity. The closure of the bridge, that had long linked neighbors, as a {\textbackslash}textasciigravecrime-prevention' measure for gentrifying neighborhoods, severed (in a pattern repeated in cities everywhere) relationships between people according to categories of class and race. By (re)connecting places and people and mending - as its designers say, {\textbackslash}textasciigraveweaving', {\textbackslash}textasciigravere-stitching' - the GP helps restore these and cultivate new relations. At the same time, as part of the City Life Is Moving Bodies (CLIMB) Project, the GP's creation of flow and unimpeded movement is being celebrated as {\textbackslash}textasciigravea victory for the city's entire circulatory system'. The attention paid to (solidaristic recognition of) the importance of place for health and most significantly, health inequities, in this instance of ethical place-making is an exception and not the norm. Urban renewal policies and planning tend to prioritize physical, economic, and social issues, yet few focus explicitly on health or show concern for health equity. Another essential dimension for future solidarity is the potential for political engagement generated by the GP. As Iris Young argues (and the inset quote implies), segregation obscures from the affluent an appreciation of their privilege, and, by limiting interaction, constrains political communication. This erodes the potential for solidarity and perpetuates social injustice. The GP designers aspire to promote solidaristic recognition through facilitating new interactions, forging new relations, and evolving as ecological subjects. We must pay attention to the lived spatial significance of patients' experience of health and illness if we are going to treat them fully and well. Doing so is one step of paying attention to a person horizontal ellipsis The terrain and overall ambience of the clinical setting is famously hostile to non-medical people, notably the ones it exists to serve. Place-centered innovation in hospitals and other centers of care is a growing niche, recognizing the harms done to ecological subjects - here patients and their families - in the {\textbackslash}textasciigravecare' of institutions built as medical assembly lines organized around time until discharge or demise. One neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the Royal United Hospital in Bath, U.K., recognizes the importance of place for the health and well-being of vulnerable ecological subjects and puts into practice a concept known as {\textbackslash}textasciigravesecure base', which wraps around patients and families {\textbackslash}textasciigravelike a hug'. The unit's design also demonstrates solidarity with them in recognizing the effects of typical clinical settings and, in contrast, boasts lots of natural light, greatly reduced noise, private nooks, and a horseshoe-shape design that reflects the progression a newborn will take from intensive care to a neonatal room. In this case of ethical place-making, innovators aim to create a habitat that nurtures overlapping relations of care wherein babies sleep longer, and parents are perhaps a little less distressed, and more able to participate in care and interact with clinical care providers. As noted above, the structure of this temporary dwelling enables families to better understand, through their embodied experience, the clinical pathway the infants will follow until discharge, which in turn likely gives a boost to their sense of agency and empowerment and helps to level the playing field with clinicians. Designed by a long-term care nurse in response to her observations and experience of existing institutions, Hogeway Village accommodates elderly people with dementia in a setting meant to resemble a real European neighborhood. It has a market, cafe, salon, theater, sidewalks, and ample green space. Different models, tailored to appeal to specific social and cultural groups, are available. Staff engage with residents without clinical garb and simultaneously provide skilled care. Family members are integrally involved in care plans. Hogeway is built to protect yet not restrict, allowing residents a wide range of movement and access to the outdoors. The availability of palliative care ensures that residents do not have to relocate at the end of life, which allows for continuity of care and relationships. Another benefit is that family members need not navigate new terrains, or settings, of care or transportation as elders' needs evolve. Emerging research on long-term care settings designed more like homes and communities suggests that residents are more socially engaged and active, and experience better overall {\textbackslash}textasciigravewell-being'. Preliminary evidence also suggests that integrating families in care can improve relations with care workers, as well as resident care and health. European cities and regions have demonstrated their horizontal ellipsis willingness to express solidarity with horizontal ellipsis the world's refugees via participation in resettlement. Solidarity is at the moral center of humanitarian action, and place-making by other names has long been integral to humanitarian operations. From an emphasis on emergency and temporary assistance, humanitarians have expanded the scope and practice of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesolidarity' given the nature of current conflicts and the creation of dependencies that may lead to more sustained commitments. Their work now increasingly overlaps with development efforts to bolster host countries' capacities to receive, resettle, and integrate asylum-seekers and other migrants for the long term. Solidarity, indeed, is the basis of commitments to refugee resettlement in international humanitarian law. In 2004, the Mexico Plan of Action to Strengthen International Protection of Refugees in Latin America (MPA), which encompassed regional responsibility sharing, the expansion of resettlement space, reception capacity, and long-term integration, highlighted solidarity as a guiding principle for support of refugees from Columbia and their host countries. Northern Europe has been the preferred destination for refugees from Syria and other places where war has driven people from their homes. Germany, especially its cities, hosts more recent asylum-seekers than any other EU nation. Urban areas have absorbed two-thirds of the world's refugees and now face the work of integration. The region offers myriad examples of efforts in ethical place-making spawned by solidaristic recognition. In both Hamburg and Berlin, organizing around place has been a key strategy in welcoming and helping to integrate new arrivals. In Berlin, city planners have employed a strategy of creating container villages to help refugees feel secure and foster a sense of embeddedness-in-community. While formalized, state-administered efforts have unfolded, citizen volunteers have designed innovative responses to link refugees with needed services, helping to integrate them and provide a sense of place. The coordinated state and civil society effort, in particular, is an inspiring example of politically and socially constructed solidarity, supported and advanced by what Christine Straehle calls a {\textbackslash}textasciigravecosmopolitan avant-garde' of citizens. Hamburg is also innovative in linking services across sectors like food, shelter, education, work skills, and legal advice, appreciating the importance of integrating services for those who have endured profound dispersion and fragmentation. The city addressed housing needs by redesigning existing buildings and engaged local communities in deciding on locations in order to help ensure a welcoming, safe environment and avoid the possibility of local neighborhood resistance. The countries, such as Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey that serve as the principal hosts to refugees fleeing Syria, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, are organizing around so-called {\textbackslash}textasciigraveresilience' strategies, which aim at bolstering host countries' capacities to accept and integrate asylum-seekers and other migrants for the long-term. This management philosophy deserves more sustained discussion. I highlight here another civil society initiative involving ethical place-making. In Lebanon during the war (1975-1990) public spaces were among the most dangerous places. Now they serve as temporary shelter areas for migrants and refugees displaced from neighboring conflict who face fear, discrimination, and violence in their new environs. In this context, one architect saw an opportunity: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveI thought by promoting place-making in Lebanon we can join the efforts of local {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracecivil society] actors, since horizontal ellipsis place-making is based on networking and bringing people together.' With his guidance, youth in Beirut participated in identifying and recreating public spaces with the aims of reducing violence, promoting inclusion, interaction, and community-building. Along with place-making for the sake of social integration, place-based interventions in healthcare services are surfacing in response to contemporary migration patterns. Adapting to the mobility of many displaced people who are, not accessing services in camps, for instance, humanitarian and local actors have reorganized healthcare delivery. The Blue Dot Hubs developed by UNHCR and partners to provide care and services to people en route are a specific example of a response - a place-making intervention to {\textbackslash}textasciigravechanging therapeutic geographies' in modern crises. In the context of resettlement, interventions focused on the creation of {\textbackslash}textasciigravetherapeutic landscapes' aim specifically at displaced children as they resettle in new countries. Through recultivating cultural traditions, building social networks, and creating safe places, young people can create new homes. These examples depict different modes of displacement and distinct populations situated in specific kinds of settings and in particular - yet in all cases asymmetrical - relations of power. In each case, responsive action, keenly sensitive to context, emerges from solidaristic recognition, either basic or relational. In some cases it aims explicitly at justice. We can see specific elements of solidarity-sparked ethical place-making across cases. Support for relations of care is at the heart of the efforts made in the Bath NICU and Hogeway Village designs, and also in the GP and initiatives for refugees. Attention to the need for rootedness and movement is manifested in these civil society efforts to welcome and create material, social, economic, and political space for refugees; it is also an organizing principle for the GP, Hogeway, and Bath's NICU. Transformative autonomy is evident in the GP, the therapeutic landscape projects, Hogeway, and the NICU. Attention to inequities, especially health inequities, motivates the GP and Blue Dot Hubs. In all, the creators - architects, designers, planners, carers, and citizens - recognize the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveusers', let us say {\textbackslash}textasciigravedwellers', as ecological subjects and respond with concerned attention to their distinctive needs, in real time and over time with the aim of supporting their capabilities, chiefly to be healthy, and in some cases to remedy injustice. I have argued that recognizing all people as ecological subjects enables us, indeed compels us, to forge relations of solidarity and promote justice through ethical place-making with those who are vulnerable through their insecure relationship to place. On the moral landscape(s) of bioethics, an ethic of place-making expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity along with advancing health, social, and global justice with patients and families, elderly people transitioning to long-term care, urban populations confronting health inequities, asylum-seekers dwelling in precarious conditions, and perhaps others. The author declares no conflict of interest. Casey, E. (2009). Getting back into place: Toward a renewed understanding of the place-world. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p. 321. Code, L. (2006). Ecological thinking. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also Bradotti, R. (2013). Posthuman relational subjectivity. In P. Rawes (Ed.), Relational architectural ecologies: Architecture, nature, and subjectivity. New York, NY: Routledge; Bennett, J. (2010). Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Eckenwiler, L. (2016). Defining ethical place-making for place-based interventions. Amer J Pub Health 106, 1944-1946; Eckenwiler, L. (2012). Long-term care, globalization, and justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gould, C. (2007). Recognition, empathy, and solidarity. In G. W. Bertram, R. Celikates, C. Laudou, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& D. Lauer (Eds.), Socialite et reconnaissance. Grammaires de l'humain. Paris, France: Editions L'Harmattan, p. 260. Gould, C. (2014). Interactive democracy: The social roots of global justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 119-120. Casey, E. (1997). The fate of place: A philosophical inquiry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, p. 286. See also Grosz, E. (1999). Becomings: Explorations in time, memory, and futures. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; Light, A., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Smith, J. M. (Eds.) (1998). Philosophies of place. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield; Cresswell, T. (Ed.) (2004). Place: A short introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell; Tschumi, B. (2001). Architecture and disjunction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Casey, op. cit. note 6; Seamon, D. (2013). Lived bodies, place, and phenomenology: Implications for human rights and environmental justice. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 4(2), 143-166. Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequities. Lancet, 365, 1099-1104; Browning, C. R., Bjornstorm, E. E. S., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Cagney, K. A. (2011). Health and mortality consequences of the physical environment. In R. G. Rogers {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& E.M. Crimmins (Eds.), International handbook of adult mortality (pp. 441-464). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; Fitzpatrick, K., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Labory, M. (2011). Unhealthy cities: Poverty, race, and place in America. New York, NY: Francis and Taylor. Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., DuBose, J., Seo, H. B., Choi, Y. S., horizontal ellipsis Joseph, A. (2008). A review of the research literature on evidence based healthcare design. Health Environments {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Research Design, 1(3), 61-125; Sternberg, E. (2009). Healing spaces: The science of place and well-being. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Papoulias, C., Csipke, E., Rose, D., McKellar, S., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Wykes, T. (2014). The psychiatric ward as a therapeutic space: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 171-176. Young, I. M. (2005). A room of one's own: Old age, extended care, and privacy. In On female body experience. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Guterres, A., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Spiegel, P. (2012). State of the world's refugees: Adapting responses to urban environments. Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(7), 673-674; Metcalf, V., Haysom, S., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Martin, E. (2012). Sanctuary in the city: Urban displacement and vulnerability in Kabul. London, UK: Humanitarian Policy Group. Tufan, A. E., Alkin, M. G., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Bosgelmez, S. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder among asylum seekers and refugees in Istanbul may be predicted by torture and loss due to violence. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 67(3), 219-224; Jabbar, S. A., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Zaza, H. I. (2014). Impact of conflict in Syria on Syrian children at the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 184(9-10), 1507-1530; Buckley-Zistel, S., Krause, U., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Loeper, L. (2014). Sexual and gender-based violence against women in conflict-related refugee camps: A literature overview. Peripherie, 34(133), 71-89. Wild, V. (2013). Asylum seekers and public health ethics. In D. Strech, I. Hirschberg, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& G. Marckmann (Eds.), Ethics in public health and health policy. Concepts, methods, case studies (pp. 193-208). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer International. Ackerknecht, E. H. (1948). Hygiene in France, 1815-1848. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 22, 117-155; Coleman, W. (1982). Death is a social disease: Public health and political economy in early industrial France. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press; Erickson, A. (2012, Aug 24). A brief history of urban planning. CityLab. https://www.citylab.com/life/2012/08/brief-history-birth-urban-planning/ 2365/. Yanni, C. (2007). The architecture of madness: Insane asylums in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Code, op. cit. note 2, p. 128. For discussion of these tiers see: Prainsack, B., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Buyx, A. (2017). Solidarity in biomedicine and beyond. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gould, op. cit. note 4; Gould, C. (2007). Transnational solidarities. Journal of Social Philosophy, 38(1), 148-164; Kurasawa, F. (2007). The work of global justice: Human rights as practices. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Young, I. M. (2000). Inclusion and democracy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; Prainsack and Buyx, op. cit. note 17. Gould, op. cit. note 4. Space constraints preclude a more elaborate discussion of how my account is situated among the many rich philosophical accounts of {\textbackslash}textasciigraverecognition'. See Schmidt am Busch, H. C., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Zurn, C. F. (2010). The philosophy of recognition: Historical and contemporary perspectives. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Gould, op. cit. note 4, p. 259. Code, op. cit. note 2, p. 128. Raghuram, P., Madge C., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Noxolo, P. (2009). Rethinking responsibility and care for a postcolonial world. Geoforum, 40(1), 5-13, p. 8. Young, op. cit. note 18, p. 224. Eckenwiler 2012. op cit. note 3. Tronto, J. (1994). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge; Springer, E. (2013). Communicating moral concern: An ethics of critical responsiveness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Springer, op. cit. note 26, p. 141. Ibid: 137. Tronto, op. cit. note 26, p. 135. Project for Public Spaces. (2016). What is place-making? New York, NY: PPS; Silerberg, S. (2013). Places in the making: How place making builds places and communities. Boston, MA: MIT Press. United Nations (UN). (2015). Sustainable development goals. See {\textbackslash}textbackslash\#11. UN Habitat. The New Urban Agenda. (draft September 2016); United Nations Task Team on Habitat III. (2015). Habitat III issue papers: Migration and refugees in urban areas. New York. Available at: http://unhabitat. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Papers-and-Policy-Units {\textbackslash}textbackslash\_11-April.pdf. World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. (2012). Addressing the social determinants of health: The urban dimension and the role of local government. Copenhagen: WHO; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). About healthy places. Atlanta: CDC; Zhan, M., for the World Bank. (2016, Sept 15). Investing in better public spaces. Presented at Future of Places Leadership Forum, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Amaro, H. (2014). The action is upstream: Place-based approaches for achieving population health and health equity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), 964. Raghuram et al., op. cit. note 22. Eckenwiler 2012, op. cit. note 3. Fullilove, M. T. (2013). Urban alchemy: Restoring joy in America's sorted out cities. New York, NY: New Village Press, p. 164. Fullilove, M. T. (2004). Root shock: How tearing up city neighborhoods hurts America and what we can do about it. New York, NY: Ballantine/One World; Fullilove, M. T. (1996). Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1516-1523. Fullilove, op. cit. note 38. Sullivan, R. (2015, June 23). The town shrink. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/28/magazine/the-town-shrink.html. Mehdipanah, R., Manzano, A., Borrell, C., Malmusi, D., Rodriguez-Sanz, M., Greenhelgh, J., horizontal ellipsis Pawson, R. (2015). Exploring complex causal pathways between urban renewal, health and health inequality using a theory-driven realist approach. Social Science {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Medicine, 124, 266-274. Young, op. cit. note 18, p. 205. Jacobson, K. (2017). The living arena of existential health: Space, autonomy, and embodiment. In J. Donohoe (Ed.), Place and phenomenology. London, UK: Rowman and Littlefield, p. 137; Kaufman, S. (2005). And a time to die: How American hospitals shape the end of life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Barton, H., Thompson, S., Burgess, S., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Grant, M. (2015). The Routledge handbook of planning for health and well-being. New York, NY: Routledge; Ulrich et al., op. cit. note 9; Rube, K. (2016). The case for healthy places: How health institutions and others can support public places that improve health and well-being. New York, NY: Project for Public Spaces. Tooley, M., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Marden, B. (2013). Inside Bath's new neonatal unit. HSJ. Available at: https://www.hsj.co.uk/technology-and-innovation/inside-baths-new-neonata l-unit-/5064365. article Zimmerman, S., Bowers, J., Cohen, L. W., Grabowski, D. C., Horn, S. D., Kemper, P., for the THRIVE Research Collaborative. (2016). New evidence on the green house model of nursing home care: Synthesis of findings and implications for policy, practice, and research. Health Services Research, 51(Suppl), 475-495. International Catholic Migration Commission. (2014). A place to live, a place to stay: A good practice guide for housing in refugee resettlement. p. 3. Available at: https://www.resettlement.eu/sites/icmc.tttp.eu/files/ICMC{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_SHARE{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%20A{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%2 0Place{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%20to{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%20Live{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_Housing{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%20Good{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%20Practice{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%20Guide.pdf Kaldor. M. (1999). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; Fassin, D. (2012). Humanitarian reason: A moral history of the present. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. UNHCR. (1988). EXCOM Conclusion no 52, International solidarity and refugee protection. http://www.unhcr.org/3ae68c433c.html. Regional Refugee Instruments {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Related (2004). Mexico Declaration and Plan of Action to Strengthen International Protection of Refugees in Latin America. Available at: https://www.oas.org/dil/mexico{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_declaration{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_plan{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_of{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_action{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_16nov2004 .pdf; Jubilut, L. L., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Carneiro, W. P. (2011). Resettlement in solidarity: A new regional approach towards a more humane, durable solution. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 30(3): 63-86; White, A. G. (2012). A pillar of protection: Solidarity resettlement for refugees in Latin America. Washington, DC: UNHCR US Committee for Refugee and Immigrants, p. 21. International Organization for Migration. (2015). World Migration Report 2015 - Migrants and cities: New partnerships to manage mobility. Le Grand-Saconnex: Switzerland. See Katz, B., Noring, L., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Garrelts, N. (2016). Cities and refugees - The German experience. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Adenauer Stiftung, K. (2016). Local refugee aid, sustainable local integration measures and identity-creating borough management. http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_43128-544-1-30.pdf?160513115517. See also Martin, C. (2016). Designing homes to welcome refugees. Lancet, 388(10050), 1150. Straehle, C. (2009). Politically constructed solidarity: The idea of a cosmopolitan avant-garde. Contemporary Political Theory, 9(1), 22-32. Bellamy, C., Haysom, S., Wake, C., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Barbelet, V. (2017). The lives and livelihoods of Syrian refugees: A study of refugee perspectives on their institutional environment in Turkey and Jordan. London, UK: Humanitarian Policy Group. Placemaking for Peacemaking in Beirut. (2017) . An interview with Rony Al Jalkh. The City at Eye Level. p. 6. https://thecityateyelevel.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/placemaking-for-pe acemaking-rony.pdf. UNICEF. (2016). UNHCR, UNICEF launch Blue Dot hubs to boost protection for children and families on the move across Europe. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/media/media{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_90316.html?p=print me. Dewachi, O., Skelton, M., Nguyen, V. K., Fouad, F. M., Sitta, G. A., Maasri, Z., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Giacaman, R. (2014). Changing therapeutic geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian wars. Lancet, 383, 449-457. Denov, M., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Akesson, B. (2013). Neither here nor there: Place and place-making in the lives of separated children. International Journal of Migration, Health {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Social Care, 9(2), 56-70; Sampson, R., {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Gifford, S. M. (2010). Place-making, settlement, and well-being: The therapeutic landscapes of recently arrived refugee youth. Health and Place, 16, 116-131. INTRODUCTION PLACE AND HEALTH: ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTS ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTIVITY AND SOLIDARITY Solidaristic recognition Responsiveness SOLIDARITY (AND HEALTH JUSTICE) ENACTED: ETHICAL PLACE-MAKING Community and public health Care settings Refugee assistance and integration The elements of ethical place-making CONCLUSION CONFLICT OF INTEREST Footnotes Drawing on a conception of people as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveecological subjects', creatures situated in specific social relations, locations, and material environments, I want to emphasize the importance of place and place-making for basing, demonstrating, and forging future solidarity. Solidarity, as I will define it here, involves reaching out through moral imagination and responsive action across social and/or geographic distance and asymmetry to assist other people who are vulnerable, and to advance justice. Contained in the practice of solidarity are two core {\textbackslash}textasciigraveenacted commitments', first, to engaging our moral imaginations and recognizing others in need and, second, to responsive action. Recognizing the suffering of displacement and responding through place-making should follow from even the most simplistic understanding of people as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveimplaced'. Recognition, furthermore, that places are created and sustained, transformed, or neglected in ways that foster or perpetuate inequities, including health inequities, generates responsibilities concerning place-making. Place-based interventions, on either count, should be principal and, indeed, prioritized ways of showing solidarity for the vulnerable and promoting justice. Where solidaristic relations do not prevail, place-making can catalyze and nurture them, and over time advance justice. On the moral landscapes of bioethics, the terrain where care and health are or should be at the center of attention, an ethic of place and place-making for those who have been displaced - patients, the elderly, urban populations, and asylum-seekers, for instance - expresses and has rich potential for nurturing bonds of solidarity.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Eckstein2019,
+  title = {Career and {{Family Decisions}}: {{Cohorts Born}} 1935-1975},
+  shorttitle = {Career and {{Family Decisions}}},
+  author = {Eckstein, Zvi and Keane, Michael and Lifshitz, Osnat},
+  year = {2019},
+  journal = {Econometrica},
+  volume = {87},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {217--253},
+  issn = {0012-9682},
+  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14474},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Economou2014,
+  title = {Gender Bias in Biomedical Research},
+  author = {Economou, James S.},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Surgery},
+  volume = {156},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {1061--1065},
+  issn = {00396060},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.surg.2014.07.005},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10275,7 +12008,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {261--276},
   issn = {1476-0835},
   doi = {10.1111/papt.12229},
-  abstract = {Large variations of inequalities in rates of mental health disorders and access to mental health care exist within and between countries. Globally, disparities range from countries where there is little provision to those where, despite the availability of evidence-based mental health care, service access and outcomes are mediated by social factors such as socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, and culture. This is salient because increasingly diverse populations are inevitably created with globalization. We posit that in multicultural contexts, effective therapeutic engagement requires therapists who are competent and confident to work with diversity and difference, utilizing insights into their own as well as their clients' internal and external worlds. Although there are many reasons why psychotherapies can be insensitive and harmful, for example, the inherent power imbalance in therapeutic relationships, a lack of awareness of cultural and ethnic variation and needs are among them. Acquisition of \textbackslash textasciigravecultural competence' and increasing availability of culturally-adapted interventions should, in theory, enable practitioners to work with a range of individuals with whom they might have little in common. However, whilst cultural adaptation appears promising, there are concerns regarding its viability as a strategy for tackling disparities in access to psychological care. Evidence for cultural competency is patchy at best. We show how and why delivering effective psychotherapy in the twenty-first century requires a paradigm shift from current approaches to truly integrated models, developed in collaboration with recipients of care. Coproducing interventions, training, and means of evaluating them with clients necessitates taking into consideration social contexts, alternative conceptualizations of mental health and disorders and difficulties, and what constitutes appropriate helpful interventions for psychological distress. Practitioner points Upskilling therapists to work with diversity and difference is essential for effective delivery of psychological treatments. Increasing the availability of culturally-adapted interventions together with therapists who are sufficiently competent and confident to deliver them should enable practitioners to work with a range of individuals with whom they might have little in common. Coproducing culturally appropriate means of responding to mental health difficulties, staff training and development, and service evaluation methods with clients necessitates taking into consideration social contexts, alternative explanatory models of mental health and \textbackslash textasciigraveillness', and what constitutes helpful interventions for psychological distress.},
+  abstract = {Large variations of inequalities in rates of mental health disorders and access to mental health care exist within and between countries. Globally, disparities range from countries where there is little provision to those where, despite the availability of evidence-based mental health care, service access and outcomes are mediated by social factors such as socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, and culture. This is salient because increasingly diverse populations are inevitably created with globalization. We posit that in multicultural contexts, effective therapeutic engagement requires therapists who are competent and confident to work with diversity and difference, utilizing insights into their own as well as their clients' internal and external worlds. Although there are many reasons why psychotherapies can be insensitive and harmful, for example, the inherent power imbalance in therapeutic relationships, a lack of awareness of cultural and ethnic variation and needs are among them. Acquisition of {\textbackslash}textasciigravecultural competence' and increasing availability of culturally-adapted interventions should, in theory, enable practitioners to work with a range of individuals with whom they might have little in common. However, whilst cultural adaptation appears promising, there are concerns regarding its viability as a strategy for tackling disparities in access to psychological care. Evidence for cultural competency is patchy at best. We show how and why delivering effective psychotherapy in the twenty-first century requires a paradigm shift from current approaches to truly integrated models, developed in collaboration with recipients of care. Coproducing interventions, training, and means of evaluating them with clients necessitates taking into consideration social contexts, alternative conceptualizations of mental health and disorders and difficulties, and what constitutes appropriate helpful interventions for psychological distress. Practitioner points Upskilling therapists to work with diversity and difference is essential for effective delivery of psychological treatments. Increasing the availability of culturally-adapted interventions together with therapists who are sufficiently competent and confident to deliver them should enable practitioners to work with a range of individuals with whom they might have little in common. Coproducing culturally appropriate means of responding to mental health difficulties, staff training and development, and service evaluation methods with clients necessitates taking into consideration social contexts, alternative explanatory models of mental health and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveillness', and what constitutes helpful interventions for psychological distress.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10304,7 +12037,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   pages = {79--93},
   issn = {0166-3542},
   doi = {10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.015},
-  abstract = {The advent of highly effective antiviral regimens will make the eradication of hepatitis C in high-income countries such as the United States technically feasible. But eradicating hepatitis C will require escalating our response to the epidemic in key domains, including surveillance and epidemiology, prevention, screening, care and treatment, policy, research, and advocacy. Surveillance must be nimble enough to quickly assess the magnitude of new transmission patterns as they emerge. Basic prevention strategies - community-based outreach and education, testing and counseling, and access to sterile injection equipment and opioid substitution therapies - must be scaled up and adapted to target groups in which new epidemics are emerging. All adults should be screened for hepatitis C, but special efforts must focus on groups with increased prevalence through community outreach and rapid testing. Government, industry, and payers must work together to assure full access to health services and antiviral drugs for everyone who is infected. Access to the new regimens must not be compromised by excessively high prices or arbitrary payer restrictions. Partnerships must be forged between hepatitis providers and programs that serve people who inject illicit drugs. Healthcare providers and systems, especially primary care practitioners, need education and training in treating hepatitis C and caring for substance-using populations. Services must be provided to the disadvantaged and stigmatized members of society who bear a disproportionate burden of the epidemic. Environments must be created where people who use drugs can receive prevention and treatment services without shame or stigma. Action is needed to end the policy of mass incarceration of people who use drugs, reduce the stigma associated with substance use, support the human rights of people who use drugs, expand social safety net services for the poor and the homeless, remove the legal barriers to hepatitis C prevention, and build public health infrastructure to reach, engage, and serve marginalized populations. Governments must take action to bring about these changes. Public health agencies must work with penal institutions to provide prevention and treatment services, including antiviral therapy, to those in need in jails and prisons or on probation or parole. Research is needed to guide efforts in each of these domains. Strong and sustained political advocacy will be needed to build and sustain support for these measures. Leadership must be provided by physicians, scientists, and the public health community in partnership with community advocates and people living with or at risk for hepatitis C. Eliminating hepatitis C from the United States is possible, but will require a sustained national commitment to reach, test, treat, cure, and prevent every case. With strong political leadership, societal commitment, and community support, hepatitis C can be eradicated in the United States. If this is to happen in our lifetimes, the time for action is now. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveHepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {The advent of highly effective antiviral regimens will make the eradication of hepatitis C in high-income countries such as the United States technically feasible. But eradicating hepatitis C will require escalating our response to the epidemic in key domains, including surveillance and epidemiology, prevention, screening, care and treatment, policy, research, and advocacy. Surveillance must be nimble enough to quickly assess the magnitude of new transmission patterns as they emerge. Basic prevention strategies - community-based outreach and education, testing and counseling, and access to sterile injection equipment and opioid substitution therapies - must be scaled up and adapted to target groups in which new epidemics are emerging. All adults should be screened for hepatitis C, but special efforts must focus on groups with increased prevalence through community outreach and rapid testing. Government, industry, and payers must work together to assure full access to health services and antiviral drugs for everyone who is infected. Access to the new regimens must not be compromised by excessively high prices or arbitrary payer restrictions. Partnerships must be forged between hepatitis providers and programs that serve people who inject illicit drugs. Healthcare providers and systems, especially primary care practitioners, need education and training in treating hepatitis C and caring for substance-using populations. Services must be provided to the disadvantaged and stigmatized members of society who bear a disproportionate burden of the epidemic. Environments must be created where people who use drugs can receive prevention and treatment services without shame or stigma. Action is needed to end the policy of mass incarceration of people who use drugs, reduce the stigma associated with substance use, support the human rights of people who use drugs, expand social safety net services for the poor and the homeless, remove the legal barriers to hepatitis C prevention, and build public health infrastructure to reach, engage, and serve marginalized populations. Governments must take action to bring about these changes. Public health agencies must work with penal institutions to provide prevention and treatment services, including antiviral therapy, to those in need in jails and prisons or on probation or parole. Research is needed to guide efforts in each of these domains. Strong and sustained political advocacy will be needed to build and sustain support for these measures. Leadership must be provided by physicians, scientists, and the public health community in partnership with community advocates and people living with or at risk for hepatitis C. Eliminating hepatitis C from the United States is possible, but will require a sustained national commitment to reach, test, treat, cure, and prevent every case. With strong political leadership, societal commitment, and community support, hepatitis C can be eradicated in the United States. If this is to happen in our lifetimes, the time for action is now. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveHepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10317,11 +12050,26 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s13643-019-1142-1},
-  abstract = {Background Impacts of early childhood development (ECD) interventions (such as fostering attachment and responsiveness through communication, play and stimulation) are well known. Globally, there is increasing recognition of the importance of the \textbackslash textasciigravegolden' minutes, hours and days after birth for infant health and development. However, only one systematic review has examined ECD interventions implemented in the neonatal period (0-27 days), and this review only assessed interventions implemented by specialised providers. Primary care providers have many potential contacts with mothers and infants throughout the neonatal period. However, it is unclear how many research studies or programmes have examined the effectiveness of ECD interventions commencing in the neonatal period and which methods were used. To date, there has been no systematic review of the effect of ECD interventions delivered by primary care providers commencing in the neonatal period. Methods Our overall aim is to conduct a systematic review of the effect of ECD interventions implemented by primary care providers in the neonatal period. We will assess effects by timing and number ('dose') of contacts with primary care providers. Subgroup assessment will include effects in disadvantaged infants such as those born with low birth weight and to mothers with mental health disorders. We will also assess effects in low- and high-income countries and by type of care provider. The primary outcome is cognitive status in children aged 0-23 months as measured using standardised scales. Secondary outcomes include other child neurodevelopment domains (speech, language, fine motor, gross motor, social, emotional, behaviour, executive functioning, adaptive functioning) in children aged 0-23 months. Effects on maternal mental health will also be assessed between 0-23 months postpartum. Databases such as MEDLINE (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL, Cochrane Library, WHO databases and reference lists of papers will be searched for relevant articles. Only randomised controlled trials will be included. A narrative synthesis for all outcomes will be reported. Meta-analyses will be performed where exposures and outcomes are sufficiently homogeneous. Guidelines for PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols) will be followed. Discussion This review appears to be the first to be conducted in this area. The findings will be an important resource for policymakers, primary care providers and researchers who work with young infants in primary care settings. Systematic review registration PROSPERO},
+  abstract = {Background Impacts of early childhood development (ECD) interventions (such as fostering attachment and responsiveness through communication, play and stimulation) are well known. Globally, there is increasing recognition of the importance of the {\textbackslash}textasciigravegolden' minutes, hours and days after birth for infant health and development. However, only one systematic review has examined ECD interventions implemented in the neonatal period (0-27 days), and this review only assessed interventions implemented by specialised providers. Primary care providers have many potential contacts with mothers and infants throughout the neonatal period. However, it is unclear how many research studies or programmes have examined the effectiveness of ECD interventions commencing in the neonatal period and which methods were used. To date, there has been no systematic review of the effect of ECD interventions delivered by primary care providers commencing in the neonatal period. Methods Our overall aim is to conduct a systematic review of the effect of ECD interventions implemented by primary care providers in the neonatal period. We will assess effects by timing and number ('dose') of contacts with primary care providers. Subgroup assessment will include effects in disadvantaged infants such as those born with low birth weight and to mothers with mental health disorders. We will also assess effects in low- and high-income countries and by type of care provider. The primary outcome is cognitive status in children aged 0-23 months as measured using standardised scales. Secondary outcomes include other child neurodevelopment domains (speech, language, fine motor, gross motor, social, emotional, behaviour, executive functioning, adaptive functioning) in children aged 0-23 months. Effects on maternal mental health will also be assessed between 0-23 months postpartum. Databases such as MEDLINE (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL, Cochrane Library, WHO databases and reference lists of papers will be searched for relevant articles. Only randomised controlled trials will be included. A narrative synthesis for all outcomes will be reported. Meta-analyses will be performed where exposures and outcomes are sufficiently homogeneous. Guidelines for PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols) will be followed. Discussion This review appears to be the first to be conducted in this area. The findings will be an important resource for policymakers, primary care providers and researchers who work with young infants in primary care settings. Systematic review registration PROSPERO},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::title}
 }
 
+@article{Edwards1984,
+  title = {Women, {{Work}}, and {{Social Participation}}},
+  author = {Edwards, Patricia Klobus and Edwards, John N. and DeWitt Watts, Ann},
+  year = {1984},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Voluntary Action Research},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {7--22},
+  issn = {0094-0607},
+  doi = {10.1177/089976408401300103},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Edwards2016,
   title = {Financial Barriers to Oral Cancer Treatment in {{India}}},
   author = {Edwards, Patrick and Subramanian, Sujha and Hoover, Sonja and Ramesh, Chaluvarayaswamy and Ramadas, Kunnambath},
@@ -10346,7 +12094,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
   number = {1},
   issn = {1472-684X},
   doi = {10.1186/s12904-021-00863-7},
-  abstract = {Background Provision of palliative care to individuals with late-stage serious illnesses is critical to reduce suffering. Palliative care is slowly gaining momentum in Jamaica but requires a highly skilled workforce, including nurses. Out-migration of nurses to wealthier countries negatively impacts the delivery of health care services and may impede palliative care capacity-building. This critical review aimed to explore the evidence pertaining to the nurse migration effect on the integration of palliative care services in Jamaica and to formulate hypotheses about potential mitigating strategies. Methods A comprehensive search in the PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest PAIS databases aimed to identify articles pertinent to nurse migration in the Caribbean context. Grant and Booth's methodologic framework for critical reviews was used to evaluate the literature. This methodology uses a narrative, chronologic synthesis and was guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) Public Health Model and the Model of Sustainability in Global Nursing. Results Data from 14 articles were extracted and mapped. Poorer patient outcomes were in part attributed to the out-migration of the most skilled nurses. \textbackslash textasciigravePush-factors' such as aggressive recruitment by wealthier countries, lack of continuing educational opportunities, disparate wages, and a lack of professional autonomy and respect were clear contributors. Gender inequalities negatively impacted females and children left behind. Poor working conditions were not necessarily a primary reason for nurse migration. Four main themes were identified across articles: (a) globalization creating opportunities for migration, (b) recruitment of skilled professionals from CARICOM by high income countries, (c) imbalance and inequities resulting from migration, and (d) mitigation strategies. Thirteen articles suggested education, partnerships, policy, and incentives as mitigation strategies. Those strategies directly align with the WHO Public Health Model drivers to palliative care integration. Conclusion Emerged evidence supports that nurse migration is an ongoing phenomenon that strains health systems in Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) countries, with Jamaica being deeply impacted. This critical review demonstrates the importance of strategically addressing nurse migration as part of palliative care integration efforts in Jamaica. Future studies should include targeted migration mitigation interventions and should be guided by the three working hypotheses derived from this review.},
+  abstract = {Background Provision of palliative care to individuals with late-stage serious illnesses is critical to reduce suffering. Palliative care is slowly gaining momentum in Jamaica but requires a highly skilled workforce, including nurses. Out-migration of nurses to wealthier countries negatively impacts the delivery of health care services and may impede palliative care capacity-building. This critical review aimed to explore the evidence pertaining to the nurse migration effect on the integration of palliative care services in Jamaica and to formulate hypotheses about potential mitigating strategies. Methods A comprehensive search in the PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest PAIS databases aimed to identify articles pertinent to nurse migration in the Caribbean context. Grant and Booth's methodologic framework for critical reviews was used to evaluate the literature. This methodology uses a narrative, chronologic synthesis and was guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) Public Health Model and the Model of Sustainability in Global Nursing. Results Data from 14 articles were extracted and mapped. Poorer patient outcomes were in part attributed to the out-migration of the most skilled nurses. {\textbackslash}textasciigravePush-factors' such as aggressive recruitment by wealthier countries, lack of continuing educational opportunities, disparate wages, and a lack of professional autonomy and respect were clear contributors. Gender inequalities negatively impacted females and children left behind. Poor working conditions were not necessarily a primary reason for nurse migration. Four main themes were identified across articles: (a) globalization creating opportunities for migration, (b) recruitment of skilled professionals from CARICOM by high income countries, (c) imbalance and inequities resulting from migration, and (d) mitigation strategies. Thirteen articles suggested education, partnerships, policy, and incentives as mitigation strategies. Those strategies directly align with the WHO Public Health Model drivers to palliative care integration. Conclusion Emerged evidence supports that nurse migration is an ongoing phenomenon that strains health systems in Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) countries, with Jamaica being deeply impacted. This critical review demonstrates the importance of strategically addressing nurse migration as part of palliative care integration efforts in Jamaica. Future studies should include targeted migration mitigation interventions and should be guided by the three working hypotheses derived from this review.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::critical},
   note = {looks at spatial inequalities
@@ -10365,7 +12113,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {48--69},
   issn = {0001-6993},
   doi = {10.1177/0001699319877925},
-  abstract = {Demographic explanations for the rise in household income inequality include increased educational assortative mating and changes in the division of paid labour within families. Building on this research, the current study focuses on the connected nature of these two inequality-producing mechanisms, while at the same time bridging the divide with the economic literature on the role of income differentiation. Drawing on the 2004-2008 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, we consider variation across Europe in the disequalising effect of educational assortative mating and relate these patterns to the general characteristics of welfare state regimes, focusing on the degree of gender equality and income differentiation. First, we document large educational differentials in men's and women's income in Eastern Europe, and smaller differentials in Anglo-Saxon, Continental and, especially, Northern Europe. Next, we find that this variation in gender equality and income differentiation parallels variation in the potential contribution of educational assortative mating to educational differentiation in household income. While all countries display larger educational differentials in household income under the scenario of 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% educational homogamy, the biggest differences are found in Eastern Europe, and the smallest differences in the Nordic countries. These results suggest that educational assortative mating is less disequalising in countries with more gender equality and support for equal opportunities.},
+  abstract = {Demographic explanations for the rise in household income inequality include increased educational assortative mating and changes in the division of paid labour within families. Building on this research, the current study focuses on the connected nature of these two inequality-producing mechanisms, while at the same time bridging the divide with the economic literature on the role of income differentiation. Drawing on the 2004-2008 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, we consider variation across Europe in the disequalising effect of educational assortative mating and relate these patterns to the general characteristics of welfare state regimes, focusing on the degree of gender equality and income differentiation. First, we document large educational differentials in men's and women's income in Eastern Europe, and smaller differentials in Anglo-Saxon, Continental and, especially, Northern Europe. Next, we find that this variation in gender equality and income differentiation parallels variation in the potential contribution of educational assortative mating to educational differentiation in household income. While all countries display larger educational differentials in household income under the scenario of 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% educational homogamy, the biggest differences are found in Eastern Europe, and the smallest differences in the Nordic countries. These results suggest that educational assortative mating is less disequalising in countries with more gender equality and support for equal opportunities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10379,7 +12127,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {4},
   issn = {2158-2440},
   doi = {10.1177/2158244019885389},
-  abstract = {Despite being the first country in the world to introduce paternity leave in 1978, Finland's current national leave scheme is complex with regard to incentivizing fathers' take-up. Taking the unique Finnish leave scheme as a case example, this article examines fathers' motivations and barriers to leave. Although research on fathers' take-up of leave in divergent leave policy contexts has increased dramatically, fathers' motivations and barriers to leave have remained underresearched. The article reports on a survey sample of 852 Finnish fathers of infants who were taking paternity, parental, and other forms of leave, drawn from the Population Register Center. Results show that less than 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of fathers report taking no leave, with more than 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% taking some form of leave. A multinomial logistic regression analysis indicates that father's work, partner's education, and family income, along with father's wish to take a break from work and wish to facilitate mother's return to work or studies, are the key characteristics and motivations associated with fathers' take-up of leave. The most common barriers to fathers' take-up of leave were related to the family's economic situation and the father's job. It is suggested that decreasing maternalism in the leave scheme, by extending investment in fathers' individual well-paid leave weeks, will also help promote greater gender equality for working parents in Finland following the path of Nordic neighbors.},
+  abstract = {Despite being the first country in the world to introduce paternity leave in 1978, Finland's current national leave scheme is complex with regard to incentivizing fathers' take-up. Taking the unique Finnish leave scheme as a case example, this article examines fathers' motivations and barriers to leave. Although research on fathers' take-up of leave in divergent leave policy contexts has increased dramatically, fathers' motivations and barriers to leave have remained underresearched. The article reports on a survey sample of 852 Finnish fathers of infants who were taking paternity, parental, and other forms of leave, drawn from the Population Register Center. Results show that less than 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of fathers report taking no leave, with more than 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% taking some form of leave. A multinomial logistic regression analysis indicates that father's work, partner's education, and family income, along with father's wish to take a break from work and wish to facilitate mother's return to work or studies, are the key characteristics and motivations associated with fathers' take-up of leave. The most common barriers to fathers' take-up of leave were related to the family's economic situation and the father's job. It is suggested that decreasing maternalism in the leave scheme, by extending investment in fathers' individual well-paid leave weeks, will also help promote greater gender equality for working parents in Finland following the path of Nordic neighbors.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10392,7 +12140,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   series = {{{INTED Proceedings}}},
   issn = {2340-1079},
   doi = {10.21125/inted.2019.2125},
-  abstract = {As the configuration of the recent European political scene testifies, there is an upward trend of the nationalistic and xenophobic atmosphere within the EU societies, which is undoubtedly being reinforced in the recent years, due to both the large refugee flows and the terrorist acts occurring across Europe. Accordingly, the Gallup study of attitudes toward immigration found people in Europe the most negative in the world towards immigration. The majority of residents (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%) said immigration levels in their countries should be decreased. And all that while migrants constitute the 4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the European population, a percentage which could be \textbackslash textasciigravetranslated' into numbers as 20 million of migrants. Consequently, the aforementioned situation invokes a matter of intricacy in order for the NGOs and other organizations, who are dealing with the issue of the integration of migrants and refugees, to work and emphasize on the notions of global interdependencies and equality, with the oversimplified argumentation occurs to be the wide range of resources that strengthen the dominant narrative. The innovative character of the project FATI (From Alienation to Inclusion, https://www.projectfati.com) lies on the effective collaboration of the project partners, who are seeking to create activities by developing a unique on-line environment which contains comprehensive training modules on social integration of migrants and refugees into EU societies, while seeking to eliminate all those social, linguistic and psychological barriers which prevent migrants and refugees from being integrated in the new environment. Also, the environment of the project is being endowed with a variety of other pioneer digital tools and applications, specially designed for the creation and establishment of a strong network amongst European NGOs, social enterprises and charities for migrants and refugees, thus forming strong alliances. Accordingly, the ultimate aim of the project is to bring together such organizations, thus adopting a more collective and therefore effective action. Simultaneously, the e-platform involves the wider EU public, mainly through the \textbackslash textasciigraveLibrary of Commodities' which operates for the purpose of provision of humanitarian aid, as the wider European public gains the opportunity to offer its used objects to refugee settlements located in the partner-countries. Additionally, through a \textbackslash textasciigraveDirectory of European NGOs, social enterprises and charities for migrants and refugees', being created as a part of the outputs of the project, a strong network of such organizations emerges, therefore allowing their actions to acquire global dimension, primarily by using volunteers and services of other EU organizations located in other countries; such operation is being considered the initial point for the development of a mutual European policy on migrants and refugees.},
+  abstract = {As the configuration of the recent European political scene testifies, there is an upward trend of the nationalistic and xenophobic atmosphere within the EU societies, which is undoubtedly being reinforced in the recent years, due to both the large refugee flows and the terrorist acts occurring across Europe. Accordingly, the Gallup study of attitudes toward immigration found people in Europe the most negative in the world towards immigration. The majority of residents (52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) said immigration levels in their countries should be decreased. And all that while migrants constitute the 4.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the European population, a percentage which could be {\textbackslash}textasciigravetranslated' into numbers as 20 million of migrants. Consequently, the aforementioned situation invokes a matter of intricacy in order for the NGOs and other organizations, who are dealing with the issue of the integration of migrants and refugees, to work and emphasize on the notions of global interdependencies and equality, with the oversimplified argumentation occurs to be the wide range of resources that strengthen the dominant narrative. The innovative character of the project FATI (From Alienation to Inclusion, https://www.projectfati.com) lies on the effective collaboration of the project partners, who are seeking to create activities by developing a unique on-line environment which contains comprehensive training modules on social integration of migrants and refugees into EU societies, while seeking to eliminate all those social, linguistic and psychological barriers which prevent migrants and refugees from being integrated in the new environment. Also, the environment of the project is being endowed with a variety of other pioneer digital tools and applications, specially designed for the creation and establishment of a strong network amongst European NGOs, social enterprises and charities for migrants and refugees, thus forming strong alliances. Accordingly, the ultimate aim of the project is to bring together such organizations, thus adopting a more collective and therefore effective action. Simultaneously, the e-platform involves the wider EU public, mainly through the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveLibrary of Commodities' which operates for the purpose of provision of humanitarian aid, as the wider European public gains the opportunity to offer its used objects to refugee settlements located in the partner-countries. Additionally, through a {\textbackslash}textasciigraveDirectory of European NGOs, social enterprises and charities for migrants and refugees', being created as a part of the outputs of the project, a strong network of such organizations emerges, therefore allowing their actions to acquire global dimension, primarily by using volunteers and services of other EU organizations located in other countries; such operation is being considered the initial point for the development of a mutual European policy on migrants and refugees.},
   isbn = {978-84-09-08619-1},
   langid = {english},
   note = {13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 11-13, 2019
@@ -10430,6 +12178,20 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Ekberg2013,
+  title = {Parental Leave {\textemdash} {{A}} Policy Evaluation of the {{Swedish}} ``{{Daddy-Month}}'' Reform},
+  author = {Ekberg, John and Eriksson, Rickard and Friebel, Guido},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+  volume = {97},
+  pages = {131--143},
+  issn = {00472727},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Ekbrand2018,
   title = {The More Gender Equity, the Less Child Poverty? {{A}} Multilevel Analysis of Malnutrition and Health Deprivation in 49 Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
   shorttitle = {The More Gender Equity, the Less Child Poverty?},
@@ -10454,7 +12216,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {24},
   number = {5},
   doi = {10.1002/jia2.25682},
-  abstract = {Introduction Female sex workers (FSW) who use drugs are a key population at risk of HIV in Kazakhstan, and face multiple structural barriers to HIV prevention. More research is needed on the role of structural interventions such as microfinance (MF) in reducing HIV risk. This paper describes the results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a combination HIVRR + MF intervention in reducing biologically confirmed STIs and HIV risk behaviours. Methods This study took place from May 2015 to October 2018 in two cities in Kazakhstan. We screened 763 participants for eligibility and enrolled 354 FSW who use drugs. Participants were randomized in cohorts to receive either a four-session HIVRR intervention, or that same intervention plus 30 additional sessions of financial literacy training, vocational training and asset-building through a matched-savings programme. Repeated behavioural and biological assessments were conducted at baseline, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-intervention. Biological and behavioural primary outcomes included HIV/STI incidence, sexual risk behaviours and drug use risk behaviours, evaluated over the 12-month period. Results Over the 12-month follow-up period, few differences in study outcomes were noted between arms. There was only one newly-detected HIV case, and study arms did not significantly differ on any STI incidence. At post-intervention assessments compared to baseline, both HIVRR and HIVRR + MF participants significantly reduced sexual and drug use risk behaviours, and showed improvements in financial outcomes, condom use attitudes and self-efficacy, social support, and access to medical care. In addition, HIVRR + MF participants showed a 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater reduction in the number of unprotected sex acts with paying partners at the six-month assessment (IRR = IRR = 0.28, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.08, 0.92), and a 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater reduction in the proportion of income from sex work at the three-month assessment (b = -0.10, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = -0.17, -0.02) than HIVRR participants did. HIVRR + MF participants also showed significantly improved performance on financial self-efficacy compared to HIVRR over the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions Compared to a combination HIVRR + MF intervention, a robust HIVRR intervention alone may be sufficient to reduce sexual and drug risk behaviours among FSW who use drugs. There may be structural limitations to the promise of microfinance for HIV risk reduction among this population.},
+  abstract = {Introduction Female sex workers (FSW) who use drugs are a key population at risk of HIV in Kazakhstan, and face multiple structural barriers to HIV prevention. More research is needed on the role of structural interventions such as microfinance (MF) in reducing HIV risk. This paper describes the results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a combination HIVRR + MF intervention in reducing biologically confirmed STIs and HIV risk behaviours. Methods This study took place from May 2015 to October 2018 in two cities in Kazakhstan. We screened 763 participants for eligibility and enrolled 354 FSW who use drugs. Participants were randomized in cohorts to receive either a four-session HIVRR intervention, or that same intervention plus 30 additional sessions of financial literacy training, vocational training and asset-building through a matched-savings programme. Repeated behavioural and biological assessments were conducted at baseline, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-intervention. Biological and behavioural primary outcomes included HIV/STI incidence, sexual risk behaviours and drug use risk behaviours, evaluated over the 12-month period. Results Over the 12-month follow-up period, few differences in study outcomes were noted between arms. There was only one newly-detected HIV case, and study arms did not significantly differ on any STI incidence. At post-intervention assessments compared to baseline, both HIVRR and HIVRR + MF participants significantly reduced sexual and drug use risk behaviours, and showed improvements in financial outcomes, condom use attitudes and self-efficacy, social support, and access to medical care. In addition, HIVRR + MF participants showed a 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% greater reduction in the number of unprotected sex acts with paying partners at the six-month assessment (IRR = IRR = 0.28, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.08, 0.92), and a 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% greater reduction in the proportion of income from sex work at the three-month assessment (b = -0.10, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = -0.17, -0.02) than HIVRR participants did. HIVRR + MF participants also showed significantly improved performance on financial self-efficacy compared to HIVRR over the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions Compared to a combination HIVRR + MF intervention, a robust HIVRR intervention alone may be sufficient to reduce sexual and drug risk behaviours among FSW who use drugs. There may be structural limitations to the promise of microfinance for HIV risk reduction among this population.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10466,7 +12228,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
   volume = {7},
   doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-7-233},
-  abstract = {Background: Researchers have frequently encountered difficulties in the recruitment and retention of minorities resulting in their under-representation in clinical trials. This report describes the successful strategies of recruitment and retention of African Americans and Latinos in a randomized clinical trial to reduce smoking, depression and intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Socio-demographic characteristics and risk profiles of retained vs. non-retained women and lost to follow-up vs. dropped-out women are presented. In addition, subgroups of pregnant women who are less ( more) likely to be retained are identified. Methods: Pregnant African American women and Latinas who were Washington, DC residents, aged 18 years or more, and of 28 weeks gestational age or less were recruited at six prenatal care clinics. Potentially eligible women were screened for socio-demographic eligibility and the presence of the selected behavioral and psychological risks using an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview. Eligible women who consented to participate completed a baseline telephone evaluation after which they were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the usual care group. Results: Of the 1,398 eligible women, 1,191 (85\textbackslash textbackslash\%) agreed to participate in the study. Of the 1,191 women agreeing to participate, 1,070 completed the baseline evaluation and were enrolled in the study and randomized, for a recruitment rate of 90\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Of those enrolled, 1,044 were African American women. A total of 849 women completed the study, for a retention rate of 79\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Five percent dropped out and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% were lost-to-follow up. Women retained in the study and those not retained were not statistically different with regard to socio-demographic characteristics and the targeted risks. Retention strategies included financial and other incentives, regular updates of contact information which was tracked and monitored by a computerized data management system available to all project staff, and attention to cultural competence with implementation of study procedures by appropriately selected, trained, and supervised staff. Single, less educated, alcohol and drug users, non-working, and non-WIC women represent minority women with expected low retention rates. Conclusion: We conclude that with targeted recruitment and retention strategies, minority women will participate at high rates in behavioral clinical trials. We also found that women who drop out are different from women who are lost to follow-up, and require different strategies to optimize their completion of the study.},
+  abstract = {Background: Researchers have frequently encountered difficulties in the recruitment and retention of minorities resulting in their under-representation in clinical trials. This report describes the successful strategies of recruitment and retention of African Americans and Latinos in a randomized clinical trial to reduce smoking, depression and intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Socio-demographic characteristics and risk profiles of retained vs. non-retained women and lost to follow-up vs. dropped-out women are presented. In addition, subgroups of pregnant women who are less ( more) likely to be retained are identified. Methods: Pregnant African American women and Latinas who were Washington, DC residents, aged 18 years or more, and of 28 weeks gestational age or less were recruited at six prenatal care clinics. Potentially eligible women were screened for socio-demographic eligibility and the presence of the selected behavioral and psychological risks using an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview. Eligible women who consented to participate completed a baseline telephone evaluation after which they were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the usual care group. Results: Of the 1,398 eligible women, 1,191 (85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) agreed to participate in the study. Of the 1,191 women agreeing to participate, 1,070 completed the baseline evaluation and were enrolled in the study and randomized, for a recruitment rate of 90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Of those enrolled, 1,044 were African American women. A total of 849 women completed the study, for a retention rate of 79{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Five percent dropped out and 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were lost-to-follow up. Women retained in the study and those not retained were not statistically different with regard to socio-demographic characteristics and the targeted risks. Retention strategies included financial and other incentives, regular updates of contact information which was tracked and monitored by a computerized data management system available to all project staff, and attention to cultural competence with implementation of study procedures by appropriately selected, trained, and supervised staff. Single, less educated, alcohol and drug users, non-working, and non-WIC women represent minority women with expected low retention rates. Conclusion: We conclude that with targeted recruitment and retention strategies, minority women will participate at high rates in behavioral clinical trials. We also found that women who drop out are different from women who are lost to follow-up, and require different strategies to optimize their completion of the study.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10482,7 +12244,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   issn = {2090-262X},
   doi = {10.1186/s42506-021-00077-y},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Introduction               Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a serious human rights violation and an important health concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to estimate the proportion of IPV among adult Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and to identify its possible predictors during the lockdown.                                         Methods               A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020 using an online questionnaire. The sample included 490 adult Arab women aged 18 years and above, who live with their husbands. Data was collected using a Google forms designed questionnaire that included the socio-demographic characteristics, nature of lockdown, and exposure to different types of IPV before and during COVID-19 lockdown and the frequency of their occurrence. McNemar's test was used to determine differences in the exposure to IPV before and during the lockdown, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of exposure to IPV during the lockdown.                                         Results               Half of women reported that they were ever exposed to IPV with psychological violence ranking 1st. Exposure to any type of IPV and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence have significantly increased during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The frequency of exposure to the different types of IPV ranged from 1\textendash 3 times per month to almost every day, but the most commonly reported was 1\textendash 3 times per month. Predictors of exposure to IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown included country of residence, family income, and whether the husband lost his job during lockdown.                                         Conclusions               IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Arab countries, and it was associated with the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic on families. Actions towards raising awareness about the problem among professionals and the community, early detection, and provision of appropriate services are mandatory.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Introduction               Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a serious human rights violation and an important health concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to estimate the proportion of IPV among adult Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and to identify its possible predictors during the lockdown.                                         Methods               A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020 using an online questionnaire. The sample included 490 adult Arab women aged 18 years and above, who live with their husbands. Data was collected using a Google forms designed questionnaire that included the socio-demographic characteristics, nature of lockdown, and exposure to different types of IPV before and during COVID-19 lockdown and the frequency of their occurrence. McNemar's test was used to determine differences in the exposure to IPV before and during the lockdown, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of exposure to IPV during the lockdown.                                         Results               Half of women reported that they were ever exposed to IPV with psychological violence ranking 1st. Exposure to any type of IPV and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence have significantly increased during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The frequency of exposure to the different types of IPV ranged from 1{\textendash}3 times per month to almost every day, but the most commonly reported was 1{\textendash}3 times per month. Predictors of exposure to IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown included country of residence, family income, and whether the husband lost his job during lockdown.                                         Conclusions               IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Arab countries, and it was associated with the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic on families. Actions towards raising awareness about the problem among professionals and the community, early detection, and provision of appropriate services are mandatory.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10500,6 +12262,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Elborgh-Woytek2013,
+  title = {Women, {{Work}}, and the {{Economy}}: {{Macroeconomic Gains}} from {{Gender Equity}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women, {{Work}}, and the {{Economy}}},
+  author = {{Elborgh-Woytek}, Katrin and {KElborgh-Woytek@imf.org} and Newiak, Monique and {MNewiak@imf.org} and Kochhar, Kalpana and {KKochhar@imf.org} and Fabrizio, Stefania and {SFabrizio@imf.org} and Kpodar, Kangni and {KKpodar@imf.org} and Wingender, Philippe and {PWingender@imf.org} and Clements, Benedict and {BClements@imf.org} and Schwartz, Gerd and {GSchwartz@imf.org}},
+  year = {2013},
+  journal = {Staff Discussion Notes},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {1},
+  issn = {2221-030X},
+  doi = {10.5089/9781475566567.006},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Elder1995,
   title = {Inner-{{City Parents Under Economic Pressure}}: {{Perspectives}} on the {{Strategies}} of {{Parenting}}},
   shorttitle = {Inner-{{City Parents Under Economic Pressure}}},
@@ -10534,7 +12311,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
 }
 
 @article{Ellingsaeter2020,
-  title = {Immigrants and the \textbackslash textasciigravecaring Father': {{Inequality}} in Access to and Utilisation of Parental Leave in {{Norway}}},
+  title = {Immigrants and the {\textbackslash}textasciigravecaring Father': {{Inequality}} in Access to and Utilisation of Parental Leave in {{Norway}}},
   author = {Ellingsaeter, Anne Lise and Kitterod, Ragni Hege and Ostbakken, Kjersti Misje},
   year = {2020},
   month = oct,
@@ -10544,7 +12321,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {959--982},
   issn = {1468-7968},
   doi = {10.1177/1468796819890109},
-  abstract = {How do parental leave rights and interacting societal structures influence immigrant fathers' compliance with the \textbackslash textasciigravecaring father' model-typifying Nordic welfare states? Nordic parental leave schemes differ; this study investigated the impact of the Norwegian policy. Strong, stratifying effects related to access, particularly unfavourable for non-Western immigrant fathers, were demonstrated. These effects stemmed not only from the scheme being based on work performance criteria, but also from fathers' rights being conditioned on mothers' economic activity. Moreover, the observed gap between eligible immigrant and native-born fathers in the take-up of the father quota (the part of leave earmarked for fathers) was explored further. The gap was associated with weaker individual resources; however, ethnic labour market segregation played a significant role. The gap narrowed with the increased duration of stay of these fathers, suggesting that adaptation processes also are involved. The analysis is based on high-quality register data of all partnered men who became fathers in Norway in 2011, following them until their child was three years old in 2014.},
+  abstract = {How do parental leave rights and interacting societal structures influence immigrant fathers' compliance with the {\textbackslash}textasciigravecaring father' model-typifying Nordic welfare states? Nordic parental leave schemes differ; this study investigated the impact of the Norwegian policy. Strong, stratifying effects related to access, particularly unfavourable for non-Western immigrant fathers, were demonstrated. These effects stemmed not only from the scheme being based on work performance criteria, but also from fathers' rights being conditioned on mothers' economic activity. Moreover, the observed gap between eligible immigrant and native-born fathers in the take-up of the father quota (the part of leave earmarked for fathers) was explored further. The gap was associated with weaker individual resources; however, ethnic labour market segregation played a significant role. The gap narrowed with the increased duration of stay of these fathers, suggesting that adaptation processes also are involved. The analysis is based on high-quality register data of all partnered men who became fathers in Norway in 2011, following them until their child was three years old in 2014.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10589,7 +12366,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {467--479},
   issn = {0268-1080},
   doi = {10.1093/heapol/czs077},
-  abstract = {Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a large and rapidly-growing problem in China and other middle-income countries. Clinical treatment of NCDs is long-term and expensive, so it may present particular problems for equality and horizontal equity (equal treatment for equal need) in access to health care, although little is known about this at present in low-and middle-income countries. To address this gap, and inform policy for a substantial proportion of the global population, we examined inequality and inequity in general health care utilization (doctor consultations and hospital admissions) and in treatment of chronic conditions (hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia), in 30 499 Chinese adults aged {$>$}= 50 years from one of China's richest provinces, using the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2003-2008). We used concentration indices to test for inequality and inequity in utilization by household income per head. Inequality was decomposed to show the contributions of income, indicators of \textbackslash textasciigraveneed for health care' (age, sex, self-rated health, coronary heart disease risk and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and non-need factors (education, occupation, out-of-pocket health care payments and health insurance). We found inequality and inequity in treatment of chronic conditions but not in general health care utilization. Using more objective and specific measures of \textbackslash textasciigraveneed for health care' increased estimates of inequity for treatment of chronic conditions. Income and non-need factors (especially health insurance, education and occupation) made the largest contributions to inequality. Further work is needed on why access to treatment for chronic conditions in China is restricted for those on low incomes and how these inequities can be mitigated.},
+  abstract = {Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a large and rapidly-growing problem in China and other middle-income countries. Clinical treatment of NCDs is long-term and expensive, so it may present particular problems for equality and horizontal equity (equal treatment for equal need) in access to health care, although little is known about this at present in low-and middle-income countries. To address this gap, and inform policy for a substantial proportion of the global population, we examined inequality and inequity in general health care utilization (doctor consultations and hospital admissions) and in treatment of chronic conditions (hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia), in 30 499 Chinese adults aged {$>$}= 50 years from one of China's richest provinces, using the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (2003-2008). We used concentration indices to test for inequality and inequity in utilization by household income per head. Inequality was decomposed to show the contributions of income, indicators of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveneed for health care' (age, sex, self-rated health, coronary heart disease risk and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and non-need factors (education, occupation, out-of-pocket health care payments and health insurance). We found inequality and inequity in treatment of chronic conditions but not in general health care utilization. Using more objective and specific measures of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveneed for health care' increased estimates of inequity for treatment of chronic conditions. Income and non-need factors (especially health insurance, education and occupation) made the largest contributions to inequality. Further work is needed on why access to treatment for chronic conditions in China is restricted for those on low incomes and how these inequities can be mitigated.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10604,7 +12381,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {74--81},
   issn = {1049-3867},
   doi = {10.1016/1049-3867(95)00049-6},
-  abstract = {The workplace is an effective channel for disseminating health promotion interventions,(1) and it is becoming an increasingly important vehicle for reaching women. In the United States, 54\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women over 18 work outside the home. Bureau of Labor projections indicate that by the year 2005, women will be entering the workforce at a faster rate than men. Manufacturing worksites, in particular, offer an effective means of reaching women who are underserved, undereducated, and from lower income strata. The worksite may play a particularly important role in reaching these underserved women because they may have less access to traditional channels for health care and prevention. However, poor participation in worksite programs is often cited as a major contributor to less than optimal outcomes in worksite-based programs. Little is known about the determinants of participation in worksite health promotion programs. In addition, there is no common definition of \textbackslash textasciigrave'participation,'' which adds to the confusion in this literature.(2) While it is difficult to make comparisons across data that use different definitions of participation, several recurrent themes exist. Demographic characteristics tend to predict participation in worksite health promotion programs. Younger employees, those with higher education levels, and women are more likely to participate,(2,6) although men are more likely to participate in fitness programs.(7,8) Organizational or worksite-level factors that promote individual participation in health promotion programs are less clear. Top management support, willingness to allow attendance on company time, and line supervisor permission to attend programs all seem to play a role in facilitating participation. Although the importance of organizational factors has been acknowledged,(2,6,9-11) the systematic study of how these factors differentially predict participation by gender-occupational characteristics, age, and health status has only recently begun.(12,13) The Working Well Trial, a randomized trial of worksite health promotion,12 13 offers a unique opportunity to investigate factors influencing participation in health promotion programs. In one of the four participating study centers (Brown University), it was observed that 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women employed in participating companies did not attend any of the intervention activities. These data indicated that the program was not effectively reaching a large percentage of the women employed in these companies. As a result, the present study was designed to investigate the facilitators and barriers to women's participation in worksite health promotion.},
+  abstract = {The workplace is an effective channel for disseminating health promotion interventions,(1) and it is becoming an increasingly important vehicle for reaching women. In the United States, 54{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women over 18 work outside the home. Bureau of Labor projections indicate that by the year 2005, women will be entering the workforce at a faster rate than men. Manufacturing worksites, in particular, offer an effective means of reaching women who are underserved, undereducated, and from lower income strata. The worksite may play a particularly important role in reaching these underserved women because they may have less access to traditional channels for health care and prevention. However, poor participation in worksite programs is often cited as a major contributor to less than optimal outcomes in worksite-based programs. Little is known about the determinants of participation in worksite health promotion programs. In addition, there is no common definition of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'participation,'' which adds to the confusion in this literature.(2) While it is difficult to make comparisons across data that use different definitions of participation, several recurrent themes exist. Demographic characteristics tend to predict participation in worksite health promotion programs. Younger employees, those with higher education levels, and women are more likely to participate,(2,6) although men are more likely to participate in fitness programs.(7,8) Organizational or worksite-level factors that promote individual participation in health promotion programs are less clear. Top management support, willingness to allow attendance on company time, and line supervisor permission to attend programs all seem to play a role in facilitating participation. Although the importance of organizational factors has been acknowledged,(2,6,9-11) the systematic study of how these factors differentially predict participation by gender-occupational characteristics, age, and health status has only recently begun.(12,13) The Working Well Trial, a randomized trial of worksite health promotion,12 13 offers a unique opportunity to investigate factors influencing participation in health promotion programs. In one of the four participating study centers (Brown University), it was observed that 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women employed in participating companies did not attend any of the intervention activities. These data indicated that the program was not effectively reaching a large percentage of the women employed in these companies. As a result, the present study was designed to investigate the facilitators and barriers to women's participation in worksite health promotion.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10619,7 +12396,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {33--37},
   issn = {1440-6381},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1741-6612.2004.00006.x},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To identify and track the progress of mature age workers who have overcome barriers associated with their age. To identify factors contributing to successful employment outcomes for older workers. To evaluate the success rate of service providers in facilitating access to the labour market for older workers. Methods: Three job network providers were approached: Mission Employment, Salvation Army Employment Plus and Work Ventures Inc. All three agreed to provide addresses of clients aged 45 years and over to be reached through a mail questionnaire. A total of 700 questionnaires were dispatched anonymously with the cooperation of these three organisations. A small number of follow-up interviews were also conducted with survey respondents who indicated their willingness to be interviewed, and had signed a consent form for this purpose. Several interviews were also conducted with staff at the three cooperating agencies. Results: Of the 700 questionnaires dispatched, 163 were returned, giving a response rate of 23\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Among the respondents, 82 were employed at the time and 81 were unemployed. There were approximately equal responses from men and women. Of the 82 employed persons, 48 had obtained jobs either through answering advertisements or through personal contacts. Only 19 had obtained employment through a job network agency. The most important barrier to employment was identified as age, followed by lack of specialised skills. Conclusions: Early intervention is essential. The chances of re-employment decline steadily with the duration of unemployment. Age discrimination stands out as the major obstacle to re-employment for older workers. Personal connections and specialised skills are more important than the activities of job network agencies. Job seekers are also handicapped by inflexibility in relation to training, travel to new locations, and acceptance of a different kind of job.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To identify and track the progress of mature age workers who have overcome barriers associated with their age. To identify factors contributing to successful employment outcomes for older workers. To evaluate the success rate of service providers in facilitating access to the labour market for older workers. Methods: Three job network providers were approached: Mission Employment, Salvation Army Employment Plus and Work Ventures Inc. All three agreed to provide addresses of clients aged 45 years and over to be reached through a mail questionnaire. A total of 700 questionnaires were dispatched anonymously with the cooperation of these three organisations. A small number of follow-up interviews were also conducted with survey respondents who indicated their willingness to be interviewed, and had signed a consent form for this purpose. Several interviews were also conducted with staff at the three cooperating agencies. Results: Of the 700 questionnaires dispatched, 163 were returned, giving a response rate of 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Among the respondents, 82 were employed at the time and 81 were unemployed. There were approximately equal responses from men and women. Of the 82 employed persons, 48 had obtained jobs either through answering advertisements or through personal contacts. Only 19 had obtained employment through a job network agency. The most important barrier to employment was identified as age, followed by lack of specialised skills. Conclusions: Early intervention is essential. The chances of re-employment decline steadily with the duration of unemployment. Age discrimination stands out as the major obstacle to re-employment for older workers. Personal connections and specialised skills are more important than the activities of job network agencies. Job seekers are also handicapped by inflexibility in relation to training, travel to new locations, and acceptance of a different kind of job.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Endendijk2018,
+  title = {Does {{Parenthood Change Implicit Gender}}-{{Role Stereotypes}} and {{Behaviors}}?},
+  author = {Endendijk, Joyce J. and Derks, Belle and Mesman, Judi},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family},
+  volume = {80},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {61--79},
+  issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737},
+  doi = {10.1111/jomf.12451},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This study examined whether parenthood changes gender-role behavior and implicit gender-role stereotypes as assessed with an Implicit Association Test in Dutch parents. In a cross-sectional sample, parents were found to have more traditional gender-role stereotypes than nonparents with a wish to have a child and nonparents without the wish to have a child. This suggests that gender-role stereotypes increase after the transition into parenthood. In a longitudinal sample, parents were followed for 4\,years after the first birthday of their youngest child. The authors found that implicit gender-role stereotypes and behavior became increasingly traditional over time in most parents, except for the following two groups: (a) Fathers with highly traditional gender-role stereotypes did not show change over time and (b) older, highly educated mothers who worked relatively many hours outside the home and who had an egalitarian task division at home, remained egalitarian in their gender-role stereotypes over time.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10638,6 +12431,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Eng2012,
+  title = {Employment Outcomes Following Successful Renal Transplantation},
+  author = {Eng, Mary and Zhang, Jie and Cambon, Alexander and Marvin, Michael R. and Gleason, John},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Clinical Transplantation},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {242--246},
+  issn = {0902-0063, 1399-0012},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. 
Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. 
{\textcopyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S.                            Abstract:\hspace{0.6em}               Background:\hspace{0.6em}               Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation.                                         Methods:\hspace{0.6em}               Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant.                                         Results:\hspace{0.6em}               A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}=               {$\quad$}               0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p               {$\quad$}               {$<$}               {$\quad$}               0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.003] or some college [p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.002]), live donor recipient (p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p               {$\quad$}               {$<$}               {$\quad$}               0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p               {$\quad$}               =               {$\quad$}               0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p               {$\quad$}               {$<$}               {$\quad$}               0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation.                                         Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em}               Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Engle1991,
   title = {Maternal {{Work}} and {{Child-Care Strategies}} in {{Peri-Urban Guatemala}}: {{Nutritional Effects}}},
   shorttitle = {Maternal {{Work}} and {{Child-Care Strategies}} in {{Peri-Urban Guatemala}}},
@@ -10710,7 +12519,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {S50-S56},
   issn = {0003-9993},
   doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.009},
-  abstract = {Objective: To identify barriers to return to work after burn injury as identified by the patient. Design: A cohort study with telephone interview up to 1 year. Setting: Hospital-based burn centers at 3 national sites. Participants: Hospitalized patients (N=154) meeting-the American Burn Association criteria for major burn injury, employed at least 20 hours a week at the time of injury, and with access to a telephone after discharge. Intervention: Patients were contacted via telephone every 2 weeks up to 4 months, then monthly up to I year after discharge. Main Outcome Measures: A return to work survey was used to identify barriers that prevented patients from returning to work. A graphic rating scale determined the impact of each barrier. Results: By 1 year, 79.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients returned to work. Physical and wound issues were barriers early after discharge. Although physical abilities continued to be a significant barrier up to I year, working conditions (temperature, humidity, safety) and psychosocial factors (nightmares, flashbacks, appearance concerns) became important issues in those with long-term disability. Conclusions: The majority of patients return to work after a burn injury. Although physical and work conditions are important barriers, psychosocial issues need to be evaluated and treated to optimize return to work.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To identify barriers to return to work after burn injury as identified by the patient. Design: A cohort study with telephone interview up to 1 year. Setting: Hospital-based burn centers at 3 national sites. Participants: Hospitalized patients (N=154) meeting-the American Burn Association criteria for major burn injury, employed at least 20 hours a week at the time of injury, and with access to a telephone after discharge. Intervention: Patients were contacted via telephone every 2 weeks up to 4 months, then monthly up to I year after discharge. Main Outcome Measures: A return to work survey was used to identify barriers that prevented patients from returning to work. A graphic rating scale determined the impact of each barrier. Results: By 1 year, 79.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients returned to work. Physical and wound issues were barriers early after discharge. Although physical abilities continued to be a significant barrier up to I year, working conditions (temperature, humidity, safety) and psychosocial factors (nightmares, flashbacks, appearance concerns) became important issues in those with long-term disability. Conclusions: The majority of patients return to work after a burn injury. Although physical and work conditions are important barriers, psychosocial issues need to be evaluated and treated to optimize return to work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10723,7 +12532,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {88},
   pages = {61--92},
   issn = {0213-8093},
-  abstract = {Objectives Cooperative enterprises have different organizational and operational characteristics that could provide favorable conditions for gender equality. In this paper, we describe several aspects of the working conditions and workplace flexibility of women in cooperatives in the province of Teruel, a region that is characterized by its low population density. In addition, we study other aspects involved in the running of these organizations in the context of social economy, and how this could have potential benefits and advantages for the personal and professional development of women and their families. A greater understanding of these organizations will facilitate the development of actions aimed at strengthening business projects that contribute to integrate women's needs and the needs of their surrounding environments. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative analysis has been carried out through in-depth interviews, which have provided more detailed and extensive information than other available methodologies. The initial sample consists of 99 cooperatives, representing 31.03\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total population of cooperative entities in the province of Teruel, Spain. This sample was then filtered by selecting the cooperatives which have a greater percentage of female employees higher than male employees, or have more female than male directors, including those cooperatives which fulfilled both of these conditions. There resulting set of 12 cooperatives with a large number of female employees among its staff or with high female participation in their boards of directors. We subjected to semi-structured interviews, one per cooperative, of their partners and/or employees, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results / Research limitations / Implications The results suggest that self-management allows greater flexibility than other forms of enterprise in areas such as conciliation or working conditions. Likewise, women recognize that their involvement with the entity must be greater, since their future employment depends on the survival of the cooperative. One factor that affects the reconciliation of family, work and personal life is the presence or absence of seasonality in the activities carried out by the cooperative. Internal measures for the seasonal adjustment of demand could contribute to improving the reconciliation and also to reducing inequalities between men and women. With regard to working conditions, there are opportunities for conciliation and timetable flexibility that rely on the goodwill and the climate of trust existing in the cooperatives. This issue is closely related to the good relations among its members, as evidenced by the opinions of the respondents and the presence of female leadership focused on greater collaboration and teamwork. It is noteworthy that these cordial relations extend even among the companies in the sector. Collaborative attitudes between cooperatives of the same sector of activity are frequent. Self-management allows the working day to be better and more easily adjusted to the specific needs of female employees as compared to other styles of management. In general, working hours are not cause for concern. Women are aware that if the activity requires a greater time investment, their commitment must be greater, since their future careers depend of the survival of the cooperative The good relations existing among the different cooperatives in the province are remarkable. The study emphasizes the establishment of mutually supportive relationships with other cooperatives and, in many cases, the use of synergies with the competing companies. This reinforces the expected behaviors for organizations based on inter-cooperation and networking. Due to the peculiarities of the context in which these cooperatives operate, mainly in rural areas, cooperatives can cover the needs of the partners, boost rural development, to improve trade activities, provide support and advice to access to new foreign markets; improve structures through integration processes and obtain competitive advantages with formulas of inter-cooperation with other groups. Regarding the support of the public administrations in issues related to paperwork or consultation and advisory services, no conclusive results have been obtained. Relations with public administrations, however, could be improved to take full advantage of the potential of wealth creation in cooperatives and to achieve greater effectiveness of policies of public support for the promotion of female entrepreneurship and social economy entities. The recognition of gender inequalities in the labor and business sphere by the Spanish government, expressed through the Gender Equality Act, should be taken into account when implementing administrative procedures for cooperatives in order to be more sensitive to women's necessities. Simplification of administrative procedures and a more individualised guidance and advice for female entrepreneurs in the social economy should be included in the agendas of public authorities. These measures become especially sensitive in territories such as Teruel, where the weakness of its business fabric and its relatively high rate of female unemployment are clear components of the economic stagnation of the province. Some questionnaire answers show that cooperative principles are present in these entities, as is the case in one company where the partners reported being satisfied and happy to contribute to the respect of agriculture and to promote environmental care. In addition to the financial income associated with participation in the cooperative, other non-economic \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveintangible\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace benefits related to personal satisfaction and fulfilment derived from such participation should be highlighted. This added value must also be taken into account at the time of quantifying the benefits of both cooperatives and the social economy as a whole, and especially when formulating strategy and assessing the results achieved. Practical conclusions and original value The findings show that there is still a long way to go to achieve the reconciliation of personal, family and work life that allows full equality. This issue reveals the need for action, both institutionally, through a suitable framework of support measures, and internally, within the entities themselves, through incentives leading to the full implementation of these cooperative values and rules of conduct. Our results give new evidence of the internal and external social policies, and of institutional and business relationships of these cooperatives characterized by a high representation of women. It is also noted that self-management allows improve adaptation of the working conditions and flexibility of women in cooperative workplaces. Moreover, they realize that their involvement must be greater, since future employment depends on the survival of the cooperative. It would be interesting for future studies to compare these results with the equivalent relationships observed between shareholders and employees in other types of entities. Future research could also examine whether other factors, such as the size of the organization, can influence the existence of harmonious relations.},
+  abstract = {Objectives Cooperative enterprises have different organizational and operational characteristics that could provide favorable conditions for gender equality. In this paper, we describe several aspects of the working conditions and workplace flexibility of women in cooperatives in the province of Teruel, a region that is characterized by its low population density. In addition, we study other aspects involved in the running of these organizations in the context of social economy, and how this could have potential benefits and advantages for the personal and professional development of women and their families. A greater understanding of these organizations will facilitate the development of actions aimed at strengthening business projects that contribute to integrate women's needs and the needs of their surrounding environments. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative analysis has been carried out through in-depth interviews, which have provided more detailed and extensive information than other available methodologies. The initial sample consists of 99 cooperatives, representing 31.03{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the total population of cooperative entities in the province of Teruel, Spain. This sample was then filtered by selecting the cooperatives which have a greater percentage of female employees higher than male employees, or have more female than male directors, including those cooperatives which fulfilled both of these conditions. There resulting set of 12 cooperatives with a large number of female employees among its staff or with high female participation in their boards of directors. We subjected to semi-structured interviews, one per cooperative, of their partners and/or employees, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results / Research limitations / Implications The results suggest that self-management allows greater flexibility than other forms of enterprise in areas such as conciliation or working conditions. Likewise, women recognize that their involvement with the entity must be greater, since their future employment depends on the survival of the cooperative. One factor that affects the reconciliation of family, work and personal life is the presence or absence of seasonality in the activities carried out by the cooperative. Internal measures for the seasonal adjustment of demand could contribute to improving the reconciliation and also to reducing inequalities between men and women. With regard to working conditions, there are opportunities for conciliation and timetable flexibility that rely on the goodwill and the climate of trust existing in the cooperatives. This issue is closely related to the good relations among its members, as evidenced by the opinions of the respondents and the presence of female leadership focused on greater collaboration and teamwork. It is noteworthy that these cordial relations extend even among the companies in the sector. Collaborative attitudes between cooperatives of the same sector of activity are frequent. Self-management allows the working day to be better and more easily adjusted to the specific needs of female employees as compared to other styles of management. In general, working hours are not cause for concern. Women are aware that if the activity requires a greater time investment, their commitment must be greater, since their future careers depend of the survival of the cooperative The good relations existing among the different cooperatives in the province are remarkable. The study emphasizes the establishment of mutually supportive relationships with other cooperatives and, in many cases, the use of synergies with the competing companies. This reinforces the expected behaviors for organizations based on inter-cooperation and networking. Due to the peculiarities of the context in which these cooperatives operate, mainly in rural areas, cooperatives can cover the needs of the partners, boost rural development, to improve trade activities, provide support and advice to access to new foreign markets; improve structures through integration processes and obtain competitive advantages with formulas of inter-cooperation with other groups. Regarding the support of the public administrations in issues related to paperwork or consultation and advisory services, no conclusive results have been obtained. Relations with public administrations, however, could be improved to take full advantage of the potential of wealth creation in cooperatives and to achieve greater effectiveness of policies of public support for the promotion of female entrepreneurship and social economy entities. The recognition of gender inequalities in the labor and business sphere by the Spanish government, expressed through the Gender Equality Act, should be taken into account when implementing administrative procedures for cooperatives in order to be more sensitive to women's necessities. Simplification of administrative procedures and a more individualised guidance and advice for female entrepreneurs in the social economy should be included in the agendas of public authorities. These measures become especially sensitive in territories such as Teruel, where the weakness of its business fabric and its relatively high rate of female unemployment are clear components of the economic stagnation of the province. Some questionnaire answers show that cooperative principles are present in these entities, as is the case in one company where the partners reported being satisfied and happy to contribute to the respect of agriculture and to promote environmental care. In addition to the financial income associated with participation in the cooperative, other non-economic {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveintangible{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace benefits related to personal satisfaction and fulfilment derived from such participation should be highlighted. This added value must also be taken into account at the time of quantifying the benefits of both cooperatives and the social economy as a whole, and especially when formulating strategy and assessing the results achieved. Practical conclusions and original value The findings show that there is still a long way to go to achieve the reconciliation of personal, family and work life that allows full equality. This issue reveals the need for action, both institutionally, through a suitable framework of support measures, and internally, within the entities themselves, through incentives leading to the full implementation of these cooperative values and rules of conduct. Our results give new evidence of the internal and external social policies, and of institutional and business relationships of these cooperatives characterized by a high representation of women. It is also noted that self-management allows improve adaptation of the working conditions and flexibility of women in cooperative workplaces. Moreover, they realize that their involvement must be greater, since future employment depends on the survival of the cooperative. It would be interesting for future studies to compare these results with the equivalent relationships observed between shareholders and employees in other types of entities. Future research could also examine whether other factors, such as the size of the organization, can influence the existence of harmonious relations.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -10737,7 +12546,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {8--10},
   issn = {0883-9441},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.05.016},
-  abstract = {Purpose: Gender disparities in healthcare are striking, notwithstanding an increase in female students and physicians. Underrepresentation of women in leadership positions is well-documented; however, information fromlowand middle-income countries (LMICs) is still sparse. The Argentinian Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SATI) aimed to characterize the gender composition in Argentine ICUs. Methods and results: Between 8/1/2018 and 1/1/2019, 131 questionnaires were submitted to ICU Department Chairs of SATI research networks. Gender distribution of the different staffing levels, board certification and hospital characteristics were recorded. One-hundred and four were completed, including 2186 physicians; 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female. Female participation decreased with highest responsibility: only 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Department Chairs were female (P = .002 vs. the rest of the staffing categories, adjusted for multiple comparisons). Residents exhibited the highest proportion of female physicians (47\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Board certification was similar for both sexes (62.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 62.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, P=. 97). Female/male distribution in public and private hospitals was 47\textbackslash textbackslash\%/53\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 40/60\textbackslash textbackslash\% (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence of an important gender gap in ICU management in a LMIC. Women were poorly represented in the leadership positions, although qualifications were similar to men. Moreover, female physicians worked more frequently in the public health subsector, usually underfinanced in LMICs-a surrogate of a gender pay gap. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: Gender disparities in healthcare are striking, notwithstanding an increase in female students and physicians. Underrepresentation of women in leadership positions is well-documented; however, information fromlowand middle-income countries (LMICs) is still sparse. The Argentinian Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SATI) aimed to characterize the gender composition in Argentine ICUs. Methods and results: Between 8/1/2018 and 1/1/2019, 131 questionnaires were submitted to ICU Department Chairs of SATI research networks. Gender distribution of the different staffing levels, board certification and hospital characteristics were recorded. One-hundred and four were completed, including 2186 physicians; 44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female. Female participation decreased with highest responsibility: only 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of Department Chairs were female (P = .002 vs. the rest of the staffing categories, adjusted for multiple comparisons). Residents exhibited the highest proportion of female physicians (47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Board certification was similar for both sexes (62.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 62.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, P=. 97). Female/male distribution in public and private hospitals was 47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%/53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 40/60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence of an important gender gap in ICU management in a LMIC. Women were poorly represented in the leadership positions, although qualifications were similar to men. Moreover, female physicians worked more frequently in the public health subsector, usually underfinanced in LMICs-a surrogate of a gender pay gap. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Esteve2012,
+  title = {The {{Family Context}} of {{Cohabitation}} and {{Single Motherhood}} in {{Latin America}}},
+  author = {Esteve, Albert and Garc{\'i}a-Rom{\'a}n, Joan and Lesthaeghe, Ron},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {707--727},
+  issn = {0098-7921, 1728-4457},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00533.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The dramatic shift from marriage to cohabitation during the last four decades in most Latin American countries, even among the upper social strata, begs the question as to the living arrangements of cohabiting couples and single mothers. The new ``Family Interrelationships Variables'' in the IPUMS samples of Latin American censuses facilitated the construction of an enlarged LIPRO typology. LIPRO classifies individuals with respect to the types of households in which they are living. The results indicate that cohabiting women and single mothers aged 25 to 29 are frequently found in their parental households or in other extended or composite households. However, there are large variations depending on country and education. For instance, cohabitation is mainly in nuclear households, as in Europe, in Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Argentina. It occurs mainly in the context of extended households in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Cuba. Mexico and Chile occupy intermediate positions. In all instances co-residence of cohabiting couples with other kin drops significantly upon the transition to parenthood, at which point there are no longer any differences between cohabiting and married couples. Single mothers, however, continue to co-reside in extended or composite households to a larger extent, and this holds particularly for the better-educated among them. This analysis illustrates that cohabitation of the traditional type and of the ``Second Demographic Transition'' type are found alongside each other, with one being more important than the other depending on country and on educational level or social class within each country.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10821,7 +12646,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Eyles, Emily and Manley, David and Jones, Kelvyn},
   year = {2019},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {227},
   number = {SI},
   pages = {56--62},
@@ -10843,7 +12668,24 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {64--74},
   issn = {1099-3460},
   doi = {10.1007/s11524-016-0109-y},
-  abstract = {Three barriers investigators often encounter when conducting longitudinal work with homeless or other marginalized populations are difficulty tracking participants, high rates of no-shows for follow-up interviews, and high rates of loss to follow-up. Recent research has shown that homeless populations have substantial access to information technologies, including mobile devices and computers. These technologies have the potential both to make longitudinal data collection with homeless populations easier and to minimize some of these methodological challenges. This pilot study's purpose was to test whether individuals who were homeless and sleeping on the streets-the Bstreet homeless-would answer questions remotely through a web-based data collection system at regular \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefollowup\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace intervals. We attempted to simulate longitudinal data collection in a condensed time period. Participants (N = 21) completed an in-person baseline interview. Each participant was given a remotely reloadable gift card. Subsequently, weekly for 8 weeks, participants were sent an email with a link to a SurveyMonkey questionnaire. Participants were given 48 h to complete each questionnaire. Data were collected about life on the streets, service use, community inclusion, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Ten dollars was remotely loaded onto each participant's gift card when they completed the questionnaire within the completion window. A substantial number of participants (67\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total sample and 86\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the adjusted sample) completed at least seven out of the eight follow-up questionnaires. Most questionnaires were completed at public libraries, but several were completed at other types of locations (social service agencies, places of employment, relative/friend/acquaintance's domiciles, or via mobile phone). Although some of the questions were quite sensitive, very few participants skipped any questions. The only variables associated with questionnaire completion were frequency of computer use and education- both positive associations. This pilot study suggests that collecting longitudinal data online may be feasible with a subpopulation of persons experiencing homelessness. We suspect that participant follow-up rates using web-based data collection methods have the potential to exceed follow-up rates using traditional in-person interviews. If this population of persons experiencing street homelessness can be successful with this method of data collection, perhaps other disenfranchised, difficult-to-track, or difficult-to-reach populations could be followed using web-based data collection methods. Local governments are striving to decrease the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedigital divide,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace providing free or greatly discounted wi-fi connectivity as well as mobile computer lab access to low-income geographic areas. These actions, in combination with increased smart phone ownership, may permit vulnerable populations to connect and communicate with investigators.},
+  abstract = {Three barriers investigators often encounter when conducting longitudinal work with homeless or other marginalized populations are difficulty tracking participants, high rates of no-shows for follow-up interviews, and high rates of loss to follow-up. Recent research has shown that homeless populations have substantial access to information technologies, including mobile devices and computers. These technologies have the potential both to make longitudinal data collection with homeless populations easier and to minimize some of these methodological challenges. This pilot study's purpose was to test whether individuals who were homeless and sleeping on the streets-the Bstreet homeless-would answer questions remotely through a web-based data collection system at regular {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefollowup{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace intervals. We attempted to simulate longitudinal data collection in a condensed time period. Participants (N = 21) completed an in-person baseline interview. Each participant was given a remotely reloadable gift card. Subsequently, weekly for 8 weeks, participants were sent an email with a link to a SurveyMonkey questionnaire. Participants were given 48 h to complete each questionnaire. Data were collected about life on the streets, service use, community inclusion, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Ten dollars was remotely loaded onto each participant's gift card when they completed the questionnaire within the completion window. A substantial number of participants (67{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the total sample and 86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the adjusted sample) completed at least seven out of the eight follow-up questionnaires. Most questionnaires were completed at public libraries, but several were completed at other types of locations (social service agencies, places of employment, relative/friend/acquaintance's domiciles, or via mobile phone). Although some of the questions were quite sensitive, very few participants skipped any questions. The only variables associated with questionnaire completion were frequency of computer use and education- both positive associations. This pilot study suggests that collecting longitudinal data online may be feasible with a subpopulation of persons experiencing homelessness. We suspect that participant follow-up rates using web-based data collection methods have the potential to exceed follow-up rates using traditional in-person interviews. If this population of persons experiencing street homelessness can be successful with this method of data collection, perhaps other disenfranchised, difficult-to-track, or difficult-to-reach populations could be followed using web-based data collection methods. Local governments are striving to decrease the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedigital divide,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace providing free or greatly discounted wi-fi connectivity as well as mobile computer lab access to low-income geographic areas. These actions, in combination with increased smart phone ownership, may permit vulnerable populations to connect and communicate with investigators.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Fabian2007,
+  title = {Urban {{Youth With Disabilities}}: {{Factors Affecting Transition Employment}}},
+  shorttitle = {Urban {{Youth With Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Fabian, Ellen S.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {130--138},
+  issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853},
+  doi = {10.1177/00343552070500030101},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Although postsecondary employment outcomes for transition-age youth with disabilities have improved over the past decade, minority youth with disabilities continue to lag behind their peers in achieving a job. This study of predominantly minority youth participating in the Marriott Foundation's Bridges From School to Work Program from 2000 to 2005 analyzed data for 4,571 urban youth to determine what factors are associated with securing employment, and the nature of the jobs that are secured. Findings indicated that 68\% of the youth in the program secured a job, a rate considerably higher than the national average. Results of the study also indicate that gender, previous vocational experience, and receipt of Social Security benefits were among the significant factors predicting employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10892,12 +12734,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Fahy, A. E. and Stansfeld, S. A. and Smuk, M. and Lain, D. and {van der Horst}, M. and Vickerstaff, S. and Clark, C.},
   year = {2017},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {183},
   pages = {80--87},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.023},
-  abstract = {The Extending Working Lives (EWL) agenda seeks to sustain employment up to and beyond traditional retirement ages. This study examined the potential role of childhood factors in shaping labour force participation and exit among older adults, with a view to informing proactive interventions early in the life-course to enhance individuals' future capacity for extending their working lives. Childhood adversity and socioeconomic disadvantage have previously been linked to ill-health across the life-span and sickness benefit in early adulthood. This study builds upon previous research by examining associations between childhood adversity and self-reported labour force participation among older adults (aged 55). Data was from the National Child Development Study - a prospective cohort of all English, Scottish, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Welsh births in one week in 1958. There was evidence for associations between childhood adversity and increased risk of permanent sickness at 55 years - which were largely sustained after adjustment for educational disengagement and adulthood factors (mental/physical health, qualifications, socioeconomic disadvantage). Specifically, children who were abused or neglected were more likely to be permanently sick at 55 years. In addition, among males, those in care, those experiencing illness in the home, and those experiencing two or more childhood adversities were more likely to be permanently sick at 55 years. Childhood factors were also associated with part-time employment and retirement at 55 years. Severe childhood adversities may represent important distal predictors of labour force exit at 55 years, particularly via permanent sickness. Notably, some adversities show associations among males only, which may inform interventions designed to extend working lives. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {The Extending Working Lives (EWL) agenda seeks to sustain employment up to and beyond traditional retirement ages. This study examined the potential role of childhood factors in shaping labour force participation and exit among older adults, with a view to informing proactive interventions early in the life-course to enhance individuals' future capacity for extending their working lives. Childhood adversity and socioeconomic disadvantage have previously been linked to ill-health across the life-span and sickness benefit in early adulthood. This study builds upon previous research by examining associations between childhood adversity and self-reported labour force participation among older adults (aged 55). Data was from the National Child Development Study - a prospective cohort of all English, Scottish, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Welsh births in one week in 1958. There was evidence for associations between childhood adversity and increased risk of permanent sickness at 55 years - which were largely sustained after adjustment for educational disengagement and adulthood factors (mental/physical health, qualifications, socioeconomic disadvantage). Specifically, children who were abused or neglected were more likely to be permanently sick at 55 years. In addition, among males, those in care, those experiencing illness in the home, and those experiencing two or more childhood adversities were more likely to be permanently sick at 55 years. Childhood factors were also associated with part-time employment and retirement at 55 years. Severe childhood adversities may represent important distal predictors of labour force exit at 55 years, particularly via permanent sickness. Notably, some adversities show associations among males only, which may inform interventions designed to extend working lives. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10938,7 +12780,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   journal = {BMC PSYCHIATRY},
   volume = {17},
   doi = {10.1186/s12888-016-1183-0},
-  abstract = {Background: This study examined the outcomes of a vocational rehabilitation program (The Job Management Program, JUMP) for persons with psychotic disorders based on close collaboration between health and welfare services. Methods: Participants (N = 148) with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders (age 18-65) were recruited from six counties in Norway. Three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), while the remaining three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive remediation (CR). This paper compares the vocational activity of the total group of JUMP participants with a treatment as usual group (N = 341), and further examines differences between the two JUMP interventions. Employment status (working/not working) was registered at the time of inclusion and at the end of the intervention period. Results: The total number of JUMP participants in any kind of vocational activity increased from 17 to 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% during the intervention. Of these, 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had competitive employment, 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% had work placements in ordinary workplaces with social security benefits as their income, and 33\textbackslash textbackslash\% had sheltered work. The total number of working participants in the TAU group increased from 15.5 to 18.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The JUMP group showed significant improvements of positive (t = -2. 33, p = 0.02) and general (t = -2.75, p = 0.007) symptoms of psychosis. Significant differences between the CBT and CR interventions were not demonstrated. Conclusions: The study supports existing evidence that the majority of persons with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders can cope with some kind of work, given that internal and external barriers are reduced. Those who wish to work should be offered vocational rehabilitation.},
+  abstract = {Background: This study examined the outcomes of a vocational rehabilitation program (The Job Management Program, JUMP) for persons with psychotic disorders based on close collaboration between health and welfare services. Methods: Participants (N = 148) with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders (age 18-65) were recruited from six counties in Norway. Three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), while the remaining three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive remediation (CR). This paper compares the vocational activity of the total group of JUMP participants with a treatment as usual group (N = 341), and further examines differences between the two JUMP interventions. Employment status (working/not working) was registered at the time of inclusion and at the end of the intervention period. Results: The total number of JUMP participants in any kind of vocational activity increased from 17 to 77{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% during the intervention. Of these, 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had competitive employment, 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had work placements in ordinary workplaces with social security benefits as their income, and 33{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had sheltered work. The total number of working participants in the TAU group increased from 15.5 to 18.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The JUMP group showed significant improvements of positive (t = -2. 33, p = 0.02) and general (t = -2.75, p = 0.007) symptoms of psychosis. Significant differences between the CBT and CR interventions were not demonstrated. Conclusions: The study supports existing evidence that the majority of persons with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders can cope with some kind of work, given that internal and external barriers are reduced. Those who wish to work should be offered vocational rehabilitation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -10953,7 +12795,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {690--699},
   issn = {0033-3549},
   doi = {10.1177/003335491112600511},
-  abstract = {Objectives. We examined the disparities in health-care coverage between low- and high-income workers in Washington State (WA) to provide support for possible policy decisions for uninsured workers. Methods. We examined data from the WA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2003-2007 and compared workers aged 18-64 years of low income (annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000) and high income (annual household income {$>$}=\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000) on proportions and sources of health-care coverage. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses on factors that were associated with the uninsured. Results. Of the 54,536 survey respondents who were working-age adults in WA, 13,922 (25.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were low-income workers. The proportions of uninsured were 38.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for low-income workers and 6.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% for high-income workers. While employment-based health benefits remained a dominant source of health insurance coverage, they covered only 40.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of low-income workers relative to 81.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of high-income workers. Besides income, workers were more likely to be uninsured if they were younger; male; Hispanic; less educated; not married; current smokers; self-employed; or employed in agriculture/forestry/fisheries, construction, and retail. More low-income workers (28.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported cost as an issue in paying for health services than did their high-income counterparts (6.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion. A persistent gap in health-care coverage exists between low- and high-income workers. The identified characteristics of these workers can be used to implement policies to expand health insurance coverage.},
+  abstract = {Objectives. We examined the disparities in health-care coverage between low- and high-income workers in Washington State (WA) to provide support for possible policy decisions for uninsured workers. Methods. We examined data from the WA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2003-2007 and compared workers aged 18-64 years of low income (annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar35,000) and high income (annual household income {$>$}={\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar35,000) on proportions and sources of health-care coverage. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses on factors that were associated with the uninsured. Results. Of the 54,536 survey respondents who were working-age adults in WA, 13,922 (25.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were low-income workers. The proportions of uninsured were 38.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for low-income workers and 6.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for high-income workers. While employment-based health benefits remained a dominant source of health insurance coverage, they covered only 40.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of low-income workers relative to 81.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of high-income workers. Besides income, workers were more likely to be uninsured if they were younger; male; Hispanic; less educated; not married; current smokers; self-employed; or employed in agriculture/forestry/fisheries, construction, and retail. More low-income workers (28.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported cost as an issue in paying for health services than did their high-income counterparts (6.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusion. A persistent gap in health-care coverage exists between low- and high-income workers. The identified characteristics of these workers can be used to implement policies to expand health insurance coverage.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11028,6 +12870,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Fatima2009,
+  title = {Tracing out the {{U}}-shape Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Development for {{Pakistan}}},
+  author = {Fatima, Ambreen and Sultana, Humera},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {International Journal of Social Economics},
+  volume = {36},
+  number = {1/2},
+  pages = {182--198},
+  issn = {0306-8293},
+  doi = {10.1108/03068290910921253},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Purpose               Several studies have provided empirical evidence that female labor force participation rate exhibits a U-shape during the process of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of U-shape relationship in the case of Pakistan and if it does exist, what factors determine this U-shape relationship?                                         Design/methodology/approach               For the estimation purpose data according to provinces and regions are pooled for three years. The model is estimated using a simple fixed effect test.                                         Findings                                The results affirm the existence of U-shaped relationship. Estimation of the pooled data attributed this U-shape relationship with female education attainment, sectoral employment share, unemployment rate, wages and marital status. Results confirm that high rate of economic development is encouraging the female participation in the labor force by increasing the work opportunities for females. The females are taking full advantage of these increased opportunities by increasing their level of education attainment.                                    Research limitations/implications                                  {\textendash} In testing the U-shape hypothesis, household expenditure on fuel consumption representing level of economic development in the country is used as the data on GDP are not available at the provincial level.                                                        Practical implications               This paper recommends that skill-based education programmes should be promoted so that females could be absorbed in the formal labor market. It also recommends measures to decrease unemployment rates and improve labor market conditions.                                         Originality/value               The paper is first of its kind as it applied pooled data technique for the estimation of U-shape relationship.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Fauk2017,
   title = {Understanding the Strategies Employed to Cope with Increased Numbers of {{AIDS-orphaned}} Children in Families in Rural Settings: A Case of {{Mbeya Rural District}}, {{Tanzania}}},
   author = {Fauk, Nelsensius Klau and Mwakinyali, Silivano Edson and Putra, Sukma and Mwanri, Lillian},
@@ -11050,7 +12908,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {19},
   number = {21},
   doi = {10.3390/ijerph192114377},
-  abstract = {Migrant populations are one of the vulnerable groups to HIV transmission and its consequences. They are also reported to experience delayed entry or linkage into HIV services and have poorer HIV-related health outcomes. This study aimed to understand barriers to accessing HIV care services in host countries among Indonesian, male, former (returned) migrant workers living with HIV. The study was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021. It utilised a qualitative design employing in-depth interviews to collect data from twenty-two returned migrant workers from Eastern Indonesia, recruited using the snowball sampling technique. A qualitative data analysis framework was used to guide a step-by-step analysis of the findings. Findings demonstrated that limited host-country language proficiency, lack of knowledge regarding healthcare systems in host countries and having \textbackslash textasciigraveundocumented' worker status were barriers to accessing HIV care services. Data also revealed the unavailability of HIV care services nearby migrants' work locations, long-distance travel to healthcare facilities, and challenges in accessing public transportation as barriers that impeded their access to the services. Other factors limiting the participants' access to HIV services were identified as the transient and mobile nature of migrant work requiring frequent relocation and disrupting work-life stability. Additionally, in lieu of formal HIV services, many participants self-medicated by using over-the-counter herbal or \textbackslash textasciigravetraditional' medicines, often because of peer or social group influence regarding the selection of informal treatment options. Recommendations arising from this study demonstrate the need to improve pre-departure information for migrant workers regarding the healthcare system and access procedures in potential host countries. Data from this study also indicate that social services should be available to assist potential migrants to access legal channels for migrant work overseas, to ensure that Indonesian migrants can safely access healthcare services in the countries for which they are providing migrant labour. Future studies to understand barriers to accessing HIV care services among various migrant groups living with HIV are warranted to build evidence for potential social policy change.},
+  abstract = {Migrant populations are one of the vulnerable groups to HIV transmission and its consequences. They are also reported to experience delayed entry or linkage into HIV services and have poorer HIV-related health outcomes. This study aimed to understand barriers to accessing HIV care services in host countries among Indonesian, male, former (returned) migrant workers living with HIV. The study was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021. It utilised a qualitative design employing in-depth interviews to collect data from twenty-two returned migrant workers from Eastern Indonesia, recruited using the snowball sampling technique. A qualitative data analysis framework was used to guide a step-by-step analysis of the findings. Findings demonstrated that limited host-country language proficiency, lack of knowledge regarding healthcare systems in host countries and having {\textbackslash}textasciigraveundocumented' worker status were barriers to accessing HIV care services. Data also revealed the unavailability of HIV care services nearby migrants' work locations, long-distance travel to healthcare facilities, and challenges in accessing public transportation as barriers that impeded their access to the services. Other factors limiting the participants' access to HIV services were identified as the transient and mobile nature of migrant work requiring frequent relocation and disrupting work-life stability. Additionally, in lieu of formal HIV services, many participants self-medicated by using over-the-counter herbal or {\textbackslash}textasciigravetraditional' medicines, often because of peer or social group influence regarding the selection of informal treatment options. Recommendations arising from this study demonstrate the need to improve pre-departure information for migrant workers regarding the healthcare system and access procedures in potential host countries. Data from this study also indicate that social services should be available to assist potential migrants to access legal channels for migrant work overseas, to ensure that Indonesian migrants can safely access healthcare services in the countries for which they are providing migrant labour. Future studies to understand barriers to accessing HIV care services among various migrant groups living with HIV are warranted to build evidence for potential social policy change.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11127,7 +12985,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {8},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0255448},
-  abstract = {Background Social relationships are powerful determinants of health and inequalities in social relationships across socioeconomic status (SES) groups may contribute to social inequalities in health. This study investigates inequalities in social relationships in an international sample of persons with spinal cord injury and explores whether social gradients in relationships are moderated by the countries' socioeconomic development (SED). Methods Data from 12,330 participants of the International SCI Community Survey (InSCI) performed in 22 countries were used. We regressed social relationships (belongingness, relationship satisfaction, social interactions) on individual SES (education, income, employment, financial hardship, subjective status) and countries' SED (Human Development Index) using multi-level models (main effects). To test potential moderation of the SED, interaction terms between individual SES and countries' SED were entered into multi-level models. Results Paid work, absence of financial hardship and higher subjective status were related to higher belongingness (OR, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.50, 1.34-1.67; 1.76, 1.53-2.03; 1.16, 1.12-1.19, respectively), higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.28, 1.15-1.42; 1.97, 1.72-2.27; 1.20, 1.17-1.24, respectively) and fewer problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.96, 0.82-1.10; 1.93, 1.74-2.12; 0.26, 0.22-0.29, respectively), whereas associations with education and income were less consistent. Main effects for countries' SED showed that persons from lower SED countries reported somewhat higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.97, 0.94-0.99) and less problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.04, -0.09- -0.003). Results from moderation analysis revealed that having paid work was more important for relationships in lower SED countries, while education and subjective status were more important for relationships in higher SED countries (interaction terms p{$<$}0.05). Conclusion Social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury are patterned according to individual SES and the countries' SED and larger socioeconomic structures partly moderate associations between individual SES and social relationships.},
+  abstract = {Background Social relationships are powerful determinants of health and inequalities in social relationships across socioeconomic status (SES) groups may contribute to social inequalities in health. This study investigates inequalities in social relationships in an international sample of persons with spinal cord injury and explores whether social gradients in relationships are moderated by the countries' socioeconomic development (SED). Methods Data from 12,330 participants of the International SCI Community Survey (InSCI) performed in 22 countries were used. We regressed social relationships (belongingness, relationship satisfaction, social interactions) on individual SES (education, income, employment, financial hardship, subjective status) and countries' SED (Human Development Index) using multi-level models (main effects). To test potential moderation of the SED, interaction terms between individual SES and countries' SED were entered into multi-level models. Results Paid work, absence of financial hardship and higher subjective status were related to higher belongingness (OR, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.50, 1.34-1.67; 1.76, 1.53-2.03; 1.16, 1.12-1.19, respectively), higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.28, 1.15-1.42; 1.97, 1.72-2.27; 1.20, 1.17-1.24, respectively) and fewer problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.96, 0.82-1.10; 1.93, 1.74-2.12; 0.26, 0.22-0.29, respectively), whereas associations with education and income were less consistent. Main effects for countries' SED showed that persons from lower SED countries reported somewhat higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.97, 0.94-0.99) and less problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -0.04, -0.09- -0.003). Results from moderation analysis revealed that having paid work was more important for relationships in lower SED countries, while education and subjective status were more important for relationships in higher SED countries (interaction terms p{$<$}0.05). Conclusion Social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury are patterned according to individual SES and the countries' SED and larger socioeconomic structures partly moderate associations between individual SES and social relationships.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11142,7 +13000,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {304--324},
   issn = {0147-5967},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2017.02.004},
-  abstract = {Unemployment rates in countries across the world are strongly correlated with GDP. China is an unusual outlier from the pattern, whose official government statistics show abnormally low, and suspiciously stable, unemployment rates relative to its GDP. This paper reports estimates of China's unemployment rate for its local urban Hukou population using a more reliable, nationally representative dataset for that population than in prior work, and which spans a longer period of history than in the past literature. The unemployment rates we calculate differ dramatically from those supplied in official data and are much more consistent with what is known about key historical developments in China's labor market. The rate averaged 3.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1988-1995, when the labor market was highly regulated and dominated by state-owned enterprises, but rose sharply during the period of mass layoff from 1995 to 2002, reaching an average of 9.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the subperiod from 2002 to 2009. The rates were even higher when demographic composition is held fixed. We can also calculate labor force participation rates, which are not available in official statistics at all. We find that they declined throughout the whole period, particularly in 1995-2002 when the unemployment rate increased most significantly. We also find that the impacts of these changes fell most heavily on the unskilled (women, those with less education, and younger individuals). Finally, estimates of unemployment and labor force participation rates are also provided for all urban residents, including migrants without local urban Hukou, and show the same patterns of change over time. (C) 2017 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Unemployment rates in countries across the world are strongly correlated with GDP. China is an unusual outlier from the pattern, whose official government statistics show abnormally low, and suspiciously stable, unemployment rates relative to its GDP. This paper reports estimates of China's unemployment rate for its local urban Hukou population using a more reliable, nationally representative dataset for that population than in prior work, and which spans a longer period of history than in the past literature. The unemployment rates we calculate differ dramatically from those supplied in official data and are much more consistent with what is known about key historical developments in China's labor market. The rate averaged 3.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 1988-1995, when the labor market was highly regulated and dominated by state-owned enterprises, but rose sharply during the period of mass layoff from 1995 to 2002, reaching an average of 9.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the subperiod from 2002 to 2009. The rates were even higher when demographic composition is held fixed. We can also calculate labor force participation rates, which are not available in official statistics at all. We find that they declined throughout the whole period, particularly in 1995-2002 when the unemployment rate increased most significantly. We also find that the impacts of these changes fell most heavily on the unskilled (women, those with less education, and younger individuals). Finally, estimates of unemployment and labor force participation rates are also provided for all urban residents, including migrants without local urban Hukou, and show the same patterns of change over time. (C) 2017 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11172,7 +13030,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {281--290},
   issn = {2769-7061},
   doi = {10.1080/07315724.2021.1879692},
-  abstract = {Objective The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides nutritional assistance for United States residents with low income. Current SNAP policy discussion focuses on its work requirement: the Able Bodied Adults without Dependents (ABAWDs) time limit. This study sets out to analyze the effects the work requirement has on ABAWDs' health and employment status. Methods States can apply a waiver on the ABAWD work requirement if they can establish a labor surplus. Many states had this waiver expired due to economic recovery after the 2008 economic crisis. This study took advantage of a recent natural experiment created by states' differentiated timelines in phasing out the three-month waiver and applies a triple-differences approach to study the effects of the SNAP work requirement, using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015-2016. Results SNAP-eligible individuals, including ABAWDS, had more serious physical and mental health conditions compared with higher income individuals. Losing SNAP eligibility increased the incidence of experiencing physically unhealthy days by 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% (p {$<$} 0.05) but caused no significant change in employment status. Conclusions The ABAWD time limit on SNAP may have negative consequences when there are insufficient opportunities for employment or positions in governmental Employ and Training programs. More studies are needed to better understand the reason for high SNAP participation even when the unemployment rate suggested a strong economy in 2015-2016. Decision-makers should be cautious in removing SNAP eligibility for ABAWDs or states' time-limit waivers.},
+  abstract = {Objective The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides nutritional assistance for United States residents with low income. Current SNAP policy discussion focuses on its work requirement: the Able Bodied Adults without Dependents (ABAWDs) time limit. This study sets out to analyze the effects the work requirement has on ABAWDs' health and employment status. Methods States can apply a waiver on the ABAWD work requirement if they can establish a labor surplus. Many states had this waiver expired due to economic recovery after the 2008 economic crisis. This study took advantage of a recent natural experiment created by states' differentiated timelines in phasing out the three-month waiver and applies a triple-differences approach to study the effects of the SNAP work requirement, using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015-2016. Results SNAP-eligible individuals, including ABAWDS, had more serious physical and mental health conditions compared with higher income individuals. Losing SNAP eligibility increased the incidence of experiencing physically unhealthy days by 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (p {$<$} 0.05) but caused no significant change in employment status. Conclusions The ABAWD time limit on SNAP may have negative consequences when there are insufficient opportunities for employment or positions in governmental Employ and Training programs. More studies are needed to better understand the reason for high SNAP participation even when the unemployment rate suggested a strong economy in 2015-2016. Decision-makers should be cautious in removing SNAP eligibility for ABAWDs or states' time-limit waivers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11189,7 +13047,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   issn = {1744-8603},
   doi = {10.1186/s12992-022-00804-w},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic?                                         Methods                                In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January\textendash June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications (                 n                 ~=\,451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China.                                                        Results               In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women's mental health, and pregnant women's access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations' experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review.                                         Conclusion               At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic?                                         Methods                                In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January{\textendash}June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications (                 n                 ~=\,451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China.                                                        Results               In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women's mental health, and pregnant women's access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations' experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review.                                         Conclusion               At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11203,7 +13061,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {1},
   issn = {1348-8945},
   doi = {10.1186/s41182-021-00319-x},
-  abstract = {Background Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the highest under-five mortality and low childhood immunization region in the world. Children in Sub-Saharan Africa are 15 times more likely to die than children from high-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of under-five deaths are preventable through immunization. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinant factors of full childhood immunization among children aged 12-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Data for the study was drawn from the Demographic and Health Survey of nine sub-Saharan African countries. A total of 21,448 children were included. The two-level mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify the individual and community-level factors associated with full childhood immunization Result The prevalence of full childhood immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa countries was 59.40\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 58.70, 60.02). The multilevel logistic regression model revealed that secondary and above maternal education (AOR = 1.38; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.25, 1.53), health facility delivery (AOR = 1.51; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.41, 1.63), fathers secondary education and above (AOR = 1.28, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.11, 1.48), four and above ANC visits (AOR = 2.01; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.17, 2.30), PNC visit(AOR = 1.55; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.46, 1.65), rich wealth index (AOR = 1.26; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.18, 1.40), media exposure (AOR = 1.11; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04, 1.18), and distance to health facility is not a big problem (AOR = 1.42; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.28, 1.47) were significantly associated with full childhood immunization. Conclusion The full childhood immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa was poor with high inequalities. There is a significant variation between SSA countries in full childhood immunization. Therefore, public health programs targeting uneducated mothers and fathers, rural mothers, poor households, and those who have not used maternal health care services to promote full childhood immunization to improve child health. By enhancing institutional delivery, antenatal care visits and maternal tetanus immunization, the government and other stakeholders should work properly to increase child immunization coverage. Furthermore, policies and programs aimed at addressing cluster variations in childhood immunization need to be formulated and their implementation must be strongly pursued.},
+  abstract = {Background Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the highest under-five mortality and low childhood immunization region in the world. Children in Sub-Saharan Africa are 15 times more likely to die than children from high-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of under-five deaths are preventable through immunization. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinant factors of full childhood immunization among children aged 12-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Data for the study was drawn from the Demographic and Health Survey of nine sub-Saharan African countries. A total of 21,448 children were included. The two-level mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify the individual and community-level factors associated with full childhood immunization Result The prevalence of full childhood immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa countries was 59.40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 58.70, 60.02). The multilevel logistic regression model revealed that secondary and above maternal education (AOR = 1.38; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.25, 1.53), health facility delivery (AOR = 1.51; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.41, 1.63), fathers secondary education and above (AOR = 1.28, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.11, 1.48), four and above ANC visits (AOR = 2.01; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.17, 2.30), PNC visit(AOR = 1.55; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.46, 1.65), rich wealth index (AOR = 1.26; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.18, 1.40), media exposure (AOR = 1.11; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.04, 1.18), and distance to health facility is not a big problem (AOR = 1.42; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.28, 1.47) were significantly associated with full childhood immunization. Conclusion The full childhood immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa was poor with high inequalities. There is a significant variation between SSA countries in full childhood immunization. Therefore, public health programs targeting uneducated mothers and fathers, rural mothers, poor households, and those who have not used maternal health care services to promote full childhood immunization to improve child health. By enhancing institutional delivery, antenatal care visits and maternal tetanus immunization, the government and other stakeholders should work properly to increase child immunization coverage. Furthermore, policies and programs aimed at addressing cluster variations in childhood immunization need to be formulated and their implementation must be strongly pursued.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11216,7 +13074,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {197},
   issn = {0047-2727},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104407},
-  abstract = {We use a difference-in-differences model with individual fixed effects to evaluate a 1999 Spanish law granting employment protection to workers with children younger than 6 who had asked for a shorter workweek due to family responsibilities. Our analysis shows that well-intended policies can potentially backfire and aggravate labor market inequalities between men and women, since there is a very gendered take-up, with only women typically requesting part-time work. After the law was enacted, employers were 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to hire women of childbearing age, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% more likely to separate from them, and 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% less likely to promote them to permanent contracts, increasing female non-employment by 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% relative to men of similar age. The results are similar using older women unaffected by the law as a comparison group. Moreover, the law penalized all women of childbearing age, even those who did not have children. These effects were largest in low-skill jobs, at firms with less than 10 employees, and in industries with few part-time workers. These findings are robust to several sensitivity analyses and placebo tests. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {We use a difference-in-differences model with individual fixed effects to evaluate a 1999 Spanish law granting employment protection to workers with children younger than 6 who had asked for a shorter workweek due to family responsibilities. Our analysis shows that well-intended policies can potentially backfire and aggravate labor market inequalities between men and women, since there is a very gendered take-up, with only women typically requesting part-time work. After the law was enacted, employers were 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less likely to hire women of childbearing age, 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% more likely to separate from them, and 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less likely to promote them to permanent contracts, increasing female non-employment by 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% relative to men of similar age. The results are similar using older women unaffected by the law as a comparison group. Moreover, the law penalized all women of childbearing age, even those who did not have children. These effects were largest in low-skill jobs, at firms with less than 10 employees, and in industries with few part-time workers. These findings are robust to several sensitivity analyses and placebo tests. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11278,7 +13136,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {10},
   issn = {1549-1277},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003350},
-  abstract = {Background Midwifery continuity of care is the only health system intervention shown to reduce preterm birth (PTB) and improve perinatal survival, but no trial evidence exists for women with identified risk factors for PTB. We aimed to assess feasibility, fidelity, and clinical outcomes of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with a specialist obstetric clinic for women considered at increased risk for PTB. Methods and findings We conducted a hybrid implementation-effectiveness, randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel-group pilot trial at an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), in which pregnant women identified at increased risk of PTB were randomly assigned (1:1) to either midwifery continuity of antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care (Pilot study Of midwifery Practice in Preterm birth Including women's Experiences \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracePOPPIE] group) or standard care group (maternity care by different midwives working in designated clinical areas). Pregnant women attending for antenatal care at less than 24 weeks' gestation were eligible if they fulfilled one or more of the following criteria: previous cervical surgery, cerclage, premature rupture of membranes, PTB, or late miscarriage; previous short cervix or short cervix this pregnancy; or uterine abnormality and/or current smoker of tobacco. Feasibility outcomes included eligibility, recruitment and attrition rates, and fidelity of the model. The primary outcome was a composite of appropriate and timely interventions for the prevention and/or management of preterm labour and birth. We analysed by intention to treat. Between 9 May 2017 and 30 September 2018, 334 women were recruited; 169 women were allocated to the POPPIE group and 165 to the standard group. Mean maternal age was 31 years; 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the women were from Black, Asian, and ethnic minority groups; 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% were in employment; and 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% had a university degree. Nearly 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women lived in areas of social deprivation. More than a quarter of women had at least one pre-existing medical condition and multiple risk factors for PTB. More than 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of antenatal and postnatal visits were provided by a named/partner midwife, and a midwife from the POPPIE team was present at 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% of births. The incidence of the primary composite outcome showed no statistically significant difference between groups (POPPIE group 83.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus standard group 84.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%; risk ratio 0.98 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.08]; p = 0.742). Infants in the POPPIE group were significantly more likely to have skin-to-skin contact after birth, to have it for a longer time, and to breastfeed immediately after birth and at hospital discharge. There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. The number of serious adverse events was similar in both groups and unrelated to the intervention (POPPIE group 6 versus standard group 5). Limitations of this study included the limited power and the nonmasking of group allocation; however, study assignment was masked to the statistician and researchers who analysed the data. Conclusions In this study, we found that it is feasible to set up and achieve fidelity of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with specialist obstetric care for women at increased risk of PTB in an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), but there is no impact on most outcomes for this population group. Larger appropriately powered trials are needed, including in other settings, to evaluate the impact of relational continuity and hypothesised mechanisms of effect based on increased trust and engagement, improved care coordination, and earlier referral on disadvantaged communities, including women with complex social factors and social vulnerability.},
+  abstract = {Background Midwifery continuity of care is the only health system intervention shown to reduce preterm birth (PTB) and improve perinatal survival, but no trial evidence exists for women with identified risk factors for PTB. We aimed to assess feasibility, fidelity, and clinical outcomes of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with a specialist obstetric clinic for women considered at increased risk for PTB. Methods and findings We conducted a hybrid implementation-effectiveness, randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel-group pilot trial at an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), in which pregnant women identified at increased risk of PTB were randomly assigned (1:1) to either midwifery continuity of antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care (Pilot study Of midwifery Practice in Preterm birth Including women's Experiences {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracePOPPIE] group) or standard care group (maternity care by different midwives working in designated clinical areas). Pregnant women attending for antenatal care at less than 24 weeks' gestation were eligible if they fulfilled one or more of the following criteria: previous cervical surgery, cerclage, premature rupture of membranes, PTB, or late miscarriage; previous short cervix or short cervix this pregnancy; or uterine abnormality and/or current smoker of tobacco. Feasibility outcomes included eligibility, recruitment and attrition rates, and fidelity of the model. The primary outcome was a composite of appropriate and timely interventions for the prevention and/or management of preterm labour and birth. We analysed by intention to treat. Between 9 May 2017 and 30 September 2018, 334 women were recruited; 169 women were allocated to the POPPIE group and 165 to the standard group. Mean maternal age was 31 years; 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the women were from Black, Asian, and ethnic minority groups; 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were in employment; and 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had a university degree. Nearly 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women lived in areas of social deprivation. More than a quarter of women had at least one pre-existing medical condition and multiple risk factors for PTB. More than 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of antenatal and postnatal visits were provided by a named/partner midwife, and a midwife from the POPPIE team was present at 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of births. The incidence of the primary composite outcome showed no statistically significant difference between groups (POPPIE group 83.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% versus standard group 84.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; risk ratio 0.98 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.08]; p = 0.742). Infants in the POPPIE group were significantly more likely to have skin-to-skin contact after birth, to have it for a longer time, and to breastfeed immediately after birth and at hospital discharge. There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. The number of serious adverse events was similar in both groups and unrelated to the intervention (POPPIE group 6 versus standard group 5). Limitations of this study included the limited power and the nonmasking of group allocation; however, study assignment was masked to the statistician and researchers who analysed the data. Conclusions In this study, we found that it is feasible to set up and achieve fidelity of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with specialist obstetric care for women at increased risk of PTB in an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), but there is no impact on most outcomes for this population group. Larger appropriately powered trials are needed, including in other settings, to evaluate the impact of relational continuity and hypothesised mechanisms of effect based on increased trust and engagement, improved care coordination, and earlier referral on disadvantaged communities, including women with complex social factors and social vulnerability.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11337,6 +13195,21 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@techreport{Field2019,
+  title = {On {{Her Own Account}}: {{How Strengthening Women}}'s {{Financial Control Affects Labor Supply}} and {{Gender Norms}}},
+  shorttitle = {On {{Her Own Account}}},
+  author = {Field, Erica and Pande, Rohini and Rigol, Natalia and Schaner, Simone and Moore, Charity Troyer},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = sep,
+  number = {w26294},
+  pages = {w26294},
+  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
+  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
+  doi = {10.3386/w26294},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Fields2008,
   title = {{Guide to multisectorial models in the work market in developing countries}},
   author = {Fields, Gary S.},
@@ -11347,7 +13220,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {298},
   pages = {257--297},
   issn = {0041-3011},
-  abstract = {Labor markets are important, because most people, especially the poor, derive all or the great bulk of their income from the work they do. This paper approaches labor markets through multisector modeling. The first main substantive section presents the essence of multisector modeling, in particular, the role of labor market dualism. Given that labor markets often consist of quite distinct segments, a useful and insightful analytical approach is to start,with Just two interrelated segments, formal and informal. Accordingly, the next sections present models of wages and employment in the formal economy, the informal economy, and intersectoral linkages respectively. The final substantive section shows the contributions that these models make to understanding and to policy analysis in labor markets. It would not be expected that the same model would fit East Africa and East Asia or South Africa and South Korea. Surely, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecorrect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model is context-specific. Blending empirical observation and analytical modeling has yielded great advances. Sound labor market policies require sound labor market models.},
+  abstract = {Labor markets are important, because most people, especially the poor, derive all or the great bulk of their income from the work they do. This paper approaches labor markets through multisector modeling. The first main substantive section presents the essence of multisector modeling, in particular, the role of labor market dualism. Given that labor markets often consist of quite distinct segments, a useful and insightful analytical approach is to start,with Just two interrelated segments, formal and informal. Accordingly, the next sections present models of wages and employment in the formal economy, the informal economy, and intersectoral linkages respectively. The final substantive section shows the contributions that these models make to understanding and to policy analysis in labor markets. It would not be expected that the same model would fit East Africa and East Asia or South Africa and South Korea. Surely, the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecorrect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace model is context-specific. Blending empirical observation and analytical modeling has yielded great advances. Sound labor market policies require sound labor market models.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -11377,7 +13250,24 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {130--157},
   issn = {1461-6696},
   doi = {10.1080/14616696.2018.1536800},
-  abstract = {The article presents an analysis of the association between labor market characteristics related to female employment and the prevalence of in-work poverty. We compare two relative measures of in-work poverty: The individual definition refers to workers whose salary is below 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the median, while the household-level definition refers to individuals whose household income is below 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the median. Microdata from the 2014 EU-SILC survey and macrodata on involuntary part-time employment and female labor market participation are used to perform a multilevel analysis on 31 European countries. The results show a positive relationship between involuntary part-time work and in-work poverty according to the household definition. Female labor market participation is positively associated with the individual definition and negatively with the household one. However, after controlling for the level of within-country income inequality, only the effect of the female employment rate remains positive and significant for the individual in-work. These results shed light on the multifaceted role of labor market characteristics related to female employment and their implications for policy. We argue that the promotion of female participation should be combined with explicit measures to reduce the disadvantageous position of women in the labor market.},
+  abstract = {The article presents an analysis of the association between labor market characteristics related to female employment and the prevalence of in-work poverty. We compare two relative measures of in-work poverty: The individual definition refers to workers whose salary is below 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the median, while the household-level definition refers to individuals whose household income is below 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the median. Microdata from the 2014 EU-SILC survey and macrodata on involuntary part-time employment and female labor market participation are used to perform a multilevel analysis on 31 European countries. The results show a positive relationship between involuntary part-time work and in-work poverty according to the household definition. Female labor market participation is positively associated with the individual definition and negatively with the household one. However, after controlling for the level of within-country income inequality, only the effect of the female employment rate remains positive and significant for the individual in-work. These results shed light on the multifaceted role of labor market characteristics related to female employment and their implications for policy. We argue that the promotion of female participation should be combined with explicit measures to reduce the disadvantageous position of women in the labor market.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Filby2016,
+  title = {What {{Prevents Quality Midwifery Care}}? {{A Systematic Mapping}} of {{Barriers}} in {{Low}} and {{Middle Income Countries}} from the {{Provider Perspective}}},
+  shorttitle = {What {{Prevents Quality Midwifery Care}}?},
+  author = {Filby, Alex and McConville, Fran and Portela, Anayda},
+  editor = {Kumar, Saravana},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {PLOS ONE},
+  volume = {11},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {e0153391},
+  issn = {1932-6203},
+  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0153391},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11406,7 +13296,49 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {31--39},
   issn = {1613-9372},
   doi = {10.1007/s10433-013-0290-8},
-  abstract = {Extending working life beyond the state pension age is a key European Union policy. In the UK, women are more likely to extend paid work than men, indicating that factors other than the state pension age play a role in working longer. Women are less able to build pension income due to their role as carer within the family. It, therefore, follows that gender inequalities over the life course continue into older age to influence need, capacity and desire to undertake paid work after state pension age. This paper explores how work, marital and fertility history impact upon the likelihood of extending employment. It uses the British Household Panel Survey's retrospective data from the first 14 waves to summarise work-family histories, and logistic regression to understand the impact of work and family histories on extending paid work. Findings show that, on the one hand, women are extending paid work for financial reasons to make up for \textbackslash textasciigraveopportunity costs' as a result of their caring role within the family, with short breaks due to caring, lengthy marriages, divorcing and remaining single with children all being important. Yet, there is also evidence of \textbackslash textasciigravestatus maintenance' from working life, with the women most likely to extend paid work, also those with the highest work orientation, prior to state pension age. But lengthy dis-attachment (due to caring) from the labour market makes extending working life more difficult. This has implications for policy strategies to entice women into paid work to make up for low independent financial resources.},
+  abstract = {Extending working life beyond the state pension age is a key European Union policy. In the UK, women are more likely to extend paid work than men, indicating that factors other than the state pension age play a role in working longer. Women are less able to build pension income due to their role as carer within the family. It, therefore, follows that gender inequalities over the life course continue into older age to influence need, capacity and desire to undertake paid work after state pension age. This paper explores how work, marital and fertility history impact upon the likelihood of extending employment. It uses the British Household Panel Survey's retrospective data from the first 14 waves to summarise work-family histories, and logistic regression to understand the impact of work and family histories on extending paid work. Findings show that, on the one hand, women are extending paid work for financial reasons to make up for {\textbackslash}textasciigraveopportunity costs' as a result of their caring role within the family, with short breaks due to caring, lengthy marriages, divorcing and remaining single with children all being important. Yet, there is also evidence of {\textbackslash}textasciigravestatus maintenance' from working life, with the women most likely to extend paid work, also those with the highest work orientation, prior to state pension age. But lengthy dis-attachment (due to caring) from the labour market makes extending working life more difficult. This has implications for policy strategies to entice women into paid work to make up for low independent financial resources.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Finger2013,
+  title = {Work {{Rehabilitation Questionnaire}} ({{WORQ}}): {{Development}} and {{Preliminary Psychometric Evidence}} of an {{ICF-Based Questionnaire}} for {{Vocational Rehabilitation}}},
+  shorttitle = {Work {{Rehabilitation Questionnaire}} ({{WORQ}})},
+  author = {Finger, Monika E. and Escorpizo, Reuben and Bostan, Cristina and De Bie, Rob},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10926-013-9485-2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Finlay2018,
+  title = {Reframing the {{Measurement}} of {{Women}}'s {{Work}} in the {{Sub-Saharan African Context}}},
+  author = {Finlay, Jocelyn E and Efevbera, Yvette and Ndikubagenzi, Jacques and Karra, Mahesh and Canning, David},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Work, Employment and Society},
+  pages = {095001701877424},
+  issn = {0950-0170, 1469-8722},
+  doi = {10.1177/0950017018774245},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Finlay2018a,
+  title = {Identifying {{Causal Effects}} of {{Reproductive Health Improvements}} on {{Women}}'s {{Economic Empowerment Through}} the {{Population Poverty Research Initiative}}},
+  author = {Finlay, Jocelyn E. and Lee, Marlene A.},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {The Milbank Quarterly},
+  volume = {96},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {300--322},
+  issn = {0887-378X, 1468-0009},
+  doi = {10.1111/1468-0009.12326},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Policy Points:                                                                                                           Improvements in reproductive health lead to improvements in women's economic empowerment.                                                                       Contraceptive use improves women's agency, education, and labor force participation; higher maternal age at first birth (reducing adolescent childbearing) increases the likelihood of school completion and participation in the formal labor market; and having fewer children increases labor market participation.                                                                       Reproductive health is not just a benefit to a woman's individual rights, but her gateway for breaking free from her poverty trap and improving the welfare of herself, her children, and her household.                                                                                                                                        Context               Women's access to employment, business opportunities, and financial resources is critical to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals over the next 15 years. With increased attention to women's economic empowerment among donors and policymakers across the globe, this moment is a pivotal one in which to review the current state of the research on this topic.                                         Methods               We reviewed the Population and Poverty (PopPov) Research Initiative results from the past 10 years with attention to the causal link between reproductive health improvements and women's economic empowerment, in addition to seminal research that informed our understanding of the link.                                         Findings               Our review of PopPov findings revealed that improvements in reproductive health do lead to improvements in women's economic empowerment; expanding contraceptive use improves women's agency, education, and labor force participation; higher maternal age at first birth (reducing adolescent childbearing) increases the likelihood of school completion and participation in the formal labor market; and having fewer children increases labor force participation.                                         Conclusions               Gaps remain in measuring women's work and in the full exploration of women's economic empowerment. More research is needed regarding the long-term impact of reproductive health improvements on women's economic empowerment, as some studies have shown that at times unintended negative consequences occur after early positive improvements.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11421,7 +13353,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105313},
   abstract = {This paper provides a narrative review of the literature that addresses the connection between women's reproductive health and women's economic activity. Women's reproductive health, gender equality and decent work, are all part of the Sustainable Development Goals and this review highlights how these Goals are interconnected. The review focuses on the relationship between fertility and women's work and provides a detailed discussion of the academic literature that identifies the causal effect of fertility on changes in female labor force participation. Fertility is captured by timing, spacing and number of chil-dren, and career advancement, job quality, and hours worked are addressed on the work side. The review contrasts the fertility-work nexus for low-, middle-and high-income countries separately, recognizing national income per capita as a moderator of the effect of fertility on female labor force participation. In low-income countries, where labor force participation is for the most part in the informal sector, women must adopt their own strategies for balancing child rearing and labor force participation, such as selection of job type, relying on other women in the household for childcare, and birth spacing to limit infants in their care. In middle-income countries, women juggle child rearing and labor force participation with the overarching issue of income inequality, and early childbearing and lone motherhood perpetuate poverty. For women in high-income countries, social protection policies can assist women in managing the balance of childrearing and work, but these policies do not address underlying issues of gender inequality. Despite these policies, career advancement is interrupted by childbearing. As the relationship between fertility and women's work varies by income per capita across countries, polices that support women in achieving balance in their desired family size and accessing decent work varies across countries. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,review::narrative,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::gender,integrated,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7GFBLXCK/Finlay_2021_Women's reproductive health and economic activity.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -11452,7 +13384,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {264--270},
   issn = {1351-0126},
   doi = {10.1111/jpm.12079},
-  abstract = {Accessible summary This paper examines the usage of psychological therapies by mental health nurses. The paper presents the findings from a questionnaire survey of 528 practising mental health nurses in Australia. Key findings include: Mental health nurses believe employing psychological therapies such as cognitive behaviour therapy in their practice will improve therapeutic outcomes for consumers. Mental health nurses overwhelmingly want to employ psychological therapies in their practice. They think mental health nursing and hospital and community health management is too focussed on medical treatment and risk management, which means that their nursing practice is dominated by the administration of medication, excessive documentation, and patient observation. They identify barriers preventing them from practising psychological therapies. These include lack of confidence, low nurse morale, no support from other nurses, low staffing levels, lack of training opportunities, and inadequate support from nursing management. This paper reports on a research project which examines the feasibility of mental health nurses employing psychological therapies in the nursing care of people with severe mental illness. Attitudes towards current usage and factors influencing the adoption of psychological therapies are investigated. The paper addresses the gap in the Australian nursing literature regarding the therapeutic role of mental health nurses (MHN)s in relation to the use of evidence-based psychological therapies. This paper presents the findings from an online questionnaire survey of 528 practising MHNs in Australia. The findings demonstrate enthusiastic support among nurses towards employing psychological therapies, with 93\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents indicating they would like to use psychological therapies in their current practice. Correspondingly, there is strong demand for education and training in applying psychological therapies. A number of barriers to implementing psychological therapies are identified. It is noted that place of employment is a significant factor, with mental health nurses working in the public sector more likely to state institutional barriers are restricting their therapeutic potential and preventing them from implementing psychological therapies.},
+  abstract = {Accessible summary This paper examines the usage of psychological therapies by mental health nurses. The paper presents the findings from a questionnaire survey of 528 practising mental health nurses in Australia. Key findings include: Mental health nurses believe employing psychological therapies such as cognitive behaviour therapy in their practice will improve therapeutic outcomes for consumers. Mental health nurses overwhelmingly want to employ psychological therapies in their practice. They think mental health nursing and hospital and community health management is too focussed on medical treatment and risk management, which means that their nursing practice is dominated by the administration of medication, excessive documentation, and patient observation. They identify barriers preventing them from practising psychological therapies. These include lack of confidence, low nurse morale, no support from other nurses, low staffing levels, lack of training opportunities, and inadequate support from nursing management. This paper reports on a research project which examines the feasibility of mental health nurses employing psychological therapies in the nursing care of people with severe mental illness. Attitudes towards current usage and factors influencing the adoption of psychological therapies are investigated. The paper addresses the gap in the Australian nursing literature regarding the therapeutic role of mental health nurses (MHN)s in relation to the use of evidence-based psychological therapies. This paper presents the findings from an online questionnaire survey of 528 practising MHNs in Australia. The findings demonstrate enthusiastic support among nurses towards employing psychological therapies, with 93{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents indicating they would like to use psychological therapies in their current practice. Correspondingly, there is strong demand for education and training in applying psychological therapies. A number of barriers to implementing psychological therapies are identified. It is noted that place of employment is a significant factor, with mental health nurses working in the public sector more likely to state institutional barriers are restricting their therapeutic potential and preventing them from implementing psychological therapies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11466,7 +13398,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {7},
   pages = {385--392},
   issn = {1942-2962},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus remains the leading cause of new cases of blindness among US adults. Routine dilated eye examinations can facilitate early detection and intervention for diabetes-related eye disease, providing an opportunity to reduce the risk for diabetes-related blindness in working-aged Americans. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) established criteria for performing dilated eye examination in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVES: To obtain information about adherence and nonadherence to diabetic eye examinations among insured patients to understand the barriers to routine dilated eye examinations, and to identify ways to improve the quality of care for these patients. METHODS: This retrospective claims analysis is based on administrative claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database, a broad database representing claims from a large commercially insured population. Patients with diabetes and who had {$>$}= 1 dilated eye examinations between August 1, 2011, and July 31, 2013, were defined as adherent to the HEDIS recommendations. The analysis was augmented with findings from focus groups. The patient focus groups included adherent and nonadherent patients. The provider focus group participants were general practice or internal medicine physicians and ophthalmologists who provided medical care for the study population. For the administrative claims analysis, comparisons between the adherent and nonadherent patients were performed using t-tests for continuous data and chi-square tests for categorical data. RESULTS: Of 339,646 patients with diabetes identified in a claims data set, 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% were adherent and 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% were nonadherent to the HEDIS eye examination performance measure. The common barriers to routine eye examination cited by 29 patients across 4 focus groups included a lack of understanding of insurance benefits (N = 15), a lack of awareness of the importance of dilated eye examinations (N = 12), and time constraints (N = 12). The common barriers cited by 18 providers included the patient's level of education (N = 13), eye examinations as a lower priority than the management of other diabetes-related health issues (N = 12), and a lack of symptoms (N = 11). CONCLUSION: Several reasons for patient nonadherence to routine eye examination were identified, including a lack of understanding of insurance benefits, a lack of awareness or low prioritization of having an examination, patient education level, time constraints, and a lack of symptoms. These may be considered by providers and payers when developing programs to increase the rates of eye examinations and improve outcomes among patients with diabetes.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus remains the leading cause of new cases of blindness among US adults. Routine dilated eye examinations can facilitate early detection and intervention for diabetes-related eye disease, providing an opportunity to reduce the risk for diabetes-related blindness in working-aged Americans. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) established criteria for performing dilated eye examination in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVES: To obtain information about adherence and nonadherence to diabetic eye examinations among insured patients to understand the barriers to routine dilated eye examinations, and to identify ways to improve the quality of care for these patients. METHODS: This retrospective claims analysis is based on administrative claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database, a broad database representing claims from a large commercially insured population. Patients with diabetes and who had {$>$}= 1 dilated eye examinations between August 1, 2011, and July 31, 2013, were defined as adherent to the HEDIS recommendations. The analysis was augmented with findings from focus groups. The patient focus groups included adherent and nonadherent patients. The provider focus group participants were general practice or internal medicine physicians and ophthalmologists who provided medical care for the study population. For the administrative claims analysis, comparisons between the adherent and nonadherent patients were performed using t-tests for continuous data and chi-square tests for categorical data. RESULTS: Of 339,646 patients with diabetes identified in a claims data set, 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were adherent and 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were nonadherent to the HEDIS eye examination performance measure. The common barriers to routine eye examination cited by 29 patients across 4 focus groups included a lack of understanding of insurance benefits (N = 15), a lack of awareness of the importance of dilated eye examinations (N = 12), and time constraints (N = 12). The common barriers cited by 18 providers included the patient's level of education (N = 13), eye examinations as a lower priority than the management of other diabetes-related health issues (N = 12), and a lack of symptoms (N = 11). CONCLUSION: Several reasons for patient nonadherence to routine eye examination were identified, including a lack of understanding of insurance benefits, a lack of awareness or low prioritization of having an examination, patient education level, time constraints, and a lack of symptoms. These may be considered by providers and payers when developing programs to increase the rates of eye examinations and improve outcomes among patients with diabetes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11633,7 +13565,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {E730-E740},
   issn = {0031-4005},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.2005-2599},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND. Latinos continue to be the most uninsured racial/ethnic group of US children, but not enough is known about the risk factors for and consequences of not being insured in Latino children. OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for and consequences of being uninsured in Latino children. METHODS. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of parents at urban, predominantly Latino community sites, including supermarkets, beauty salons, and laundromats. Parents were asked 76 questions on access and health insurance. RESULTS. Interviews were conducted of 1100 parents, 900 of whom were Latino. Uninsured Latino children were significantly more likely than insured Latino children to be older (mean age: 9 vs 7 years) and poor (89\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and to have parents who are limited in English proficiency (86\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 65\textbackslash textbackslash\%), non-US citizens (87\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 64\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and both employed (35\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 27\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Uninsured Latinos were significantly less likely than their insured counterparts to have a regular physician (84\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 99\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and significantly more likely not to be brought in for needed medical care because of expense, lack of insurance, difficulty making appointments, inconvenient office hours, and cultural issues. In multivariable analyses, parents who are undocumented or documented immigrants, both parents working, the child's age, and the \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4000 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar9999 and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 000 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar19 999 family income quintiles were the only factors that were significantly associated with a child's being uninsured; neither Latino ethnicity nor any other of 6 variables were associated with being uninsured. Compared with insured Latino children, uninsured Latino children had 23 times the odds of having no regular physician and were significantly more likely not to be brought in for needed medical care because of expense, lack of health insurance, difficulty making appointments, and cultural barriers. CONCLUSIONS. After adjustment, parental noncitizenship, having 2 parents work, low family income, and older child age are associated with being an uninsured child, but Latino ethnicity is not. The higher prevalence of other risk factors seems to account for Latino children's high risk for being uninsured. Uninsured Latino children are significantly more likely than insured Latino children to have no regular physician and not to get needed medical care because of expense, lack of health insurance, difficulty making appointments, and cultural barriers. These findings indicate specific high-risk populations that might benefit most from targeted Medicaid and State Child Health Insurance Program outreach and enrollment efforts.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND. Latinos continue to be the most uninsured racial/ethnic group of US children, but not enough is known about the risk factors for and consequences of not being insured in Latino children. OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for and consequences of being uninsured in Latino children. METHODS. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of parents at urban, predominantly Latino community sites, including supermarkets, beauty salons, and laundromats. Parents were asked 76 questions on access and health insurance. RESULTS. Interviews were conducted of 1100 parents, 900 of whom were Latino. Uninsured Latino children were significantly more likely than insured Latino children to be older (mean age: 9 vs 7 years) and poor (89{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and to have parents who are limited in English proficiency (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), non-US citizens (87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and both employed (35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Uninsured Latinos were significantly less likely than their insured counterparts to have a regular physician (84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and significantly more likely not to be brought in for needed medical care because of expense, lack of insurance, difficulty making appointments, inconvenient office hours, and cultural issues. In multivariable analyses, parents who are undocumented or documented immigrants, both parents working, the child's age, and the {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar4000 to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar9999 and {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 000 to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar19 999 family income quintiles were the only factors that were significantly associated with a child's being uninsured; neither Latino ethnicity nor any other of 6 variables were associated with being uninsured. Compared with insured Latino children, uninsured Latino children had 23 times the odds of having no regular physician and were significantly more likely not to be brought in for needed medical care because of expense, lack of health insurance, difficulty making appointments, and cultural barriers. CONCLUSIONS. After adjustment, parental noncitizenship, having 2 parents work, low family income, and older child age are associated with being an uninsured child, but Latino ethnicity is not. The higher prevalence of other risk factors seems to account for Latino children's high risk for being uninsured. Uninsured Latino children are significantly more likely than insured Latino children to have no regular physician and not to get needed medical care because of expense, lack of health insurance, difficulty making appointments, and cultural barriers. These findings indicate specific high-risk populations that might benefit most from targeted Medicaid and State Child Health Insurance Program outreach and enrollment efforts.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11663,7 +13595,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184},
   doi = {10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.666},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             Many people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture\textemdash the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments.           ,              R\'esum\'e             Une grande partie de la population de Mwanza, en Tanzanie, s'approvisionne par le biais de l'agriculture urbaine\textemdash la plantation de cultures et l'\'elevage d'animaux dans les zones urbaines et p\'eri-urbaines, ainsi qu'en zone rurale. Cet article compare les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza \`a ceux du Kenya, de la Zambie, du Zimbabwe et du Ghana. Comme leurs homologues du Zimbabwe, les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza sont de plus en plus nombreux \`a figurer parmi les plus pauvres des pauvres. Comme les agriculteurs urbains du Ghana, ceux de Mwanza sont souvent des hommes de classe moyenne ou sup\'erieure qui ont acc\`es \`a des terres et des ressources limit\'ees. Les cultivateurs urbains de Mwanza se distinguent de ceux du Kenya et de la Zambie au niveau du sexe, de la cat\'egorie socio-\'economique et des facteurs qui motivent leurs activit\'es agricoles. Ces r\'esultats sugg\`erent que la diff\'erenciation socio-\'economique, bien qu'en augmentation, n'a pas atteint les niveaux de divergence observ\'es au Kenya et en Zambie. Une grande partie de la population masculine ais\'ee continue de faire face \`a une pr\'ecarit\'e de l'emploi suffisamment importante pour qu'ils choisissent de cultiver pour subvenir \`a leurs besoins et ceux de leur famille pendant les p\'eriodes difficiles. Ils se lancent aussi parfois dans l'agriculture parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ou ne souhaitent pas profiter de possibilit\'es de placements plus rentables en dehors du march\'e des denr\'ees alimentaires, ou parce qu'ils souhaitent r\'epartir les risques en diversifiant leurs placements.},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Many people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture{\textemdash}the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments.           ,              R{\'e}sum{\'e}             Une grande partie de la population de Mwanza, en Tanzanie, s'approvisionne par le biais de l'agriculture urbaine{\textemdash}la plantation de cultures et l'{\'e}levage d'animaux dans les zones urbaines et p{\'e}ri-urbaines, ainsi qu'en zone rurale. Cet article compare les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza {\`a} ceux du Kenya, de la Zambie, du Zimbabwe et du Ghana. Comme leurs homologues du Zimbabwe, les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza sont de plus en plus nombreux {\`a} figurer parmi les plus pauvres des pauvres. Comme les agriculteurs urbains du Ghana, ceux de Mwanza sont souvent des hommes de classe moyenne ou sup{\'e}rieure qui ont acc{\`e}s {\`a} des terres et des ressources limit{\'e}es. Les cultivateurs urbains de Mwanza se distinguent de ceux du Kenya et de la Zambie au niveau du sexe, de la cat{\'e}gorie socio-{\'e}conomique et des facteurs qui motivent leurs activit{\'e}s agricoles. Ces r{\'e}sultats sugg{\`e}rent que la diff{\'e}renciation socio-{\'e}conomique, bien qu'en augmentation, n'a pas atteint les niveaux de divergence observ{\'e}s au Kenya et en Zambie. Une grande partie de la population masculine ais{\'e}e continue de faire face {\`a} une pr{\'e}carit{\'e} de l'emploi suffisamment importante pour qu'ils choisissent de cultiver pour subvenir {\`a} leurs besoins et ceux de leur famille pendant les p{\'e}riodes difficiles. Ils se lancent aussi parfois dans l'agriculture parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ou ne souhaitent pas profiter de possibilit{\'e}s de placements plus rentables en dehors du march{\'e} des denr{\'e}es alimentaires, ou parce qu'ils souhaitent r{\'e}partir les risques en diversifiant leurs placements.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11678,7 +13610,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {1275--1302},
   issn = {0037-7732},
   doi = {10.1093/sf/sox080},
-  abstract = {Twenty-five years after the fall of the communist regimes, the gender gap in employment varies widely across Central and Eastern Europe. This study examines the societal-level reasons for this variation and assesses the impact of different dimensions of neoliberally minded \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic development\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace strategies on gender inequality. We focus on Central and Eastern Europe, a segment of the world not typically addressed in the literature on gender and development. We rely on the 2008 and 2012 waves of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey as well as multiple macro-level data sources to analyze the association between development indicators, labor market context, social policy arrangements, and the gender employment gap. We find that typical growth indicators, global market integration, and social policy arrangements are not at all or only weakly associated with the gender employment gap in this region. Instead, the labor market context, specifically the degree of segregation and the size of the public and service sectors, are more important for shaping women's labor market opportunities relative to men's at both time points. Our findings contribute to the literature on the trade-offs between job segregation and aspects of gender inequality as well as to ongoing debates within the field of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegender and development\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by pointing out important variations across regions.},
+  abstract = {Twenty-five years after the fall of the communist regimes, the gender gap in employment varies widely across Central and Eastern Europe. This study examines the societal-level reasons for this variation and assesses the impact of different dimensions of neoliberally minded {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomic development{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace strategies on gender inequality. We focus on Central and Eastern Europe, a segment of the world not typically addressed in the literature on gender and development. We rely on the 2008 and 2012 waves of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey as well as multiple macro-level data sources to analyze the association between development indicators, labor market context, social policy arrangements, and the gender employment gap. We find that typical growth indicators, global market integration, and social policy arrangements are not at all or only weakly associated with the gender employment gap in this region. Instead, the labor market context, specifically the degree of segregation and the size of the public and service sectors, are more important for shaping women's labor market opportunities relative to men's at both time points. Our findings contribute to the literature on the trade-offs between job segregation and aspects of gender inequality as well as to ongoing debates within the field of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegender and development{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace by pointing out important variations across regions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11691,7 +13623,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-021-07058-z},
-  abstract = {Background Family-centred maternity care models include the expectation that fathers prepare for and attend the birth. In Australia over 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population is from a culturally and linguistically diverse background. Public policies espouse culturally competent healthcare. Little is known about the experiences of perinatal health care of men from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities living in high income countries. The aim was to understand the experiences, attitudes and beliefs about father's inclusion in perinatal healthcare, from the growing, and recently settled community of Ethiopian families living in Australia. Methods A qualitative study using semi-structured individual interviews with Ethiopian-Australian men and women who had experienced Australian maternity care and were sampled for diversity of time since migration, and parity. Interviews were in English, audio-recorded, transcribed and then analysed thematically. Results Participants were seven women and six men all born in Ethiopia, including two couples. Key themes included: the loss of extended family through migration, new roles for both parents and the need to establish \textbackslash textasciigravefamily-like' relationships with friendship groups in Australia. There was a willingness to involve male partners in the Ethiopian community in Australia, although it was recognised as a cultural change. Experiences of male partner involvement were mixed among healthcare types, with men attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) appointments less frequently than antenatal (ANC) appointments. Conclusions Results suggests men may be missing out on the education provided during antenatal appointments and may benefit from an alternative. There were not universally high levels of cultural competency among healthcare professionals, with further training still required. Commitment to paid employment remains a barrier to men's involvement, suggesting that flexible working conditions and increased paternity leave would support their involvement. Alternatively services could utilise flexible delivery methods such as phone and zoom to include fathers.},
+  abstract = {Background Family-centred maternity care models include the expectation that fathers prepare for and attend the birth. In Australia over 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population is from a culturally and linguistically diverse background. Public policies espouse culturally competent healthcare. Little is known about the experiences of perinatal health care of men from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities living in high income countries. The aim was to understand the experiences, attitudes and beliefs about father's inclusion in perinatal healthcare, from the growing, and recently settled community of Ethiopian families living in Australia. Methods A qualitative study using semi-structured individual interviews with Ethiopian-Australian men and women who had experienced Australian maternity care and were sampled for diversity of time since migration, and parity. Interviews were in English, audio-recorded, transcribed and then analysed thematically. Results Participants were seven women and six men all born in Ethiopia, including two couples. Key themes included: the loss of extended family through migration, new roles for both parents and the need to establish {\textbackslash}textasciigravefamily-like' relationships with friendship groups in Australia. There was a willingness to involve male partners in the Ethiopian community in Australia, although it was recognised as a cultural change. Experiences of male partner involvement were mixed among healthcare types, with men attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) appointments less frequently than antenatal (ANC) appointments. Conclusions Results suggests men may be missing out on the education provided during antenatal appointments and may benefit from an alternative. There were not universally high levels of cultural competency among healthcare professionals, with further training still required. Commitment to paid employment remains a barrier to men's involvement, suggesting that flexible working conditions and increased paternity leave would support their involvement. Alternatively services could utilise flexible delivery methods such as phone and zoom to include fathers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11706,7 +13638,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {2052--2090},
   issn = {0140-6736},
   doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5},
-  abstract = {Background Understanding potential trajectories in health and drivers of health is crucial to guiding long -Lentil investments and policy itnpletnentation. Past work on forecasting has provided an incomplete landscape of future health scenarios, highlighting a need for a more robust modelling platform from which policy options and potential health trajectories can be assessed. This study provides a novel approach to modelling life expectancy, all -cause mortality and cause of death forecasts and alternative future scenarios for 250 causes of death from 2016 to 2040 in 195 countries and territories. Methods We modelled 250 causes and cause groups organised by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) hierarchical cause structure, using GBD 2016 estimates from 1990-2016, to generate predictions for 2017-40. Our modelling framework used data from the GBD 2016 study to systematically account for the relationships between risk factors and health outcomes for 79 independent drivers of health. We developed a three-component model of cause-specific mortality: a component due to changes in risk factors and select interventions; the underlying mortality rate for each cause that is a function of income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility rate under 25 years and time; and an autoregressive integrated moving average model for unexplained changes correlated with time. We assessed the performance by fitting models with data from 1990-2006 and using these to forecast for 2007-16. Our final model used for generating forecasts and alternative scenarios was fitted to data from 1990-2016. We used this model for 195 countries and territories to generate a reference scenario or forecast through 2040 for each measure by location. Additionally, we generated better health and worse health scenarios based on the 85th and 15th percentiles, respectively, of annualised rates of change across location-years for all the GBD risk factors, income per person, educational attainment, select intervention coverage, and total fertility rate under 25 years in the past. We used the model to generate all-cause age-sex specific mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost (YLLs) for 250 causes. Scenarios for fertility were also generated and used in a cohort component model to generate population scenarios. For each reference forecast, better health, and worse health scenarios, we generated estimates of mortality and YLLs attributable to each risk factor in the future. Findings Globally, most independent drivers of health were forecast to improve by 2040, but 36 were forecast to worsen. As shown by the better health scenarios, greater progress might be possible, yet for some drivers such as high body-mass index (BMI), their toll will rise in the absence of intervention. We forecasted global life expectancy to increase by 4.4 years (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 2.2 to 6.4) for men and 4.4 years (2.1 to 6.4) for women by 2040, but based on better and worse health scenarios, trajectories could range from a gain of 7.8 years (5.9 to 9.8) to a non-significant loss of 0.4 years (-2.8 to 2.2) for men, and an increase of 7.2 years (5.3 to 9.1) to essentially no change (0.1 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-2.7 to 2. 5]) for women. In 2040, Japan, Singapore, Spain, and Switzerland had a forecasted life expectancy exceeding 85 years for both sexes, and 59 countries including China were projected to surpass a life expectancy of 80 years by 2040. At the same time, Central African Republic, Lesotho, Sotnalia, and Zimbabwe had projected life expectancies below 65 years in 2040, indicating global disparities in survival are likely to persist if current trends hold. Forecasted YLLs showed a rising toll from several non-communicable diseases (NCDs), partly driven by population growth and ageing. Differences between the reference forecast and alternative scenarios were most striking for HIV/AIDS, for which a potential increase of 120-2\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 67.2-190.3) in YLLs (nearly 118 million) was projected globally from 2016-40 under the worse health scenario. Compared with 2016, NCDs were forecast to account for a greater proportion of YLLs in all GB D regions by 2040 (67.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of YLLs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 61.9-72.3] globally); nonetheless, in many lower-income countries, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases still accounted for a large share of YLLs in 2040 (eg, 53.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of YLLs \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% UI 48.3-58.5] in Sub-Saharan Africa). There were large gaps for many health risks between the reference forecast and better health scenario for attributable YLLs. In most countries, metabolic risks amenable to health care (eg, high blood pressure and high plasma fasting glucose) and risks best targeted by population -level or intersectoral interventions (eg, tobacco, high BMI, and ambient particulate matter pollution) had some of the largest differences between reference and better health scenarios. The main exception was sub-Saharan Africa, where many risks associated with poverty and lower levels of development (eg, unsafe water and sanitation, household air pollution, and child malnutrition) were projected to still account for substantive disparities between reference and better health scenarios in 2040. Interpretation With the present study, we provide a robust, flexible forecasting platform from which reference forecasts and alternative health scenarios can be explored in relation to a wide range of independent drivers of health. Our reference forecast points to overall improvements through 2040 in most countries, yet the range found across better and worse health scenarios renders a precarious vision of the future a world with accelerating progress from technical innovation but with the potential for worsening health outcomes in the absence of deliberate policy action. For some causes of YLLs, large differences between the reference forecast and alternative scenarios reflect the opportunity to accelerate gains if countries move their trajectories toward better health scenarios or alarming challenges if countries fall behind their reference forecasts. Generally, decision makers should plan for the likely continued shift toward NCDs and target resources toward the modifiable risks that drive substantial premature mortality. If such modifiable risks are prioritised today, there is opportunity to reduce avoidable mortality in the future. However, CMNN causes and related risks will remain the predominant health priority among lower -income countries. Based on our 2040 worse health scenario, there is a real risk of HIV mortality rebounding if countries lose momentum against the HIV epidemic, jeopardising decades of progress against the disease. Continued technical innovation and increased health spending, including development assistance for health targeted to the world's poorest people, are likely to remain vital components to charting a future where all populations can live full, healthy lives. Copyright 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.},
+  abstract = {Background Understanding potential trajectories in health and drivers of health is crucial to guiding long -Lentil investments and policy itnpletnentation. Past work on forecasting has provided an incomplete landscape of future health scenarios, highlighting a need for a more robust modelling platform from which policy options and potential health trajectories can be assessed. This study provides a novel approach to modelling life expectancy, all -cause mortality and cause of death forecasts and alternative future scenarios for 250 causes of death from 2016 to 2040 in 195 countries and territories. Methods We modelled 250 causes and cause groups organised by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) hierarchical cause structure, using GBD 2016 estimates from 1990-2016, to generate predictions for 2017-40. Our modelling framework used data from the GBD 2016 study to systematically account for the relationships between risk factors and health outcomes for 79 independent drivers of health. We developed a three-component model of cause-specific mortality: a component due to changes in risk factors and select interventions; the underlying mortality rate for each cause that is a function of income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility rate under 25 years and time; and an autoregressive integrated moving average model for unexplained changes correlated with time. We assessed the performance by fitting models with data from 1990-2006 and using these to forecast for 2007-16. Our final model used for generating forecasts and alternative scenarios was fitted to data from 1990-2016. We used this model for 195 countries and territories to generate a reference scenario or forecast through 2040 for each measure by location. Additionally, we generated better health and worse health scenarios based on the 85th and 15th percentiles, respectively, of annualised rates of change across location-years for all the GBD risk factors, income per person, educational attainment, select intervention coverage, and total fertility rate under 25 years in the past. We used the model to generate all-cause age-sex specific mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost (YLLs) for 250 causes. Scenarios for fertility were also generated and used in a cohort component model to generate population scenarios. For each reference forecast, better health, and worse health scenarios, we generated estimates of mortality and YLLs attributable to each risk factor in the future. Findings Globally, most independent drivers of health were forecast to improve by 2040, but 36 were forecast to worsen. As shown by the better health scenarios, greater progress might be possible, yet for some drivers such as high body-mass index (BMI), their toll will rise in the absence of intervention. We forecasted global life expectancy to increase by 4.4 years (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% UI 2.2 to 6.4) for men and 4.4 years (2.1 to 6.4) for women by 2040, but based on better and worse health scenarios, trajectories could range from a gain of 7.8 years (5.9 to 9.8) to a non-significant loss of 0.4 years (-2.8 to 2.2) for men, and an increase of 7.2 years (5.3 to 9.1) to essentially no change (0.1 years {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace-2.7 to 2. 5]) for women. In 2040, Japan, Singapore, Spain, and Switzerland had a forecasted life expectancy exceeding 85 years for both sexes, and 59 countries including China were projected to surpass a life expectancy of 80 years by 2040. At the same time, Central African Republic, Lesotho, Sotnalia, and Zimbabwe had projected life expectancies below 65 years in 2040, indicating global disparities in survival are likely to persist if current trends hold. Forecasted YLLs showed a rising toll from several non-communicable diseases (NCDs), partly driven by population growth and ageing. Differences between the reference forecast and alternative scenarios were most striking for HIV/AIDS, for which a potential increase of 120-2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% UI 67.2-190.3) in YLLs (nearly 118 million) was projected globally from 2016-40 under the worse health scenario. Compared with 2016, NCDs were forecast to account for a greater proportion of YLLs in all GB D regions by 2040 (67.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of YLLs {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% UI 61.9-72.3] globally); nonetheless, in many lower-income countries, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases still accounted for a large share of YLLs in 2040 (eg, 53.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of YLLs {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% UI 48.3-58.5] in Sub-Saharan Africa). There were large gaps for many health risks between the reference forecast and better health scenario for attributable YLLs. In most countries, metabolic risks amenable to health care (eg, high blood pressure and high plasma fasting glucose) and risks best targeted by population -level or intersectoral interventions (eg, tobacco, high BMI, and ambient particulate matter pollution) had some of the largest differences between reference and better health scenarios. The main exception was sub-Saharan Africa, where many risks associated with poverty and lower levels of development (eg, unsafe water and sanitation, household air pollution, and child malnutrition) were projected to still account for substantive disparities between reference and better health scenarios in 2040. Interpretation With the present study, we provide a robust, flexible forecasting platform from which reference forecasts and alternative health scenarios can be explored in relation to a wide range of independent drivers of health. Our reference forecast points to overall improvements through 2040 in most countries, yet the range found across better and worse health scenarios renders a precarious vision of the future a world with accelerating progress from technical innovation but with the potential for worsening health outcomes in the absence of deliberate policy action. For some causes of YLLs, large differences between the reference forecast and alternative scenarios reflect the opportunity to accelerate gains if countries move their trajectories toward better health scenarios or alarming challenges if countries fall behind their reference forecasts. Generally, decision makers should plan for the likely continued shift toward NCDs and target resources toward the modifiable risks that drive substantial premature mortality. If such modifiable risks are prioritised today, there is opportunity to reduce avoidable mortality in the future. However, CMNN causes and related risks will remain the predominant health priority among lower -income countries. Based on our 2040 worse health scenario, there is a real risk of HIV mortality rebounding if countries lose momentum against the HIV epidemic, jeopardising decades of progress against the disease. Continued technical innovation and increased health spending, including development assistance for health targeted to the world's poorest people, are likely to remain vital components to charting a future where all populations can live full, healthy lives. Copyright 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11773,6 +13705,21 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   abstract = {The austerity movement in high-income countries of Europe and North America has renewed calls for a guaranteed Basic Income. At the same time, conditional and unconditional cash transfers accompanied by rigorous impact evaluations have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries with the explicit support of the World Bank. Both Basic Income and cash transfer programs are more confidently designed when based on empirical evidence and social theory that explain how and why cash transfers to citizens are effective ways of encouraging investment in human capital through health and education spending. Are conditional cash transfers more effective and/or more efficient than unconditional transfers? Are means-tested transfers effective? This essay draws explicit parallels between Basic Income and unconditional cash transfers, and demonstrates that cash transfers to citizens work in remarkably similar ways in low-, middle- and high-income countries. It addresses the theoretical foundation of cash transfers. Of the four theories discussed, three explicitly acknowledge the interdependence of society and are based, in increasingly complex ways, on ideas of social inclusion. Only if we have an understanding of how cash transfers affect decision-making can we address questions of how best to design cash transfer schemes.}
 }
 
+@article{Forman-Hoffman2008,
+  title = {Retirement and {{Weight Changes Among Men}} and {{Women}} in the {{Health}} and {{Retirement Study}}},
+  author = {{Forman-Hoffman}, V. L. and Richardson, K. K. and Yankey, J. W. and Hillis, S. L. and Wallace, R. B. and Wolinsky, F. D.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},
+  volume = {63},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {S146-S153},
+  issn = {1079-5014, 1758-5368},
+  doi = {10.1093/geronb/63.3.S146},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Fornell2018,
   title = {Influence of Changes in the {{Spanish}} Labor Market during the Economic Crisis (2007-2011) on Perceived Health},
   author = {Fornell, Beatriz and Correa, Manuel and {Puerto Lopez del Amo}, M. and Martin, Jose J.},
@@ -11818,7 +13765,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
 }
 
 @article{Fowlie2020,
-  title = {Can Students Be \textbackslash textasciigravenudged' to Develop Their Employability? {{Using}} Behavioural Change Methods to Encourage Uptake of Industrial Placements},
+  title = {Can Students Be {\textbackslash}textasciigravenudged' to Develop Their Employability? {{Using}} Behavioural Change Methods to Encourage Uptake of Industrial Placements},
   author = {Fowlie, Julie and Forder, Clare},
   year = {2020},
   month = feb,
@@ -11828,7 +13775,38 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {154--168},
   issn = {1363-9080},
   doi = {10.1080/13639080.2020.1749247},
-  abstract = {Preparing students for employment involves encouraging ownership of their employability and engagement in opportunities that can help them improve it. Industrial placements play an important role in this but declining numbers of students are undertaking them. Using data collected over a three-year period at a Business School in a UK university, this paper will explore an intervention based on nudge theory designed to increase the uptake of these placements. Drawing upon behavioural science, it will explore nudge theory and its criticisms. It will discuss the concept of employability, including the tensions between the necessity of promoting students' ownership of theirs and the inherent assumptions that they will engage in opportunities to achieve this. Critical assessment of how the nudge intervention worked will be provided, demonstrating how almost half of those \textbackslash textasciigravenudged' responded positively, thereby successfully increasing the uptake of placements. It will identify soft outcomes, notably the breaking down of some typical behavioural barriers to placements and encouraging students to think reflectively. It will offer recommendations for replicable practice in other universities; specifically a model for developing nudges not only in relation to employability but within higher education more broadly. It concludes by proposing a new pedagogic definition of employability.},
+  abstract = {Preparing students for employment involves encouraging ownership of their employability and engagement in opportunities that can help them improve it. Industrial placements play an important role in this but declining numbers of students are undertaking them. Using data collected over a three-year period at a Business School in a UK university, this paper will explore an intervention based on nudge theory designed to increase the uptake of these placements. Drawing upon behavioural science, it will explore nudge theory and its criticisms. It will discuss the concept of employability, including the tensions between the necessity of promoting students' ownership of theirs and the inherent assumptions that they will engage in opportunities to achieve this. Critical assessment of how the nudge intervention worked will be provided, demonstrating how almost half of those {\textbackslash}textasciigravenudged' responded positively, thereby successfully increasing the uptake of placements. It will identify soft outcomes, notably the breaking down of some typical behavioural barriers to placements and encouraging students to think reflectively. It will offer recommendations for replicable practice in other universities; specifically a model for developing nudges not only in relation to employability but within higher education more broadly. It concludes by proposing a new pedagogic definition of employability.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Foy2014,
+  title = {Long {{Term Efficacy}} of an {{Integrated Neurological}} and {{Vocational Rehabilitation Programme}} for {{Young Adults}} with {{Acquired Brain Injury}}},
+  author = {Foy, Catherine M. L.},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {24},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {533--542},
+  issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10926-013-9488-z},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Francavilla2011,
+  title = {Does Family Planning Help the Employment of Women? {{The}} Case of {{India}}},
+  shorttitle = {Does Family Planning Help the Employment of Women?},
+  author = {Francavilla, Francesca and Giannelli, Gianna Claudia},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Journal of Asian Economics},
+  volume = {22},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {412--426},
+  issn = {10490078},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.asieco.2011.06.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11961,7 +13939,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {1},
   issn = {2368-7959},
   doi = {10.2196/31712},
-  abstract = {Background: Social equity in the efficacy of behavior change intervention is much needed. While the efficacy of brief alcohol interventions (BAIs), including digital interventions, is well established, particularly in health care, the social equity of interventions has been sparsely investigated. Objective: We aim to investigate whether the efficacy of computer-based versus in-person delivered BAIs is moderated by the participants' socioeconomic status (ie, to identify whether general hospital patients with low-level education and unemployed patients may benefit more or less from one or the other way of delivery compared to patients with higher levels of education and those that are employed). Methods: Patients with nondependent at-risk alcohol use were identified through systematic offline screening conducted on 13 general hospital wards. Patients were approached face-to-face and asked to respond to an app for self-assessment provided by a mobile device. In total, 961 (81\textbackslash textbackslash\% of eligible participants) were randomized and received their allocated intervention: computer-generated and individually tailored feedback letters (CO), in-person counseling by research staff trained in motivational interviewing (PE), or assessment only (AO). CO and PE were delivered on the ward and 1 and 3 months later, were based on the transtheoretical model of intentional behavior change and required the assessment of intervention data prior to each intervention. In CO, the generation of computer-based feedback was created automatically. The assessment of data and sending out feedback letters were assisted by the research staff. Of the CO and PE participants, 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% (345/387) and 83\textbackslash textbackslash\% (292/354) received at least two doses of intervention, and 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% (280/387) and 54\textbackslash textbackslash\% (191/354) received all three doses of intervention, respectively. The outcome was change in grams of pure alcohol per day after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, with the latter being the primary time-point of interest. Follow-up interviewers were blinded. Study group interactions with education and employment status were tested as predictors of change in alcohol use using latent growth modeling. Results: The efficacy of CO and PE did not differ by level of education (P=.98). Employment status did not moderate CO efficacy (Ps {$>$}=.66). Up to month 12 and compared to employed participants, unemployed participants reported significantly greater drinking reductions following PE versus AO (incidence rate ratio 0.44, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.21-0.94; P=.03) and following PE versus CO (incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.24-0.96; P=.04). After 24 months, these differences were statistically nonsignificant (Ps {$>$}=.31). Conclusions: Computer-based and in-person BAI worked equally well independent of the patient's level of education. Although findings indicate that in the short-term, unemployed persons may benefit more from BAI when delivered in-person rather than computer-based, the findings suggest that both BAIs have the potential to work well among participants with low socioeconomic status.},
+  abstract = {Background: Social equity in the efficacy of behavior change intervention is much needed. While the efficacy of brief alcohol interventions (BAIs), including digital interventions, is well established, particularly in health care, the social equity of interventions has been sparsely investigated. Objective: We aim to investigate whether the efficacy of computer-based versus in-person delivered BAIs is moderated by the participants' socioeconomic status (ie, to identify whether general hospital patients with low-level education and unemployed patients may benefit more or less from one or the other way of delivery compared to patients with higher levels of education and those that are employed). Methods: Patients with nondependent at-risk alcohol use were identified through systematic offline screening conducted on 13 general hospital wards. Patients were approached face-to-face and asked to respond to an app for self-assessment provided by a mobile device. In total, 961 (81{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of eligible participants) were randomized and received their allocated intervention: computer-generated and individually tailored feedback letters (CO), in-person counseling by research staff trained in motivational interviewing (PE), or assessment only (AO). CO and PE were delivered on the ward and 1 and 3 months later, were based on the transtheoretical model of intentional behavior change and required the assessment of intervention data prior to each intervention. In CO, the generation of computer-based feedback was created automatically. The assessment of data and sending out feedback letters were assisted by the research staff. Of the CO and PE participants, 89{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (345/387) and 83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (292/354) received at least two doses of intervention, and 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (280/387) and 54{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (191/354) received all three doses of intervention, respectively. The outcome was change in grams of pure alcohol per day after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, with the latter being the primary time-point of interest. Follow-up interviewers were blinded. Study group interactions with education and employment status were tested as predictors of change in alcohol use using latent growth modeling. Results: The efficacy of CO and PE did not differ by level of education (P=.98). Employment status did not moderate CO efficacy (Ps {$>$}=.66). Up to month 12 and compared to employed participants, unemployed participants reported significantly greater drinking reductions following PE versus AO (incidence rate ratio 0.44, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.21-0.94; P=.03) and following PE versus CO (incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.24-0.96; P=.04). After 24 months, these differences were statistically nonsignificant (Ps {$>$}=.31). Conclusions: Computer-based and in-person BAI worked equally well independent of the patient's level of education. Although findings indicate that in the short-term, unemployed persons may benefit more from BAI when delivered in-person rather than computer-based, the findings suggest that both BAIs have the potential to work well among participants with low socioeconomic status.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -11980,7 +13958,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
 }
 
 @article{Friedman2015,
-  title = {Still a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveStalled Revolution}}\textbackslash ensuremath''? {{Work}}/{{Family Experiences}}, {{Hegemonic Masculinity}}, and {{Moving Toward Gender Equality}}},
+  title = {Still a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveStalled Revolution}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath''? {{Work}}/{{Family Experiences}}, {{Hegemonic Masculinity}}, and {{Moving Toward Gender Equality}}},
   author = {Friedman, Sarah},
   year = {2015},
   month = feb,
@@ -11990,7 +13968,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {140--155},
   issn = {1751-9020},
   doi = {10.1111/soc4.12238},
-  abstract = {Hochschild described the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestalled revolution\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the late 1980s: women made great gains in labor force opportunities, particularly in stereotypically \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemasculine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace fields, yet men did not move comparably into \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefeminine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace roles. This article examines the current \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestalls\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the gender equality movement regarding gendered experiences at work and home, including occupations, the gender wage gap, career trajectories, and the division of household labor. This article also discusses efforts to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveunstall\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace the gender revolution. Pop culture solutions on the individual-level and academic research on structural/cultural barriers often focus on women's access to historically \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemasculine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace roles (e. g. representation in STEM fields). There is far less emphasis on men's involvement in historically \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefeminine\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace roles. Gender scholars examine hegemonic masculinity as the narrowly constrained expectations for men's \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveappropriate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace behavior. While efforts to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveunstall\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace the gender revolution focus largely on expanding women's opportunities, this article addresses why the gender revolution will remain incomplete and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestalled\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace without redefining hegemonic masculinity. Cross-national research demonstrates that changing views of masculinity are critical for greater gender equality at work and home.},
+  abstract = {Hochschild described the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravestalled revolution{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in the late 1980s: women made great gains in labor force opportunities, particularly in stereotypically {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemasculine{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace fields, yet men did not move comparably into {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefeminine{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace roles. This article examines the current {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravestalls{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in the gender equality movement regarding gendered experiences at work and home, including occupations, the gender wage gap, career trajectories, and the division of household labor. This article also discusses efforts to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveunstall{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace the gender revolution. Pop culture solutions on the individual-level and academic research on structural/cultural barriers often focus on women's access to historically {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemasculine{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace roles (e. g. representation in STEM fields). There is far less emphasis on men's involvement in historically {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefeminine{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace roles. Gender scholars examine hegemonic masculinity as the narrowly constrained expectations for men's {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveappropriate{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace behavior. While efforts to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveunstall{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace the gender revolution focus largely on expanding women's opportunities, this article addresses why the gender revolution will remain incomplete and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravestalled{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace without redefining hegemonic masculinity. Cross-national research demonstrates that changing views of masculinity are critical for greater gender equality at work and home.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12005,7 +13983,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {28--36},
   issn = {1481-8035},
   doi = {10.1017/cem.2015.22},
-  abstract = {Background Helmet use among bike-share users is low. We sought to characterize helmet-use patterns, barriers to helmet use, and cycling safety practices among bike-share users in Toronto. Methods A standardized survey of public bike-share program (PBSP) users at semi-random distribution of PBSP stations was undertaken. By maintaining a ratio of one helmet-wearer (HW): two non-helmet-wearers (NHW) per survey period, we controlled for location, day, time, and weather. Results Surveys were completed on 545 (180 HW, 365 NHW) unique users at 48/80 PBSP locations, from November 2012 to August 2013. More females wore helmets (F: 41.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, M: 30.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p=0.0423). NHWs were slightly younger than HWs (NHW mean age 34.4 years vs HW 37.3, p=0.0018). The groups did not differ by employment status, education, or income. Helmet ownership was lower among NHWs (NHW: 62.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 99.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), as was personal bike ownership (NHW: 65.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, vs HW: 78.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p=0.0026). NHWs were less likely to always wear a helmet on personal bikes (NHW: 22.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 66.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), and less likely to wear a helmet always or most of the time on PBSP (NHW: 5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 92.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001). Both groups, but more HWs, had planned to use PBSP when leaving their houses (HW: 97.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs NHW: 85.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), primarily to get to work (HW: 88.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs NHW: 84.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p=0.19). NHWs were more likely to report that they would wear a helmet more (NHW: 61.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 13.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), and/or cycle less (NHW: 22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs HW: 4.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) if helmet use was mandatory. Conclusions PBSP users surveyed appear to make deliberate decisions regarding helmet use. NHWs tended to be male, slightly younger, and less likely to use helmets on their personal bikes. As Toronto cyclists who do not wear helmets on PBSP generally do not wear helmets on their personal bikes, interventions to increase helmet use should target both personal and bike-share users. Legislating helmet use and provision of rental helmets could improve helmet use among bike-share users, but our results suggest some risk of reduced cycling with legislation. Resume Contexte Peu d'usagers des services de partage de velos portent le casque. Aussi les auteurs ont-ils cherche a caracteriser les habitudes du port du casque, les obstacles a son utilisation et les pratiques en matiere de securite parmi les usagers du service de partage de velos a Toronto. Methode Une enquete normalisee a ete menee parmi les usagers du programme public de partage de velos (PPPV), a differentes stations, choisies selon une repartition semi-aleatoire. Les auteurs, en maintenant constant le rapport de un porteur de casque (PC)/deux non-porteurs de casques (NPC) par periode d'enquete, ont neutralise les variables relatives au lieu, au jour, a l'heure et au temps (conditions meteorologiques). Resultats L'enquete a porte sur 545 (180 PC; 365 NPC) usagers differents, a 48/80 stations, de novembre 2012 a aout 2013. Les femmes (F) etaient plus nombreuses que les hommes (H) a porter le casque (F: 41,1 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; H: 30,9 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p=0,0423). Les NPC etaient un peu plus jeunes que les PC (NPC: 34,4 ans en moyenne contre \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracec.] PC: 37,3 ans en moyenne; p=0,0018). Par contre, il n'y avait pas de difference entre les groupes quant a la situation de l'emploi, aux etudes ou au revenu. Le fait de posseder son propre casque etait plus faible parmi les NPC (NPC: 62,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 99,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001) que parmi les PC, tout comme le fait de posseder sa propre bicyclette (NPC: 65,8 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 78,3 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p=0,0026). Les NPC avaient moins tendance a toujours porter un casque sur leur bicyclette personnelle (NPC: 22,2 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 66,7 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001) et a toujours ou presque toujours porter un casque sur les bicyclettes du PPPV (NPC: 5,8 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 92,3 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001). Dans les deux groupes, mais davantage dans celui des PC, les cyclistes avaient prevu recourir au PPPV au depart de la maison (PC: 97,2 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. NPC: 85,2 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001), surtout pour se rendre au travail (PC: 88,3 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. NPC: 84,1 \textbackslash textbackslash\%; p=0,19). Les NPC etaient plus nombreux que les PC a indiquer qu'ils porteraient le casque plus souvent (NPC: 61,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 13,9 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0,0001) et/ou qu'ils feraient moins de bicyclette (NPC: 22,5 \textbackslash textbackslash\% c. PC: 4,4 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) si le port du casque devenait obligatoire. Conclusions Les usagers du PPPV ayant participe a l'enquete semblent avoir fait un choix delibere quant au port du casque. Les NPC etaient en general des hommes, un peu plus jeunes que les PC et les premiers avaient moins tendance que les seconds a porter un casque sur leur bicyclette personnelle. Comme les cyclistes qui ne portent pas de casque sur les bicyclettes du PPPV n'en portent generalement pas sur leur bicyclette personnelle a Toronto, les interventions visant a accroitre le port du casque devraient viser autant les proprietaires de bicyclette personnelle que les usagers du service de partage de velos. Toutefois, le fait d'imposer le port du casque et la fourniture de casques de location par voie legislative pourrait certes ameliorer le port du casque parmi les usagers du service de partage de velos, mais, d'apres les resultats de l'enquete, cela pourrait aussi avoir pour consequence de diminuer l'usage de la bicyclette.},
+  abstract = {Background Helmet use among bike-share users is low. We sought to characterize helmet-use patterns, barriers to helmet use, and cycling safety practices among bike-share users in Toronto. Methods A standardized survey of public bike-share program (PBSP) users at semi-random distribution of PBSP stations was undertaken. By maintaining a ratio of one helmet-wearer (HW): two non-helmet-wearers (NHW) per survey period, we controlled for location, day, time, and weather. Results Surveys were completed on 545 (180 HW, 365 NHW) unique users at 48/80 PBSP locations, from November 2012 to August 2013. More females wore helmets (F: 41.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, M: 30.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p=0.0423). NHWs were slightly younger than HWs (NHW mean age 34.4 years vs HW 37.3, p=0.0018). The groups did not differ by employment status, education, or income. Helmet ownership was lower among NHWs (NHW: 62.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs HW: 99.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), as was personal bike ownership (NHW: 65.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, vs HW: 78.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p=0.0026). NHWs were less likely to always wear a helmet on personal bikes (NHW: 22.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs HW: 66.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), and less likely to wear a helmet always or most of the time on PBSP (NHW: 5.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs HW: 92.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001). Both groups, but more HWs, had planned to use PBSP when leaving their houses (HW: 97.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs NHW: 85.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), primarily to get to work (HW: 88.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs NHW: 84.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p=0.19). NHWs were more likely to report that they would wear a helmet more (NHW: 61.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs HW: 13.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.0001), and/or cycle less (NHW: 22.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs HW: 4.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) if helmet use was mandatory. Conclusions PBSP users surveyed appear to make deliberate decisions regarding helmet use. NHWs tended to be male, slightly younger, and less likely to use helmets on their personal bikes. As Toronto cyclists who do not wear helmets on PBSP generally do not wear helmets on their personal bikes, interventions to increase helmet use should target both personal and bike-share users. Legislating helmet use and provision of rental helmets could improve helmet use among bike-share users, but our results suggest some risk of reduced cycling with legislation. Resume Contexte Peu d'usagers des services de partage de velos portent le casque. Aussi les auteurs ont-ils cherche a caracteriser les habitudes du port du casque, les obstacles a son utilisation et les pratiques en matiere de securite parmi les usagers du service de partage de velos a Toronto. Methode Une enquete normalisee a ete menee parmi les usagers du programme public de partage de velos (PPPV), a differentes stations, choisies selon une repartition semi-aleatoire. Les auteurs, en maintenant constant le rapport de un porteur de casque (PC)/deux non-porteurs de casques (NPC) par periode d'enquete, ont neutralise les variables relatives au lieu, au jour, a l'heure et au temps (conditions meteorologiques). Resultats L'enquete a porte sur 545 (180 PC; 365 NPC) usagers differents, a 48/80 stations, de novembre 2012 a aout 2013. Les femmes (F) etaient plus nombreuses que les hommes (H) a porter le casque (F: 41,1 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; H: 30,9 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p=0,0423). Les NPC etaient un peu plus jeunes que les PC (NPC: 34,4 ans en moyenne contre {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracec.] PC: 37,3 ans en moyenne; p=0,0018). Par contre, il n'y avait pas de difference entre les groupes quant a la situation de l'emploi, aux etudes ou au revenu. Le fait de posseder son propre casque etait plus faible parmi les NPC (NPC: 62,4 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. PC: 99,4 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001) que parmi les PC, tout comme le fait de posseder sa propre bicyclette (NPC: 65,8 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. PC: 78,3 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p=0,0026). Les NPC avaient moins tendance a toujours porter un casque sur leur bicyclette personnelle (NPC: 22,2 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. PC: 66,7 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001) et a toujours ou presque toujours porter un casque sur les bicyclettes du PPPV (NPC: 5,8 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. PC: 92,3 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001). Dans les deux groupes, mais davantage dans celui des PC, les cyclistes avaient prevu recourir au PPPV au depart de la maison (PC: 97,2 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. NPC: 85,2 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p{$<$}0,0001), surtout pour se rendre au travail (PC: 88,3 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. NPC: 84,1 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; p=0,19). Les NPC etaient plus nombreux que les PC a indiquer qu'ils porteraient le casque plus souvent (NPC: 61,4 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. PC: 13,9 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0,0001) et/ou qu'ils feraient moins de bicyclette (NPC: 22,5 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% c. PC: 4,4 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) si le port du casque devenait obligatoire. Conclusions Les usagers du PPPV ayant participe a l'enquete semblent avoir fait un choix delibere quant au port du casque. Les NPC etaient en general des hommes, un peu plus jeunes que les PC et les premiers avaient moins tendance que les seconds a porter un casque sur leur bicyclette personnelle. Comme les cyclistes qui ne portent pas de casque sur les bicyclettes du PPPV n'en portent generalement pas sur leur bicyclette personnelle a Toronto, les interventions visant a accroitre le port du casque devraient viser autant les proprietaires de bicyclette personnelle que les usagers du service de partage de velos. Toutefois, le fait d'imposer le port du casque et la fourniture de casques de location par voie legislative pourrait certes ameliorer le port du casque parmi les usagers du service de partage de velos, mais, d'apres les resultats de l'enquete, cela pourrait aussi avoir pour consequence de diminuer l'usage de la bicyclette.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12015,16 +13993,16 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   editor = {SimonKumar, R and Collins, {\relax FL} and Friesen, W},
   year = {2020},
   journal = {INTERSECTIONS OF INEQUALITY, MIGRATION AND DIVERSIFICATION: THE POLITICS OF MOBILITY IN AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND},
-  series = {Mobility \textbackslash textbackslash\& {{Politics}}},
+  series = {Mobility {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& {{Politics}}},
   pages = {17--42},
   doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-19099-6\textbackslash_2},
-  abstract = {The analysis of inequality between migrant and non-migrant/host populations has been regularly undertaken within migration studies. However, the consideration of inequalities within migrant populations is much less common. A range of factors may contribute to the inequalities between migrant groups, including nationality, ethnicity and migration status, and within migrant groups, including gender, educational level and socio-economic status. These may originate in pre-migration factors such as social capital, factors related to the selectivity of the migration process itself and/or post-migration conditions such as \textbackslash textasciigravefit' in the labour market, reception by the host society and degree of access to services. Using the New Zealand case study, this chapter develops some methods of quantifying some of these inequalities through the use of measures related to income, unemployment and wage levels. The use of these quantitative approaches is also qualified in relation to data availability, data accuracy and the dangers of essentialising difference. Furthermore, the use of qualified information based on detailed case studies and other sources is also suggested. As proposed elsewhere in this book, migration policy itself is the source of inequality among migrants, but an understanding of other sources of inequality is also important in informing policy on migrant outcomes for government and non-government agencies.},
+  abstract = {The analysis of inequality between migrant and non-migrant/host populations has been regularly undertaken within migration studies. However, the consideration of inequalities within migrant populations is much less common. A range of factors may contribute to the inequalities between migrant groups, including nationality, ethnicity and migration status, and within migrant groups, including gender, educational level and socio-economic status. These may originate in pre-migration factors such as social capital, factors related to the selectivity of the migration process itself and/or post-migration conditions such as {\textbackslash}textasciigravefit' in the labour market, reception by the host society and degree of access to services. Using the New Zealand case study, this chapter develops some methods of quantifying some of these inequalities through the use of measures related to income, unemployment and wage levels. The use of these quantitative approaches is also qualified in relation to data availability, data accuracy and the dangers of essentialising difference. Furthermore, the use of qualified information based on detailed case studies and other sources is also suggested. As proposed elsewhere in this book, migration policy itself is the source of inequality among migrants, but an understanding of other sources of inequality is also important in informing policy on migrant outcomes for government and non-government agencies.},
   isbn = {978-3-030-19099-6; 978-3-030-19098-9},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Frize2021,
-  title = {The Impact of {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic on Gender-related Work from Home in {{STEM}} Fields\textemdash{{Report}} of the {{WiMPBME Task Group}}},
+  title = {The Impact of {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic on Gender-related Work from Home in {{STEM}} Fields{\textemdash}{{Report}} of the {{WiMPBME Task Group}}},
   author = {Frize, Monique and Lhotska, Lenka and Marcu, Loredana G. and Stoeva, Magdalena and Barabino, Gilda and Ibrahim, Fatimah and Lim, Sierin and Kaldoudi, Eleni and Marques Da Silva, Ana Maria and Tan, Peck Ha and Tsapaki, Virginia and Bezak, Eva},
   year = {2021},
   month = jul,
@@ -12035,12 +14013,12 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432},
   doi = {10.1111/gwao.12690},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people, including those in the fields of science and engineering, to work from home. The new working environment caused by the pandemic is assumed to have a different impact on the amount of work that women and men can do from home. Particularly, if the major burden of child and other types of care is still predominantly on the shoulders of women. As such, a survey was conducted to assess the main issues that biomedical engineers, medical physicists (academics and professionals), and other similar professionals have been facing when working from home during the pandemic. A survey was created and disseminated worldwide. It originated from a committee of International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM; Women in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Task Group) and supported by the Union. The ethics clearance was received from Carleton University. The survey was deployed on the Survey Monkey platform and the results were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The analyses mainly consisted of frequency of the demographic parameters and the cross-tabulation of gender with all relevant variables describing the impact of work at home. A total of 921 responses from biomedical professions in 76 countries were received: 339 males, 573 females, and nine prefer-not-to-say/other. Regarding marital/partnership status, 85\% of males were married or in partnership, and 15\% were single, whereas 72\% of females were married or in partnership, and 26\% were single. More women were working from home during the pandemic (68\%) versus 50\% of men. More men had access to an office at home (68\%) versus 64\% for women. The proportion of men spending more than 3 h on child care and schooling per day was 12\%, while for women it was 22\%; for household duties, 8\% of men spent more than 3 h; for women, this was 12.5\%. It is interesting to note that 44\% of men spent between 1 and 3 h per day on household duties, while for women, it was 55\%. The high number of survey responses can be considered excellent. It is interesting to note that men participate in childcare and household duties in a relatively high percentage; although this corresponds to less hours daily than for women. It is far more than can be found 2 and 3~decades ago. This may reflect the situation in the developed countries only\textemdash as majority of responses (75\%) was received from these countries. It is evident that the burden of childcare and household duties will have a negative impact on the careers of women if the burden is not more similar for both sexes. It is important to recognize that a change in policies of organizations that hire them may be required to provide accommodation and compensation to minimize the negative impact on the professional status and career of men and women who work in STEM fields.},
+  abstract = {Abstract             The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people, including those in the fields of science and engineering, to work from home. The new working environment caused by the pandemic is assumed to have a different impact on the amount of work that women and men can do from home. Particularly, if the major burden of child and other types of care is still predominantly on the shoulders of women. As such, a survey was conducted to assess the main issues that biomedical engineers, medical physicists (academics and professionals), and other similar professionals have been facing when working from home during the pandemic. A survey was created and disseminated worldwide. It originated from a committee of International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM; Women in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Task Group) and supported by the Union. The ethics clearance was received from Carleton University. The survey was deployed on the Survey Monkey platform and the results were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The analyses mainly consisted of frequency of the demographic parameters and the cross-tabulation of gender with all relevant variables describing the impact of work at home. A total of 921 responses from biomedical professions in 76 countries were received: 339 males, 573 females, and nine prefer-not-to-say/other. Regarding marital/partnership status, 85\% of males were married or in partnership, and 15\% were single, whereas 72\% of females were married or in partnership, and 26\% were single. More women were working from home during the pandemic (68\%) versus 50\% of men. More men had access to an office at home (68\%) versus 64\% for women. The proportion of men spending more than 3 h on child care and schooling per day was 12\%, while for women it was 22\%; for household duties, 8\% of men spent more than 3 h; for women, this was 12.5\%. It is interesting to note that 44\% of men spent between 1 and 3 h per day on household duties, while for women, it was 55\%. The high number of survey responses can be considered excellent. It is interesting to note that men participate in childcare and household duties in a relatively high percentage; although this corresponds to less hours daily than for women. It is far more than can be found 2 and 3~decades ago. This may reflect the situation in the developed countries only{\textemdash}as majority of responses (75\%) was received from these countries. It is evident that the burden of childcare and household duties will have a negative impact on the careers of women if the burden is not more similar for both sexes. It is important to recognize that a change in policies of organizations that hire them may be required to provide accommodation and compensation to minimize the negative impact on the professional status and career of men and women who work in STEM fields.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Fry2020,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveEven}} Though {{I}} Am Alone, {{I}} Feel That We Are Many\textbackslash ensuremath'' - {{An}} Appreciative Inquiry Study of Asynchronous, Provider-to-Provider Teleconsultations in {{Turkana}}, {{Kenya}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveEven}} Though {{I}} Am Alone, {{I}} Feel That We Are Many{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' - {{An}} Appreciative Inquiry Study of Asynchronous, Provider-to-Provider Teleconsultations in {{Turkana}}, {{Kenya}}},
   author = {Fry, M. Whitney and Saidi, Salima and Musa, Abdirahman and Kithyoma, Vanessa and Kumar, Pratap},
   year = {2020},
   month = sep,
@@ -12073,7 +14051,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   author = {Fujishiro, Kaori and Ahonen, Emily Q. and Winkler, Megan},
   year = {2021},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {291},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114484},
@@ -12087,7 +14065,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   editor = {RenYong, C and Hosseini, J},
   year = {2008},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH WEST LAKE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS (WLICSMB)},
-  abstract = {There has been a growing level of interest in female entrepreneurship in recent years. Initially, there was an awareness of the lower participation of women than men in the creation and growth of new enterprises. More recently, there is recognition that female entrepreneurship can have a positive impact on economic prosperity. This paper looks at female entrepreneurship in a rural area, as well as their motivation for starting a business and their attitude towards growth. Entrepreneurs start a business for a variety of reasons, such as making money, flexible working hours, others may want to employ family members or feel they have no other option. It can be difficult to start a business in any circumstance yet there is evidence that some groups may find it more difficult. Women in particular, may face additional problems starting a business. Access to resources, including finance, skills and access to markets, may be more difficult for some females. One of the reasons given by the EU (2002:3) for promoting female entrepreneurship is that they are a source of \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic growth and new jobs' and that the barriers they face in setting up and running a business must be tackled. There is an understanding that entrepreneurs in general make a contribution towards economic growth, mainly in terms of job creation but also in terms of innovation. Therefore, if the numbers of entrepreneurs can be increased by bringing the levels of female entrepreneurship to the equivalent for male business owners, then that will help the economy. In the US, female entrepreneurs account for 38.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all privately owned firms (Minniti et al, 2005) and this is seen as one of the reasons for the higher GDP than in countries where the participation rate for women is lower. This paper looks at four case studies of women in a rural area. Low farm incomes and a lack of alternative employment can act as an impetus for female entrepreneurship in rural areas. Distance from local markets can make it more difficult for a rural enterprise to succeed and generally, rural businesses have a lower turnover than those in urban conurbations. The case studies include a farmer's wife trying to generate additional income, one running an IT business from home, another developing a forestry business, and one running a seed business and opening a fashion retail outlet. Two of the women are very successful and are making good profits whereas the other two are barely making a living. What are the differences between these women? This paper looks at the different attitudes of these women, their reasons for starting a business and how they are trying to grow their businesses. This study found that although they did want to grow their business and make money, their main motivation was the lifestyle.},
+  abstract = {There has been a growing level of interest in female entrepreneurship in recent years. Initially, there was an awareness of the lower participation of women than men in the creation and growth of new enterprises. More recently, there is recognition that female entrepreneurship can have a positive impact on economic prosperity. This paper looks at female entrepreneurship in a rural area, as well as their motivation for starting a business and their attitude towards growth. Entrepreneurs start a business for a variety of reasons, such as making money, flexible working hours, others may want to employ family members or feel they have no other option. It can be difficult to start a business in any circumstance yet there is evidence that some groups may find it more difficult. Women in particular, may face additional problems starting a business. Access to resources, including finance, skills and access to markets, may be more difficult for some females. One of the reasons given by the EU (2002:3) for promoting female entrepreneurship is that they are a source of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomic growth and new jobs' and that the barriers they face in setting up and running a business must be tackled. There is an understanding that entrepreneurs in general make a contribution towards economic growth, mainly in terms of job creation but also in terms of innovation. Therefore, if the numbers of entrepreneurs can be increased by bringing the levels of female entrepreneurship to the equivalent for male business owners, then that will help the economy. In the US, female entrepreneurs account for 38.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all privately owned firms (Minniti et al, 2005) and this is seen as one of the reasons for the higher GDP than in countries where the participation rate for women is lower. This paper looks at four case studies of women in a rural area. Low farm incomes and a lack of alternative employment can act as an impetus for female entrepreneurship in rural areas. Distance from local markets can make it more difficult for a rural enterprise to succeed and generally, rural businesses have a lower turnover than those in urban conurbations. The case studies include a farmer's wife trying to generate additional income, one running an IT business from home, another developing a forestry business, and one running a seed business and opening a fashion retail outlet. Two of the women are very successful and are making good profits whereas the other two are barely making a living. What are the differences between these women? This paper looks at the different attitudes of these women, their reasons for starting a business and how they are trying to grow their businesses. This study found that although they did want to grow their business and make money, their main motivation was the lifestyle.},
   isbn = {978-7-81127-091-4},
   langid = {english},
   note = {9th West Lake International Conference on Small and Medium Business, Hangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, OCT 21-23, 2007}
@@ -12103,12 +14081,12 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {37--55},
   issn = {0162-3737},
   doi = {10.3102/01623737023001037},
-  abstract = {America's early education sector remains so radically decentralized-a far flung archipelago of preschools, family child-care homes, and subsidized individuals providing services-that basic information on local organizations and staff members remains scarce. This, despite rising policy interest in, and skyrocketing appropriations for preschool programs which are aimed at boosting children's school readiness. Working from a social ecology framework, this study aimed to learn more about local populations of early education organizations. This paper uses 1990 household census data aggregated to the zipcode level to report on features of the early education workforce nationwide. Teachers and other staff in preschools and center-based programs reported low wages, averaging about \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar7,300 per year (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar10,700 in 2000 dollars), with most working less than full time. The median center-based teacher was 34 years of age, reported having completed some college, and was married The median worker in family child-care homes earned even less and only had a high school diploma. About 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all preschool teachers in urban areas were African-American; about 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Latina. Twice as many preschool and center teachers per 1, 000 young children resided in affluent zip codes, relative to poor and lower middle-class areas. Preschools and centers located in blue-collar and middle-income zip codes displayed the lowest level of organizational formalization, compared to those operating in poor or affluent areas. We discuss the utility of 2000 census data to assess inequalities in the supply and quality of early education organizations and their staff, and modeling how economic and policy forces may shape organizational variability.},
+  abstract = {America's early education sector remains so radically decentralized-a far flung archipelago of preschools, family child-care homes, and subsidized individuals providing services-that basic information on local organizations and staff members remains scarce. This, despite rising policy interest in, and skyrocketing appropriations for preschool programs which are aimed at boosting children's school readiness. Working from a social ecology framework, this study aimed to learn more about local populations of early education organizations. This paper uses 1990 household census data aggregated to the zipcode level to report on features of the early education workforce nationwide. Teachers and other staff in preschools and center-based programs reported low wages, averaging about {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar7,300 per year ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar10,700 in 2000 dollars), with most working less than full time. The median center-based teacher was 34 years of age, reported having completed some college, and was married The median worker in family child-care homes earned even less and only had a high school diploma. About 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all preschool teachers in urban areas were African-American; about 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were Latina. Twice as many preschool and center teachers per 1, 000 young children resided in affluent zip codes, relative to poor and lower middle-class areas. Preschools and centers located in blue-collar and middle-income zip codes displayed the lowest level of organizational formalization, compared to those operating in poor or affluent areas. We discuss the utility of 2000 census data to assess inequalities in the supply and quality of early education organizations and their staff, and modeling how economic and policy forces may shape organizational variability.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Fuller2019,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveFamily-Friendly}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Jobs}} and {{Motherhood Pay Penalties}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Flexible Work Arrangements Across}} the {{Educational Spectrum}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveFamily-Friendly}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Jobs}} and {{Motherhood Pay Penalties}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Flexible Work Arrangements Across}} the {{Educational Spectrum}}},
   author = {Fuller, Sylvia and Hirsh, C. Elizabeth},
   year = {2019},
   month = feb,
@@ -12148,7 +14126,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {1445--1451},
   issn = {0020-1383},
   doi = {10.1016/j.injury.2014.01.019},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To explore the financial and employment impacts following serious injury. Design: Semi-structured telephone administered qualitative interviews with purposive sampling and thematic qualitative analysis. Participants: 118 patients (18-81 years) registered by the Victorian State Trauma Registry or Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry 12-24 months post-injury. Results: Key findings of the study were that although out-of-pocket treatment costs were generally low, financial hardship was prevalent after hospitalisation for serious injury, and was predominantly experienced by working age patients due to prolonged absences from paid employment. Where participants were financially pressured prior to injury, injury further exacerbated these financial concerns. Reliance on savings and loans and the need to budget carefully to limit financial burden were discussed. Financial implications of loss of income were generally less for those covered by compensation schemes, with non-compensable participants requiring welfare payments due to an inability to earn an income. Most participants reported that the injury had a negative impact on work. Loss of earnings payments from injury compensation schemes and income protection policies, supportive employers, and return to work programs were perceived as key factors in reducing the financial burden of injured participants. Employer-related barriers to return to work included the employer not listening to the needs of the injured participant, not understanding their physical limitations, and placing unrealistic expectations on the injured person. While the financial benefits of compensation schemes were acknowledged, issues accessing entitlements and delays in receiving benefits were commonly reported by participants, suggesting that improvements in scheme processes could have substantial benefits for injured patients. Conclusions: Seriously injured patients commonly experienced substantial financial and work-related impacts of injury. Participants of working age who were unemployed prior to injury, did not have extensive leave accrual at their pre-injury employment, and those not covered by injury compensation schemes or income protection insurance clearly represent participants \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveat risk'' for substantial financial hardship post-injury. Early identification of these patients, and improved provision of information about financial support services, budgeting and work retraining could assist in alleviating financial stress after injury (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To explore the financial and employment impacts following serious injury. Design: Semi-structured telephone administered qualitative interviews with purposive sampling and thematic qualitative analysis. Participants: 118 patients (18-81 years) registered by the Victorian State Trauma Registry or Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry 12-24 months post-injury. Results: Key findings of the study were that although out-of-pocket treatment costs were generally low, financial hardship was prevalent after hospitalisation for serious injury, and was predominantly experienced by working age patients due to prolonged absences from paid employment. Where participants were financially pressured prior to injury, injury further exacerbated these financial concerns. Reliance on savings and loans and the need to budget carefully to limit financial burden were discussed. Financial implications of loss of income were generally less for those covered by compensation schemes, with non-compensable participants requiring welfare payments due to an inability to earn an income. Most participants reported that the injury had a negative impact on work. Loss of earnings payments from injury compensation schemes and income protection policies, supportive employers, and return to work programs were perceived as key factors in reducing the financial burden of injured participants. Employer-related barriers to return to work included the employer not listening to the needs of the injured participant, not understanding their physical limitations, and placing unrealistic expectations on the injured person. While the financial benefits of compensation schemes were acknowledged, issues accessing entitlements and delays in receiving benefits were commonly reported by participants, suggesting that improvements in scheme processes could have substantial benefits for injured patients. Conclusions: Seriously injured patients commonly experienced substantial financial and work-related impacts of injury. Participants of working age who were unemployed prior to injury, did not have extensive leave accrual at their pre-injury employment, and those not covered by injury compensation schemes or income protection insurance clearly represent participants {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveat risk'' for substantial financial hardship post-injury. Early identification of these patients, and improved provision of information about financial support services, budgeting and work retraining could assist in alleviating financial stress after injury (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12170,7 +14148,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   author = {Gaby, Sarah},
   year = {2017},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {YOUTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {YOUTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {49},
   number = {7},
   pages = {923--946},
@@ -12191,7 +14169,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {489--497},
   issn = {1020-3397},
   doi = {10.26719/emhj.22.049},
-  abstract = {Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that disproportionately affects the poor. The World Health Organization lists economic factors as one of main barriers to tuberculosis management. Aims: This study aimed to estimate the household total catastrophic cost of TB and its determinants among newly diag-nosed Egyptian tuberculous patients. Methods: This was a cohort prospective study covering 257 TB patients registered in 2019. The patients were followed up bi-monthly until the end of the treatment regimen (4 visits). A standardized questionnaire published by the poverty sub-working group of the Stop TB Partnership was used after minor modification. The following costs were measured: pre-diagnosis, direct and indirect, guardian and coping, as well as annual household income. Catastrophic cost (direct plus indirect) was considered if the total cost of TB treatment exceeded 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the household's annual income. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using different thresholds. Results: The incidence of household total catastrophic cost was 24.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The mean total cost of TB treatment was US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar 198. Over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total direct cost was incurred during the pre-diagnosis period. After adjustment for other determinant variables using multivariable logistic regression, we found that age {$<$} 30 years, living in a house with crowding index {$>$} 2, poverty and coping were more likely to cause higher total catastrophic cost. Conclusions: Catastrophic cost was experienced by 1 out of every 4 new TB patients. As the main cost drivers were pover-ty and coping, the Ministry of Health and Population should be collaborated with Ministry of Finance and NGOs to put a plan of social protection system for poor families with TB patients.},
+  abstract = {Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that disproportionately affects the poor. The World Health Organization lists economic factors as one of main barriers to tuberculosis management. Aims: This study aimed to estimate the household total catastrophic cost of TB and its determinants among newly diag-nosed Egyptian tuberculous patients. Methods: This was a cohort prospective study covering 257 TB patients registered in 2019. The patients were followed up bi-monthly until the end of the treatment regimen (4 visits). A standardized questionnaire published by the poverty sub-working group of the Stop TB Partnership was used after minor modification. The following costs were measured: pre-diagnosis, direct and indirect, guardian and coping, as well as annual household income. Catastrophic cost (direct plus indirect) was considered if the total cost of TB treatment exceeded 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the household's annual income. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using different thresholds. Results: The incidence of household total catastrophic cost was 24.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The mean total cost of TB treatment was US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar 198. Over 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the total direct cost was incurred during the pre-diagnosis period. After adjustment for other determinant variables using multivariable logistic regression, we found that age {$<$} 30 years, living in a house with crowding index {$>$} 2, poverty and coping were more likely to cause higher total catastrophic cost. Conclusions: Catastrophic cost was experienced by 1 out of every 4 new TB patients. As the main cost drivers were pover-ty and coping, the Ministry of Health and Population should be collaborated with Ministry of Finance and NGOs to put a plan of social protection system for poor families with TB patients.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12263,7 +14241,22 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {1},
   issn = {2510-5019},
   doi = {10.1186/s12651-019-0260-5},
-  abstract = {We investigate the long term employment outcomes of Italian injured workers over a time period when the country introduced policy reforms that increased labor market flexibility but reduced job security. Using an employer-employee database matched with injury data, we observe that both before and after the reforms almost one-fourth of injured workers were no longer employed 3years after their first return to work. We note a slight decrease in this share after the reforms (from 24 to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\%) while we find a decline in workers' job security as measured by their probability of re-employment in permanent contracts. We use multinomial logit estimates to study how liberalization reforms were associated with a changing role of individual, firm, and injury characteristics in shaping long-term employment outcomes of injured workers after their recovery period. Heterogeneity analyses show that low wage employees, women, immigrants, and individuals who suffered a more severe injury were penalized more. Pre-injury individual characteristics became stronger predictors of long-term employment than firms' characteristics. In particular, we find that the advantage provided by working in larger firms was significant before the liberalization reforms, but disappeared afterward, while the advantage provided by human capital became more relevant after the liberalization.},
+  abstract = {We investigate the long term employment outcomes of Italian injured workers over a time period when the country introduced policy reforms that increased labor market flexibility but reduced job security. Using an employer-employee database matched with injury data, we observe that both before and after the reforms almost one-fourth of injured workers were no longer employed 3years after their first return to work. We note a slight decrease in this share after the reforms (from 24 to 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) while we find a decline in workers' job security as measured by their probability of re-employment in permanent contracts. We use multinomial logit estimates to study how liberalization reforms were associated with a changing role of individual, firm, and injury characteristics in shaping long-term employment outcomes of injured workers after their recovery period. Heterogeneity analyses show that low wage employees, women, immigrants, and individuals who suffered a more severe injury were penalized more. Pre-injury individual characteristics became stronger predictors of long-term employment than firms' characteristics. In particular, we find that the advantage provided by working in larger firms was significant before the liberalization reforms, but disappeared afterward, while the advantage provided by human capital became more relevant after the liberalization.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gall2006,
+  title = {Growing {{Up Ready}}},
+  author = {Gall, Carie and Kingsnorth, Shauna and Healy, Helen},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Physical \& Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {47--62},
+  issn = {0194-2638},
+  doi = {10.1300/J006v26n04_04},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12282,6 +14275,54 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gallo2006,
+  title = {The {{Persistence}} of {{Depressive Symptoms}} in {{Older Workers Who Experience Involuntary Job Loss}}: {{Results From}} the {{Health}} and {{Retirement Survey}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Persistence}} of {{Depressive Symptoms}} in {{Older Workers Who Experience Involuntary Job Loss}}},
+  author = {Gallo, W. T. and Bradley, E. H. and Dubin, J. A. and Jones, R. N. and Falba, T. A. and Teng, H.-M. and Kasl, S. V.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},
+  volume = {61},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {S221-S228},
+  issn = {1079-5014, 1758-5368},
+  doi = {10.1093/geronb/61.4.S221},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gallo2009,
+  title = {Differential {{Impact}} of {{Involuntary Job Loss}} on {{Physical Disability Among Older Workers}}: {{Does Predisposition Matter}}?},
+  shorttitle = {Differential {{Impact}} of {{Involuntary Job Loss}} on {{Physical Disability Among Older Workers}}},
+  author = {Gallo, William T. and Brand, Jennie E. and Teng, Hsun-Mei and {Leo-Summers}, Linda and Byers, Amy L.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Research on Aging},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {345--360},
+  issn = {0164-0275, 1552-7573},
+  doi = {10.1177/0164027508330722},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Older workers' share of involuntary job losses in the United States has grown fairly consistently in recent decades, prompting greater interest in the health consequences of involuntary unemployment among individuals nearing retirement. In this study, the authors applied the multifactorial model of geriatric health to investigate whether late-career involuntary job loss was associated with subsequent physical disability and whether the effect of involuntary job loss on physical disability varied by predisposition. Using data from the first four waves (1992 to 1998) of the Health and Retirement Survey, the authors measured predisposition with individual risk factors for functional disability and indices of aggregate risk. The results of gender-specific models fit with generalized estimating equations revealed that unmarried women and those with low predisplacement incomes had heightened risk for subsequent functional disability. No differential effects of job loss were found for men.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Galor1999,
+  title = {From {{Malthusian Stagnation}} to {{Modern Growth}}},
+  author = {Galor, Oded and Weil, David N},
+  year = {1999},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {American Economic Review},
+  volume = {89},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {150--154},
+  issn = {0002-8282},
+  doi = {10.1257/aer.89.2.150},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Galos2023,
   title = {Why Do Women Opt for Gender-Atypical Fields of Study? {{The}} Increasing Role of Income Motivation over Time},
   author = {Galos, Diana Roxana and Strauss, Susanne},
@@ -12322,7 +14363,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {1836--1840},
   issn = {0364-2313},
   doi = {10.1007/s00268-013-2053-2},
-  abstract = {The common goal of surgical training is to provide effective, well-rounded surgeons who are capable of providing a safe and competent service that is relevant to the society within which they work. In recent years, the surgical workforce crisis has gained greater attention as a component of the global human resources in health problems in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the models for specialist surgical training in Uganda; (2) evaluate the pretraining experience of surgical trainees; (3) explore training models in the United States and Canada and areas of possible further inquiry and intervention for capacity-building efforts in surgery and perioperative care. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Makerere University, College of Health Sciences during 2011-2012. Participants were current and recently graduated surgical residents. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and were entered and analyzed using an excel Microsoft spread sheet. The Makerere University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board approved the study. Of the 35 potential participants, 23 returned the questionnaires (65 \textbackslash textbackslash\%). Mean age of participants was 29 years with a male/female ratio of 3:1. All worked predominantly in general district hospitals. Pretraining procedures performed numbered 2,125 per participant, which is twice that done by their US and Canadian counterparts during their entire 5-year training period. A rich pretraining experience exists in East Africa. This should be taken advantage of to enhance surgical specialist training at the institution and regional level.},
+  abstract = {The common goal of surgical training is to provide effective, well-rounded surgeons who are capable of providing a safe and competent service that is relevant to the society within which they work. In recent years, the surgical workforce crisis has gained greater attention as a component of the global human resources in health problems in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the models for specialist surgical training in Uganda; (2) evaluate the pretraining experience of surgical trainees; (3) explore training models in the United States and Canada and areas of possible further inquiry and intervention for capacity-building efforts in surgery and perioperative care. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Makerere University, College of Health Sciences during 2011-2012. Participants were current and recently graduated surgical residents. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and were entered and analyzed using an excel Microsoft spread sheet. The Makerere University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board approved the study. Of the 35 potential participants, 23 returned the questionnaires (65 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Mean age of participants was 29 years with a male/female ratio of 3:1. All worked predominantly in general district hospitals. Pretraining procedures performed numbered 2,125 per participant, which is twice that done by their US and Canadian counterparts during their entire 5-year training period. A rich pretraining experience exists in East Africa. This should be taken advantage of to enhance surgical specialist training at the institution and regional level.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12356,6 +14397,37 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gammage2020,
+  title = {The {{Intersections}} of {{Women}}'s {{Economic}} and {{Reproductive Empowerment}}},
+  author = {Gammage, Sarah and Joshi, Shareen and Rodgers, Yana Van Der Meulen},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Feminist Economics},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1--22},
+  issn = {1354-5701, 1466-4372},
+  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2019.1674451},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gammage2020a,
+  title = {Reducing {{Vulnerable Employment}}: {{Is}} There a {{Role}} for {{Reproductive Health}}, {{Social Protection}}, and {{Labor Market Policy}}?},
+  shorttitle = {Reducing {{Vulnerable Employment}}},
+  author = {Gammage, Sarah and Sultana, Naziha and Glinski, Allison},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Feminist Economics},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {121--153},
+  issn = {1354-5701, 1466-4372},
+  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2019.1670350},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gandini2016,
   title = {The {{Effects}} of the {{Crisis}} on {{Occupational Segregation}} of {{Skilled Migrants}} from {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}} in the {{United States}}, 2006-2012},
   author = {Gandini, Luciana and {Lozano-Ascencio}, Fernando},
@@ -12367,7 +14439,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {441--456},
   issn = {1544-8444},
   doi = {10.1002/psp.1909},
-  abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of the 2007-2008 economic and financial crisis on the levels of employment and unemployment of skilled migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as well as their conditions of labour insertion and levels of income, in order to identify patterns of occupational segregation and wage inequality according to their participation in the US labour market. This analysis was developed using a comparative perspective in two ways: on the one hand, comparing skilled migrants from LAC to the skilled migrant population from other regions of the world and to the native skilled population and, on the other hand, by analysing these indicators pre-crisis and post-crisis. The information source employed in this study was the March supplements of the Current Population Survey 2006-2012. Our findings indicate that the crisis affected the entire skilled population in the USA and particularly the migrant population. This impact is stronger among LAC women because they are the ones at greatest disadvantage, a situation that worsened following the crisis. Skilled migrants from LAC are substantially more segregated on the occupational structure than other migrants, and they increased its concentration in medium-skilled occupations. The study also found that skilled migrants from LAC are underrepresented in professional occupations. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
+  abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of the 2007-2008 economic and financial crisis on the levels of employment and unemployment of skilled migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as well as their conditions of labour insertion and levels of income, in order to identify patterns of occupational segregation and wage inequality according to their participation in the US labour market. This analysis was developed using a comparative perspective in two ways: on the one hand, comparing skilled migrants from LAC to the skilled migrant population from other regions of the world and to the native skilled population and, on the other hand, by analysing these indicators pre-crisis and post-crisis. The information source employed in this study was the March supplements of the Current Population Survey 2006-2012. Our findings indicate that the crisis affected the entire skilled population in the USA and particularly the migrant population. This impact is stronger among LAC women because they are the ones at greatest disadvantage, a situation that worsened following the crisis. Skilled migrants from LAC are substantially more segregated on the occupational structure than other migrants, and they increased its concentration in medium-skilled occupations. The study also found that skilled migrants from LAC are underrepresented in professional occupations. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12382,7 +14454,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {605--621},
   issn = {0147-5967},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2016.11.002},
-  abstract = {Several post-Soviet states have introduced indigenization policies to improve the relative economic, political or social position of formerly disadvantaged populations. Using one example of such policies - \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveKazakhization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in Kazakhstan - we investigate their impact on the comparative earnings of two directly affected groups, ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Russians. Oaxaca decompositions show that Kazakhs are better endowed with income generating characteristics but receive lower returns to these characteristics than Russians. The second effect dominates and Kazakhs have comparatively lower average living standards. While \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveKazakhization\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace may have been successful in some sense it appears to also have induced ethnic Russians to move into jobs that (at least in monetary terms) are superior now to those held by Kazakhs. Journal of Comparative Economics 45 (2017) 605-621. Rutgers University, 75 Hamilton Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Schaumburg-Lippe-Strasse 5-9, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), 30 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAX, UK; The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS), Landshuter Strasse 4, 93047 Regensburg, Germany. (C) 2016 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Several post-Soviet states have introduced indigenization policies to improve the relative economic, political or social position of formerly disadvantaged populations. Using one example of such policies - {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveKazakhization{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in Kazakhstan - we investigate their impact on the comparative earnings of two directly affected groups, ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Russians. Oaxaca decompositions show that Kazakhs are better endowed with income generating characteristics but receive lower returns to these characteristics than Russians. The second effect dominates and Kazakhs have comparatively lower average living standards. While {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveKazakhization{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace may have been successful in some sense it appears to also have induced ethnic Russians to move into jobs that (at least in monetary terms) are superior now to those held by Kazakhs. Journal of Comparative Economics 45 (2017) 605-621. Rutgers University, 75 Hamilton Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Schaumburg-Lippe-Strasse 5-9, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), 30 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAX, UK; The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS), Landshuter Strasse 4, 93047 Regensburg, Germany. (C) 2016 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12395,7 +14467,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {124},
   pages = {73--100},
   issn = {0213-7585},
-  abstract = {Internet access is nowadays widespread in Spanish society. Nevertheless, a digital divide still exists. The term \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedigital divide\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is defined by the OECD (2001:5) as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe gap between individuals, household, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In this context, Norris (2001) proposed three dimensions of the digital divide: (1) global divide, the divergence of Internet access between countries; (2) social divide, the usability gap between different groups as a result of social stratification; and (3) democratic divide, the gap between those who use and do not use digital resources for political mobilization and participation in public life. Other authors differentiate between three divides: in access, in skills and in outcomes (Wei et al. 2011). Digital divide research began with the study of the access to Internet and its use (the so-called first divide), although soon after the interest moved to the uses that different social groups made of Internet. Di Maggio et al. (2004) distinguished capital-enhancing activities (activities that improve social status) from social and recreational activities. These different uses of internet give rise to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedigital inequalities\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In this paper, three digital divides are considered: the first is related to the access, the second to using or not Internet and the third to three capital-enhancing activities. We use representative samples (2017 and 2019) from the National Institute of Statistics (INE in Spanish) and the Center for Sociological Research (CIS in Spanish). The size of the sample is 17,337 (INE 2017), 17,196 (INE 2019) and 2,482 (CIS 2017). We first analyse the access gap and reasons why households are not connected. Second, we study the evolution of users of Internet (2006-2019). Third, we create different indexes for measuring three capital-enhancing activities: and index of educational purposes, an index of professional purposes, and two indexes for measuring civic and political participation. The index of educational purposes includes four items: 1) make an online course, 2) use Internet content for learning purpose, 3) communicate with students and teachers through websites; and 4) other e-learning activities. The index of professional purposes includes two items: 1) search or apply for a job through Internet; and 2) participate in professional networks. Lastly, in order to measure political and civic participation two indexes are proposed. First, the index includes three items from the INE dataset: 1) reading news online; express opinions about social, civic and political topics; and 3) participate in online enquiry or vote about civic and political topics. Second, the index includes six items from the CIS dataset: 1) contact with a politician or political party; 2) communication with an association or organization; 3) subscribe to a list about current affairs; 4) write comments about social and political topics; 5) donation to association/ organization; and 6) sign a petition or join a campaign. The analytical strategy first includes a descriptive analysis of the dependent variables, comparing how different social categories use Internet and participate online. Second, we carry out regression analyses to discover which of the different independent variables (level of education, age, sex, size of habitat, employment status and income) better predict the use of internet for capital-enhancing activities and online political and civic participation. Regarding access, although it is true that Internet access has become widespread, in 2019 more than 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households do not have access to the Internet at home. The analysis of why household are not connected shows that motivational access (attitudes towards Internet) is the most frequent explanation for this trend. In 2019, among those habitants living in households without Internet, more than 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% explains that they don't need Internet and more than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% considers they don't have enough knowledge to use it. This motivational access is indeed stratified: these reasons are more frequent in rural areas and in poorer families. Other motives also mentioned, although to a lesser extent (around one in four), are related to economic difficulties (costs of equipment and connection). Finally, difficulties of access to broadband internet connections, especially in rural areas, also are mentioned. Regarding use, Internet is widespread among young and more educated population (99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people aged 16 to 24 and with tertiary education in 2019) but it is remarkable the expansion among old people (almost two-thirds of those aged 65 to 74 have accessed Internet in the last three months). Similar trends of diffusion of the Internet use could be observed in all levels of education and size of habitat. The only group where non-Internet outnumbers Internet users in 2019 are people who have not finished primary education. Finally, it is remarkable how the gender gap has disappeared in 2019. Regarding capital-enhancing activities in Internet, the data confirm the so-called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveMatthew effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (Merton, 1968), or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverich get richer effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, that is, the most beneficial Internet uses in order to improve social status are practiced by people who already occupy a well-off position in the offline world. This result is in line with previous studies (Di Maggio et al. 2004, Hargittai and Hinnats 2008). This is especially the case when Internet is used for educational purposes or for creating contacts in professional networks. Regarding the use of Internet for educational purposes, regressions show that this activity is more widespread among younger, more educated people and students. Regarding professional purposes, as expected, the unemployed is the group who uses more often the web when they search for a job, but also the most educated and youngest people use the Internet most frequently to improve their job position. Nevertheless, regressions show a negative association between family income and the use of Internet for professional purposes. Further research is needed to explain which channels use the better off people to improve their professional status. Lastly, the results on online civic and political participation corroborate that the groups with the greatest involvement coincide with those with higher traditional participation. Regressions show that sex, level of education, age and income are the most important predictors of political participation: men, the more educated, younger and the better off participate more online than women, the less educated, older and the economic disadvantage population. Nonetheless it can also be observed that online participation gives space to new activism, at least to some extent. Some groups less involved in the conventional channels of political participation take a more active role here, such as students and people aged 16 to 24. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that those who are taking more advantage of the digital world are the same people who are better situated in the offline world. In our analysis, two variables stand out above all as the most relevant: educational level and age. Other variables are relevant, although to a lesser extent: employment status, income, size of habitat and gender. These findings confirm previous research carried out in Spain focused on the distinction between Internet users or not (Robles and Molina 2007, Robles and Torres-Albero 2012). The results also corroborate recent research on the second gap in Spain, although this second gap was previously measured focusing on other activities such as e-shopping (Torres Albero 2017). Further research is needed to study how the material access impact in Spanish digital divide. That is, we need to focus on aspects as differences in device-related opportunities, device and peripheral diversity and maintenance expenses of devices and peripherals (van Deursen and van Dijk 2019). It is also needed to study other capital-enhancing activities and to compare if those groups more involved these types of activities are at the same time more involved in recreational activities. This work shows that, even though the Internet is widespread, the uses that could be more beneficial for the social position of the users are more frequent among people who already occupy a good social position in the offline world. Internet itself does not causes social exclusion, but digital inequalities reinforce the inequalities of the offline world if authorities do not act. These findings have clear political implications. First, public authorities should concentrate on those social groups with more negative attitudes towards Internet because the motivational access is the first step of the appropriation process (van Deursen and van Dijk 2019). Second, an effort should be made to improve material access in disadvantaged areas and groups. Third, digital alphabetization (increasing digital skills) is needed in order to decrease the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveMatthew effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, so disadvantaged groups could use Internet to improve their social status.},
+  abstract = {Internet access is nowadays widespread in Spanish society. Nevertheless, a digital divide still exists. The term {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedigital divide{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace is defined by the OECD (2001:5) as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethe gap between individuals, household, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. In this context, Norris (2001) proposed three dimensions of the digital divide: (1) global divide, the divergence of Internet access between countries; (2) social divide, the usability gap between different groups as a result of social stratification; and (3) democratic divide, the gap between those who use and do not use digital resources for political mobilization and participation in public life. Other authors differentiate between three divides: in access, in skills and in outcomes (Wei et al. 2011). Digital divide research began with the study of the access to Internet and its use (the so-called first divide), although soon after the interest moved to the uses that different social groups made of Internet. Di Maggio et al. (2004) distinguished capital-enhancing activities (activities that improve social status) from social and recreational activities. These different uses of internet give rise to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedigital inequalities{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. In this paper, three digital divides are considered: the first is related to the access, the second to using or not Internet and the third to three capital-enhancing activities. We use representative samples (2017 and 2019) from the National Institute of Statistics (INE in Spanish) and the Center for Sociological Research (CIS in Spanish). The size of the sample is 17,337 (INE 2017), 17,196 (INE 2019) and 2,482 (CIS 2017). We first analyse the access gap and reasons why households are not connected. Second, we study the evolution of users of Internet (2006-2019). Third, we create different indexes for measuring three capital-enhancing activities: and index of educational purposes, an index of professional purposes, and two indexes for measuring civic and political participation. The index of educational purposes includes four items: 1) make an online course, 2) use Internet content for learning purpose, 3) communicate with students and teachers through websites; and 4) other e-learning activities. The index of professional purposes includes two items: 1) search or apply for a job through Internet; and 2) participate in professional networks. Lastly, in order to measure political and civic participation two indexes are proposed. First, the index includes three items from the INE dataset: 1) reading news online; express opinions about social, civic and political topics; and 3) participate in online enquiry or vote about civic and political topics. Second, the index includes six items from the CIS dataset: 1) contact with a politician or political party; 2) communication with an association or organization; 3) subscribe to a list about current affairs; 4) write comments about social and political topics; 5) donation to association/ organization; and 6) sign a petition or join a campaign. The analytical strategy first includes a descriptive analysis of the dependent variables, comparing how different social categories use Internet and participate online. Second, we carry out regression analyses to discover which of the different independent variables (level of education, age, sex, size of habitat, employment status and income) better predict the use of internet for capital-enhancing activities and online political and civic participation. Regarding access, although it is true that Internet access has become widespread, in 2019 more than 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of households do not have access to the Internet at home. The analysis of why household are not connected shows that motivational access (attitudes towards Internet) is the most frequent explanation for this trend. In 2019, among those habitants living in households without Internet, more than 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% explains that they don't need Internet and more than 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% considers they don't have enough knowledge to use it. This motivational access is indeed stratified: these reasons are more frequent in rural areas and in poorer families. Other motives also mentioned, although to a lesser extent (around one in four), are related to economic difficulties (costs of equipment and connection). Finally, difficulties of access to broadband internet connections, especially in rural areas, also are mentioned. Regarding use, Internet is widespread among young and more educated population (99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people aged 16 to 24 and with tertiary education in 2019) but it is remarkable the expansion among old people (almost two-thirds of those aged 65 to 74 have accessed Internet in the last three months). Similar trends of diffusion of the Internet use could be observed in all levels of education and size of habitat. The only group where non-Internet outnumbers Internet users in 2019 are people who have not finished primary education. Finally, it is remarkable how the gender gap has disappeared in 2019. Regarding capital-enhancing activities in Internet, the data confirm the so-called {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveMatthew effect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (Merton, 1968), or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraverich get richer effect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, that is, the most beneficial Internet uses in order to improve social status are practiced by people who already occupy a well-off position in the offline world. This result is in line with previous studies (Di Maggio et al. 2004, Hargittai and Hinnats 2008). This is especially the case when Internet is used for educational purposes or for creating contacts in professional networks. Regarding the use of Internet for educational purposes, regressions show that this activity is more widespread among younger, more educated people and students. Regarding professional purposes, as expected, the unemployed is the group who uses more often the web when they search for a job, but also the most educated and youngest people use the Internet most frequently to improve their job position. Nevertheless, regressions show a negative association between family income and the use of Internet for professional purposes. Further research is needed to explain which channels use the better off people to improve their professional status. Lastly, the results on online civic and political participation corroborate that the groups with the greatest involvement coincide with those with higher traditional participation. Regressions show that sex, level of education, age and income are the most important predictors of political participation: men, the more educated, younger and the better off participate more online than women, the less educated, older and the economic disadvantage population. Nonetheless it can also be observed that online participation gives space to new activism, at least to some extent. Some groups less involved in the conventional channels of political participation take a more active role here, such as students and people aged 16 to 24. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that those who are taking more advantage of the digital world are the same people who are better situated in the offline world. In our analysis, two variables stand out above all as the most relevant: educational level and age. Other variables are relevant, although to a lesser extent: employment status, income, size of habitat and gender. These findings confirm previous research carried out in Spain focused on the distinction between Internet users or not (Robles and Molina 2007, Robles and Torres-Albero 2012). The results also corroborate recent research on the second gap in Spain, although this second gap was previously measured focusing on other activities such as e-shopping (Torres Albero 2017). Further research is needed to study how the material access impact in Spanish digital divide. That is, we need to focus on aspects as differences in device-related opportunities, device and peripheral diversity and maintenance expenses of devices and peripherals (van Deursen and van Dijk 2019). It is also needed to study other capital-enhancing activities and to compare if those groups more involved these types of activities are at the same time more involved in recreational activities. This work shows that, even though the Internet is widespread, the uses that could be more beneficial for the social position of the users are more frequent among people who already occupy a good social position in the offline world. Internet itself does not causes social exclusion, but digital inequalities reinforce the inequalities of the offline world if authorities do not act. These findings have clear political implications. First, public authorities should concentrate on those social groups with more negative attitudes towards Internet because the motivational access is the first step of the appropriation process (van Deursen and van Dijk 2019). Second, an effort should be made to improve material access in disadvantaged areas and groups. Third, digital alphabetization (increasing digital skills) is needed in order to decrease the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveMatthew effect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, so disadvantaged groups could use Internet to improve their social status.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -12440,7 +14512,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {E637-E645},
   issn = {0031-4005},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.2005-1612},
-  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Societal and economic shifts have expanded the roles that fathers play in their families. Father involvement is associated with positive cognitive, developmental, and sociobehavioral child outcomes such as improved weight gain in preterm infants, improved breastfeeding rates, higher receptive language skills, and higher academic achievement. However, father involvement in health care has been studied little, especially among nonmarried, minority fathers. Fathers are a significant part of the child's medical home, and comprehensive involvement of both parents is ideal for the child's well-being and health. Well-child visits (WCVs) represent opportunities for fathers to increase their involvement in their child's health care while learning valuable information about the health and development of their child. The objective of this study was to explore fathers' involvement in, experience and satisfaction with, and barriers to WCVs using qualitative methods. METHODS. In-depth, semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted in 2 cities with a subsample of fathers who were participating in the national Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The 32 fathers who participated in our study come from a nested qualitative study called Time, Love, and Cash in Couples with Children. Fathers in our study reside in Chicago or Milwaukee and were interviewed about health care issues for 1.5 hours when the focal child was 3 years of age. Questions focused on the father's overall involvement in his child's health care, the father's attendance and experiences at the doctor, health care decision-making between mother and father, assessment of focal child's health, gender/normative roles, and the father's health. The open-ended questions were designed to allow detailed accounts and personal stories as told by the fathers. Coding and analysis were done using content analysis to identify themes. Particular themes that were used for this study focused on ideals of father involvement and dis/satisfaction, barriers to, and experiences in the health care system. RESULTS. Of the 50 fathers from the Time, Love, and Cash in Couples with Children study in the 2 cities, 3 had moved out of the state, 6 were in jail, 7 had been lost in earlier follow-up, and 1 had died, leaving 33 eligible respondents. Of those, 1 refused to participate, resulting in a final sample of 32 fathers and an adjusted response rate of 97\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The mean age was 31 years, and the sample was 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% black, 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% Hispanic, and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% white; 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% were nonmarried. Only 2 fathers had attained a college degree or higher, and 84\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the fathers were employed at the time of the interview. The majority (53\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had attended a WCV and 84\textbackslash textbackslash\% had been to see a doctor with their child in the past year. Reasons for attending a WCV included (1) to gather information about their child, (2) to support their child, (3) to ask questions and express concerns, and (4) to gain firsthand experience of the doctor and the WCV. Fathers reported positive and negative experiences in their encounters with the health care system. The 3 main contributors to fathers' satisfaction with health care professionals were (1) inclusive interactions with the physician, (2) the perception of receiving quality care, and (3) receiving clear explanations. The negative experiences were often specific instances and noted along with positive comments. The negative experiences that were mentioned by the fathers included feeling viewed suspiciously by health care staff, being perceived as having a lesser emotional bond with their child than the mother, and the perception that they were receiving a lower quality of service compared with the mother. Major barriers to attending WCVs include employment schedules as well as their relationship with the focal child's mother. For example, some fathers stated that they did not attend WCVs because that was a responsibility that the mother assumed within the family. Other fathers lacked confidence in their parenting skills, which resulted in lower involvement levels. Also mentioned were health care system barriers such as inconvenient office hours and a lack of access to their child's records. Despite the presence of several barriers that seem to prevent fathers from attending WCVs, many fathers (20 of 32; 63\textbackslash textbackslash\%) mentioned \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesituational flexibility,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which enables them to overcome the stated barriers and attend doctor visits. For example, some fathers viewed the seriousness of the visit such as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveear surgery\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as a reason to rearrange their schedules and attend a doctor visit with their child. CONCLUSION. The majority of fathers from our sample have attended a WCV, and most have been to their child's doctor in the past year; WCVs and doctor appointments are ways in which fathers are involved in their child's health care. Fathers detailed specific reasons for why they attend WCVs, such as to support their child, ask questions, express concerns, and gather information firsthand. The fathers reported more positive than negative experiences with the health care staff, and, overall, they are satisfied with their experiences with the health care system. Reasons for satisfaction include feeling as though their questions had been dealt with seriously and answered appropriately. However, the fathers in our study did report a variety of barriers to health care involvement, including conflicting work schedules, a lack of confidence in their parental role, and health care system barriers. Professionals who care for children and families need to explore creative ways to engage fathers in the structured health care of their children. For example, pediatricians can stress the benefits of both parents being involved in their child's health care while reframing the importance of WCVs. Understanding that many fathers have situational flexibility when it comes to health care encounters may encourage physicians to suggest more actively that fathers attend WCVs. Pediatricians can also support existing public policies such as the national 2003 Responsible Fatherhood Act that provides grants and programs that promote the father's role in the family and advocate for additional policies that would foster quality father involvement. Continued collaboration among families, physicians, and other health care professionals is essential to support father involvement and ensure positive health outcomes for children.},
+  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Societal and economic shifts have expanded the roles that fathers play in their families. Father involvement is associated with positive cognitive, developmental, and sociobehavioral child outcomes such as improved weight gain in preterm infants, improved breastfeeding rates, higher receptive language skills, and higher academic achievement. However, father involvement in health care has been studied little, especially among nonmarried, minority fathers. Fathers are a significant part of the child's medical home, and comprehensive involvement of both parents is ideal for the child's well-being and health. Well-child visits (WCVs) represent opportunities for fathers to increase their involvement in their child's health care while learning valuable information about the health and development of their child. The objective of this study was to explore fathers' involvement in, experience and satisfaction with, and barriers to WCVs using qualitative methods. METHODS. In-depth, semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted in 2 cities with a subsample of fathers who were participating in the national Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The 32 fathers who participated in our study come from a nested qualitative study called Time, Love, and Cash in Couples with Children. Fathers in our study reside in Chicago or Milwaukee and were interviewed about health care issues for 1.5 hours when the focal child was 3 years of age. Questions focused on the father's overall involvement in his child's health care, the father's attendance and experiences at the doctor, health care decision-making between mother and father, assessment of focal child's health, gender/normative roles, and the father's health. The open-ended questions were designed to allow detailed accounts and personal stories as told by the fathers. Coding and analysis were done using content analysis to identify themes. Particular themes that were used for this study focused on ideals of father involvement and dis/satisfaction, barriers to, and experiences in the health care system. RESULTS. Of the 50 fathers from the Time, Love, and Cash in Couples with Children study in the 2 cities, 3 had moved out of the state, 6 were in jail, 7 had been lost in earlier follow-up, and 1 had died, leaving 33 eligible respondents. Of those, 1 refused to participate, resulting in a final sample of 32 fathers and an adjusted response rate of 97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The mean age was 31 years, and the sample was 56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% black, 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Hispanic, and 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% white; 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were nonmarried. Only 2 fathers had attained a college degree or higher, and 84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the fathers were employed at the time of the interview. The majority (53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had attended a WCV and 84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had been to see a doctor with their child in the past year. Reasons for attending a WCV included (1) to gather information about their child, (2) to support their child, (3) to ask questions and express concerns, and (4) to gain firsthand experience of the doctor and the WCV. Fathers reported positive and negative experiences in their encounters with the health care system. The 3 main contributors to fathers' satisfaction with health care professionals were (1) inclusive interactions with the physician, (2) the perception of receiving quality care, and (3) receiving clear explanations. The negative experiences were often specific instances and noted along with positive comments. The negative experiences that were mentioned by the fathers included feeling viewed suspiciously by health care staff, being perceived as having a lesser emotional bond with their child than the mother, and the perception that they were receiving a lower quality of service compared with the mother. Major barriers to attending WCVs include employment schedules as well as their relationship with the focal child's mother. For example, some fathers stated that they did not attend WCVs because that was a responsibility that the mother assumed within the family. Other fathers lacked confidence in their parenting skills, which resulted in lower involvement levels. Also mentioned were health care system barriers such as inconvenient office hours and a lack of access to their child's records. Despite the presence of several barriers that seem to prevent fathers from attending WCVs, many fathers (20 of 32; 63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) mentioned {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesituational flexibility,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which enables them to overcome the stated barriers and attend doctor visits. For example, some fathers viewed the seriousness of the visit such as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveear surgery{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace as a reason to rearrange their schedules and attend a doctor visit with their child. CONCLUSION. The majority of fathers from our sample have attended a WCV, and most have been to their child's doctor in the past year; WCVs and doctor appointments are ways in which fathers are involved in their child's health care. Fathers detailed specific reasons for why they attend WCVs, such as to support their child, ask questions, express concerns, and gather information firsthand. The fathers reported more positive than negative experiences with the health care staff, and, overall, they are satisfied with their experiences with the health care system. Reasons for satisfaction include feeling as though their questions had been dealt with seriously and answered appropriately. However, the fathers in our study did report a variety of barriers to health care involvement, including conflicting work schedules, a lack of confidence in their parental role, and health care system barriers. Professionals who care for children and families need to explore creative ways to engage fathers in the structured health care of their children. For example, pediatricians can stress the benefits of both parents being involved in their child's health care while reframing the importance of WCVs. Understanding that many fathers have situational flexibility when it comes to health care encounters may encourage physicians to suggest more actively that fathers attend WCVs. Pediatricians can also support existing public policies such as the national 2003 Responsible Fatherhood Act that provides grants and programs that promote the father's role in the family and advocate for additional policies that would foster quality father involvement. Continued collaboration among families, physicians, and other health care professionals is essential to support father involvement and ensure positive health outcomes for children.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12467,7 +14539,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   journal = {BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH},
   volume = {13},
   doi = {10.1186/1472-6963-13-198},
-  abstract = {Background: The role of socio-cultural factors in influencing access to HIV/AIDS treatment, care and support is increasingly recognized by researchers, international donors and policy makers. Although many of them have been identified through qualitative studies, the evidence gathered by quantitative studies has not been systematically analysed. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a systematic review of quantitative studies comparing surveys done in high and low income countries to assess the extent to which socio-cultural determinants of access, identified through qualitative studies, have been addressed in epidemiological survey studies. Methods: Ten electronic databases were searched (Cinahl, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, IBSS, JSTOR, MedLine, Psyinfo, Psyindex and Cochrane). Two independent reviewers selected eligible publications based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize data comparing studies between low and high income countries. Results: Thirty-four studies were included in the final review, 21 (62\textbackslash textbackslash\%) done in high income countries and 13 (38\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in low income countries. In low income settings, epidemiological research on access to HIV/AIDS services focused on socio-economic and health system factors while in high income countries the focus was on medical and psychosocial factors. These differences depict the perceived different barriers in the two regions. Common factors between the two regions were also found to affect HIV testing, including stigma, high risk sexual behaviours such as multiple sexual partners and not using condoms, and alcohol abuse. On the other hand, having experienced previous illness or other health conditions and good family communication was associated with adherence to ART uptake. Due to insufficient consistent data, a meta-analysis was only possible on adherence to treatment. Conclusions: This review offers evidence of the current challenges for interdisciplinary work in epidemiology and public health. Quantitative studies did not systematically address in their surveys important factors identified in qualitative studies as playing a critical role on the access to HIV/AIDS services. The evidences suggest that the problem lies in the exclusion of the qualitative information during the questionnaire design. With the changing face of the epidemic, we need a new and improved research strategy that integrates the results of qualitative studies into quantitative surveys.},
+  abstract = {Background: The role of socio-cultural factors in influencing access to HIV/AIDS treatment, care and support is increasingly recognized by researchers, international donors and policy makers. Although many of them have been identified through qualitative studies, the evidence gathered by quantitative studies has not been systematically analysed. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a systematic review of quantitative studies comparing surveys done in high and low income countries to assess the extent to which socio-cultural determinants of access, identified through qualitative studies, have been addressed in epidemiological survey studies. Methods: Ten electronic databases were searched (Cinahl, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, IBSS, JSTOR, MedLine, Psyinfo, Psyindex and Cochrane). Two independent reviewers selected eligible publications based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize data comparing studies between low and high income countries. Results: Thirty-four studies were included in the final review, 21 (62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) done in high income countries and 13 (38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) in low income countries. In low income settings, epidemiological research on access to HIV/AIDS services focused on socio-economic and health system factors while in high income countries the focus was on medical and psychosocial factors. These differences depict the perceived different barriers in the two regions. Common factors between the two regions were also found to affect HIV testing, including stigma, high risk sexual behaviours such as multiple sexual partners and not using condoms, and alcohol abuse. On the other hand, having experienced previous illness or other health conditions and good family communication was associated with adherence to ART uptake. Due to insufficient consistent data, a meta-analysis was only possible on adherence to treatment. Conclusions: This review offers evidence of the current challenges for interdisciplinary work in epidemiology and public health. Quantitative studies did not systematically address in their surveys important factors identified in qualitative studies as playing a critical role on the access to HIV/AIDS services. The evidences suggest that the problem lies in the exclusion of the qualitative information during the questionnaire design. With the changing face of the epidemic, we need a new and improved research strategy that integrates the results of qualitative studies into quantitative surveys.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12486,6 +14558,19 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gates2000,
+  title = {[{{No}} Title Found]},
+  author = {Gates, Lauren B.},
+  year = {2000},
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {10},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {85--98},
+  issn = {10530487},
+  doi = {10.1023/A:1009445929841},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Gates2020,
   title = {Exploring {{Conflicts Between Work}} and {{Care}}: {{Vulnerable Populations}} and {{Paid Family Leave}}},
   author = {Gates, Alice B. and Pacheco, Dorian and Mejia, Anaceli and Varquez, Caitlin and Martinez, Emma and Dillard, Danielle},
@@ -12511,7 +14596,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {7},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022020},
-  abstract = {Introduction In many African countries, including Kenya, a major barrier to achieving child survival goals is the slow decline in neonatal mortality that now represents 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the under-5 mortality. In newborn care, nurses are the primary caregivers in newborn settings and are essential in the delivery of safe and effective care. However, due to high patient workloads and limited resources, nurses may often consciously or unconsciously prioritise the care they provide resulting in some tasks being left undone or partially done (missed care). Missed care has been associated with poor patient outcomes in high-income countries. However, missed care, examined by direct observation, has not previously been the subject of research in low/middle-income countries. Methods and analysis The aim of this study is to quantify essential neonatal nursing care provided to newborns within newborn units. We will undertake a cross-sectional study using direct observational methods within newborn units in six health facilities in Nairobi City County across the public, private-for-profit and private-not-for-profit sectors. A total of 216 newborns will be observed between 1 September 2017 and 30 May 2018. Stratified random sampling will be used to select random 12-hour observation periods while purposive sampling will be used to identify newborns for direct observation. We will report the overall prevalence of care left undone, the common tasks that are left undone and describe any sharing of tasks with people not formally qualified to provide care. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the Kenya Medical Research Institute Scientific and Ethics Review Unit. Written informed consent will be sought from mothers and nurses. Findings from this work will be shared with the participating hospitals, an expert advisory group that comprises members involved in policy-making and more widely to the international community through conferences and peer-reviewed journals.},
+  abstract = {Introduction In many African countries, including Kenya, a major barrier to achieving child survival goals is the slow decline in neonatal mortality that now represents 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the under-5 mortality. In newborn care, nurses are the primary caregivers in newborn settings and are essential in the delivery of safe and effective care. However, due to high patient workloads and limited resources, nurses may often consciously or unconsciously prioritise the care they provide resulting in some tasks being left undone or partially done (missed care). Missed care has been associated with poor patient outcomes in high-income countries. However, missed care, examined by direct observation, has not previously been the subject of research in low/middle-income countries. Methods and analysis The aim of this study is to quantify essential neonatal nursing care provided to newborns within newborn units. We will undertake a cross-sectional study using direct observational methods within newborn units in six health facilities in Nairobi City County across the public, private-for-profit and private-not-for-profit sectors. A total of 216 newborns will be observed between 1 September 2017 and 30 May 2018. Stratified random sampling will be used to select random 12-hour observation periods while purposive sampling will be used to identify newborns for direct observation. We will report the overall prevalence of care left undone, the common tasks that are left undone and describe any sharing of tasks with people not formally qualified to provide care. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the Kenya Medical Research Institute Scientific and Ethics Review Unit. Written informed consent will be sought from mothers and nurses. Findings from this work will be shared with the participating hospitals, an expert advisory group that comprises members involved in policy-making and more widely to the international community through conferences and peer-reviewed journals.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12526,7 +14611,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {125--143},
   issn = {2042-3896},
   doi = {10.1108/HESWBL-08-2019-0106},
-  abstract = {Purpose The Government of Canada is adopting the pedagogical practice of Work Integrated Learning (WIL) to help youth develop the career ready skills needed to transition from school to work. As a result, colleges and universities are receiving funding to grow academic programs that link theoretical learning with practical work experience. However, there is limited research about the resources available to students with disabilities who engage in WIL. From an environmental scan of disability supports for WIL on 55 Canadian post-secondary institutions' websites and survey results from WIL professionals we ask: Do post-secondary institutions in Canada help students with disabilities become career ready? The data reveals that 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of schools have no reference to disability services for any career related activities and only 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% refer to disability supports for WIL. Survey respondents report they are not being trained nor have access to resources to support students with disabilities in WIL. The authors therefore recommend changes to public policy and resource allocation to ensure colleges and universities provide disability services for all WIL programs, train practitioners about career related disability management, and hire professionals who specialize in supporting students with disabilities in WIL. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an environmental scan of 55 Canadian post-secondary schools with a student population of 10,000 or more and identified services and resources publicly advertised online for students with disabilities in relation to employment and/or WIL activities. From this broad search, codes were developed based on general themes found in the recorded information, such as the location of information and the type of resources and services advertised for students with disabilities. During the environmental scan, the authors also collected names and emails of people listed as working in career and/or WIL departments who received an anonymous survey about their experiences working with students with disabilities. Findings As the Government of Canada expands WIL to improve labour market outcomes for youth, the research findings of the authors provide valuable evidence that post-secondary institutions are not supporting youth with disabilities to become career ready. Surprisingly, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of post-secondary institutions have no reference to disability supports for career related activities and only 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% reference supports available for engaging in WIL on their websites. In addition, WIL practitioners are not receiving the resources nor training to support this demographic to transition from school to work. This research can provide direction on resource allocation; specifically, the need for disability related supports and dedicated professionals for students who engage in WIL programs in higher education. Research limitations/implications A limitation of the methodology in scanning public sites is that universities and colleges could have services or supports advertised on sites that can only be viewed by the faculty, staff and students from that school. Thus, it is possible that employment information for students with disabilities is available for those with login privileges. The authors attempted to mitigate this limitation by collecting survey responses about programs and services from WIL practitioners who work at the schools. The authors also did not measure marketing of services on social media platforms (e.g. Facebook, Instagram). Another limitation is that the WIL practitioner survey results are based on their perceptions. The sample size was not randomized, nor can the authors confirm it is a representative sample of all WIL practitioners in Canada. Practical implications As countries continue to grapple with how to deal with the intersectionality of disability on an already disadvantaged demographic in the labour market, they must ensure that students with disabilities have access to career ready activities while in school. The authors therefore recommend public policy and resource allocation, not only in Canada but at a global level, that ensures post-secondary institutions: (1) create disability management programs and resources for all WIL and career activities; (2) hire dedicated professionals who specialize in working with students with disabilities in WIL; and (3) provide mandatory training for WIL practitioners on how to support students with disabilities in programs that develop their career ready skills. Social implications Preparing students with disabilities to be career ready when they graduate will benefit the Canadian economy. This wasted human capital not only negatively impacts a labour market with an aging demographic, it affects social service programs as Canadians with disabilities are one-third times more likely to live in poverty compared to Canadians without disabilities (Canadian Survey on Disability, 2017). The G20 report also stated that if employment rates for people with disabilities who are able to work were the same as for people without disabilities, economies around the world could increase their GDP by 3-7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (ILO and OECD, 2018). Originality/value There is no research in Canada to date that provides a national overview of the services in higher education advertised to support students with disabilities in WIL.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The Government of Canada is adopting the pedagogical practice of Work Integrated Learning (WIL) to help youth develop the career ready skills needed to transition from school to work. As a result, colleges and universities are receiving funding to grow academic programs that link theoretical learning with practical work experience. However, there is limited research about the resources available to students with disabilities who engage in WIL. From an environmental scan of disability supports for WIL on 55 Canadian post-secondary institutions' websites and survey results from WIL professionals we ask: Do post-secondary institutions in Canada help students with disabilities become career ready? The data reveals that 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of schools have no reference to disability services for any career related activities and only 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% refer to disability supports for WIL. Survey respondents report they are not being trained nor have access to resources to support students with disabilities in WIL. The authors therefore recommend changes to public policy and resource allocation to ensure colleges and universities provide disability services for all WIL programs, train practitioners about career related disability management, and hire professionals who specialize in supporting students with disabilities in WIL. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an environmental scan of 55 Canadian post-secondary schools with a student population of 10,000 or more and identified services and resources publicly advertised online for students with disabilities in relation to employment and/or WIL activities. From this broad search, codes were developed based on general themes found in the recorded information, such as the location of information and the type of resources and services advertised for students with disabilities. During the environmental scan, the authors also collected names and emails of people listed as working in career and/or WIL departments who received an anonymous survey about their experiences working with students with disabilities. Findings As the Government of Canada expands WIL to improve labour market outcomes for youth, the research findings of the authors provide valuable evidence that post-secondary institutions are not supporting youth with disabilities to become career ready. Surprisingly, 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of post-secondary institutions have no reference to disability supports for career related activities and only 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reference supports available for engaging in WIL on their websites. In addition, WIL practitioners are not receiving the resources nor training to support this demographic to transition from school to work. This research can provide direction on resource allocation; specifically, the need for disability related supports and dedicated professionals for students who engage in WIL programs in higher education. Research limitations/implications A limitation of the methodology in scanning public sites is that universities and colleges could have services or supports advertised on sites that can only be viewed by the faculty, staff and students from that school. Thus, it is possible that employment information for students with disabilities is available for those with login privileges. The authors attempted to mitigate this limitation by collecting survey responses about programs and services from WIL practitioners who work at the schools. The authors also did not measure marketing of services on social media platforms (e.g. Facebook, Instagram). Another limitation is that the WIL practitioner survey results are based on their perceptions. The sample size was not randomized, nor can the authors confirm it is a representative sample of all WIL practitioners in Canada. Practical implications As countries continue to grapple with how to deal with the intersectionality of disability on an already disadvantaged demographic in the labour market, they must ensure that students with disabilities have access to career ready activities while in school. The authors therefore recommend public policy and resource allocation, not only in Canada but at a global level, that ensures post-secondary institutions: (1) create disability management programs and resources for all WIL and career activities; (2) hire dedicated professionals who specialize in working with students with disabilities in WIL; and (3) provide mandatory training for WIL practitioners on how to support students with disabilities in programs that develop their career ready skills. Social implications Preparing students with disabilities to be career ready when they graduate will benefit the Canadian economy. This wasted human capital not only negatively impacts a labour market with an aging demographic, it affects social service programs as Canadians with disabilities are one-third times more likely to live in poverty compared to Canadians without disabilities (Canadian Survey on Disability, 2017). The G20 report also stated that if employment rates for people with disabilities who are able to work were the same as for people without disabilities, economies around the world could increase their GDP by 3-7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (ILO and OECD, 2018). Originality/value There is no research in Canada to date that provides a national overview of the services in higher education advertised to support students with disabilities in WIL.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12599,7 +14684,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   volume = {121},
   issn = {0190-7409},
   doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105839},
-  abstract = {Employment is an important way for persons with disabilities (PwDs) to participate in society and fulfil their potential. However, despite the impression that employment support for PwDs is improving, why is the actual employment situation in China stagnant or even worsening? In order to answer this question, this paper uses a qualitative study in BTQ City, QL Province, China to analyze the causes of the general problems in employment support for PwDs by breaking them down into official government, quasi-government, and primary support groups. This study finds that the prioritization of \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic development' dominates people's thinking and actions, to the detriment of social and economic goals. Consequently, the responses of the three employment support systems are: (a) an official government focus on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveproductivism\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace means PwDs employment is not a priority, and official support is usually \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveall talk, no action\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace; (b) bureaucratic quasi-government organizations are reluctant to assist beyond mere formalities to boost PwDs employment as this does not form part of their performance assessment; and (c) individualism resulting from societal breakdown makes the primary support group perceive a lack of benefit in assisting PwDs, and any assistance they render is done purely out of self-interest and are therefore unsustainable. We hope that the findings of this study will provide some inspiration and reference for improving the employment policy of PwDs in China.},
+  abstract = {Employment is an important way for persons with disabilities (PwDs) to participate in society and fulfil their potential. However, despite the impression that employment support for PwDs is improving, why is the actual employment situation in China stagnant or even worsening? In order to answer this question, this paper uses a qualitative study in BTQ City, QL Province, China to analyze the causes of the general problems in employment support for PwDs by breaking them down into official government, quasi-government, and primary support groups. This study finds that the prioritization of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomic development' dominates people's thinking and actions, to the detriment of social and economic goals. Consequently, the responses of the three employment support systems are: (a) an official government focus on {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveproductivism{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace means PwDs employment is not a priority, and official support is usually {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveall talk, no action{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace; (b) bureaucratic quasi-government organizations are reluctant to assist beyond mere formalities to boost PwDs employment as this does not form part of their performance assessment; and (c) individualism resulting from societal breakdown makes the primary support group perceive a lack of benefit in assisting PwDs, and any assistance they render is done purely out of self-interest and are therefore unsustainable. We hope that the findings of this study will provide some inspiration and reference for improving the employment policy of PwDs in China.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12611,7 +14696,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   journal = {PAN AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL},
   volume = {44},
   doi = {10.11604/pamj.2023.44.53.31428},
-  abstract = {Introduction: the provision of quality health care during the COVID-19 pandemic depends largely on the health of health care providers. Health care providers' as frontline caregivers dealing with infected patients play a significant role in limiting the outbreak of the disease by implementing safety and prevention practices. However, low and middle -income countries experience barriers to preparedness due to limited resources. Methods: an institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 326 health care providers' from August 10-25, 2021 in Gurage zonal public hospitals. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A pretested self-administered structured questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The data were entered into the Epi-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were presented. Results: this study showed that 53.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, of health care providers', had adequate preparation against COVID-19 pandemics. The finding showed that monthly income, occupation, and working experience were found to be significantly associated with health care providers' preparedness. Nearly one-quarter (24.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 28.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 39.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of health care providers had access to facemasks, alcohol sanitizer, glove, and isolation gowns respectively. Conclusion: the levels of health care providers' preparedness and health care protection against the third wave COVID-19 pandemic were found to be low. Based on our findings, the government and other stakeholders should design interventions to increase health care providers' preparedness to respond to the ongoing pandemic and purchase an adequate supply of personal protective equipment to protect the health care providers.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: the provision of quality health care during the COVID-19 pandemic depends largely on the health of health care providers. Health care providers' as frontline caregivers dealing with infected patients play a significant role in limiting the outbreak of the disease by implementing safety and prevention practices. However, low and middle -income countries experience barriers to preparedness due to limited resources. Methods: an institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 326 health care providers' from August 10-25, 2021 in Gurage zonal public hospitals. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A pretested self-administered structured questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The data were entered into the Epi-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were presented. Results: this study showed that 53.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, of health care providers', had adequate preparation against COVID-19 pandemics. The finding showed that monthly income, occupation, and working experience were found to be significantly associated with health care providers' preparedness. Nearly one-quarter (24.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 28.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 34.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 39.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of health care providers had access to facemasks, alcohol sanitizer, glove, and isolation gowns respectively. Conclusion: the levels of health care providers' preparedness and health care protection against the third wave COVID-19 pandemic were found to be low. Based on our findings, the government and other stakeholders should design interventions to increase health care providers' preparedness to respond to the ongoing pandemic and purchase an adequate supply of personal protective equipment to protect the health care providers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12640,6 +14725,21 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gelbach2002,
+  title = {Public {{Schooling}} for {{Young Children}} and {{Maternal Labor Supply}}},
+  author = {Gelbach, Jonah B},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {American Economic Review},
+  volume = {92},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {307--322},
+  issn = {0002-8282},
+  doi = {10.1257/000282802760015748},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gelderblom2007,
   title = {Does Poverty Constrain Migration in {{South Africa}}? {{Evidence}}, Explanations and Implications},
   shorttitle = {Does Poverty Constrain Migration in {{South Africa}}?},
@@ -12656,6 +14756,38 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{George2008,
+  title = {Nurses, Community Health Workers, and Home Carers: Gendered Human Resources Compensating for Skewed Health Systems},
+  shorttitle = {Nurses, Community Health Workers, and Home Carers},
+  author = {George, A.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Global Public Health},
+  volume = {3},
+  number = {sup1},
+  pages = {75--89},
+  issn = {1744-1692, 1744-1706},
+  doi = {10.1080/17441690801892240},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{George2019,
+  title = {Gender Equality and Health: Laying the Foundations for Change},
+  shorttitle = {Gender Equality and Health},
+  author = {George, Asha S and Amin, Avni and {Garc{\'I}a-Moreno}, Claudia and Sen, Gita},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {393},
+  number = {10189},
+  pages = {2369--2371},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30987-0},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{George2021,
   title = {Usefulness and Expectations on Skills Development and Entrepreneurship among Women of Low Socioeconomic Status in {{Ogun State}}, {{Nigeria}}},
   author = {George, Tayo O. and Oladosun, Muyiwa and Oyesomi, Kehinde and Orbih, Mary U. and Nwokeoma, Nwanne and Iruonagbe, Charles and Ajayi, Lady and {Lawal-Solarin}, Esther},
@@ -12667,7 +14799,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {170--186},
   issn = {1118-4841},
   doi = {10.29063/ajrh2021/v25i5s.16},
-  abstract = {The acquisition of vocational training skills and entrepreneurial know-how is acknowledged as an added advantage and a safety net to navigate poverty, especially in dwindling economic recession time and massive unemployment. This study examined the factors influencing the usefulness and perceived realization of skills development/empowerment to encourage more women's involvement in small scale businesses and promote its effect on poverty alleviation in households across Nigeria. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews conducted post-the vocational skill/empowerment training. The training was organized among Campus Keepers in a private university in Ogun State, Nigeria. Forty Campus Keepers were selected using the systematic sampling technique from a total population of 224, and 37 of the 40 selected voluntarily participated in this study. The Campus Keepers were women with low socioeconomic status who worked as cleaners on the university campus. Five of the Campus Keepers were purposively selected as key informants for the study. Results showed that respondents who had earlier knowledge and vocational skills training reported that it leads to self-employment. This view was higher for respondents who had more people in their household than those with fewer people (OR = 22.7 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI= .56, 921.31]). The perception that the training can lead to additional income was lower for respondents who reported that either they or their spouses were sole breadwinners in their household than for those who reported that both/others/none were breadwinners (OR = .05 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI=0, 1.2]). The odds that the skills development/empowerment training will result in perceived improved business was higher for respondents who gained more knowledge/information from the training than those who did not (OR=29.19 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI = 1.1, 777.48]). Findings from the qualitative study suggest that key informants who participated in past training were yet to establish a profitable business of their dream fully. Governmental policy and program intervention that incorporates these findings will lead to increased participation of the target population in similar training in the future, leading to poverty alleviation towards achieving the SDGs for Nigeria. (Afr J Reprod Health 2021; 25\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace5s]: 170-186).},
+  abstract = {The acquisition of vocational training skills and entrepreneurial know-how is acknowledged as an added advantage and a safety net to navigate poverty, especially in dwindling economic recession time and massive unemployment. This study examined the factors influencing the usefulness and perceived realization of skills development/empowerment to encourage more women's involvement in small scale businesses and promote its effect on poverty alleviation in households across Nigeria. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews conducted post-the vocational skill/empowerment training. The training was organized among Campus Keepers in a private university in Ogun State, Nigeria. Forty Campus Keepers were selected using the systematic sampling technique from a total population of 224, and 37 of the 40 selected voluntarily participated in this study. The Campus Keepers were women with low socioeconomic status who worked as cleaners on the university campus. Five of the Campus Keepers were purposively selected as key informants for the study. Results showed that respondents who had earlier knowledge and vocational skills training reported that it leads to self-employment. This view was higher for respondents who had more people in their household than those with fewer people (OR = 22.7 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCI= .56, 921.31]). The perception that the training can lead to additional income was lower for respondents who reported that either they or their spouses were sole breadwinners in their household than for those who reported that both/others/none were breadwinners (OR = .05 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCI=0, 1.2]). The odds that the skills development/empowerment training will result in perceived improved business was higher for respondents who gained more knowledge/information from the training than those who did not (OR=29.19 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCI = 1.1, 777.48]). Findings from the qualitative study suggest that key informants who participated in past training were yet to establish a profitable business of their dream fully. Governmental policy and program intervention that incorporates these findings will lead to increased participation of the target population in similar training in the future, leading to poverty alleviation towards achieving the SDGs for Nigeria. (Afr J Reprod Health 2021; 25{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace5s]: 170-186).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12681,7 +14813,23 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {675--695},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/IJM-11-2015-0198},
-  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the investigation of gender inequalities in the labour market at the regional level in Greece throughout the years preceding and following the economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach - Utilising microdata from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU- SILC)database from 2005 up to the most recent available, the authors construct the Total Earnings Gap Index, a composite index at the individual level which incorporates gender differentials in aspects related to employment, work intensity and earnings. This approach is further complemented by the results of the econometric analysis (a probit model for the probability of being in employment and a Heckman selection model for the determinants of hourly pay and hours worked), which portray the impact of gender on a set of labour-related characteristics. Findings - The findings of the analysis indicate a widespread reduction of the gender gap; however, this appears to be mainly the result of a sharper fall in employment among men, hence pointing towards a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverace to the bottom\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace process which presents few - if any - signs of an increase of women's economic independence. The emerging picture points towards a trend of regional convergence in gender gaps, while also highlighting that similar gender equality outcomes are, in certain cases, shaped by radically different dynamics. Originality/value - This paper uses an innovative composite index which provides a multi-dimensional depiction of gender inequality in the Greek labour market. This index has been introduced by Eurostat and has been applied at the country level, with this paper being the first - to the authors' knowledge-to apply it at the regional level. Additionally, by examining years before and throughout the crisis, the present analysis adopts a dynamic perspective, offering valuable insight into the seismic shifts that Greece's labour market structure has undergone during this period.},
+  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the investigation of gender inequalities in the labour market at the regional level in Greece throughout the years preceding and following the economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach - Utilising microdata from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU- SILC)database from 2005 up to the most recent available, the authors construct the Total Earnings Gap Index, a composite index at the individual level which incorporates gender differentials in aspects related to employment, work intensity and earnings. This approach is further complemented by the results of the econometric analysis (a probit model for the probability of being in employment and a Heckman selection model for the determinants of hourly pay and hours worked), which portray the impact of gender on a set of labour-related characteristics. Findings - The findings of the analysis indicate a widespread reduction of the gender gap; however, this appears to be mainly the result of a sharper fall in employment among men, hence pointing towards a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraverace to the bottom{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace process which presents few - if any - signs of an increase of women's economic independence. The emerging picture points towards a trend of regional convergence in gender gaps, while also highlighting that similar gender equality outcomes are, in certain cases, shaped by radically different dynamics. Originality/value - This paper uses an innovative composite index which provides a multi-dimensional depiction of gender inequality in the Greek labour market. This index has been introduced by Eurostat and has been applied at the country level, with this paper being the first - to the authors' knowledge-to apply it at the regional level. Additionally, by examining years before and throughout the crisis, the present analysis adopts a dynamic perspective, offering valuable insight into the seismic shifts that Greece's labour market structure has undergone during this period.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gerhardt2008,
+  title = {Educational and Occupational Outcomes among Young Adults with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis},
+  author = {Gerhardt, Cynthia A. and McGoron, Katie D. and Vannatta, Kathryn and McNamara, Kelly A. and Taylor, Janalee and Passo, Murray and Noll, Robert B.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Arthritis Care \& Research},
+  volume = {59},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {1385--1391},
+  issn = {0893-7524, 1529-0123},
+  doi = {10.1002/art.24100},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               To examine educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood.                                         Methods               Families were recruited when children with JIA were 8{\textendash}14 years old. At that time, each child with JIA was matched to a classmate of similar age, sex, and race for inclusion in a comparison group. For the current followup (12.64 years postdiagnosis), 45 participants with JIA, 46 peers, and their parents completed questionnaires soon after the young person's 18th birthday. Disease type and severity were rated by health care providers.                                         Results               Young adults with JIA and peers were similar on a variety of factors, including family background, scholastic and occupational self-concept, and academic competence. The proportion of participants who graduated from high school, were working, and expressed plans to attend postsecondary education or seek employment was similar between groups. Disease type, initial severity, and time since diagnosis were generally not associated with indices of educational and occupational attainment.                                         Conclusion               Despite the challenge of having a chronic illness, young adults with JIA were similar to peers on numerous educational and occupational outcomes during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Interventions to assist academic or occupational functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify subgroups at risk for long-term difficulties.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12704,6 +14852,21 @@ does NOT look at policy}
 does NOT look at policy}
 }
 
+@article{Geronimus1992,
+  title = {The {{Socioeconomic Consequences}} of {{Teen Childbearing Reconsidered}}},
+  author = {Geronimus, A. T. and Korenman, S.},
+  year = {1992},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+  volume = {107},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {1187--1214},
+  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
+  doi = {10.2307/2118385},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gheorghiev2023,
   title = {Economic Migrants in the {{Czech}} Segmented Labour Market: {{Covid-19}} as a Magnifying Glass},
   author = {Gheorghiev, Olga},
@@ -12748,6 +14911,23 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gibson2014,
+  title = {Becoming Men: {{Gender}}, Disability, and Transitioning to Adulthood},
+  shorttitle = {Becoming Men},
+  author = {Gibson, Barbara E and Mistry, Bhavnita and Smith, Brett and Yoshida, Karen K and Abbott, David and Lindsay, Sally and Hamdani, Yani},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine},
+  volume = {18},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {95--114},
+  issn = {1363-4593, 1461-7196},
+  doi = {10.1177/1363459313476967},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Children and youth with progressive conditions are living longer, and there is increased interest in designing programs that will assist them with ``transitioning'' to adulthood. Almost none of the transitions research to date, however, has attended to the experiences of disabled boys in ``becoming men,'' nor has there been critical conceptual work problematizing notions of ``normal'' adulthood or theorizing the complex, diverse, and gendered experiences of transitioning. In this Canadian study, we investigated the intersectionality of gender, disability, and emerging adulthood with 15 young men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Participants created audio diaries and photographs that were explored in in-depth interviews. Using a Bourdieusian lens and Arthur Frank's notion of the narrative habitus, we examined how participants re/negotiated identities in everyday practices. Our analysis suggested that disability, masculinities, and generational (life stage) identities intersected through ``narratives of nondifference,'' wherein participants worked to establish identities as typical ``guys.'' Within limited fields of school and work, participants distanced themselves from the label of ``disabled'' and discussed their successes and challenges in terms of normative developmental trajectories. We suggest that the pursuit of ``normal'' is reproduced and reinforced in health and social programs and closes off other narratives and possibilities.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gibson2018,
   title = {Potential Effects of Universal Basic Income: A Scoping Review of Evidence on Impacts and Study Characteristics},
   shorttitle = {Potential Effects of Universal Basic Income},
@@ -12797,7 +14977,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   title = {Combat Casualties and Race: {{What}} Can We Learn from the 2003-2004 {{Iraq}} Conflict?},
   author = {Gifford, B},
   year = {2005},
-  journal = {ARMED FORCES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {ARMED FORCES {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {31},
   number = {2},
   pages = {201+},
@@ -12823,6 +15003,23 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{Gilbert2010,
+  title = {Does Gender Matter? {{A}} Review of Work-related Gender Commonalities},
+  shorttitle = {Does Gender Matter?},
+  author = {Gilbert, G. Ronald and Burnett, Meredith F. and Phau, Ian and Haar, Jerry},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journal},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {676--699},
+  issn = {1754-2413},
+  doi = {10.1108/17542411011092336},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Purpose               The purpose of this study is to examine the degree to which differences and similarities exist between female and male business professionals.                                         Design/methodology/approach               A total of 1,164 students from three English-speaking countries completed a 75-item multi-dimensional tool that consists of 17 empirically independent work preference constructs associated with psychological learning styles, work values, work interests, and personality temperament.                                         Findings               There are few notable or significant differences between the work preferences of female and male business professionals within each country. Differences between the work preferences of female and male business professionals are not consistent from nation to nation.                                         Research limitations/implications               Additional research on gender differences of work preferences needs to include larger samples of college students majoring in non-business subjects as well as working adults drawn from related occupational fields.                                         Practical implications               Managers need to understand that biological sex may be irrelevant when it comes to the selection, placement, training, development, and appraisal of employees.                                         Originality/value               Contrary to prior research, the results refute the existence of work-related differences between females and males.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gilmartin2022,
   title = {Finding the {{Gap}}: {{Immigrant Integration Outcomes}} and {{Settlement Service Provision}} in the {{Republic}} of {{Ireland}}},
   author = {Gilmartin, Mary and Dagg, Jennifer},
@@ -12868,6 +15065,36 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gilson2003,
+  title = {Trust and the Development of Health Care as a Social Institution},
+  author = {Gilson, Lucy},
+  year = {2003},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {56},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {1453--1468},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00142-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Ginja2020,
+  title = {Parental {{Leave Benefits}}, {{Household Labor Supply}}, and {{Children}}'s {{Long-Run Outcomes}}},
+  author = {Ginja, Rita and Jans, Jenny and Karimi, Arizo},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {261--320},
+  issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307},
+  doi = {10.1086/704615},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Ginn2001,
   title = {Pension Prospects of Minority Ethnic Groups: Inequalities by Gender and Ethnicity},
   author = {Ginn, J and Arber, S},
@@ -12892,7 +15119,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   pages = {669--690},
   issn = {0164-0275},
   doi = {10.1177/0164027506291748},
-  abstract = {Policy makers aim to raise the retirement age for economic reasons. For individuals, longer employment maintains income and social contacts. However, retirement allows more time for socially integrating activities with family and friends. There is therefore tension for midlife individuals between the perceived advantages of employment and retirement. Welfare states vary in policies toward older workers, in terms of incentives for working longer or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveearly exit:\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which may influence individuals' preferences concerning retirement timing. Data from 20 European countries were used to examine middle-aged women's and men's attitudes toward employment and other time uses. The analysis incorporated age, gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and type of welfare regime. Work-life conflict was evident, expressed as preferring more time for family, friends, and leisure, especially where employment rates were highest and more for women than men. Many full-timers preferred shorter hours. Differences between desired and actual employment status were greatest among working-class, female, and older individuals. Unmet demand for jobs was most common in transitional and Mediterranean welfare states. The likelihood of employment was related to the type of welfare regime.},
+  abstract = {Policy makers aim to raise the retirement age for economic reasons. For individuals, longer employment maintains income and social contacts. However, retirement allows more time for socially integrating activities with family and friends. There is therefore tension for midlife individuals between the perceived advantages of employment and retirement. Welfare states vary in policies toward older workers, in terms of incentives for working longer or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveearly exit:{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which may influence individuals' preferences concerning retirement timing. Data from 20 European countries were used to examine middle-aged women's and men's attitudes toward employment and other time uses. The analysis incorporated age, gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and type of welfare regime. Work-life conflict was evident, expressed as preferring more time for family, friends, and leisure, especially where employment rates were highest and more for women than men. Many full-timers preferred shorter hours. Differences between desired and actual employment status were greatest among working-class, female, and older individuals. Unmet demand for jobs was most common in transitional and Mediterranean welfare states. The likelihood of employment was related to the type of welfare regime.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12906,7 +15133,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   number = {1},
   issn = {2045-2322},
   doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-30454-w},
-  abstract = {Point-of-care ultrasound has the potential to help inform assessment, diagnosis, and management of illness in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). To better understand current ultrasound use, barriers and facilitators to use, and perceptions and practices in LMIC, we conducted an anonymous online global survey targeting healthcare providers training and using ultrasound in LMIC. A total of 241 respondents representing 62 countries participated and most were physicians working in publicly-funded urban tertiary hospitals in LMIC. Most had received ultrasound training (78\textbackslash textbackslash\%), reported expertise (65\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and confidence (90\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in ultrasound use, and had access to ultrasound (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%), utilizing ultrasound most commonly for procedures and for evaluations of lungs, heart, and trauma. Access to an ultrasound machine was reported as both the top barrier (17\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and top facilitator (53\textbackslash textbackslash\%); other common barriers included access to education and training, cost, and competition for use and other common facilitators included access to a probe, gel, and electricity, and acceptance by healthcare providers, administrators, and patients. Most (80\textbackslash textbackslash\%) noted ultrasound access was important and 96\textbackslash textbackslash\% agreed that ultrasound improves quality of care and patient outcomes. Improving access to low-cost ultrasound equipment is critical to increasing ultrasound use among those who are trained.},
+  abstract = {Point-of-care ultrasound has the potential to help inform assessment, diagnosis, and management of illness in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). To better understand current ultrasound use, barriers and facilitators to use, and perceptions and practices in LMIC, we conducted an anonymous online global survey targeting healthcare providers training and using ultrasound in LMIC. A total of 241 respondents representing 62 countries participated and most were physicians working in publicly-funded urban tertiary hospitals in LMIC. Most had received ultrasound training (78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), reported expertise (65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and confidence (90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) in ultrasound use, and had access to ultrasound (88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), utilizing ultrasound most commonly for procedures and for evaluations of lungs, heart, and trauma. Access to an ultrasound machine was reported as both the top barrier (17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and top facilitator (53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); other common barriers included access to education and training, cost, and competition for use and other common facilitators included access to a probe, gel, and electricity, and acceptance by healthcare providers, administrators, and patients. Most (80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) noted ultrasound access was important and 96{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% agreed that ultrasound improves quality of care and patient outcomes. Improving access to low-cost ultrasound equipment is critical to increasing ultrasound use among those who are trained.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12954,7 +15181,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {405--420},
   issn = {0090-5550},
   doi = {10.1037/rep0000453},
-  abstract = {Impact and Implications This is one of the largest studies to date to characterize patterns of pain and mental health postinjury, including predictors of reduced symptoms over time using a robust registry-based cohort. The findings highlight that most characteristics associated with reductions in pain or mental health symptoms are not modifiable (e.g., age, education, neighborhood, and employment status). People who are experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health before injury are at the greatest risk of experiencing persistent problems after injury. Outcomes for those patients could potentially be improved if trauma and rehabilitation services provide targeted assessment and coordinated treatment early after injury given that risk factors can be identified during the trauma admission. Purpose/Objective Research: This study aimed to examine patterns of pain and mental health after injury, and the patient characteristics associated with reductions in those symptoms. Research Method/Design: This registry-based observational cohort study included all people {$>$}= 16 years old hospitalized for unintentional injuries from 2007 to 2014 who were included in the Victorian State Trauma Registry or Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry, survived to 12-months postinjury and did not have severe brain injury or spinal cord injury (N = 31,073). Symptoms and related impacts were measured with pain Numerical Rating Scale, EuroQol Five Dimensions Three Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L), and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) pain and mental health items at 6-, 12-, and 24-months postinjury. Symptom patterns over time, and their predictors, were examined using Latent Class and Transition Analyses and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Four classes were identified: (1) Low pain and mental health problems (49-54\textbackslash textbackslash\%); (2) mental health problems only (11-12\textbackslash textbackslash\%); (3) pain problems only (18-23\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and (4) pain and mental health problems (16-17\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most people stayed within the same class over time, or transitioned to fewer problems. People who transitioned to lower problems had higher socioeconomic status (e.g., higher education level, higher neighborhood-level advantage, and employment), better preinjury health (e.g., no disability or substance use condition) and noncompensable injuries. Conclusion/Implications: Reduced pain and mental health symptoms and related impairments were primarily associated with nonmodifiable biological, social, or economic characteristics. People with persistent symptoms were often already living with social disadvantage preinjury, and may have benefited from risk screening and proactive interventions.},
+  abstract = {Impact and Implications This is one of the largest studies to date to characterize patterns of pain and mental health postinjury, including predictors of reduced symptoms over time using a robust registry-based cohort. The findings highlight that most characteristics associated with reductions in pain or mental health symptoms are not modifiable (e.g., age, education, neighborhood, and employment status). People who are experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage and poor health before injury are at the greatest risk of experiencing persistent problems after injury. Outcomes for those patients could potentially be improved if trauma and rehabilitation services provide targeted assessment and coordinated treatment early after injury given that risk factors can be identified during the trauma admission. Purpose/Objective Research: This study aimed to examine patterns of pain and mental health after injury, and the patient characteristics associated with reductions in those symptoms. Research Method/Design: This registry-based observational cohort study included all people {$>$}= 16 years old hospitalized for unintentional injuries from 2007 to 2014 who were included in the Victorian State Trauma Registry or Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry, survived to 12-months postinjury and did not have severe brain injury or spinal cord injury (N = 31,073). Symptoms and related impacts were measured with pain Numerical Rating Scale, EuroQol Five Dimensions Three Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L), and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) pain and mental health items at 6-, 12-, and 24-months postinjury. Symptom patterns over time, and their predictors, were examined using Latent Class and Transition Analyses and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Four classes were identified: (1) Low pain and mental health problems (49-54{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); (2) mental health problems only (11-12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); (3) pain problems only (18-23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); and (4) pain and mental health problems (16-17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most people stayed within the same class over time, or transitioned to fewer problems. People who transitioned to lower problems had higher socioeconomic status (e.g., higher education level, higher neighborhood-level advantage, and employment), better preinjury health (e.g., no disability or substance use condition) and noncompensable injuries. Conclusion/Implications: Reduced pain and mental health symptoms and related impairments were primarily associated with nonmodifiable biological, social, or economic characteristics. People with persistent symptoms were often already living with social disadvantage preinjury, and may have benefited from risk screening and proactive interventions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -12996,7 +15223,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   journal = {BMC FAMILY PRACTICE},
   volume = {16},
   doi = {10.1186/s12875-015-0279-9},
-  abstract = {Background: Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with inequalities in health care and outcomes. Despite concerns that the Quality and Outcomes Framework pay-for-performance scheme in the UK would exacerbate inequalities in primary care delivery, gaps closed over time. Local schemes were promoted as a means of improving clinical engagement by addressing local health priorities. We evaluated equity in achievement of target indicators and practice income for one local scheme. Methods: We undertook a longitudinal survey over four years of routinely recorded clinical data for all 83 primary care practices. Sixteen indicators were developed that covered five local clinical and public health priorities: weight management; alcohol consumption; learning disabilities; osteoporosis; and chlamydia screening. Clinical indicators were logit transformed from a percentage achievement scale and modelled allowing for clustering of repeated measures within practices. This enabled our study of target achievements over time with respect to deprivation. Practice income was also explored. Results: Higher practice deprivation was associated with poorer performance for five indicators: alcohol use registration (OR 0.97; 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.96,0.99); recorded chlamydia test result (OR 0.97; 0.94,0.99); osteoporosis registration (OR 0.98; 0.97,0.99); registration of repeat prednisolone prescription (OR 0.98; 0.96,0.99); and prednisolone registration with record of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan/referral (OR 0.92; 0.86,0.97); practices in deprived areas performed better for one indicator (registration of osteoporotic fragility fracture (OR 1.26; 1.04,1.51). The deprivation-achievement gap widened for one indicator (registered females aged 65-74 with a fracture referred for a DEXA scan; OR 0.97; 0.95,0.99). Two other indicators indicated a similar trend over two years before being withdrawn (registration of fragility fracture and over-75 s with a fragility fracture assessed and treated for osteoporosis risk). For one indicator the deprivation-achievement gap reduced over time (repeat prednisolone prescription (OR 1.01; 1.01,1.01). Larger practices and those serving more affluent areas earned more income per patient than smaller practices and those serving more deprived areas (t = -3.99; p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Any gaps in achievement between practices were modest but mostly sustained or widened over the duration of the scheme. Given that financial rewards may not reflect the amount of work undertaken by practices serving more deprived patients, future pay-for-performance schemes also need to address fairness of rewards in relation to workload.},
+  abstract = {Background: Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with inequalities in health care and outcomes. Despite concerns that the Quality and Outcomes Framework pay-for-performance scheme in the UK would exacerbate inequalities in primary care delivery, gaps closed over time. Local schemes were promoted as a means of improving clinical engagement by addressing local health priorities. We evaluated equity in achievement of target indicators and practice income for one local scheme. Methods: We undertook a longitudinal survey over four years of routinely recorded clinical data for all 83 primary care practices. Sixteen indicators were developed that covered five local clinical and public health priorities: weight management; alcohol consumption; learning disabilities; osteoporosis; and chlamydia screening. Clinical indicators were logit transformed from a percentage achievement scale and modelled allowing for clustering of repeated measures within practices. This enabled our study of target achievements over time with respect to deprivation. Practice income was also explored. Results: Higher practice deprivation was associated with poorer performance for five indicators: alcohol use registration (OR 0.97; 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.96,0.99); recorded chlamydia test result (OR 0.97; 0.94,0.99); osteoporosis registration (OR 0.98; 0.97,0.99); registration of repeat prednisolone prescription (OR 0.98; 0.96,0.99); and prednisolone registration with record of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan/referral (OR 0.92; 0.86,0.97); practices in deprived areas performed better for one indicator (registration of osteoporotic fragility fracture (OR 1.26; 1.04,1.51). The deprivation-achievement gap widened for one indicator (registered females aged 65-74 with a fracture referred for a DEXA scan; OR 0.97; 0.95,0.99). Two other indicators indicated a similar trend over two years before being withdrawn (registration of fragility fracture and over-75 s with a fragility fracture assessed and treated for osteoporosis risk). For one indicator the deprivation-achievement gap reduced over time (repeat prednisolone prescription (OR 1.01; 1.01,1.01). Larger practices and those serving more affluent areas earned more income per patient than smaller practices and those serving more deprived areas (t = -3.99; p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Any gaps in achievement between practices were modest but mostly sustained or widened over the duration of the scheme. Given that financial rewards may not reflect the amount of work undertaken by practices serving more deprived patients, future pay-for-performance schemes also need to address fairness of rewards in relation to workload.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13024,7 +15251,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {1},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210251},
-  abstract = {Background and Objective The shortage of doctors, especially in rural areas, is a major concern in India, which in turn affects the effective delivery of health care services. To support new policies able to address this issue, a study was conducted to determine the discouraging and encouraging factors affecting medical students' interests towards working in rural areas. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive qualitative study has been conducted in three states of North India. It comprised six focus group discussions, each consisting of 10-20 medical students of six government medical colleges. The verbatim and thematic codes have been transcribed by using a \textbackslash textasciigravecategorical aggregation approach'. The discussions were thematically analyzed. Results Ninety medical students participated in the study. The discouraging factors were grouped under two broad themes namely unchallenging professional environment (poor accommodation facilities and lack of necessary infrastructure; lack of drug and equipment supplies; inadequate human resource support; lesser travel and research opportunities) and gap between financial rewards and social disadvantages (lower salary and incentives, social isolation, political interference, lack of security). Similarly, the encouraging factors were congregated under three main themes namely willingness to give back to disadvantaged communities (desire to serve poor, underprivileged and home community), broader clinical exposure (preferential admission in post-graduation after working more than 2-3 years in rural areas) and higher status and respect (achieving higher social status). Conclusions This qualitative study highlights key factors affecting medical students' interest to work in rural areas. A substantial similarity was noted between the factors which emerge from the current study and those documented in other countries. These findings will help policy-makers and medical educators to design and implement a comprehensive human resource strategy that shall target specific factors to encourage medical students to choose job positions in rural areas.},
+  abstract = {Background and Objective The shortage of doctors, especially in rural areas, is a major concern in India, which in turn affects the effective delivery of health care services. To support new policies able to address this issue, a study was conducted to determine the discouraging and encouraging factors affecting medical students' interests towards working in rural areas. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive qualitative study has been conducted in three states of North India. It comprised six focus group discussions, each consisting of 10-20 medical students of six government medical colleges. The verbatim and thematic codes have been transcribed by using a {\textbackslash}textasciigravecategorical aggregation approach'. The discussions were thematically analyzed. Results Ninety medical students participated in the study. The discouraging factors were grouped under two broad themes namely unchallenging professional environment (poor accommodation facilities and lack of necessary infrastructure; lack of drug and equipment supplies; inadequate human resource support; lesser travel and research opportunities) and gap between financial rewards and social disadvantages (lower salary and incentives, social isolation, political interference, lack of security). Similarly, the encouraging factors were congregated under three main themes namely willingness to give back to disadvantaged communities (desire to serve poor, underprivileged and home community), broader clinical exposure (preferential admission in post-graduation after working more than 2-3 years in rural areas) and higher status and respect (achieving higher social status). Conclusions This qualitative study highlights key factors affecting medical students' interest to work in rural areas. A substantial similarity was noted between the factors which emerge from the current study and those documented in other countries. These findings will help policy-makers and medical educators to design and implement a comprehensive human resource strategy that shall target specific factors to encourage medical students to choose job positions in rural areas.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13037,10 +15264,24 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {32},
   issn = {2214-367X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2023.01.004},
-  abstract = {India has one of the highest levels of gender inequality in the world. Work participation rate of women is among the lowest, with a wide gender gap. There are seclusion norms that restrict the mobility of women outside the home. However, transport literature in India has not explored the impact of this lack of autonomy on gender differences in travel demand. I use 2019 population-representative nationwide time-use survey of India. The dataset reported both travel and non-travel activities for 30-minute episodes over a 24-hour period. For urban residents, I analysed gender differences in trip rates and mobility rates, where the latter is defined as the per-centage going out of home at least once on the reporting day. I developed gender-stratified logistic regression models at the individual level with mobility as a binary outcome. It was found that 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the females did not report going out of the home compared to only 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% of males. The mobility of females reduces steeply from adolescence to young adulthood and then remains largely stable at a low level before reducing further for older adults. No such variation is observed among males, except their mobility is also reduced among older adults. There is a clear dichotomy with women mostly participating in in-house activities while men mostly involved in out-of-home activities. Adolescence or adulthood, marriage, living with one or more household members, having an infant in the house, lower income, and less education are associated with a lower likelihood of female mobility. The results highlight the need for gender-stratified analysis for transportation research, and a need for greater engagement across the disciplines of development economics, social sciences, and transport planning.},
+  abstract = {India has one of the highest levels of gender inequality in the world. Work participation rate of women is among the lowest, with a wide gender gap. There are seclusion norms that restrict the mobility of women outside the home. However, transport literature in India has not explored the impact of this lack of autonomy on gender differences in travel demand. I use 2019 population-representative nationwide time-use survey of India. The dataset reported both travel and non-travel activities for 30-minute episodes over a 24-hour period. For urban residents, I analysed gender differences in trip rates and mobility rates, where the latter is defined as the per-centage going out of home at least once on the reporting day. I developed gender-stratified logistic regression models at the individual level with mobility as a binary outcome. It was found that 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the females did not report going out of the home compared to only 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of males. The mobility of females reduces steeply from adolescence to young adulthood and then remains largely stable at a low level before reducing further for older adults. No such variation is observed among males, except their mobility is also reduced among older adults. There is a clear dichotomy with women mostly participating in in-house activities while men mostly involved in out-of-home activities. Adolescence or adulthood, marriage, living with one or more household members, having an infant in the house, lower income, and less education are associated with a lower likelihood of female mobility. The results highlight the need for gender-stratified analysis for transportation research, and a need for greater engagement across the disciplines of development economics, social sciences, and transport planning.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gold2012,
+  title = {Negotiating Reasonable Workplace Accommodations: {{Perspectives}} of Employers, Employees with Disabilities, and Rehabilitation Service Providers},
+  shorttitle = {Negotiating Reasonable Workplace Accommodations},
+  author = {Gold, Paul B. and Oire, Spalatin N. and Fabian, Ellen S. and Wewiorski, Nancy J.},
+  year = {2012},
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {37},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {25--37},
+  issn = {10522263},
+  doi = {10.3233/JVR-2012-0597},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Gold2013,
   title = {Job {{Acquisition}} by {{Urban Youth With Disabilities Transitioning From School}} to {{Work}}},
   author = {Gold, Paul B. and Fabian, Ellen S. and Luecking, Richard G.},
@@ -13056,6 +15297,22 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gold2013a,
+  title = {Job {{Acquisition}} by {{Urban Youth With Disabilities Transitioning From School}} to {{Work}}},
+  author = {Gold, Paul B. and Fabian, Ellen S. and Luecking, Richard G.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin},
+  volume = {57},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {31--45},
+  issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853},
+  doi = {10.1177/0034355213481248},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Despite legislation promoting youth transition from school to employment, and despite growing knowledge of factors contributing to successful transitions, youth with disabilities continue to work at lower rates compared with their nondisabled peers. Over the past decade, efforts specifically directed toward reducing this intractable employment gap between these two groups of youth have met with relatively little success. Marriott Foundation's Bridges from School-to-Work Program, a national multisite intervention offering paid competitive employment to high school youth enrolled in special education programs prior to school exit, addresses obstacles to labor market participation confronted by youth with disabilities, with an intensive, time-limited vocational intervention at seven inner-city urban sites across the United States. We found universally high job placement rates of a large sample of youth with disabilities enrolled in high school over several recent years of operation (2006 to 2011) across their sociodemographic and disability characteristics, and across diverse urban areas throughout the United States. Thus, we argue that educational, disability, and rehabilitation professionals should hold high expectations for employment success of these youth, regardless of their disabilities and the local economic conditions of the communities in which they live.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Golden1996,
   title = {The Economics of Worktime Length, Adjustment, and Flexibility - {{A}} Synthesis of Contributions from Competing Models of the Labor Market},
   author = {Golden, L},
@@ -13066,7 +15323,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {1--45},
   issn = {0034-6764},
   doi = {10.1080/00346769600000001},
-  abstract = {An eclectic framework is developed to understand long-term and short-term patterns in worktime, and to explain labor market anomalies such as the downward inflexibility of the workweek and coexistence of underemployment and overemployment. Neoclassical labor demand and supply models focus narrowly on monetary cost and individual welfare consequences. Post-Keynesian, institutionalist, and radical political economy paradigms suggest work hours and institutions regulating its adjustment also reflect uncertainty, relative incomes, internal labor markets, custom, power, and effort-regulation. Work hours have three measurable dimensions-mean duration, variability, and dynamic flexibility. Employers seek \textbackslash textasciigrave'numerical flexibility,'' and households desire minimal conflict with non-worktime activities. If irreconciliable, length and allocation outcomes will be determined by relative bargaining power. Given evidence of imperfect sorting in labor markets according to hours preferences, and that flexible hour arrangements favorably affect productivity or personnel cost (an \textbackslash textasciigrave'efficiency hours'' hypothesis), innovative government policies are suggested which would induce firms to better synchronize their aims with diversifying employee preferences.},
+  abstract = {An eclectic framework is developed to understand long-term and short-term patterns in worktime, and to explain labor market anomalies such as the downward inflexibility of the workweek and coexistence of underemployment and overemployment. Neoclassical labor demand and supply models focus narrowly on monetary cost and individual welfare consequences. Post-Keynesian, institutionalist, and radical political economy paradigms suggest work hours and institutions regulating its adjustment also reflect uncertainty, relative incomes, internal labor markets, custom, power, and effort-regulation. Work hours have three measurable dimensions-mean duration, variability, and dynamic flexibility. Employers seek {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'numerical flexibility,'' and households desire minimal conflict with non-worktime activities. If irreconciliable, length and allocation outcomes will be determined by relative bargaining power. Given evidence of imperfect sorting in labor markets according to hours preferences, and that flexible hour arrangements favorably affect productivity or personnel cost (an {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'efficiency hours'' hypothesis), innovative government policies are suggested which would induce firms to better synchronize their aims with diversifying employee preferences.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZXN2CWR6/Golden_1996_The economics of worktime length, adjustment, and flexibility - A synthesis of.pdf}
@@ -13083,7 +15340,84 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {1157--1178},
   issn = {0002-7642},
   doi = {10.1177/00027640121956700},
-  abstract = {More than 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the U.S. workforce now reports having an ability to alter their daily starting and ending times of work Yet, provision of flexibility in the timing of work is not keeping pace with demand. Moreover there is much disparity in access to schedule flexibility by workers' demographic. work, and job characteristics. Probit estimation finds that the probability that a worker has such flexibility is reduced by being female, non-White, and less educated. The likelihood is increased by being self-employed, in college, married, part-time, in certain occupations and industries, and working 50 or more hours per week flexibility is reduced for those working a standard day shift or 40-hour workweek. Workers thus sacrifice either leisure time or income to gain better access to flexibility in the scheduling of work, or they endure the costs of job mobility. Public policy should focus on delivering more flexible schedules to the excluded 73\textbackslash textbackslash\%.},
+  abstract = {More than 27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the U.S. workforce now reports having an ability to alter their daily starting and ending times of work Yet, provision of flexibility in the timing of work is not keeping pace with demand. Moreover there is much disparity in access to schedule flexibility by workers' demographic. work, and job characteristics. Probit estimation finds that the probability that a worker has such flexibility is reduced by being female, non-White, and less educated. The likelihood is increased by being self-employed, in college, married, part-time, in certain occupations and industries, and working 50 or more hours per week flexibility is reduced for those working a standard day shift or 40-hour workweek. Workers thus sacrifice either leisure time or income to gain better access to flexibility in the scheduling of work, or they endure the costs of job mobility. Public policy should focus on delivering more flexible schedules to the excluded 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@techreport{Goldin1994,
+  title = {The {{U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function}} in {{Economic Development}} and {{Economic History}}},
+  author = {Goldin, Claudia},
+  year = {1994},
+  month = apr,
+  number = {w4707},
+  pages = {w4707},
+  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
+  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
+  doi = {10.3386/w4707},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@techreport{Goldin1994a,
+  title = {The {{U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function}} in {{Economic Development}} and {{Economic History}}},
+  author = {Goldin, Claudia},
+  year = {1994},
+  month = apr,
+  number = {w4707},
+  pages = {w4707},
+  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
+  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
+  doi = {10.3386/w4707},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Goldin2002,
+  title = {The {{Power}} of the {{Pill}}: {{Oral Contraceptives}} and {{Women}}'s {{Career}} and {{Marriage Decisions}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Power}} of the {{Pill}}},
+  author = {Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+  volume = {110},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {730--770},
+  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
+  doi = {10.1086/340778},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Goldin2011,
+  title = {The {{Cost}} of {{Workplace Flexibility}} for {{High-Powered Professionals}}},
+  author = {Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
+  volume = {638},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {45--67},
+  issn = {0002-7162, 1552-3349},
+  doi = {10.1177/0002716211414398},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The authors study the pecuniary penalties for family-related amenities in the workplace (e.g., job interruptions, short hours, part-time work, and flexibility during the workday), how women have responded to them, and how the penalties have changed over time. The pecuniary penalties to behaviors that are beneficial to family appear to have decreased in many professions. Self-employment has declined in many of the high-end professions (e.g., pharmacy, optometry, dentistry, law, medicine, and veterinary medicine) where it was costly in terms of workplace flexibility. The authors conclude that many professions have experienced an increase in workplace flexibility, driven often by exogenous factors (e.g., increased scale of operations and shifts to corporate ownership of business) but also endogenously because of an increased number of women. Workplace flexibility in some positions, notably in the business and financial sectors, has lagged.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Goldin2017,
+  title = {The {{New Life Cycle}} of {{Women}}'s {{Employment}}: {{Disappearing Humps}}, {{Sagging Middles}}, {{Expanding Tops}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{New Life Cycle}} of {{Women}}'s {{Employment}}},
+  author = {Goldin, Claudia and Mitchell, Joshua},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {161--182},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.31.1.161},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {A new life cycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, life-cycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak, and then declined starting in the fifties. The new life cycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle, and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging, and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Health and Retirement Study. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education, and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth, and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the life cycle.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13105,13 +15439,13 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   author = {Golembeski, Cynthia A. and Irfan, Ans and Dong, Kimberly R.},
   year = {2020},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
+  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
   volume = {12},
   number = {4},
   pages = {357--373},
   issn = {1948-4682},
   doi = {10.1002/wmh3.378},
-  abstract = {Bipartisan governmental representatives and the public support investment in health care, housing, education, and nutrition programs, plus resources for people leaving prison and jail (Halpin, 2018; Johnson \textbackslash textbackslash\& Beletsky, 2020; USCCR, 2019). The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 banned people with felony drug convictions from receiving food stamps or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. Food insecurity, recidivism, and poor mental and physical health outcomes are associated with such bans. Several states have overturned SNAP benefit bans, yet individuals with criminal convictions are still denied benefits due to eligibility criteria modifications. COVID-19 has impaired lower-income, food-insecure communities, which disproportionately absorb people released from prison and jail. Reentry support is sorely lacking. Meanwhile, COVID-19 introduces immediate novel health risks, economic insecurity, and jail and prison population reductions and early release. Thirty to 50 percent of people in prisons and jails, which are COVID-19 hotspots, have been released early (Flagg \textbackslash textbackslash\& Neff, 2020; New York Times, 2020; Vera, 2020). The Families First Coronavirus Response Act increases flexibility in providing emergency SNAP supplements and easing program administration during the pandemic. Meanwhile, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights recommends eliminating SNAP benefit restrictions based on criminal convictions, which fail to prevent recidivism, promote public safety, or relate to underlying crimes. Policy improvements, administrative flexibility, and cross-sector collaboration can facilitate SNAP benefit access, plus safer, healthier transitioning from jail or prison to the community.},
+  abstract = {Bipartisan governmental representatives and the public support investment in health care, housing, education, and nutrition programs, plus resources for people leaving prison and jail (Halpin, 2018; Johnson {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Beletsky, 2020; USCCR, 2019). The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 banned people with felony drug convictions from receiving food stamps or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. Food insecurity, recidivism, and poor mental and physical health outcomes are associated with such bans. Several states have overturned SNAP benefit bans, yet individuals with criminal convictions are still denied benefits due to eligibility criteria modifications. COVID-19 has impaired lower-income, food-insecure communities, which disproportionately absorb people released from prison and jail. Reentry support is sorely lacking. Meanwhile, COVID-19 introduces immediate novel health risks, economic insecurity, and jail and prison population reductions and early release. Thirty to 50 percent of people in prisons and jails, which are COVID-19 hotspots, have been released early (Flagg {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Neff, 2020; New York Times, 2020; Vera, 2020). The Families First Coronavirus Response Act increases flexibility in providing emergency SNAP supplements and easing program administration during the pandemic. Meanwhile, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights recommends eliminating SNAP benefit restrictions based on criminal convictions, which fail to prevent recidivism, promote public safety, or relate to underlying crimes. Policy improvements, administrative flexibility, and cross-sector collaboration can facilitate SNAP benefit access, plus safer, healthier transitioning from jail or prison to the community.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13126,12 +15460,12 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {677--690},
   issn = {1874-7884},
   doi = {10.1007/s12062-022-09376-4},
-  abstract = {The adoption and maintenance of healthy behaviors contribute for its accumulation throughout life, which require more than information disclosure and recommendations. Biopsychosocial factors may work as barriers to adherence to healthier behaviors, and yet have been underexplored. The objective was to investigate the factors related to the accumulation of healthy behavior among older adults attending Primary Health Care. Cross-sectional analysis with 201 older adults from baseline of Longitudinal Investigation of Functioning Epidemiology (LIFE) was performed in a Southeastern Brazilian city. The Healthy Behavior Score (HBS), ranging from 0 to 8, was calculated by the sum of the following habits: Physical activity practice, healthy eating, water consumption, night sleep time, not smoking, not drinking alcohol, frequent social relations, and spirituality. A linear multivariate regression was performed to test the influence of biopsychosocial aspects on HBS, with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval. Higher number of healthy behaviors was related to high social support, better cognitive status, less depressive symptoms and lower functional performance. Additionally, age and resilience score were correlated to healthy behaviors, which were higher among women and those with sufficient income. Multivariate analysis revealed depressive symptoms, functional performance and education as independent predictors of HBS. Depressive symptoms, functional performance and education are predictors of accumulation of health behaviors, independently of health status, contextual and sociodemographic aspects. Higher social support partially contributed to the higher number of healthy behaviors, and should be considered in public health policies for healthy longevity.},
+  abstract = {The adoption and maintenance of healthy behaviors contribute for its accumulation throughout life, which require more than information disclosure and recommendations. Biopsychosocial factors may work as barriers to adherence to healthier behaviors, and yet have been underexplored. The objective was to investigate the factors related to the accumulation of healthy behavior among older adults attending Primary Health Care. Cross-sectional analysis with 201 older adults from baseline of Longitudinal Investigation of Functioning Epidemiology (LIFE) was performed in a Southeastern Brazilian city. The Healthy Behavior Score (HBS), ranging from 0 to 8, was calculated by the sum of the following habits: Physical activity practice, healthy eating, water consumption, night sleep time, not smoking, not drinking alcohol, frequent social relations, and spirituality. A linear multivariate regression was performed to test the influence of biopsychosocial aspects on HBS, with 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval. Higher number of healthy behaviors was related to high social support, better cognitive status, less depressive symptoms and lower functional performance. Additionally, age and resilience score were correlated to healthy behaviors, which were higher among women and those with sufficient income. Multivariate analysis revealed depressive symptoms, functional performance and education as independent predictors of HBS. Depressive symptoms, functional performance and education are predictors of accumulation of health behaviors, independently of health status, contextual and sociodemographic aspects. Higher social support partially contributed to the higher number of healthy behaviors, and should be considered in public health policies for healthy longevity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Gomez-Garcia2022,
-  title = {{{POTENTIALITY OF}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveEXTENDED LEARNING TIME}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{IN THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF UNACCOMPANIED MIGRANT MINORS}}},
+  title = {{{POTENTIALITY OF}} {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveEXTENDED LEARNING TIME}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{IN THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF UNACCOMPANIED MIGRANT MINORS}}},
   author = {{Gomez-Garcia}, Laura},
   year = {2022},
   journal = {TRABAJO SOCIAL GLOBAL-GLOBAL SOCIAL WORK},
@@ -13168,7 +15502,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {252--261},
   issn = {0016-9013},
   doi = {10.1093/geront/gnu176},
-  abstract = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveProductive aging\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace puts forward the fundamental view that the capacity of older adults must be better developed and utilized in activities that make economic contributions to society-working, caregiving, volunteering. It is suggested that productive engagement can lead to multiple positive ends: offsetting fiscal strains of a larger older population, contributing to the betterment of families and civil society, and maintaining the health and economic security of older adults. Advocates claim that outdated social structures and discriminatory behaviors limit participation of older adults in these important social roles as well as prevent the optimization of outcomes for older adults, families, and society. We ask two important questions: (a) How can we shape policies and programs to optimally engage the growing resources of an aging population for the sake of society and older adults themselves? and (b) How can policies pertaining to productive engagement reduce health and economic disparities? We answer these questions by first describing the current state of engagement in each of the three productive activities and summarize some current policies and programs that affect engagement. Next we highlight challenges that cross-cut productive engagement. Finally, we provide policy recommendations to address these challenges.},
+  abstract = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveProductive aging{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace puts forward the fundamental view that the capacity of older adults must be better developed and utilized in activities that make economic contributions to society-working, caregiving, volunteering. It is suggested that productive engagement can lead to multiple positive ends: offsetting fiscal strains of a larger older population, contributing to the betterment of families and civil society, and maintaining the health and economic security of older adults. Advocates claim that outdated social structures and discriminatory behaviors limit participation of older adults in these important social roles as well as prevent the optimization of outcomes for older adults, families, and society. We ask two important questions: (a) How can we shape policies and programs to optimally engage the growing resources of an aging population for the sake of society and older adults themselves? and (b) How can policies pertaining to productive engagement reduce health and economic disparities? We answer these questions by first describing the current state of engagement in each of the three productive activities and summarize some current policies and programs that affect engagement. Next we highlight challenges that cross-cut productive engagement. Finally, we provide policy recommendations to address these challenges.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {White House Conference on Aging (WHCoA) - Creating an Aging Policy Vision for the Decade Ahead, Washington, DC, JUL 13, 2015}
 }
@@ -13184,7 +15518,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {211--222},
   issn = {0091-1674},
   doi = {10.1007/s10615-019-00719-x},
-  abstract = {We employed cumulative dis/advantage and ecological theories to identify risk and protective factors at the individual, family, institutional, and societal levels that promote employment and health among low-income older adults. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 older adults who participated in a federally funded training and employment program for low-income individuals 55+ years of age. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Approximately 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had experienced a lifetime of disadvantages (e.g. low levels of formal education, poor physical and mental health, enduring poverty, physically demanding jobs). Surprisingly, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents had higher levels of education, excellent or good health, consistent lifetime employment, and personal drive to obtain employment, but had experienced a major health, economic, or social shock that resulted in unemployment, poverty and at times, homelessness. Their life stories, as well as the extant literature, enabled us to understand the many risk and protective factors across the ecological framework associated with employment and improved health. A holistic, strengths-based approach, which utilizes the full scope of biopsychosocial and service assessments is required to bolster employment and health of low-income older adults.},
+  abstract = {We employed cumulative dis/advantage and ecological theories to identify risk and protective factors at the individual, family, institutional, and societal levels that promote employment and health among low-income older adults. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 older adults who participated in a federally funded training and employment program for low-income individuals 55+ years of age. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Approximately 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants had experienced a lifetime of disadvantages (e.g. low levels of formal education, poor physical and mental health, enduring poverty, physically demanding jobs). Surprisingly, 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents had higher levels of education, excellent or good health, consistent lifetime employment, and personal drive to obtain employment, but had experienced a major health, economic, or social shock that resulted in unemployment, poverty and at times, homelessness. Their life stories, as well as the extant literature, enabled us to understand the many risk and protective factors across the ecological framework associated with employment and improved health. A holistic, strengths-based approach, which utilizes the full scope of biopsychosocial and service assessments is required to bolster employment and health of low-income older adults.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13212,7 +15546,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {1861--1875},
   issn = {0306-624X},
   doi = {10.1177/0306624X19830596},
-  abstract = {The aim of this article was to describe the implementation and qualitative outcomes of peer reentry specialists (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracepeers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) on housing attainment, mental health, and substance use problems, and increased life domain functioning. One-on-one interviews were conducted with peers and clients to understand the program implementation, peer experiences, and progress toward target outcomes. Data were iteratively coded using inductive thematic identification and data reduction. Results suggest that peers' lived experiences were useful in building rapport with clients. Peers applied their lived experiences to assist clients in seeking treatment for substance use and mental health conditions, in addition to helping them locate housing and employment. Several structural barriers prevented peers from addressing client needs. Peer time was routinely consumed by assisting clients in seeking identification, requisite for treatment or use of health care services, housing or securing employment. Findings suggested peers were working to address many client needs. Future research should examine the effectiveness of peer assistance on client-level health outcomes, including recidivism.},
+  abstract = {The aim of this article was to describe the implementation and qualitative outcomes of peer reentry specialists ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbracepeers{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) on housing attainment, mental health, and substance use problems, and increased life domain functioning. One-on-one interviews were conducted with peers and clients to understand the program implementation, peer experiences, and progress toward target outcomes. Data were iteratively coded using inductive thematic identification and data reduction. Results suggest that peers' lived experiences were useful in building rapport with clients. Peers applied their lived experiences to assist clients in seeking treatment for substance use and mental health conditions, in addition to helping them locate housing and employment. Several structural barriers prevented peers from addressing client needs. Peer time was routinely consumed by assisting clients in seeking identification, requisite for treatment or use of health care services, housing or securing employment. Findings suggested peers were working to address many client needs. Future research should examine the effectiveness of peer assistance on client-level health outcomes, including recidivism.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13231,6 +15565,22 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gopaldas2013,
+  title = {Intersectionality 101},
+  author = {Gopaldas, Ahir},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Journal of Public Policy \& Marketing},
+  volume = {32},
+  number = {1\_suppl},
+  pages = {90--94},
+  issn = {0743-9156, 1547-7207},
+  doi = {10.1509/jppm.12.044},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The concept of ``intersectionality'' refers to the interactivity of social identity structures such as race, class, and gender in fostering life experiences, especially experiences of privilege and oppression. This essay maps out the origins, evolution, and many contemporary meanings of intersectionality to make a notoriously ambiguous idea more concrete. In addition, the author clarifies the tenets of the intersectionality literature by contrasting traditional and intersectional research on marketplace diversity along three dimensions: ontology, methodology, and axiology. The essay concludes with implications for radicalizing diversity research, marketing, and advocacy.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gordon2011,
   title = {The {{Working After Cancer Study}} ({{WACS}}): A Population-Based Study of Middle-Aged Workers Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer and Their Return to Work Experiences},
   author = {Gordon, Louisa G. and Lynch, Brigid M. and Beesley, Vanessa L. and Graves, Nicholas and McGrath, Catherine and O'Rourke, Peter and Webb, Penelope M.},
@@ -13268,7 +15618,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {6},
   pages = {33--40},
   issn = {0185-3325},
-  abstract = {This paper is aimed at exploring the relationship of some sociodemographic variables with the presence of depressive disorders among a low-income urban sample. Different variables have consistently been associated with such disorders, for instance, marital status, sex, and socio-economic status. As to marital Status, some studies show that married people have better health conditions and feel more satisfied with their lives than their unmarried counterparts. Similarly, it has been found that widowed or divorced people present a number of psychological problems. Low-income population is also at high risk of suffering depressive symptoms, in this sense, some researchers have stated that the lack of resources is associated with sadness, high stress levels, isolation, uncertainty, and low access to health care and/or other Sources of support. According to the Mexican National Survey on Mental Health conducted With urban population over 18, the prevalence of depressive disorders is higher among widowers and divorced individuals -both males and females- than among their married counterparts. In addition, an association was found between depression, low schooling and unemployment. A survey undertaken in Mexico City yielded similar results though gender differences were not explored; higher prevalences of depression were found for those who reported having lost their Couple or marital break LIP than for those who were married or single. Other groups that had high depression prevalence were lower income individuals, and those with less schooling. Couple relationships and other socio-demographic variables play a key role in the presence of depressive disorders. Thus, the present Study is aimed at: a) analysing how marital status affects the presence of depressive disorders in men and women; b) exploring the role of low socio-economic level in the presence of depressive symptoms; c) exploring which combination of sociodemographic variables better predict the presence of depressive disorder in males and females. Method: This research was carried Out in four low-income communities located in southern Mexico City. The selected communities include Topilejo, Isidro Fabela and San Pedro Martir within the Tlalpan district, and the fourth community was Constituted by the neighbourhoods of San Marcos and San Juan, in the Xochimilco district. The research design was multistage; blocks were selected at the first stage, dwelling segments, at second stage, and finally, ill the third stage the interviewed individual was selected. After this procedure, the Final sample consisted of 1156 interviewees, 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% were males and 51\textbackslash textbackslash\%, females. The information was gathered through a household questionnaire that explores the general characteristics of the people living in the same dwelling Listed on the questionnaire, Such as relationship to the Family head, age, sex, schooling and income. Some other aspects related to the dwelling characteristics were also explored. Diagnosis of depressive disorder was obtained through the diagnostic interview CID] version 1.1, which assesses the presence of mental disorders according to the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The selected interviewees participated volunatrily after the research objectives were explained; in addition, the terms of confidentiality were Particularly emphasized. Each interview lasted 90 minutes on average. Data analysis were performed with the statistical program SPSS v. 10 for Windows. Results: The findings showed higher prevalence of depressive disorders among females, among people that experienced loss or family rupture and among those with lower econornic resources. Similarly, prevalence of depression was higher for men (6.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and women (18.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) who had lost their Spouse than for their married Counterpart. As to differences between married and single people, the prevalence of depressive disorders in the group of men that had ever married was lower (4.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than the prevalence found in the group of married men (5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The opposite was observed among females, since single women present more depressive problems (13.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than married women (5.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Results also showed how economic difficulties have an effect on the presence of depressive disorders. However, differences between married and single men with the lowest income were minimal. Two logistic regression models show that, particularly among women, the presence of depressive disorder is related to the lack of a couple, economic disadvantages; for instance, low family income, belonging to a large extended family and playing the social role of family head,,which implies responsibility to a large extent. Discussion: The findings of the present study are consistent with previous research that report higher prevalence of depression among females, People without a couple and those with less economic resources. Different authors have confirmed that problems of economic nature are consistently associated with depression problems. Lack of resources leads to high stress levels, sadness, isolation, among other troubles. This situation is more severe for females. Women play a number of social roles that put them at higher risk of suffering mental disorders. Nowadays, women still bear the responsibility of being wives, mothers, educators and care providers for many people, and have become an important part of the work force at the same time. The deficiencies that female family heads Must face in different areas not only increase the risk of suffering disorders such as depression and poor quality Of life, but also jeopardize their children's opportunities in the future. Dejarlais and colleagues suggest that in order to improve these women's oriental health it is necessary to take actions in two ways. On the one hand, it is essential to deal with the factors related to the presence of female distress; on the other, it is crucial to provide attention to reduce the negative consequences. In this way, any prevention or intervention program Must include, among other elements, tools to expand women's capabilities to have an income, reinforce social Support networks, and to stimulate Social and community participation in order to improve their cognitive and relational resources as well as self-esteem. In addition, women must have information about the pathological process they undergo and attention Options at their disposal, but to make these programs effective it is above all necessary to tailor them according to women's concerns and needs. This can only be possible if women act as active collaborators. Finally, to work on intervention and prevention programs for female family heads encloses the possibility of breaking the cycle that reproduces distress among their children.},
+  abstract = {This paper is aimed at exploring the relationship of some sociodemographic variables with the presence of depressive disorders among a low-income urban sample. Different variables have consistently been associated with such disorders, for instance, marital status, sex, and socio-economic status. As to marital Status, some studies show that married people have better health conditions and feel more satisfied with their lives than their unmarried counterparts. Similarly, it has been found that widowed or divorced people present a number of psychological problems. Low-income population is also at high risk of suffering depressive symptoms, in this sense, some researchers have stated that the lack of resources is associated with sadness, high stress levels, isolation, uncertainty, and low access to health care and/or other Sources of support. According to the Mexican National Survey on Mental Health conducted With urban population over 18, the prevalence of depressive disorders is higher among widowers and divorced individuals -both males and females- than among their married counterparts. In addition, an association was found between depression, low schooling and unemployment. A survey undertaken in Mexico City yielded similar results though gender differences were not explored; higher prevalences of depression were found for those who reported having lost their Couple or marital break LIP than for those who were married or single. Other groups that had high depression prevalence were lower income individuals, and those with less schooling. Couple relationships and other socio-demographic variables play a key role in the presence of depressive disorders. Thus, the present Study is aimed at: a) analysing how marital status affects the presence of depressive disorders in men and women; b) exploring the role of low socio-economic level in the presence of depressive symptoms; c) exploring which combination of sociodemographic variables better predict the presence of depressive disorder in males and females. Method: This research was carried Out in four low-income communities located in southern Mexico City. The selected communities include Topilejo, Isidro Fabela and San Pedro Martir within the Tlalpan district, and the fourth community was Constituted by the neighbourhoods of San Marcos and San Juan, in the Xochimilco district. The research design was multistage; blocks were selected at the first stage, dwelling segments, at second stage, and finally, ill the third stage the interviewed individual was selected. After this procedure, the Final sample consisted of 1156 interviewees, 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were males and 51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, females. The information was gathered through a household questionnaire that explores the general characteristics of the people living in the same dwelling Listed on the questionnaire, Such as relationship to the Family head, age, sex, schooling and income. Some other aspects related to the dwelling characteristics were also explored. Diagnosis of depressive disorder was obtained through the diagnostic interview CID] version 1.1, which assesses the presence of mental disorders according to the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The selected interviewees participated volunatrily after the research objectives were explained; in addition, the terms of confidentiality were Particularly emphasized. Each interview lasted 90 minutes on average. Data analysis were performed with the statistical program SPSS v. 10 for Windows. Results: The findings showed higher prevalence of depressive disorders among females, among people that experienced loss or family rupture and among those with lower econornic resources. Similarly, prevalence of depression was higher for men (6.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and women (18.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) who had lost their Spouse than for their married Counterpart. As to differences between married and single people, the prevalence of depressive disorders in the group of men that had ever married was lower (4.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) than the prevalence found in the group of married men (5.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The opposite was observed among females, since single women present more depressive problems (13.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) than married women (5.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Results also showed how economic difficulties have an effect on the presence of depressive disorders. However, differences between married and single men with the lowest income were minimal. Two logistic regression models show that, particularly among women, the presence of depressive disorder is related to the lack of a couple, economic disadvantages; for instance, low family income, belonging to a large extended family and playing the social role of family head,,which implies responsibility to a large extent. Discussion: The findings of the present study are consistent with previous research that report higher prevalence of depression among females, People without a couple and those with less economic resources. Different authors have confirmed that problems of economic nature are consistently associated with depression problems. Lack of resources leads to high stress levels, sadness, isolation, among other troubles. This situation is more severe for females. Women play a number of social roles that put them at higher risk of suffering mental disorders. Nowadays, women still bear the responsibility of being wives, mothers, educators and care providers for many people, and have become an important part of the work force at the same time. The deficiencies that female family heads Must face in different areas not only increase the risk of suffering disorders such as depression and poor quality Of life, but also jeopardize their children's opportunities in the future. Dejarlais and colleagues suggest that in order to improve these women's oriental health it is necessary to take actions in two ways. On the one hand, it is essential to deal with the factors related to the presence of female distress; on the other, it is crucial to provide attention to reduce the negative consequences. In this way, any prevention or intervention program Must include, among other elements, tools to expand women's capabilities to have an income, reinforce social Support networks, and to stimulate Social and community participation in order to improve their cognitive and relational resources as well as self-esteem. In addition, women must have information about the pathological process they undergo and attention Options at their disposal, but to make these programs effective it is above all necessary to tailor them according to women's concerns and needs. This can only be possible if women act as active collaborators. Finally, to work on intervention and prevention programs for female family heads encloses the possibility of breaking the cycle that reproduces distress among their children.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -13283,7 +15633,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {549--564},
   issn = {0958-9287},
   doi = {10.1177/09589287211056174},
-  abstract = {Wealth is an increasingly important dimension of economic well-being and is attracting rising attention in discussions of social inequality. In this article, we compare - within and across countries - wealth outcomes, and link those to both employment-related factors and policy solutions that have the potential to improve wealth creation and retirement security for women. By constructing country-specific portraits of wealth outcomes and \textbackslash textasciigraveretirement preparedness', we reveal extensive cross-national variation in multiple facets of wealth. Our regression analysis finds a statistically significant and positive effect of work experience on wealth, with that effect, in general, increasing over time. The effect of work experience for single women is greater than for single men, suggesting that, among men, other, stronger forces are at work in creating wealth. The retirement preparedness outcomes indicate that single women in all three countries are in a precarious position at retirement, with much lower expected annual wealth levels than single men. The second preparedness indicator, which links expected annual wealth to income, demonstrates that men have the potential to cover larger shares of their income at retirement - and thus are more able, than their female counterparts, to maintain standards of living achieved earlier in life. Our policy discussion indicates that employment remains a viable option for ultimately bolstering women's wealth accumulation. Many scholars, gender equality advocates and policymakers have argued for raising women's employment rates - for a multitude of reasons - but few, if any, have made the case for strengthening women's employment in order to ultimately bolster women's wealth building. We hope to help reduce the gap in the literature on policy supports for women's employment and re-open the discussion on how women can create more wealth.},
+  abstract = {Wealth is an increasingly important dimension of economic well-being and is attracting rising attention in discussions of social inequality. In this article, we compare - within and across countries - wealth outcomes, and link those to both employment-related factors and policy solutions that have the potential to improve wealth creation and retirement security for women. By constructing country-specific portraits of wealth outcomes and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveretirement preparedness', we reveal extensive cross-national variation in multiple facets of wealth. Our regression analysis finds a statistically significant and positive effect of work experience on wealth, with that effect, in general, increasing over time. The effect of work experience for single women is greater than for single men, suggesting that, among men, other, stronger forces are at work in creating wealth. The retirement preparedness outcomes indicate that single women in all three countries are in a precarious position at retirement, with much lower expected annual wealth levels than single men. The second preparedness indicator, which links expected annual wealth to income, demonstrates that men have the potential to cover larger shares of their income at retirement - and thus are more able, than their female counterparts, to maintain standards of living achieved earlier in life. Our policy discussion indicates that employment remains a viable option for ultimately bolstering women's wealth accumulation. Many scholars, gender equality advocates and policymakers have argued for raising women's employment rates - for a multitude of reasons - but few, if any, have made the case for strengthening women's employment in order to ultimately bolster women's wealth building. We hope to help reduce the gap in the literature on policy supports for women's employment and re-open the discussion on how women can create more wealth.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13330,7 +15680,21 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   issn = {0042-0980, 1360-063X},
   doi = {10.1080/00420980120051701},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {One prediction of the spatial mismatch hypothesis is that black residents of the central city will have longer commutes than others. This prediction actually has two different components: African-Americans commute longer distances because they face discrimination in housing and/or labour markets; city-dwellers commute longer distances because entry-level jobs are scarce in the central city. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to distinguish between these two types of spatial mismatch. We compare 1990 commuting times for the residents of four Cleveland neighbourhoods: a poor black neighbourhood in Cleveland, a poor white neighbourhood in Cleveland, a lower-middle-class black suburb and a lower-middle-class white suburb. We were unable to find strong evidence that city residents suffered from poor job accessibility in 1990. We did find, however, that residents of the black suburb had longer commutes than residents of the white suburb\textemdash in spite of the fact that the black suburb was accessible to more skill-matched jobs. Probing further, we discovered that far more black than white suburbanites worked in the central city. This finding suggests that hiring discrimination or industry sector preferences on the part of black workers are potentially overlooked causes of racial differentials in commuting behaviour.},
+  abstract = {One prediction of the spatial mismatch hypothesis is that black residents of the central city will have longer commutes than others. This prediction actually has two different components: African-Americans commute longer distances because they face discrimination in housing and/or labour markets; city-dwellers commute longer distances because entry-level jobs are scarce in the central city. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to distinguish between these two types of spatial mismatch. We compare 1990 commuting times for the residents of four Cleveland neighbourhoods: a poor black neighbourhood in Cleveland, a poor white neighbourhood in Cleveland, a lower-middle-class black suburb and a lower-middle-class white suburb. We were unable to find strong evidence that city residents suffered from poor job accessibility in 1990. We did find, however, that residents of the black suburb had longer commutes than residents of the white suburb{\textemdash}in spite of the fact that the black suburb was accessible to more skill-matched jobs. Probing further, we discovered that far more black than white suburbanites worked in the central city. This finding suggests that hiring discrimination or industry sector preferences on the part of black workers are potentially overlooked causes of racial differentials in commuting behaviour.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gough2017,
+  title = {Birth Spacing, Human Capital, and the Motherhood Penalty at Midlife in the {{United States}}},
+  author = {Gough, Margaret},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Demographic Research},
+  volume = {37},
+  pages = {363--416},
+  issn = {1435-9871},
+  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.13},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13374,7 +15738,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {541--552},
   issn = {0269-9702},
   doi = {10.1111/bioe.12474},
-  abstract = {The concept of solidarity has recently come to prominence in the healthcare literature. When understood descriptively, it usefully supplements other conceptions like reciprocity (e.g., between healthcare providers and their patients), patient-centered medicine, or care ethics. In the context of health insurance (especially in Europe), an appeal to solidarity effectively addresses the problem of the motivation for taking seriously the medical needs of compatriots by emphasizing shared vulnerabilities and needs. If understood more broadly as human solidarity, the notion proposes attention to the health of distant others, as a condition of their dignity. And taken normatively, it fills in some of the requirements of the abstract norms of justice and equality by advocating \textbackslash textasciigravestanding with' or aiding fellow community members or possibly also distant others in regard to their medical needs. Solidarity may be understood be required either for its own sake, when taken as a separate norm, or as a way to realize the demands of justice and equal treatment in matters of health. The current focus on solidarity in the healthcare literature is useful and important, in my view. Yet, to my mind, the understanding of it tends to be unduly restricted. For one thing, the literature has most often focused on solidarity within nation-states, as a relation among compatriots that supports universal healthcare. The notion is also seen as having import for contemporary developments like large health databases, biobanks, personalized medicine, and organ donation. A few authors extend solidarity more widely, particularly in interpreting the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, with its reference to solidarity in Article 13 and its implication in some other articles. Yet, these various uses of the conception of solidarity in healthcare have thus far tended to either disregard or even to actively eschew its traditional meanings of labor solidarity or social movement solidarity, or indeed, any use of the term that posits an \textbackslash textasciigraveother' against which solidarity might be practiced (although it is generally recognized that the concept is bounded and particular). I suggest that the neglect of some important historical (and contemporary) senses of solidarity-and especially social movement solidarity-leads to a blind spot in the current bioethical theories. An alternative reading of solidarity in healthcare drawing on social movement and labor contexts would highlight a crucial dimension of contemporary healthcare provision, namely, structural injustice. Systemic forms of injustice militate against adequate healthcare for all, and suggest the need for solidaristic action to struggle against and to remedy existing entrenched inequalities. Omitting an account of structural injustice and even of justice itself from the core meaning of solidarity leads, I argue, to a rather weak and too easy sense of what solidarity requires, and is ill suited to serve as an adequate normative guide for improving healthcare in the present. This is the case most obviously in regard to healthcare in the United States with its unequal health system, but I suggest it applies more generally and even in Europe, and certainly if we take the obligations of solidarity to extend transnationally. While traditional notions of solidarity within existing communities and nation-states remain significant, I believe that an adequate conception of solidarity needs to show how it is connected to justice. It also needs to extend transnationally, given our increasingly interconnected world, which raises difficult questions of the relation between national and transnational solidarities, and the justifications we can give for prioritizing the health and healthcare of those closer to us. In this essay, I will begin by briefly indicating how the existing approaches to solidarity in healthcare, despite their trenchant analyses of many of its features and applications, remain abstract and without sufficient critical import by not directly considering the impact of structural injustices. I will then attempt to sketch how an understanding of institutional barriers to equal treatment, along with the commitment to achieving justice concretely, need to inform not only our application of solidarity in practice but also our understanding of the core meaning of solidarity itself. I will not be able to address here the complex question of the priority that is often given to the needs of those close to us and the related question of negotiating our obligations to engage in national vs. transnational solidarity efforts, but I have taken this up in other work. In a series of books and articles, Barbara Prainsack and Alena Buyx have taken the lead in calling attention to the relevance of the concept of solidarity for bioethics. They have articulated a general conception and sketched several potential implications for healthcare and bioethics more widely. They advance the following definition: \textbackslash textasciigraveSolidarity is an enacted commitment to carry \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecosts\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (financial, social, emotional, or otherwise) to assist others with whom a person or persons recognize similarity in a relevant respect.' Prainsack and Buyx usefully develop the notion of solidarity as a practice and see it as operating within three domains: the interpersonal, the group, and the administrative/legal. Their conception is largely descriptive, although it has some normative preconditions, and involves what they call axiological/axiomatic normativity of some sort. The difficulty of this latter phrase aside, Prainsack and Buyx seem willing to countenance morally negative expressions of solidarity (e.g., among members of a gang or even a terror group) in the interest of preserving the analytic utility of the concept. Moreover, they sharply distinguish solidarity from justice, regarding the latter as deontic and thus as not part of the concept of solidarity itself. But given their attention to the context of the practice of solidarity, they expect that norms like justice would be brought to bear, presumably to qualify the practice of solidarity. Since Prainsack and Buyx's approach is perhaps the most highly developed conception of solidarity in the bioethics literature, it can serve as a useful foil for elaborating my own account, drawing on and extending my previous work on this theme. The main strength of their approach, it seems to me, lies in its aptness for understanding solidarity as a group practice, and especially within nation-states. Indeed, their view, with its emphasis on bearing costs to assist others within a group, seems to line up primarily with what has been called a \textbackslash textasciigravecivic solidarity' conception, one that has been prominent in connection with European welfare states. The idea that solidarity can come to be entrenched administratively and legally also points to the dominance of that European model in their understanding (though their conception is supplemented with what they call interpersonal solidarity). Importantly, these authors' emphasis on solidarity as a practice helpfully ties solidarity to action. They suggest that this action orientation serves to distinguish solidarity from empathy or other sentiments. However, the centrality in their account of bearing \textbackslash textasciigravecosts' with the aim of assisting others brings the model close to the Christian tradition of solidarity with its emphasis on relieving suffering and aiding the poor. Their perspective likewise focuses on individual activity in aiding others, rather than on collective action. (The term \textbackslash textasciigravecosts', however, has financial connotations that do not sit altogether easily with this religious perspective.)},
+  abstract = {The concept of solidarity has recently come to prominence in the healthcare literature. When understood descriptively, it usefully supplements other conceptions like reciprocity (e.g., between healthcare providers and their patients), patient-centered medicine, or care ethics. In the context of health insurance (especially in Europe), an appeal to solidarity effectively addresses the problem of the motivation for taking seriously the medical needs of compatriots by emphasizing shared vulnerabilities and needs. If understood more broadly as human solidarity, the notion proposes attention to the health of distant others, as a condition of their dignity. And taken normatively, it fills in some of the requirements of the abstract norms of justice and equality by advocating {\textbackslash}textasciigravestanding with' or aiding fellow community members or possibly also distant others in regard to their medical needs. Solidarity may be understood be required either for its own sake, when taken as a separate norm, or as a way to realize the demands of justice and equal treatment in matters of health. The current focus on solidarity in the healthcare literature is useful and important, in my view. Yet, to my mind, the understanding of it tends to be unduly restricted. For one thing, the literature has most often focused on solidarity within nation-states, as a relation among compatriots that supports universal healthcare. The notion is also seen as having import for contemporary developments like large health databases, biobanks, personalized medicine, and organ donation. A few authors extend solidarity more widely, particularly in interpreting the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, with its reference to solidarity in Article 13 and its implication in some other articles. Yet, these various uses of the conception of solidarity in healthcare have thus far tended to either disregard or even to actively eschew its traditional meanings of labor solidarity or social movement solidarity, or indeed, any use of the term that posits an {\textbackslash}textasciigraveother' against which solidarity might be practiced (although it is generally recognized that the concept is bounded and particular). I suggest that the neglect of some important historical (and contemporary) senses of solidarity-and especially social movement solidarity-leads to a blind spot in the current bioethical theories. An alternative reading of solidarity in healthcare drawing on social movement and labor contexts would highlight a crucial dimension of contemporary healthcare provision, namely, structural injustice. Systemic forms of injustice militate against adequate healthcare for all, and suggest the need for solidaristic action to struggle against and to remedy existing entrenched inequalities. Omitting an account of structural injustice and even of justice itself from the core meaning of solidarity leads, I argue, to a rather weak and too easy sense of what solidarity requires, and is ill suited to serve as an adequate normative guide for improving healthcare in the present. This is the case most obviously in regard to healthcare in the United States with its unequal health system, but I suggest it applies more generally and even in Europe, and certainly if we take the obligations of solidarity to extend transnationally. While traditional notions of solidarity within existing communities and nation-states remain significant, I believe that an adequate conception of solidarity needs to show how it is connected to justice. It also needs to extend transnationally, given our increasingly interconnected world, which raises difficult questions of the relation between national and transnational solidarities, and the justifications we can give for prioritizing the health and healthcare of those closer to us. In this essay, I will begin by briefly indicating how the existing approaches to solidarity in healthcare, despite their trenchant analyses of many of its features and applications, remain abstract and without sufficient critical import by not directly considering the impact of structural injustices. I will then attempt to sketch how an understanding of institutional barriers to equal treatment, along with the commitment to achieving justice concretely, need to inform not only our application of solidarity in practice but also our understanding of the core meaning of solidarity itself. I will not be able to address here the complex question of the priority that is often given to the needs of those close to us and the related question of negotiating our obligations to engage in national vs. transnational solidarity efforts, but I have taken this up in other work. In a series of books and articles, Barbara Prainsack and Alena Buyx have taken the lead in calling attention to the relevance of the concept of solidarity for bioethics. They have articulated a general conception and sketched several potential implications for healthcare and bioethics more widely. They advance the following definition: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveSolidarity is an enacted commitment to carry {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecosts{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (financial, social, emotional, or otherwise) to assist others with whom a person or persons recognize similarity in a relevant respect.' Prainsack and Buyx usefully develop the notion of solidarity as a practice and see it as operating within three domains: the interpersonal, the group, and the administrative/legal. Their conception is largely descriptive, although it has some normative preconditions, and involves what they call axiological/axiomatic normativity of some sort. The difficulty of this latter phrase aside, Prainsack and Buyx seem willing to countenance morally negative expressions of solidarity (e.g., among members of a gang or even a terror group) in the interest of preserving the analytic utility of the concept. Moreover, they sharply distinguish solidarity from justice, regarding the latter as deontic and thus as not part of the concept of solidarity itself. But given their attention to the context of the practice of solidarity, they expect that norms like justice would be brought to bear, presumably to qualify the practice of solidarity. Since Prainsack and Buyx's approach is perhaps the most highly developed conception of solidarity in the bioethics literature, it can serve as a useful foil for elaborating my own account, drawing on and extending my previous work on this theme. The main strength of their approach, it seems to me, lies in its aptness for understanding solidarity as a group practice, and especially within nation-states. Indeed, their view, with its emphasis on bearing costs to assist others within a group, seems to line up primarily with what has been called a {\textbackslash}textasciigravecivic solidarity' conception, one that has been prominent in connection with European welfare states. The idea that solidarity can come to be entrenched administratively and legally also points to the dominance of that European model in their understanding (though their conception is supplemented with what they call interpersonal solidarity). Importantly, these authors' emphasis on solidarity as a practice helpfully ties solidarity to action. They suggest that this action orientation serves to distinguish solidarity from empathy or other sentiments. However, the centrality in their account of bearing {\textbackslash}textasciigravecosts' with the aim of assisting others brings the model close to the Christian tradition of solidarity with its emphasis on relieving suffering and aiding the poor. Their perspective likewise focuses on individual activity in aiding others, rather than on collective action. (The term {\textbackslash}textasciigravecosts', however, has financial connotations that do not sit altogether easily with this religious perspective.)},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13420,7 +15784,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {410--414},
   issn = {0038-4348},
   doi = {10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001554},
-  abstract = {ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the local communities served by major teaching hospitals.MethodsUsing a dataset of hospitals around the United States provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, we identified major teaching hospitals (MTHs) using the Association of American Medical Colleges' definition of those with an intern-to-resident bed ratio above 0.25 and more than 100 beds. We defined the local geographic market surrounding these hospitals as the Dartmouth Atlas hospital service area (HSA). Using MATLAB R2020b software, data from each ZIP Code Tabulation Area from the US Census Bureau's 2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimate Data tables were grouped by HSA and attributed to each MTH. One-sample t tests were used to evaluate for statistical differences between the HSAs and the US average data. We further stratified the data into regions as defined by the US Census Bureau: West, Midwest, Northeast, and South. One-sample t tests were used to evaluate for statistical differences between MTH HSA regional populations with their respective US regional population.ResultsThe local population surrounding 299 unique MTHs covered 180 HSAs and was 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% White, 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% female, 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% older than 65 years old, 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% with public insurance coverage, 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% with any disability, and 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% with at least a bachelor's degree. Compared with the overall US population, HSAs surrounding MTHs had higher percentages of female residents, Black/African American residents, and residents enrolled in Medicare. In contrast, these communities also showed higher average household and per capita income, higher percentages of bachelor's degree attainment, and lower rates of any disability or Medicaid insurance.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that the local population surrounding MTHs is representative of the wide-ranging ethnic and economic diversity of the US population that is advantaged in some ways and disadvantaged in others. MTHs continue to play an important role in caring for a diverse population. To support and improve policy related to the reimbursement of uncompensated care and care of underserved populations, researchers and policy makers must work to better delineate and make transparent local hospital markets.},
+  abstract = {ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the local communities served by major teaching hospitals.MethodsUsing a dataset of hospitals around the United States provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, we identified major teaching hospitals (MTHs) using the Association of American Medical Colleges' definition of those with an intern-to-resident bed ratio above 0.25 and more than 100 beds. We defined the local geographic market surrounding these hospitals as the Dartmouth Atlas hospital service area (HSA). Using MATLAB R2020b software, data from each ZIP Code Tabulation Area from the US Census Bureau's 2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimate Data tables were grouped by HSA and attributed to each MTH. One-sample t tests were used to evaluate for statistical differences between the HSAs and the US average data. We further stratified the data into regions as defined by the US Census Bureau: West, Midwest, Northeast, and South. One-sample t tests were used to evaluate for statistical differences between MTH HSA regional populations with their respective US regional population.ResultsThe local population surrounding 299 unique MTHs covered 180 HSAs and was 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% White, 51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female, 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% older than 65 years old, 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with public insurance coverage, 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with any disability, and 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with at least a bachelor's degree. Compared with the overall US population, HSAs surrounding MTHs had higher percentages of female residents, Black/African American residents, and residents enrolled in Medicare. In contrast, these communities also showed higher average household and per capita income, higher percentages of bachelor's degree attainment, and lower rates of any disability or Medicaid insurance.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that the local population surrounding MTHs is representative of the wide-ranging ethnic and economic diversity of the US population that is advantaged in some ways and disadvantaged in others. MTHs continue to play an important role in caring for a diverse population. To support and improve policy related to the reimbursement of uncompensated care and care of underserved populations, researchers and policy makers must work to better delineate and make transparent local hospital markets.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13438,6 +15802,21 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Graham2005,
+  title = {Gender Differences in Employment and Earnings in Science and Engineering in the {{US}}},
+  author = {Graham, John W. and Smith, Steven A.},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Economics of Education Review},
+  volume = {24},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {341--354},
+  issn = {02727757},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.06.005},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Graham2021,
   title = {Crowdsourcing {{Global Perspectives}} in {{Ecology Using Social Media}}},
   author = {Graham, Emily B. and Smith, A. Peyton},
@@ -13461,10 +15840,27 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {287--322},
   issn = {0213-8093},
   doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.98.13570},
-  abstract = {This study analyses, from the perspective of public economics, the Demographic Supplement for Motherhood (CDM) introduced in the Spanish Social Security System in 2016. This measure is a supplement added to the contributory pension received on retirement, widowhood or disability for women who began to receive a pension and who have had two or more children. It was introduced with two objectives in mind: to reduce the gender gap in pensions and to socially recognise the contribution of motherhood to the pension system. In this paper, a socioeconomic analysis of this measure is carried out. The objectives and issues of this measure are reviewed and its distributional effects are analysed. The main source of information are data provided by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, in particular the Continuous Sample of Working History (MCVL). This is a new approach, with the focus being on public economics rather than on legal aspects and use of the MCVL data which, for the first time, includes measurements related to the CDM. The main objectives of this study are: 1) to estimate the impact that the CDM has had on the pension system during the first year of application; 2) to analyse the differences in treatment it generates; and, 3) to assess its distributional effects on the gender gap in pensions and on inequality among women. The study finishes with an analysis of other equality policies and puts forward the main conclusions reached and proposals for alternative measures. The results show that the CDM has affected 58.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of new female pensioners. The women who have benefitted most from this measure are those who receive a widow's pension (50.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by retirement pension (39.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and disability pension (9.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Their sociodemographic characteristics show that 53.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the supplement is paid to mothers with 2 children, while women not receiving CDM tend to have higher educational levels than those who are in receipt of the supplement. It also shows that self-employed workers tend to have more than one child and, therefore, receive the CDM in a greater proportion (62.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than employed workers (57.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The estimated cost of this measure amounted to 64 million euros in 2016 (approximately 0.05\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the expenditure on contributory pensions), a figure that will increase considerably as the supplement is extended to future female pensioners. Among the main criticisms highlighted by this study is the difference in treatment this measure generates. It purports to be a measure which acknowledges the value of motherhood yet it discriminates against many mothers by excluding women who were pensioners before 2016 and who are the most affected, historically, by more unfavourable family and work structures. In addition, other categories excluded are mothers with only one child, women who took voluntary retirement, women who receive non-contributory pensions and women who do not receive any pension. Finally, the measure works against the principle of equality between men and women, promulgated by the European Union, because it discriminates against fathers. Another criticism is that the amount of the CDM increases as the pension rises and continues to be paid even when the maximum pension is reached. This means that those women with higher pensions benefit more from the supplement, which is contrary to measures applied in other countries. One suggestion to improve the equality of this measure is that the supplement should have an upper limit. Furthermore, its effect on reducing inequality has been insignificant. As a measure of equality between men and women, the CDM has reduced the gender gap between new pensioners (2.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) but its effect on the whole system is very poor (0.22\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The pension gap between men and women in Spain is still very wide at a rate of 29.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% and much more work needs to be done to reduce this gap. Finally, a pension system that gives women greater rights for raising children can reinforce traditional roles, discouraging mothers from entering the formal labour market and fathers from taking a break from their professional careers. This is why these measures are being questioned by the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of equal treatment between mothers and fathers. The CDM does not address the causes of the problem of gender discrimination. It does not address discrimination in employment nor does it offer the support required in the workplace for reconciling maternity and paternity leave. It is ineffective as a stimulus to change labour behaviour of women because its effect is in the long term and it is an outdated measure that can be counterproductive. In light of these problems, the priority for the government would be to establish authentic equality policies which create opportunities for both men and women to develop their full potential. 1) labour market policies that eliminate gender differences (access to employment, wages and job promotion at work), improving the flexibility and the rationale of the working day, and 2) reconciliation policies related to family and work life, aimed at all workers, that recognise fathers and mothers as having co-responsibility for childcare. The following measures are proposed to reduce the gender gap in pensions: a) Replace the current CDM with an additional contribution period per child or a fixed amount supplement, in recognition of the period of time dedicated to bringing up children. If contribution years were added for accessing the pension, the number of women with contributory pensions would increase. To avoid the same negative aspects already highlighted, it should be implemented in a way that covers all kind of pensions and gives greater support to mothers of children with disabilities. b) Improve non-contributory (universal) pensions, which are those of lesser value. This measure would increase the number of women with pensions in their own right, thereby reducing the coverage gap and the pension gap of the total population (including non-pensioners). This extension is vital to stop the pension system being a welfare system (low coverage) and being outdated and out of touch (excessively linked to family relationships). Our further studies will be centred on these proposals with data provided by the MCVL in future years.},
+  abstract = {This study analyses, from the perspective of public economics, the Demographic Supplement for Motherhood (CDM) introduced in the Spanish Social Security System in 2016. This measure is a supplement added to the contributory pension received on retirement, widowhood or disability for women who began to receive a pension and who have had two or more children. It was introduced with two objectives in mind: to reduce the gender gap in pensions and to socially recognise the contribution of motherhood to the pension system. In this paper, a socioeconomic analysis of this measure is carried out. The objectives and issues of this measure are reviewed and its distributional effects are analysed. The main source of information are data provided by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, in particular the Continuous Sample of Working History (MCVL). This is a new approach, with the focus being on public economics rather than on legal aspects and use of the MCVL data which, for the first time, includes measurements related to the CDM. The main objectives of this study are: 1) to estimate the impact that the CDM has had on the pension system during the first year of application; 2) to analyse the differences in treatment it generates; and, 3) to assess its distributional effects on the gender gap in pensions and on inequality among women. The study finishes with an analysis of other equality policies and puts forward the main conclusions reached and proposals for alternative measures. The results show that the CDM has affected 58.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of new female pensioners. The women who have benefitted most from this measure are those who receive a widow's pension (50.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by retirement pension (39.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and disability pension (9.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Their sociodemographic characteristics show that 53.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the supplement is paid to mothers with 2 children, while women not receiving CDM tend to have higher educational levels than those who are in receipt of the supplement. It also shows that self-employed workers tend to have more than one child and, therefore, receive the CDM in a greater proportion (62.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) than employed workers (57.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The estimated cost of this measure amounted to 64 million euros in 2016 (approximately 0.05{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the expenditure on contributory pensions), a figure that will increase considerably as the supplement is extended to future female pensioners. Among the main criticisms highlighted by this study is the difference in treatment this measure generates. It purports to be a measure which acknowledges the value of motherhood yet it discriminates against many mothers by excluding women who were pensioners before 2016 and who are the most affected, historically, by more unfavourable family and work structures. In addition, other categories excluded are mothers with only one child, women who took voluntary retirement, women who receive non-contributory pensions and women who do not receive any pension. Finally, the measure works against the principle of equality between men and women, promulgated by the European Union, because it discriminates against fathers. Another criticism is that the amount of the CDM increases as the pension rises and continues to be paid even when the maximum pension is reached. This means that those women with higher pensions benefit more from the supplement, which is contrary to measures applied in other countries. One suggestion to improve the equality of this measure is that the supplement should have an upper limit. Furthermore, its effect on reducing inequality has been insignificant. As a measure of equality between men and women, the CDM has reduced the gender gap between new pensioners (2.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) but its effect on the whole system is very poor (0.22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The pension gap between men and women in Spain is still very wide at a rate of 29.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and much more work needs to be done to reduce this gap. Finally, a pension system that gives women greater rights for raising children can reinforce traditional roles, discouraging mothers from entering the formal labour market and fathers from taking a break from their professional careers. This is why these measures are being questioned by the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of equal treatment between mothers and fathers. The CDM does not address the causes of the problem of gender discrimination. It does not address discrimination in employment nor does it offer the support required in the workplace for reconciling maternity and paternity leave. It is ineffective as a stimulus to change labour behaviour of women because its effect is in the long term and it is an outdated measure that can be counterproductive. In light of these problems, the priority for the government would be to establish authentic equality policies which create opportunities for both men and women to develop their full potential. 1) labour market policies that eliminate gender differences (access to employment, wages and job promotion at work), improving the flexibility and the rationale of the working day, and 2) reconciliation policies related to family and work life, aimed at all workers, that recognise fathers and mothers as having co-responsibility for childcare. The following measures are proposed to reduce the gender gap in pensions: a) Replace the current CDM with an additional contribution period per child or a fixed amount supplement, in recognition of the period of time dedicated to bringing up children. If contribution years were added for accessing the pension, the number of women with contributory pensions would increase. To avoid the same negative aspects already highlighted, it should be implemented in a way that covers all kind of pensions and gives greater support to mothers of children with disabilities. b) Improve non-contributory (universal) pensions, which are those of lesser value. This measure would increase the number of women with pensions in their own right, thereby reducing the coverage gap and the pension gap of the total population (including non-pensioners). This extension is vital to stop the pension system being a welfare system (low coverage) and being outdated and out of touch (excessively linked to family relationships). Our further studies will be centred on these proposals with data provided by the MCVL in future years.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
+@article{Grant2009,
+  title = {A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies},
+  shorttitle = {A Typology of Reviews},
+  author = {Grant, Maria J. and Booth, Andrew},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Health Information \& Libraries Journal},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {91--108},
+  issn = {1471-1834, 1471-1842},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background and objectives:\hspace{0.6em}               The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains.                                         Methods:\hspace{0.6em}               Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework{\textemdash}Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA){\textemdash}was used to examine the main review types.                                         Results:\hspace{0.6em}               Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain.                                         Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em}               Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Grasso2019,
   title = {Socio-{{Demographic Predictors}} of {{Food Waste Behavior}} in {{Denmark}} and {{Spain}}},
   author = {Grasso, Alessandra C. and Olthof, Margreet R. and Boeve, Anja J. and {van Dooren}, Corne and Lahteenmaki, Liisa and Brouwer, Ingeborg A.},
@@ -13504,7 +15900,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {740--748},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-018-9761-2},
-  abstract = {Purpose To determine the incidence of employed people who try and fail to return-to-work (RTW) following a transport crash. To identify predictors of RTW failure. Methods: A historical cohort study was conducted in the state of Victoria, Australia. People insured through the state-based compulsory third party transport accident compensation scheme were included. Inclusion criteria included date of crash between 2003 and 2012 (inclusive), age 15-70years at the time of crash, sustained a non-catastrophic injury and received at least 1 day of income replacement. A matrix was created from an administrative payments dataset that mapped their RTW pattern for each day up to 3 years' post-crash. A gap of 7 days of no payment followed by resumption of a payment was considered a RTW failure and was flagged. These event flags were then entered into a regression analysis to determine the odds of having a failed RTW attempt. Results: 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of individuals had a RTW fail, with males having 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of experiencing RTW failure. Those who were younger, had minor injuries (sprains, strains, contusions, abrasions, non-limb fractures), or were from more advantaged socio-economic group, were less likely to experience a RTW failure. Most likely to experience a RTW failure were individuals with whiplash, dislocations or particularly those admitted to hospital. Conclusions: Understanding the causes and predictors of failed RTW can help insurers, employers and health systems identify at-risk individuals. This can enable earlier and more targeted support and more effective employment outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Purpose To determine the incidence of employed people who try and fail to return-to-work (RTW) following a transport crash. To identify predictors of RTW failure. Methods: A historical cohort study was conducted in the state of Victoria, Australia. People insured through the state-based compulsory third party transport accident compensation scheme were included. Inclusion criteria included date of crash between 2003 and 2012 (inclusive), age 15-70years at the time of crash, sustained a non-catastrophic injury and received at least 1 day of income replacement. A matrix was created from an administrative payments dataset that mapped their RTW pattern for each day up to 3 years' post-crash. A gap of 7 days of no payment followed by resumption of a payment was considered a RTW failure and was flagged. These event flags were then entered into a regression analysis to determine the odds of having a failed RTW attempt. Results: 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of individuals had a RTW fail, with males having 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower odds of experiencing RTW failure. Those who were younger, had minor injuries (sprains, strains, contusions, abrasions, non-limb fractures), or were from more advantaged socio-economic group, were less likely to experience a RTW failure. Most likely to experience a RTW failure were individuals with whiplash, dislocations or particularly those admitted to hospital. Conclusions: Understanding the causes and predictors of failed RTW can help insurers, employers and health systems identify at-risk individuals. This can enable earlier and more targeted support and more effective employment outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13519,7 +15915,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {1434--1440},
   issn = {0884-8734},
   doi = {10.1007/s11606-011-1811-9},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Based upon student ratings of such factors as predictable work hours and personal time, medical specialties have been identified as lifestyle friendly, intermediate, or unfriendly. Lifestyle friendly programs may be more desirable, more competitive, and for students elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Medical Society, more attainable. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether AOA students increasingly entered lifestyle friendly residency programs and whether trends in program selection differed between AOA and non-AOA graduates. DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study examined PGY-2 data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the 12 allopathic schools in the Associated Medical Schools of New York. PARTICIPANTS: Data on 1987-2006 graduates from participating schools were evaluated. MAIN MEASURES: Residency program selection over the 20-year period served as the main outcome measure. KEY RESULTS: AOA graduates increasingly entered lifestyle-friendly residencies-from 12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1987 to 32.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2006 (p {$<$} 0.01). There was also a significant decrease in AOA graduates entering lifestyle unfriendly residencies, from 31.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1987 to 12.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2006 (p {$<$} 0.01). Selection of lifestyle intermediate residencies among AOA graduates remained fairly stable at an average of 53\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Similar trends were found among non-AOA students. However, within these categories, AOA graduates increasingly selected radiology, dermatology, plastic surgery and orthopedics while non-AOA graduates increasingly selected anesthesiology and neurology. CONCLUSIONS: While lifestyle factors appear to influence residency program selection, AOA graduates differentially were more likely to either choose or attain certain competitive, lifestyle-friendly specialties. Health care reform should be targeted to improve lifestyle and decrease income disparities for specialties needed to meet health manpower needs.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Based upon student ratings of such factors as predictable work hours and personal time, medical specialties have been identified as lifestyle friendly, intermediate, or unfriendly. Lifestyle friendly programs may be more desirable, more competitive, and for students elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Medical Society, more attainable. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether AOA students increasingly entered lifestyle friendly residency programs and whether trends in program selection differed between AOA and non-AOA graduates. DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study examined PGY-2 data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the 12 allopathic schools in the Associated Medical Schools of New York. PARTICIPANTS: Data on 1987-2006 graduates from participating schools were evaluated. MAIN MEASURES: Residency program selection over the 20-year period served as the main outcome measure. KEY RESULTS: AOA graduates increasingly entered lifestyle-friendly residencies-from 12.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 1987 to 32.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2006 (p {$<$} 0.01). There was also a significant decrease in AOA graduates entering lifestyle unfriendly residencies, from 31.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 1987 to 12.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2006 (p {$<$} 0.01). Selection of lifestyle intermediate residencies among AOA graduates remained fairly stable at an average of 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Similar trends were found among non-AOA students. However, within these categories, AOA graduates increasingly selected radiology, dermatology, plastic surgery and orthopedics while non-AOA graduates increasingly selected anesthesiology and neurology. CONCLUSIONS: While lifestyle factors appear to influence residency program selection, AOA graduates differentially were more likely to either choose or attain certain competitive, lifestyle-friendly specialties. Health care reform should be targeted to improve lifestyle and decrease income disparities for specialties needed to meet health manpower needs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13608,7 +16004,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184},
   doi = {10.1017/S0001972011000477},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {ABSTRACT             Rural\textendash urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural\textendash urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase.           ,              RESUM\'E             La migration et les r\'eseaux ruro-urbains sont essentiels \`a la subsistance de nombreuses personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les envois en argent ou en nature constituent un compl\'ement de revenu, am\'eliorent la s\'ecurit\'e alimentaire et permettent d'acc\'eder \`a des ressources viables tant dans les zones rurales que dans les zone urbaines. La migration permet aux m\'enages concern\'es de b\'en\'eficier des \'ecarts de prix entre zones rurales et urbaines. Cet article d\'emontre que les r\'eseaux ruro-urbains non seulement contribuent \`a r\'eduire la pauvret\'e et \`a am\'eliorer la s\'ecurit\'e, mais \'egalement renforcent la stratification socio-\'economique. C'est l\`a un aspect que la plupart des savants et sp\'ecialistes de l'am\'enagement du territoire ont ignor\'e ou n\'eglig\'e. \`A l'aide de donn\'ees ethnographiques de Namibie, l'auteur a adopt\'e une perspective translocale de la migration et de la stratification, en se concentrant sur l'impact qui en r\'esulte dans les zones rurales o\`u des formes urbaines modernes de stratification, induites par l'\'education et les revenus du travail salari\'e, sont en augmentation.},
+  abstract = {ABSTRACT             Rural{\textendash}urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural{\textendash}urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase.           ,              RESUM{\'E}             La migration et les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains sont essentiels {\`a} la subsistance de nombreuses personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les envois en argent ou en nature constituent un compl{\'e}ment de revenu, am{\'e}liorent la s{\'e}curit{\'e} alimentaire et permettent d'acc{\'e}der {\`a} des ressources viables tant dans les zones rurales que dans les zone urbaines. La migration permet aux m{\'e}nages concern{\'e}s de b{\'e}n{\'e}ficier des {\'e}carts de prix entre zones rurales et urbaines. Cet article d{\'e}montre que les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains non seulement contribuent {\`a} r{\'e}duire la pauvret{\'e} et {\`a} am{\'e}liorer la s{\'e}curit{\'e}, mais {\'e}galement renforcent la stratification socio-{\'e}conomique. C'est l{\`a} un aspect que la plupart des savants et sp{\'e}cialistes de l'am{\'e}nagement du territoire ont ignor{\'e} ou n{\'e}glig{\'e}. {\`A} l'aide de donn{\'e}es ethnographiques de Namibie, l'auteur a adopt{\'e} une perspective translocale de la migration et de la stratification, en se concentrant sur l'impact qui en r{\'e}sulte dans les zones rurales o{\`u} des formes urbaines modernes de stratification, induites par l'{\'e}ducation et les revenus du travail salari{\'e}, sont en augmentation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13621,7 +16017,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {9},
   issn = {1744-8603},
   doi = {10.1186/1744-8603-9-19},
-  abstract = {Background: Interest and participation in global health activities among U.S. medical trainees has increased sharply in recent decades, yet the global health activities of physicians who have completed residency training remain understudied. Our objectives were to assess associations between individual characteristics and patterns of post-residency global health activities across the domains of health policy, education, and research. Methods: Cross-sectional, mixed methods national survey of 521 physicians with formal training in clinical and health services research and policy leadership. Main measures were post-residency global health activity and characteristics of this activity (location, funding, products, and perceived synergy with domestic activities). Results: Most respondents (73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) hold faculty appointments across 84 U.S. medical schools and a strong plurality (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%) are trained in internal medicine. Nearly half of all respondents (44\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported some global health activity after residency; however, the majority of this group (73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported spending {$<$}= 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of professional time on global health in the past year. Among those active in global health, the majority (78\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported receiving some funding for their global health activities, and most (83\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported at least one scholarly, educational, or other product resulting from this work. Many respondents perceived synergies between domestic and global health activities, with 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% agreeing with the statement that their global health activities had enhanced the quality of their domestic work and increased their level of involvement with vulnerable populations, health policy advocacy, or research on the social determinants of health. Despite these perceived synergies, qualitative data from in-depth interviews revealed personal and institutional barriers to sustained global health involvement, including work-family balance and a lack of specific avenues for career development in global health. Conclusions: Post-residency global health activity is common in this diverse, multi-specialty group of physicians. Although those with global health experience describe synergies with their domestic work, the lack of established career development pathways may limit the benefits of this synergy for individuals and their institutions.},
+  abstract = {Background: Interest and participation in global health activities among U.S. medical trainees has increased sharply in recent decades, yet the global health activities of physicians who have completed residency training remain understudied. Our objectives were to assess associations between individual characteristics and patterns of post-residency global health activities across the domains of health policy, education, and research. Methods: Cross-sectional, mixed methods national survey of 521 physicians with formal training in clinical and health services research and policy leadership. Main measures were post-residency global health activity and characteristics of this activity (location, funding, products, and perceived synergy with domestic activities). Results: Most respondents (73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) hold faculty appointments across 84 U.S. medical schools and a strong plurality (46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) are trained in internal medicine. Nearly half of all respondents (44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported some global health activity after residency; however, the majority of this group (73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported spending {$<$}= 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of professional time on global health in the past year. Among those active in global health, the majority (78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported receiving some funding for their global health activities, and most (83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported at least one scholarly, educational, or other product resulting from this work. Many respondents perceived synergies between domestic and global health activities, with 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% agreeing with the statement that their global health activities had enhanced the quality of their domestic work and increased their level of involvement with vulnerable populations, health policy advocacy, or research on the social determinants of health. Despite these perceived synergies, qualitative data from in-depth interviews revealed personal and institutional barriers to sustained global health involvement, including work-family balance and a lack of specific avenues for career development in global health. Conclusions: Post-residency global health activity is common in this diverse, multi-specialty group of physicians. Although those with global health experience describe synergies with their domestic work, the lack of established career development pathways may limit the benefits of this synergy for individuals and their institutions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13638,7 +16034,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   issn = {1056-8190, 1435-5957},
   doi = {10.1111/pirs.12156},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            C               hina's growth has led to massive flows of migrants. To analyse the determinants of inter-provincial migration hypotheses from the classical migration theory, the new economic geography, gravity approach, and the new economics of labour migration have been derived. All traditional assumptions could be confirmed. Inter-provincial differentials of urban poverty and differentials in inequality do matter. Inequality is regarded as opportunity and motivation to move. The analysis of push-pull factors of gross migration suggests that pull factors are average wages, unemployment rates, urbanization and income disparity. Urban poverty can be regarded as a counter-pull factor. Rural poverty and average wage are push factors.                        ,              要約             中国の成長は大規模な人口の移動をもたらした。標準的な人口移動理論から省間移動の仮説の決定要因を分析するため、新しい経済地理、重力モデルを用いたアプローチ、そして新しい労働移動の経済学を導く。従来型の仮定はすべて確認できる。都市部の貧困に関する省間での格差ならびに不平等格差が重要である。不平等は、移住の機会と誘因と考えられる。総移住人口における流出および流入要因の分析から、人口流入の要因は、平均賃金、失業率、都市化、所得格差があることを示す。都市部の貧困は、反流入要因として見られる。地方の貧困と平均賃金は、人口流出の誘因である。           ,              Resumen             El crecimiento de China ha dado lugar a flujos masivos de migrantes. Para el an\'alisis de los determinantes de las hip\'otesis de migraci\'on interprovincial de la teor\'ia cl\'asica de la migraci\'on, se han derivado la nueva geograf\'ia econ\'omica, el enfoque de gravedad, y la nueva econom\'ia de la migraci\'on laboral. Se pudo confirmar todos los supuestos tradicionales. Los diferenciales interprovinciales de pobreza urbana y de desigualdad tienen importancia. La desigualdad se considera como una oportunidad y motivaci\'on para emigrar. El an\'alisis de los factores de empuje-atracci\'on de la migraci\'on bruta sugiere que los factores de atracci\'on son los salarios promedio, las tasas de desempleo, la urbanizaci\'on y la disparidad de ingresos. La pobreza urbana se puede considerar como un factor contrario a la atracci\'on. La pobreza rural y el salario medio son factores de empuje.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            C               hina's growth has led to massive flows of migrants. To analyse the determinants of inter-provincial migration hypotheses from the classical migration theory, the new economic geography, gravity approach, and the new economics of labour migration have been derived. All traditional assumptions could be confirmed. Inter-provincial differentials of urban poverty and differentials in inequality do matter. Inequality is regarded as opportunity and motivation to move. The analysis of push-pull factors of gross migration suggests that pull factors are average wages, unemployment rates, urbanization and income disparity. Urban poverty can be regarded as a counter-pull factor. Rural poverty and average wage are push factors.                        ,              要約             中国の成長は大規模な人口の移動をもたらした。標準的な人口移動理論から省間移動の仮説の決定要因を分析するため、新しい経済地理、重力モデルを用いたアプローチ、そして新しい労働移動の経済学を導く。従来型の仮定はすべて確認できる。都市部の貧困に関する省間での格差ならびに不平等格差が重要である。不平等は、移住の機会と誘因と考えられる。総移住人口における流出および流入要因の分析から、人口流入の要因は、平均賃金、失業率、都市化、所得格差があることを示す。都市部の貧困は、反流入要因として見られる。地方の貧困と平均賃金は、人口流出の誘因である。           ,              Resumen             El crecimiento de China ha dado lugar a flujos masivos de migrantes. Para el an{\'a}lisis de los determinantes de las hip{\'o}tesis de migraci{\'o}n interprovincial de la teor{\'i}a cl{\'a}sica de la migraci{\'o}n, se han derivado la nueva geograf{\'i}a econ{\'o}mica, el enfoque de gravedad, y la nueva econom{\'i}a de la migraci{\'o}n laboral. Se pudo confirmar todos los supuestos tradicionales. Los diferenciales interprovinciales de pobreza urbana y de desigualdad tienen importancia. La desigualdad se considera como una oportunidad y motivaci{\'o}n para emigrar. El an{\'a}lisis de los factores de empuje-atracci{\'o}n de la migraci{\'o}n bruta sugiere que los factores de atracci{\'o}n son los salarios promedio, las tasas de desempleo, la urbanizaci{\'o}n y la disparidad de ingresos. La pobreza urbana se puede considerar como un factor contrario a la atracci{\'o}n. La pobreza rural y el salario medio son factores de empuje.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13647,13 +16043,13 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   author = {Griffin, S. O. and {Thornton-Evans}, G. and Wei, L. and Griffin, P. M.},
   year = {2021},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {JDR CLINICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH},
+  journal = {JDR CLINICAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {234--241},
   issn = {2380-0844},
   doi = {10.1177/2380084420934746},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Untreated dental caries (UC), although preventable, is the most prevalent disease in the United States. UC diminishes quality of life and lowers productivity for millions of Americans and is notably higher among lower-income compared to higher-income persons. Objective: This study examines changes in disparities by income in past-year dental use (DU) and UC in 4 life stages (2-5, 6-19, 20-64, and {$>$}= 65 y) between 1999-2004 and 2011-2016. We also examined changes in dental safety net policies during this time. Methods: We obtained data on dependent variables, UC and DU, from cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys for 1999-2004 and 2011-2016. We used multivariable regression models with 3 main-effect explanatory variables: income ({$<$}200\textbackslash textbackslash\% or {$>$}= 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% federal poverty level), life stage, and survey period (1999-2004 or 2011-2016) and sociodemographic variables. We included 2-way interaction terms among main-effect variables to test whether disparities had changed over time in each life stage and a 3-way term to test changes in disparities differed across life stages. Results: Model-adjusted disparities in DU decreased for both preschool-age and school-age children, and disparities in UC decreased for school-age children. Changes in DU and UC disparities were not detectable for working-age adults and increased for retirement-age adults. Changes in DU and UC among preschool and school-age children were not significantly different from one another and were significantly different from changes among retirement-age adults. Compared to working-age adults, changes in disparities for DU and UC were significantly different for school-age children, and changes in DU were significantly different for preschool-age children. Between surveys, the dental safety net was expanded for youth but remained largely unchanged for adults. Conclusions: Expanding the dental safety net for youth could have contributed to increased access to dental care among children relative to adults and contributed to the decrease in disparities in DU and UC among youth. Knowledge Transfer Statement:Between 1999-2004 and 2011-2016, the dental safety net was expanded for youth but remained largely unchanged for adults. Using national survey data to compare changes in disparities in past-year dental use and untreated dental caries by income between adults and youth sheds light on the potential impact of expanding the dental safety net.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Untreated dental caries (UC), although preventable, is the most prevalent disease in the United States. UC diminishes quality of life and lowers productivity for millions of Americans and is notably higher among lower-income compared to higher-income persons. Objective: This study examines changes in disparities by income in past-year dental use (DU) and UC in 4 life stages (2-5, 6-19, 20-64, and {$>$}= 65 y) between 1999-2004 and 2011-2016. We also examined changes in dental safety net policies during this time. Methods: We obtained data on dependent variables, UC and DU, from cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys for 1999-2004 and 2011-2016. We used multivariable regression models with 3 main-effect explanatory variables: income ({$<$}200{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% or {$>$}= 200{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% federal poverty level), life stage, and survey period (1999-2004 or 2011-2016) and sociodemographic variables. We included 2-way interaction terms among main-effect variables to test whether disparities had changed over time in each life stage and a 3-way term to test changes in disparities differed across life stages. Results: Model-adjusted disparities in DU decreased for both preschool-age and school-age children, and disparities in UC decreased for school-age children. Changes in DU and UC disparities were not detectable for working-age adults and increased for retirement-age adults. Changes in DU and UC among preschool and school-age children were not significantly different from one another and were significantly different from changes among retirement-age adults. Compared to working-age adults, changes in disparities for DU and UC were significantly different for school-age children, and changes in DU were significantly different for preschool-age children. Between surveys, the dental safety net was expanded for youth but remained largely unchanged for adults. Conclusions: Expanding the dental safety net for youth could have contributed to increased access to dental care among children relative to adults and contributed to the decrease in disparities in DU and UC among youth. Knowledge Transfer Statement:Between 1999-2004 and 2011-2016, the dental safety net was expanded for youth but remained largely unchanged for adults. Using national survey data to compare changes in disparities in past-year dental use and untreated dental caries by income between adults and youth sheds light on the potential impact of expanding the dental safety net.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13725,7 +16121,22 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {259--280},
   issn = {0303-8300},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02366-z},
-  abstract = {The article asks whether daycare can alleviate work-family tensions in the dual-earner society or if perceptions of \textbackslash textasciigravecare gaps' will hamper women's careers. Using survey data from Swedish parents with pre-school children (n approximate to 2250) and qualitative interviews of survey respondents (n = 40), we explore how children's daycare hours and parents' reflections on daycare hours are related to mothers' and fathers' involvement in paid and unpaid work and to their perceptions of stress. The results show that parents have a strong ambition to limit daycare hours. This ambition provides a stressful dilemma for mothers but for fathers, daycare is not a source of stress. Maternal part-time work is an important tool for managing daycare hours, but collides with ideals of gender equality. Full-time work can be combined with short daycare hours, provided that the parents take shifts in the home and share care responsibilities. Sharing of care work also reduces mothers' stress. However, such arrangements require flexible schedules which are more available to parents in high-skill jobs. Single parents have little opportunity to keep daycare hours short.},
+  abstract = {The article asks whether daycare can alleviate work-family tensions in the dual-earner society or if perceptions of {\textbackslash}textasciigravecare gaps' will hamper women's careers. Using survey data from Swedish parents with pre-school children (n approximate to 2250) and qualitative interviews of survey respondents (n = 40), we explore how children's daycare hours and parents' reflections on daycare hours are related to mothers' and fathers' involvement in paid and unpaid work and to their perceptions of stress. The results show that parents have a strong ambition to limit daycare hours. This ambition provides a stressful dilemma for mothers but for fathers, daycare is not a source of stress. Maternal part-time work is an important tool for managing daycare hours, but collides with ideals of gender equality. Full-time work can be combined with short daycare hours, provided that the parents take shifts in the home and share care responsibilities. Sharing of care work also reduces mothers' stress. However, such arrangements require flexible schedules which are more available to parents in high-skill jobs. Single parents have little opportunity to keep daycare hours short.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gronn2002,
+  title = {Distributed Leadership as a Unit of Analysis},
+  author = {Gronn, Peter},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {The Leadership Quarterly},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {423--451},
+  issn = {10489843},
+  doi = {10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00120-0},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13740,12 +16151,12 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {49--69},
   issn = {0002-7162},
   doi = {10.1177/00027162211022326},
-  abstract = {This article describes 40 years of trends in wages and labor force participation for the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveworking class\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace-workers with a high school education or less-compared to workers with a college degree or more. We compare cyclical peaks over the entire period 1979 to 2019, with particular focus on the Great Recession (2007-2010) and recovery (2010-2019). We also present results by gender and race. We find real wage growth for all workers in the recovery from the Great Recession, but not enough to change the long-term trends of growing inequality and stagnant wages for the less educated. We also find that labor force participation continued to decline for the less educated, even during the recovery. Gaps between whites and Blacks grew, while Hispanics and Asians made more progress than Blacks. We consider various explanations for these findings and show that the early effects of the 2020 to 2021 pandemic recession hurt less-educated workers and those of color more than anyone else.},
+  abstract = {This article describes 40 years of trends in wages and labor force participation for the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveworking class{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace-workers with a high school education or less-compared to workers with a college degree or more. We compare cyclical peaks over the entire period 1979 to 2019, with particular focus on the Great Recession (2007-2010) and recovery (2010-2019). We also present results by gender and race. We find real wage growth for all workers in the recovery from the Great Recession, but not enough to change the long-term trends of growing inequality and stagnant wages for the less educated. We also find that labor force participation continued to decline for the less educated, even during the recovery. Gaps between whites and Blacks grew, while Hispanics and Asians made more progress than Blacks. We consider various explanations for these findings and show that the early effects of the 2020 to 2021 pandemic recession hurt less-educated workers and those of color more than anyone else.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Groton2021,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveI}}'ve {{Been Through It}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Assessing Employment Barriers}} among {{Unaccompanied Women Experiencing Homelessness}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveI}}'ve {{Been Through It}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Assessing Employment Barriers}} among {{Unaccompanied Women Experiencing Homelessness}}},
   author = {Groton, Danielle and Radey, Melissa},
   year = {2021},
   month = jun,
@@ -13778,7 +16189,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   author = {Gruen, R and Anwar, R and Begum, T and Killingsworth, {\relax JR} and Normand, C},
   year = {2002},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {54},
   number = {2},
   pages = {267--279},
@@ -13796,7 +16207,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   journal = {JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE CARE},
   issn = {0825-8597},
   doi = {10.1177/08258597211062767},
-  abstract = {Objective: An enormous need for pediatric palliative care (PPC) has been reported, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the access to PPC is limited. This study identifies the current challenges in the provision of PPC and their severity from the perspective of healthcare professionals. Method: We conducted a web-based descriptive cross-sectional survey among healthcare professionals treating children in need of palliative care in Mexico in 2019. We used convenience sampling and snowball sampling to acquire participants. Results: Seventy healthcare professionals from Mexico participated. Participants were 64.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% female, on average 45.8 (SD = 10.9) years old, had an average of 15.84 (SD = 10.4) years of work experience and worked in 15 states. The three most severe barriers reported were: (1) Few teams and/or networks of out-of-hospital/domestic support; (2) Absence of training centres and continuing medical/paramedical education in PPC; and (3) Lack of legal, labor, and economic protection for parents who must stop working to be with their children. The barriers related to a lack of awareness and commitment, a lack of support, legal factors, and working conditions were rated highest. Participants considered increased awareness and better knowledge of PPC for all as the top priority, and particularly emphasized the need for better education and training of health professionals. Conclusion: We have identified several barriers to successful palliative care (PC) provision for children. Primarily, these are lack of awareness and commitment, especially of the health authorities and the medical professions, lack of personal and financial support, legal factors, and working conditions. The need to change and improve care exists at the policy level, the health professional level, and the public societal level.},
+  abstract = {Objective: An enormous need for pediatric palliative care (PPC) has been reported, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the access to PPC is limited. This study identifies the current challenges in the provision of PPC and their severity from the perspective of healthcare professionals. Method: We conducted a web-based descriptive cross-sectional survey among healthcare professionals treating children in need of palliative care in Mexico in 2019. We used convenience sampling and snowball sampling to acquire participants. Results: Seventy healthcare professionals from Mexico participated. Participants were 64.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female, on average 45.8 (SD = 10.9) years old, had an average of 15.84 (SD = 10.4) years of work experience and worked in 15 states. The three most severe barriers reported were: (1) Few teams and/or networks of out-of-hospital/domestic support; (2) Absence of training centres and continuing medical/paramedical education in PPC; and (3) Lack of legal, labor, and economic protection for parents who must stop working to be with their children. The barriers related to a lack of awareness and commitment, a lack of support, legal factors, and working conditions were rated highest. Participants considered increased awareness and better knowledge of PPC for all as the top priority, and particularly emphasized the need for better education and training of health professionals. Conclusion: We have identified several barriers to successful palliative care (PC) provision for children. Primarily, these are lack of awareness and commitment, especially of the health authorities and the medical professions, lack of personal and financial support, legal factors, and working conditions. The need to change and improve care exists at the policy level, the health professional level, and the public societal level.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13826,7 +16237,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {901--906},
   issn = {2197-3792},
   doi = {10.1007/s40615-017-0438-x},
-  abstract = {Introduction The objective of this study was to investigate the various factors that influence colorectal cancer screening in Michigan using 6091 participants in the Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System representing adults {$>$}= 50 years old. Methods Screening for colorectal cancer was assessed as fecal occult blood testing or colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy. Full models simultaneously adjusted for alcohol use, angina/coronary heart disease, stroke, heart attack, gender, income, marital status, race, age, diabetes, disability, exercise, health care coverage, health care access, smoking, and mental health. Data analysis included cross-tabulation and logistic regression modeling. Results Minorities were 1.3 (unadjusted odds ratio; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval = 1.03-1.57) times more likely to never have a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy than non-Hispanic whites. Race/ethnicity was not significant in the full model, but adults with the following characteristics were significantly (p {$<$} 0.05) more likely to never have a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy: no personal doctor/health care provider, no health care coverage, light alcohol consumption {$<$}= 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of days, no alcohol consumption, low income {$<$} \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15,000, 50-64 years old, no diabetes, no activity limitation, no exercise, smoked daily, and smoked some days. Conclusion The racial disparity in colorectal cancer screening in Michigan was explained by other characteristics. The healthcare community can work to eliminate racial disparities in colorectal cancer screening by increasing screening efforts for individuals with these characteristics.},
+  abstract = {Introduction The objective of this study was to investigate the various factors that influence colorectal cancer screening in Michigan using 6091 participants in the Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System representing adults {$>$}= 50 years old. Methods Screening for colorectal cancer was assessed as fecal occult blood testing or colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy. Full models simultaneously adjusted for alcohol use, angina/coronary heart disease, stroke, heart attack, gender, income, marital status, race, age, diabetes, disability, exercise, health care coverage, health care access, smoking, and mental health. Data analysis included cross-tabulation and logistic regression modeling. Results Minorities were 1.3 (unadjusted odds ratio; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval = 1.03-1.57) times more likely to never have a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy than non-Hispanic whites. Race/ethnicity was not significant in the full model, but adults with the following characteristics were significantly (p {$<$} 0.05) more likely to never have a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy: no personal doctor/health care provider, no health care coverage, light alcohol consumption {$<$}= 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of days, no alcohol consumption, low income {$<$} {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15,000, 50-64 years old, no diabetes, no activity limitation, no exercise, smoked daily, and smoked some days. Conclusion The racial disparity in colorectal cancer screening in Michigan was explained by other characteristics. The healthcare community can work to eliminate racial disparities in colorectal cancer screening by increasing screening efforts for individuals with these characteristics.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13858,6 +16269,22 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gueorguieva2011,
+  title = {Differential Changes in Body Mass Index after Retirement by Occupation: Hierarchical Models},
+  shorttitle = {Differential Changes in Body Mass Index after Retirement by Occupation},
+  author = {Gueorguieva, Ralitza and Sindelar, Jody L. and Wu, Ran and Gallo, William T.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {International Journal of Public Health},
+  volume = {56},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {111--116},
+  issn = {1661-8556, 1661-8564},
+  doi = {10.1007/s00038-010-0166-z},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Guglielmo2021,
   title = {Physical {{Activity Types}} and {{Programs Recommended}} by {{Primary Care Providers Treating Adults With Arthritis}}, {{DocStyles}} 2018},
   author = {Guglielmo, Dana and Theis, Kristina A. and Murphy, Louise B. and Boring, Michael A. and Helmick, Charles G. and Omura, John D. and Odom, Erica L. and Duca, Lindsey M. and Croft, Janet B.},
@@ -13867,7 +16294,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {18},
   issn = {1545-1151},
   doi = {10.5888/pcd18.210194},
-  abstract = {Primary care providers (PCPs) can offer counseling to adults with arthritis on physical activity, which can reduce pain and improve physical function, mental health, and numerous other health outcomes. We analyzed cross-sectional 2018 DocStyles data for 1,366 PCPs who reported they always or sometimes recommend physical activity to adults with arthritis. Most PCPs sampled (88.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) recommended walking, swimming, or cycling; 65.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not recommend any evidence-based, arthritis-appropriate physical activity programs recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opportunities exist for public health awareness campaigns to educate PCPs about evidence-based physical activity programs proven to optimize health for adults with arthritis when more than counseling is needed. Objective Physical activity is recommended for adults with all types of arthritis because it can reduce pain and improve physical functioning, mood, and quality of life (1,2). Professional organizations encourage health care professionals to counsel adults with arthritis on physical activity and recommend supervised programs when needed (3,4). Primary care providers (PCPs) frequently treat arthritis (5) and are instrumental in promoting physical activity. Although we previously found that 98.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PCPs always or sometimes recommend physical activity to adults with arthritis (6), the content of physical activity counseling may affect its effectiveness (3). Addressing patient concerns (eg, arthritis-specific physical activity barriers such as pain) warrants specific guidance and referrals to safe, supervised programs (3). To build on a previous study, we examined physical activity types and programs recommended among PCPs recommending physical activity to adults with any type of arthritis and compared distributions of characteristics of PCPs recommending programs versus PCPs unaware of them. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 2018 Porter Novelli Doc Styles (https://styles.porternovelli.com/docstyles), an online national market research survey assessing PCP attitudes, patient en counters, and use of medical information resources. Eligible Doc-Styles participants were family practitioners, internists, obstetri-cian/gynecologists, and nurse practitioners aged 21 or older, liv-ing and practicing in the US, practicing for at least 3 years, treat-ing at least 10 patients weekly, and working at an individual, group, or inpatient practice. From June through August 2018, Porter Novelli invited participants by email to complete the sur-vey from the Sermo Global Medical Panel (www.sermo.com), SurveyHealthcareGlobus (www.surveyhealthcareglobus.com), and WebMD (www.webmd.com). Target quotas (1,000 PCPs, 250 ob-stetricians/gynecologists, and 250 nurse practitioners) were met by inviting highly responsive participants (defined as completing {$>$}75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of any kind of survey \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracenot only DocStyles] in which they had been invited to participate) first from among those not parti-cipating in DocStyles 2017. Of 2,582 invited persons, 1,505 com-pleted the survey (response rate, 58.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and were compensated \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar55 to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar77 based on number of questions asked. We excluded 116 PCPs not treating adults with arthritis and 23 never recommend-ing physical activity, which resulted in an analytic sample of 1,366. Additional survey details are available elsewhere (6). Al-though analyses were not subject to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) institutional review board, we followed all Council of American Survey Research Organizations guidelines, and the data set was deidentified. The 2018 DocStyles Survey included a module with questions about recommendations for CDC-recognized arthritis-appropriate physical activity programs (hereafter \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprograms\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) (7), which have an evidence base for addressing physical activity barriers (8). PCPs treating an average of at least 1 adult with arthritis weekly completed multiple choice questions about physical activity coun-seling for adults with arthritis, including physical activity types, programs recommended, and reasons for not recommending pro-grams. We calculated percentages for physical activity type and program variables overall (N = 1,366) and reasons for not recommending programs among PCPs not recommending programs (n = 895). To identify opportunities for promoting program awareness, we gen-erated distributions of PCP characteristics overall (N = 1,366) and for those recommending programs (n = 471) and unaware of pro-grams (n = 710). We generated percentages using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc); we performed chi 2 tests in Excel version 2008 (Microsoft Corp) to assess differences (significant at alpha = .05) between PCP groups. Results PCPs were commonly aged 50 or older (46.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 43.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-48.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), men (57.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 54.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-60.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), non-Hispanic White (67.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 64.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-69.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and working in a group outpatient practice (67.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 65.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-70.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) (Ta-ble). Most PCPs recommended walking, swimming, or cycling (88.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 86.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-89.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), stretching (63.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 61.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-66.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and physical therapy (60.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 58.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-63.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) (Figure). Programs were recommended less fre-quently than physical activity: 34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 471) of PCPs recom-mended 1 or more programs. The most commonly recommended programs were the Arthritis Foundation's Aquatic Program (18.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 16.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-20.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), the Arthritis Foundation's Exer-cise Program (14.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 12.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-16.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and Walk With Ease (13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 12.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-15.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) (Figure). Most PCPs did not recommend any programs (65.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 63.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-68.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%); among this group (n = 895), the most commonly reported reasons were being unaware of them (n = 710; 79.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 76.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%-82.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%); programs were unavailable in their area (22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 19.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%-25.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), unaffordable for patients (12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 10.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-14.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), or inaccessible to patients (12.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 10.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-14.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and believing patients would not attend (10.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 8.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%).},
+  abstract = {Primary care providers (PCPs) can offer counseling to adults with arthritis on physical activity, which can reduce pain and improve physical function, mental health, and numerous other health outcomes. We analyzed cross-sectional 2018 DocStyles data for 1,366 PCPs who reported they always or sometimes recommend physical activity to adults with arthritis. Most PCPs sampled (88.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) recommended walking, swimming, or cycling; 65.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% did not recommend any evidence-based, arthritis-appropriate physical activity programs recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opportunities exist for public health awareness campaigns to educate PCPs about evidence-based physical activity programs proven to optimize health for adults with arthritis when more than counseling is needed. Objective Physical activity is recommended for adults with all types of arthritis because it can reduce pain and improve physical functioning, mood, and quality of life (1,2). Professional organizations encourage health care professionals to counsel adults with arthritis on physical activity and recommend supervised programs when needed (3,4). Primary care providers (PCPs) frequently treat arthritis (5) and are instrumental in promoting physical activity. Although we previously found that 98.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of PCPs always or sometimes recommend physical activity to adults with arthritis (6), the content of physical activity counseling may affect its effectiveness (3). Addressing patient concerns (eg, arthritis-specific physical activity barriers such as pain) warrants specific guidance and referrals to safe, supervised programs (3). To build on a previous study, we examined physical activity types and programs recommended among PCPs recommending physical activity to adults with any type of arthritis and compared distributions of characteristics of PCPs recommending programs versus PCPs unaware of them. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 2018 Porter Novelli Doc Styles (https://styles.porternovelli.com/docstyles), an online national market research survey assessing PCP attitudes, patient en counters, and use of medical information resources. Eligible Doc-Styles participants were family practitioners, internists, obstetri-cian/gynecologists, and nurse practitioners aged 21 or older, liv-ing and practicing in the US, practicing for at least 3 years, treat-ing at least 10 patients weekly, and working at an individual, group, or inpatient practice. From June through August 2018, Porter Novelli invited participants by email to complete the sur-vey from the Sermo Global Medical Panel (www.sermo.com), SurveyHealthcareGlobus (www.surveyhealthcareglobus.com), and WebMD (www.webmd.com). Target quotas (1,000 PCPs, 250 ob-stetricians/gynecologists, and 250 nurse practitioners) were met by inviting highly responsive participants (defined as completing {$>$}75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of any kind of survey {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracenot only DocStyles] in which they had been invited to participate) first from among those not parti-cipating in DocStyles 2017. Of 2,582 invited persons, 1,505 com-pleted the survey (response rate, 58.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and were compensated {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar55 to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar77 based on number of questions asked. We excluded 116 PCPs not treating adults with arthritis and 23 never recommend-ing physical activity, which resulted in an analytic sample of 1,366. Additional survey details are available elsewhere (6). Al-though analyses were not subject to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) institutional review board, we followed all Council of American Survey Research Organizations guidelines, and the data set was deidentified. The 2018 DocStyles Survey included a module with questions about recommendations for CDC-recognized arthritis-appropriate physical activity programs (hereafter {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveprograms{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) (7), which have an evidence base for addressing physical activity barriers (8). PCPs treating an average of at least 1 adult with arthritis weekly completed multiple choice questions about physical activity coun-seling for adults with arthritis, including physical activity types, programs recommended, and reasons for not recommending pro-grams. We calculated percentages for physical activity type and program variables overall (N = 1,366) and reasons for not recommending programs among PCPs not recommending programs (n = 895). To identify opportunities for promoting program awareness, we gen-erated distributions of PCP characteristics overall (N = 1,366) and for those recommending programs (n = 471) and unaware of pro-grams (n = 710). We generated percentages using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc); we performed chi 2 tests in Excel version 2008 (Microsoft Corp) to assess differences (significant at alpha = .05) between PCP groups. Results PCPs were commonly aged 50 or older (46.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 43.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-48.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), men (57.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 54.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-60.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), non-Hispanic White (67.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 64.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-69.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and working in a group outpatient practice (67.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 65.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-70.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) (Ta-ble). Most PCPs recommended walking, swimming, or cycling (88.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 86.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-89.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), stretching (63.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 61.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-66.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and physical therapy (60.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 58.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-63.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) (Figure). Programs were recommended less fre-quently than physical activity: 34.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 471) of PCPs recom-mended 1 or more programs. The most commonly recommended programs were the Arthritis Foundation's Aquatic Program (18.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 16.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-20.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), the Arthritis Foundation's Exer-cise Program (14.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 12.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-16.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and Walk With Ease (13.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 12.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-15.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) (Figure). Most PCPs did not recommend any programs (65.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 63.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-68.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); among this group (n = 895), the most commonly reported reasons were being unaware of them (n = 710; 79.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 76.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-82.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); programs were unavailable in their area (22.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 19.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-25.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), unaffordable for patients (12.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 10.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-14.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), or inaccessible to patients (12.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 10.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-14.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); and believing patients would not attend (10.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 8.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-12.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13880,7 +16307,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12909-020-02252-9},
-  abstract = {Background Arguably, Medical School curricula are deficient in learning opportunities related to the safe and effective use of medicines, in particular antimicrobials. Infection management is complex and multidisciplinary, and learning opportunities should reflect these principles. Aligned to the complexity of the subject matter, simulation and interprofessional based teaching are methods that can foster the collaborative skills required of future healthcare professionals. There have been calls to develop these methods in the teaching of safe prescribing and the management of infections; however, reports of such studies are limited. Methods We developed an interprofessional education (IPE) conference for second year undergraduate medical and pharmacy students based in the North East of England. We considered contact theory in the design of three small group interprofessional workshops, on the broad themes of antimicrobial stewardship, infection management and patient safety. A mixed methods approach assessed students' attitudes towards IPE, barriers and facilitators of learning, and perceived learning gains. Qualitative data from workshop evaluation forms were analysed thematically, while quantitative data were analysed descriptively and differences between medical and pharmacy cohorts analysed using unpaired two-tailed t-tests. Results 226/352 students returned the workshop evaluation forms (66\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pharmacy students, 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% of medical students). 281/352 students responded to a series of Likert scale questions on the value of interprofessional education (88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pharmacy students, 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of medical students). Students reported acquisition of knowledge and skills, including concepts and procedures related to infection management and antimicrobial prescribing, and the development of problem-solving and critical evaluation skills. Students reflected on their attitude towards interprofessional collaboration. They reported a greater understanding of the roles of other healthcare professionals, reflected on the importance of effective communication in ensuring patient safety, and were more confident to work in interprofessional teams after the conference. Conclusions A robust IPE event, theoretically underpinned by contact theory and developed collaboratively, achieved interprofessional learning at scale and helped develop healthcare professionals willing to collaborate across disciplines. The resources, and evaluation insights based on the 3P (presage, process, and product) model of learning and teaching, will be of value to other educators who seek to develop theoretically-sound IPE interventions.},
+  abstract = {Background Arguably, Medical School curricula are deficient in learning opportunities related to the safe and effective use of medicines, in particular antimicrobials. Infection management is complex and multidisciplinary, and learning opportunities should reflect these principles. Aligned to the complexity of the subject matter, simulation and interprofessional based teaching are methods that can foster the collaborative skills required of future healthcare professionals. There have been calls to develop these methods in the teaching of safe prescribing and the management of infections; however, reports of such studies are limited. Methods We developed an interprofessional education (IPE) conference for second year undergraduate medical and pharmacy students based in the North East of England. We considered contact theory in the design of three small group interprofessional workshops, on the broad themes of antimicrobial stewardship, infection management and patient safety. A mixed methods approach assessed students' attitudes towards IPE, barriers and facilitators of learning, and perceived learning gains. Qualitative data from workshop evaluation forms were analysed thematically, while quantitative data were analysed descriptively and differences between medical and pharmacy cohorts analysed using unpaired two-tailed t-tests. Results 226/352 students returned the workshop evaluation forms (66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of pharmacy students, 62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of medical students). 281/352 students responded to a series of Likert scale questions on the value of interprofessional education (88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of pharmacy students, 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of medical students). Students reported acquisition of knowledge and skills, including concepts and procedures related to infection management and antimicrobial prescribing, and the development of problem-solving and critical evaluation skills. Students reflected on their attitude towards interprofessional collaboration. They reported a greater understanding of the roles of other healthcare professionals, reflected on the importance of effective communication in ensuring patient safety, and were more confident to work in interprofessional teams after the conference. Conclusions A robust IPE event, theoretically underpinned by contact theory and developed collaboratively, achieved interprofessional learning at scale and helped develop healthcare professionals willing to collaborate across disciplines. The resources, and evaluation insights based on the 3P (presage, process, and product) model of learning and teaching, will be of value to other educators who seek to develop theoretically-sound IPE interventions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13893,7 +16320,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {19},
   number = {14},
   doi = {10.3390/ijerph19148376},
-  abstract = {Occupational characteristics may influence serious psychological distress (SPD) and contribute to health inequities; yet, few studies have examined multiple employment industries and occupational classes in a large, racially diverse sample of the United States. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, we investigated employment industry and occupational class in relation to SPD in the overall population and by race/ethnicity, gender, age, household income, and health status. We created eight employment industry categories: professional/administrative/management, agricultural/manufacturing/construction, retail trade, finance/information/real estate, educational services, health care/social assistance, accommodation/food services, and public administration/arts/other services. We also created three occupational class categories: professional/management, support services, and laborers. SPD was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and scores {$>$}= 13 indicated SPD. We adjusted for confounders and used Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs). Among the 245,038 participants, the mean age was 41.7 +/- 0.1 years, 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% were Non-Hispanic (NH)-White, and 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were categorized as having SPD. Compared to the professional/administrative/management industry, working in other industries (e.g., manufacturing/construction (PR = 0.82 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.70-0.95]) and educational services (PR = 0.79 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.66-0.94])) was associated with lower SPD. Working in support services and laborer versus professional/management positions were both associated with 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher prevalence of SPD (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.35; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.38, respectively). Furthermore, working in a support services or laborer versus professional/management position was associated with higher SPD in most employment industries. Industry-specific workplace interventions to equitably improve mental health are warranted.},
+  abstract = {Occupational characteristics may influence serious psychological distress (SPD) and contribute to health inequities; yet, few studies have examined multiple employment industries and occupational classes in a large, racially diverse sample of the United States. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, we investigated employment industry and occupational class in relation to SPD in the overall population and by race/ethnicity, gender, age, household income, and health status. We created eight employment industry categories: professional/administrative/management, agricultural/manufacturing/construction, retail trade, finance/information/real estate, educational services, health care/social assistance, accommodation/food services, and public administration/arts/other services. We also created three occupational class categories: professional/management, support services, and laborers. SPD was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and scores {$>$}= 13 indicated SPD. We adjusted for confounders and used Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs). Among the 245,038 participants, the mean age was 41.7 +/- 0.1 years, 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were Non-Hispanic (NH)-White, and 1.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were categorized as having SPD. Compared to the professional/administrative/management industry, working in other industries (e.g., manufacturing/construction (PR = 0.82 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.70-0.95]) and educational services (PR = 0.79 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.66-0.94])) was associated with lower SPD. Working in support services and laborer versus professional/management positions were both associated with 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher prevalence of SPD (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.35; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.38, respectively). Furthermore, working in a support services or laborer versus professional/management position was associated with higher SPD in most employment industries. Industry-specific workplace interventions to equitably improve mental health are warranted.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13912,6 +16339,69 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Gunduz-Hosgor2008,
+  title = {Variation in Labor Market Participation of Married Women in {{Turkey}}},
+  author = {{G{\"u}nd{\"u}z-Ho{\c s}g{\"o}r}, Ay{\c s}e and Smits, Jeroen},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Women's Studies International Forum},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {104--117},
+  issn = {02775395},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2008.03.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gunduz-Hosgor2008a,
+  title = {Variation in Labor Market Participation of Married Women in {{Turkey}}},
+  author = {{G{\"u}nd{\"u}z-Ho{\c s}g{\"o}r}, Ay{\c s}e and Smits, Jeroen},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Women's Studies International Forum},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {104--117},
+  issn = {02775395},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2008.03.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gunther2016,
+  title = {Desired {{Fertility}} and {{Number}} of {{Children Born Across Time}} and {{Space}}},
+  author = {G{\"u}nther, Isabel and Harttgen, Kenneth},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {53},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {55--83},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1007/s13524-015-0451-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Economists have often argued that high fertility rates are mainly driven by women's demand for children (and not by family planning efforts) with low levels of unwanted fertility across countries (and hence with little room for family planning efforts to reduce population growth). We study the relationship between wanted fertility and number of children born in a panel of 200 country-years controlling for country fixed effects and global time trends. In general, we find a close relationship between wanted and actual fertility, with one desired child leading to one additional birth. However, our results also indicate that in the last 20 years, the level of unwanted births has stayed at 2 across African countries but has, on average, decreased from 1 to close to 0 in other developing countries. Hence, women in African countries are less able to translate child preferences into birth outcomes than women in other developing countries, and forces other than fertility demand have been important for previous fertility declines in many developing countries. Family planning efforts only partially explain the observed temporal and spatial differences in achieving desired fertility levels.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gupta2002,
+  title = {Children and {{Career Interruptions}}: {{The Family Gap}} in {{Denmark}}},
+  shorttitle = {Children and {{Career Interruptions}}},
+  author = {Gupta, Nabanita Datta and Smith, Nina},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Economica},
+  volume = {69},
+  number = {276},
+  pages = {609--629},
+  issn = {0013-0427, 1468-0335},
+  doi = {10.1111/1468-0335.00303},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {An analysis of the effect of children and career interruptions on the family gap is based on Danish longitudinal data covering the years 1980{\textendash}95. The estimated model controls for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. The results show that, when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of children on mothers' wages disappears. The main effect of children seems to be loss of human capital accumulation during childbirth periods; apart from this, there is no indication that children have long-term effects on the earnings potential of their mothers, holding experience constant.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Gupta2011,
   title = {Access to Non-Pecuniary Benefits: Does Gender Matter? {{Evidence}} from Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
   author = {Gupta, Neeru and Alfano, Marco},
@@ -13935,7 +16425,23 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {4},
   issn = {0027-8874},
   doi = {10.1093/jnci/dju032},
-  abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. CRC incidence and mortality can be reduced through screening. However, in the United States, screening participation remains suboptimal, particularly among underserved populations such as the uninsured, recent immigrants, and racial/ethnic minority groups. Increasing screening rates among underserved populations will reduce the US burden of CRC. In this commentary focusing on underserved populations, we highlight the public health impact of CRC screening, list key challenges to screening the underserved, and review promising approaches to boost screening rates. We identify four key policy and research priorities to increase screening among underserved populations: 1) actively promote the message, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe best test is the one that gets done\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace; 2) develop and implement methods to identify unscreened individuals within underserved population groups for screening interventions; 3) develop and implement approaches for organized screening delivery; and 4) fund and enhance programs and policies that provide access to screening, diagnostic follow-up, and CRC treatment for underserved populations. This commentary represents the consensus of a diverse group of experts in cancer control and prevention, epidemiology, gastroenterology, and primary care from across the country who formed the Coalition to Boost Screening among the Underserved in the United States. The group was organized and held its first annual working group meeting in conjunction with the World Endoscopy Organization's annual Colorectal Cancer Screening Committee meeting during Digestive Disease Week 2012 in San Diego, California.},
+  abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. CRC incidence and mortality can be reduced through screening. However, in the United States, screening participation remains suboptimal, particularly among underserved populations such as the uninsured, recent immigrants, and racial/ethnic minority groups. Increasing screening rates among underserved populations will reduce the US burden of CRC. In this commentary focusing on underserved populations, we highlight the public health impact of CRC screening, list key challenges to screening the underserved, and review promising approaches to boost screening rates. We identify four key policy and research priorities to increase screening among underserved populations: 1) actively promote the message, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethe best test is the one that gets done{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace; 2) develop and implement methods to identify unscreened individuals within underserved population groups for screening interventions; 3) develop and implement approaches for organized screening delivery; and 4) fund and enhance programs and policies that provide access to screening, diagnostic follow-up, and CRC treatment for underserved populations. This commentary represents the consensus of a diverse group of experts in cancer control and prevention, epidemiology, gastroenterology, and primary care from across the country who formed the Coalition to Boost Screening among the Underserved in the United States. The group was organized and held its first annual working group meeting in conjunction with the World Endoscopy Organization's annual Colorectal Cancer Screening Committee meeting during Digestive Disease Week 2012 in San Diego, California.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Gupta2019,
+  title = {Gender Equality and Gender Norms: Framing the Opportunities for Health},
+  shorttitle = {Gender Equality and Gender Norms},
+  author = {Gupta, Geeta Rao and Oomman, Nandini and Grown, Caren and Conn, Kathryn and Hawkes, Sarah and Shawar, Yusra Ribhi and Shiffman, Jeremy and Buse, Kent and Mehra, Rekha and Bah, Chernor A and Heise, Lori and Greene, Margaret E and Weber, Ann M and Heymann, Jody and Hay, Katherine and Raj, Anita and Henry, Sarah and Klugman, Jeni and Darmstadt, Gary L},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {393},
+  number = {10190},
+  pages = {2550--2562},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30651-8},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13964,7 +16470,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {1836--1846},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.1080/09638288.2022.2076938},
-  abstract = {Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of hearing disability on employment rates; examine how various factors are associated with employment; and identify workplace accommodations available to persons with hearing disabilities in Canada. Material and methods: A population-based analysis was done using the data collected through the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability (CSD), representing 6 million (n = 6 246 640) Canadians. A subset of the complete dataset was created focusing on individuals with a hearing disability (n = 1 334 520). Weighted descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: In 2017, the employment rates for working-age adults with a hearing disability were 55\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Excellent general health status (OR: 3.37; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 2.29-4.96) and daily use of the internet (OR: 2.70; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.78-4.10) had the highest positive effect on the employment rates. The top three needed but least available accommodations were communication aids (16\textbackslash textbackslash\%), technical aids (19\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and accessible parking/elevator (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion: Employment rates for persons with a hearing disability are lower than the general population in Canada. Employment outcomes are closely associated with one's general health and digital skills. Lack of certain workplace accommodations may disadvantage individuals with a hearing disability in their employment.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of hearing disability on employment rates; examine how various factors are associated with employment; and identify workplace accommodations available to persons with hearing disabilities in Canada. Material and methods: A population-based analysis was done using the data collected through the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability (CSD), representing 6 million (n = 6 246 640) Canadians. A subset of the complete dataset was created focusing on individuals with a hearing disability (n = 1 334 520). Weighted descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: In 2017, the employment rates for working-age adults with a hearing disability were 55{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Excellent general health status (OR: 3.37; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 2.29-4.96) and daily use of the internet (OR: 2.70; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.78-4.10) had the highest positive effect on the employment rates. The top three needed but least available accommodations were communication aids (16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), technical aids (19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and accessible parking/elevator (21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusion: Employment rates for persons with a hearing disability are lower than the general population in Canada. Employment outcomes are closely associated with one's general health and digital skills. Lack of certain workplace accommodations may disadvantage individuals with a hearing disability in their employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -13979,12 +16485,12 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {241--271},
   issn = {0022-166X},
   doi = {10.3368/jhr.57.1.0618-9570R2},
-  abstract = {Up to three-fourths of college students can be classified as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenontraditional,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace yet whether typical policy interventions improve their education and labor market outcomes is understudied. I use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the impacts of a state financial aid program aimed towards nontraditional students. Eligibility has no impacts on degree completion for students intending to enroll in community colleges or four-year colleges but increases bachelor's degrees for students interested in large, for-profit colleges by four percentage points. I find no impacts on employment or earnings for all applicants. This research highlights challenges in promoting human capital investment for adults.},
+  abstract = {Up to three-fourths of college students can be classified as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenontraditional,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace yet whether typical policy interventions improve their education and labor market outcomes is understudied. I use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the impacts of a state financial aid program aimed towards nontraditional students. Eligibility has no impacts on degree completion for students intending to enroll in community colleges or four-year colleges but increases bachelor's degrees for students interested in large, for-profit colleges by four percentage points. I find no impacts on employment or earnings for all applicants. This research highlights challenges in promoting human capital investment for adults.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Gutberlet2008,
-  title = {Informal Recycling and Occupational Health in {{Santo Andr\'e}}, {{Brazil}}},
+  title = {Informal Recycling and Occupational Health in {{Santo Andr{\'e}}}, {{Brazil}}},
   author = {Gutberlet, Jutta and Baeder, Angela M.},
   year = {2008},
   month = feb,
@@ -14068,7 +16574,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {2},
   pages = {381--411},
   issn = {0041-9494},
-  abstract = {Growing inequality, the decline in labor's share of national income, and increasing evidence of labor-market concentration and employer buyer power are all subjects of national attention, eliciting wide-ranging proposals for legal reform. Many proposals hinge on labor-market fixes and empowering workers within and beyond existing work law or through tax-and-transfer schemes. But a recent surge of interest focuses on applying antitrust law in labor markets, or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelabor antitrust.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace These proposals call for more aggressive enforcement by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as well as stronger legal remedies for employer collusion and unlawful monopsony that suppresses workers' wages. The turn to labor antitrust is driven in part by congressional gridlock and the collapse of labor law as a dominant source of labor market regulation, inviting regulation through other means. Labor antitrust promises an effective attack because agency discretion and judicial enforcement can police labor markets without substantial amendments to existing law, bypassing the current impasse in Congress. Further, unlike labor and employment law, labor antitrust is uniquely positioned to challenge industry-wide wage suppression: suing multiple employers is increasingly challenging in work law as a statutory, doctrinal, and procedural matter. But current labor-antitrust proposals, while fruitful, are fundamentally limited in two ways. First, echoing a broader antitrust policy crisis, they inherit and reinvigorate debates about the current consumer welfare goal of antitrust. The proposals ignore that, as a theoretical and practical matter, employers' anticompetitive conduct in labor markets does not necessarily harm consumers. As a result, workers' labor-antitrust challenges will face an uphill battle under current law: when consumers are not harmed, labor antitrust can neither effectively police employer buyer power nor fill gaps in labor market regulation left by a retreating labor law. Second, the proposals ignore real synergies between antitrust enforcement and labor regulation that could preempt the rise of employer buyer power and contain its exercise. This Essay analyzes the limitations of current labor-antitrust proposals and argues for \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveregulatory sharing\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace between antitrust and labor law to combat the adverse effects of employer buyer power. It makes three key contributions. First, it frames the new labor antitrust as disrupting a grand regulatory bargain, reinforced by the Chicago School, that separated labor and antitrust regulation to resolve a perceived paradox in serving two masters: workers and consumers. The dominance of the consumer welfare standard resolved that paradox. Second, it explains how scholarly attempts to invigorate labor antitrust fail to overcome this paradox and ignore theoretical and doctrinal roadblocks to maximizing both worker and consumer welfare, leaving worker-plaintiffs vulnerable to failure. Third, it proposes a novel restructuring of labor market regulation that integrates antitrust and labor law enforcement to achieve coherent and effective regulation of employer buyer power. It refocuses labor-antitrust claims on consumer welfare ends. In doing so, it also relegates worker welfare considerations to a labor law supplemented and fortified by the creation of substantive presumptions and defenses triggered by labor-antitrust findings as well as labor agency involvement in merger review.},
+  abstract = {Growing inequality, the decline in labor's share of national income, and increasing evidence of labor-market concentration and employer buyer power are all subjects of national attention, eliciting wide-ranging proposals for legal reform. Many proposals hinge on labor-market fixes and empowering workers within and beyond existing work law or through tax-and-transfer schemes. But a recent surge of interest focuses on applying antitrust law in labor markets, or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravelabor antitrust.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace These proposals call for more aggressive enforcement by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as well as stronger legal remedies for employer collusion and unlawful monopsony that suppresses workers' wages. The turn to labor antitrust is driven in part by congressional gridlock and the collapse of labor law as a dominant source of labor market regulation, inviting regulation through other means. Labor antitrust promises an effective attack because agency discretion and judicial enforcement can police labor markets without substantial amendments to existing law, bypassing the current impasse in Congress. Further, unlike labor and employment law, labor antitrust is uniquely positioned to challenge industry-wide wage suppression: suing multiple employers is increasingly challenging in work law as a statutory, doctrinal, and procedural matter. But current labor-antitrust proposals, while fruitful, are fundamentally limited in two ways. First, echoing a broader antitrust policy crisis, they inherit and reinvigorate debates about the current consumer welfare goal of antitrust. The proposals ignore that, as a theoretical and practical matter, employers' anticompetitive conduct in labor markets does not necessarily harm consumers. As a result, workers' labor-antitrust challenges will face an uphill battle under current law: when consumers are not harmed, labor antitrust can neither effectively police employer buyer power nor fill gaps in labor market regulation left by a retreating labor law. Second, the proposals ignore real synergies between antitrust enforcement and labor regulation that could preempt the rise of employer buyer power and contain its exercise. This Essay analyzes the limitations of current labor-antitrust proposals and argues for {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveregulatory sharing{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace between antitrust and labor law to combat the adverse effects of employer buyer power. It makes three key contributions. First, it frames the new labor antitrust as disrupting a grand regulatory bargain, reinforced by the Chicago School, that separated labor and antitrust regulation to resolve a perceived paradox in serving two masters: workers and consumers. The dominance of the consumer welfare standard resolved that paradox. Second, it explains how scholarly attempts to invigorate labor antitrust fail to overcome this paradox and ignore theoretical and doctrinal roadblocks to maximizing both worker and consumer welfare, leaving worker-plaintiffs vulnerable to failure. Third, it proposes a novel restructuring of labor market regulation that integrates antitrust and labor law enforcement to achieve coherent and effective regulation of employer buyer power. It refocuses labor-antitrust claims on consumer welfare ends. In doing so, it also relegates worker welfare considerations to a labor law supplemented and fortified by the creation of substantive presumptions and defenses triggered by labor-antitrust findings as well as labor agency involvement in merger review.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14099,7 +16605,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {2528--2537},
   issn = {0039-2499},
   doi = {10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037386},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Strokes in the working-age population represent a relevant share of ischemic strokes and re-employment is a major factor for well-being in these patients. Income differences by sex have been suspected a barrier for women in returning to paid work following ischemic stroke. We aim to identify predictors of (not) returning to paid work in patients with large vessel occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) to identify potential areas of targeted vocational rehabilitation. METHODS: From 6635 patients enrolled in the German Stroke Registry Endovascular Treatment between 2015 and 2019, data of 606 patients of the working population who survived large vessel occlusion at least 90 days past MT were compared based on employment status at day 90 follow-up. Univariate analysis, multiple logistic regression and analyses of area under the curve were performed to identify predictors of re-employment. RESULTS: We report 35.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients being re-employed 3 months following MT (median age 54.0 years; 36.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of men, 34.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceP=0.722]). We identified independent negative predictors against re-employment being female sex (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 0.427 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.229-0.794]; P=0.007), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 24 hours after MT (OR, 0.775 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.705-0.852]; P{$<$}0.001), large vessel occlusion due to large-artery atherosclerosis (OR, 0.558 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.312-0.997]; P=0.049) and longer hospital stay (OR, 0.930 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.868-0.998]; P=0.043). Positive predictors favoring re-employment were excellent functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1) at 90 day follow-up (OR, 11.335 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 4.864-26.415]; P{$<$}.001) and combined treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (OR, 1.904 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.046-3.466]; P=0.035). Multiple regression modeling increased predictive power of re-employment status significantly over prediction by best single functional outcome parameter (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 24 hours after MT {$<$}= 5; R-2: 0.582 versus 0.432; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.887 versus 0.835, P{$<$}0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is more to re-employment after MT than functional outcome alone. In particular, attention should be paid to possible systemic barriers deterring women from resuming paid work.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Strokes in the working-age population represent a relevant share of ischemic strokes and re-employment is a major factor for well-being in these patients. Income differences by sex have been suspected a barrier for women in returning to paid work following ischemic stroke. We aim to identify predictors of (not) returning to paid work in patients with large vessel occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) to identify potential areas of targeted vocational rehabilitation. METHODS: From 6635 patients enrolled in the German Stroke Registry Endovascular Treatment between 2015 and 2019, data of 606 patients of the working population who survived large vessel occlusion at least 90 days past MT were compared based on employment status at day 90 follow-up. Univariate analysis, multiple logistic regression and analyses of area under the curve were performed to identify predictors of re-employment. RESULTS: We report 35.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients being re-employed 3 months following MT (median age 54.0 years; 36.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of men, 34.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceP=0.722]). We identified independent negative predictors against re-employment being female sex (odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR], 0.427 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.229-0.794]; P=0.007), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 24 hours after MT (OR, 0.775 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.705-0.852]; P{$<$}0.001), large vessel occlusion due to large-artery atherosclerosis (OR, 0.558 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.312-0.997]; P=0.049) and longer hospital stay (OR, 0.930 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.868-0.998]; P=0.043). Positive predictors favoring re-employment were excellent functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1) at 90 day follow-up (OR, 11.335 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 4.864-26.415]; P{$<$}.001) and combined treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (OR, 1.904 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.046-3.466]; P=0.035). Multiple regression modeling increased predictive power of re-employment status significantly over prediction by best single functional outcome parameter (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 24 hours after MT {$<$}= 5; R-2: 0.582 versus 0.432; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.887 versus 0.835, P{$<$}0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is more to re-employment after MT than functional outcome alone. In particular, attention should be paid to possible systemic barriers deterring women from resuming paid work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14113,7 +16619,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {1},
   pages = {30--36},
   issn = {0813-0531},
-  abstract = {Objectives To gain a consensus view of potential roles for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in a rural Australian hospital and identify the barriers and enablers in their development and implementation. Design A three round Delphi study. Setting A rural hospital. Participants Twenty eight nurses, five doctors, four consumers, two health service managers, two allied health practitioners, one midwife, three community workers, two administrators and three others with hospital affiliation. Main Outcome Measures Consensus at 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% level of agreement or greater, identifying service gaps which might benefit from NPs and the barriers and enablers impacting on the success of developing and implementing the role. Results Introduce mental health, aged and critical care NPs initially. Barriers and enablers identified as impacting on the development and implementation of the role were: Educational access for isolated rural nurses local cohort learning with employment contracts encompassing fee assistance and designated study time. Acceptance from doctors - supported role provided the proposed service is sustainable. Small teams of NPs would achieve this. Inappropriate Recruitment - NP role matching service need, not individual. Policy and Funding Constraints - clients are best served by NPs working across the care continuum. Co funding by acute and community providers could overcome the current constraints of commonwealth/state payment. Conclusion In developing and implementing NP roles at a rural health service the issues of access to tertiary education, creating a sustainable number of NP positions and financial cooperation from community and acute providers must be taken into account. Only then can nurses who wish to take on this NP role in a rural health service have the possibility of success.},
+  abstract = {Objectives To gain a consensus view of potential roles for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in a rural Australian hospital and identify the barriers and enablers in their development and implementation. Design A three round Delphi study. Setting A rural hospital. Participants Twenty eight nurses, five doctors, four consumers, two health service managers, two allied health practitioners, one midwife, three community workers, two administrators and three others with hospital affiliation. Main Outcome Measures Consensus at 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% level of agreement or greater, identifying service gaps which might benefit from NPs and the barriers and enablers impacting on the success of developing and implementing the role. Results Introduce mental health, aged and critical care NPs initially. Barriers and enablers identified as impacting on the development and implementation of the role were: Educational access for isolated rural nurses local cohort learning with employment contracts encompassing fee assistance and designated study time. Acceptance from doctors - supported role provided the proposed service is sustainable. Small teams of NPs would achieve this. Inappropriate Recruitment - NP role matching service need, not individual. Policy and Funding Constraints - clients are best served by NPs working across the care continuum. Co funding by acute and community providers could overcome the current constraints of commonwealth/state payment. Conclusion In developing and implementing NP roles at a rural health service the issues of access to tertiary education, creating a sustainable number of NP positions and financial cooperation from community and acute providers must be taken into account. Only then can nurses who wish to take on this NP role in a rural health service have the possibility of success.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14122,12 +16628,12 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   author = {Hajizadeh, Mohammad and Heymann, Jody and Strumpf, Erin and Harper, Sam and Nandi, Arijit},
   year = {2015},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {140},
   pages = {104--117},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.008},
-  abstract = {The availability of maternity leave might remove barriers to improved vaccination coverage by increasing the likelihood that parents are available to bring a child to the clinic for immunizations. Using information from 20 low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) we estimated the effect of paid maternity leave policies on childhood vaccination uptake. We used birth history data collected via Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to assemble a multilevel panel of 258,769 live births in 20 countries from 2001 to 2008; these data were merged with longitudinal information on the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) weeks of paid maternity leave guaranteed by each country. We used Logistic regression models that included country and year fixed effects to estimate the impact of increases in FTE paid maternity leave policies in the prior year on the receipt of the following vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) commonly given at birth, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP, 3 doses) commonly given in clinic visits and Polio (3 doses) given in clinic visits or as part of campaigns. We found that extending the duration of paid maternity leave had a positive effect on immunization rates for all three doses of the DTP vaccine; each additional FTE week of paid maternity leave increased DTP1, 2 and 3 coverage by 1.38 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 1.18, 1.57), 1.62 (CI = 1.34, 1.91) and 2.17 (CI = 1.76, 2.58) percentage points, respectively. Estimates were robust to adjustment for birth characteristics, household-level covariates, attendance of skilled health personnel at birth and time-varying country-level covariates. We found no evidence for an effect of maternity leave on the probability of receiving vaccinations for BCG or Polio after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariates. Our findings were consistent with the hypothesis that more generous paid leave policies have the potential to improve DTP immunization coverage. Further work is needed to understand the health effects of paid leave policies in LMICs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {The availability of maternity leave might remove barriers to improved vaccination coverage by increasing the likelihood that parents are available to bring a child to the clinic for immunizations. Using information from 20 low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) we estimated the effect of paid maternity leave policies on childhood vaccination uptake. We used birth history data collected via Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to assemble a multilevel panel of 258,769 live births in 20 countries from 2001 to 2008; these data were merged with longitudinal information on the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) weeks of paid maternity leave guaranteed by each country. We used Logistic regression models that included country and year fixed effects to estimate the impact of increases in FTE paid maternity leave policies in the prior year on the receipt of the following vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) commonly given at birth, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP, 3 doses) commonly given in clinic visits and Polio (3 doses) given in clinic visits or as part of campaigns. We found that extending the duration of paid maternity leave had a positive effect on immunization rates for all three doses of the DTP vaccine; each additional FTE week of paid maternity leave increased DTP1, 2 and 3 coverage by 1.38 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 1.18, 1.57), 1.62 (CI = 1.34, 1.91) and 2.17 (CI = 1.76, 2.58) percentage points, respectively. Estimates were robust to adjustment for birth characteristics, household-level covariates, attendance of skilled health personnel at birth and time-varying country-level covariates. We found no evidence for an effect of maternity leave on the probability of receiving vaccinations for BCG or Polio after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariates. Our findings were consistent with the hypothesis that more generous paid leave policies have the potential to improve DTP immunization coverage. Further work is needed to understand the health effects of paid leave policies in LMICs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14142,7 +16648,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {369--383},
   issn = {1618-7598},
   doi = {10.1007/s10198-017-0889-3},
-  abstract = {Reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers is a primary objective of the Canadian health system. Notwithstanding such concern about accessibility of services, long waiting times for health services have been a prominent health policy issue in recent years. Using pooled data from four nationally representative Canadian Community Health Surveys (CCHSs, 2000/01, 2003, 2005 and 2010; n = 266,962) we examine socioeconomic inequality in lengthy wait time (LWT) to health care among adults (aged 18-65) in Canada. The relative and absolute concentration indices (RC and AC, respectively) are used to quantify income-related inequality in LWT in Canada and for its provinces. Additionally, we decompose the RC and AC indices to identify factors affecting income-related inequality in LWT. Our descriptive results show that, on average, 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Canadian adults experienced LWT to access health services in the past 12 months. While 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the residents of British Columbia and Saskatchewan reported LWT to access health care services, this figure was 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Quebec. Our findings also demonstrated that LWT was mainly concentrated among the poor in Canada \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceRC = -0.039; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) -0.049 to -0.028 and AC = -0.067; CI -0.086 to -0.049]. The RC and AC suggested statistically significant pro-rich inequality of LWT in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Decomposition analyses indicate that, besides income itself, health status (measured by a set of 15 chronic condition indicators), immigration status and geographical factors were the most important factors contributing to the concentration of LWT among the poor in Canada. These results provide some evidence that low-income individuals tend to have lengthier wait times for publicly-funded health care in Canada in comparison to their high-income counterparts. The observed negative gradient between income and long waiting time may be interpreted as evidence of socioeconomic inequity within Canadian health care system. Thus, further work is required to understand the mechanisms explaining the concentration of long wait time among the poor in Canada.},
+  abstract = {Reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers is a primary objective of the Canadian health system. Notwithstanding such concern about accessibility of services, long waiting times for health services have been a prominent health policy issue in recent years. Using pooled data from four nationally representative Canadian Community Health Surveys (CCHSs, 2000/01, 2003, 2005 and 2010; n = 266,962) we examine socioeconomic inequality in lengthy wait time (LWT) to health care among adults (aged 18-65) in Canada. The relative and absolute concentration indices (RC and AC, respectively) are used to quantify income-related inequality in LWT in Canada and for its provinces. Additionally, we decompose the RC and AC indices to identify factors affecting income-related inequality in LWT. Our descriptive results show that, on average, 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of Canadian adults experienced LWT to access health services in the past 12 months. While 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the residents of British Columbia and Saskatchewan reported LWT to access health care services, this figure was 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in Quebec. Our findings also demonstrated that LWT was mainly concentrated among the poor in Canada {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceRC = -0.039; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) -0.049 to -0.028 and AC = -0.067; CI -0.086 to -0.049]. The RC and AC suggested statistically significant pro-rich inequality of LWT in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Decomposition analyses indicate that, besides income itself, health status (measured by a set of 15 chronic condition indicators), immigration status and geographical factors were the most important factors contributing to the concentration of LWT among the poor in Canada. These results provide some evidence that low-income individuals tend to have lengthier wait times for publicly-funded health care in Canada in comparison to their high-income counterparts. The observed negative gradient between income and long waiting time may be interpreted as evidence of socioeconomic inequity within Canadian health care system. Thus, further work is required to understand the mechanisms explaining the concentration of long wait time among the poor in Canada.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14174,7 +16680,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {100--106},
   issn = {1936-6574},
   doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2012.11.001},
-  abstract = {Background: Individuals with disabilities are a health disparity population with high rates of risk factors, lower overall health status, and greater health care costs. The interacting effect of employment, health and disability has not been reported in the research. Objective: This study examined the relationship of employment to health and quality of life among people with disabilities. Methods: Self-reported survey data and secondary claims data analyses of 810 Kansans ages 18-64 with disabilities who were dually-eligible for Medicare and Medicaid; 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% were employed, with 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% working less than 40 hours per week. Statistical analyses included ANOVA for differences between the employed and unemployed groups' health status, risk scores, and disease burdens; chi-square analyses for differences in prevalence of health risk behaviors and differences in quality of life by employment status; and logistic regression with health status measures to determine factors associated with higher than average physical and mental health status. Results: Findings indicated participants with any level of paid employment had significantly lower rates of smoking and better quality of life; self-reported health status was significantly higher, while per person per month Medicaid expenditures were less. Employment, even at low levels, was associated with better health and health behaviors as well as lower costs. Participants reported being discouraged from working by medical professionals and federal disability policies. Conclusions: Although cause-effect cannot be established from this study, findings strongly support changes to provider practices and federal disability policy to support employment at all levels for people with disabilities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Individuals with disabilities are a health disparity population with high rates of risk factors, lower overall health status, and greater health care costs. The interacting effect of employment, health and disability has not been reported in the research. Objective: This study examined the relationship of employment to health and quality of life among people with disabilities. Methods: Self-reported survey data and secondary claims data analyses of 810 Kansans ages 18-64 with disabilities who were dually-eligible for Medicare and Medicaid; 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were employed, with 94{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% working less than 40 hours per week. Statistical analyses included ANOVA for differences between the employed and unemployed groups' health status, risk scores, and disease burdens; chi-square analyses for differences in prevalence of health risk behaviors and differences in quality of life by employment status; and logistic regression with health status measures to determine factors associated with higher than average physical and mental health status. Results: Findings indicated participants with any level of paid employment had significantly lower rates of smoking and better quality of life; self-reported health status was significantly higher, while per person per month Medicaid expenditures were less. Employment, even at low levels, was associated with better health and health behaviors as well as lower costs. Participants reported being discouraged from working by medical professionals and federal disability policies. Conclusions: Although cause-effect cannot be established from this study, findings strongly support changes to provider practices and federal disability policy to support employment at all levels for people with disabilities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14187,7 +16693,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {5},
   issn = {2054-4251},
   doi = {10.1017/gmh.2018.25},
-  abstract = {Background. Transnational migrant populations face critical barriers to mental health service utilization that perpetuate mental health disparities globally. Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) number over 2 million globally and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% are female domestic workers. Structural barriers prevent equitable access to mental health services for this population. Electronic mental health (eMental Health) intervention is a scalable alternative to face-to-face treatment. The current study sought to identify key correlates of intention to use eMental Health within a community of female Filipino domestic workers living and working in Macao (SAR), China. Methods. Respondent-driven sampling implemented at a community field site was used to reach a sample of 1364 female domestic workers. A multivariable adjusted partial proportional-odds (PPO) model was used to assess relevant correlates of intent to use eMental Health. Results. The majority (62.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported being likely to utilize eMental Health. The adjusted PPO model showed that younger age (18-25, 26-35, 36-45 v. over 55), longer time as an OFW, being likely (v. neutral and unlikely) to seek professional services, willingness to pay for services (v. not), belief that mental health services are a priority (v. low priority), having access to Wi-Fi outside the employer's home (v. not), and higher levels of social support were associated with increased odds of intent to use eMental Health. Conclusions. eMental Health is a promising intervention with high potential for uptake among OFWs. The majority of the study population owned a smartphone and were able to connect to the Internet or Wi-Fi. Future work will rigorously evaluate eMental Health programs for use among OFWs.},
+  abstract = {Background. Transnational migrant populations face critical barriers to mental health service utilization that perpetuate mental health disparities globally. Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) number over 2 million globally and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% are female domestic workers. Structural barriers prevent equitable access to mental health services for this population. Electronic mental health (eMental Health) intervention is a scalable alternative to face-to-face treatment. The current study sought to identify key correlates of intention to use eMental Health within a community of female Filipino domestic workers living and working in Macao (SAR), China. Methods. Respondent-driven sampling implemented at a community field site was used to reach a sample of 1364 female domestic workers. A multivariable adjusted partial proportional-odds (PPO) model was used to assess relevant correlates of intent to use eMental Health. Results. The majority (62.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported being likely to utilize eMental Health. The adjusted PPO model showed that younger age (18-25, 26-35, 36-45 v. over 55), longer time as an OFW, being likely (v. neutral and unlikely) to seek professional services, willingness to pay for services (v. not), belief that mental health services are a priority (v. low priority), having access to Wi-Fi outside the employer's home (v. not), and higher levels of social support were associated with increased odds of intent to use eMental Health. Conclusions. eMental Health is a promising intervention with high potential for uptake among OFWs. The majority of the study population owned a smartphone and were able to connect to the Internet or Wi-Fi. Future work will rigorously evaluate eMental Health programs for use among OFWs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14235,6 +16741,23 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Haller1994,
+  title = {{{FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND THE CHANGE OF GENDER ROLES}}: {{THE CONFLICTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICIPATION AND ATTITUDES IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON}}},
+  shorttitle = {{{FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND THE CHANGE OF GENDER ROLES}}},
+  author = {Haller, Max and Hoellinger, Franz},
+  year = {1994},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {International Sociology},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {87--112},
+  issn = {0268-5809, 1461-7242},
+  doi = {10.1177/026858094009001006},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This article examines female labour force participation and gender role attitudes from a comparative perspective, using recent survey data from eight countries. It starts with two general hypotheses. The technological-functional hypothesis states that the increase in women's labour force participation is a necessary concomitant of industrialisation, followed sooner or later by a corresponding adaptation of gender role attitudes toward individualistic-egalitarian values. The cultural-institutional hypothesis states that extra-familial work of women and gender role attitudes are both related to historically persistent, general societal values regarding personal individuality and freedom, family and social stratification. Empirical results did not confirm the hypothesis that the higher the employment rate of women in a particular country, the more the population will have egalitarian gender role attitudes. This is exemplified by the two polar cases of Hungary with the highest levels of employment, but most traditional attitudes, and Netherlands with relatively low levels of employment but very modern attitudes. It seems that the actual employment rates of women (as well as an economic motivation of female employment as a contribution to household income) are primarily determined by changing economic circumstances and policies as well as the actual economic situation of women and their family. Gender role attitudes, however, are shaped not only by structural changes due to industrialisation but also by socio-cultural factors, such as the religious heritages of different countries. In this regard, our second hypothesis also obtains empirical support.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Hallman2005,
   title = {Mothers' {{Work}} and {{Child Care}}: {{Findings}} from the {{Urban Slums}} of {{Guatemala City}}},
   shorttitle = {Mothers' {{Work}} and {{Child Care}}},
@@ -14262,7 +16785,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {223--229},
   issn = {0091-1674},
   doi = {10.1007/s10615-019-00734-y},
-  abstract = {An important anti-poverty program for older Americans is facing a serious problem: The Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP) was deemed \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveineffective\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by the Department of Labor. The department's 2020 budget, in fact, proposes the program's elimination. SCSEP, which places low-income adults aged 55 and older with multiple barriers to work in on-the-job training in nonprofit and public agencies while providing a modest stipend, has the goal of helping participants to transition into unsubsidized, gainful employment. Yet measures used to determine the program's effectiveness focus solely on employment outcomes, ignoring important outcomes related to health and social engagement. This commentary advocates for the preservation of SCSEP by countering the view that it is purely an employment intervention for low-income older adults. We describe the complexity of the program and the people it serves and argue that using select measures that do not encompass the breadth of SCSEP's benefits creates an inaccurate appearance of ineffectiveness. We conclude with recommendations for SCSEP administrators and grantees, social workers, and others to enhance the promise of this important program.},
+  abstract = {An important anti-poverty program for older Americans is facing a serious problem: The Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP) was deemed {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveineffective{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace by the Department of Labor. The department's 2020 budget, in fact, proposes the program's elimination. SCSEP, which places low-income adults aged 55 and older with multiple barriers to work in on-the-job training in nonprofit and public agencies while providing a modest stipend, has the goal of helping participants to transition into unsubsidized, gainful employment. Yet measures used to determine the program's effectiveness focus solely on employment outcomes, ignoring important outcomes related to health and social engagement. This commentary advocates for the preservation of SCSEP by countering the view that it is purely an employment intervention for low-income older adults. We describe the complexity of the program and the people it serves and argue that using select measures that do not encompass the breadth of SCSEP's benefits creates an inaccurate appearance of ineffectiveness. We conclude with recommendations for SCSEP administrators and grantees, social workers, and others to enhance the promise of this important program.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14271,13 +16794,13 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   author = {Halvorsen, Cal J. and Saran, Indrani and {Pitt-Catsouphes}, Marcie},
   year = {2020},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
+  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FAMILY},
   volume = {23},
   number = {5, SI},
   pages = {556--575},
   issn = {1366-8803},
   doi = {10.1080/13668803.2020.1809996},
-  abstract = {There is a robust literature that examines outcomes associated with work-life supports. Scholars have considered the \textbackslash textasciigravefit' between employee needs and the supports available while others have examined the \textbackslash textasciigraveusability'-or the potential consequences of using-work-life supports. In this article, we suggest that \textbackslash textasciigravefit' and \textbackslash textasciigraveusability' could be related to both employees' own demographic, social, and cultural identities, as well as perceptions of fairness at the workplace. While scholars have focused on organizational justice and workplace fairness for quite some time, the context of diversity-in its many forms-has rarely been included in this conversation or has simply been added as a series of controls in statistical analyses without regard to diversity's various forms. In response, we review the work-life literature to consider the broad context of diversity as well as various domains of workplace fairness. We then present a conceptual framework that aims to guide future work-life research on the fit and usability of work-life supports in the context of diversity and perceptions of fairness. We also offer research propositions to stimulate future scholarship and present findings from an exploratory study to illustrate the importance of considering the context of diversity in studies on workplace fairness.},
+  abstract = {There is a robust literature that examines outcomes associated with work-life supports. Scholars have considered the {\textbackslash}textasciigravefit' between employee needs and the supports available while others have examined the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveusability'-or the potential consequences of using-work-life supports. In this article, we suggest that {\textbackslash}textasciigravefit' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveusability' could be related to both employees' own demographic, social, and cultural identities, as well as perceptions of fairness at the workplace. While scholars have focused on organizational justice and workplace fairness for quite some time, the context of diversity-in its many forms-has rarely been included in this conversation or has simply been added as a series of controls in statistical analyses without regard to diversity's various forms. In response, we review the work-life literature to consider the broad context of diversity as well as various domains of workplace fairness. We then present a conceptual framework that aims to guide future work-life research on the fit and usability of work-life supports in the context of diversity and perceptions of fairness. We also offer research propositions to stimulate future scholarship and present findings from an exploratory study to illustrate the importance of considering the context of diversity in studies on workplace fairness.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14306,7 +16829,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {8},
   issn = {2574-3805},
   doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14196},
-  abstract = {Question Is there an association of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage with the development of cardiovascular risk factors, myocardial infarction, and stroke among refugees? Findings In this quasi-experimental cohort study, 49.305 refugees who were assigned to more disadvantaged neighborhoods across Denmark were at increased risk of developing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and myocardial infarction over subsequent decades. No associations were found for stroke. Meaning Neighborhood characteristics may be associated with long-term cardiovascular risk among refugees. This quasi-experimental cohort study uses data from the Danish population register of adult immigrants arriving from 1986 to 1998 and health outcomes from the inpatient clinic register, outpatient clinic register, and prescription drug register to assess the association between disadvantaged neighborhoods and cardiovascular disease risk among refugees. Importance Refugees are among the most disadvantaged individuals in society, and they often have elevated risks of cardiovascular risk factors and events. Evidence is limited regarding factors that may worsen cardiovascular health among this vulnerable group. Objective To test the hypothesis that refugee placement in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Design, Setting, and Participants The study population of this quasi-experimental, registry-based cohort study included 49.305 adults 18 years and older who came to Denmark as refugees from other countries during the years of Denmark's refugee dispersal policy from 1986 to 1998. Refugees were dispersed to neighborhoods with varying degrees of socioeconomic disadvantage in an arbitrary manner conditional on observed characteristics. The association of neighborhood disadvantage on arrival with several cardiovascular outcomes in subsequent decades was evaluated using regression models that adjusted for individual, family, and municipal characteristics. Health outcomes were abstracted from the inpatient register, outpatient specialty clinic register, and prescription drug register through 2016. Data analysis was conducted from May 2018 to July 2019. Exposures A composite index of neighborhood disadvantage was constructed using 8 neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics derived from Danish population register data. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary study outcomes included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Before data analysis commenced, it was hypothesized that higher levels of neighborhood disadvantage were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors and events. Results A total of 49 305 participants were included (median \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceinterquartile range] age, 30.5 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace24.9-39.8] years; 43.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% women). Participant region of origin included 6318 from Africa (12.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 7253 from Asia (14.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 3446 from Eastern Europe (7.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 5416 from Iraq (11.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 6206 from Iran (12.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 5558 from Palestine (via Lebanon, Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territories; 11.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and 15 108 from Yugoslavia (30.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Adjusted models revealed an association between placement in disadvantaged neighborhoods and increased risk of hypertension (0.71 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.30-1.13] percentage points per unit of disadvantage index; P {$<$} .01), hyperlipidemia (0.44 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.06-0.83] percentage points; P = .01), diabetes (0.45 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.09-0.81] percentage points; P = .01), and myocardial infarction (0.14 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.03-0.25] percentage points; P = .01). No association was found for stroke. Individuals who arrived in Denmark before age 35 years had an increased risk of hyperlipidemia (1.16 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.41-1.92] percentage points; P {$<$} .01), and there were no differences by sex. Conclusions and Relevance In this quasi-experimental cohort study, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with increased cardiovascular risk in a relatively young population of refugees. Neighborhood characteristics may be an important consideration when refugees are placed by resettlement agencies and host countries. Future work should examine additional health outcomes as well as potential mediating pathways to target future interventions (eg, neighborhood ease of walking, employment opportunities).},
+  abstract = {Question Is there an association of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage with the development of cardiovascular risk factors, myocardial infarction, and stroke among refugees? Findings In this quasi-experimental cohort study, 49.305 refugees who were assigned to more disadvantaged neighborhoods across Denmark were at increased risk of developing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and myocardial infarction over subsequent decades. No associations were found for stroke. Meaning Neighborhood characteristics may be associated with long-term cardiovascular risk among refugees. This quasi-experimental cohort study uses data from the Danish population register of adult immigrants arriving from 1986 to 1998 and health outcomes from the inpatient clinic register, outpatient clinic register, and prescription drug register to assess the association between disadvantaged neighborhoods and cardiovascular disease risk among refugees. Importance Refugees are among the most disadvantaged individuals in society, and they often have elevated risks of cardiovascular risk factors and events. Evidence is limited regarding factors that may worsen cardiovascular health among this vulnerable group. Objective To test the hypothesis that refugee placement in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Design, Setting, and Participants The study population of this quasi-experimental, registry-based cohort study included 49.305 adults 18 years and older who came to Denmark as refugees from other countries during the years of Denmark's refugee dispersal policy from 1986 to 1998. Refugees were dispersed to neighborhoods with varying degrees of socioeconomic disadvantage in an arbitrary manner conditional on observed characteristics. The association of neighborhood disadvantage on arrival with several cardiovascular outcomes in subsequent decades was evaluated using regression models that adjusted for individual, family, and municipal characteristics. Health outcomes were abstracted from the inpatient register, outpatient specialty clinic register, and prescription drug register through 2016. Data analysis was conducted from May 2018 to July 2019. Exposures A composite index of neighborhood disadvantage was constructed using 8 neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics derived from Danish population register data. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary study outcomes included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Before data analysis commenced, it was hypothesized that higher levels of neighborhood disadvantage were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors and events. Results A total of 49 305 participants were included (median {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceinterquartile range] age, 30.5 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace24.9-39.8] years; 43.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% women). Participant region of origin included 6318 from Africa (12.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 7253 from Asia (14.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 3446 from Eastern Europe (7.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 5416 from Iraq (11.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 6206 from Iran (12.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 5558 from Palestine (via Lebanon, Israel, Occupied Palestinian Territories; 11.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and 15 108 from Yugoslavia (30.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Adjusted models revealed an association between placement in disadvantaged neighborhoods and increased risk of hypertension (0.71 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.30-1.13] percentage points per unit of disadvantage index; P {$<$} .01), hyperlipidemia (0.44 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.06-0.83] percentage points; P = .01), diabetes (0.45 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.09-0.81] percentage points; P = .01), and myocardial infarction (0.14 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.03-0.25] percentage points; P = .01). No association was found for stroke. Individuals who arrived in Denmark before age 35 years had an increased risk of hyperlipidemia (1.16 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.41-1.92] percentage points; P {$<$} .01), and there were no differences by sex. Conclusions and Relevance In this quasi-experimental cohort study, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with increased cardiovascular risk in a relatively young population of refugees. Neighborhood characteristics may be an important consideration when refugees are placed by resettlement agencies and host countries. Future work should examine additional health outcomes as well as potential mediating pathways to target future interventions (eg, neighborhood ease of walking, employment opportunities).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14318,7 +16841,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   journal = {JAPAN FORUM},
   issn = {0955-5803},
   doi = {10.1080/09555803.2023.2240804},
-  abstract = {The \textbackslash textasciigraveWork Style Reform' (WSR) initiative, spearheaded by the late former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, has advocated for the adoption of \textbackslash textasciigravefukugyo' ('side jobs') as an additional source of income for workers. While this initiative is often uncritically viewed as a possible solution to insecure employment, especially for women employed in low-paying, temporary positions, this article argues that the WSR's promotion of fukugyo, reinforces patriarchal norms rather than challenging them. Furthermore, it critiques the neoliberal ideology that underpins the WSR initiative, which portrays underpriviledged groups of workers, such as working women in non-regular employment earning less than their male counterparts, as \textbackslash textasciigraveflexible', \textbackslash textasciigraveautonomous' and \textbackslash textasciigraveentrepreneurial', capable of juggling multiple jobs while fulfiling their domestic duties. The article claims that the WSR's promotion of fukugyo lacks sufficient legal safeguards and social welfare support for fukugyo workers, the majority of whom are not recognised as \textbackslash textasciigraveworkers' under Japan's labour law. As a result, it could exacerbate the problems of employment insecurity and gender inequality in Japan.},
+  abstract = {The {\textbackslash}textasciigraveWork Style Reform' (WSR) initiative, spearheaded by the late former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, has advocated for the adoption of {\textbackslash}textasciigravefukugyo' ('side jobs') as an additional source of income for workers. While this initiative is often uncritically viewed as a possible solution to insecure employment, especially for women employed in low-paying, temporary positions, this article argues that the WSR's promotion of fukugyo, reinforces patriarchal norms rather than challenging them. Furthermore, it critiques the neoliberal ideology that underpins the WSR initiative, which portrays underpriviledged groups of workers, such as working women in non-regular employment earning less than their male counterparts, as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveflexible', {\textbackslash}textasciigraveautonomous' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveentrepreneurial', capable of juggling multiple jobs while fulfiling their domestic duties. The article claims that the WSR's promotion of fukugyo lacks sufficient legal safeguards and social welfare support for fukugyo workers, the majority of whom are not recognised as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworkers' under Japan's labour law. As a result, it could exacerbate the problems of employment insecurity and gender inequality in Japan.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14367,7 +16890,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
 }
 
 @article{Hampshire2017,
-  title = {Who Bears the Cost of \textbackslash textasciigraveinformal Mhealth'? {{Health-workers}}' Mobile Phone Practices and Associated Political-Moral Economies of Care in {{Ghana}} and {{Malawi}}},
+  title = {Who Bears the Cost of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveinformal Mhealth'? {{Health-workers}}' Mobile Phone Practices and Associated Political-Moral Economies of Care in {{Ghana}} and {{Malawi}}},
   author = {Hampshire, Kate and Porter, Gina and Mariwah, Simon and Munthali, Alister and Robson, Elsbeth and Owusu, Samuel Asiedu and Abane, Albert and Milner, James},
   year = {2017},
   month = feb,
@@ -14377,7 +16900,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {34--42},
   issn = {0268-1080},
   doi = {10.1093/heapol/czw095},
-  abstract = {Africa's recent communications \textbackslash textasciigraverevolution' has generated optimism that using mobile phones for health (mhealth) can help bridge healthcare gaps, particularly for rural, hard-to-reach populations. However, while scale-up of mhealth pilots remains limited, health-workers across the continent possess mobile phones. This article draws on interviews from Ghana and Malawi to ask whether/how health-workers are using their phones informally and with what consequences. Healthworkers were found to use personal mobile phones for a wide range of purposes: obtaining help in emergencies; communicating with patients/colleagues; facilitating community-based care, patient monitoring and medication adherence; obtaining clinical advice/information and managing logistics. However, the costs were being borne by the health-workers themselves, particularly by those at the lower echelons, in rural communities, often on minimal stipends/salaries, who are required to \textbackslash textasciigravecare' even at substantial personal cost. Although there is significant potential for \textbackslash textasciigraveinformal mhealth' to improve (rural) healthcare, there is a risk that the associated moral and political economies of care will reinforce existing socioeconomic and geographic inequalities.},
+  abstract = {Africa's recent communications {\textbackslash}textasciigraverevolution' has generated optimism that using mobile phones for health (mhealth) can help bridge healthcare gaps, particularly for rural, hard-to-reach populations. However, while scale-up of mhealth pilots remains limited, health-workers across the continent possess mobile phones. This article draws on interviews from Ghana and Malawi to ask whether/how health-workers are using their phones informally and with what consequences. Healthworkers were found to use personal mobile phones for a wide range of purposes: obtaining help in emergencies; communicating with patients/colleagues; facilitating community-based care, patient monitoring and medication adherence; obtaining clinical advice/information and managing logistics. However, the costs were being borne by the health-workers themselves, particularly by those at the lower echelons, in rural communities, often on minimal stipends/salaries, who are required to {\textbackslash}textasciigravecare' even at substantial personal cost. Although there is significant potential for {\textbackslash}textasciigraveinformal mhealth' to improve (rural) healthcare, there is a risk that the associated moral and political economies of care will reinforce existing socioeconomic and geographic inequalities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14406,7 +16929,23 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {74},
   issn = {0927-5371},
   doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102089},
-  abstract = {This study explores the impact of work requirements for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on the labor supply of able-bodied adults without dependents, exploiting variation in the work exemption across areas over time as well as the age criteria for the work requirement. I find that suspending work requirements does not discourage employment; a decrease in employment of more than 1.4 percentage points among people who are potentially affected by the exemptions can be ruled out with a 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval. I also find evidence of a reduction in hours of work among older prime-age workers due to the work exemption. Further analysis uncovers two reasons why the work exemption has little effect on employment. First, many new SNAP participants who enrolled due to the exemption are the long-term non-employed who have no labor supply to reduce. Second, the generous income deductions in benefit calculation act as a work incentive by significantly lowering the effective benefit reduction rate at very low income (\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar0-600). These findings indicate that the SNAP work requirement may not achieve the intended goal of promoting employment; instead it may increase the risk of disadvantaged individuals failing to receive the assistance they need.},
+  abstract = {This study explores the impact of work requirements for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on the labor supply of able-bodied adults without dependents, exploiting variation in the work exemption across areas over time as well as the age criteria for the work requirement. I find that suspending work requirements does not discourage employment; a decrease in employment of more than 1.4 percentage points among people who are potentially affected by the exemptions can be ruled out with a 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval. I also find evidence of a reduction in hours of work among older prime-age workers due to the work exemption. Further analysis uncovers two reasons why the work exemption has little effect on employment. First, many new SNAP participants who enrolled due to the exemption are the long-term non-employed who have no labor supply to reduce. Second, the generous income deductions in benefit calculation act as a work incentive by significantly lowering the effective benefit reduction rate at very low income ({\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar0-600). These findings indicate that the SNAP work requirement may not achieve the intended goal of promoting employment; instead it may increase the risk of disadvantaged individuals failing to receive the assistance they need.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@incollection{Hancock2019,
+  title = {Empirical {{Intersectionality}}: {{A Tale}} of {{Two Approaches}}},
+  shorttitle = {Empirical {{Intersectionality}}},
+  booktitle = {The {{Palgrave Handbook}} of {{Intersectionality}} in {{Public Policy}}},
+  author = {Hancock, Ange-Marie},
+  editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.},
+  year = {2019},
+  pages = {95--132},
+  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
+  address = {{Cham}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14448,6 +16987,67 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@incollection{Hanif2017,
+  title = {A {{Systematic Review}} of {{Vocational Interventions}} for {{Youth}} with {{Physical Disabilities}}},
+  booktitle = {Research in {{Social Science}} and {{Disability}}},
+  author = {Hanif, Shakira and Peters, Halie and McDougall, Carolyn and Lindsay, Sally},
+  editor = {Altman, Barbara M.},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = sep,
+  volume = {10},
+  pages = {181--202},
+  publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}},
+  doi = {10.1108/S1479-354720170000010008},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-1-78714-606-8 978-1-78714-605-1},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@book{Hankivsky2019,
+  title = {The {{Palgrave Handbook}} of {{Intersectionality}} in {{Public Policy}}},
+  editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.},
+  year = {2019},
+  series = {The {{Politics}} of {{Intersectionality}}},
+  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
+  address = {{Cham}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@incollection{Hankivsky2019a,
+  title = {An {{Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis Framework}}: {{Critical Reflections}} on a {{Methodology}} for {{Advancing Equity}}},
+  shorttitle = {An {{Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis Framework}}},
+  booktitle = {The {{Palgrave Handbook}} of {{Intersectionality}} in {{Public Policy}}},
+  author = {Hankivsky, Olena and Grace, Daniel and Hunting, Gemma and Giesbrecht, Melissa and Fridkin, Alycia and Rudrum, Sarah and Ferlatte, Olivier and Clark, Natalie},
+  editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.},
+  year = {2019},
+  pages = {133--166},
+  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
+  address = {{Cham}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_6},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@incollection{Hankivsky2019b,
+  title = {Introduction: {{Bringing Intersectionality}} to {{Public Policy}}},
+  shorttitle = {Introduction},
+  booktitle = {The {{Palgrave Handbook}} of {{Intersectionality}} in {{Public Policy}}},
+  author = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.},
+  editor = {Hankivsky, Olena and {Jordan-Zachery}, Julia S.},
+  year = {2019},
+  pages = {1--28},
+  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
+  address = {{Cham}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_1},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-3-319-98472-8 978-3-319-98473-5},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Hanna2020,
   title = {Use of the Six Core Surgical Indicators from the {{Lancet Commission}} on {{Global Surgery}} in {{Colombia}}: A Situational Analysis},
   author = {Hanna, Joseph S. and {Herrera-Almario}, Gabriel E. and {Pinilla-Roncancio}, Monica and Tulloch, David and Valencia, Sergio A. and Sabatino, Marlena E. and Hamilton, Charles and Rehman, Shahyan U. and Mendoza, Ardi Knobel and Bernal, Liliana Carolina Gomez and Salas, Maria Fernanda Moreno and Navarro, Maria Alejandra Pena and Nemoyer, Rachel and Scott, Michael and {Pardo-Bayona}, Mariana and Rubiano, Andres M. and Ramirez, Mauricio Vasco and Londono, Dario and {Dario-Gonzalez}, Ivan and Gracias, Vicente and Peck, Gregory L.},
@@ -14458,7 +17058,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {5},
   pages = {E699-E710},
   issn = {2214-109X},
-  abstract = {Background Surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric (SAO) health-care system strengthening is needed to address the emergency and essential surgical care that approximately 5 billion individuals lack globally. To our knowledge, a complete, non-modelled national situational analysis based on the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery surgical indicators has not been done. We aimed to undertake a complete situation analysis of SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and financial risk protection using the core surgical indicators proposed by the Commission in Colombia, an upper-middle-income country. Methods Data to inform the six core surgical system indicators were abstracted from the Colombian national health information system and the most recent national health survey done in 2007. Geographical access to a Bell wether hospital (defined as a hospital capable of providing essential and emergency surgery) within 2 h was assessed by determining 2 h drive time boundaries around Bellwether facilities and the population within and outside these boundaries. Physical 2 h access to a Bellwether was determined by the presence of a motor vehicle suitable for individual transportation. The Department Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica population projection for 2016 and 2018 was used to calculate the SAO provider density. Total operative volume was calculated for 2016 and expressed nationally per 100 000 population. The total number of postoperative deaths that occurred within 30 days of a procedure was divided by the total operative volume to calculate the all-cause, non-risk-adjusted postoperative mortality. The proportion of the population subject to impoverishing costs was calculated by subtracting the baseline number of impoverished individuals from those who fell below the poverty line once out-of-pocket payments were accounted for. Individuals who incurred out-of-pocket payments that were more than 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their annual household income were considered to have experienced catastrophic expenditure. Using GIS mapping, SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and cost protection were also contextualised by socioeconomic status. Findings In 2016, at least 7.1 million people (15.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) in Colombia did not have geographical access to SAO services within a 2 h driving distance. SAO provider density falls short of the Commission's minimum target of 20 providers per 100 000 population, at an estimated density of 13.7 essential SAO health-care providers per 100 000 population in 2018. Lower socioeconomic status of a municipality, as indicated by proportion of people enrolled in the subsidised insurance regime, was associated with a smaller proportion of the population in the municipality being within 2 h of a Bellwether facility, and the most socioeconomically disadvantaged municipalities often had no SAO providers. Furthermore, Colombian providers appear to be working at or beyond capacity, doing 2690-3090 procedures per 100 000 population annually, but they have maintained a relatively low median postoperative mortality of 0.74\textbackslash textbackslash\% (IQR 0.48-0.84). Finally, out-of-pocket expenses for indirect health-care costs were a key barrier to accessing surgical care, prompting 3.1 million (6.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) individuals to become impoverished and 9.5 million (19.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) individuals to incur catastrophic expenditures in 2007. Interpretation We did a non-modelled, indicator-based situation analysis of the Colombian SAO system, finding that it has not yet met, but is working towards achieving, the targets set by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. The observed interdependence of these indicators and correlation with socioeconomic status are consistent with well recognised factors and outcomes of social, health, and health-care inequity. The internal consistency observed in Colombia's situation analysis validates the use of the indicators and has now informed development of an early national SAO plan in Colombia, to set a data-informed stage for implementation and evaluation of timely, safe, and affordable SAO health care, within the National Public Health Decennial Plan, which is due in 2022. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
+  abstract = {Background Surgical, anaesthetic, and obstetric (SAO) health-care system strengthening is needed to address the emergency and essential surgical care that approximately 5 billion individuals lack globally. To our knowledge, a complete, non-modelled national situational analysis based on the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery surgical indicators has not been done. We aimed to undertake a complete situation analysis of SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and financial risk protection using the core surgical indicators proposed by the Commission in Colombia, an upper-middle-income country. Methods Data to inform the six core surgical system indicators were abstracted from the Colombian national health information system and the most recent national health survey done in 2007. Geographical access to a Bell wether hospital (defined as a hospital capable of providing essential and emergency surgery) within 2 h was assessed by determining 2 h drive time boundaries around Bellwether facilities and the population within and outside these boundaries. Physical 2 h access to a Bellwether was determined by the presence of a motor vehicle suitable for individual transportation. The Department Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica population projection for 2016 and 2018 was used to calculate the SAO provider density. Total operative volume was calculated for 2016 and expressed nationally per 100 000 population. The total number of postoperative deaths that occurred within 30 days of a procedure was divided by the total operative volume to calculate the all-cause, non-risk-adjusted postoperative mortality. The proportion of the population subject to impoverishing costs was calculated by subtracting the baseline number of impoverished individuals from those who fell below the poverty line once out-of-pocket payments were accounted for. Individuals who incurred out-of-pocket payments that were more than 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of their annual household income were considered to have experienced catastrophic expenditure. Using GIS mapping, SAO system preparedness, service delivery, and cost protection were also contextualised by socioeconomic status. Findings In 2016, at least 7.1 million people (15.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population) in Colombia did not have geographical access to SAO services within a 2 h driving distance. SAO provider density falls short of the Commission's minimum target of 20 providers per 100 000 population, at an estimated density of 13.7 essential SAO health-care providers per 100 000 population in 2018. Lower socioeconomic status of a municipality, as indicated by proportion of people enrolled in the subsidised insurance regime, was associated with a smaller proportion of the population in the municipality being within 2 h of a Bellwether facility, and the most socioeconomically disadvantaged municipalities often had no SAO providers. Furthermore, Colombian providers appear to be working at or beyond capacity, doing 2690-3090 procedures per 100 000 population annually, but they have maintained a relatively low median postoperative mortality of 0.74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (IQR 0.48-0.84). Finally, out-of-pocket expenses for indirect health-care costs were a key barrier to accessing surgical care, prompting 3.1 million (6.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population) individuals to become impoverished and 9.5 million (19.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population) individuals to incur catastrophic expenditures in 2007. Interpretation We did a non-modelled, indicator-based situation analysis of the Colombian SAO system, finding that it has not yet met, but is working towards achieving, the targets set by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. The observed interdependence of these indicators and correlation with socioeconomic status are consistent with well recognised factors and outcomes of social, health, and health-care inequity. The internal consistency observed in Colombia's situation analysis validates the use of the indicators and has now informed development of an early national SAO plan in Colombia, to set a data-informed stage for implementation and evaluation of timely, safe, and affordable SAO health care, within the National Public Health Decennial Plan, which is due in 2022. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14473,7 +17073,24 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {162--171},
   issn = {0309-2402},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04389.x},
-  abstract = {Aim. This paper reports a study to explore the barriers to evidence-based nursing among Flemish (Belgian) nurses. Background. Barriers obstructing the call for an increase in evidence-based nursing have been explored in many countries, mostly through quantitative study designs. Authors report on lack of time, resources, evidence, authority, support, motivation and resistance to change. Relationships between barriers are seldom presented. Methods. We used a grounded theory approach, and five focus groups were organized between September 2004 and April 2005 in Belgium. We used purposeful sampling to recruit 53 nurses working in different settings. A problem tree was developed to establish links between codes that emerged from the data. Findings. The majority of the barriers were consistent with previous findings. Flemish (Belgian) nurses added a potential lack of responsibility in the uptake of evidence-based nursing, their \textbackslash textasciigraveguest' position in a patient's environment leading to a culture of adaptation, and a future \textbackslash textasciigravetwo tier' nursing practice, which refers to the different education levels of nurses. The problem tree developed serves as (1) a basic model for other researchers who want to explore barriers within their own healthcare system and (2) a useful tool for orienting change management processes. Conclusion. Despite the fact that the problem tree presented is context-specific for Flanders (Belgium), it gives an opportunity to develop clear objectives and targeted strategies for tackling obstacles to evidence-based nursing.},
+  abstract = {Aim. This paper reports a study to explore the barriers to evidence-based nursing among Flemish (Belgian) nurses. Background. Barriers obstructing the call for an increase in evidence-based nursing have been explored in many countries, mostly through quantitative study designs. Authors report on lack of time, resources, evidence, authority, support, motivation and resistance to change. Relationships between barriers are seldom presented. Methods. We used a grounded theory approach, and five focus groups were organized between September 2004 and April 2005 in Belgium. We used purposeful sampling to recruit 53 nurses working in different settings. A problem tree was developed to establish links between codes that emerged from the data. Findings. The majority of the barriers were consistent with previous findings. Flemish (Belgian) nurses added a potential lack of responsibility in the uptake of evidence-based nursing, their {\textbackslash}textasciigraveguest' position in a patient's environment leading to a culture of adaptation, and a future {\textbackslash}textasciigravetwo tier' nursing practice, which refers to the different education levels of nurses. The problem tree developed serves as (1) a basic model for other researchers who want to explore barriers within their own healthcare system and (2) a useful tool for orienting change management processes. Conclusion. Despite the fact that the problem tree presented is context-specific for Flanders (Belgium), it gives an opportunity to develop clear objectives and targeted strategies for tackling obstacles to evidence-based nursing.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@incollection{Hannes2011,
+  title = {Obstacles to the {{Implementation}} of {{Evidence}}-{{Based Practice}} in {{Belgium}}: {{A Worked Example}} of {{Meta}}-{{Aggregation}}},
+  shorttitle = {Obstacles to the {{Implementation}} of {{Evidence}}-{{Based Practice}} in {{Belgium}}},
+  booktitle = {Synthesizing {{Qualitative Research}}},
+  author = {Hannes, Karin and Pearson, Alan},
+  editor = {Hannes, Karin and Lockwood, Craig},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = dec,
+  edition = {1},
+  pages = {21--39},
+  publisher = {{Wiley}},
+  doi = {10.1002/9781119959847.ch2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-0-470-65638-9 978-1-119-95984-7},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14487,7 +17104,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {8},
   issn = {1549-1277},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002898},
-  abstract = {Background Occupational medicine seeks to reduce sick leave; however, evidence for an add-on effect to usual care is sparse. The objective of the GOBACK trial was to test whether people with low back pain (LBP) in physically demanding jobs and at risk of sick leave gain additional benefit from a 3-month complex intervention that involves occupational medicine consultations, a work-related evaluation and workplace intervention plan, an optional workplace visit, and a physical activity program, over a single hospital consultation and an MRI. Methods and findings We enrolled people from the capital region of Denmark to an open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial with a superiority design from March 2014 through December 2015. In a hospital setting 305 participants (99 women) with LBP and in physically demanding jobs were randomized to occupational intervention (n = 153) or no additional intervention (control group; n = 152) added to a single hospital consultation giving a thorough explanation of the pain (i.e., clinical examination and MRI) and instructions to stay active and continue working. Primary outcome was accumulated sick leave days due to LBP during 6 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in neuropathic pain (painDETECT questionnaire \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracePDQ]), pain 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-assessed ability to continue working (range 0-10). An intention-to-treat analysis of sick leave at 6 months showed no significant difference between groups (mean difference in days suggestively in favor of no additional intervention: 3.50 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -5.08 to 12.07], P = 0.42). Both groups showed significant improvements in average pain score (NRS), disability (RMDQ), fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activities and work (FABQ), and physical HRQoL (SF-36 physical component summary); there were no significant differences between the groups in any secondary outcome. There was no statistically significant improvement in neuropathic pain (PDQ score), mental HRQoL (SF-36 mental component summary), and self-assessed ability to stay in job. Four participants could not complete the MRI or the intervention due to a claustrophobic attack or accentuated back pain. Workplace visits may be an important element in the occupational intervention, although not always needed. A per-protocol analysis that included the 40 participants in the intervention arm who received a workplace visit as part of the additional occupational intervention did not show an add-on benefit in terms of sick leave (available cases after 6 months, mean difference: -0.43 days \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -12.8 to 11.94], P = 0.945). The main limitations were the small number of sick leave days taken and that the comprehensive use of MRI may limit generalization of the findings to other settings, for example, general practice. Conclusions When given a single hospital consultation and MRI, people in physically demanding jobs at risk of sick leave due to LBP did not benefit from a complex additional occupational intervention. Occupational interventions aimed at limiting biopsychological obstacles (e.g., fear-avoidance beliefs and behaviors), barriers in the workplace, and system barriers seem essential to reduce sick leave in patients with LBP. This study indicates that these obstacles and barriers may be addressed by thorough usual care.},
+  abstract = {Background Occupational medicine seeks to reduce sick leave; however, evidence for an add-on effect to usual care is sparse. The objective of the GOBACK trial was to test whether people with low back pain (LBP) in physically demanding jobs and at risk of sick leave gain additional benefit from a 3-month complex intervention that involves occupational medicine consultations, a work-related evaluation and workplace intervention plan, an optional workplace visit, and a physical activity program, over a single hospital consultation and an MRI. Methods and findings We enrolled people from the capital region of Denmark to an open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial with a superiority design from March 2014 through December 2015. In a hospital setting 305 participants (99 women) with LBP and in physically demanding jobs were randomized to occupational intervention (n = 153) or no additional intervention (control group; n = 152) added to a single hospital consultation giving a thorough explanation of the pain (i.e., clinical examination and MRI) and instructions to stay active and continue working. Primary outcome was accumulated sick leave days due to LBP during 6 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in neuropathic pain (painDETECT questionnaire {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracePDQ]), pain 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-assessed ability to continue working (range 0-10). An intention-to-treat analysis of sick leave at 6 months showed no significant difference between groups (mean difference in days suggestively in favor of no additional intervention: 3.50 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -5.08 to 12.07], P = 0.42). Both groups showed significant improvements in average pain score (NRS), disability (RMDQ), fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activities and work (FABQ), and physical HRQoL (SF-36 physical component summary); there were no significant differences between the groups in any secondary outcome. There was no statistically significant improvement in neuropathic pain (PDQ score), mental HRQoL (SF-36 mental component summary), and self-assessed ability to stay in job. Four participants could not complete the MRI or the intervention due to a claustrophobic attack or accentuated back pain. Workplace visits may be an important element in the occupational intervention, although not always needed. A per-protocol analysis that included the 40 participants in the intervention arm who received a workplace visit as part of the additional occupational intervention did not show an add-on benefit in terms of sick leave (available cases after 6 months, mean difference: -0.43 days {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -12.8 to 11.94], P = 0.945). The main limitations were the small number of sick leave days taken and that the comprehensive use of MRI may limit generalization of the findings to other settings, for example, general practice. Conclusions When given a single hospital consultation and MRI, people in physically demanding jobs at risk of sick leave due to LBP did not benefit from a complex additional occupational intervention. Occupational interventions aimed at limiting biopsychological obstacles (e.g., fear-avoidance beliefs and behaviors), barriers in the workplace, and system barriers seem essential to reduce sick leave in patients with LBP. This study indicates that these obstacles and barriers may be addressed by thorough usual care.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14496,13 +17113,29 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   author = {Haque, Tariq H. and Haque, M. Ohidul},
   year = {2020},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
+  journal = {LABOUR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
   volume = {30},
   number = {3},
   pages = {256--282},
   issn = {1030-1763},
   doi = {10.1080/10301763.2020.1824437},
-  abstract = {In this paper, primary and secondary sector employment corresponds broadly to \textbackslash textasciigravegood' and \textbackslash textasciigravebad' jobs. Previous studies indicate that non-English-speaking background (NESB) migrant women are under-represented in \textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs' but none of those studies evaluates their chance of finding \textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs' in Australia. This study estimates their probability of getting good jobs and compares this with that of Australian-born women. The probability of securing good jobs for each of these groups is also estimated separately, based on a new general probit model, after classifying women into primary and secondary sector employment from their occupational categories and incomes using 2016 Australian Census data. It showed that NESB migrant women had significantly lesser probability of securing primary sector employment compared to Australian-born women. While this difference is narrowing over time, NESB migrant women's progress in accessing \textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs' has been slow. Improving English proficiency, education, recognition of overseas qualifications and experience can significantly increase their chances of attaining good jobs. This study provides an exact estimate of the probability of securing good jobs for both groups and the relevance of different determinants for this difference so that proper actions can be taken to improve the employment situation of NESB migrant women.},
+  abstract = {In this paper, primary and secondary sector employment corresponds broadly to {\textbackslash}textasciigravegood' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravebad' jobs. Previous studies indicate that non-English-speaking background (NESB) migrant women are under-represented in {\textbackslash}textasciigravegood jobs' but none of those studies evaluates their chance of finding {\textbackslash}textasciigravegood jobs' in Australia. This study estimates their probability of getting good jobs and compares this with that of Australian-born women. The probability of securing good jobs for each of these groups is also estimated separately, based on a new general probit model, after classifying women into primary and secondary sector employment from their occupational categories and incomes using 2016 Australian Census data. It showed that NESB migrant women had significantly lesser probability of securing primary sector employment compared to Australian-born women. While this difference is narrowing over time, NESB migrant women's progress in accessing {\textbackslash}textasciigravegood jobs' has been slow. Improving English proficiency, education, recognition of overseas qualifications and experience can significantly increase their chances of attaining good jobs. This study provides an exact estimate of the probability of securing good jobs for both groups and the relevance of different determinants for this difference so that proper actions can be taken to improve the employment situation of NESB migrant women.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Hardoy2015,
+  title = {Enticing Even Higher Female Labor Supply: The Impact of Cheaper Day Care},
+  shorttitle = {Enticing Even Higher Female Labor Supply},
+  author = {Hardoy, In{\'e}s and Sch{\o}ne, P{\aa}l},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Review of Economics of the Household},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {815--836},
+  issn = {1569-5239, 1573-7152},
+  doi = {10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14533,7 +17166,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {1+},
   issn = {1366-5278},
   doi = {10.3310/hta15370},
-  abstract = {Background: UK public health policy strongly advocates dietary change for the improvement of population health and emphasises the importance of individual empowerment to improve health. A new and evolving area in the promotion of dietary behavioural change is \textbackslash textasciigravee-learning', the use of interactive electronic media to facilitate teaching and learning on a range of issues including health. The high level of accessibility, combined with emerging advances in computer processing power, data transmission and data storage, makes interactive e-learning a potentially powerful and cost-effective medium for improving dietary behaviour. Objective: This review aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adaptive e-learning interventions for dietary behaviour change, and also to explore potential psychological mechanisms of action and components of effective interventions. Data sources: Electronic bibliographic databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, Dissertation Abstracts, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Center, Global Health, Health Economic Evaluations Database, Health Management Information Consortium, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) were searched for the period January 1990 to November 2009. Reference lists of included studies and previous reviews were also screened; authors were contacted and trial registers were searched. Review methods: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials, involving participants aged {$>$}= 13 years, which evaluated the effectiveness of interactive software programs for improving dietary behaviour. Primary outcomes were measures of dietary behaviours, including estimated intakes or changes in intake of energy, nutrients, dietary fibre, foods or food groups. Secondary outcome measures were clinical outcomes such as anthropometry or blood biochemistry. Psychological mediators of dietary behaviour change were also investigated. Two review authors independently screened results and extracted data from included studies, with any discrepancies settled by a third author. Where studies reported the same outcome, the results were pooled using a random-effects model, with weighted mean differences (WMDs), and 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Cost-effectiveness was assessed in two ways: through a systematic literature review and by building a de novo decision model to assess the cost-effectiveness of a \textbackslash textasciigravegeneric' e-learning device compared with dietary advice delivered by a health-care professional. Results: A total of 36,379 titles were initially identified by the electronic searches, of which 43 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. All e-learning interventions were delivered in high-income countries. The most commonly used behavioural change techniques reported to have been used were goal setting; feedback on performance; information on consequences of behaviour in general; barrier identification/problem solving; prompting self-monitoring of behaviour; and instruction on how to perform the behaviour. There was substantial heterogeneity in the estimates of effect. E-learning interventions were associated with a WMD of +0.24 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.04 to 0.44) servings of fruit and vegetables per day; -0.78g (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -2.5g to 0.95g) total fat consumed per day; -0.24g (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -1.44g to 0.96g) saturated fat intake per day; -1.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -2.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to -0.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of total energy consumed from fat per day; +1.45g (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.02g to 2.92g) dietary fibre per day; +4 kcal (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -85 kcal to 93 kcal) daily energy intake; -0.1 kg/m(2) (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.7 kg/m(2) to 0.4 kg/m(2)) change in body mass index. The base-case results from the E-Learning Economic Evaluation Model suggested that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was approximately 102,112 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Expected value of perfect information (EVPI) analysis showed that although the individual-level EVPI was arguably negligible, the population-level value was between 37M pound and 170M pound at a willingness to pay of 20,000-30,000 pound per additional QALY. Limitations: The limitations of this review include potential reporting bias, incomplete retrieval of completed research studies and data extraction errors. Conclusion: The current clinical and economic evidence base suggests that e-learning devices designed to promote dietary behaviour change will not produce clinically significant changes in dietary behaviour and are at least as expensive as other individual behaviour change interventions. Future work recommendations: Despite the relatively high EVPI results from the cost-effectiveness modelling, further clinical trials of individual e-learning interventions should not be undertaken until theoretically informed work that addresses the question of which characteristics of the target population, target behaviour, content and delivery of the intervention are likely to lead to positive results, is completed.},
+  abstract = {Background: UK public health policy strongly advocates dietary change for the improvement of population health and emphasises the importance of individual empowerment to improve health. A new and evolving area in the promotion of dietary behavioural change is {\textbackslash}textasciigravee-learning', the use of interactive electronic media to facilitate teaching and learning on a range of issues including health. The high level of accessibility, combined with emerging advances in computer processing power, data transmission and data storage, makes interactive e-learning a potentially powerful and cost-effective medium for improving dietary behaviour. Objective: This review aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adaptive e-learning interventions for dietary behaviour change, and also to explore potential psychological mechanisms of action and components of effective interventions. Data sources: Electronic bibliographic databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, Dissertation Abstracts, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Center, Global Health, Health Economic Evaluations Database, Health Management Information Consortium, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) were searched for the period January 1990 to November 2009. Reference lists of included studies and previous reviews were also screened; authors were contacted and trial registers were searched. Review methods: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials, involving participants aged {$>$}= 13 years, which evaluated the effectiveness of interactive software programs for improving dietary behaviour. Primary outcomes were measures of dietary behaviours, including estimated intakes or changes in intake of energy, nutrients, dietary fibre, foods or food groups. Secondary outcome measures were clinical outcomes such as anthropometry or blood biochemistry. Psychological mediators of dietary behaviour change were also investigated. Two review authors independently screened results and extracted data from included studies, with any discrepancies settled by a third author. Where studies reported the same outcome, the results were pooled using a random-effects model, with weighted mean differences (WMDs), and 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Cost-effectiveness was assessed in two ways: through a systematic literature review and by building a de novo decision model to assess the cost-effectiveness of a {\textbackslash}textasciigravegeneric' e-learning device compared with dietary advice delivered by a health-care professional. Results: A total of 36,379 titles were initially identified by the electronic searches, of which 43 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. All e-learning interventions were delivered in high-income countries. The most commonly used behavioural change techniques reported to have been used were goal setting; feedback on performance; information on consequences of behaviour in general; barrier identification/problem solving; prompting self-monitoring of behaviour; and instruction on how to perform the behaviour. There was substantial heterogeneity in the estimates of effect. E-learning interventions were associated with a WMD of +0.24 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.04 to 0.44) servings of fruit and vegetables per day; -0.78g (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -2.5g to 0.95g) total fat consumed per day; -0.24g (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -1.44g to 0.96g) saturated fat intake per day; -1.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -2.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to -0.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of total energy consumed from fat per day; +1.45g (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.02g to 2.92g) dietary fibre per day; +4 kcal (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -85 kcal to 93 kcal) daily energy intake; -0.1 kg/m(2) (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.7 kg/m(2) to 0.4 kg/m(2)) change in body mass index. The base-case results from the E-Learning Economic Evaluation Model suggested that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was approximately 102,112 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Expected value of perfect information (EVPI) analysis showed that although the individual-level EVPI was arguably negligible, the population-level value was between 37M pound and 170M pound at a willingness to pay of 20,000-30,000 pound per additional QALY. Limitations: The limitations of this review include potential reporting bias, incomplete retrieval of completed research studies and data extraction errors. Conclusion: The current clinical and economic evidence base suggests that e-learning devices designed to promote dietary behaviour change will not produce clinically significant changes in dietary behaviour and are at least as expensive as other individual behaviour change interventions. Future work recommendations: Despite the relatively high EVPI results from the cost-effectiveness modelling, further clinical trials of individual e-learning interventions should not be undertaken until theoretically informed work that addresses the question of which characteristics of the target population, target behaviour, content and delivery of the intervention are likely to lead to positive results, is completed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14548,7 +17181,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   pages = {303--313},
   issn = {0020-7489},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.10.008},
-  abstract = {Background: Securing employment after qualification is of utmost importance to newly qualified nurses to consolidate knowledge and skills. The factors that influence success in gaining this first post are not known. Objectives: The study aimed to describe the first post gained after qualification in terms of setting, nature of employment contract and geographical distribution and explore the relationship between a range of factors (including ethnicity) and employment at the point of qualification. Design: An exploratory study using structured questionnaires and secondary analysis of data routinely collected by the universities about students and their progress during their course. Settings: The study was conducted in eight universities within a large, multicultural city in the UK as part of the \textbackslash textasciigraveReadiness for Work' research programme. Participants: Eight hundred and four newly qualified nurses who had successfully completed a diploma or degree from one of the universities; a response rate of 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% representing 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all graduating students in the study population. Methods: Data were collected by self-completed semi-structured questionnaires administered to students at the time of qualification and at three months post-qualification. Routinely collected data from the universities were also collected. Results: Fifty two percent of participants had been offered a job at the point of qualification (85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those who had applied and been interviewed). Of these, 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% had been offered a nursing post, 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the city studied, 67\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the healthcare setting where they had completed a course placement. 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveconfident\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravevery confident\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace about their employment prospects. Predictors of employment success included ethnicity, specialty of nursing and university attended. Predictors of confidence and preparedness for job seeking included ethnicity, nursing specialty, gender and grade of degree. Newly qualified nurses from non-White/British ethnic groups were less likely to get a job and feel confident about and prepared for job seeking. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that ethnicity does lead to employment disadvantage for newly qualified nurses. This is an important contribution towards recognizing and describing the evidence so that appropriate responses and interventions can be developed. It is important that universities and healthcare institutions work closely together to support students at this important time in their nursing career. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Securing employment after qualification is of utmost importance to newly qualified nurses to consolidate knowledge and skills. The factors that influence success in gaining this first post are not known. Objectives: The study aimed to describe the first post gained after qualification in terms of setting, nature of employment contract and geographical distribution and explore the relationship between a range of factors (including ethnicity) and employment at the point of qualification. Design: An exploratory study using structured questionnaires and secondary analysis of data routinely collected by the universities about students and their progress during their course. Settings: The study was conducted in eight universities within a large, multicultural city in the UK as part of the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveReadiness for Work' research programme. Participants: Eight hundred and four newly qualified nurses who had successfully completed a diploma or degree from one of the universities; a response rate of 77{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% representing 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all graduating students in the study population. Methods: Data were collected by self-completed semi-structured questionnaires administered to students at the time of qualification and at three months post-qualification. Routinely collected data from the universities were also collected. Results: Fifty two percent of participants had been offered a job at the point of qualification (85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those who had applied and been interviewed). Of these, 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had been offered a nursing post, 88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the city studied, 67{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the healthcare setting where they had completed a course placement. 44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% felt {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveconfident{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravevery confident{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace about their employment prospects. Predictors of employment success included ethnicity, specialty of nursing and university attended. Predictors of confidence and preparedness for job seeking included ethnicity, nursing specialty, gender and grade of degree. Newly qualified nurses from non-White/British ethnic groups were less likely to get a job and feel confident about and prepared for job seeking. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that ethnicity does lead to employment disadvantage for newly qualified nurses. This is an important contribution towards recognizing and describing the evidence so that appropriate responses and interventions can be developed. It is important that universities and healthcare institutions work closely together to support students at this important time in their nursing career. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14560,7 +17193,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
   volume = {12},
   doi = {10.1186/s12992-016-0175-7},
-  abstract = {Background: There are significant differences in the meaning and use of the term \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation' between industry circles, where the term originated, and health policy circles where the term has gained traction. It is often conflated with other popularized terms such as Frugal Innovation, Co-development and Trickle-up Innovation. Compared to its use in the industrial sector, this conceptualization of Reverse Innovation describes a more complex, fragmented process, and one with no particular institution in charge. It follows that the way in which the term \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation', specifically, is understood and used in the healthcare space is worthy of examination. Methods: Between September and Decemsber 2014, we conducted eleven in-depth face-to-face or telephone interview with key informants from innovation, health and social policy circles, experts in international comparative policy research and leaders in the Reverse Innovation space in the United States. Interviews were open-ended with guiding probes into the barriers and enablers to Reverse Innovation in the US context, specifically also informants' experience and understanding of the term Reverse Innovation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed thematically using the process of constant comparison. Results: We describe three main themes derived from the interviews. First, \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation,' the term, has marketing currency to convince policy-makers that may be wary of learning from or adopting innovations from unexpected sources, in this case Low-Income Countries. Second, the term can have the opposite effect - by connoting frugality, or innovation arising from necessity as opposed to good leadership, the proposed innovation may be associated with poor quality, undermining potential translation into other contexts. Finally, the term \textbackslash textasciigraveReverse Innovation' is a paradox - it breaks down preconceptions of the directionality of knowledge and learning, whilst simultaneously reinforcing it. Conclusions: We conclude that this term means different things to different people and should be used strategically, and with some caution, depending on the audience.},
+  abstract = {Background: There are significant differences in the meaning and use of the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveReverse Innovation' between industry circles, where the term originated, and health policy circles where the term has gained traction. It is often conflated with other popularized terms such as Frugal Innovation, Co-development and Trickle-up Innovation. Compared to its use in the industrial sector, this conceptualization of Reverse Innovation describes a more complex, fragmented process, and one with no particular institution in charge. It follows that the way in which the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveReverse Innovation', specifically, is understood and used in the healthcare space is worthy of examination. Methods: Between September and Decemsber 2014, we conducted eleven in-depth face-to-face or telephone interview with key informants from innovation, health and social policy circles, experts in international comparative policy research and leaders in the Reverse Innovation space in the United States. Interviews were open-ended with guiding probes into the barriers and enablers to Reverse Innovation in the US context, specifically also informants' experience and understanding of the term Reverse Innovation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed thematically using the process of constant comparison. Results: We describe three main themes derived from the interviews. First, {\textbackslash}textasciigraveReverse Innovation,' the term, has marketing currency to convince policy-makers that may be wary of learning from or adopting innovations from unexpected sources, in this case Low-Income Countries. Second, the term can have the opposite effect - by connoting frugality, or innovation arising from necessity as opposed to good leadership, the proposed innovation may be associated with poor quality, undermining potential translation into other contexts. Finally, the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveReverse Innovation' is a paradox - it breaks down preconceptions of the directionality of knowledge and learning, whilst simultaneously reinforcing it. Conclusions: We conclude that this term means different things to different people and should be used strategically, and with some caution, depending on the audience.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14573,7 +17206,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   number = {2},
   pages = {126--128},
   issn = {0022-4006},
-  abstract = {Objectives: This report describes an initiative developed and implemented by a low-income, urban, Canadian community to respond to their children's dental problems. Methods: The first strategy pursued by the community was the development of the Community Dental Facilitator Project. This project facilitated children's access to existing government funding for dental treatment, and subsequently facilitated access to treatment at local dental offices. Children in need of treatment were identified by a school dental screening. The facilitation work was done by three lay workers hired from within the community who represented the community's predominant ethnic groups. Results: Parents revealed that barriers to dental care in local dental offices were lack of information about funding programs, language, inflexible work situation, and mistrust of bureaucracy. By the project's end, with the assistance of the facilitators, a significantly increased number of children had been enrolled for government dental benefits ({$<$}.001). In addition to the 123 children identified at the screening as needing treatment, another 30 children \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveself-referred\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to the program. At the end of the project's original funding period, dental appointments had been made for 68 children: 60 (48.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravescreened\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace group, 8 (26.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveself-referred\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace group. One-year telephone follow-up to parents of the screened children revealed that 42 of 59 (71.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had completed treatment. Conclusions: Barriers to dental care for low income children go beyond \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomics. A community facilitation model can improve low-income children's access to existing dental services and may reduce the barriers to care for some children requiring treatment.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: This report describes an initiative developed and implemented by a low-income, urban, Canadian community to respond to their children's dental problems. Methods: The first strategy pursued by the community was the development of the Community Dental Facilitator Project. This project facilitated children's access to existing government funding for dental treatment, and subsequently facilitated access to treatment at local dental offices. Children in need of treatment were identified by a school dental screening. The facilitation work was done by three lay workers hired from within the community who represented the community's predominant ethnic groups. Results: Parents revealed that barriers to dental care in local dental offices were lack of information about funding programs, language, inflexible work situation, and mistrust of bureaucracy. By the project's end, with the assistance of the facilitators, a significantly increased number of children had been enrolled for government dental benefits ({$<$}.001). In addition to the 123 children identified at the screening as needing treatment, another 30 children {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveself-referred{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to the program. At the end of the project's original funding period, dental appointments had been made for 68 children: 60 (48.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravescreened{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace group, 8 (26.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveself-referred{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace group. One-year telephone follow-up to parents of the screened children revealed that 42 of 59 (71.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had completed treatment. Conclusions: Barriers to dental care for low income children go beyond {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomics. A community facilitation model can improve low-income children's access to existing dental services and may reduce the barriers to care for some children requiring treatment.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {6th National Health Promotion Conference, VICTORIA, CANADA, APR, 2002}
 }
@@ -14597,7 +17230,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   title = {Older {{Women}}'s {{Retirement Security}}: {{A Primer}}},
   author = {Hartmann, Heidi and English, Ashley},
   year = {2009},
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {30},
   number = {2-3},
   pages = {109--140},
@@ -14607,8 +17240,24 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Harttgen2014,
+  title = {A {{Reversal}} in the {{Relationship}} of {{Human Development With Fertility}}?},
+  author = {Harttgen, Kenneth and Vollmer, Sebastian},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {51},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {173--184},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1007/s13524-013-0252-y},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Myrskyl{\"a} et al. (2009) found that the relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the total fertility rate (TFR) reverses from negative (i.e., increases in HDI are associated with decreases in TFR) to positive (i.e., increases in HDI are associated with increases in TFR) at an HDI level of 0.86. In this article, we show that the reversal in the HDI-TFR relationship is robust to neither the UNDP's recent revision in the HDI calculation method nor thedecomposition of the HDI into its education, standard-of-living, and health subindices.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Hartwig2023,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveThe}} Right Thing to Do Would Be to Provide Care ... and We Can't\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Provider}} Experiences with {{Georgia}}'s 22-Week Abortion Ban ...},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveThe}} Right Thing to Do Would Be to Provide Care ... and We Can't{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Provider}} Experiences with {{Georgia}}'s 22-Week Abortion Ban ...},
   author = {Hartwig, Sophie A. and Youm, Awa and Contreras, Alyssa and Mosley, Elizabeth A. and McCloud, Candace and Goedken, Peggy and Carroll, Erin and Lathrop, Eva and Cwiak, Carrie and Hall, Kelli Stidham},
   year = {2023},
   month = aug,
@@ -14616,7 +17265,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   volume = {124},
   issn = {0010-7824},
   doi = {10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110059},
-  abstract = {Objectives: In 2015, the Georgia (US) legislature implemented a gestational limit, or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveban\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on abortion at or beyond 22 weeks from the last menstrual period. In this study, we qualitatively examined abortion provider perspectives on the ban's impact on abortion care access and provision.Study design: Between May 2018 and September 2019, we conducted in-depth individual interviews with 20 abortion providers (clinicians, staff, and administrators) from four clinics in Georgia. Interviews explored perceptions of and experiences with the ban and its effects on abortion care. Team members coded tran-scripts to 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% agreement using an iterative, group consensus process, and conducted a thematic analysis.Results: Participants reported strict adherence to the ban and also its negative consequences: additional labor plus service-delivery restrictions, legally constructed risks for providers, intrusion into the provider-patient relationship, and impact of limited services felt by patients and, thus, providers. Participants commonly mentioned disparities in the ban's impact and viewed the ban as disproportionately affecting people of color, those experiencing financial insecurity, and those with underlying medical conditions. Nonetheless, participants described a clear, unrelenting commitment to providing quality patient-centered care and dedication to and satisfaction in their work. Conclusions: Georgia's ban operates as legislative interference, adversely affecting the provision of quality, patient-centered abortion care, despite providers' resilience and commitment. These experiences in Georgia have timely and clear implications for the entire country following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v Wade, thus reducing care access and increasing negative health and social consequences and in-equities for patients and communities on a national scale. Implications: Our findings from Georgia (US) indicate an urgent need for coordinated efforts to challenge the Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization decision and for proactive policies that protect access to later abortion care. Research that identifies strategies for supporting providers and patients faced with continuing restrictive legal environments is warranted.\textbackslash textbackslash\& COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
+  abstract = {Objectives: In 2015, the Georgia (US) legislature implemented a gestational limit, or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveban{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace on abortion at or beyond 22 weeks from the last menstrual period. In this study, we qualitatively examined abortion provider perspectives on the ban's impact on abortion care access and provision.Study design: Between May 2018 and September 2019, we conducted in-depth individual interviews with 20 abortion providers (clinicians, staff, and administrators) from four clinics in Georgia. Interviews explored perceptions of and experiences with the ban and its effects on abortion care. Team members coded tran-scripts to 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% agreement using an iterative, group consensus process, and conducted a thematic analysis.Results: Participants reported strict adherence to the ban and also its negative consequences: additional labor plus service-delivery restrictions, legally constructed risks for providers, intrusion into the provider-patient relationship, and impact of limited services felt by patients and, thus, providers. Participants commonly mentioned disparities in the ban's impact and viewed the ban as disproportionately affecting people of color, those experiencing financial insecurity, and those with underlying medical conditions. Nonetheless, participants described a clear, unrelenting commitment to providing quality patient-centered care and dedication to and satisfaction in their work. Conclusions: Georgia's ban operates as legislative interference, adversely affecting the provision of quality, patient-centered abortion care, despite providers' resilience and commitment. These experiences in Georgia have timely and clear implications for the entire country following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v Wade, thus reducing care access and increasing negative health and social consequences and in-equities for patients and communities on a national scale. Implications: Our findings from Georgia (US) indicate an urgent need for coordinated efforts to challenge the Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization decision and for proactive policies that protect access to later abortion care. Research that identifies strategies for supporting providers and patients faced with continuing restrictive legal environments is warranted.{\textbackslash}textbackslash\& COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14636,6 +17285,21 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Haseeb2015,
+  title = {The {{Nexus}} between {{Female Labour Force Participation}} ({{FLFP}}) and {{Fertility}} Rate in {{Selected ASEAN Countries}}: {{Panel Cointegration Approach}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Nexus}} between {{Female Labour Force Participation}} ({{FLFP}}) and {{Fertility}} Rate in {{Selected ASEAN Countries}}},
+  author = {Haseeb, Muhammad and Hartani, Nira Hariyatie and Abu Bakar, Nor' Aznin},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Modern Applied Science},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {p29},
+  issn = {1913-1852, 1913-1844},
+  doi = {10.5539/mas.v9n8p29},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Hastbacka2016,
   title = {Barriers and Facilitators to Societal Participation of People with Disabilities: {{A}} Scoping Review of Studies Concerning {{European}} Countries},
   author = {Hastbacka, Elisabeth and Nygard, Mikael and Nyqvist, Fredrica},
@@ -14649,7 +17313,7 @@ does NOT look at policy; LM outcome}
   doi = {10.1016/j.alter.2016.02.002},
   abstract = {The aim of this scoping review is to explore previous scientific studies relating to the scholarly understanding of societal participation of people with disabilities. Six relevant databases within social science were searched using societal participation of people with disabilities, or different combinations thereof, as search words. The criteria for inclusion were: working-age people with disabilities; societal participation; accounting for facilitators or/and barriers of participation; geographical focus on or link to Europe, peer-reviewed studies using quantitative or qualitative methods published in English between January 2012 and December 2013. Thirty-two studies met these inclusion criteria. Each study was analysed relating to four measures: identity of the participator group, type of participation; type of facilitators; type of barriers. The findings show that there is a dominating focus on labour market participation and that societal participation was studied mostly concerning disabled people in general instead of any specific group. The main barriers identified were related to financial factors, attitudes, health issues and unemployment. The most frequently identified facilitators were related to legislation and disability policies, as well as to support from people in close contact with disabled people, attitudes in society and employment opportunities for people with disabilities. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Association ALTER.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::social,outcome::wage,relevant,review::scoping,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::disability,outcome::employment,outcome::social,outcome::wage,relevant,review::scoping,snowball\_source,TODO},
   note = {scoping review of linkages between societal participation and people with disabilities for identity of participant, type of participation, type of facilitators and barriers; focus on European countries (n=32, between 2012-2013)
 \par
 main findings: strongest focus on labour market participation; social participation viewed through lens of disabled people as one group instead of intersectional
@@ -14669,7 +17333,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   volume = {17},
   issn = {1472-6963},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-017-2193-4},
-  abstract = {Background: An emergency triage, assessment and treatment plus admission care (ETAT+) intervention was implemented in Rwandan district hospitals to improve hospital care for severely ill infants and children. Many interventions are rarely implemented with perfect fidelity under real-world conditions. Thus, evaluations of the real-world experiences of implementing ETAT+ are important in terms of identifying potential barriers to successful implementation. This study explored the perspectives of Rwandan healthcare workers (HCWs) on the relevance of ETAT+ and documented potential barriers to its successful implementation. Methods: HCWs enrolled in the ETAT+ training were asked, immediately after the training, their perspective regarding (i) relevance of the ETAT+ training to Rwandan district hospitals; (ii) if attending the training would bring about change in their work; and (iii) challenges that they encountered during the training, as well as those they anticipated to hamper their ability to translate the knowledge and skills learned in the ETAT+ training into practice in order to improve care for severely ill infants and children in their hospitals. They wrote their perspectives in French, Kinyarwanda, or English and sometimes a mixture of all these languages that are official in the post-genocide Rwanda. Their notes were translated to (if not already in) English and transcribed, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: One hundred seventy-one HCWs were included in our analysis. Nearly all these HCWs stated that the training was highly relevant to the district hospitals and that it aligned with their work expectation. However, some midwives believed that the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveneonatal resuscitation and feeding\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace components of the training were more relevant to them than other components. Many HCWs anticipated to change practice by initiating a triage system in their hospital and by using job aids including guidelines for prescription and feeding. Most of the challenges stemmed from the mode of the ETAT+ training delivery (e.g., language barriers, intense training schedule); while others were more related to uptake of guidelines in the district hospitals (e.g., staff turnover, reluctance to change, limited resources, conflicting protocols). Conclusion: This study highlights potential challenges to successful implementation of the ETAT+ clinical practice guidelines in order to improve quality of hospital care in Rwandan district hospitals. Understanding these challenges, especially from HCWs perspective, can guide efforts to improve uptake of clinical practice guidelines including ETAT+ in Rwanda.},
+  abstract = {Background: An emergency triage, assessment and treatment plus admission care (ETAT+) intervention was implemented in Rwandan district hospitals to improve hospital care for severely ill infants and children. Many interventions are rarely implemented with perfect fidelity under real-world conditions. Thus, evaluations of the real-world experiences of implementing ETAT+ are important in terms of identifying potential barriers to successful implementation. This study explored the perspectives of Rwandan healthcare workers (HCWs) on the relevance of ETAT+ and documented potential barriers to its successful implementation. Methods: HCWs enrolled in the ETAT+ training were asked, immediately after the training, their perspective regarding (i) relevance of the ETAT+ training to Rwandan district hospitals; (ii) if attending the training would bring about change in their work; and (iii) challenges that they encountered during the training, as well as those they anticipated to hamper their ability to translate the knowledge and skills learned in the ETAT+ training into practice in order to improve care for severely ill infants and children in their hospitals. They wrote their perspectives in French, Kinyarwanda, or English and sometimes a mixture of all these languages that are official in the post-genocide Rwanda. Their notes were translated to (if not already in) English and transcribed, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: One hundred seventy-one HCWs were included in our analysis. Nearly all these HCWs stated that the training was highly relevant to the district hospitals and that it aligned with their work expectation. However, some midwives believed that the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveneonatal resuscitation and feeding{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace components of the training were more relevant to them than other components. Many HCWs anticipated to change practice by initiating a triage system in their hospital and by using job aids including guidelines for prescription and feeding. Most of the challenges stemmed from the mode of the ETAT+ training delivery (e.g., language barriers, intense training schedule); while others were more related to uptake of guidelines in the district hospitals (e.g., staff turnover, reluctance to change, limited resources, conflicting protocols). Conclusion: This study highlights potential challenges to successful implementation of the ETAT+ clinical practice guidelines in order to improve quality of hospital care in Rwandan district hospitals. Understanding these challenges, especially from HCWs perspective, can guide efforts to improve uptake of clinical practice guidelines including ETAT+ in Rwanda.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14699,7 +17363,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {782--791},
   issn = {1368-9800},
   doi = {10.1017/S1368980008001821},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges. Design: Literature review primarily for the four workforce Surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors. Setting: The United States. Subjects: Nutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services. Results: The workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81-7 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18-2\textbackslash textbackslash\% speaking Spanish as a second language. Conclusions: The future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce's capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges. Design: Literature review primarily for the four workforce Surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors. Setting: The United States. Subjects: Nutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services. Results: The workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81-7 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18-2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% speaking Spanish as a second language. Conclusions: The future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce's capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14726,7 +17390,23 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   volume = {8},
   number = {7},
   doi = {10.1161/JAHA.117.008267},
-  abstract = {Background-Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and public access defibrillator (PAD) use can save the lives of people who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Little is known about the proportions of UK adults trained, their characteristics and willingness to act if witnessing an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, or the public's knowledge regarding where the nearest PAD is located. Methods and Results-An online survey was administered by YouGov to a nonprobabilistic purposive sample of UK adults, achieving 2084 participants, from a panel that was matched to be representative of the population. We used descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling for analysis. Almost 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% were women, 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% were aged {$<$}55 years, and 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% had witnessed an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Proportions ever trained were 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% in chest-compression-only CPR, 59\textbackslash textbackslash\% in CPR, and 19.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% in PAD use. Most with training in any resuscitation technique had trained at work (54.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Compared with people not trained, those trained in PAD use said they were more likely to use one (odds ratio: 2.61), and those trained in CPR or chest-compression-only CPR were more likely to perform it (odds ratio: 5.39). Characteristics associated with being trained in any resuscitation technique included youth, female sex, higher social grade, and full-time employment. Conclusions-In the United Kingdom, training makes a difference in people's willingness to act in the event of a cardiac arrest. Although there is considerable opportunity to increase the proportion of the general population trained in CPR, consideration should be also given to encouraging training in PAD use and targeting training for those who are older or from lower social grades.},
+  abstract = {Background-Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and public access defibrillator (PAD) use can save the lives of people who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Little is known about the proportions of UK adults trained, their characteristics and willingness to act if witnessing an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, or the public's knowledge regarding where the nearest PAD is located. Methods and Results-An online survey was administered by YouGov to a nonprobabilistic purposive sample of UK adults, achieving 2084 participants, from a panel that was matched to be representative of the population. We used descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling for analysis. Almost 52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were women, 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were aged {$<$}55 years, and 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had witnessed an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Proportions ever trained were 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in chest-compression-only CPR, 59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in CPR, and 19.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in PAD use. Most with training in any resuscitation technique had trained at work (54.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Compared with people not trained, those trained in PAD use said they were more likely to use one (odds ratio: 2.61), and those trained in CPR or chest-compression-only CPR were more likely to perform it (odds ratio: 5.39). Characteristics associated with being trained in any resuscitation technique included youth, female sex, higher social grade, and full-time employment. Conclusions-In the United Kingdom, training makes a difference in people's willingness to act in the event of a cardiac arrest. Although there is considerable opportunity to increase the proportion of the general population trained in CPR, consideration should be also given to encouraging training in PAD use and targeting training for those who are older or from lower social grades.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Hay2019,
+  title = {Disrupting Gender Norms in Health Systems: Making the Case for Change},
+  shorttitle = {Disrupting Gender Norms in Health Systems},
+  author = {Hay, Katherine and McDougal, Lotus and Percival, Valerie and Henry, Sarah and Klugman, Jeni and Wurie, Haja and Raven, Joanna and Shabalala, Fortunate and {Fielding-Miller}, Rebecca and Dey, Arnab and Dehingia, Nabamallika and Morgan, Rosemary and Atmavilas, Yamini and Saggurti, Niranjan and Yore, Jennifer and Blokhina, Elena and Huque, Rumana and Barasa, Edwine and Bhan, Nandita and Kharel, Chandani and Silverman, Jay G and Raj, Anita and Darmstadt, Gary L and Greene, Margaret Eleanor and Hawkes, Sarah and Heise, Lori and Henry, Sarah and Heymann, Jody and Klugman, Jeni and Levine, Ruth and Raj, Anita and Rao Gupta, Geeta},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {393},
+  number = {10190},
+  pages = {2535--2549},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30648-8},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14746,6 +17426,21 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Hayden2006,
+  title = {Evaluation of the {{Quality}} of {{Prognosis Studies}} in {{Systematic Reviews}}},
+  author = {Hayden, Jill A. and C{\^o}t{\'e}, Pierre and Bombardier, Claire},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},
+  volume = {144},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {427},
+  issn = {0003-4819},
+  doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-144-6-200603210-00010},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Haynie1999,
   title = {A {{Gendered Context}} of {{Opportunity}}: {{Determinants}} of {{Poverty Across Urban}} and {{Rural Labor Markets}}},
   shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Context}} of {{Opportunity}}},
@@ -14822,6 +17517,37 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Heath2017,
+  title = {Fertility at Work: {{Children}} and Women's Labor Market Outcomes in Urban {{Ghana}}},
+  shorttitle = {Fertility at Work},
+  author = {Heath, Rachel},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
+  volume = {126},
+  pages = {190--214},
+  issn = {03043878},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.11.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@inbook{Heath2018,
+  title = {The {{Causes}} and {{Consequences}} of {{Increased Female Education}} and {{Labor Force Participation}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
+  booktitle = {The {{Oxford Handbook}} of {{Women}} and the {{Economy}}},
+  author = {Heath, Rachel and Jayachandran, Seema},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = jul,
+  pages = {344--368},
+  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
+  doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.10},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Two important recent trends in most developing countries are the rise in female labor force participation and the closing of gender gaps in school enrollment. This article begins by exploring the causes of the increases in female education, which include greater job availability and policy interventions that have promoted girls' education. The article then explores the causes of increased female employment, which include a sectoral shift from ``brawn-based'' industries to services, as well as policies that have increased girls' education. The article also discusses the effects of these increases in female education and labor supply, particularly for the well-being of women.},
+  collaborator = {Heath, Rachel and Jayachandran, Seema},
+  isbn = {978-0-19-062896-3},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Heaton2023,
   title = {Recruitment and {{Enrollment}} of {{Low-income}}, {{Minority Residents}} of {{Urban Public Housing}} into {{Research}}},
   author = {Heaton, Brenda and Muzzi, Alicia and Gebel, Christina and Bernstein, Judith and Garcia, Raul I. I.},
@@ -14830,7 +17556,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   journal = {JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH},
   issn = {0094-5145},
   doi = {10.1007/s10900-023-01212-w},
-  abstract = {Research participation among vulnerable populations is often limited by the same socioeconomic factors that contribute to poor health. Identifying best practices for inclusion is critical to addressing health disparities. Urban public housing communities bear a disproportionate burden of chronic disease and may represent an opportunity to directly engage historically vulnerable populations in research designed to ultimately reduce that burden. We used mixed-method data to analyze recruitment effectiveness among a random sample of households (N = 380) across two public housing developments in Boston, MA who were approached for participation in a pre-COVID oral health study. Quantitative data from detailed recruitment tracking methods was analyzed to assess the relative efficiency of the methods employed. Field journals of study staff were qualitatively analyzed to identify community-specific recruitment barriers and facilitators. The participation rate among randomly sampled households was 28.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (N = 131), with participation from primarily Hispanic (59.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or Black (26\textbackslash textbackslash\%) residents. Door-to-door knocking with response yielded the highest participation (44.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by responses to informational study flyers (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Primary barriers to enrollment included references to unemployment and employment variations, shift work, childcare responsibilities, time demands, and managing multiple appointments and social services. This study finds active, door-to-door knocking and return visits resolved barriers to participation, and reduced safety concerns and historic distrust. It's time to consider how best to adapt effective pre-COVID recruitment practices for utilization under current and future exposure conditions as effective recruitment of populations such as urban public housing residents into research is only becoming more important.},
+  abstract = {Research participation among vulnerable populations is often limited by the same socioeconomic factors that contribute to poor health. Identifying best practices for inclusion is critical to addressing health disparities. Urban public housing communities bear a disproportionate burden of chronic disease and may represent an opportunity to directly engage historically vulnerable populations in research designed to ultimately reduce that burden. We used mixed-method data to analyze recruitment effectiveness among a random sample of households (N = 380) across two public housing developments in Boston, MA who were approached for participation in a pre-COVID oral health study. Quantitative data from detailed recruitment tracking methods was analyzed to assess the relative efficiency of the methods employed. Field journals of study staff were qualitatively analyzed to identify community-specific recruitment barriers and facilitators. The participation rate among randomly sampled households was 28.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (N = 131), with participation from primarily Hispanic (59.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) or Black (26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) residents. Door-to-door knocking with response yielded the highest participation (44.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by responses to informational study flyers (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Primary barriers to enrollment included references to unemployment and employment variations, shift work, childcare responsibilities, time demands, and managing multiple appointments and social services. This study finds active, door-to-door knocking and return visits resolved barriers to participation, and reduced safety concerns and historic distrust. It's time to consider how best to adapt effective pre-COVID recruitment practices for utilization under current and future exposure conditions as effective recruitment of populations such as urban public housing residents into research is only becoming more important.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14864,7 +17590,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
 }
 
 @article{Heggebo2019,
-  title = {Is {{There Less Labor Market Exclusion}} of {{People With Ill Health}} in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveFlexicurity}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Countries}}? {{Comparative Evidence From Denmark}}, {{Norway}}, the {{Netherlands}}, and {{Belgium}}},
+  title = {Is {{There Less Labor Market Exclusion}} of {{People With Ill Health}} in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveFlexicurity}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Countries}}? {{Comparative Evidence From Denmark}}, {{Norway}}, the {{Netherlands}}, and {{Belgium}}},
   author = {Heggebo, Kristian and Buffel, Veerle},
   year = {2019},
   month = jul,
@@ -14874,7 +17600,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {476--515},
   issn = {0020-7314},
   doi = {10.1177/0020731419847591},
-  abstract = {Higher employment rates among vulnerable groups is an important policy goal; it is therefore vital to examine which social policies, or mix of policies, are best able to incorporate vulnerable groups - such as people with ill health - into the labor market. We examine whether 2 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveflexicurity\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace countries, Denmark and the Netherlands, have less labor market exclusion among people with ill health compared to the neighboring countries of Norway and Belgium. We analyze the 2 country pairs of Denmark-Norway and the Netherlands-Belgium using OLS regressions and propensity score kernel matching of EU-SILC panel data (2010-2013). Both unemployment and disability likelihood is remarkably similar for people with ill health across the 4 countries, despite considerable social policy differences. There are 3 possible explanations for the observed cross-national similarity. First, different social policy combinations could lead toward the same employment outcomes for people with ill health. Second, most policy instruments are located on the supply side, and demand side reasons for the observed \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveemployment penalty\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (e.g., employer skepticism/discrimination) are often neglected. Third, it is too demanding to hold (full-time) employment for a sizeable proportion of those who have poor health status.},
+  abstract = {Higher employment rates among vulnerable groups is an important policy goal; it is therefore vital to examine which social policies, or mix of policies, are best able to incorporate vulnerable groups - such as people with ill health - into the labor market. We examine whether 2 {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveflexicurity{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace countries, Denmark and the Netherlands, have less labor market exclusion among people with ill health compared to the neighboring countries of Norway and Belgium. We analyze the 2 country pairs of Denmark-Norway and the Netherlands-Belgium using OLS regressions and propensity score kernel matching of EU-SILC panel data (2010-2013). Both unemployment and disability likelihood is remarkably similar for people with ill health across the 4 countries, despite considerable social policy differences. There are 3 possible explanations for the observed cross-national similarity. First, different social policy combinations could lead toward the same employment outcomes for people with ill health. Second, most policy instruments are located on the supply side, and demand side reasons for the observed {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveemployment penalty{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (e.g., employer skepticism/discrimination) are often neglected. Third, it is too demanding to hold (full-time) employment for a sizeable proportion of those who have poor health status.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14889,7 +17615,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {E332-E340},
   issn = {2214-109X},
   doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00013-3},
-  abstract = {Background On average, intimate partner violence affects nearly one in three women worldwide within their lifetime. But the distribution of partner violence is highly uneven, with a prevalence of less than 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the past 12 months in many high-income countries compared with at least 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% in some low-income settings. Little is known about the factors that drive the geographical distribution of partner violence or how macro-level factors might combine with individual-level factors to affect individual women's risk of intimate partner violence. We aimed to assess the role that women's status and other gender-related factors might have in defining levels of partner violence among settings. Methods We compiled data for the 12 month prevalence of partner violence from 66 surveys (88 survey years) from 44 countries, representing 481 205 women between Jan 1, 2000, and Apr 17, 2013. Only surveys with comparable questions and state-of-the-art methods to ensure safety and encourage violence disclosure were used. With linear and quantile regression, we examined associations between macro-level measures of socioeconomic development, women's status, gender inequality, and gender-related norms and the prevalence of current partner violence at a population level. Multilevel modelling and tests for interaction were used to explore whether and how macro-level factors affect individual-level risk. The outcome for this analysis was the population prevalence of current partner violence, defined as the percentage of ever-partnered women (excluding widows without a current partner), aged from 15 years to 49 years who were victims of at least one act of physical or sexual violence within the past 12 months. Findings Gender-related factors at the national and subnational level help to predict the population prevalence of physical and sexual partner violence within the past 12 months. Especially predictive of the geographical distribution of partner violence are norms related to male authority over female behaviour (0.102, p{$<$}0.0001), norms justifying wife beating (0.263, p{$<$}0.0001), and the extent to which law and practice disadvantage women compared with men in access to land, property, and other productive resources (0.271, p{$<$}0.0001). The strong negative association between current partner violence and gross domestic product (GDP) per person (-0.055, p=0.0009) becomes non-significant in the presence of norm-related measures (-0.015, p=0.472), suggesting that GDP per person is a marker for social transformations that accompany economic growth and is unlikely to be causally related to levels of partner violence. We document several cross-level effects, including that a girl's education is more strongly associated with reduced risk of partner violence in countries where wife abuse is normative than where it is not. Likewise, partner violence is less prevalent in countries with a high proportion of women in the formal work force, but working for cash increases a woman's risk in countries where few women work. Interpretation Our findings suggest that policy makers could reduce violence by eliminating gender bias in ownership rights and addressing norms that justify wife beating and male control of female behaviour. Prevention planners should place greater emphasis on policy reforms at the macro-level and take cross-level effects into account when designing interventions. Copyright (C) Heise et al. Open access article published under the terms of CC BY},
+  abstract = {Background On average, intimate partner violence affects nearly one in three women worldwide within their lifetime. But the distribution of partner violence is highly uneven, with a prevalence of less than 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the past 12 months in many high-income countries compared with at least 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in some low-income settings. Little is known about the factors that drive the geographical distribution of partner violence or how macro-level factors might combine with individual-level factors to affect individual women's risk of intimate partner violence. We aimed to assess the role that women's status and other gender-related factors might have in defining levels of partner violence among settings. Methods We compiled data for the 12 month prevalence of partner violence from 66 surveys (88 survey years) from 44 countries, representing 481 205 women between Jan 1, 2000, and Apr 17, 2013. Only surveys with comparable questions and state-of-the-art methods to ensure safety and encourage violence disclosure were used. With linear and quantile regression, we examined associations between macro-level measures of socioeconomic development, women's status, gender inequality, and gender-related norms and the prevalence of current partner violence at a population level. Multilevel modelling and tests for interaction were used to explore whether and how macro-level factors affect individual-level risk. The outcome for this analysis was the population prevalence of current partner violence, defined as the percentage of ever-partnered women (excluding widows without a current partner), aged from 15 years to 49 years who were victims of at least one act of physical or sexual violence within the past 12 months. Findings Gender-related factors at the national and subnational level help to predict the population prevalence of physical and sexual partner violence within the past 12 months. Especially predictive of the geographical distribution of partner violence are norms related to male authority over female behaviour (0.102, p{$<$}0.0001), norms justifying wife beating (0.263, p{$<$}0.0001), and the extent to which law and practice disadvantage women compared with men in access to land, property, and other productive resources (0.271, p{$<$}0.0001). The strong negative association between current partner violence and gross domestic product (GDP) per person (-0.055, p=0.0009) becomes non-significant in the presence of norm-related measures (-0.015, p=0.472), suggesting that GDP per person is a marker for social transformations that accompany economic growth and is unlikely to be causally related to levels of partner violence. We document several cross-level effects, including that a girl's education is more strongly associated with reduced risk of partner violence in countries where wife abuse is normative than where it is not. Likewise, partner violence is less prevalent in countries with a high proportion of women in the formal work force, but working for cash increases a woman's risk in countries where few women work. Interpretation Our findings suggest that policy makers could reduce violence by eliminating gender bias in ownership rights and addressing norms that justify wife beating and male control of female behaviour. Prevention planners should place greater emphasis on policy reforms at the macro-level and take cross-level effects into account when designing interventions. Copyright (C) Heise et al. Open access article published under the terms of CC BY},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14897,7 +17623,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   title = {Informal Care, Employment and Quality of Life: {{Barriers}} and Facilitators to Combining Informal Care and Work Participation for Healthcare Professionals},
   author = {Heitink, Eveline and Heerkens, Yvonne and Engels, Josephine},
   year = {2017},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {58},
   number = {2},
   pages = {215--231},
@@ -14945,7 +17671,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   journal = {PEDIATRIC RHEUMATOLOGY},
   volume = {9},
   doi = {10.1186/1546-0096-9-23},
-  abstract = {The United States pediatric population with chronic health conditions is expanding. Currently, this demographic comprises 12-18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the American child and youth population. Affected children often receive fragmented, uncoordinated care. Overall, the American health care delivery system produces modest outcomes for this population. Poor, uninsured and minority children may be at increased risk for inferior coordination of services. Further, the United States health care delivery system is primarily organized for the diagnosis and treatment of acute conditions. For pediatric patients with chronic health conditions, the typical acute problem-oriented visit actually serves as a barrier to care. The biomedical model of patient education prevails, characterized by unilateral transfer of medical information. However, the evidence basis for improvement in disease outcomes supports the use of the chronic care model, initially proposed by Dr. Edward Wagner. Six inter-related elements distinguish the success of the chronic care model, which include self-management support and care coordination by a prepared, proactive team. United States health care lacks a coherent policy direction for the management of high cost chronic conditions, including rheumatic diseases. A fundamental restructure of United States health care delivery must urgently occur which places the patient at the center of care. For the pediatric rheumatology workforce, reimbursement policies and the actions of health plans and insurers are consistent barriers to chronic disease improvement. United States reimbursement policy and overall fragmentation of health care services pose specific challenges for widespread implementation of the chronic care model. Team-based multidisciplinary care, care coordination and self-management are integral to improve outcomes. Pediatric rheumatology demand in the United States far exceeds available workforce supply. This article reviews the career choice decision-making process at each medical trainee level to determine best recruitment strategies. Educational debt is an unexpectedly minor determinant for pediatric residents and subspecialty fellows. A two-year fellowship training option may retain the mandatory scholarship component and attract an increasing number of candidate trainees. Diversity, work-life balance, scheduling flexibility to accommodate part-time employment, and reform of conditions for academic promotion all need to be addressed to ensure future growth of the pediatric rheumatology workforce.},
+  abstract = {The United States pediatric population with chronic health conditions is expanding. Currently, this demographic comprises 12-18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the American child and youth population. Affected children often receive fragmented, uncoordinated care. Overall, the American health care delivery system produces modest outcomes for this population. Poor, uninsured and minority children may be at increased risk for inferior coordination of services. Further, the United States health care delivery system is primarily organized for the diagnosis and treatment of acute conditions. For pediatric patients with chronic health conditions, the typical acute problem-oriented visit actually serves as a barrier to care. The biomedical model of patient education prevails, characterized by unilateral transfer of medical information. However, the evidence basis for improvement in disease outcomes supports the use of the chronic care model, initially proposed by Dr. Edward Wagner. Six inter-related elements distinguish the success of the chronic care model, which include self-management support and care coordination by a prepared, proactive team. United States health care lacks a coherent policy direction for the management of high cost chronic conditions, including rheumatic diseases. A fundamental restructure of United States health care delivery must urgently occur which places the patient at the center of care. For the pediatric rheumatology workforce, reimbursement policies and the actions of health plans and insurers are consistent barriers to chronic disease improvement. United States reimbursement policy and overall fragmentation of health care services pose specific challenges for widespread implementation of the chronic care model. Team-based multidisciplinary care, care coordination and self-management are integral to improve outcomes. Pediatric rheumatology demand in the United States far exceeds available workforce supply. This article reviews the career choice decision-making process at each medical trainee level to determine best recruitment strategies. Educational debt is an unexpectedly minor determinant for pediatric residents and subspecialty fellows. A two-year fellowship training option may retain the mandatory scholarship component and attract an increasing number of candidate trainees. Diversity, work-life balance, scheduling flexibility to accommodate part-time employment, and reform of conditions for academic promotion all need to be addressed to ensure future growth of the pediatric rheumatology workforce.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14960,7 +17686,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {809--840},
   issn = {0303-8300},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-018-1839-x},
-  abstract = {Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job.The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% and from 13.3 to 22.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market.The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% among young men.Among young female graduates, the incidence ofunderemployment fell to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment.A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women.The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.},
+  abstract = {Applying work by Green and Henseke (in IZA J Labor Policy 5(1):14, 2016a), this study examines changes in the German graduate labour market in the twenty-first century. To do so, it deploys a new statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements obtained from worker-reported task data in the German Employment Surveys 2006 and 2012. As in previous work, the resulting classifier explains differences in graduate labour market outcomes better than existing methods and can be applied in a range of contexts where intelligence on graduate destinations is desired. It is supplied in the appendix of this study. Despite the expansion of higher educational attainment between 1999 and 2012, my analysis indicates a rising excess demand for graduate labour. Following key findings emerge: Graduate skills are required beyond the narrow range of professions. Work tasks associated with cognitive skills use are key determinants of higher education requirements on the job.The proportion of graduates in the age bracket 25-34 has risen among men from 14.7 to 18.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and from 13.3 to 22.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among women between 1999 and 2012. Young women have become the group with greatest level of higher education in the labour market.The growing supply of graduate labour in the age bracket 25-34 was surpassed by the expansion of employment in graduate jobs. The employment share of graduate jobs shifted by 17 percentage points to almost 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among young women and by 11 percentage points to 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among young men.Among young female graduates, the incidence ofunderemployment fell to 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% between 1999 and 2012; roughly comparable to the level among males at the same ages. Prime aged female graduates, however, experience above average rates of underemployment.A sharp rise of the pay premium associated with higher education among men contrasts with stagnating wage differentials among women.The pay penalty associated with underemployment has not changed statistically significantly.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -14979,6 +17705,36 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Herbst2008,
+  title = {Who Are the Eligible Non-Recipients of Child Care Subsidies?},
+  author = {Herbst, Chris M.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Children and Youth Services Review},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {1037--1054},
+  issn = {01907409},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.01.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Herbst2011,
+  title = {Do Child Care Subsidies Influence Single Mothers' Decision to Invest in Human Capital?},
+  author = {Herbst, Chris M. and Tekin, Erdal},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Economics of Education Review},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {901--912},
+  issn = {02727757},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.03.006},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Herbst2014,
   title = {{{CHILD CARE SUBSIDIES}}, {{MATERNAL HEALTH}}, {{AND CHILD-PARENT INTERACTIONS}}: {{EVIDENCE FROM THREE NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE DATASETS}}},
   author = {Herbst, Chris M. and Tekin, Erdal},
@@ -14990,7 +17746,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {894--916},
   issn = {1057-9230},
   doi = {10.1002/hec.2964},
-  abstract = {A complete account of the US child care subsidy system requires an understanding of its implications for both parental and child well-being. Although the effects of child care subsidies on maternal employment and child development have been recently studied, many other dimensions of family well-being have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the impact of child care subsidy receipt on maternal health and the quality of child-parent interactions. The empirical analyses use data from three nationally representative surveys, providing access to numerous measures of family well-being. In addition, we attempt to handle the possibility of non-random selection into subsidy receipt by using several identification strategies both within and across the surveys. Our results consistently indicate that child care subsidies are associated with worse maternal health and poorer interactions between parents and their children. In particular, subsidized mothers report lower levels of overall health and are more likely to show symptoms consistent with anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. Such mothers also reveal more psychological and physical aggression toward their children and are more likely to utilize spanking as a disciplinary tool. Together, these findings suggest that work-based public policies aimed at economically disadvantaged mothers may ultimately undermine family well-being. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
+  abstract = {A complete account of the US child care subsidy system requires an understanding of its implications for both parental and child well-being. Although the effects of child care subsidies on maternal employment and child development have been recently studied, many other dimensions of family well-being have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the impact of child care subsidy receipt on maternal health and the quality of child-parent interactions. The empirical analyses use data from three nationally representative surveys, providing access to numerous measures of family well-being. In addition, we attempt to handle the possibility of non-random selection into subsidy receipt by using several identification strategies both within and across the surveys. Our results consistently indicate that child care subsidies are associated with worse maternal health and poorer interactions between parents and their children. In particular, subsidized mothers report lower levels of overall health and are more likely to show symptoms consistent with anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. Such mothers also reveal more psychological and physical aggression toward their children and are more likely to utilize spanking as a disciplinary tool. Together, these findings suggest that work-based public policies aimed at economically disadvantaged mothers may ultimately undermine family well-being. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Sons, Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15031,7 +17787,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   number = {51},
   pages = {35--68},
   issn = {0896-6346},
-  abstract = {After the 2001 crisis, Turkey continued to pursue the radical market-oriented reform strategy that had started in the early 1980s and followed the philosophy of the Washington Consensus. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the post-2001 period was relatively high, but it was a \textbackslash textasciigravejobless\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace growth caused by substantial productivity increases generated largely by intensifying the work process rather than by technological advancements. Economic growth in the post-2001 period benefited society very unequally. The growth regime of Turkey is vulnerable owing to high current account deficit; high currency mismatch, particularly in the corporate sector; high income inequality; high unemployment; and an unsatisfactory development of the industrial sector, despite some successes. We recommend a new development regime with selective capital controls, a balanced current account, an active industrial policy by the government, stronger trade unions and employers' associations engaged in social dialogue combined with coordinated wage bargaining on the sectoral level, and last but not least, redistributive policies aiming to achieve a more equal income distribution.},
+  abstract = {After the 2001 crisis, Turkey continued to pursue the radical market-oriented reform strategy that had started in the early 1980s and followed the philosophy of the Washington Consensus. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the post-2001 period was relatively high, but it was a {\textbackslash}textasciigravejobless{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace growth caused by substantial productivity increases generated largely by intensifying the work process rather than by technological advancements. Economic growth in the post-2001 period benefited society very unequally. The growth regime of Turkey is vulnerable owing to high current account deficit; high currency mismatch, particularly in the corporate sector; high income inequality; high unemployment; and an unsatisfactory development of the industrial sector, despite some successes. We recommend a new development regime with selective capital controls, a balanced current account, an active industrial policy by the government, stronger trade unions and employers' associations engaged in social dialogue combined with coordinated wage bargaining on the sectoral level, and last but not least, redistributive policies aiming to achieve a more equal income distribution.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15062,6 +17818,55 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
+@article{Herrera2019,
+  title = {Teen {{Fertility}} and {{Female Employment Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Madagascar}}},
+  shorttitle = {Teen {{Fertility}} and {{Female Employment Outcomes}}},
+  author = {Herrera, Catalina and Sahn, David E and Villa, Kira M},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Journal of African Economies},
+  volume = {28},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {277--303},
+  issn = {0963-8024, 1464-3723},
+  doi = {10.1093/jae/ejy024},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{HerreraAlmanza2018,
+  title = {Early {{Childbearing}}, {{School Attainment}}, and {{Cognitive Skills}}: {{Evidence From Madagascar}}},
+  shorttitle = {Early {{Childbearing}}, {{School Attainment}}, and {{Cognitive Skills}}},
+  author = {Herrera Almanza, Catalina and Sahn, David E.},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {55},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {643--668},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1007/s13524-018-0664-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women's human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21{\textendash}24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman's community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Hersch2011,
+  title = {Compensating {{Differentials}} for {{Sexual Harassment}}},
+  author = {Hersch, Joni},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {American Economic Review},
+  volume = {101},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {630--634},
+  issn = {0002-8282},
+  doi = {10.1257/aer.101.3.630},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Workplace sexual harassment is illegal, but many workers report that they have been sexually harassed. Exposure to the risk of sexual harassment may decrease productivity, which would reduce wages. Alternatively, workers may receive a compensating differential for exposure to sexual harassment, which would increase wages. Data on claims of sexual harassment filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission are used to calculate the first measures of sexual harassment risks by industry, age group, and sex. Female workers face far higher sexual harassment risks. On balance, workers receive a compensating wage differential for exposure to the risk of sexual harassment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Herzberg-Druker2019,
   title = {Family Matters: {{The}} Contribution of Households' Educational and Employment Composition to Income Inequality},
   author = {{Herzberg-Druker}, Efrat and Stier, Haya},
@@ -15103,7 +17908,21 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {98--104},
   issn = {0948-6704},
   doi = {10.1007/s00391-016-1053-x},
-  abstract = {Over the last 10 years the German pension system has undergone several reforms including the abandonment of early retirement policies and an increase in the statutory retirement age. Consequently, the average retirement age has increased and future retiree cohorts have adjusted the retirement expectations and preferences as to when they would like to retire. This study was carried out to examine discrepancies between the expected and the preferred retirement age of older workers in Germany and to investigate how these discrepancies differ between groups of older workers. Based on data from the survey \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEmployment after retirement\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, the expected and preferred retirement ages of 1500 workers aged 55 years and older were compared. Regression analyses were used to investigate the influence of educational level and professional position on deviances between the expected and preferred retirement ages. On average older workers would like to retire 1.75 years earlier than they actually expect to. The deviance is significantly larger for employees with a lower professional position, lower income and lower educational level. The discrepancy between expected and preferred retirement ages, in particular for older workers in vulnerable labor market positions, indicates a potential social inequality regarding the choice of retirement timing. This must be acknowledged when considering further reforms of the German pension system.},
+  abstract = {Over the last 10 years the German pension system has undergone several reforms including the abandonment of early retirement policies and an increase in the statutory retirement age. Consequently, the average retirement age has increased and future retiree cohorts have adjusted the retirement expectations and preferences as to when they would like to retire. This study was carried out to examine discrepancies between the expected and the preferred retirement age of older workers in Germany and to investigate how these discrepancies differ between groups of older workers. Based on data from the survey {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveEmployment after retirement{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, the expected and preferred retirement ages of 1500 workers aged 55 years and older were compared. Regression analyses were used to investigate the influence of educational level and professional position on deviances between the expected and preferred retirement ages. On average older workers would like to retire 1.75 years earlier than they actually expect to. The deviance is significantly larger for employees with a lower professional position, lower income and lower educational level. The discrepancy between expected and preferred retirement ages, in particular for older workers in vulnerable labor market positions, indicates a potential social inequality regarding the choice of retirement timing. This must be acknowledged when considering further reforms of the German pension system.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Hessel2016,
+  title = {Does Retirement (Really) Lead to Worse Health among {{European}} Men and Women across All Educational Levels?},
+  author = {Hessel, Philipp},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {151},
+  pages = {19--26},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.018},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15139,7 +17958,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   author = {Hewitt, Belinda and Strazdins, Lyndall and Martin, Bill},
   year = {2017},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {182},
   pages = {97--105},
   issn = {0277-9536},
@@ -15173,7 +17992,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   number = {9},
   issn = {2291-5222},
   doi = {10.2196/24182},
-  abstract = {Background: The in-service training of frontline health workers (FHWs) in primary health care facilities plays an important role in improving the standard of health care delivery. However, it is often expensive and requires FHWs to leave their posts in rural areas to attend courses in urban centers. This study reports the implementation of a digital health tool for providing video training (VTR) on maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) care to provide in-service training at scale without interrupting health services. The VTR intervention was supported by satellite communications technology and existing 3G mobile networks. Objective: This study aims to determine the feasibility and acceptability of these digital health tools and their potential effectiveness in improving clinical knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to MNCH care. Methods: A mixed methods design, including an uncontrolled pre- and postquantitative evaluation, was adopted. From October 2017 to May 2018, a VTR mobile intervention was delivered to FHWs in 3 states of Nigeria. We examined changes in workers' knowledge and confidence in delivering MNCH services through a pre- and posttest survey. Stakeholders' experiences with the intervention were explored through semistructured interviews that drew on the technology acceptance model to frame contextual factors that shaped the intervention's acceptability and usability in the work environment. Results: In total, 328 FHWs completed both pre- and posttests. FHWs achieved a mean pretest score of 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 48\textbackslash textbackslash\%-54\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and mean posttest score of 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 66\textbackslash textbackslash\%-72\textbackslash textbackslash\%), reflecting, after adjusting for key covariates, a mean increase between the pre- and posttest of 17 percentage points (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 15-19; P{$<$}.001). Variation was identified in pre- and posttest scores by the sex and location of participants alongside topic-specific areas where scores were lowest. Stakeholder interviews suggested a wide acceptance of VTR Mobile (delivered via digital technology) as an important tool for enhancing the quality of training, reinforcing knowledge, and improving health outcomes. Conclusions: This study found that VTR supported through a digital technology approach is a feasible and acceptable approach for supporting improvements in clinical knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices in MNCH. The determinants of technology acceptance included ease of use, perceived usefulness, access to technology and training contents, and the cost-effectiveness of VTR, whereas barriers to the adoption of VTR were poor electricity supply, poor internet connection, and FHWs'workload. The evaluation also identified the mechanisms of the impact of delivering VTR Mobile at scale on the micro (individual), meso (organizational), and macro (policy) levels of the health system. Future research is required to explore the translation of this digital health approach for the VTR of FHWs and its impact across low-resource settings to ameliorate the financial and time costs of training and support high-quality MNCH care delivery.},
+  abstract = {Background: The in-service training of frontline health workers (FHWs) in primary health care facilities plays an important role in improving the standard of health care delivery. However, it is often expensive and requires FHWs to leave their posts in rural areas to attend courses in urban centers. This study reports the implementation of a digital health tool for providing video training (VTR) on maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) care to provide in-service training at scale without interrupting health services. The VTR intervention was supported by satellite communications technology and existing 3G mobile networks. Objective: This study aims to determine the feasibility and acceptability of these digital health tools and their potential effectiveness in improving clinical knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to MNCH care. Methods: A mixed methods design, including an uncontrolled pre- and postquantitative evaluation, was adopted. From October 2017 to May 2018, a VTR mobile intervention was delivered to FHWs in 3 states of Nigeria. We examined changes in workers' knowledge and confidence in delivering MNCH services through a pre- and posttest survey. Stakeholders' experiences with the intervention were explored through semistructured interviews that drew on the technology acceptance model to frame contextual factors that shaped the intervention's acceptability and usability in the work environment. Results: In total, 328 FHWs completed both pre- and posttests. FHWs achieved a mean pretest score of 51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-54{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and mean posttest score of 69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), reflecting, after adjusting for key covariates, a mean increase between the pre- and posttest of 17 percentage points (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 15-19; P{$<$}.001). Variation was identified in pre- and posttest scores by the sex and location of participants alongside topic-specific areas where scores were lowest. Stakeholder interviews suggested a wide acceptance of VTR Mobile (delivered via digital technology) as an important tool for enhancing the quality of training, reinforcing knowledge, and improving health outcomes. Conclusions: This study found that VTR supported through a digital technology approach is a feasible and acceptable approach for supporting improvements in clinical knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices in MNCH. The determinants of technology acceptance included ease of use, perceived usefulness, access to technology and training contents, and the cost-effectiveness of VTR, whereas barriers to the adoption of VTR were poor electricity supply, poor internet connection, and FHWs'workload. The evaluation also identified the mechanisms of the impact of delivering VTR Mobile at scale on the micro (individual), meso (organizational), and macro (policy) levels of the health system. Future research is required to explore the translation of this digital health approach for the VTR of FHWs and its impact across low-resource settings to ameliorate the financial and time costs of training and support high-quality MNCH care delivery.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15236,7 +18055,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
 }
 
 @article{Hills2004,
-  title = {A \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethird Way\textbackslash ensuremath''' in Welfare Reform? {{Evidence}} from the {{United Kingdom}}},
+  title = {A {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethird Way{\textbackslash}ensuremath''' in Welfare Reform? {{Evidence}} from the {{United Kingdom}}},
   author = {Hills, J and Waldfogel, J},
   year = {2004},
   journal = {JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT},
@@ -15245,7 +18064,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {765--788},
   issn = {0276-8739},
   doi = {10.1002/pam.20046},
-  abstract = {U.S. welfare reforms, whether promoting work first or human capital development, have had in common an emphasis on employment as the key to improving the life chances of children living in single-mother families. We describe in this article a different type of reform-a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethird way\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in welfare reform. The welfare reforms carried out in the United Kingdom since the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveNew Labour\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace government of Tony Blair was elected in 1997 have included promotion of paid work, but along side two other components-an explicit commitment to reduce and eventually eliminate child poverty, and a campaign against long-term disadvantage under the label of tackling \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial exclusion.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Welfare-to-work reforms promoting employment for single mothers have been active but not as punitive as in the United States. At the same time, the tax credit and cash benefit system has been radically overhauled, benefiting low-income families with children, whether or not parents are working. Early indications suggest a more rapid fall in child poverty in the United Kingdom since its reforms began than in the United States since its reforms, and a faster rise in single-mother employment. (C) 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
+  abstract = {U.S. welfare reforms, whether promoting work first or human capital development, have had in common an emphasis on employment as the key to improving the life chances of children living in single-mother families. We describe in this article a different type of reform-a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethird way{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in welfare reform. The welfare reforms carried out in the United Kingdom since the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveNew Labour{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace government of Tony Blair was elected in 1997 have included promotion of paid work, but along side two other components-an explicit commitment to reduce and eventually eliminate child poverty, and a campaign against long-term disadvantage under the label of tackling {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial exclusion.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Welfare-to-work reforms promoting employment for single mothers have been active but not as punitive as in the United States. At the same time, the tax credit and cash benefit system has been radically overhauled, benefiting low-income families with children, whether or not parents are working. Early indications suggest a more rapid fall in child poverty in the United Kingdom since its reforms began than in the United States since its reforms, and a faster rise in single-mother employment. (C) 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15253,7 +18072,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   title = {Making Policymakers More Gender Aware: {{Experiences}} and Reflections from the {{Women}}'s {{Budget Group}} in the {{United Kingdom}}},
   author = {Himmelweit, S},
   year = {2005},
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {27},
   number = {1-2},
   pages = {109--121},
@@ -15366,7 +18185,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
 }
 
 @article{Hoffman2017,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveI Got Lucky}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Class Reproduction Across}} the {{Transition}} to {{Motherhood}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveI Got Lucky}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Class Reproduction Across}} the {{Transition}} to {{Motherhood}}},
   author = {Hoffman, Charity M.},
   year = {2017},
   month = nov,
@@ -15404,7 +18223,23 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   volume = {83},
   issn = {0272-7757},
   doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102124},
-  abstract = {More than 1 in 7 people in Europe live in a household whose income is below the national poverty line, but more than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people consider themselves to live in poverty. This study provides evidence on the causal relationship between education and various dimensions of poverty. I construct a novel database comprising compulsory schooling reforms in 32 European countries and use them as instruments for education. I find economically large poverty-reducing effects of education. This holds true for several objective poverty measures, which are both absolute and relative in nature, and a subjective poverty measure. An additional year of education thus reduces not only the likelihood of being classified as living in poverty but also the likelihood of considering oneself to live in poverty. Increases in labor force participation and full-time employment as well as better health are potential mechanisms behind these results. Notably, countries in Eastern Europe seem to drive the results.},
+  abstract = {More than 1 in 7 people in Europe live in a household whose income is below the national poverty line, but more than 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people consider themselves to live in poverty. This study provides evidence on the causal relationship between education and various dimensions of poverty. I construct a novel database comprising compulsory schooling reforms in 32 European countries and use them as instruments for education. I find economically large poverty-reducing effects of education. This holds true for several objective poverty measures, which are both absolute and relative in nature, and a subjective poverty measure. An additional year of education thus reduces not only the likelihood of being classified as living in poverty but also the likelihood of considering oneself to live in poverty. Increases in labor force participation and full-time employment as well as better health are potential mechanisms behind these results. Notably, countries in Eastern Europe seem to drive the results.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Hofstede1980,
+  title = {Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: {{Do American}} Theories Apply Abroad?},
+  shorttitle = {Motivation, Leadership, and Organization},
+  author = {Hofstede, Geert},
+  year = {1980},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Organizational Dynamics},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {42--63},
+  issn = {00902616},
+  doi = {10.1016/0090-2616(80)90013-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15422,11 +18257,38 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Hogansen2008,
+  title = {Transition {{Goals}} and {{Experiences}} of {{Females}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{Youth}}, {{Parents}}, and {{Professionals}}},
+  shorttitle = {Transition {{Goals}} and {{Experiences}} of {{Females}} with {{Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Hogansen, Jennifer M. and Powers, Kristin and Geenen, Sarah and {Gil-Kashiwabara}, Eleanor and Powers, Laurie},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Exceptional Children},
+  volume = {74},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {215--234},
+  issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560},
+  doi = {10.1177/001440290807400205},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This study examined the influence of gender on the transition goals and experiences of female students with disabilities. Data were gathered from 146 participants, including female youth with disabilities (n = 67), parents of young women with disabilities (n = 34), and professionals who work with them (n = 45). Findings suggest that females with disabilities have unique experiences related to (a) type of transition goals established for them; (b) factors that shape these transition goals, such as self-perception, mentors, peers, family, and exposure to opportunities; (c) sources of support and impediments to transition to adulthood, such as special education personnel and programs; and (d) contextual issues, such as cultural and linguistic diversity. Practice and future research implications are discussed.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@techreport{Hojman2019,
+  title = {Cost-{{Effective Public Daycare}} in a {{Low-Income Economy Benefits Children}} and {{Mothers}}},
+  author = {Hojman, Andr{\'e}s and L{\'o}pez B{\'o}o, Florencia},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = aug,
+  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
+  doi = {10.18235/0001849},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Holden2009,
   title = {Economic {{Security}} in {{Retirement}}: {{How Changes}} in {{Employment}} and {{Marriage Have Altered Retirement-Related Economic Risks}} for {{Women}}},
   author = {Holden, Karen C. and Fontes, Angela},
   year = {2009},
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {30},
   number = {2-3},
   pages = {173--197},
@@ -15510,6 +18372,21 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Holwerda2013,
+  title = {Predictors of Sustainable Work Participation of Young Adults with Developmental Disorders},
+  author = {Holwerda, Anja and Van Der Klink, Jac J.L. and De Boer, Michiel R. and Groothoff, Johan W. and Brouwer, Sandra},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Research in Developmental Disabilities},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {2753--2763},
+  issn = {08914222},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.032},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Holzer2017,
   title = {The {{Role}} of {{Skills}} and {{Jobs}} in {{Transforming Communities}}},
   author = {Holzer, Harry J.},
@@ -15524,7 +18401,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
 }
 
 @article{Holzinger2020,
-  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Don't Worry That Much about Language': Street-Level Bureaucracy in the Context of Linguistic Diversity},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWe}} Don't Worry That Much about Language': Street-Level Bureaucracy in the Context of Linguistic Diversity},
   author = {Holzinger, Clara},
   year = {2020},
   month = jul,
@@ -15577,7 +18454,23 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   number = {4},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0266438},
-  abstract = {Despite progress on population-level HIV viral suppression, unknown outcomes amongst people who have initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries, commonly referred to as loss to follow-up (LTFU), remains a barrier. The mean global estimate of LTFU is 20\textbackslash textbackslash\%, exceeding the World Health Organization target of {$<$}15\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Pervasive predictors associated with LTFU include younger age, low body mass index, low CD4 count, advanced HIV clinical stage and certain ART regimens. In Namibia, ART use by eligible individuals exceeds 85\textbackslash textbackslash\%, surpassing the global average. Nonetheless, LTFU remains a barrier to achieving viral suppression and requires research to elucidate context-specific factors. An observational cohort study was conducted in Namibia in 2012 by administering surveys to individuals who presented for HIV care and initiated ART for the first time. Additional data were collected from routine medical data monitoring systems. Participants classified as LTFU at 12 months were traced to confirm their status. Predictors of LTFU were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Of those who presented consecutively to initiate ART, 524 were identified as eligible to enroll in the study, 497 enrolled, and 474 completed the baseline questionnaire. The cohort had mean age 36 years, 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% were male, mean CD4 cell count 222 cells/mm3, 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% were WHO HIV clinical stage and 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% started efavirenz-based regimens. Tracing participants classified as LTFU yielded a re-categorization from 27.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 132) to 14.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 68) LTFU. In the final multivariable model, factors associated with confirmed LTFU status were: younger age (OR 0.97, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.00-1.06, p = 0.02); male sex (OR 2.34, CI 1.34-4.06, p = 0.003); difficulty leaving work or home to attend clinic (OR 2.55, CI 1.40-4.65, p = 0.002); and baseline efavirenz-based regimen (OR 2.35, CI 1.22-4.51, p = 0.01). Interventions to reduce LTFU should therefore target young men, particularly those who report difficulty leaving work or home to attend clinic and are on an efavirenz-based regimen.},
+  abstract = {Despite progress on population-level HIV viral suppression, unknown outcomes amongst people who have initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries, commonly referred to as loss to follow-up (LTFU), remains a barrier. The mean global estimate of LTFU is 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, exceeding the World Health Organization target of {$<$}15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Pervasive predictors associated with LTFU include younger age, low body mass index, low CD4 count, advanced HIV clinical stage and certain ART regimens. In Namibia, ART use by eligible individuals exceeds 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, surpassing the global average. Nonetheless, LTFU remains a barrier to achieving viral suppression and requires research to elucidate context-specific factors. An observational cohort study was conducted in Namibia in 2012 by administering surveys to individuals who presented for HIV care and initiated ART for the first time. Additional data were collected from routine medical data monitoring systems. Participants classified as LTFU at 12 months were traced to confirm their status. Predictors of LTFU were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Of those who presented consecutively to initiate ART, 524 were identified as eligible to enroll in the study, 497 enrolled, and 474 completed the baseline questionnaire. The cohort had mean age 36 years, 39{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were male, mean CD4 cell count 222 cells/mm3, 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were WHO HIV clinical stage and 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% started efavirenz-based regimens. Tracing participants classified as LTFU yielded a re-categorization from 27.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 132) to 14.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 68) LTFU. In the final multivariable model, factors associated with confirmed LTFU status were: younger age (OR 0.97, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.00-1.06, p = 0.02); male sex (OR 2.34, CI 1.34-4.06, p = 0.003); difficulty leaving work or home to attend clinic (OR 2.55, CI 1.40-4.65, p = 0.002); and baseline efavirenz-based regimen (OR 2.35, CI 1.22-4.51, p = 0.01). Interventions to reduce LTFU should therefore target young men, particularly those who report difficulty leaving work or home to attend clinic and are on an efavirenz-based regimen.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Hoogendoorn2000,
+  title = {Systematic {{Review}} of {{Psychosocial Factors}} at {{Work}} and {{Private Life}} as {{Risk Factors}} for {{Back Pain}}:},
+  shorttitle = {Systematic {{Review}} of {{Psychosocial Factors}} at {{Work}} and {{Private Life}} as {{Risk Factors}} for {{Back Pain}}},
+  author = {Hoogendoorn, Wilhelmina E. and Van Poppel, Mireille N. M. and Bongers, Paulien M. and Koes, Bart W. and Bouter, Lex M.},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Spine},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {16},
+  pages = {2114--2125},
+  issn = {0362-2436},
+  doi = {10.1097/00007632-200008150-00017},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15597,7 +18490,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
 }
 
 @article{Hook2015,
-  title = {Incorporating \textbackslash textasciigraveclass' into Work-Family Arrangements: {{Insights}} from and for {{Three Worlds}}},
+  title = {Incorporating {\textbackslash}textasciigraveclass' into Work-Family Arrangements: {{Insights}} from and for {{Three Worlds}}},
   author = {Hook, Jennifer L.},
   year = {2015},
   month = feb,
@@ -15659,7 +18552,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   author = {Hora, Ondrej and Sirovatka, Tomas},
   year = {2020},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
+  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
   volume = {54},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1198--1214},
@@ -15679,12 +18572,12 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {130--146},
   issn = {1998-4634},
   doi = {10.33782/eminak2022.2(38).586},
-  abstract = {The purpose of the paper is to highlight the living conditions of disabled people of the Great Patriotic War in post-war Ukraine, which were resulted from certain measures for the social protection of that social group, implemented by the party-government leadership of the republic. The scientific novelty is in the fact that the study focuses on manifestations of discrimination by the authorities against certain groups of the social community of disabled front-line soldiers in the Ukrainian SSR. Conclusions. The process of legal registration of the social group \textbackslash textasciigraveinvalids of the Great Patriotic War' in the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR began in 1940 and continued until the end of the Second World War. The disabled of the Soviet-German War were legally separated from all social groups of the social security system and had a number of rights and privileges. At the same time, the practice of implementing the policy of the disabled WWII soldiers' social protection by the party-government leadership of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR testified to a general tendency to ignore those rights and privileges. The facts of the encroachment of the highest-ranking Communist party and government of the USSR and Ukraine representatives upon the process of determining the degree of loss of labor capacity of disabled veterans with the aim of reducing expenses for supporting their incomes are found out. The reasons for such actions of the authorities are analyzed. The dependence of the social protection of the war disabled on the ideological guidelines of the communist state as well as the command-administrative system of managing the economy and social policy is revealed. Disabled WWII soldiers who lived in the villages were discriminated against as well. They were paid a smaller pension, were not given food stamps for a guaranteed supply of bread, and were not exempted from taxes in kind in the form of harvesting agricultural products. It was discrimination on social grounds. The administrative and coercive character of the solution to the problem of employment of disabled WWII soldiers in post-war Ukraine is proven. The paper shows the facts of discrimination against disabled war veterans with severe injuries who tried to survive on their own in hard living conditions, engaging in petty trade or begging. Authorities deprived them of freedom of movement, freedom of choice of occupation, and even personal freedom, forcibly sending them to specialized institutions. The top officials of the republic were also involved in that.},
+  abstract = {The purpose of the paper is to highlight the living conditions of disabled people of the Great Patriotic War in post-war Ukraine, which were resulted from certain measures for the social protection of that social group, implemented by the party-government leadership of the republic. The scientific novelty is in the fact that the study focuses on manifestations of discrimination by the authorities against certain groups of the social community of disabled front-line soldiers in the Ukrainian SSR. Conclusions. The process of legal registration of the social group {\textbackslash}textasciigraveinvalids of the Great Patriotic War' in the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR began in 1940 and continued until the end of the Second World War. The disabled of the Soviet-German War were legally separated from all social groups of the social security system and had a number of rights and privileges. At the same time, the practice of implementing the policy of the disabled WWII soldiers' social protection by the party-government leadership of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR testified to a general tendency to ignore those rights and privileges. The facts of the encroachment of the highest-ranking Communist party and government of the USSR and Ukraine representatives upon the process of determining the degree of loss of labor capacity of disabled veterans with the aim of reducing expenses for supporting their incomes are found out. The reasons for such actions of the authorities are analyzed. The dependence of the social protection of the war disabled on the ideological guidelines of the communist state as well as the command-administrative system of managing the economy and social policy is revealed. Disabled WWII soldiers who lived in the villages were discriminated against as well. They were paid a smaller pension, were not given food stamps for a guaranteed supply of bread, and were not exempted from taxes in kind in the form of harvesting agricultural products. It was discrimination on social grounds. The administrative and coercive character of the solution to the problem of employment of disabled WWII soldiers in post-war Ukraine is proven. The paper shows the facts of discrimination against disabled war veterans with severe injuries who tried to survive on their own in hard living conditions, engaging in petty trade or begging. Authorities deprived them of freedom of movement, freedom of choice of occupation, and even personal freedom, forcibly sending them to specialized institutions. The top officials of the republic were also involved in that.},
   langid = {ukrainian}
 }
 
 @article{Hordosy2018,
-  title = {Lower Income Students and the \textbackslash textasciigravedouble Deficit' of Part-Time Work: Undergraduate Experiences of Finance, Studying and Employability},
+  title = {Lower Income Students and the {\textbackslash}textasciigravedouble Deficit' of Part-Time Work: Undergraduate Experiences of Finance, Studying and Employability},
   author = {Hordosy, Rita and Clark, Tom and Vickers, Dan},
   year = {2018},
   journal = {JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND WORK},
@@ -15693,7 +18586,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {353--365},
   issn = {1363-9080},
   doi = {10.1080/13639080.2018.1498068},
-  abstract = {This paper explores how the various pressures of finance, employability and part-time work are experienced by undergraduates studying in an English Red Brick University. Drawing on the results of a 3-year qualitative study that followed 40 students throughout their 3 years of studies (n(1) = 40, n(2) = 40, n(3) = 38, n(total) = 118), the paper details three dimensions by which students understood their part-time employment experiences: the characteristics of employment types; motivations for employment and the challenges of shaping their employment experiences around their studies. It is argued that the current shortfalls in the student budget and the pressures of the employability agenda may actually serve to further disadvantage the lower income groups in the form of a \textbackslash textasciigravedouble deficit'. Not only are discrepancies between income and expenditure likely to mean that additional monies are necessary to study for a degree, the resulting need for part-time employment is also likely to constrain both degree outcome and capacity to enhance skills necessary for \textbackslash textasciigraveemployability'.},
+  abstract = {This paper explores how the various pressures of finance, employability and part-time work are experienced by undergraduates studying in an English Red Brick University. Drawing on the results of a 3-year qualitative study that followed 40 students throughout their 3 years of studies (n(1) = 40, n(2) = 40, n(3) = 38, n(total) = 118), the paper details three dimensions by which students understood their part-time employment experiences: the characteristics of employment types; motivations for employment and the challenges of shaping their employment experiences around their studies. It is argued that the current shortfalls in the student budget and the pressures of the employability agenda may actually serve to further disadvantage the lower income groups in the form of a {\textbackslash}textasciigravedouble deficit'. Not only are discrepancies between income and expenditure likely to mean that additional monies are necessary to study for a degree, the resulting need for part-time employment is also likely to constrain both degree outcome and capacity to enhance skills necessary for {\textbackslash}textasciigraveemployability'.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15707,7 +18600,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   pages = {73--84},
   issn = {0305-750X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.005},
-  abstract = {The expansion of middle-income countries in the global South is now widely acknowledged as significant for international development research and practice. But, as yet, scholars have not fully considered how middle-income countries are responding to the new global goals on international development (the Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs) outlined in Agenda 2030. Equally, insufficient attention has been paid to how - if at all - the SDGs shape domestic development policies and practices in middle income countries. We ask these questions in Ecuador, a country that recently moved from being a lower middle income and donor dependent country to a more autonomous higher middle-income country with the capacity to promote its own national domestic development approach, Buen Vivir (in English: living well). Deploying a qualitative case study methodology and drawing primarily on in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with policy makers working in Ecuador's national government and in the capital Quito, we show that policy makers' engagement with the SDGs is selective, with an emphasis on those goals and targets which are considered of domestic importance. Both the national government and Quito's local government are currently focussing mainly on SDGs 10.2 (breaking inequalities) and 11 (inclusive cities). We demonstrate that, in practice, how policy makers understand implementation of these \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepriority\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace goals is not consistent; it depends on political preferences, where policy makers are located in the architecture of decentralised governance and the context-specific challenges they face. Evidence from Ecuador suggests that the SDGs cannot be understood as a single coherent template for development that states will simply adopt. Rather they should be analysed in the context of a rapidly changing architecture of global power, shaped by the context-specific nature of national development challenges and national political structures, including decentralisation. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
+  abstract = {The expansion of middle-income countries in the global South is now widely acknowledged as significant for international development research and practice. But, as yet, scholars have not fully considered how middle-income countries are responding to the new global goals on international development (the Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs) outlined in Agenda 2030. Equally, insufficient attention has been paid to how - if at all - the SDGs shape domestic development policies and practices in middle income countries. We ask these questions in Ecuador, a country that recently moved from being a lower middle income and donor dependent country to a more autonomous higher middle-income country with the capacity to promote its own national domestic development approach, Buen Vivir (in English: living well). Deploying a qualitative case study methodology and drawing primarily on in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with policy makers working in Ecuador's national government and in the capital Quito, we show that policy makers' engagement with the SDGs is selective, with an emphasis on those goals and targets which are considered of domestic importance. Both the national government and Quito's local government are currently focussing mainly on SDGs 10.2 (breaking inequalities) and 11 (inclusive cities). We demonstrate that, in practice, how policy makers understand implementation of these {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepriority{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace goals is not consistent; it depends on political preferences, where policy makers are located in the architecture of decentralised governance and the context-specific challenges they face. Evidence from Ecuador suggests that the SDGs cannot be understood as a single coherent template for development that states will simply adopt. Rather they should be analysed in the context of a rapidly changing architecture of global power, shaped by the context-specific nature of national development challenges and national political structures, including decentralisation. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15719,11 +18612,27 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   journal = {SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW},
   issn = {1475-1461},
   doi = {10.1093/ser/mwad023},
-  abstract = {Less-educated workers have the lowest participation rates in job-related further training across the industrialized world, but the extent of their disadvantage varies. Using data on 28 high- and middle-income countries, we assess different explanations for less-educated workers' training disadvantage relative to intermediate-educated workers, with a focus on the role of labor market allocation (i.e. job tasks, other job features and firm characteristics). Shapley decompositions reveal a broadly similar pattern for all countries: differences in labor market allocation between less- and intermediate-educated workers are more important for explaining the training gap than differences in individual learning disposition (i.e. cognitive skills and motivation to learn). Our analysis further suggests that the training gap is related to educational and labor market institutions and that labor market allocation processes play a key role in mediating any institutional \textbackslash textasciigraveeffects'. Strong conclusions regarding the role of institutions are hampered by the small country-level sample, however.},
+  abstract = {Less-educated workers have the lowest participation rates in job-related further training across the industrialized world, but the extent of their disadvantage varies. Using data on 28 high- and middle-income countries, we assess different explanations for less-educated workers' training disadvantage relative to intermediate-educated workers, with a focus on the role of labor market allocation (i.e. job tasks, other job features and firm characteristics). Shapley decompositions reveal a broadly similar pattern for all countries: differences in labor market allocation between less- and intermediate-educated workers are more important for explaining the training gap than differences in individual learning disposition (i.e. cognitive skills and motivation to learn). Our analysis further suggests that the training gap is related to educational and labor market institutions and that labor market allocation processes play a key role in mediating any institutional {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeffects'. Strong conclusions regarding the role of institutions are hampered by the small country-level sample, however.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {inequality::education,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,outcome::wage,relevant}
 }
 
+@article{Horner2016,
+  title = {The Impact of Retirement on Health: Quasi-Experimental Methods Using Administrative Data},
+  shorttitle = {The Impact of Retirement on Health},
+  author = {Horner, Elizabeth Mokyr and Cullen, Mark R.},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {BMC Health Services Research},
+  volume = {16},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {68},
+  issn = {1472-6963},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12913-016-1318-5},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Horvat2014,
   title = {Cultural Competence Education for Health Professionals},
   author = {Horvat, Lidia and Horey, Dell and Romios, Panayiota and {Kis-Rigo}, John},
@@ -15732,7 +18641,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   number = {5},
   issn = {1469-493X},
   doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009405.pub2},
-  abstract = {Background Cultural competence education for health professionals aims to ensure all people receive equitable, effective health care, particularly those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. It has emerged as a strategy in high-income English-speaking countries in response to evidence of health disparities, structural inequalities, and poorer quality health care and outcomes among people from minority CALD backgrounds. However there is a paucity of evidence to link cultural competence education with patient, professional and organisational outcomes. To assess efficacy, for this review we developed a four-dimensional conceptual framework comprising educational content, pedagogical approach, structure of the intervention, and participant characteristics to provide consistency in describing and assessing interventions. We use the term \textbackslash textasciigraveCALDparticipants' when referring to minority CALD populations as a whole. When referring to participants in included studies we describe them in terms used by study authors. Objectives To assess the effects of cultural competence education interventions for health professionals on patient-related outcomes, health professional outcomes, and healthcare organisation outcomes. Search methods We searched: MEDLINE (OvidSP) (1946 to June 2012); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library) (June 2012); EMBASE (OvidSP) (1988 to June 2012); CINAHL (EbscoHOST) (1981 to June 2012); PsycINFO (OvidSP) (1806 to June 2012); Proquest Dissertations and Theses database (1861 to October 2011); ERIC (CSA) (1966 to October 2011); LILACS (1982 to March 2012); and Current Contents (OvidSP) (1993 Week 27 to June 2012). Searches in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, ERIC and Current Contents were updated in February 2014. Searches in CINAHL were updated in March 2014. There were no language restrictions. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, and controlled clinical trials of educational interventions for health professionals working in health settings that aimed to improve: health outcomes of patients/consumers of minority cultural and linguistic backgrounds; knowledge, skills and attitudes of health professionals in delivering culturally competent care; and healthcare organisation performance in culturally competent care. Data collection and analysis We used the conceptual framework as the basis for data extraction. Two review authors independently extracted data on interventions, methods, and outcome measures and mapped them against the framework. Additional information was sought from study authors. We present results in narrative and tabular form. Main results We included five RCTs involving 337 healthcare professionals and 8400 patients; at least 3463 (41\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were from CALD backgrounds. Trials compared the effects of cultural competence training for health professionals, with no training. Three studies were from the USA, one from Canada and one from The Netherlands. They involved health professionals of diverse backgrounds, although most were not from CALD minorities. Cultural background was determined using a validated scale (one study), self-report (two studies) or not reported (two studies). The design effect from clustering meant an effective minimum sample size of 3164 CALD participants. No meta-analyses were performed. The quality of evidence for each outcome was judged to be low. Two trials comparing cultural competence training with no training found no evidence of effect for treatment outcomes, including the proportion of patients with diabetes achieving LDL cholesterol control targets (risk difference (RD) -0.02, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.06 to 0.02; 1 study, USA, 2699 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblack\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace patients, moderate quality), or change in weight loss (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.07, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.41 to 0.55, 1 study, USA, effective sample size (ESS) 68 patients, low quality). Health behaviour (client concordance with attendance) improved significantly among intervention participants compared with controls (relative risk (RR) 1.53, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.03 to 2.27, 1 study, USA, ESS 28 women, low quality). Involvement in care by \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenon-Western\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace patients (described as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemainly Turkish, Moroccan, Cape Verdean and Surinamese patients\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) with largely \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveWestern\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace doctors improved in terms of mutual understanding (SMD 0.21, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.00 to 0.42, 1 study, The Netherlands, 109 patients, low quality). Evaluations of care were mixed (three studies). Two studies found no evidence of effect in: proportion of patients reporting satisfaction with consultations (RD 0.14, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.03 to 0.31, 1 study, The Netherlands, 109 patients, low quality); patient scores of physician cultural competency (SMD 0.11 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.63 to 0.85, 1 study, USA, ESS 68 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCaucasian\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenon-Causcasian\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace patients (described as Latino, African American, Asian and other, low quality). Client perceptions of health professionals were significantly higher in the intervention group (SMD 1.60 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05 to 2.15, 1 study, USA, ESS 28 \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBlack\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace women, low quality). No study assessed adverse outcomes. There was no evidence of effect on clinician awareness of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveracial\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace differences in quality of care among clients at a USA health centre (RR 1.37, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.97 to 1.94. P = 0.07) with no adjustment for clustering. Included studies did not measure other outcomes of interest. Sensitivity analyses using different values for the Intra-cluster coefficient (ICC) did not substantially alter the magnitude or significance of summary effect sizes. All four domains of the conceptual framework were addressed, suggesting agreement on core components of cultural competence education interventions may be possible. Authors' conclusions Cultural competence continues to be developed as a major strategy to address health inequities. Five studies assessed the effects of cultural competence education for health professionals on patient-related outcomes. There was positive, albeit low-quality evidence, showing improvements in the involvement of CALD patients. Findings either showed support for the educational interventions or no evidence of effect. No studies assessed adverse outcomes. The quality of evidence is insufficient to draw generalisable conclusions, largely due to heterogeneity of the interventions in content, scope, design, duration, implementation and outcomes selected. Further research is required to establish greater methodological rigour and uniformity on core components of education interventions, including how they are described and evaluated. Our conceptual framework provides a basis for establishing consensus to improve reporting and allow assessment across studies and populations. Future studies should measure the patient outcomes used: treatment outcomes; health behaviours; involvement in care and evaluations of care. Studies should also measure the impact of these types of interventions on healthcare organisations, as these are likely to affect uptake and sustainability.},
+  abstract = {Background Cultural competence education for health professionals aims to ensure all people receive equitable, effective health care, particularly those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. It has emerged as a strategy in high-income English-speaking countries in response to evidence of health disparities, structural inequalities, and poorer quality health care and outcomes among people from minority CALD backgrounds. However there is a paucity of evidence to link cultural competence education with patient, professional and organisational outcomes. To assess efficacy, for this review we developed a four-dimensional conceptual framework comprising educational content, pedagogical approach, structure of the intervention, and participant characteristics to provide consistency in describing and assessing interventions. We use the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveCALDparticipants' when referring to minority CALD populations as a whole. When referring to participants in included studies we describe them in terms used by study authors. Objectives To assess the effects of cultural competence education interventions for health professionals on patient-related outcomes, health professional outcomes, and healthcare organisation outcomes. Search methods We searched: MEDLINE (OvidSP) (1946 to June 2012); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library) (June 2012); EMBASE (OvidSP) (1988 to June 2012); CINAHL (EbscoHOST) (1981 to June 2012); PsycINFO (OvidSP) (1806 to June 2012); Proquest Dissertations and Theses database (1861 to October 2011); ERIC (CSA) (1966 to October 2011); LILACS (1982 to March 2012); and Current Contents (OvidSP) (1993 Week 27 to June 2012). Searches in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, ERIC and Current Contents were updated in February 2014. Searches in CINAHL were updated in March 2014. There were no language restrictions. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, and controlled clinical trials of educational interventions for health professionals working in health settings that aimed to improve: health outcomes of patients/consumers of minority cultural and linguistic backgrounds; knowledge, skills and attitudes of health professionals in delivering culturally competent care; and healthcare organisation performance in culturally competent care. Data collection and analysis We used the conceptual framework as the basis for data extraction. Two review authors independently extracted data on interventions, methods, and outcome measures and mapped them against the framework. Additional information was sought from study authors. We present results in narrative and tabular form. Main results We included five RCTs involving 337 healthcare professionals and 8400 patients; at least 3463 (41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were from CALD backgrounds. Trials compared the effects of cultural competence training for health professionals, with no training. Three studies were from the USA, one from Canada and one from The Netherlands. They involved health professionals of diverse backgrounds, although most were not from CALD minorities. Cultural background was determined using a validated scale (one study), self-report (two studies) or not reported (two studies). The design effect from clustering meant an effective minimum sample size of 3164 CALD participants. No meta-analyses were performed. The quality of evidence for each outcome was judged to be low. Two trials comparing cultural competence training with no training found no evidence of effect for treatment outcomes, including the proportion of patients with diabetes achieving LDL cholesterol control targets (risk difference (RD) -0.02, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.06 to 0.02; 1 study, USA, 2699 {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblack{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace patients, moderate quality), or change in weight loss (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.07, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.41 to 0.55, 1 study, USA, effective sample size (ESS) 68 patients, low quality). Health behaviour (client concordance with attendance) improved significantly among intervention participants compared with controls (relative risk (RR) 1.53, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.03 to 2.27, 1 study, USA, ESS 28 women, low quality). Involvement in care by {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenon-Western{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace patients (described as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemainly Turkish, Moroccan, Cape Verdean and Surinamese patients{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) with largely {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveWestern{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace doctors improved in terms of mutual understanding (SMD 0.21, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.00 to 0.42, 1 study, The Netherlands, 109 patients, low quality). Evaluations of care were mixed (three studies). Two studies found no evidence of effect in: proportion of patients reporting satisfaction with consultations (RD 0.14, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.03 to 0.31, 1 study, The Netherlands, 109 patients, low quality); patient scores of physician cultural competency (SMD 0.11 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.63 to 0.85, 1 study, USA, ESS 68 {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCaucasian{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenon-Causcasian{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace patients (described as Latino, African American, Asian and other, low quality). Client perceptions of health professionals were significantly higher in the intervention group (SMD 1.60 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.05 to 2.15, 1 study, USA, ESS 28 {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBlack{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace women, low quality). No study assessed adverse outcomes. There was no evidence of effect on clinician awareness of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveracial{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace differences in quality of care among clients at a USA health centre (RR 1.37, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.97 to 1.94. P = 0.07) with no adjustment for clustering. Included studies did not measure other outcomes of interest. Sensitivity analyses using different values for the Intra-cluster coefficient (ICC) did not substantially alter the magnitude or significance of summary effect sizes. All four domains of the conceptual framework were addressed, suggesting agreement on core components of cultural competence education interventions may be possible. Authors' conclusions Cultural competence continues to be developed as a major strategy to address health inequities. Five studies assessed the effects of cultural competence education for health professionals on patient-related outcomes. There was positive, albeit low-quality evidence, showing improvements in the involvement of CALD patients. Findings either showed support for the educational interventions or no evidence of effect. No studies assessed adverse outcomes. The quality of evidence is insufficient to draw generalisable conclusions, largely due to heterogeneity of the interventions in content, scope, design, duration, implementation and outcomes selected. Further research is required to establish greater methodological rigour and uniformity on core components of education interventions, including how they are described and evaluated. Our conceptual framework provides a basis for establishing consensus to improve reporting and allow assessment across studies and populations. Future studies should measure the patient outcomes used: treatment outcomes; health behaviours; involvement in care and evaluations of care. Studies should also measure the impact of these types of interventions on healthcare organisations, as these are likely to affect uptake and sustainability.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15778,7 +18687,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   issn = {2571-5577},
   doi = {10.3390/asi4040077},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020\textemdash these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the increase in domestic violence against women and children during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, domestic violence against women and children has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we investigated family violence among 511 families during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were given questionnaires to answer, for a period of over ten days; we predicted family violence using a machine learning-based model. To predict domestic violence from our data set, we applied random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms to our model. We employed an oversampling strategy named the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and the chi-squared statistical test to, respectively, solve the imbalance problem and discover the feature importance of our data set. The performances of the machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score criteria. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and confusion matrices were developed and analyzed for three algorithms. On average, our model, with the random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes algorithms, predicted family violence with 77\%, 69\%, and 62\% accuracy for our data set. The findings of this study indicate that domestic violence has increased and is highly related to two features: family income level during the COVID-19 pandemic and education level of the family members.},
+  abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020{\textemdash}these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the increase in domestic violence against women and children during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, domestic violence against women and children has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we investigated family violence among 511 families during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were given questionnaires to answer, for a period of over ten days; we predicted family violence using a machine learning-based model. To predict domestic violence from our data set, we applied random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms to our model. We employed an oversampling strategy named the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and the chi-squared statistical test to, respectively, solve the imbalance problem and discover the feature importance of our data set. The performances of the machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score criteria. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and confusion matrices were developed and analyzed for three algorithms. On average, our model, with the random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes algorithms, predicted family violence with 77\%, 69\%, and 62\% accuracy for our data set. The findings of this study indicate that domestic violence has increased and is highly related to two features: family income level during the COVID-19 pandemic and education level of the family members.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -15814,6 +18723,22 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Hotchkiss2017,
+  title = {Impact of First Birth Career Interruption on Earnings: Evidence from Administrative Data},
+  shorttitle = {Impact of First Birth Career Interruption on Earnings},
+  author = {Hotchkiss, Julie L. and Pitts, M. Melinda and Walker, Mary Beth},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Applied Economics},
+  volume = {49},
+  number = {35},
+  pages = {3509--3522},
+  issn = {0003-6846, 1466-4283},
+  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2016.1262523},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Houck2019,
   title = {Pharmacist-Driven Multidisciplinary Pretreatment Workup Process for Hepatitis {{C}} Care: {{A}} Novel Model for Same-Day Pretreatment Workup},
   author = {Houck, Kelly K. and Ifeachor, Amanda P. and Fleming, Breanne S. and Andres, Audrey M. and O'Donovan, Kristin N. and Johnson, Andrew J. and Liangpunsakul, Suthat},
@@ -15913,7 +18838,23 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c
   journal = {APPLIED ECONOMICS},
   issn = {0003-6846},
   doi = {10.1080/00036846.2022.2156471},
-  abstract = {The Internet technology has had a visible impact on the daily work and lives of people, especially the youth. This paper aims to investigate the influence of Internet technology on labour income as well as the channels through which income is affected, with a variety of empirical methods. Using the Chinese Family Panel Survey (CFPS) in 2014 and 2018, we discover that a \textbackslash textasciigravedigital gap' in Internet use is emerging. First, young labour force with higher income and education, urban identity, and working in high-skilled industry earn more from Internet use than their peers. Second, the return of operational income is higher than the return of wage income. Third, the return on long-term Internet use is higher than the return on short-term Internet use; however, the return has tended to decline, particularly among the bottom 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% income groups. Forth, the Internet affects their income through three main channels: assisting learning, improving working efficiency, and promoting information sharing. We also offer a few policy suggestions (e.g. improving the allocation of Internet resources).},
+  abstract = {The Internet technology has had a visible impact on the daily work and lives of people, especially the youth. This paper aims to investigate the influence of Internet technology on labour income as well as the channels through which income is affected, with a variety of empirical methods. Using the Chinese Family Panel Survey (CFPS) in 2014 and 2018, we discover that a {\textbackslash}textasciigravedigital gap' in Internet use is emerging. First, young labour force with higher income and education, urban identity, and working in high-skilled industry earn more from Internet use than their peers. Second, the return of operational income is higher than the return of wage income. Third, the return on long-term Internet use is higher than the return on short-term Internet use; however, the return has tended to decline, particularly among the bottom 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% income groups. Forth, the Internet affects their income through three main channels: assisting learning, improving working efficiency, and promoting information sharing. We also offer a few policy suggestions (e.g. improving the allocation of Internet resources).},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Huang2013,
+  title = {Prognostic {{Value}} of {{Tissue Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression}} in {{Bladder Cancer}}: A {{Meta-analysis}}},
+  shorttitle = {Prognostic {{Value}} of {{Tissue Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression}} in {{Bladder Cancer}}},
+  author = {Huang, Yu-Jing and Qi, Wei-Xiang and He, Ai-Na and Sun, Yuan-Jue and Shen, Zan and Yao, Yang},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {645--649},
+  issn = {1513-7368},
+  doi = {10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.2.645},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16002,7 +18943,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {1827},
   issn = {0962-8436},
   doi = {10.1098/rstb.2020.0430},
-  abstract = {The early years are critical and inform the developmental trajectory of children. This is justifiably attracting growing policy attention. Much of this attention is focused on interventions and policies directed at parents, especially mothers. Yet emerging evidence suggests that increasing numbers of children in rapidly urbanizing low- and middle-income countries are now spending much of their day with other formal and informal childcare providers, including largely unregulated paid childcare providers. This paper summarizes the limited literature about the use of such paid childcare in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, before considering possible reasons behind the lack of research evidence. Finally, key research gaps and their implications for public health practice are explored, with reference to the ongoing British Academy funded Nairobi Early Childcare in Slums research programme in Nairobi, Kenya. We argue that improving childcare may be an under-explored strategy to help some of the world's most disadvantaged children in the most important period of their lives, and that interventions in this largely informal market should be built on a rigorous research base. This article is part of the theme issue \textbackslash textasciigraveMultidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal-child health'.},
+  abstract = {The early years are critical and inform the developmental trajectory of children. This is justifiably attracting growing policy attention. Much of this attention is focused on interventions and policies directed at parents, especially mothers. Yet emerging evidence suggests that increasing numbers of children in rapidly urbanizing low- and middle-income countries are now spending much of their day with other formal and informal childcare providers, including largely unregulated paid childcare providers. This paper summarizes the limited literature about the use of such paid childcare in low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa, before considering possible reasons behind the lack of research evidence. Finally, key research gaps and their implications for public health practice are explored, with reference to the ongoing British Academy funded Nairobi Early Childcare in Slums research programme in Nairobi, Kenya. We argue that improving childcare may be an under-explored strategy to help some of the world's most disadvantaged children in the most important period of their lives, and that interventions in this largely informal market should be built on a rigorous research base. This article is part of the theme issue {\textbackslash}textasciigraveMultidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal-child health'.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16041,13 +18982,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   title = {Employers' Attitude, Intention, Skills and Barriers in Relation to Employment of Vulnerable Workers},
   author = {Hulsegge, G. and Otten, W. and {van de Ven}, H. A. and Hazelzet, A. M. and Blonk, R. W. B.},
   year = {2022},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {72},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1215--1226},
   issn = {1051-9815},
   doi = {10.3233/WOR-210898},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known why some organizations employ vulnerable workers and others do not. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between the attitude, intention, skills and barriers of employers and employment of vulnerable workers. METHODS: We included 5,601 inclusive organizations ({$>$}= 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of employees had a disability, was long-term unemployed or a school dropout) and 6,236 non-inclusive organizations of the Netherlands Employers Work Survey 2014-2019. We operationalized employer factors based on the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as attitude (negative impact), intention (mission statement regarding social inclusion), skills (human resources policies and practices), and barriers (economic conditions and type of work). We used multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared to non-inclusive organizations, inclusive organizations had a more negative attitude (OR:0.81) and a stronger intention to employ vulnerable workers (OR:6.09). Regarding skills, inclusive organizations had more inclusive human resources practices (OR:4.83) and initiated more supporting human resources actions (OR:4.45). Also, they adapted more work conditions towards the needs of employees (OR:1.52), negotiated about work times and absenteeism (OR:1.49), and had general human resources practices on, for example, employability (OR:1.78). Inclusive organizations had less barriers reflected by better financial results (OR:1.32), more employment opportunities (OR:1.33) and more appropriate work tasks (OR:1.40). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, inclusive organizations reported more positive results on the employer factors of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction, except for a more negative attitude. The more negative attitude might reflect a more realistic view on the efforts to employ vulnerable groups, and suggests that other unmeasured emotions and beliefs are more positive.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known why some organizations employ vulnerable workers and others do not. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between the attitude, intention, skills and barriers of employers and employment of vulnerable workers. METHODS: We included 5,601 inclusive organizations ({$>$}= 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of employees had a disability, was long-term unemployed or a school dropout) and 6,236 non-inclusive organizations of the Netherlands Employers Work Survey 2014-2019. We operationalized employer factors based on the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as attitude (negative impact), intention (mission statement regarding social inclusion), skills (human resources policies and practices), and barriers (economic conditions and type of work). We used multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared to non-inclusive organizations, inclusive organizations had a more negative attitude (OR:0.81) and a stronger intention to employ vulnerable workers (OR:6.09). Regarding skills, inclusive organizations had more inclusive human resources practices (OR:4.83) and initiated more supporting human resources actions (OR:4.45). Also, they adapted more work conditions towards the needs of employees (OR:1.52), negotiated about work times and absenteeism (OR:1.49), and had general human resources practices on, for example, employability (OR:1.78). Inclusive organizations had less barriers reflected by better financial results (OR:1.32), more employment opportunities (OR:1.33) and more appropriate work tasks (OR:1.40). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, inclusive organizations reported more positive results on the employer factors of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction, except for a more negative attitude. The more negative attitude might reflect a more realistic view on the efforts to employ vulnerable groups, and suggests that other unmeasured emotions and beliefs are more positive.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16150,7 +19091,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {1},
   issn = {1740-8695},
   doi = {10.1111/mcn.13271},
-  abstract = {In many high-income countries such as the United Kingdom, inequalities in breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates exist, whereby socio-economically advantaged mothers are most likely to breastfeed. Breastfeeding peer support interventions are recommended to address this inequality, with non-profit breastfeeding organisations providing such support in areas of deprivation. As these organisations' roots and membership are often formed of relatively highly resourced women who have different backgrounds and experiences to those living in areas of deprivation, it is important to understand their practices in this context. In order to explore how UK non-profit organisations practice breastfeeding peer support in areas of socio-economic deprivation, a systematic review and meta-ethnography of published and grey literature was undertaken. Sixteen texts were included, and three core themes constructed: (1) \textbackslash textasciigravechanging communities' reveals practices designed to generate community level change, and (2) \textbackslash textasciigraveenabling one to one support', explains how proactive working practices enabled individual mothers' access to supportive environments. (3) \textbackslash textasciigraveforging partnerships with health professionals', describes how embedding peer support within local health services facilitated peer supporters' access to mothers. While few breastfeeding peer support practices were directly linked to the context of socio-economic deprivation, those described sought to influence community and individual level change. They illuminate the importance of interprofessional working. Further work to consolidate the peer-professional interface to ensure needs-led care is required.},
+  abstract = {In many high-income countries such as the United Kingdom, inequalities in breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates exist, whereby socio-economically advantaged mothers are most likely to breastfeed. Breastfeeding peer support interventions are recommended to address this inequality, with non-profit breastfeeding organisations providing such support in areas of deprivation. As these organisations' roots and membership are often formed of relatively highly resourced women who have different backgrounds and experiences to those living in areas of deprivation, it is important to understand their practices in this context. In order to explore how UK non-profit organisations practice breastfeeding peer support in areas of socio-economic deprivation, a systematic review and meta-ethnography of published and grey literature was undertaken. Sixteen texts were included, and three core themes constructed: (1) {\textbackslash}textasciigravechanging communities' reveals practices designed to generate community level change, and (2) {\textbackslash}textasciigraveenabling one to one support', explains how proactive working practices enabled individual mothers' access to supportive environments. (3) {\textbackslash}textasciigraveforging partnerships with health professionals', describes how embedding peer support within local health services facilitated peer supporters' access to mothers. While few breastfeeding peer support practices were directly linked to the context of socio-economic deprivation, those described sought to influence community and individual level change. They illuminate the importance of interprofessional working. Further work to consolidate the peer-professional interface to ensure needs-led care is required.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16267,7 +19208,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1664-2295},
   doi = {10.3389/fneur.2022.1048807},
-  abstract = {IntroductionTranslation of evidence into clinical practice for use of intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke care has been slow, especially across low- and middle-income countries. In Malaysia where the average national uptake was poor among the public hospitals in 2018, one hospital intriguingly showed comparable thrombolysis rates to high-income countries. This study aimed to explore and provide in-depth understanding of factors and explanations for the high rates of intravenous stroke thrombolysis in this hospital. MethodsThis single case study sourced data using a multimethod approach: (1) semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, (2) surveys, and (3) review of medical records. The Tailored Implementation of Chronic Diseases (TICD) framework was used as a guide to understand the determinants of implementation. Twenty-nine participants comprising the Hospital Director, neurologists, emergency physicians, radiologists, pharmacists, nurses and medical assistants (MAs) were included. Thematic analyses were conducted inductively before triangulated with quantitative analyses and document reviews. ResultsFavorable factors contributing to the uptake included: (1) cohesiveness of team members which comprised of positive interprofessional team dynamics, shared personal beliefs and values, and passionate leadership, and (2) facilitative work process through simplification of workflow and understanding the rationale of the sense of urgency. Patient factors was a limiting factor. Almost two third of ischemic stroke patients arrived at the hospital outside the therapeutic window time, attributing patients' delayed presentation as a main barrier to the uptake of intravenous stroke thrombolysis. One other barrier was the availability of resources, although this was innovatively optimized to minimize its impact on the uptake of the therapy. As such, potential in-hospital delays accounted for only 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients who missed the opportunity to receive thrombolysis. ConclusionsDespite the ongoing challenges, the success in implementing intravenous stroke thrombolysis as standard of care was attributed to the cohesiveness of team members and having facilitative work processes. For countries of similar settings, plans to improve the uptake of intravenous stroke thrombolysis should consider the inclusion of interventions targeting on these modifiable factors.},
+  abstract = {IntroductionTranslation of evidence into clinical practice for use of intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke care has been slow, especially across low- and middle-income countries. In Malaysia where the average national uptake was poor among the public hospitals in 2018, one hospital intriguingly showed comparable thrombolysis rates to high-income countries. This study aimed to explore and provide in-depth understanding of factors and explanations for the high rates of intravenous stroke thrombolysis in this hospital. MethodsThis single case study sourced data using a multimethod approach: (1) semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, (2) surveys, and (3) review of medical records. The Tailored Implementation of Chronic Diseases (TICD) framework was used as a guide to understand the determinants of implementation. Twenty-nine participants comprising the Hospital Director, neurologists, emergency physicians, radiologists, pharmacists, nurses and medical assistants (MAs) were included. Thematic analyses were conducted inductively before triangulated with quantitative analyses and document reviews. ResultsFavorable factors contributing to the uptake included: (1) cohesiveness of team members which comprised of positive interprofessional team dynamics, shared personal beliefs and values, and passionate leadership, and (2) facilitative work process through simplification of workflow and understanding the rationale of the sense of urgency. Patient factors was a limiting factor. Almost two third of ischemic stroke patients arrived at the hospital outside the therapeutic window time, attributing patients' delayed presentation as a main barrier to the uptake of intravenous stroke thrombolysis. One other barrier was the availability of resources, although this was innovatively optimized to minimize its impact on the uptake of the therapy. As such, potential in-hospital delays accounted for only 3.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients who missed the opportunity to receive thrombolysis. ConclusionsDespite the ongoing challenges, the success in implementing intravenous stroke thrombolysis as standard of care was attributed to the cohesiveness of team members and having facilitative work processes. For countries of similar settings, plans to improve the uptake of intravenous stroke thrombolysis should consider the inclusion of interventions targeting on these modifiable factors.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16310,7 +19251,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {6},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s41687-022-00428-z},
-  abstract = {Plain English summary Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) allow doctors and researchers to understand the patient perspective, such as how they are doing physically, mentally, or socially. When used, PROs can improve health and increase satisfaction of patients. Many clinics and hospitals are interested in using PROs in everyday care. Doctors, hospitals, and insurance companies are also using information from PROs to decide if the care they give is good quality. Unfortunately, certain groups of patients, such as racial and ethnic minorities and patients with low income, report worse PROs. Because of these differences, it will be important to make sure that PROs are being collected from all people, but not much is known regarding how this has been done. This study demonstrates what is known so far with regard to using PROs in everyday clinical care for these diverse patient groups. Findings from this study show that PROs can be successfully collected, but more work is needed in certain medical fields, and some types of patients have specific needs, concerns, or preferences with regard to PRO collection. Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used increasingly in routine clinical care and inform policies, reimbursements, and quality improvement. Less is known regarding PRO implementation in routine clinical care for diverse and underrepresented patient populations. Objective This review aims to identify studies of PRO implementation in diverse and underrepresented patient populations, elucidate representation of clinical specialties, assess implementation outcomes, and synthesize patient needs, concerns, and preferences. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched September 2021 for studies aiming to study PRO implementation in diverse and underrepresented patient populations within the United States. Studies were screened and data extracted by three independent reviewers. Implementation outcomes were assessed according to Proctor et al. taxonomy. A descriptive analysis of data was conducted. Results The search yielded 8,687 records, and 28 studies met inclusion criteria. The majority were observational cohort studies (n = 21, 75\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and conducted in primary care (n = 10, 36\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most studies included majority female (n = 19, 68\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and non-White populations (n = 15, 54\textbackslash textbackslash\%), while fewer reported socioeconomic (n = 11, 39\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or insurance status (n = 9, 32.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most studies assessed implementation outcomes of feasibility (n = 27, 96\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and acceptability (n = 19, 68\textbackslash textbackslash\%); costs (n = 3, 11\textbackslash textbackslash\%), penetration (n = 1, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and sustainability (n = 1, 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were infrequently assessed. Conclusion PRO implementation in routine clinical care for diverse and underrepresented patient populations is generally feasible and acceptable. Research is lacking in key clinical specialties. Further work is needed to understand how health disparities drive PRO implementation outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Plain English summary Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) allow doctors and researchers to understand the patient perspective, such as how they are doing physically, mentally, or socially. When used, PROs can improve health and increase satisfaction of patients. Many clinics and hospitals are interested in using PROs in everyday care. Doctors, hospitals, and insurance companies are also using information from PROs to decide if the care they give is good quality. Unfortunately, certain groups of patients, such as racial and ethnic minorities and patients with low income, report worse PROs. Because of these differences, it will be important to make sure that PROs are being collected from all people, but not much is known regarding how this has been done. This study demonstrates what is known so far with regard to using PROs in everyday clinical care for these diverse patient groups. Findings from this study show that PROs can be successfully collected, but more work is needed in certain medical fields, and some types of patients have specific needs, concerns, or preferences with regard to PRO collection. Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used increasingly in routine clinical care and inform policies, reimbursements, and quality improvement. Less is known regarding PRO implementation in routine clinical care for diverse and underrepresented patient populations. Objective This review aims to identify studies of PRO implementation in diverse and underrepresented patient populations, elucidate representation of clinical specialties, assess implementation outcomes, and synthesize patient needs, concerns, and preferences. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched September 2021 for studies aiming to study PRO implementation in diverse and underrepresented patient populations within the United States. Studies were screened and data extracted by three independent reviewers. Implementation outcomes were assessed according to Proctor et al. taxonomy. A descriptive analysis of data was conducted. Results The search yielded 8,687 records, and 28 studies met inclusion criteria. The majority were observational cohort studies (n = 21, 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and conducted in primary care (n = 10, 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most studies included majority female (n = 19, 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and non-White populations (n = 15, 54{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), while fewer reported socioeconomic (n = 11, 39{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) or insurance status (n = 9, 32.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most studies assessed implementation outcomes of feasibility (n = 27, 96{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and acceptability (n = 19, 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); costs (n = 3, 11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), penetration (n = 1, 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and sustainability (n = 1, 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were infrequently assessed. Conclusion PRO implementation in routine clinical care for diverse and underrepresented patient populations is generally feasible and acceptable. Research is lacking in key clinical specialties. Further work is needed to understand how health disparities drive PRO implementation outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16341,6 +19282,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Idler1997,
+  title = {Self-{{Rated Health}} and {{Mortality}}: {{A Review}} of {{Twenty-Seven Community Studies}}},
+  shorttitle = {Self-{{Rated Health}} and {{Mortality}}},
+  author = {Idler, Ellen L. and Benyamini, Yael},
+  year = {1997},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Health and Social Behavior},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {1},
+  eprint = {2955359},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {21},
+  issn = {00221465},
+  doi = {10.2307/2955359},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Iezzoni2014,
   title = {Trends in {{U}}.{{S}}. Adult Chronic Disability Rates over Time},
   author = {Iezzoni, Lisa I. and Kurtz, Stephen G. and Rao, Sowmya R.},
@@ -16352,7 +19310,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {402--412},
   issn = {1936-6574},
   doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.05.007},
-  abstract = {Background: Trends in the patterns and prevalence of chronic disability among U.S. residents carry important implications for public health and public policies across multiple societal sectors. Objectives: To examine trends in U.S. adult population rates of chronic disability from 1998 to 2011 using 7 different disability measures and examining the implications of trends in population age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: We used National Health Interview Survey data on civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. residents ages {$>$}= 18 from selected years between 1998 and 2011. We used self-reported information on functional impairments, activity/participation limitations, and expected duration to create 7 chronic disability measures. We used direct standardization to account for changes in age, race/ethnicity, and BMI distributions over time. Multivariable logistic regression models identified associations of disability with sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Without adjustment, population rates of all 7 disabilities increased significantly (p {$<$} 0.0001) from 1998 to 2011. The absolute percentage change was greatest for movement difficulties: 19.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 1998 and 23.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2011. After separate adjustments for trends in age, race/ethnicity, and BMI distributions, 6 disability types continued to show increased rates over time (p {$<$} 0.01), except for sensory disabilities. Over time, poor education, poverty, and unemployment remained significantly associated with disability. Conclusions: If these trends continue, the numbers and proportions of U.S. residents with various disabilities will continue rising in coming years. In particular, the prevalence of movement difficulties and work limitations will increase. Furthermore, disability will remain strongly associated with low levels of education, employment, and income. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Trends in the patterns and prevalence of chronic disability among U.S. residents carry important implications for public health and public policies across multiple societal sectors. Objectives: To examine trends in U.S. adult population rates of chronic disability from 1998 to 2011 using 7 different disability measures and examining the implications of trends in population age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: We used National Health Interview Survey data on civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. residents ages {$>$}= 18 from selected years between 1998 and 2011. We used self-reported information on functional impairments, activity/participation limitations, and expected duration to create 7 chronic disability measures. We used direct standardization to account for changes in age, race/ethnicity, and BMI distributions over time. Multivariable logistic regression models identified associations of disability with sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Without adjustment, population rates of all 7 disabilities increased significantly (p {$<$} 0.0001) from 1998 to 2011. The absolute percentage change was greatest for movement difficulties: 19.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 1998 and 23.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2011. After separate adjustments for trends in age, race/ethnicity, and BMI distributions, 6 disability types continued to show increased rates over time (p {$<$} 0.01), except for sensory disabilities. Over time, poor education, poverty, and unemployment remained significantly associated with disability. Conclusions: If these trends continue, the numbers and proportions of U.S. residents with various disabilities will continue rising in coming years. In particular, the prevalence of movement difficulties and work limitations will increase. Furthermore, disability will remain strongly associated with low levels of education, employment, and income. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16566,7 +19524,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {12},
   issn = {1664-2295},
   doi = {10.3389/fneur.2021.753921},
-  abstract = {Objective: In Australia, the National Disability Strategy provides a framework to guide actions and investment to achieve equity in social inclusion and economic participation for people with disability. We investigated the social outcomes of school leavers with cerebral palsy (CP) in Victoria, Australia and explored the determinants of desirable outcomes.Methods: We used the Victorian CP Register to invite all adults with CP aged 18-25 years (n = 649). On-line and/or paper-based surveys explored participation in education, employment, community activities, living situation, relationships and life satisfaction. Functional and health status data were collected. Social outcomes were summarized descriptively and compared between individuals with CP and non-disabled peers aged 18-25 years from the Household Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia dataset. Within the CP cohort we explored whether physical and mental health and level of functioning were associated with social outcomes. In addition, a descriptive comparison was undertaken between the social outcomes of the current CP cohort with that of a previously reported 2007 cohort.Results: Ninety participants (57\textbackslash textbackslash\% male; mean age 22.4 years (SD: 2.2) in 2020; 61.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% self-reported) provided data for analyses; response rate 16.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%. CP characteristics were similar between respondents and non-respondents. In comparison to similar aged peers, 79.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had completed secondary school (compared to 83.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%); 32.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (compared to 75.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were in paid work; 87.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (compared to 48.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were living in their parental home; and 3.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (compared to 31.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were married or partnered. Individuals with CP and higher levels of functional capacity and better physical health were more likely to undertake post-secondary education. Higher levels of functional capacity and physical health, as well as lower mental health status were associated with being employed.Conclusions: While foundational education completion rates were similar to non-disabled peers, significant gaps in social outcomes remain, including residence in the parental home and single status. While addressing these issues is challenging, substantial efforts are needed to reduce these disparities-work that needs to be done in collaboration with people with CP and their families.},
+  abstract = {Objective: In Australia, the National Disability Strategy provides a framework to guide actions and investment to achieve equity in social inclusion and economic participation for people with disability. We investigated the social outcomes of school leavers with cerebral palsy (CP) in Victoria, Australia and explored the determinants of desirable outcomes.Methods: We used the Victorian CP Register to invite all adults with CP aged 18-25 years (n = 649). On-line and/or paper-based surveys explored participation in education, employment, community activities, living situation, relationships and life satisfaction. Functional and health status data were collected. Social outcomes were summarized descriptively and compared between individuals with CP and non-disabled peers aged 18-25 years from the Household Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia dataset. Within the CP cohort we explored whether physical and mental health and level of functioning were associated with social outcomes. In addition, a descriptive comparison was undertaken between the social outcomes of the current CP cohort with that of a previously reported 2007 cohort.Results: Ninety participants (57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% male; mean age 22.4 years (SD: 2.2) in 2020; 61.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% self-reported) provided data for analyses; response rate 16.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. CP characteristics were similar between respondents and non-respondents. In comparison to similar aged peers, 79.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had completed secondary school (compared to 83.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); 32.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (compared to 75.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were in paid work; 87.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (compared to 48.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were living in their parental home; and 3.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (compared to 31.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were married or partnered. Individuals with CP and higher levels of functional capacity and better physical health were more likely to undertake post-secondary education. Higher levels of functional capacity and physical health, as well as lower mental health status were associated with being employed.Conclusions: While foundational education completion rates were similar to non-disabled peers, significant gaps in social outcomes remain, including residence in the parental home and single status. While addressing these issues is challenging, substantial efforts are needed to reduce these disparities-work that needs to be done in collaboration with people with CP and their families.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16581,7 +19539,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {2870--2878},
   issn = {0364-2313},
   doi = {10.1007/s00268-020-05544-9},
-  abstract = {Background This study aimed to highlight cultural barriers faced by surgeons pursuing a surgical career faced by surgeons at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. As more females opt for a surgical career, barriers faced by female surgeons are becoming increasingly evident, many of which are rooted in cultural norms. In Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim-majority, low middle-income country, certain societal expectations add additionally complexity and challenges to existing cultural barriers. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered via e-mail to the full-time faculty and trainees in the Department of Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from July 2019 to November 2019. Results In total, 100 participants were included in this study, with the majority being residents (55.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and consultants (33.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). 71.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female surgeons felt that cultural barriers towards a surgical career existed for their gender, as compared to 25.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of male surgeons (p {$<$} 0.001). 40.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of females reported having been discouraged by family/close friends from pursuing surgery, as compared to only 9.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of males (p {$<$} 0.001). Moreover, a greater percentage of females surgeons were responsible for household cooking, cleaning and laundry, as compared to male surgeons (all p {$<$} 0.001). Lastly, 71.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female surgeons felt that having children had hindered their surgical career, as compared to 4.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of males (p {$<$} 0001). Conclusion Our study shows that significant cultural barriers exist for females pursuing a surgical career in our setting. Findings such as these emphasize the need for policy makers to work towards overcoming cultural barriers.},
+  abstract = {Background This study aimed to highlight cultural barriers faced by surgeons pursuing a surgical career faced by surgeons at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. As more females opt for a surgical career, barriers faced by female surgeons are becoming increasingly evident, many of which are rooted in cultural norms. In Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim-majority, low middle-income country, certain societal expectations add additionally complexity and challenges to existing cultural barriers. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered via e-mail to the full-time faculty and trainees in the Department of Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from July 2019 to November 2019. Results In total, 100 participants were included in this study, with the majority being residents (55.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and consultants (33.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). 71.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of female surgeons felt that cultural barriers towards a surgical career existed for their gender, as compared to 25.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of male surgeons (p {$<$} 0.001). 40.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of females reported having been discouraged by family/close friends from pursuing surgery, as compared to only 9.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of males (p {$<$} 0.001). Moreover, a greater percentage of females surgeons were responsible for household cooking, cleaning and laundry, as compared to male surgeons (all p {$<$} 0.001). Lastly, 71.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of female surgeons felt that having children had hindered their surgical career, as compared to 4.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of males (p {$<$} 0001). Conclusion Our study shows that significant cultural barriers exist for females pursuing a surgical career in our setting. Findings such as these emphasize the need for policy makers to work towards overcoming cultural barriers.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Ince2010,
+  title = {How the Education Affects Female Labor Force? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Turkey}}},
+  shorttitle = {How the Education Affects Female Labor Force?},
+  author = {Ince, Meltem},
+  year = {2010},
+  journal = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences},
+  volume = {2},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {634--639},
+  issn = {18770428},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.076},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16628,6 +19601,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Ioannidou2019,
+  title = {Empowering {{Women Researchers}} in the {{New Century}}: {{IADR}}'s {{Strategic Direction}}},
+  shorttitle = {Empowering {{Women Researchers}} in the {{New Century}}},
+  author = {Ioannidou, E. and Letra, A. and Shaddox, L.M. and Teles, F. and Ajiboye, S. and Ryan, M. and Fox, C.H. and Tiwari, T. and D'Souza, R.N.},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Advances in Dental Research},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {69--77},
+  issn = {0895-9374, 1544-0737},
+  doi = {10.1177/0022034519877385},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Gender inequality in science, medicine, and dentistry remains a central concern for the biomedical research workforce today. Although progress in areas of inclusivity and gender diversity was reported, growth has been slow. Women still face multiple challenges in reaching higher ranks and leadership positions while maintaining holistic success in these fields. Within dental research and academia, we might observe trends toward a more balanced pipeline. However, women continue to face barriers in seeking leadership roles and achieving economic equity and scholarship recognition. In an effort to evaluate the status of women in dental research and academia, the authors examined the role of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), a global research organization, which has improved awareness on gender inequality. The goal of this article is to review five crucial issues of gender inequality in oral health research and academics{\textemdash}workforce pipeline, economic inequality, workplace harassment, gender bias in scholarly productivity, and work-life balance{\textemdash}and to discuss proactive steps that the IADR has taken to promote gender equality. Providing networking and training opportunities through effective mentoring and coaching for women researchers, the IADR has developed a robust pipeline of women leaders while promoting gender equality for women in dental academia through a culture shift. As knowledge gaps remained on the levels of conscious and unconscious bias and sexist culture affecting women advancement in academics, as well as the intersectionality of gender with race, gender identity, ability status, sexual orientation, and cultural backgrounds, the IADR has recognized that further research is warranted.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Iqbal2008,
   title = {Street Children: An Overlooked Issue in {{Pakistan}}},
   shorttitle = {Street Children},
@@ -16655,7 +19645,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {605--630},
   issn = {0036-0112},
   doi = {10.1526/003601108786471549},
-  abstract = {This research compares the likelihood of exiting TANF with and without employment and the effects of important state TANF rules on welfare exits in more disadvantaged (large Rustbelt cities and poor southern nonmetro) and less disadvantaged (other metro and other nonmetro) areas during the 1996-2003 post-welfare reform period. Hierarchical competing risk models using individual-level data from the 1996-99 and 2001-03 Panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation merged with state-level data from various sources show that female TANF participants in poor southern nonmetro areas are the least likely to exit TANF with work, and participants in large Rustbelt cities are less likely to exit TANF with work than those in other metro areas. Non-work TANF exits, are more likely to Occur in other nonmetro areas than in other metro areas. Importantly, the effects of state welfare rules oil TANF exits differ across places of residence. For example, stringent time limit policies promote work exits in large Rustbelt cities but promote non-work exits in poor Southern nonmetro areas. More lenient earned income disregards are significantly related to remaining on TANF in poor southern nonmetro areas but promote work exits in all other places. Findings from this paper imply that. states should not take a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveone-size-fits-all approach\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to reduce welfare caseloads.},
+  abstract = {This research compares the likelihood of exiting TANF with and without employment and the effects of important state TANF rules on welfare exits in more disadvantaged (large Rustbelt cities and poor southern nonmetro) and less disadvantaged (other metro and other nonmetro) areas during the 1996-2003 post-welfare reform period. Hierarchical competing risk models using individual-level data from the 1996-99 and 2001-03 Panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation merged with state-level data from various sources show that female TANF participants in poor southern nonmetro areas are the least likely to exit TANF with work, and participants in large Rustbelt cities are less likely to exit TANF with work than those in other metro areas. Non-work TANF exits, are more likely to Occur in other nonmetro areas than in other metro areas. Importantly, the effects of state welfare rules oil TANF exits differ across places of residence. For example, stringent time limit policies promote work exits in large Rustbelt cities but promote non-work exits in poor Southern nonmetro areas. More lenient earned income disregards are significantly related to remaining on TANF in poor southern nonmetro areas but promote work exits in all other places. Findings from this paper imply that. states should not take a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveone-size-fits-all approach{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to reduce welfare caseloads.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16800,7 +19790,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   journal = {GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   volume = {3},
   doi = {10.1017/sus.2020.12},
-  abstract = {Non-technical summary The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions. Technical summary We need a good understanding of household carbon distributions in order to design equitable carbon policy. In this work, we analyse household-level consumer expenditure from 26 European Union (EU) countries and link it with greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities from the multiregional input-output database EXIOBASE. We show carbon footprint distributions and elasticities by country, region and socio-economic group in the context of per capita climate targets. The top 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population with the highest carbon footprints per capita account for 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the EU carbon footprint, a higher contribution to that of the bottom 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population. The top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households have a carbon footprint of 55 tCO(2)eq/cap. The most significant contribution is from air and land transport, with 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% among the top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households. Air transport has a rising elasticity coefficient across EU expenditure quintiles, making it the most elastic, unequal and carbon-intensive consumption category in this study. Only 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households live within climate targets, with carbon footprints below 2.5 tCO(2)eq/cap. Our analysis points to the possibility of mitigating climate change while achieving various well-being outcomes. Further attention is needed to limit trade-offs between climate change mitigation and socially desirable outcomes. Social media summary EU top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households emit 22 times the per capita climate targets. Only 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of EU households live within the targets.},
+  abstract = {Non-technical summary The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions. Technical summary We need a good understanding of household carbon distributions in order to design equitable carbon policy. In this work, we analyse household-level consumer expenditure from 26 European Union (EU) countries and link it with greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities from the multiregional input-output database EXIOBASE. We show carbon footprint distributions and elasticities by country, region and socio-economic group in the context of per capita climate targets. The top 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population with the highest carbon footprints per capita account for 27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the EU carbon footprint, a higher contribution to that of the bottom 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population. The top 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of EU households have a carbon footprint of 55 tCO(2)eq/cap. The most significant contribution is from air and land transport, with 41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among the top 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of EU households. Air transport has a rising elasticity coefficient across EU expenditure quintiles, making it the most elastic, unequal and carbon-intensive consumption category in this study. Only 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of EU households live within climate targets, with carbon footprints below 2.5 tCO(2)eq/cap. Our analysis points to the possibility of mitigating climate change while achieving various well-being outcomes. Further attention is needed to limit trade-offs between climate change mitigation and socially desirable outcomes. Social media summary EU top 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of households emit 22 times the per capita climate targets. Only 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of EU households live within the targets.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16815,7 +19805,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {695--706},
   issn = {0261-5177},
   doi = {10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.007},
-  abstract = {In China, there are significant inequalities in income distribution between inland and coastal regions. Tourism is regarded as one means of fostering regional economic development and ameliorating these inequalities. Many inland destinations possess natural advantages that could form the basis for regional competitive advantage in the presence of necessary other conditions, but have experienced difficulty in drawing both domestic and international visitors away from the popular coastal gateways. This paper considers the nature of competitive advantage and the applicability of Porter's (1990. The competitive advantage of nations. London: Macmillan Press) theory in an emerging market economy. The development of regional tourism clusters based on Porter's (1998. On competition. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press) model may be a way of fostering competitive advantage in regional China. This is especially relevant with recent policy events, including the emergence of the \textbackslash textasciigraveWest Development' initiative. The potential for the development of regional tourism clusters is explored in this paper, which finds that while Porter's model is theoretically applicable, there is much work to be done at a micro-business level in fostering cluster development. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {In China, there are significant inequalities in income distribution between inland and coastal regions. Tourism is regarded as one means of fostering regional economic development and ameliorating these inequalities. Many inland destinations possess natural advantages that could form the basis for regional competitive advantage in the presence of necessary other conditions, but have experienced difficulty in drawing both domestic and international visitors away from the popular coastal gateways. This paper considers the nature of competitive advantage and the applicability of Porter's (1990. The competitive advantage of nations. London: Macmillan Press) theory in an emerging market economy. The development of regional tourism clusters based on Porter's (1998. On competition. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press) model may be a way of fostering competitive advantage in regional China. This is especially relevant with recent policy events, including the emergence of the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveWest Development' initiative. The potential for the development of regional tourism clusters is explored in this paper, which finds that while Porter's model is theoretically applicable, there is much work to be done at a micro-business level in fostering cluster development. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16887,7 +19877,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-7605-4},
-  abstract = {BackgroundIn the U.S., transgender and gender diverse (TGD) populations face structural, interpersonal, and individual barriers to healthcare. Less is known, however, about the HIV prevention and treatment experiences of TGD youth in the U.S. The current study was developed to fill this research gap.MethodsThis article describes the research protocol for a multi-site, U.S.-based mixed-methods study that sought to identify the multi-level facilitators and barriers that influence participation of TGD youth in various stages of the HIV prevention (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake) and care continua. A sample of diverse TGD youth ages 16-24 was recruited from 14U.S. sites. TGD youth participants completed a one-time, in-person visit that included an informed consent process, computer-based quantitative survey, and in-depth qualitative interview assessing experiences accessing HIV prevention and/or care services. Providers serving TGD youth were recruited from the same 14 sites and completed a one-time visit via phone that included informed consent, demographic questionnaire, and in-depth qualitative interview assessing their experiences providing HIV prevention or treatment services to TGD youth.ResultsOverall, 186 TGD youth ages 16-24 and 59 providers serving TGD youth were recruited and enrolled from across the 14U.S. sites. TGD youth participants had a mean age of 20.69; 77.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% youth of color; 59.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% trans-feminine; 15.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% trans-masculine; 24.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% non-binary; 53.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% family income under poverty level. Providers included medical and mental health providers as well as case manager/care coordinators, HIV test counselors, and health educators/outreach workers. Providers were 81.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% cisgender and 30.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% people of color. Successes with community-engagement strategies and gender-affirming research methods are reported.ConclusionsThis study addresses critical gaps in current knowledge about the HIV prevention and care experiences of TGD youth. Findings have implications for the development of HIV interventions across levels to support the health and well-being of TGD youth. Future research is warranted to replicate and expand on lessons learned regarding recruitment and engagement of communities of TGD youth, including longitudinal designs to assess engagement across their developmental stages. Lessons learned working with TGD youth through developing and implementing the study protocol are shared.Trial registrationRegistered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 05/20/2015 (NCT02449629).},
+  abstract = {BackgroundIn the U.S., transgender and gender diverse (TGD) populations face structural, interpersonal, and individual barriers to healthcare. Less is known, however, about the HIV prevention and treatment experiences of TGD youth in the U.S. The current study was developed to fill this research gap.MethodsThis article describes the research protocol for a multi-site, U.S.-based mixed-methods study that sought to identify the multi-level facilitators and barriers that influence participation of TGD youth in various stages of the HIV prevention (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake) and care continua. A sample of diverse TGD youth ages 16-24 was recruited from 14U.S. sites. TGD youth participants completed a one-time, in-person visit that included an informed consent process, computer-based quantitative survey, and in-depth qualitative interview assessing experiences accessing HIV prevention and/or care services. Providers serving TGD youth were recruited from the same 14 sites and completed a one-time visit via phone that included informed consent, demographic questionnaire, and in-depth qualitative interview assessing their experiences providing HIV prevention or treatment services to TGD youth.ResultsOverall, 186 TGD youth ages 16-24 and 59 providers serving TGD youth were recruited and enrolled from across the 14U.S. sites. TGD youth participants had a mean age of 20.69; 77.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% youth of color; 59.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% trans-feminine; 15.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% trans-masculine; 24.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% non-binary; 53.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% family income under poverty level. Providers included medical and mental health providers as well as case manager/care coordinators, HIV test counselors, and health educators/outreach workers. Providers were 81.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% cisgender and 30.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% people of color. Successes with community-engagement strategies and gender-affirming research methods are reported.ConclusionsThis study addresses critical gaps in current knowledge about the HIV prevention and care experiences of TGD youth. Findings have implications for the development of HIV interventions across levels to support the health and well-being of TGD youth. Future research is warranted to replicate and expand on lessons learned regarding recruitment and engagement of communities of TGD youth, including longitudinal designs to assess engagement across their developmental stages. Lessons learned working with TGD youth through developing and implementing the study protocol are shared.Trial registrationRegistered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 05/20/2015 (NCT02449629).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16902,7 +19892,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {343--370},
   issn = {0023-2653},
   doi = {10.1007/s11577-014-0277-2},
-  abstract = {Labour market reforms implemented in recent years in a number of countries have aimed to increase participation rates among single parents in order to reduce the disproportionately high poverty rate and share of benefit recipients among them. However, our quantitative analyses based on EU-LFS and EU-SILC indicate that paid work has to some extent become dissociated from material security. Although participation rates among single parents rose in the five years before the financial and economic crisis, their risk of being in poverty remained the same or actually increased. This finding holds true for different types of welfare state, as the comparison between Germany, France, Sweden and the UK shows. The potential poverty-reducing effects of increasing labour market participation are clearly being weakened by certain counter-trends. Possible explanations, which apply to varying extents in the four countries, are declining market wages and reductions in social transfers. Moreover, previously latent material risks of lone parenting unfold with the modernisation of gender roles and the erosion of lone mothers \textbackslash textasciigraveavant-garde' role as working parents. This is a common challenge across countries which has so far not been addressed sufficiently by social and labour market policies.},
+  abstract = {Labour market reforms implemented in recent years in a number of countries have aimed to increase participation rates among single parents in order to reduce the disproportionately high poverty rate and share of benefit recipients among them. However, our quantitative analyses based on EU-LFS and EU-SILC indicate that paid work has to some extent become dissociated from material security. Although participation rates among single parents rose in the five years before the financial and economic crisis, their risk of being in poverty remained the same or actually increased. This finding holds true for different types of welfare state, as the comparison between Germany, France, Sweden and the UK shows. The potential poverty-reducing effects of increasing labour market participation are clearly being weakened by certain counter-trends. Possible explanations, which apply to varying extents in the four countries, are declining market wages and reductions in social transfers. Moreover, previously latent material risks of lone parenting unfold with the modernisation of gender roles and the erosion of lone mothers {\textbackslash}textasciigraveavant-garde' role as working parents. This is a common challenge across countries which has so far not been addressed sufficiently by social and labour market policies.},
   langid = {german}
 }
 
@@ -16916,7 +19906,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {6},
   issn = {0742-597X},
   doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000841},
-  abstract = {Wage inequality is a source of many social and economic problems, and is the target of mitigating programs both nationally and internationally. The primary step toward developing effective programs to reduce or eliminate wage inequality is identifying employees at risk of such inequalities. This study used 17,889 data points from USDOT workforce demographic information and salary data to analyze wage inequality and develop a novel framework to identify employees at risk of wage inequality. The evaluation framework includes (1) a salary prediction model, developed using artificial neural networks (ANNs), to estimate employees' salaries based on demographic information and identify underpaid employees; (2) a minority index, which is defined to score the underrepresentation of each employee regarding gender, ethnicity, and disability, based on the current status of employee diversity in the organization; and (3) a decision model, which uses the salary prediction model and minority index based on historical data to determine if new employees are at risk of wage inequality. The analysis showed that although women are underrepresented among USDOT employees, there was no significant wage inequality between men and women. Furthermore, the lowest minority index was for White men without disability, and the highest for American Indian/Alaska Native women with disability. In addition, the results of evaluating the proposed framework had an accuracy of 98\textbackslash textbackslash\%, with a harmonic mean (F1) score of 81.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The framework developed in this study can enable any engineering organization to establish an unbiased wage rate for its employees, resulting in reduction or elimination of wage inequality and its consequent challenges among its employees. (C) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.},
+  abstract = {Wage inequality is a source of many social and economic problems, and is the target of mitigating programs both nationally and internationally. The primary step toward developing effective programs to reduce or eliminate wage inequality is identifying employees at risk of such inequalities. This study used 17,889 data points from USDOT workforce demographic information and salary data to analyze wage inequality and develop a novel framework to identify employees at risk of wage inequality. The evaluation framework includes (1) a salary prediction model, developed using artificial neural networks (ANNs), to estimate employees' salaries based on demographic information and identify underpaid employees; (2) a minority index, which is defined to score the underrepresentation of each employee regarding gender, ethnicity, and disability, based on the current status of employee diversity in the organization; and (3) a decision model, which uses the salary prediction model and minority index based on historical data to determine if new employees are at risk of wage inequality. The analysis showed that although women are underrepresented among USDOT employees, there was no significant wage inequality between men and women. Furthermore, the lowest minority index was for White men without disability, and the highest for American Indian/Alaska Native women with disability. In addition, the results of evaluating the proposed framework had an accuracy of 98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, with a harmonic mean (F1) score of 81.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The framework developed in this study can enable any engineering organization to establish an unbiased wage rate for its employees, resulting in reduction or elimination of wage inequality and its consequent challenges among its employees. (C) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16929,12 +19919,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {18},
   issn = {1471-2393},
   doi = {10.1186/s12884-018-1945-4},
-  abstract = {Background: Pakistan has one of the highest rates of maternal and neonatal mortality in the world. It is assumed that employed mothers in paid work will be more empowered to opt for safer institutional deliveries. There is a need to understand the predictors of home deliveries in order to plan policies to encourage institutional deliveries in the region. Methods: The study aimed to ascertain the predictors for home deliveries among mothers employed in paid work in Pakistan. Data analysis is based on secondary data taken from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2012-13. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Results: The findings show that the majority (53.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of employed mothers in Pakistan give birth at home. Employed mothers in paid work with the following characteristics had higher chances for delivering at home: (i) women from rural areas (AOR 1.26; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.94-1.71), or specific regions within Pakistan, (ii) those occupied in unskilled work (AOR 2.61; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.76-3.88), (iii) women married to uneducated (AOR 1.70; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.08-2.66), unemployed (AOR 1.69; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.21-2.35), or unskilled men (AOR 2.02; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.49-2.72), (iv) women with more than 7 children (AOR 1.57; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.05-2.35), (v) women who are unable in the prenatal period to have an institutional check-up (AOR 4.84; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 3.53-6.65), take assistance from a physician (AOR 3.98; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 3.03-5.20), have a blood analysis (AOR 2.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.95-3.57), urine analysis (AOR 2.48; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.84-3.33) or taken iron tablets (AOR 2.64; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 2.06-3.38), and (vi) are unable to make autonomous decisions with regard to spending their earnings (AOR 1.82; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.27-2.59) and healthcare (AOR 1.12; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.75-1.65). Conclusions: Greater efforts by the central and provincial state bodies are needed to encourage institutional deliveries and institutional access, quality and cost. Maternal and paternal benefits are needed for workers in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Finally, cultural change, through education, media and religious authorities, is necessary to support institutional deliveries and formal sector paid employment and out of home work opportunities for mothers of Pakistan.},
+  abstract = {Background: Pakistan has one of the highest rates of maternal and neonatal mortality in the world. It is assumed that employed mothers in paid work will be more empowered to opt for safer institutional deliveries. There is a need to understand the predictors of home deliveries in order to plan policies to encourage institutional deliveries in the region. Methods: The study aimed to ascertain the predictors for home deliveries among mothers employed in paid work in Pakistan. Data analysis is based on secondary data taken from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2012-13. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Results: The findings show that the majority (53.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of employed mothers in Pakistan give birth at home. Employed mothers in paid work with the following characteristics had higher chances for delivering at home: (i) women from rural areas (AOR 1.26; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.94-1.71), or specific regions within Pakistan, (ii) those occupied in unskilled work (AOR 2.61; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.76-3.88), (iii) women married to uneducated (AOR 1.70; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.08-2.66), unemployed (AOR 1.69; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.21-2.35), or unskilled men (AOR 2.02; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.49-2.72), (iv) women with more than 7 children (AOR 1.57; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.05-2.35), (v) women who are unable in the prenatal period to have an institutional check-up (AOR 4.84; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 3.53-6.65), take assistance from a physician (AOR 3.98; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 3.03-5.20), have a blood analysis (AOR 2.63; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.95-3.57), urine analysis (AOR 2.48; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.84-3.33) or taken iron tablets (AOR 2.64; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 2.06-3.38), and (vi) are unable to make autonomous decisions with regard to spending their earnings (AOR 1.82; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.27-2.59) and healthcare (AOR 1.12; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.75-1.65). Conclusions: Greater efforts by the central and provincial state bodies are needed to encourage institutional deliveries and institutional access, quality and cost. Maternal and paternal benefits are needed for workers in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Finally, cultural change, through education, media and religious authorities, is necessary to support institutional deliveries and formal sector paid employment and out of home work opportunities for mothers of Pakistan.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Jahangir2021,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWhen I Need}} to {{Travel}}, {{I Feel Feverish}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Everyday Experiences}} of {{Transport Inequalities Among Older Adults}} in {{Dhaka}}, {{Bangladesh}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWhen I Need}} to {{Travel}}, {{I Feel Feverish}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Everyday Experiences}} of {{Transport Inequalities Among Older Adults}} in {{Dhaka}}, {{Bangladesh}}},
   author = {Jahangir, Selim and Bailey, Ajay and Hasan, Musleh Uddin and Hossain, Shanawez and Helbich, Marco and Hyde, Martin},
   year = {2021},
   month = sep,
@@ -16944,7 +19934,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {493--503},
   issn = {0016-9013},
   doi = {10.1093/geront/gnab103},
-  abstract = {Background and Objectives Buses are the most common form of public transport for older adults in developing countries. With over 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of total trips, buses are the principal mode of transport in Dhaka. The majority of older adults are dependent on buses because of their affordability relative to other modes such as auto-rickshaws, rideshares, and taxis. This study aims to investigate key barriers in accessing buses in Dhaka and the consequences of these barriers to the everyday mobility of older adults. Research Design and Methods Thirty participants aged 60 and older were recruited from 2 socioeconomically different neighborhoods in Dhaka. We employed a thematic analysis of visual surveys and in-depth interviews to understand older adults' spatial and cultural context and their experiences using buses in their everyday lives. Results Boarding and deboarding buses were common barriers for older adults due to overcrowding and traffic congestion. In addition, older adults faced challenges such as ageism, gender discrimination, and undesirable behavior by transport personnel and co-passengers. These barriers affected their independent mobility and influenced their access to work and social life, contributing to their social exclusion. Discussion and Implications This study illustrates the challenges faced by older adults when accessing public transport and the need to improve access to work, health care, and social life. Inclusive transport policies are essential in low- and middle-income countries to improve the well-being of older adults.},
+  abstract = {Background and Objectives Buses are the most common form of public transport for older adults in developing countries. With over 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of total trips, buses are the principal mode of transport in Dhaka. The majority of older adults are dependent on buses because of their affordability relative to other modes such as auto-rickshaws, rideshares, and taxis. This study aims to investigate key barriers in accessing buses in Dhaka and the consequences of these barriers to the everyday mobility of older adults. Research Design and Methods Thirty participants aged 60 and older were recruited from 2 socioeconomically different neighborhoods in Dhaka. We employed a thematic analysis of visual surveys and in-depth interviews to understand older adults' spatial and cultural context and their experiences using buses in their everyday lives. Results Boarding and deboarding buses were common barriers for older adults due to overcrowding and traffic congestion. In addition, older adults faced challenges such as ageism, gender discrimination, and undesirable behavior by transport personnel and co-passengers. These barriers affected their independent mobility and influenced their access to work and social life, contributing to their social exclusion. Discussion and Implications This study illustrates the challenges faced by older adults when accessing public transport and the need to improve access to work, health care, and social life. Inclusive transport policies are essential in low- and middle-income countries to improve the well-being of older adults.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -16987,7 +19977,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {James, Richard and Flemming, Kate and Hodson, Melanie and Oxley, Tammy},
   year = {2021},
   month = may,
-  journal = {BMJ SUPPORTIVE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& PALLIATIVE CARE},
+  journal = {BMJ SUPPORTIVE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& PALLIATIVE CARE},
   issn = {2045-435X},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003020},
   abstract = {Introduction People who are homeless or vulnerably housed are subject to disproportionately high risks of physical and mental illness and are further disadvantaged by difficulties in access to services. Research has been conducted examining a wide range of issues in relation to end-of-life care for homeless and vulnerably housed people, however, a contemporary scoping review of this literature is lacking. Objectives To understand the provision of palliative care for people who are homeless or vulnerably housed from the perspective of, and for the benefit of, all those who should be involved in its provision. Design Scoping review with thematic synthesis of qualitative and quantitative literature. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice and CINAHL databases were searched, from inception to May 2020. Citation chasing and manual searching of grey literature were also employed. Results Sixty-four studies, involving 2117 homeless and vulnerably housed people were included, with wide variation in methodology, population and perspective. The thematic synthesis identified three themes around: experiences, beliefs and wishes; relationships; and end-of-life care. Conclusion Discussion highlighted gaps in the evidence base, especially around people experiencing different types of homelessness. Existing evidence advocates for service providers to offer needs-based and non-judgemental care, for organisations to use existing assets in co-producing services, and for researchers to address gaps in the evidence base, and to work with providers in transforming existing knowledge into evaluable action.},
@@ -17008,7 +19998,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   issn = {0002-7642, 1552-3381},
   doi = {10.1177/00027642211000397},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {A global outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly escalated social, political, economic, and cultural disparities, particularly among the marginalized migrants of the global South, who historically remained key sufferers from such disparities. Approximately 8 million, such workers from Bangladesh, migrated from their homelands to work in neighboring countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East, and also contribute significantly to their country's economy. As many of the migrant workers work on temporary visas, scholars have expressed concerns about their physical and psychological health such as joblessness, mortality, abuses, daunting stress, and inhabitable living environment. Embracing the theoretical frameworks of critical\textendash cultural communication, this article explores two research questions: (1) What are the emerging narratives of experiencing realities and disparities among the Bangladeshi migrants at the margins? (2) How the migrants negotiated and worked on overcoming the adversities? In doing so, we have closely examined 85 Facebook Pages (number of subscribers: 10,000-1 million), dedicated to issues of Bangladeshi migrant workers to qualitatively analyze emerging mediated discourses (textual, visual, and audiovisual). Our analysis reveals several aspects, including, (1) impact of job insecurities on migrants and their families, (2) living conditions of and abuses on migrants works, (3) negotiations of mental stress by the marginalized migrants, and (4) how community support helps the migrants to survive during the pandemic.},
+  abstract = {A global outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly escalated social, political, economic, and cultural disparities, particularly among the marginalized migrants of the global South, who historically remained key sufferers from such disparities. Approximately 8 million, such workers from Bangladesh, migrated from their homelands to work in neighboring countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East, and also contribute significantly to their country's economy. As many of the migrant workers work on temporary visas, scholars have expressed concerns about their physical and psychological health such as joblessness, mortality, abuses, daunting stress, and inhabitable living environment. Embracing the theoretical frameworks of critical{\textendash}cultural communication, this article explores two research questions: (1) What are the emerging narratives of experiencing realities and disparities among the Bangladeshi migrants at the margins? (2) How the migrants negotiated and worked on overcoming the adversities? In doing so, we have closely examined 85 Facebook Pages (number of subscribers: 10,000-1 million), dedicated to issues of Bangladeshi migrant workers to qualitatively analyze emerging mediated discourses (textual, visual, and audiovisual). Our analysis reveals several aspects, including, (1) impact of job insecurities on migrants and their families, (2) living conditions of and abuses on migrants works, (3) negotiations of mental stress by the marginalized migrants, and (4) how community support helps the migrants to survive during the pandemic.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17023,12 +20013,12 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {162--170},
   issn = {0157-6321},
   doi = {10.1002/j.1839-4655.1994.tb00941.x},
-  abstract = {The significance of the Harvester Judgment in 1907 was not only in the establishment of a \textbackslash textasciigravefair and reasonable' wage, which became known as the basic wage, but also in the principle that wages had to meet at least the basic social needs of the worker's family. Income earned through employment was thus regarded as primary welfare. These principles in wage determination were discarded in the 1960s and the de-regulation policies of the 1980s further increased the division between employment and social needs. Exacerbated by the endemic high levels of unemployment, the progressive de-regulation of the labour marked since the 1980s has been one of the most significant causative factors in the growing inequality in Australia.},
+  abstract = {The significance of the Harvester Judgment in 1907 was not only in the establishment of a {\textbackslash}textasciigravefair and reasonable' wage, which became known as the basic wage, but also in the principle that wages had to meet at least the basic social needs of the worker's family. Income earned through employment was thus regarded as primary welfare. These principles in wage determination were discarded in the 1960s and the de-regulation policies of the 1980s further increased the division between employment and social needs. Exacerbated by the endemic high levels of unemployment, the progressive de-regulation of the labour marked since the 1980s has been one of the most significant causative factors in the growing inequality in Australia.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Janak2000,
-  title = {Haiti's ``{{Restavec}}'' Slave Children: {{Difficult}} Choices, Difficult Lives \ldots{} yet \ldots{} {{Lespwa}} Fe {{Viv}}},
+  title = {Haiti's ``{{Restavec}}'' Slave Children: {{Difficult}} Choices, Difficult Lives {\ldots} yet {\ldots} {{Lespwa}} Fe {{Viv}}},
   shorttitle = {Haiti's ``{{Restavec}}'' Slave Children},
   author = {{Janak}},
   year = {2000},
@@ -17080,7 +20070,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {1375--1381},
   issn = {0041-1337},
   doi = {10.1097/TP.0000000000002228},
-  abstract = {Background Kidney transplantation is considered a superior treatment for end-stage renal disease compared with dialysis although little is known about the wider effects, especially on labor market outcomes. The objective is to estimate the treatment effect of kidney transplantation compared with dialysis on labor market outcomes, controlling for the nonrandom selection into treatment. Methods The average treatment effect is estimated using an inverse-probability weighting regression adjustment approach on all patients in renal replacement therapy 1995 to 2012. Results Kidney transplantation is associated with a treatment advantage over dialysis on employment, labor force participation, early retirement, and labor income. The probability of being employed 1 year after treatment is 21 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval, 16-25) percentage points higher for transplantation. The positive effect increases to 38 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval, 30-46) percentage points after 5 years, mainly due to worsening outcomes on dialysis. The effect on labor income is mainly mediated through employment probability. The productivity gains of transplantation compared to dialysis amounts to Euro33 000 over 5 years. Conclusions Transplantation is superior to dialysis in terms of potential to return to work as well as in terms of labor income and risk of early retirement, after controlling for treatment selection. This positive effect increases over time after transplantation.},
+  abstract = {Background Kidney transplantation is considered a superior treatment for end-stage renal disease compared with dialysis although little is known about the wider effects, especially on labor market outcomes. The objective is to estimate the treatment effect of kidney transplantation compared with dialysis on labor market outcomes, controlling for the nonrandom selection into treatment. Methods The average treatment effect is estimated using an inverse-probability weighting regression adjustment approach on all patients in renal replacement therapy 1995 to 2012. Results Kidney transplantation is associated with a treatment advantage over dialysis on employment, labor force participation, early retirement, and labor income. The probability of being employed 1 year after treatment is 21 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval, 16-25) percentage points higher for transplantation. The positive effect increases to 38 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval, 30-46) percentage points after 5 years, mainly due to worsening outcomes on dialysis. The effect on labor income is mainly mediated through employment probability. The productivity gains of transplantation compared to dialysis amounts to Euro33 000 over 5 years. Conclusions Transplantation is superior to dialysis in terms of potential to return to work as well as in terms of labor income and risk of early retirement, after controlling for treatment selection. This positive effect increases over time after transplantation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17095,7 +20085,51 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {271--279},
   issn = {2158-2041},
   doi = {10.1080/21582041.2021.1916575},
-  abstract = {\textbackslash textasciigraveSocial Stratification, Past, Present, and Future' celebrates the 50th anniversary of the annual Cambridge Social Stratification Seminar. This editorial presents a brief characterisation of the \textbackslash textasciigraveCambridge school' approach that has featured prominently through the seminar's lifetime. Then it discusses the domains and topics explored in this issue - education; intergenerational transmission of inequality; family, work and employment; occupations; migration for work; housing, and political preferences. While most of the papers focus on Great Britain, several papers involve international comparisons, one focuses on stratification in India, and another on China. Collectively, researchers reveal how social hierarchy influences people's lives, and reproduces fairly stably over time. The papers also contribute to understanding the sometimes counter-intuitive outcomes that challenge those charged with policy development.},
+  abstract = {{\textbackslash}textasciigraveSocial Stratification, Past, Present, and Future' celebrates the 50th anniversary of the annual Cambridge Social Stratification Seminar. This editorial presents a brief characterisation of the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveCambridge school' approach that has featured prominently through the seminar's lifetime. Then it discusses the domains and topics explored in this issue - education; intergenerational transmission of inequality; family, work and employment; occupations; migration for work; housing, and political preferences. While most of the papers focus on Great Britain, several papers involve international comparisons, one focuses on stratification in India, and another on China. Collectively, researchers reveal how social hierarchy influences people's lives, and reproduces fairly stably over time. The papers also contribute to understanding the sometimes counter-intuitive outcomes that challenge those charged with policy development.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Jaumotte2003,
+  title = {Female {{Labour Force Participation}}: {{Past Trends}} and {{Main Determinants}} in {{OECD Countries}}},
+  shorttitle = {Female {{Labour Force Participation}}},
+  author = {Jaumotte, Florence},
+  year = {2003},
+  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
+  issn = {1556-5068},
+  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2344556},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Jaumotte2004,
+  title = {Labour {{Force Participation}} of {{Women}}: {{Empirical Evidence}} on {{The Role}} of {{Policy}} and {{Other Determinants}} in {{OECD Countries}}},
+  shorttitle = {Labour {{Force Participation}} of {{Women}}},
+  author = {Jaumotte, Florence},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {OECD Economic Studies},
+  volume = {2003},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {51--108},
+  issn = {16097491},
+  doi = {10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art9-en},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Javadi2016,
+  title = {Women {{Who Lead}}: {{Successes}} and {{Challenges}} of {{Five Health Leaders}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women {{Who Lead}}},
+  author = {Javadi, Dena and Vega, Jeanette and Etienne, Carissa and Wandira, Speciosa and Doyle, Yvonne and Nishtar, Sania},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Health Systems \& Reform},
+  volume = {2},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {229--240},
+  issn = {2328-8604, 2328-8620},
+  doi = {10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17104,7 +20138,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Javornik, Jana and Kurowska, Anna},
   year = {2017},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
+  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
   volume = {51},
   number = {4, SI},
   pages = {617--637},
@@ -17114,6 +20148,20 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@techreport{Jayachandran2020,
+  title = {Social {{Norms}} as a {{Barrier}} to {{Women}}'s {{Employment}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
+  author = {Jayachandran, Seema},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = jun,
+  number = {w27449},
+  pages = {w27449},
+  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
+  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
+  doi = {10.3386/w27449},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Jefferson2013,
   title = {Labour Markets and Wages in {{Australia}} in 2012},
   author = {Jefferson, Therese and Preston, Alison},
@@ -17140,7 +20188,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {623--635},
   issn = {1775-8785},
   doi = {10.1016/j.admp.2015.08.011},
-  abstract = {Introduction. Back pain is a major problem in the workplace. Back pain is also responsible for considerable economic costs and can have serious social repercussions in our society. In this study we present the results of four years of study combining the findings of two different medical teams involved in the treatment of chronic back pain: the occupational health department in Brest (service de sante au travail en Iroise \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSTI], Brest and a service of physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine in Roscoff, France. Methodology. Our model is based on the diagnosis of a problem of chronic back pain in various workers. The diagnosis is proposed by doctors associated with the occupational health department of Brest, based on a specific protocol that covers workers who have been suffering from chronic back pain for more than 3 months with an obvious impact on the quality of their work. Each individual medical case was then studied by a joint medical committee composed of doctors specialized in occupational health concerns and doctors specialized in physical rehabilitation. On the basis of the committee's findings, it has (or not) been possible to offer to the back pain sufferers a series of physical therapy and functional re-education sessions, as well as an ergonomic study of their workstation. One year later, a new evaluation of the situation was systematically undertaken by comparing the ODI, HADS and Karasek tests for each individual. Results. One hundred and eighty-three workers were presented to the joint committee of occupational health practitioners and physical rehabilitation specialists between 2010 and 2013. Each case was then re-evaluated one year later. Only 90 cases were taken in charge by the rehabilitation and functional re-education center. Seventy-one cases were re-evaluated by the committee of doctors one year later. Among these cases, 18 workers were declared unfit with no work resumption. Seven of the original 90 cases were lost from sight. After one year, 78.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the subjects included in the program were working, whereas only 55.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of them were on their jobs at the beginning of the program. A total of 67.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients (or workers) declared that they felt a physical improvement in their back pain. Seventy-five percent of the patients were recognized as disabled workers. On average, their ODI score was improved (by 10 points) as well as their psychological profile, in terms of less depression and less anxiety. Discussion. We compare our model to other types of health care offered to patients suffering from chronic back pain, especially the Sherbrooke model. We confirm the importance of multidisciplinary care based on the bio-psychosocial well-being profile. The first results we are publishing are more positive than those presented in other studies, although it is difficult to compare this particular \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprotocol\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with others. On the other hand, we found no clear benefit in the ergonomic adaptation of the workstation, unlike other studies. However, the benefits of physical rehabilitation/re-adaptatiOn, (and sports) are confirmed. A global approach using a well-defined protocol that takes in charge patients (workers) suffering from chronic back pain by an occupational health service and then through a close relationship with a physical rehabilitation center has provided encouraging results. However, it is still possible to improve these results, especially by integrating suggestions by specialists in ergonomics with those of the occupational therapists in order to optimize the adaptation of certain workstations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Introduction. Back pain is a major problem in the workplace. Back pain is also responsible for considerable economic costs and can have serious social repercussions in our society. In this study we present the results of four years of study combining the findings of two different medical teams involved in the treatment of chronic back pain: the occupational health department in Brest (service de sante au travail en Iroise {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSTI], Brest and a service of physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine in Roscoff, France. Methodology. Our model is based on the diagnosis of a problem of chronic back pain in various workers. The diagnosis is proposed by doctors associated with the occupational health department of Brest, based on a specific protocol that covers workers who have been suffering from chronic back pain for more than 3 months with an obvious impact on the quality of their work. Each individual medical case was then studied by a joint medical committee composed of doctors specialized in occupational health concerns and doctors specialized in physical rehabilitation. On the basis of the committee's findings, it has (or not) been possible to offer to the back pain sufferers a series of physical therapy and functional re-education sessions, as well as an ergonomic study of their workstation. One year later, a new evaluation of the situation was systematically undertaken by comparing the ODI, HADS and Karasek tests for each individual. Results. One hundred and eighty-three workers were presented to the joint committee of occupational health practitioners and physical rehabilitation specialists between 2010 and 2013. Each case was then re-evaluated one year later. Only 90 cases were taken in charge by the rehabilitation and functional re-education center. Seventy-one cases were re-evaluated by the committee of doctors one year later. Among these cases, 18 workers were declared unfit with no work resumption. Seven of the original 90 cases were lost from sight. After one year, 78.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the subjects included in the program were working, whereas only 55.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of them were on their jobs at the beginning of the program. A total of 67.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the patients (or workers) declared that they felt a physical improvement in their back pain. Seventy-five percent of the patients were recognized as disabled workers. On average, their ODI score was improved (by 10 points) as well as their psychological profile, in terms of less depression and less anxiety. Discussion. We compare our model to other types of health care offered to patients suffering from chronic back pain, especially the Sherbrooke model. We confirm the importance of multidisciplinary care based on the bio-psychosocial well-being profile. The first results we are publishing are more positive than those presented in other studies, although it is difficult to compare this particular {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveprotocol{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace with others. On the other hand, we found no clear benefit in the ergonomic adaptation of the workstation, unlike other studies. However, the benefits of physical rehabilitation/re-adaptatiOn, (and sports) are confirmed. A global approach using a well-defined protocol that takes in charge patients (workers) suffering from chronic back pain by an occupational health service and then through a close relationship with a physical rehabilitation center has provided encouraging results. However, it is still possible to improve these results, especially by integrating suggestions by specialists in ergonomics with those of the occupational therapists in order to optimize the adaptation of certain workstations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {french}
 }
 
@@ -17185,7 +20233,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {NP1920-NP1949},
   issn = {0886-2605},
   doi = {10.1177/08862605221093680},
-  abstract = {Economic hardship is a driver of entry into sex work, which is associated with high HIV risk. Yet, little is known about economic abuse in women employed by sex work (WESW) and its relationship to uptake of HIV prevention and financial support services. This study used cross-sectional baseline data from a multisite, longitudinal clinical trial that tests the efficacy of adding economic empowerment to traditional HIV risk reduction education on HIV incidence in 542 WESW. Mixed effects logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations in reported economic abuse by demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, HIV care-seeking, and financial care-seeking. Mean age was 31.4 years. Most WESW were unmarried (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and had less than primary school education (64\textbackslash textbackslash\%). 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% had savings, and 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% had debt. 93\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported at least one economic abuse incident. Common incidents included being forced to ask for money (80\textbackslash textbackslash\%), having financial information kept from them (61\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and being forced to disclose how money was spent (56\textbackslash textbackslash\%). WESW also reported partners/relatives spending money needed for bills (45\textbackslash textbackslash\%), not paying bills (38\textbackslash textbackslash\%), threatening them to quit their job(s) (38\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and using physical violence when earning income (24\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Married/partnered WESW (OR = 2.68, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.60-4.48), those with debt (OR = 1.70, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.04-2.77), and those with sex-work bosses (OR = 1.90, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.07-3.38) had higher economic abuse. Condomless sex (beta = +4.43, p {$<$} .05) was higher among WESW experiencing economic abuse, who also had lower odds of initiating PrEP (OR = .39, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:.17-.89). WESW experiencing economic abuse were also more likely to ask for cash among relatives (OR = 2.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.13-4.94) or banks (OR = 2.12, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI:1.11-4.03). The high prevalence of HIV and economic abuse in WESW underscores the importance of integrating financial empowerment in HIV risk reduction interventions for WESW, including education about economic abuse and strategies to address it. Programs focusing on violence against women should also consider economic barriers to accessing HIV prevention services.},
+  abstract = {Economic hardship is a driver of entry into sex work, which is associated with high HIV risk. Yet, little is known about economic abuse in women employed by sex work (WESW) and its relationship to uptake of HIV prevention and financial support services. This study used cross-sectional baseline data from a multisite, longitudinal clinical trial that tests the efficacy of adding economic empowerment to traditional HIV risk reduction education on HIV incidence in 542 WESW. Mixed effects logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations in reported economic abuse by demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, HIV care-seeking, and financial care-seeking. Mean age was 31.4 years. Most WESW were unmarried (74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and had less than primary school education (64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had savings, and 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had debt. 93{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported at least one economic abuse incident. Common incidents included being forced to ask for money (80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), having financial information kept from them (61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and being forced to disclose how money was spent (56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). WESW also reported partners/relatives spending money needed for bills (45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), not paying bills (38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), threatening them to quit their job(s) (38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and using physical violence when earning income (24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Married/partnered WESW (OR = 2.68, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI:1.60-4.48), those with debt (OR = 1.70, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI:1.04-2.77), and those with sex-work bosses (OR = 1.90, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI:1.07-3.38) had higher economic abuse. Condomless sex (beta = +4.43, p {$<$} .05) was higher among WESW experiencing economic abuse, who also had lower odds of initiating PrEP (OR = .39, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI:.17-.89). WESW experiencing economic abuse were also more likely to ask for cash among relatives (OR = 2.36, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI:1.13-4.94) or banks (OR = 2.12, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI:1.11-4.03). The high prevalence of HIV and economic abuse in WESW underscores the importance of integrating financial empowerment in HIV risk reduction interventions for WESW, including education about economic abuse and strategies to address it. Programs focusing on violence against women should also consider economic barriers to accessing HIV prevention services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17243,7 +20291,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {317--324},
   issn = {1936-6574},
   doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.12.001},
-  abstract = {Background: Young adulthood is an important transitional life phase that can determine a person's career trajectory. To date, little research has examined the influence of arthritis on early work experiences. Objectives: This literature review aims at examining the impact of arthritis on the early career phase of young adults and identifying the barriers to employment. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched bibliographic databases for arthritis conditions and a series of employment-related keywords and subject headings. Information on authors, publication year; study design, sample characteristics (e.g., number of participants, age, gender, arthritis type); work outcomes measured; and specific barriers to employment was recorded. Results: Nine studies were uncovered in the review. All studies examined young people with juvenile arthritis (9 of 9 studies) and consisted of sample sizes with less then 150 participants (6 of 9 studies) who were primarily recruited from clinics (7 of 9 studies). All were cross-sectional designs. Employment status was primarily examined and ranged from 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 71\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Although not always statistically significant, young adults with arthritis were less likely to be employed when compared to their healthy peers. Greater disease severity, less educational attainment and being female were related to not participating in paid work. Conclusion: This review brings to light the paucity of studies examining the early employment experiences of young adults with arthritis. There is a need to expand research to contribute to recommendations for sustained and productive employment across the working life course. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Young adulthood is an important transitional life phase that can determine a person's career trajectory. To date, little research has examined the influence of arthritis on early work experiences. Objectives: This literature review aims at examining the impact of arthritis on the early career phase of young adults and identifying the barriers to employment. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched bibliographic databases for arthritis conditions and a series of employment-related keywords and subject headings. Information on authors, publication year; study design, sample characteristics (e.g., number of participants, age, gender, arthritis type); work outcomes measured; and specific barriers to employment was recorded. Results: Nine studies were uncovered in the review. All studies examined young people with juvenile arthritis (9 of 9 studies) and consisted of sample sizes with less then 150 participants (6 of 9 studies) who were primarily recruited from clinics (7 of 9 studies). All were cross-sectional designs. Employment status was primarily examined and ranged from 11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 71{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Although not always statistically significant, young adults with arthritis were less likely to be employed when compared to their healthy peers. Greater disease severity, less educational attainment and being female were related to not participating in paid work. Conclusion: This review brings to light the paucity of studies examining the early employment experiences of young adults with arthritis. There is a need to expand research to contribute to recommendations for sustained and productive employment across the working life course. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NGAG6LJ9/Jetha_2015_The impact of arthritis on the early employment experiences of young adults.pdf}
@@ -17258,7 +20306,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-09938-1},
-  abstract = {BackgroundPrecarious work is an increasingly common characteristic of industrialized labor markets that can widen health inequities, especially among disadvantaged workforce segments. Study objectives are to compare precarious employment in workers with and without disabilities, and to examine the modifying effect of disability in the relationships between age, job tenure and precarious work.MethodsEmployed Canadians with (n=901) and without disabilities (n =901) were surveyed on exposure to precarious working conditions. Information on age and job tenure were collected from respondents along with sociodemographic, health and work context details. Multivariable logistic models examined the association between disability and precarious work. Also, multigroup probit models examined precarious work for young (18-35yrs), middle-aged (36-50yrs) and older adults ({$>$}50yrs) and job tenure and was stratified by participants with and without disabilities.ResultsAlmost equal proportions of young, middle-aged and older participants were recruited. Mean job tenure of participants was 9.5years (SD=9.0). Close to one-third of participants reported working precariously. At the multivariable level, a disability was not associated with working precariously. However, multigroup modelling indicated that disability was a significant effect-modifier. Older adults with a disability had a 1.88 times greater odds of reporting precarious work when compared to young adults (OR=1.88, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 1.19, 2.98). When reporting a disability, longer job tenure was related to a 0.95 times lower odds of precarious work (OR=0.95 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.93, 0.98). The relationship between age and job tenure was not significant for those not reporting a disability.DiscussionPrecarious work has the potential to affect workers with and without disabilities. For those with a disability, being an older adult and/or a new worker can contribute to a greater likelihood of being employed precariously. Policies and programs can be recommended to address precarious working conditions and related health inequities for people with disabilities based on life and career phase.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundPrecarious work is an increasingly common characteristic of industrialized labor markets that can widen health inequities, especially among disadvantaged workforce segments. Study objectives are to compare precarious employment in workers with and without disabilities, and to examine the modifying effect of disability in the relationships between age, job tenure and precarious work.MethodsEmployed Canadians with (n=901) and without disabilities (n =901) were surveyed on exposure to precarious working conditions. Information on age and job tenure were collected from respondents along with sociodemographic, health and work context details. Multivariable logistic models examined the association between disability and precarious work. Also, multigroup probit models examined precarious work for young (18-35yrs), middle-aged (36-50yrs) and older adults ({$>$}50yrs) and job tenure and was stratified by participants with and without disabilities.ResultsAlmost equal proportions of young, middle-aged and older participants were recruited. Mean job tenure of participants was 9.5years (SD=9.0). Close to one-third of participants reported working precariously. At the multivariable level, a disability was not associated with working precariously. However, multigroup modelling indicated that disability was a significant effect-modifier. Older adults with a disability had a 1.88 times greater odds of reporting precarious work when compared to young adults (OR=1.88, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI 1.19, 2.98). When reporting a disability, longer job tenure was related to a 0.95 times lower odds of precarious work (OR=0.95 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI 0.93, 0.98). The relationship between age and job tenure was not significant for those not reporting a disability.DiscussionPrecarious work has the potential to affect workers with and without disabilities. For those with a disability, being an older adult and/or a new worker can contribute to a greater likelihood of being employed precariously. Policies and programs can be recommended to address precarious working conditions and related health inequities for people with disabilities based on life and career phase.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17286,7 +20334,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12888-020-2466-z},
-  abstract = {Background Many community-based intervention models for mental health and wellbeing have undergone robust experimental evaluation; however, there are limited accounts of the implementation of these evidence-based interventions in practice. Atmiyata piloted the implementation of a community-led intervention to identify and understand the challenges of delivering such an intervention. The goal of the pilot evaluation is to identify factors important for larger-scale implementation across an entire district in India. This paper presents the results of a feasibility and acceptability study of the Atmiyata intervention piloted in Nashik district, Maharashtra, India between 2013 and 2015. Methods A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the Atmiyata intervention. First, a pre-post survey conducted with 215 cases identified with a GHQ cut-off 6 using a 3-month interval. Cases enrolled into the study in one randomly selected month (May-June 2015). Secondly, a quasi-experimental, pre-post design was used to conduct a population-based survey in the intervention and control areas. A randomly selected sample (panel) of 827 women and 843 men age between 18 to 65 years were interviewed to assess the impact of the Atmiyata intervention on common mental disorders. Finally, using qualitative methods, 16 Champions interviewed to understand an implementation processes, barriers and facilitators. Results Of the 215 participants identified by the Champions as being distressed or having a common mental disorder (CMD), n = 202 (94.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had a GHQ score at either sub-threshold level for CMD or above at baseline. Champions accurately identified people with emotional distress and in need of psychological support. After a 6-session counselling provided by the Champions, the percentage of participants with a case-level GHQ score dropped from 63.8 to 36.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The second sub-intervention consisted of showing films on Champions' mobile phones to raise community awareness regarding mental health. Films consisted of short scenario-based depictions of problems commonly experienced in villages (alcohol use and domestic violence). Champions facilitated access to social benefits for people with disability. Retention of Atmiyata Champions was high; 90.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the initial selected champions continued to work till the end of the project. Champions stated that they enjoyed their work and found it fulfilling to help others. This made them willing to work voluntarily, without pay. The semi-structured interviews with champions indicated that persons in the community experienced reduced symptoms and improved social, occupational and family functioning for problems such as depression, domestic violence, alcohol use, and severe mental illness. Conclusions This study shows that community-led interventions using volunteers from rural neighbourhoods can serve as a locally feasible and acceptable approach to facilitating access social welfare benefits, as well as reducing distress and symptoms of depression and anxiety in a low and middle-income country context. The intervention draws upon social capital in a community to engage and empower community members to address mental health problems. A robust evaluation methodology is needed to test the efficacy of such a model when it is implemented at scale.},
+  abstract = {Background Many community-based intervention models for mental health and wellbeing have undergone robust experimental evaluation; however, there are limited accounts of the implementation of these evidence-based interventions in practice. Atmiyata piloted the implementation of a community-led intervention to identify and understand the challenges of delivering such an intervention. The goal of the pilot evaluation is to identify factors important for larger-scale implementation across an entire district in India. This paper presents the results of a feasibility and acceptability study of the Atmiyata intervention piloted in Nashik district, Maharashtra, India between 2013 and 2015. Methods A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the Atmiyata intervention. First, a pre-post survey conducted with 215 cases identified with a GHQ cut-off 6 using a 3-month interval. Cases enrolled into the study in one randomly selected month (May-June 2015). Secondly, a quasi-experimental, pre-post design was used to conduct a population-based survey in the intervention and control areas. A randomly selected sample (panel) of 827 women and 843 men age between 18 to 65 years were interviewed to assess the impact of the Atmiyata intervention on common mental disorders. Finally, using qualitative methods, 16 Champions interviewed to understand an implementation processes, barriers and facilitators. Results Of the 215 participants identified by the Champions as being distressed or having a common mental disorder (CMD), n = 202 (94.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had a GHQ score at either sub-threshold level for CMD or above at baseline. Champions accurately identified people with emotional distress and in need of psychological support. After a 6-session counselling provided by the Champions, the percentage of participants with a case-level GHQ score dropped from 63.8 to 36.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The second sub-intervention consisted of showing films on Champions' mobile phones to raise community awareness regarding mental health. Films consisted of short scenario-based depictions of problems commonly experienced in villages (alcohol use and domestic violence). Champions facilitated access to social benefits for people with disability. Retention of Atmiyata Champions was high; 90.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the initial selected champions continued to work till the end of the project. Champions stated that they enjoyed their work and found it fulfilling to help others. This made them willing to work voluntarily, without pay. The semi-structured interviews with champions indicated that persons in the community experienced reduced symptoms and improved social, occupational and family functioning for problems such as depression, domestic violence, alcohol use, and severe mental illness. Conclusions This study shows that community-led interventions using volunteers from rural neighbourhoods can serve as a locally feasible and acceptable approach to facilitating access social welfare benefits, as well as reducing distress and symptoms of depression and anxiety in a low and middle-income country context. The intervention draws upon social capital in a community to engage and empower community members to address mental health problems. A robust evaluation methodology is needed to test the efficacy of such a model when it is implemented at scale.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17330,7 +20378,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {615--639},
   issn = {0276-8739},
   doi = {10.1002/pam.10158},
-  abstract = {This paper analyzes the relationships of schooling, the skill content of work experience, and different types of employment patterns with less-skilled women job quality outcomes. Survey data from employers and longitudinal data from former and current welfare recipients are used for the period 1997 to early 2002. The analysis of job quality is broadened beyond employment rates and wages measured at a point in time by including non-wage attributes of compensation and aspects of jobs that affect future earnings potential. This study shows the extent to which lack of employment stability, job skills, and occupation-specific experience impedes welfare recipients' abilities to obtain a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood job\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace or to transition into one from a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebad job. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave The business cycle downturn has significantly negatively affected the job quality and job transition patterns of former and current recipients. (C) 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
+  abstract = {This paper analyzes the relationships of schooling, the skill content of work experience, and different types of employment patterns with less-skilled women job quality outcomes. Survey data from employers and longitudinal data from former and current welfare recipients are used for the period 1997 to early 2002. The analysis of job quality is broadened beyond employment rates and wages measured at a point in time by including non-wage attributes of compensation and aspects of jobs that affect future earnings potential. This study shows the extent to which lack of employment stability, job skills, and occupation-specific experience impedes welfare recipients' abilities to obtain a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood job{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace or to transition into one from a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebad job. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave The business cycle downturn has significantly negatively affected the job quality and job transition patterns of former and current recipients. (C) 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17376,6 +20424,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Jokela2010,
+  title = {From {{Midlife}} to {{Early Old Age}}: {{Health Trajectories Associated With Retirement}}},
+  shorttitle = {From {{Midlife}} to {{Early Old Age}}},
+  author = {Jokela, Markus and Ferrie, Jane E. and Gimeno, David and Chandola, Tarani and Shipley, Martin J. and Head, Jenny and Vahtera, Jussi and Westerlund, Hugo and Marmot, Michael G. and Kivim{\"a}ki, Mika},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Epidemiology},
+  volume = {21},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {284--290},
+  issn = {1044-3983},
+  doi = {10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61f53},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Joly2017,
   title = {{Employment of People with Mental Disorders in Terms of the Policies Developed by the European and International Institutions}},
   author = {Joly, Laurene},
@@ -17414,7 +20478,24 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {1479--1490},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.3109/09638288.2012.740137},
-  abstract = {Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare workers and nonworkers who reported mild, moderate, and severe/complete functional limitations to identify disparities in 19 health and social indicators. Method: Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as our conceptual framework, we analyzed data from the combined 2000-2008 National Health Interview Survey, comparing workers and nonworkers by severity of functional limitations, as measured by the FL12 Scale of Functional Limitation Severity. Results: Only 9.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people reporting moderate/severe functional limitations worked. Although not without exception, not working and severity of functional limitation were associated with poorer health outcomes, with nonworkers reporting severe/complete limitations having least optimal health. Prevalence of chronic conditions was associated with level of functional limitation severity, with the strongest associations among nonworkers. Conclusions: By focusing exclusively on people with functional limitations, we were better able to examine factors contributing to health and participation of workers and nonworkers. People who worked and had moderate or severe/complete limitations often did so while reporting poor health. With improved access to health care, health promotion activities, and other support systems, the quality of life and likelihood of work participation of people with greater functional limitations might also be improved.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare workers and nonworkers who reported mild, moderate, and severe/complete functional limitations to identify disparities in 19 health and social indicators. Method: Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as our conceptual framework, we analyzed data from the combined 2000-2008 National Health Interview Survey, comparing workers and nonworkers by severity of functional limitations, as measured by the FL12 Scale of Functional Limitation Severity. Results: Only 9.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people reporting moderate/severe functional limitations worked. Although not without exception, not working and severity of functional limitation were associated with poorer health outcomes, with nonworkers reporting severe/complete limitations having least optimal health. Prevalence of chronic conditions was associated with level of functional limitation severity, with the strongest associations among nonworkers. Conclusions: By focusing exclusively on people with functional limitations, we were better able to examine factors contributing to health and participation of workers and nonworkers. People who worked and had moderate or severe/complete limitations often did so while reporting poor health. With improved access to health care, health promotion activities, and other support systems, the quality of life and likelihood of work participation of people with greater functional limitations might also be improved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Jones2014,
+  title = {Growing {{Up Together}}: {{Cohort Composition}} and {{Child Investment}}},
+  shorttitle = {Growing {{Up Together}}},
+  author = {Jones, Kelly M.},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {51},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {229--255},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1007/s13524-013-0237-x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             In sub-Saharan Africa, 60 \% of child deaths are preventable by investments in child health as simple as immunizations, bed nets, or water purification. This article investigates how a household's decisions regarding such investments are affected by the size and gender composition of a child's cohort. I focus on a previously overlooked type of investment: nonrival, child-specific goods (club goods). I empirically estimate the response of immunization status to cohort characteristics. I carefully address the problem of endogenous fertility, which is common in cohort studies. Because most rural Senegalese households are composed of multiple nuclear families, a child's cohort is composed of both siblings and nonsibling children. Estimating within households, I instrument cohort characteristics with those of the nonsibling (exogenous) portion. I find that children with larger (or more predominantly male) cohorts of vaccine-eligible age are significantly more likely to receive immunization. These findings suggest that children with larger cohorts may be better off in terms of club investments; this is a significant finding for child health given that many illness prevention methods are of a club good nature.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17433,6 +20514,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Jones2015a,
+  title = {Contraceptive {{Supply}} and {{Fertility Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Ghana}}},
+  shorttitle = {Contraceptive {{Supply}} and {{Fertility Outcomes}}},
+  author = {Jones, Kelly M.},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
+  volume = {64},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {31--69},
+  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
+  doi = {10.1086/682981},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Jones2018,
   title = {Race, {{Socioeconomic Status}}, and {{Health}} during {{Childhood}}: {{A Longitudinal Examination}} of {{Racial}}/{{Ethnic Differences}} in {{Parental Socioeconomic Timing}} and {{Child Obesity Risk}}},
   author = {Jones, Antwan},
@@ -17515,7 +20612,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {6},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0269435},
-  abstract = {Background Health policies in most high income countries increasingly recommend provision of routine outpatient care via remote (video and/or telephone) appointments, especially due to the pandemic. This is thought to improve access to care and promote efficiency within resource-constrained health services. There is limited evidence about the impact on existing inequalities in the invitation and uptake of health services when remote outpatient care is offered. Aim To systematically review the evidence on the offer and/or uptake of real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care, assessed according to key sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Seven electronic bibliographic databases were searched for studies reporting the proportion of patients with key characteristics (following PROGRESS Plus criteria) who were offered and/or accepted real-time remote outpatient consultation for any chronic condition. Comparison groups included usual care (face-to-face), another intervention, or offer/uptake within a comparable time period. Study processes were undertaken in duplicate. Data are reported narratively. Results Twenty-nine studies were included. Uptake of video consultations ranged from 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% and telephone consultations from 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 78\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Patients aged over 65, with lower educational attainment, on lower household incomes and without English as a first language were least likely to have a remote consultation. Females were generally more likely to have remote consultations than males. Non-white ethnicities were less likely to use remote consultations but where they did, were significantly more likely to choose telephone over video appointments (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Offering remote consultations may perpetuate or exacerbate existing health inequalities in access to healthcare. More research is needed on current health disparities by sociodemographic characteristics and to explore what works well for different patient groups and why so that processes can be designed to ameliorate these health disparities.},
+  abstract = {Background Health policies in most high income countries increasingly recommend provision of routine outpatient care via remote (video and/or telephone) appointments, especially due to the pandemic. This is thought to improve access to care and promote efficiency within resource-constrained health services. There is limited evidence about the impact on existing inequalities in the invitation and uptake of health services when remote outpatient care is offered. Aim To systematically review the evidence on the offer and/or uptake of real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care, assessed according to key sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Seven electronic bibliographic databases were searched for studies reporting the proportion of patients with key characteristics (following PROGRESS Plus criteria) who were offered and/or accepted real-time remote outpatient consultation for any chronic condition. Comparison groups included usual care (face-to-face), another intervention, or offer/uptake within a comparable time period. Study processes were undertaken in duplicate. Data are reported narratively. Results Twenty-nine studies were included. Uptake of video consultations ranged from 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and telephone consultations from 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Patients aged over 65, with lower educational attainment, on lower household incomes and without English as a first language were least likely to have a remote consultation. Females were generally more likely to have remote consultations than males. Non-white ethnicities were less likely to use remote consultations but where they did, were significantly more likely to choose telephone over video appointments (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Offering remote consultations may perpetuate or exacerbate existing health inequalities in access to healthcare. More research is needed on current health disparities by sociodemographic characteristics and to explore what works well for different patient groups and why so that processes can be designed to ameliorate these health disparities.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/564VAI4E/Jones et al_2022_Real-time remote outpatient consultations in secondary and tertiary care.pdf}
@@ -17552,13 +20649,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Joseph, {\relax AE} and Hallman, {\relax BC}},
   year = {1998},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {46},
   number = {6},
   pages = {631--639},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00181-0},
-  abstract = {This paper considers the impact of the distance between employed caregivers and their elderly relatives on the provision of various forms of family-based assistance (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceeldercare\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace), and in so doing it contributes to two overlapping literatures, one on the geography of care for elderly persons and the other on eldercare as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework and family\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace issue. The paper also seeks to interpret and understand the spatiality of eldercare in light of evolving public policy on the care of dependent populations, and does so with an eye to the highly gendered nature of family caregiving. The empirical portion of the paper draws on a national survey of work and family conducted by GARNET (The Canadian Aging Research Network). Analysis of data for 1149 respondents with eldercare responsibilities reveals significant distance-decay effects in the average (weekly) number of hours devoted to eldercare. However, disaggregation by gender reveals that only male caregivers display this normative behaviour. Analysis of the average time-distances at which particular types of assistance are provided reveals a similar \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegender gap\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace-women are willing to travel farther, more often, than male caregivers. The results suggest that the reconceptualization of aging as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprivate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace problem, to be attended to (by women) in the family and community, will particularly affect the careers and family lives of female caregivers, for they are more likely than their male counterparts to take on more travel and try to squeeze more into already tight time budgets. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper considers the impact of the distance between employed caregivers and their elderly relatives on the provision of various forms of family-based assistance ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceeldercare{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace), and in so doing it contributes to two overlapping literatures, one on the geography of care for elderly persons and the other on eldercare as a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravework and family{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace issue. The paper also seeks to interpret and understand the spatiality of eldercare in light of evolving public policy on the care of dependent populations, and does so with an eye to the highly gendered nature of family caregiving. The empirical portion of the paper draws on a national survey of work and family conducted by GARNET (The Canadian Aging Research Network). Analysis of data for 1149 respondents with eldercare responsibilities reveals significant distance-decay effects in the average (weekly) number of hours devoted to eldercare. However, disaggregation by gender reveals that only male caregivers display this normative behaviour. Analysis of the average time-distances at which particular types of assistance are provided reveals a similar {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegender gap{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace-women are willing to travel farther, more often, than male caregivers. The results suggest that the reconceptualization of aging as a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveprivate{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace problem, to be attended to (by women) in the family and community, will particularly affect the careers and family lives of female caregivers, for they are more likely than their male counterparts to take on more travel and try to squeeze more into already tight time budgets. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {7th International Symposium on Medical Geography, PORTSMOUTH, ENGLAND, JUL, 1996}
 }
@@ -17575,7 +20672,35 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00350.x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers' behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 \textendash{} 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (               N               = 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.},
+  abstract = {This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers' behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 {\textendash} 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (               N               = 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Joshi2012,
+  title = {Family {{Planning}} and {{Women}}'s and {{Children}}'s {{Health}}: {{Long Term Consequences}} of an {{Outreach Program}} in {{Matlab}}, {{Bangladesh}}},
+  shorttitle = {Family {{Planning}} and {{Women}}'s and {{Children}}'s {{Health}}},
+  author = {Joshi, Shareen and Schultz, T. Paul},
+  year = {2012},
+  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
+  issn = {1556-5068},
+  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2062750},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Joshi2015,
+  title = {When {{Can Women Close}} the {{Gap}}? {{A Meta-Analytic Test}} of {{Sex Differences}} in {{Performance}} and {{Rewards}}},
+  shorttitle = {When {{Can Women Close}} the {{Gap}}?},
+  author = {Joshi, Aparna and Son, Jooyeon and Roh, Hyuntak},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Academy of Management Journal},
+  volume = {58},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {1516--1545},
+  issn = {0001-4273, 1948-0989},
+  doi = {10.5465/amj.2013.0721},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17590,7 +20715,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {67--95},
   issn = {2377-8253},
   doi = {10.7758/RSF.2022.8.5.04},
-  abstract = {Policy debates about whether wages and benefits from work provide enough resources to achieve economic self-sufficiency rely on data for workers, not working families. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that almost two-thirds of families working full time earn enough to cover a basic family budget, but that less than a quarter of low-income families do. A typical low-income full-time working family with wages below a family budget would need to earn about \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar11.00 more per hour to cover expenses. This wage gap is larger for black, Hispanic, and immigrant families. Receipt of employer-provided benefits varieshealth insurance is more prevalent than pension plans-and both are less available to low-income families, and black, Hispanic, and immigrant working families. Findings suggest that without policies to decrease wage inequality and increase parents' access to jobs with higher wages and benefits, child opportunity gaps by income, race\textendash ethnicity, and nativity will likely persist.},
+  abstract = {Policy debates about whether wages and benefits from work provide enough resources to achieve economic self-sufficiency rely on data for workers, not working families. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that almost two-thirds of families working full time earn enough to cover a basic family budget, but that less than a quarter of low-income families do. A typical low-income full-time working family with wages below a family budget would need to earn about {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar11.00 more per hour to cover expenses. This wage gap is larger for black, Hispanic, and immigrant families. Receipt of employer-provided benefits varieshealth insurance is more prevalent than pension plans-and both are less available to low-income families, and black, Hispanic, and immigrant working families. Findings suggest that without policies to decrease wage inequality and increase parents' access to jobs with higher wages and benefits, child opportunity gaps by income, race{\textendash}ethnicity, and nativity will likely persist.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17605,7 +20730,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {216--225},
   issn = {1092-7875},
   doi = {10.1007/s10995-017-2393-x},
-  abstract = {Objectives The United States is one of only three countries worldwide with no national policy guaranteeing paid leave to employed women who give birth. While maternity leave has been linked to improved maternal and child outcomes in international contexts, up-to-date research evidence in the U.S. context is needed to inform current policy debates on paid family leave. Methods Using data from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18-45 who gave birth in 2011-2012, we conducted multivariate logistic regression to predict the likelihood of outcomes related to infant health, maternal physical and mental health, and maternal health behaviors by the use and duration of paid maternity leave. Results Use of paid and unpaid leave varied significantly by race/ethnicity and household income. Women who took paid maternity leave experienced a 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of re-hospitalizing their infants (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.3, 1.0) and a 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of being re-hospitalized themselves (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.3, 0.9) at 21 months postpartum, compared to women taking unpaid or no leave. They also had 1.8 times the odds of doing well with exercise (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1, 3.0) and stress management (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1, 2.8), compared to women taking only unpaid leave. Conclusions for Practice Paid maternity leave significantly predicts lower odds of maternal and infant re-hospitalization and higher odds of doing well with exercise and stress management. Policies aimed at expanding access to paid maternity and family leave may contribute toward reducing socio-demographic disparities in paid leave use and its associated health benefits.},
+  abstract = {Objectives The United States is one of only three countries worldwide with no national policy guaranteeing paid leave to employed women who give birth. While maternity leave has been linked to improved maternal and child outcomes in international contexts, up-to-date research evidence in the U.S. context is needed to inform current policy debates on paid family leave. Methods Using data from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18-45 who gave birth in 2011-2012, we conducted multivariate logistic regression to predict the likelihood of outcomes related to infant health, maternal physical and mental health, and maternal health behaviors by the use and duration of paid maternity leave. Results Use of paid and unpaid leave varied significantly by race/ethnicity and household income. Women who took paid maternity leave experienced a 47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of re-hospitalizing their infants (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.3, 1.0) and a 51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% decrease in the odds of being re-hospitalized themselves (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.3, 0.9) at 21 months postpartum, compared to women taking unpaid or no leave. They also had 1.8 times the odds of doing well with exercise (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.1, 3.0) and stress management (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.1, 2.8), compared to women taking only unpaid leave. Conclusions for Practice Paid maternity leave significantly predicts lower odds of maternal and infant re-hospitalization and higher odds of doing well with exercise and stress management. Policies aimed at expanding access to paid maternity and family leave may contribute toward reducing socio-demographic disparities in paid leave use and its associated health benefits.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17637,11 +20762,11 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
 }
 
 @article{Jozwiak2023,
-  title = {Constrained \textbackslash textasciigravechoices': {{Optional}} Familism and Educational Divides in Work-Family Arrangements},
+  title = {Constrained {\textbackslash}textasciigravechoices': {{Optional}} Familism and Educational Divides in Work-Family Arrangements},
   author = {Jozwiak, Andreas},
   year = {2023},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
+  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
   volume = {57},
   number = {5},
   pages = {700--726},
@@ -17667,6 +20792,23 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   note = {Sustainable City 2010: 6th International Conference on Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, A Coruna, SPAIN, APR 14-16, 2010}
 }
 
+@article{Juhn2017,
+  title = {Specialization {{Then}} and {{Now}}: {{Marriage}}, {{Children}}, and the {{Gender Earnings Gap}} across {{Cohorts}}},
+  shorttitle = {Specialization {{Then}} and {{Now}}},
+  author = {Juhn, Chinhui and McCue, Kristin},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {183--204},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.31.1.183},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {In this paper, we examine the evolution of the gender gap associated with marriage and parental status, comparing cohorts born between 1936 and 1985. The model of household specialization and division of labor introduced by Becker posits that when forming households, couples will exploit the gains from trade by having one spouse specialize in market work while the other specializes in household work. Given the historical advantage of men in the labor market, the model predicts specialization by gender and therefore an earnings advantage for married men and an earnings disadvantage for married women. Is this model of specialization useful for understanding the evolution of the gender gap across generations of women. And what about children? Academic papers have shown that wages of mothers are significantly lower than those of non-mothers with similar human capital characteristics. We do not attempt to build a structural model here, but rather document how changing associations between marriage and earnings, and between children and earnings, have contributed to the gender gap in an ``accounting'' sense.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Julia2017,
   title = {Employment and {{Labor Market Results}} of the {{SOPHIE Project}}: {{Concepts}}, {{Analyses}}, and {{Policies}}},
   author = {Julia, Mireia and {Olle-Espluga}, Laia and Vanroelen, Christophe and De Moortel, Deborah and Mousaid, Sarah and Vinberg, Stig and {Puig-Barrachina}, Vanessa and Sanchez, Esther and Muntaner, Carles and Artazcoz, Lucia and Benach, Joan},
@@ -17693,7 +20835,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {66--73},
   issn = {0925-7535},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.015},
-  abstract = {Employment precariousness (EP) has expanded over recent years. The aim of this study is to test the existence of a general precarisation of the Spanish labour market and its association with mental health for different types of contract. On the subsample of salaried workers from the second Psychosocial Work Environment Survey and using the revised Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES-2010), we calculated the prevalence of EP and poor mental health for salaried workers. We created six groups of workers according to their levels of EP and types of contract. We used Poisson regressions, stratified by gender, to examine associations between belonging to the different groups of workers and poor mental health. Although temporary workers had a higher prevalence of EP and poorer mental health than permanent workers, we found that the association with poor mental health was unexpectedly stronger in permanent workers with high precariousness (2.97, IC95\textbackslash textbackslash\% 2.25-3.92 in men and 2.50, 1.70-3.67 in women) than in temporary workers (2.17, IC95\textbackslash textbackslash\% 1.59-2.96 in men and 1.81, 1.17-2.78 in women). A gradient of poor mental health existed by EP score for both men and women and permanent and temporary workers. The Spanish labour market is highly affected by employment precarisation. Using the multidimensional EPRES is more informative and a better tool for mental health research than type of contract alone. Creating a surveillance system to monitor the magnitude and evolution of EP has to be a priority in order to reduce health inequalities and to evaluate the impact of policies and programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Employment precariousness (EP) has expanded over recent years. The aim of this study is to test the existence of a general precarisation of the Spanish labour market and its association with mental health for different types of contract. On the subsample of salaried workers from the second Psychosocial Work Environment Survey and using the revised Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES-2010), we calculated the prevalence of EP and poor mental health for salaried workers. We created six groups of workers according to their levels of EP and types of contract. We used Poisson regressions, stratified by gender, to examine associations between belonging to the different groups of workers and poor mental health. Although temporary workers had a higher prevalence of EP and poorer mental health than permanent workers, we found that the association with poor mental health was unexpectedly stronger in permanent workers with high precariousness (2.97, IC95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% 2.25-3.92 in men and 2.50, 1.70-3.67 in women) than in temporary workers (2.17, IC95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% 1.59-2.96 in men and 1.81, 1.17-2.78 in women). A gradient of poor mental health existed by EP score for both men and women and permanent and temporary workers. The Spanish labour market is highly affected by employment precarisation. Using the multidimensional EPRES is more informative and a better tool for mental health research than type of contract alone. Creating a surveillance system to monitor the magnitude and evolution of EP has to be a priority in order to reduce health inequalities and to evaluate the impact of policies and programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17707,7 +20849,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {483--498},
   issn = {0020-7314},
   doi = {10.2190/HS.43.3.g},
-  abstract = {Even though labor market flexibility continues to be a source of grave concern in terms of employment instability, as evidenced by temporary employment, only a few longitudinal studies have examined the effects of employment instability on the health status of wage workers. Against this backdrop, this study assesses the manner in which changes in employment type affect the health status of wage workers. The data originate from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study's health-related surveys for the first through fourth years (n = 1,789; 1998 to 2001). This study estimates potential damage to self-rated health through the application of a generalized estimating equation, according to specific levels of employment instability. While controlling for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, health behavior, and access to health care, the study analysis confirms that changes in employment type exert significant and adverse effects on health status for a given year (OR = 1.47; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.10-1.96), to an extent comparable to the marked effects of smoking on human health (OR = 1.47; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05-2.04). Given the global prevalence of labor flexibility, policy interventions must be implemented if employment instability triggers broad discrepancies not only in social standing, wage, and welfare benefits, but also in health status.},
+  abstract = {Even though labor market flexibility continues to be a source of grave concern in terms of employment instability, as evidenced by temporary employment, only a few longitudinal studies have examined the effects of employment instability on the health status of wage workers. Against this backdrop, this study assesses the manner in which changes in employment type affect the health status of wage workers. The data originate from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study's health-related surveys for the first through fourth years (n = 1,789; 1998 to 2001). This study estimates potential damage to self-rated health through the application of a generalized estimating equation, according to specific levels of employment instability. While controlling for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, health behavior, and access to health care, the study analysis confirms that changes in employment type exert significant and adverse effects on health status for a given year (OR = 1.47; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.10-1.96), to an extent comparable to the marked effects of smoking on human health (OR = 1.47; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.05-2.04). Given the global prevalence of labor flexibility, policy interventions must be implemented if employment instability triggers broad discrepancies not only in social standing, wage, and welfare benefits, but also in health status.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17725,6 +20867,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kabeer2018,
+  title = {The {{Contested Relationship Between Paid Work}} and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}: {{Empirical Analysis}} from {{Bangladesh}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Contested Relationship Between Paid Work}} and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}},
+  author = {Kabeer, Naila and Mahmud, Simeen and Tasneem, Sakiba},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {The European Journal of Development Research},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {235--251},
+  issn = {0957-8811, 1743-9728},
+  doi = {10.1057/s41287-017-0119-y},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kabeer2021,
   title = {Feminist {{Economic Perspectives}} on the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
   author = {Kabeer, Naila and Razavi, Shahra and Van Der Meulen Rodgers, Yana},
@@ -17769,7 +20927,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {612--629},
   issn = {0022-3166},
   doi = {10.1093/jn/nxab390},
-  abstract = {Background To address gaps in coverage and quality of nutrition services, Alive \textbackslash textbackslash\& Thrive (A\textbackslash textbackslash\&T) strengthened the delivery of maternal nutrition interventions through government antenatal care (ANC) services in Uttar Pradesh, India. The impact evaluation of the A\textbackslash textbackslash\&T interventions compared intensive ANC (I-ANC) with standard ANC (S-ANC) areas and found modest impacts on micronutrient supplementation, dietary diversity, and weight-gain monitoring. Objectives This study examined intervention-specific program impact pathways (PIPs) and identified reasons for limited impacts of the A\textbackslash textbackslash\&T maternal nutrition intervention package. Methods We used mixed methods: frontline worker (FLW) surveys (n = similar to 500), counseling observations (n = 407), and qualitative in-depth interviews with FLWs, supervisors, and block-level staff (n = 59). We assessed 7 PIP domains: training and materials, knowledge, supportive supervision, supply chains, data use, service delivery, and counseling. Results Exposure to training improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas with more job aids used in I-ANC compared with S-ANC (90\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with 70\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but gaps remained for training content and refresher trainings. FLWs' knowledge improvement was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (22-36 percentage points), but knowledge of micronutrient supplement benefits and recommended foods was insufficient ({$<$}50\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most FLWs received supervision ({$>$}90\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but supportive supervision was limited by staff vacancies and competing work priorities. Supplies of iron-folic acid and calcium supplements were low in both areas (30-50\textbackslash textbackslash\% stock-outs). Use of monitoring data during review meetings was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (52\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with 36\textbackslash textbackslash\%) but was constrained by time, understanding, and data quality. Service provision improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas, but counseling on supplement benefits and weight-gain monitoring was low (30-40\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions Systems-strengthening efforts improved maternal nutrition interventions in ANC, but gaps remained. Taking an intervention-specific perspective to the PIP analysis in this package of services was critical to understand how common and specific barriers influenced overall program impact.},
+  abstract = {Background To address gaps in coverage and quality of nutrition services, Alive {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Thrive (A{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&T) strengthened the delivery of maternal nutrition interventions through government antenatal care (ANC) services in Uttar Pradesh, India. The impact evaluation of the A{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&T interventions compared intensive ANC (I-ANC) with standard ANC (S-ANC) areas and found modest impacts on micronutrient supplementation, dietary diversity, and weight-gain monitoring. Objectives This study examined intervention-specific program impact pathways (PIPs) and identified reasons for limited impacts of the A{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&T maternal nutrition intervention package. Methods We used mixed methods: frontline worker (FLW) surveys (n = similar to 500), counseling observations (n = 407), and qualitative in-depth interviews with FLWs, supervisors, and block-level staff (n = 59). We assessed 7 PIP domains: training and materials, knowledge, supportive supervision, supply chains, data use, service delivery, and counseling. Results Exposure to training improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas with more job aids used in I-ANC compared with S-ANC (90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% compared with 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), but gaps remained for training content and refresher trainings. FLWs' knowledge improvement was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (22-36 percentage points), but knowledge of micronutrient supplement benefits and recommended foods was insufficient ({$<$}50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most FLWs received supervision ({$>$}90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), but supportive supervision was limited by staff vacancies and competing work priorities. Supplies of iron-folic acid and calcium supplements were low in both areas (30-50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% stock-outs). Use of monitoring data during review meetings was higher in I-ANC than S-ANC (52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% compared with 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) but was constrained by time, understanding, and data quality. Service provision improved in both I-ANC and S-ANC areas, but counseling on supplement benefits and weight-gain monitoring was low (30-40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusions Systems-strengthening efforts improved maternal nutrition interventions in ANC, but gaps remained. Taking an intervention-specific perspective to the PIP analysis in this package of services was critical to understand how common and specific barriers influenced overall program impact.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -17893,6 +21051,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{Kalist2004,
+  title = {Abortion and Female Labor Force Participation: {{Evidence}} Prior to {{Roe}} v. {{Wade}}},
+  shorttitle = {Abortion and Female Labor Force Participation},
+  author = {Kalist, David E.},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Journal of Labor Research},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {503--514},
+  issn = {0195-3613, 1936-4768},
+  doi = {10.1007/s12122-004-1028-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kaluzny1979,
   title = {Changes in the {{Consumption}} of {{Housing Services}}: {{The Gary Experiment}}},
   shorttitle = {Changes in the {{Consumption}} of {{Housing Services}}},
@@ -17939,6 +21113,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {french}
 }
 
+@article{Kampfen2016,
+  title = {Time to Burn (Calories)? {{The}} Impact of Retirement on Physical Activity among Mature {{Americans}}},
+  shorttitle = {Time to Burn (Calories)?},
+  author = {K{\"a}mpfen, Fabrice and Maurer, J{\"u}rgen},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
+  volume = {45},
+  pages = {91--102},
+  issn = {01676296},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.12.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kamvura2022,
   title = {Barriers to the Provision of Non-Communicable Disease Care in {{Zimbabwe}}: A Qualitative Study of Primary Health Care Nurses},
   author = {Kamvura, Tiny Tinashe and Dambi, Jermaine M. and Chiriseri, Ephraim and Turner, Jean and Verhey, Ruth and Chibanda, Dixon},
@@ -17968,6 +21157,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kandiyoti1988,
+  title = {{{BARGAINING WITH PATRIARCHY}}},
+  author = {Kandiyoti, Deniz},
+  year = {1988},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Gender \& Society},
+  volume = {2},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {274--290},
+  issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977},
+  doi = {10.1177/089124388002003004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This article argues that systematic comparative analyses of women's strategies and coping mechanisms lead to a more culturally and temporally grounded understanding of patriarchal systems than the unqualified, abstract notion of patriarchy encountered in contemporary feminist theory. Women strategize within a set of concrete constraints, which I identify as patriarchal bargains. Different forms of patriarchy present women with distinct ``rules of the game'' and call for different strategies to maximize security and optimize life options with varying potential for active or passive resistance in the face of oppression. Two systems of male dominance are contrasted: the sub-Saharan African pattern, in which the insecurities of polygyny are matched with areas of relative autonomy for women, and classic patriarchy, which is characteristic of South and East Asia as well as the Muslim Middle East. The article ends with an analysis of the conditions leading to the breakdown and transformation of patriarchal bargains and their implications for women's consciousness and struggles.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kang2019,
   title = {Weekly {{Wage Exploration}} of {{Vocational Rehabilitation Service Recipients}}: {{A Quantile Regression Approach}}},
   author = {Kang, Youngsoon and Nord, Derek K. and {Nye-Lengerman}, Kelly M.},
@@ -18020,7 +21225,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {21},
   issn = {2352-8273},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101331},
-  abstract = {Social connectedness is essential for health and longevity, while isolation exacts a heavy toll on individuals and society. We present U.S. social connectedness magnitudes and trends as target phenomena to inform calls for policy-based approaches to promote social health. Using the 2003-2020 American Time Use Survey, this study finds that, nationally, social isolation increased, social engagement with family, friends, and \textbackslash textasciigraveothers' (roommates, neighbors, acquaintances, coworkers, clients, etc.) decreased, and companionship (shared leisure and recreation) decreased. Joinpoint analysis showed that the pandemic exacerbated upward trends in social isolation and downward trends in non-household family, friends, and \textbackslash textasciigraveothers' social engagement. However, household family social engagement and companionship showed signs of progressive decline years prior to the pandemic, at a pace not eclipsed by the pandemic. Work hours emerged as a structural constraint to social engagement. Sub-groups allocated social engagement differently across different relationship roles. Social engagement with friends, others, and in companionship plummeted for young Americans. Black Americans experienced more social isolation and less social engagement, overall, relative to other races. Hispanics experienced much less social isolation than non-Hispanics. Older adults spent more time in social isolation, but also relatively more time in companionship. Women spent more time with family while men spent more time with friends and in compan-ionship. And, men's social connectedness decline was steeper than for women. Finally, low-income Americans are more socially engaged with \textbackslash textasciigraveothers' than those with higher income. We discuss potential avenues of future research and policy initiatives that emerge from our findings.},
+  abstract = {Social connectedness is essential for health and longevity, while isolation exacts a heavy toll on individuals and society. We present U.S. social connectedness magnitudes and trends as target phenomena to inform calls for policy-based approaches to promote social health. Using the 2003-2020 American Time Use Survey, this study finds that, nationally, social isolation increased, social engagement with family, friends, and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveothers' (roommates, neighbors, acquaintances, coworkers, clients, etc.) decreased, and companionship (shared leisure and recreation) decreased. Joinpoint analysis showed that the pandemic exacerbated upward trends in social isolation and downward trends in non-household family, friends, and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveothers' social engagement. However, household family social engagement and companionship showed signs of progressive decline years prior to the pandemic, at a pace not eclipsed by the pandemic. Work hours emerged as a structural constraint to social engagement. Sub-groups allocated social engagement differently across different relationship roles. Social engagement with friends, others, and in companionship plummeted for young Americans. Black Americans experienced more social isolation and less social engagement, overall, relative to other races. Hispanics experienced much less social isolation than non-Hispanics. Older adults spent more time in social isolation, but also relatively more time in companionship. Women spent more time with family while men spent more time with friends and in compan-ionship. And, men's social connectedness decline was steeper than for women. Finally, low-income Americans are more socially engaged with {\textbackslash}textasciigraveothers' than those with higher income. We discuss potential avenues of future research and policy initiatives that emerge from our findings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18080,7 +21285,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   issn = {0894-9867, 1573-6598},
   doi = {10.1002/jts.22565},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19\textendash related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19\textendash related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland (               N               = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19\textendash related PTSD was 17.7\% (               n               = 184), 95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%], and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5\%) and depression (53.8\%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19\textendash related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress.                        ,              Resumen             Spanish Abstracts by Asociaci\'on Chilena de Estr\'es Traum\'atico (ACET)             Problemas de estr\'es postraum\'atico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Irlanda             TEPT DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19                            La prevalencia del trastorno por estr\'es postraum\'atico (TEPT) en lo que respecta a las experiencias de las personas en la pandemia de COVID-19 a\'un no se ha determinado. Este estudio se realiz\'o para determinar las tasas de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 en la poblaci\'on general irlandesa, el nivel de comorbilidad con depresi\'on y ansiedad, y los factores de riesgo sociodemogr\'aficos asociados con el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19. Una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de adultos de la poblaci\'on general de la Rep\'ublica de Irlanda (               N               = 1,041) complet\'o medidas de autoinforme de todas las variables del estudio. La tasa de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 fue del 17.7\% (               n               = 184), IC del 95\% [15.35\%, 19.99\%] y hubo un alto nivel de comorbilidad con ansiedad generalizada (49.5\%) y depresi\'on (53.8\%). Cumplir con el requisito de diagn\'ostico para el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 se asoci\'o con una edad m\'as joven, sexo masculino, vivir en una ciudad, vivir con ni\~nos, riesgo percibido moderado y alto de infecci\'on por COVID-19 y detecci\'on positiva de ansiedad o depresi\'on. Los s\'intomas de estr\'es postraum\'atico relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19 son comunes en la poblaci\'on general. Nuestros resultados muestran que los profesionales de la salud responsables de responder a la pandemia de COVID-19 deben esperar encontrar de forma rutinaria s\'intomas y preocupaciones relacionados con el estr\'es postraum\'atico.                        ,              抽象             Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS)             簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯             Posttraumatic stress problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland             Traditional Chinese             標題: 在COVID-19疫情下, 愛爾蘭的創傷後壓力問題             撮要: 跟個人的2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)疫情體驗相關的創傷後壓力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出愛爾蘭普遍人口當中, COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率、抑鬱症及焦慮症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相關PTSD有關的社會人口風險因素。樣本由愛爾蘭共和國的成人普遍人口組成 (N = 1,041), 具全國代表性。他們完成了對所有研究變量的自評測量。COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率為17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%,             19.99\%]), 廣泛性焦慮症(49.5\%)及抑鬱症(53.8\%)的共病水平為高。符合患COVID-19相關的PTSD, 跟以下因素有關:年齡較小、性別為男性、住在市區、與小孩同住、對於染上COVID-19的感知風險為中至高, 及焦慮症及抑鬱症篩檢結果為陽性。普遍人口當中, 與COVID-19疫情相關的創傷後壓力症狀普遍。我們的結果反映, 負責應對COVID-19疫情的醫療人員應預期會時常遇到人士有創傷後壓力相關的症狀及問題。             Simplified Chinese             标题: 在COVID-19疫情下, 爱尔兰的创伤后压力问题             撮要: 跟个人的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情体验相关的创伤后压力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出爱尔兰普遍人口当中, COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率、抑郁症及焦虑症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相关PTSD有关的社会人口风险因素。样本由爱尔兰共和国的成人普遍人口组成 (N = 1,041), 具全国代表性。他们完成了对所有研究变量的自评测量。COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率为17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%,             19.99\%]), 广泛性焦虑症(49.5\%)及抑郁症(53.8\%)的共病水平为高。符合患COVID-19相关的PTSD, 跟以下因素有关:年龄较小、性别为男性、住在市区、与小孩同住、对于染上COVID-19的感知风险为中至高, 及焦虑症及抑郁症筛检结果为阳性。普遍人口当中, 与COVID-19疫情相关的创伤后压力症状普遍。我们的结果反映, 负责应对COVID-19疫情的医疗人员应预期会时常遇到人士有创伤后压力相关的症状及问题。},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland (               N               = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD was 17.7\% (               n               = 184), 95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%], and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5\%) and depression (53.8\%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress.                        ,              Resumen             Spanish Abstracts by Asociaci{\'o}n Chilena de Estr{\'e}s Traum{\'a}tico (ACET)             Problemas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Irlanda             TEPT DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19                            La prevalencia del trastorno por estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico (TEPT) en lo que respecta a las experiencias de las personas en la pandemia de COVID-19 a{\'u}n no se ha determinado. Este estudio se realiz{\'o} para determinar las tasas de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 en la poblaci{\'o}n general irlandesa, el nivel de comorbilidad con depresi{\'o}n y ansiedad, y los factores de riesgo sociodemogr{\'a}ficos asociados con el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19. Una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de adultos de la poblaci{\'o}n general de la Rep{\'u}blica de Irlanda (               N               = 1,041) complet{\'o} medidas de autoinforme de todas las variables del estudio. La tasa de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 fue del 17.7\% (               n               = 184), IC del 95\% [15.35\%, 19.99\%] y hubo un alto nivel de comorbilidad con ansiedad generalizada (49.5\%) y depresi{\'o}n (53.8\%). Cumplir con el requisito de diagn{\'o}stico para el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 se asoci{\'o} con una edad m{\'a}s joven, sexo masculino, vivir en una ciudad, vivir con ni{\~n}os, riesgo percibido moderado y alto de infecci{\'o}n por COVID-19 y detecci{\'o}n positiva de ansiedad o depresi{\'o}n. Los s{\'i}ntomas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19 son comunes en la poblaci{\'o}n general. Nuestros resultados muestran que los profesionales de la salud responsables de responder a la pandemia de COVID-19 deben esperar encontrar de forma rutinaria s{\'i}ntomas y preocupaciones relacionados con el estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico.                        ,              抽象             Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS)             簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯             Posttraumatic stress problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland             Traditional Chinese             標題: 在COVID-19疫情下, 愛爾蘭的創傷後壓力問題             撮要: 跟個人的2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)疫情體驗相關的創傷後壓力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出愛爾蘭普遍人口當中, COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率、抑鬱症及焦慮症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相關PTSD有關的社會人口風險因素。樣本由愛爾蘭共和國的成人普遍人口組成 (N = 1,041), 具全國代表性。他們完成了對所有研究變量的自評測量。COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率為17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%,             19.99\%]), 廣泛性焦慮症(49.5\%)及抑鬱症(53.8\%)的共病水平為高。符合患COVID-19相關的PTSD, 跟以下因素有關:年齡較小、性別為男性、住在市區、與小孩同住、對於染上COVID-19的感知風險為中至高, 及焦慮症及抑鬱症篩檢結果為陽性。普遍人口當中, 與COVID-19疫情相關的創傷後壓力症狀普遍。我們的結果反映, 負責應對COVID-19疫情的醫療人員應預期會時常遇到人士有創傷後壓力相關的症狀及問題。             Simplified Chinese             标题: 在COVID-19疫情下, 爱尔兰的创伤后压力问题             撮要: 跟个人的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情体验相关的创伤后压力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出爱尔兰普遍人口当中, COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率、抑郁症及焦虑症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相关PTSD有关的社会人口风险因素。样本由爱尔兰共和国的成人普遍人口组成 (N = 1,041), 具全国代表性。他们完成了对所有研究变量的自评测量。COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率为17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%,             19.99\%]), 广泛性焦虑症(49.5\%)及抑郁症(53.8\%)的共病水平为高。符合患COVID-19相关的PTSD, 跟以下因素有关:年龄较小、性别为男性、住在市区、与小孩同住、对于染上COVID-19的感知风险为中至高, 及焦虑症及抑郁症筛检结果为阳性。普遍人口当中, 与COVID-19疫情相关的创伤后压力症状普遍。我们的结果反映, 负责应对COVID-19疫情的医疗人员应预期会时常遇到人士有创伤后压力相关的症状及问题。},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18107,7 +21312,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {4},
   issn = {1469-493X},
   doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD010412.pub2},
-  abstract = {Background Having nurses take on tasks that are typically conducted by doctors (doctor-nurse substitution, a form of \textbackslash textasciigravetask-shifting') may help to address doctor shortages and reduce doctors' workload and human resource costs. A Cochrane Review of effectiveness studies suggested that nurse-led care probably leads to similar healthcare outcomes as care delivered by doctors. This finding highlights the need to explore the factors that affect the implementation of strategies to substitute doctors with nurses in primary care. In our qualitative evidence synthesis (QES), we focused on studies of nurses taking on tasks that are typically conducted by doctors working in primary care, including substituting doctors with nurses or expanding nurses' roles. Objectives (1) To identify factors influencing implementation of interventions to substitute doctors with nurses in primary care. (2) To explore how our synthesis findings related to, and helped to explain, the findings of the Cochrane intervention review of the effectiveness of substituting doctors with nurses. (3) To identify hypotheses for subgroup analyses for future updates of the Cochrane intervention review. Search methods We searchedCINAHL and PubMed, contacted experts in the field, scanned the reference lists of relevant studies and conducted forward citation searches for key articles in the Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index databases, and \textbackslash textasciigraverelated article' searches in PubMed. Selection criteria We constructed a maximum variation sample (exploring variables such as country level of development, aspects of care covered and the types of participants) from studies that had collected and analysed qualitative data related to the factors influencing implementation of doctor-nurse substitution and the expansion of nurses' tasks in community or primary care worldwide. We included perspectives of doctors, nurses, patients and their families/carers, policymakers, programme managers, other health workers and any others directly involved in or affected by the substitution. We excluded studies that collected data using qualitative methods but did not analyse the data qualitatively. Data collection and analysis We identified factors influencing implementation of doctor-nurse substitution strategies using a framework thematic synthesis approach. Two review authors independently assessed the methodological strengths and limitations of included studies using a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. We assessed confidence in the evidence for the QES findings using the GRADE-CERQual approach. We integrated our findings with the evidence fromthe effectiveness review of doctor-nurse substitution using amatrixmodel. Finally, we identified hypotheses for subgroup analyses for updates of the review of effectiveness. Main results We included 66 studies (69 papers), 11 from low-or middle-income countries and 55 from high-income countries. These studies found several factors that appeared to influence the implementation of doctor-nurse substitution strategies. The following factors were based on findings that we assessed as moderate or high confidence. Patients in many studies knew little about nurses' roles and the difference between nurse-led and doctor-led care. They also had mixed views about the type of tasks that nurses should deliver. They preferred doctors when the tasks were more \textbackslash textasciigrave medical' but accepted nurses for preventive care and follow-ups. Doctors in most studies also preferred that nurses performed only \textbackslash textasciigrave non-medical' tasks. Nurses were comfortable with, and believed they were competent to deliver a wide range of tasks, but particularly emphasised tasks that were more health promotive/ preventive in nature. Patients in most studies thought that nurses were more easily accessible than doctors. Doctors and nurses also saw nurse-doctor substitution and collaboration as a way of increasing people's access to care, and improving the quality and continuity of care. Nurses thought that close doctor-nurse relationships and doctor's trust in and acceptance of nurses was important for shaping their roles. But nurses working alone sometimes found it difficult to communicate with doctors. Nurses felt they had gained new skills when taking on new tasks. But nurses wanted more and better training. They thought this would increase their skills, job satisfaction and motivation, and would make them more independent. Nurses taking on doctors' tasks saw this as an opportunity to develop personally, to gain more respect and to improve the quality of care they could offer to patients. Better working conditions and financial incentives also motivated nurses to take on new tasks. Doctors valued collaborating with nurses when this reduced their own workload. Doctors and nurses pointed to the importance of having access to resources, such as enough staff, equipment and supplies; good referral systems; experienced leaders; clear roles; and adequate training and supervision. But they often had problems with these issues. They also pointed to the huge number of documents they needed to complete when tasks were moved from doctors to nurses. Authors' conclusions Patients, doctors and nurses may accept the use of nurses to deliver services that are usually delivered by doctors. But this is likely to depend on the type of services. Nurses taking on extra tasks want respect and collaboration from doctors; as well as proper resources; good referral systems; experienced leaders; clear roles; and adequate incentives, training and supervision. However, these needs are not always met.},
+  abstract = {Background Having nurses take on tasks that are typically conducted by doctors (doctor-nurse substitution, a form of {\textbackslash}textasciigravetask-shifting') may help to address doctor shortages and reduce doctors' workload and human resource costs. A Cochrane Review of effectiveness studies suggested that nurse-led care probably leads to similar healthcare outcomes as care delivered by doctors. This finding highlights the need to explore the factors that affect the implementation of strategies to substitute doctors with nurses in primary care. In our qualitative evidence synthesis (QES), we focused on studies of nurses taking on tasks that are typically conducted by doctors working in primary care, including substituting doctors with nurses or expanding nurses' roles. Objectives (1) To identify factors influencing implementation of interventions to substitute doctors with nurses in primary care. (2) To explore how our synthesis findings related to, and helped to explain, the findings of the Cochrane intervention review of the effectiveness of substituting doctors with nurses. (3) To identify hypotheses for subgroup analyses for future updates of the Cochrane intervention review. Search methods We searchedCINAHL and PubMed, contacted experts in the field, scanned the reference lists of relevant studies and conducted forward citation searches for key articles in the Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index databases, and {\textbackslash}textasciigraverelated article' searches in PubMed. Selection criteria We constructed a maximum variation sample (exploring variables such as country level of development, aspects of care covered and the types of participants) from studies that had collected and analysed qualitative data related to the factors influencing implementation of doctor-nurse substitution and the expansion of nurses' tasks in community or primary care worldwide. We included perspectives of doctors, nurses, patients and their families/carers, policymakers, programme managers, other health workers and any others directly involved in or affected by the substitution. We excluded studies that collected data using qualitative methods but did not analyse the data qualitatively. Data collection and analysis We identified factors influencing implementation of doctor-nurse substitution strategies using a framework thematic synthesis approach. Two review authors independently assessed the methodological strengths and limitations of included studies using a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. We assessed confidence in the evidence for the QES findings using the GRADE-CERQual approach. We integrated our findings with the evidence fromthe effectiveness review of doctor-nurse substitution using amatrixmodel. Finally, we identified hypotheses for subgroup analyses for updates of the review of effectiveness. Main results We included 66 studies (69 papers), 11 from low-or middle-income countries and 55 from high-income countries. These studies found several factors that appeared to influence the implementation of doctor-nurse substitution strategies. The following factors were based on findings that we assessed as moderate or high confidence. Patients in many studies knew little about nurses' roles and the difference between nurse-led and doctor-led care. They also had mixed views about the type of tasks that nurses should deliver. They preferred doctors when the tasks were more {\textbackslash}textasciigrave medical' but accepted nurses for preventive care and follow-ups. Doctors in most studies also preferred that nurses performed only {\textbackslash}textasciigrave non-medical' tasks. Nurses were comfortable with, and believed they were competent to deliver a wide range of tasks, but particularly emphasised tasks that were more health promotive/ preventive in nature. Patients in most studies thought that nurses were more easily accessible than doctors. Doctors and nurses also saw nurse-doctor substitution and collaboration as a way of increasing people's access to care, and improving the quality and continuity of care. Nurses thought that close doctor-nurse relationships and doctor's trust in and acceptance of nurses was important for shaping their roles. But nurses working alone sometimes found it difficult to communicate with doctors. Nurses felt they had gained new skills when taking on new tasks. But nurses wanted more and better training. They thought this would increase their skills, job satisfaction and motivation, and would make them more independent. Nurses taking on doctors' tasks saw this as an opportunity to develop personally, to gain more respect and to improve the quality of care they could offer to patients. Better working conditions and financial incentives also motivated nurses to take on new tasks. Doctors valued collaborating with nurses when this reduced their own workload. Doctors and nurses pointed to the importance of having access to resources, such as enough staff, equipment and supplies; good referral systems; experienced leaders; clear roles; and adequate training and supervision. But they often had problems with these issues. They also pointed to the huge number of documents they needed to complete when tasks were moved from doctors to nurses. Authors' conclusions Patients, doctors and nurses may accept the use of nurses to deliver services that are usually delivered by doctors. But this is likely to depend on the type of services. Nurses taking on extra tasks want respect and collaboration from doctors; as well as proper resources; good referral systems; experienced leaders; clear roles; and adequate incentives, training and supervision. However, these needs are not always met.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18135,7 +21340,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {108--120},
   issn = {0132-1625},
   doi = {10.31857/S013216250008811-5},
-  abstract = {As the situation in education and labour market is changing in Russia, characterized by the expansion of services sectors and high participation in higher education, the mechanisms of social inequality reproduction are evolving. According to the intersectionality theory, social advantages and disadvantages are reproduced at the intersection of various social categories - social class, gender and others. In the paper, the outcomes of individuals in education and in the labour market representing three cohorts, born in 1954-1964,1965-1975 and 1976-1986, were analyzed. Using the data provided by the European Social Survey, rounds 3-6 and 8, the hypotheses about the presence of cumulative effect from the intersection of gender and social class were tested. The results partially confirm the formulated hypotheses in case of achieved socio-professional status, but not in case of achieved higher education. 1) Women have more chances than men to obtain higher education; 2) women from families where fathers were workers have more chances than men from such families to move to the group \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelower services class\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. The latter positive effect is observed in case social class is specified based on mother's profession; however, it is not significant. Therefore, women are likely to benefit most from the recent changes in education and labour market, compared to men. However, women are likely to find themselves in less prestigious and less paid segments of the services sector, despite the fact that their jobs require more skills.},
+  abstract = {As the situation in education and labour market is changing in Russia, characterized by the expansion of services sectors and high participation in higher education, the mechanisms of social inequality reproduction are evolving. According to the intersectionality theory, social advantages and disadvantages are reproduced at the intersection of various social categories - social class, gender and others. In the paper, the outcomes of individuals in education and in the labour market representing three cohorts, born in 1954-1964,1965-1975 and 1976-1986, were analyzed. Using the data provided by the European Social Survey, rounds 3-6 and 8, the hypotheses about the presence of cumulative effect from the intersection of gender and social class were tested. The results partially confirm the formulated hypotheses in case of achieved socio-professional status, but not in case of achieved higher education. 1) Women have more chances than men to obtain higher education; 2) women from families where fathers were workers have more chances than men from such families to move to the group {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravelower services class{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. The latter positive effect is observed in case social class is specified based on mother's profession; however, it is not significant. Therefore, women are likely to benefit most from the recent changes in education and labour market, compared to men. However, women are likely to find themselves in less prestigious and less paid segments of the services sector, despite the fact that their jobs require more skills.},
   langid = {russian}
 }
 
@@ -18210,6 +21415,21 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kaya2016,
+  title = {Vocational Rehabilitation Services and Competitive Employment for Transition-Age Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders},
+  author = {Kaya, Cahit and Chan, Fong and Rumrill, Phillip and Hartman, Ellie and Wehman, Paul and Iwanaga, Kanako and Pai, Chia-Hui and Avellone, Lauren},
+  editor = {Chan, Fong and Rumrill, Phillip D.},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {45},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {73--83},
+  issn = {10522263, 18786316},
+  doi = {10.3233/JVR-160812},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Kazembe2022,
   title = {Experiences of Women with Physical Disabilities Accessing Prenatal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
   author = {Kazembe, Abigail and Simwaka, Andrew and Dougherty, Kylie and Petross, Chisomo and Kafulafula, Ursula and Chakhame, Bertha and Chodzaza, Elizabeth and Chisuse, Isabella and Kamanga, Martha and Sun, Carolyn and George, Maureen},
@@ -18236,7 +21456,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {2851--2866},
   issn = {0962-9343},
   doi = {10.1007/s11136-017-1588-3},
-  abstract = {Measuring the impact burn injuries have on social participation is integral to understanding and improving survivors' quality of life, yet there are no existing instruments that comprehensively measure the social participation of burn survivors. This project aimed to develop the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile (LIBRE), a patient-reported multidimensional assessment for understanding the social participation after burn injuries. 192 questions representing multiple social participation areas were administered to a convenience sample of 601 burn survivors. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to identify the underlying structure of the data. Using item response theory methods, a Graded Response Model was applied for each identified sub-domain. The resultant multidimensional LIBRE Profile can be administered via Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) or fixed short forms. The study sample included 54.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% women with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 15.9) years. The average time since burn injury was 15.4 years (0-74 years) and the average total body surface area burned was 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% (1-97\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The CFA indicated acceptable fit statistics (CFI range 0.913-0.977, TLI range 0.904-0.974, RMSEA range 0.06-0.096). The six unidimensional scales were named: relationships with family and friends, social interactions, social activities, work and employment, romantic relationships, and sexual relationships. The marginal reliability of the full item bank and CATs ranged from 0.84 to 0.93, with ceiling effects less than 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% for all scales. The LIBRE Profile is a promising new measure of social participation following a burn injury that enables burn survivors and their care providers to measure social participation.},
+  abstract = {Measuring the impact burn injuries have on social participation is integral to understanding and improving survivors' quality of life, yet there are no existing instruments that comprehensively measure the social participation of burn survivors. This project aimed to develop the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile (LIBRE), a patient-reported multidimensional assessment for understanding the social participation after burn injuries. 192 questions representing multiple social participation areas were administered to a convenience sample of 601 burn survivors. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to identify the underlying structure of the data. Using item response theory methods, a Graded Response Model was applied for each identified sub-domain. The resultant multidimensional LIBRE Profile can be administered via Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) or fixed short forms. The study sample included 54.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% women with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 15.9) years. The average time since burn injury was 15.4 years (0-74 years) and the average total body surface area burned was 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (1-97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The CFA indicated acceptable fit statistics (CFI range 0.913-0.977, TLI range 0.904-0.974, RMSEA range 0.06-0.096). The six unidimensional scales were named: relationships with family and friends, social interactions, social activities, work and employment, romantic relationships, and sexual relationships. The marginal reliability of the full item bank and CATs ranged from 0.84 to 0.93, with ceiling effects less than 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for all scales. The LIBRE Profile is a promising new measure of social participation following a burn injury that enables burn survivors and their care providers to measure social participation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18255,6 +21475,36 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kearney2012,
+  title = {Why Is the {{Teen Birth Rate}} in the {{United States So High}} and {{Why Does It Matter}}?},
+  author = {Kearney, Melissa S and Levine, Phillip B},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {26},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {141--166},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.26.2.141},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire{\textemdash}and 15 times more likely to give birth as a teen compared to a teenage girl in Switzerland. We examine teen birth rates alongside pregnancy, abortion, and ``shotgun'' marriage rates as well as the antecedent behaviors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We demonstrate that variation in income inequality across U.S. states and developed countries can explain a sizable share of the geographic variation in teen childbearing. Our reading of the totality of evidence leads us to conclude that being on a low economic trajectory in life leads many teenage girls to have children while they are young and unmarried. Teen childbearing is explained by the low economic trajectory but is not an additional cause of later difficulties in life. Surprisingly, teen birth itself does not appear to have much direct economic consequence. Our view is that teen childbearing is so high in the United States because of underlying social and economic problems. It reflects a decision among a set of girls to ``drop-out'' of the economic mainstream; they choose nonmarital motherhood at a young age instead of investing in their own economic progress because they feel they have little chance of advancement.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Kearney2015,
+  title = {Investigating Recent Trends in the {{U}}.{{S}}. Teen Birth Rate},
+  author = {Kearney, Melissa S. and Levine, Phillip B.},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
+  volume = {41},
+  pages = {15--29},
+  issn = {01676296},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.01.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Keeley1978,
   title = {The {{Labor-Supply Effects}} and {{Costs}} of {{Alternative Negative Income Tax Programs}}},
   author = {Keeley, Michael C. and Robins, Philip K. and Spiegelman, Robert G. and West, Richard W.},
@@ -18370,10 +21620,10 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Kelly, Crystal and Cornwell, Petrea and Hewetson, Ronelle and Copley, Anna},
   year = {2023},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& COMMUNICATION DISORDERS},
+  journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& COMMUNICATION DISORDERS},
   issn = {1368-2822},
   doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.12923},
-  abstract = {BackgroundCognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) are common in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) population. Despite this, there has been limited research that explores the long-term impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on daily life for this population. AimsTo identify the long-term impacts of cognitive-communication impairment as reported by adults with TBI and their significant others. Methods \textbackslash textbackslash\& ProceduresA qualitative descriptive approach grounded in phenomenology was used. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted with adults with CCDs following TBI (n = 16) and their significant others (n = 12) to explore their lived experiences. Outcomes \textbackslash textbackslash\& ResultsReflexive thematic analysis revealed an overarching theme of \textbackslash textasciigraveThe pervasive and unyielding impacts of cognitive-communication changes on daily life following TBI'. Within this overarching theme, three subthemes were identified: (1) self-awareness of communication changes; (2) fatigue; and (3) self-identity and life roles. Conclusion \textbackslash textbackslash\& ImplicationsThe findings from this study highlight the long-term negative impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on daily life. Health professionals supporting this population should consider ways to reduce the significant impact CCDs have on the lives of adults following TBI and their significant others. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of long-term rehabilitation services following TBI, with further research needed that explores how these services can be optimised. What this paper addsWhat is already known on this subjectCognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) affect the majority of adults who experience moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and encompass any component of communication that is affected by cognition. The hallmark characteristic of CCDs are breakdowns that affect social communication skills as well as cognitive-linguistic deficits. Combined, these can have dramatic implications for a person's quality of life, their level of independence, employment opportunities and social participation. There has been limited research to date that explores the long-term impacts of CCDs on the lives of adults following TBI. Further research that explores these impacts is needed to improve the support services and rehabilitation models of care available for this population. What this study addsThe overarching theme was \textbackslash textasciigraveThe pervasive and unyielding impacts of communication changes on daily life following TBI' with subthemes including changed communication, self-awareness of communication changes, fatigue and self-identity and life roles. The findings from this study highlight the long-term negative impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on everyday functioning and quality of life as well as the importance of long-term rehabilitation services following TBI. What are the clinical implications of this work?Speech-language therapists and other health professionals working with this clinical population should consider how to address the significant and long-lasting impacts of CCDs. Due to the complex nature of the barriers experienced by this clinical population, an interdisciplinary targeted approach is advised wherever possible when providing rehabilitation services.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundCognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) are common in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) population. Despite this, there has been limited research that explores the long-term impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on daily life for this population. AimsTo identify the long-term impacts of cognitive-communication impairment as reported by adults with TBI and their significant others. Methods {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ProceduresA qualitative descriptive approach grounded in phenomenology was used. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted with adults with CCDs following TBI (n = 16) and their significant others (n = 12) to explore their lived experiences. Outcomes {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ResultsReflexive thematic analysis revealed an overarching theme of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveThe pervasive and unyielding impacts of cognitive-communication changes on daily life following TBI'. Within this overarching theme, three subthemes were identified: (1) self-awareness of communication changes; (2) fatigue; and (3) self-identity and life roles. Conclusion {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ImplicationsThe findings from this study highlight the long-term negative impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on daily life. Health professionals supporting this population should consider ways to reduce the significant impact CCDs have on the lives of adults following TBI and their significant others. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of long-term rehabilitation services following TBI, with further research needed that explores how these services can be optimised. What this paper addsWhat is already known on this subjectCognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) affect the majority of adults who experience moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and encompass any component of communication that is affected by cognition. The hallmark characteristic of CCDs are breakdowns that affect social communication skills as well as cognitive-linguistic deficits. Combined, these can have dramatic implications for a person's quality of life, their level of independence, employment opportunities and social participation. There has been limited research to date that explores the long-term impacts of CCDs on the lives of adults following TBI. Further research that explores these impacts is needed to improve the support services and rehabilitation models of care available for this population. What this study addsThe overarching theme was {\textbackslash}textasciigraveThe pervasive and unyielding impacts of communication changes on daily life following TBI' with subthemes including changed communication, self-awareness of communication changes, fatigue and self-identity and life roles. The findings from this study highlight the long-term negative impacts of reduced cognitive-communication functioning on everyday functioning and quality of life as well as the importance of long-term rehabilitation services following TBI. What are the clinical implications of this work?Speech-language therapists and other health professionals working with this clinical population should consider how to address the significant and long-lasting impacts of CCDs. Due to the complex nature of the barriers experienced by this clinical population, an interdisciplinary targeted approach is advised wherever possible when providing rehabilitation services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18387,7 +21637,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {14--24},
   issn = {0313-5926},
   doi = {10.1016/j.eap.2017.04.003},
-  abstract = {This paper extends the debate about redressing persistent gender inequality in Australia by examining the relationship between labour productivity and the wage gap in all states and territories (1986-2013). It is a critical case study as Australia's widening gender wage gap is contrary to other developed nations. Using four different estimation methods, we find that reducing the gap by 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% can boost per capita output up to 3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. To check the robustness of our findings, we also control for the effects of both physical and human capital. Our results suggest there exists a strong business case for eliminating the gender wage gap. Given the tangible benefits to both equity and efficiency, such a goal should be of paramount importance for policy makers. (C) 2017 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper extends the debate about redressing persistent gender inequality in Australia by examining the relationship between labour productivity and the wage gap in all states and territories (1986-2013). It is a critical case study as Australia's widening gender wage gap is contrary to other developed nations. Using four different estimation methods, we find that reducing the gap by 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% can boost per capita output up to 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. To check the robustness of our findings, we also control for the effects of both physical and human capital. Our results suggest there exists a strong business case for eliminating the gender wage gap. Given the tangible benefits to both equity and efficiency, such a goal should be of paramount importance for policy makers. (C) 2017 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18415,7 +21665,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {16},
   issn = {2352-8273},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100923},
-  abstract = {Background: Health status is a crucial determinant of an individuals' labour market outcomes. The present study investigates the association between obesity and disability with perceived employment discrimination within Australia. Methods: A total of 17,174 person-year observations from the 11,079 respondents were analysed using four waves of data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The primary outcome examined was employment discrimination, using obesity and disability as the main exposure variables. The longitudinal random-effects regression technique was applied to investigate the between-person differences in employment discrimination associated with obesity and disability. Results: The findings suggest that more than one in ten (12.68 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) Australians experienced employment discrimination. The odds of being discriminated against while applying for a job were 1.56 times (aOR: 1.56, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.15-2.11) higher for obese than their healthy weight counterparts in youngest women. Adults with a disability had 1.89 times (aOR: 1.89, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.65-2.17) higher odds of being discriminated against than peers without disability. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that obesity and disability contribute to employment discrimination in Australia. The findings can assist government and related agencies to consider the adequacy of existing discrimination legislation and help organisations to develop appropriate policies to address discrimination against obese and disabled people in their workplaces.},
+  abstract = {Background: Health status is a crucial determinant of an individuals' labour market outcomes. The present study investigates the association between obesity and disability with perceived employment discrimination within Australia. Methods: A total of 17,174 person-year observations from the 11,079 respondents were analysed using four waves of data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The primary outcome examined was employment discrimination, using obesity and disability as the main exposure variables. The longitudinal random-effects regression technique was applied to investigate the between-person differences in employment discrimination associated with obesity and disability. Results: The findings suggest that more than one in ten (12.68 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) Australians experienced employment discrimination. The odds of being discriminated against while applying for a job were 1.56 times (aOR: 1.56, 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.15-2.11) higher for obese than their healthy weight counterparts in youngest women. Adults with a disability had 1.89 times (aOR: 1.89, 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.65-2.17) higher odds of being discriminated against than peers without disability. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that obesity and disability contribute to employment discrimination in Australia. The findings can assist government and related agencies to consider the adequacy of existing discrimination legislation and help organisations to develop appropriate policies to address discrimination against obese and disabled people in their workplaces.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18424,13 +21674,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Kerman, Nick and Goodwin, Jordan M. and Tiderington, Emmy and Ecker, John and Stergiopoulos, Vicky and Kidd, Sean A.},
   year = {2022},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {30},
   number = {6},
   pages = {E6674-E6688},
   issn = {0966-0410},
   doi = {10.1111/hsc.14033},
-  abstract = {The Quadruple Aim is a health policy framework with the objective of concurrently improving population health, enhancing the service experience, reducing costs and improving the work-life of service providers. Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is a best practice approach for stably housing people experiencing homelessness who have diverse support needs. Despite the intervention's strong evidence base, little is known about the work-life of PSH providers. This study explored the mental health and work challenges experienced by PSH providers in Canada. Using an explanatory sequential, equally weighted, mixed methods design, 130 PSH providers were surveyed, followed by semi-structured interviews with 18 providers. Quantitative findings showed that 23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PSH providers had high psychological distress. Participants who were younger, spent all or almost all of their time in direct contact with service users and had less social support from coworkers were significantly more likely to have high psychological distress. Three themes were identified from the qualitative analysis that showed how PSH providers experience psychological distress from work-related challenges: (a) Sisyphean Endeavours: \textbackslash textasciigraveYou Do What You Can', (b) Occupationally Unsupported: \textbackslash textasciigraveEveryone Is Stuck in Their Zone' and (c) Wear and Tear of \textbackslash textasciigraveContinuous Exposure to Crisis and Chaos'. The themes interacted with systemic (Sisyphean Endeavours) and organisational issues (Occupationally Unsupported), intensifying the emotional burden of day-to-day work, which involved frequent crises and uncertainty (Wear and Tear of \textbackslash textasciigraveContinuous Exposure to Crisis and Chaos'). The findings underscore how these challenges threaten providers' wellness at work and have implications for the care provided to service users. Accordingly, the Quadruple Aim is a potentially useful and applicable framework for measuring the performance of PSH programs, which warrants further consideration in research and policy.},
+  abstract = {The Quadruple Aim is a health policy framework with the objective of concurrently improving population health, enhancing the service experience, reducing costs and improving the work-life of service providers. Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is a best practice approach for stably housing people experiencing homelessness who have diverse support needs. Despite the intervention's strong evidence base, little is known about the work-life of PSH providers. This study explored the mental health and work challenges experienced by PSH providers in Canada. Using an explanatory sequential, equally weighted, mixed methods design, 130 PSH providers were surveyed, followed by semi-structured interviews with 18 providers. Quantitative findings showed that 23.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of PSH providers had high psychological distress. Participants who were younger, spent all or almost all of their time in direct contact with service users and had less social support from coworkers were significantly more likely to have high psychological distress. Three themes were identified from the qualitative analysis that showed how PSH providers experience psychological distress from work-related challenges: (a) Sisyphean Endeavours: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveYou Do What You Can', (b) Occupationally Unsupported: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveEveryone Is Stuck in Their Zone' and (c) Wear and Tear of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveContinuous Exposure to Crisis and Chaos'. The themes interacted with systemic (Sisyphean Endeavours) and organisational issues (Occupationally Unsupported), intensifying the emotional burden of day-to-day work, which involved frequent crises and uncertainty (Wear and Tear of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveContinuous Exposure to Crisis and Chaos'). The findings underscore how these challenges threaten providers' wellness at work and have implications for the care provided to service users. Accordingly, the Quadruple Aim is a potentially useful and applicable framework for measuring the performance of PSH programs, which warrants further consideration in research and policy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18459,7 +21709,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {1215--1239},
   issn = {0019-7939},
   doi = {10.1177/00197939211056914},
-  abstract = {This research demonstrates that the union wage premium is higher for Black and women workers in the US public sector, what we refer to as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravean intersectional union premium.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Union mechanisms reinforce and expand the more equitable practices of the public sector, resulting in this additional boost. Using Current Population Survey data, 1983-2018, this research models intersectional effects on earnings by examining interactions between union membership and race-gender. Relative to White men, union membership boosts average earnings an additional 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Black men and Black women, and 2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for White women on top of the direct union premium. Corollary analyses reaffirm these effects in multiple state contexts, including by union density and union coverage. Intersectional union premiums are weaker in states that prohibit collective bargaining. These premiums are present across most types of public work, with the exception of police and fire employees. To conclude, the authors discuss how changing labor policies may impact race and gender equity in the public sector.},
+  abstract = {This research demonstrates that the union wage premium is higher for Black and women workers in the US public sector, what we refer to as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravean intersectional union premium.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Union mechanisms reinforce and expand the more equitable practices of the public sector, resulting in this additional boost. Using Current Population Survey data, 1983-2018, this research models intersectional effects on earnings by examining interactions between union membership and race-gender. Relative to White men, union membership boosts average earnings an additional 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Black men and Black women, and 2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for White women on top of the direct union premium. Corollary analyses reaffirm these effects in multiple state contexts, including by union density and union coverage. Intersectional union premiums are weaker in states that prohibit collective bargaining. These premiums are present across most types of public work, with the exception of police and fire employees. To conclude, the authors discuss how changing labor policies may impact race and gender equity in the public sector.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18488,7 +21738,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {218--225},
   issn = {1076-2752},
   doi = {10.1097/00043764-200103000-00009},
-  abstract = {Although work performance has become an important outcome in cost-of-illness studies, little is known about the comparative effects of different commonly occurring chronic conditions on work impairment in general population samples. Such data are presented here from a large-scale nationally representative general population survey. The data are from the MacArthur Foundation Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) survey, a nationally representative telephone-mail survey of 3032 respondents in the age range of 25 to 74 years. The 2074 survey respondents in the age range of 25 to 54 years are the focus of the current report. The data collection included a chronic-conditions checklist and questions about how many days out of the past 30 each respondent was either totally unable to work or perform normal activities because of health problems (work-loss days) ol had to cut back on these activities because of health problems (work-cutback days). Regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of conditions on work impairments, controlling for sociodemographics. At least one illness-related work-loss or work-cutback day in the past 30 days was reported by 22.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents, with a monthly average of 6.7 such days among those with any work impairment. This is equivalent to an annualized national estimate of over 2.5 billion work-impairment days in the age range of the sample. Cancer is associated with by far the highest reported prevalence of any impairment (66.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and the highest conditional number of impairment days in the past 30 (16.4 days). Other conditions associated with high odds of any impairment include ulcers, major depression, and panic disorder, whereas other conditions associated with a large conditional number of impairment days include heart disease and high blood pressure. Comorbidities involving combinations of arthritis, ulcers, mental disorders, and substance dependence are associated with higher impairments than expected on the basis of an additive model. The effects of conditions do not differ systematically across subsamples defined on the basis of age, sex, education, or employment status. The enormous magnitude of the work impairment associated with chronic conditions and the economic advantages of interventions for ill workers that reduce work impairments should be factored into employer cost-benefit calculations of expanding health insurance coverage. Given the enormous work impairment associated with cancer and the fact that the vast majority of employed people who are diagnosed with cancer stay in the workforce through at least part of their course of treatment, interventions aimed at reducing the workplace costs of this illness should be a priority.},
+  abstract = {Although work performance has become an important outcome in cost-of-illness studies, little is known about the comparative effects of different commonly occurring chronic conditions on work impairment in general population samples. Such data are presented here from a large-scale nationally representative general population survey. The data are from the MacArthur Foundation Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) survey, a nationally representative telephone-mail survey of 3032 respondents in the age range of 25 to 74 years. The 2074 survey respondents in the age range of 25 to 54 years are the focus of the current report. The data collection included a chronic-conditions checklist and questions about how many days out of the past 30 each respondent was either totally unable to work or perform normal activities because of health problems (work-loss days) ol had to cut back on these activities because of health problems (work-cutback days). Regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of conditions on work impairments, controlling for sociodemographics. At least one illness-related work-loss or work-cutback day in the past 30 days was reported by 22.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents, with a monthly average of 6.7 such days among those with any work impairment. This is equivalent to an annualized national estimate of over 2.5 billion work-impairment days in the age range of the sample. Cancer is associated with by far the highest reported prevalence of any impairment (66.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and the highest conditional number of impairment days in the past 30 (16.4 days). Other conditions associated with high odds of any impairment include ulcers, major depression, and panic disorder, whereas other conditions associated with a large conditional number of impairment days include heart disease and high blood pressure. Comorbidities involving combinations of arthritis, ulcers, mental disorders, and substance dependence are associated with higher impairments than expected on the basis of an additive model. The effects of conditions do not differ systematically across subsamples defined on the basis of age, sex, education, or employment status. The enormous magnitude of the work impairment associated with chronic conditions and the economic advantages of interventions for ill workers that reduce work impairments should be factored into employer cost-benefit calculations of expanding health insurance coverage. Given the enormous work impairment associated with cancer and the fact that the vast majority of employed people who are diagnosed with cancer stay in the workforce through at least part of their course of treatment, interventions aimed at reducing the workplace costs of this illness should be a priority.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18507,6 +21757,20 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kgel2004,
+  title = {Did the Association between Fertility and Female Employment within {{OECD}} Countries Really Change Its Sign?},
+  author = {K{\dbend}gel, Tomas},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Population Economics},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {45--65},
+  issn = {0933-1433, 1432-1475},
+  doi = {10.1007/s00148-003-0180-z},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Khamzina2021,
   title = {Gender {{Equality}} in {{Employment}}: {{A View}} from {{Kazakhstan}}},
   author = {Khamzina, Zhanna and Buribayev, Yermek and Taitorina, Binur and Baisalova, Gulzira},
@@ -18516,7 +21780,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   number = {4},
   issn = {0001-3765},
   doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202120190042},
-  abstract = {Issue under consideration: existing legal resources to support gender equality in the workplace. We systematised the provisions of Kazakhstan labour law, which should guarantee the prohibition of discrimination based on sex. The analysis resulted in five themes: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCharacteristics of women's labour\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveAnalysis of labour laws differentiation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEvaluation of labour rights discrimination\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCharacteristics of the new labour legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCharacteristics of workers with a special social status\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. We analysed the essence of the method of differentiation of labour legislation, which affects the establishment of special working conditions for women and workers with family responsibilities. We suggested a correlation between the content of legal norms and the level of guarantees of gender equality in the labour market The results show that family circumstances, gender equality are factors influencing the formation of labour legislation, state policy in the field of wage labour. The creation of a favourable environment for labour relations of the considered categories of workers should be carried out through labour contracts, acts of the employer, social partnership agreements, collective agreements. However, priority should be given to normative acts of national action. Ensuring gender equality in fact always requires the implementation of special measures by the employer, which must be guaranteed by a coercive state mechanism. At least this thesis is true for the conditions of Kazakhstan, a country with a transition economy, when business does not have high social activity, and state power is in a period of transformation. Importance should be given to the monitoring and implementation of international obligations in the field of ensuring the prohibition of discrimination, the implementation of best practices and standards. The post-Soviet law of Kazakhstan recognises the priority of international law over national law, and this channel should be maximally used to promote the value of gender equality.},
+  abstract = {Issue under consideration: existing legal resources to support gender equality in the workplace. We systematised the provisions of Kazakhstan labour law, which should guarantee the prohibition of discrimination based on sex. The analysis resulted in five themes: {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCharacteristics of women's labour{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveAnalysis of labour laws differentiation{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveEvaluation of labour rights discrimination{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCharacteristics of the new labour legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCharacteristics of workers with a special social status{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. We analysed the essence of the method of differentiation of labour legislation, which affects the establishment of special working conditions for women and workers with family responsibilities. We suggested a correlation between the content of legal norms and the level of guarantees of gender equality in the labour market The results show that family circumstances, gender equality are factors influencing the formation of labour legislation, state policy in the field of wage labour. The creation of a favourable environment for labour relations of the considered categories of workers should be carried out through labour contracts, acts of the employer, social partnership agreements, collective agreements. However, priority should be given to normative acts of national action. Ensuring gender equality in fact always requires the implementation of special measures by the employer, which must be guaranteed by a coercive state mechanism. At least this thesis is true for the conditions of Kazakhstan, a country with a transition economy, when business does not have high social activity, and state power is in a period of transformation. Importance should be given to the monitoring and implementation of international obligations in the field of ensuring the prohibition of discrimination, the implementation of best practices and standards. The post-Soviet law of Kazakhstan recognises the priority of international law over national law, and this channel should be maximally used to promote the value of gender equality.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18535,6 +21799,19 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Khan2009,
+  title = {Effectiveness of Vocational Rehabilitation Intervention on the Return to Work and Employment of Persons with Multiple Sclerosis},
+  author = {Khan, Fary and Ng, Louisa and {Turner-Stokes}, Lynne},
+  editor = {{Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS Group}},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
+  issn = {14651858},
+  doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD007256.pub2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Khan2018,
   title = {Improving {{Anesthesia Safety}} in {{Low-Resource Settings}}},
   author = {Khan, Fauzia A. and Merry, Alan F.},
@@ -18576,7 +21853,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {87--98},
   issn = {1753-8351},
   doi = {10.1108/IJWHM-04-2021-0081},
-  abstract = {Purpose The study describes the design, implementation and evaluation of an employer-sponsored health screening program - Employee Health and Wellness Program (EHWP) - in an academic healthcare system in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach One year after implementation, RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance) framework was used to evaluate and report participant- and organizational-level indicators of success. Findings Of the 5,286 invited employees, 4,523 (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed blood work and 1809 (34\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed health risk assessment (reach). Of the 915 (51\textbackslash textbackslash\%) who required referrals, 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% were referred for new diagnoses of diabetes, hepatitis C or severe anemia; 63\textbackslash textbackslash\% for elevated 10-year risk of cardiometabolic diseases (cardiovascular disease and diabetes); and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% for counseling for depression, obesity or smoking cessation (effectiveness). Employees' barriers to enrollment were explored (adoption). While institutional costs were considered nominal (USD 20/employee), organizational barriers were identified (implementation). Finally, 97\textbackslash textbackslash\% of users reported interest in enrollment if EHWP was offered again (maintenance). Originality/value In a country with minimal focus on adult preventive care, the study reports the impact of an employer-offered wellness program that identified new risk factors and offered a referral for ongoing care. Employees reported a positive experience and were willing to re-enroll. Using the RE-AIM framework, the study has defined indicators in the real-world setting that can be used effectively by other institutions to start such a program.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The study describes the design, implementation and evaluation of an employer-sponsored health screening program - Employee Health and Wellness Program (EHWP) - in an academic healthcare system in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach One year after implementation, RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance) framework was used to evaluate and report participant- and organizational-level indicators of success. Findings Of the 5,286 invited employees, 4,523 (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed blood work and 1809 (34{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed health risk assessment (reach). Of the 915 (51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) who required referrals, 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were referred for new diagnoses of diabetes, hepatitis C or severe anemia; 63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for elevated 10-year risk of cardiometabolic diseases (cardiovascular disease and diabetes); and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for counseling for depression, obesity or smoking cessation (effectiveness). Employees' barriers to enrollment were explored (adoption). While institutional costs were considered nominal (USD 20/employee), organizational barriers were identified (implementation). Finally, 97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of users reported interest in enrollment if EHWP was offered again (maintenance). Originality/value In a country with minimal focus on adult preventive care, the study reports the impact of an employer-offered wellness program that identified new risk factors and offered a referral for ongoing care. Employees reported a positive experience and were willing to re-enroll. Using the RE-AIM framework, the study has defined indicators in the real-world setting that can be used effectively by other institutions to start such a program.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18589,7 +21866,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   volume = {23},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-023-15471-8},
-  abstract = {BackgroundToday's labor market has changed over time, shifting from mostly full-time, secured, and standard employment relationships to mostly entrepreneurial and precarious working arrangements. Thus, self-employment (SE) has been growing rapidly in recent decades due to globalization, automation, technological advances, and the recent rise of the \textbackslash textasciigravegig' economy, among other factors. Accordingly, more than 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of workers worldwide are non-standard and precarious. This precarity profoundly impacts workers' health and well-being, undermining the comprehensiveness of social security systems. This study aims to examine the experiences of self-employed (SE'd) workers on how they are protected with available social security systems following illness, injury, and income reduction or loss.MethodsDrawing on in-depth interviews with 24 solo SE'd people in Ontario (January - July 2021), thematic analysis was conducted based on participants' narratives of experiences with available security systems following illness or injury. The dataset was analyzed using NVIVO qualitative software to elicit narratives and themes.FindingsThree major themes emerged through the narrative analysis: (i) policy-practice (mis)matching, (ii) compromise for a decent life, and (iii) equity in work and benefits.ConclusionsMeagre government-provided formal supports may adversely impact the health and wellbeing of self-employed workers. This study points to ways that statutory social protection programs should be decoupled from benefits provided by employers. Instead, government can introduce a comprehensive program that may compensate or protect low-income individuals irrespective of employment status.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundToday's labor market has changed over time, shifting from mostly full-time, secured, and standard employment relationships to mostly entrepreneurial and precarious working arrangements. Thus, self-employment (SE) has been growing rapidly in recent decades due to globalization, automation, technological advances, and the recent rise of the {\textbackslash}textasciigravegig' economy, among other factors. Accordingly, more than 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of workers worldwide are non-standard and precarious. This precarity profoundly impacts workers' health and well-being, undermining the comprehensiveness of social security systems. This study aims to examine the experiences of self-employed (SE'd) workers on how they are protected with available social security systems following illness, injury, and income reduction or loss.MethodsDrawing on in-depth interviews with 24 solo SE'd people in Ontario (January - July 2021), thematic analysis was conducted based on participants' narratives of experiences with available security systems following illness or injury. The dataset was analyzed using NVIVO qualitative software to elicit narratives and themes.FindingsThree major themes emerged through the narrative analysis: (i) policy-practice (mis)matching, (ii) compromise for a decent life, and (iii) equity in work and benefits.ConclusionsMeagre government-provided formal supports may adversely impact the health and wellbeing of self-employed workers. This study points to ways that statutory social protection programs should be decoupled from benefits provided by employers. Instead, government can introduce a comprehensive program that may compensate or protect low-income individuals irrespective of employment status.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18648,7 +21925,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {64--72},
   issn = {1049-3867},
   doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2004.09.003},
-  abstract = {Despite the documented health and emotional benefits of breast-feeding to women and children, breast-feeding rates are low among subgroups of women. In this study, we examine factors associated with breast-feeding initiation in low-income women, including Theory of Planned Behavior measures of attitude, support, and perceived control, as well as sociodemographic characteristics. A mail survey, with telephone follow-up, Of 733 postpartum Medicaid beneficiaries in Mississippi was conducted in 2000. The breast-feeding initiation rate in this population was 38\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Women who were older, white, non-Hispanic, college-educated, married, not certified for the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, and not working full-time were more likely to breast-feed than formula-feed at hospital discharge. Attitudes regarding benefits and barriers to breast-feeding, as well as health care system and social support, were associated with breast-feeding initiation at the multivariate level. Adding the health care system support variables to the regression model, and specifically support from lactation specialists and hospital nurses, explained the association between breast-feeding initiation and women's perceived control over the time and social constraints barriers to breast-feeding. The findings support the need for health care system interventions, family interventions, and public health education campaigns to promote breast-feeding in low-income women.},
+  abstract = {Despite the documented health and emotional benefits of breast-feeding to women and children, breast-feeding rates are low among subgroups of women. In this study, we examine factors associated with breast-feeding initiation in low-income women, including Theory of Planned Behavior measures of attitude, support, and perceived control, as well as sociodemographic characteristics. A mail survey, with telephone follow-up, Of 733 postpartum Medicaid beneficiaries in Mississippi was conducted in 2000. The breast-feeding initiation rate in this population was 38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Women who were older, white, non-Hispanic, college-educated, married, not certified for the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, and not working full-time were more likely to breast-feed than formula-feed at hospital discharge. Attitudes regarding benefits and barriers to breast-feeding, as well as health care system and social support, were associated with breast-feeding initiation at the multivariate level. Adding the health care system support variables to the regression model, and specifically support from lactation specialists and hospital nurses, explained the association between breast-feeding initiation and women's perceived control over the time and social constraints barriers to breast-feeding. The findings support the need for health care system interventions, family interventions, and public health education campaigns to promote breast-feeding in low-income women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18690,7 +21967,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   series = {Rethinking {{International Development}}},
   pages = {1+},
   doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-30131-6\textbackslash_1},
-  abstract = {Automation is likely to impact on developing countries in different ways to the way automation affects high-income countries. The poorer a country is, the more jobs it has that are in principle-automatable because the kinds of jobs common in developing countries-such as routine work-are substantially more susceptible to automation than the jobs that dominate high-income economies. This matters because employment generation is crucial to spreading the benefits of economic growth broadly and to reducing global poverty. We argue that the rise of a global \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraverobot reserve army\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has profound effects on labor markets and structural transformation in developing countries, but rather than causing mass unemployment, AI and robots are more likely to lead to stagnant wages and premature deindustrialization. As agricultural and manufacturing jobs are automated, workers will continue to flood the service sector. This will itself hinder poverty reduction and likely put upward pressure on national inequality, weakening the poverty-reducing power of growth, and potentially placing the existing social contract under strain. How developing countries should respond in terms of public policy is a crucial question, affecting not only middle-income developing countries, but even the very poorest countries.},
+  abstract = {Automation is likely to impact on developing countries in different ways to the way automation affects high-income countries. The poorer a country is, the more jobs it has that are in principle-automatable because the kinds of jobs common in developing countries-such as routine work-are substantially more susceptible to automation than the jobs that dominate high-income economies. This matters because employment generation is crucial to spreading the benefits of economic growth broadly and to reducing global poverty. We argue that the rise of a global {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraverobot reserve army{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has profound effects on labor markets and structural transformation in developing countries, but rather than causing mass unemployment, AI and robots are more likely to lead to stagnant wages and premature deindustrialization. As agricultural and manufacturing jobs are automated, workers will continue to flood the service sector. This will itself hinder poverty reduction and likely put upward pressure on national inequality, weakening the poverty-reducing power of growth, and potentially placing the existing social contract under strain. How developing countries should respond in terms of public policy is a crucial question, affecting not only middle-income developing countries, but even the very poorest countries.},
   isbn = {978-3-030-30131-6; 978-3-030-30130-9},
   langid = {english}
 }
@@ -18706,7 +21983,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {881--894},
   issn = {0266-7215},
   doi = {10.1093/esr/jcw044},
-  abstract = {Occupational heterogeneity in non-standard employment is an important and policy-relevant topic of investigation, and one which has not received sufficient attention. The main thesis of this article is that the function of fixed-term contracts, which in turn affects the situation and career prospects of employees, is dependent on occupation. Using data from European Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2005-2008, I investigate the heterogeneities among fixed-term employees in various occupational categories in Poland, by analysing differences in (i) the demographic and socio-economic composition of temporary workers, (ii) the size of the wage penalty for fixed-term employment, and (iii) the chances of transition from fixed-term into open-ended employment. The results suggest that in managerial and professional occupations temporary contracts are more likely to be used during trial periods for newly hired workers and may serve as stepping stones to stable jobs, as reflected by the higher rates of mobility into open-ended employment. Temporary jobs in low-status service and manual occupations appear to result mainly from employers' attempts to facilitate worker dismissal rather than their need to verify the skills of new employees, and are more likely to become a dead end for workers. However, although fixed-term workers in higher-status occupations seem to be better off than their counterparts in services, trade, and manual labour, the evidence does not support the claim that the former resemble the so-called \textbackslash textasciigraveboundaryless' employees, who suffer no negative consequences of their fixed-term status.},
+  abstract = {Occupational heterogeneity in non-standard employment is an important and policy-relevant topic of investigation, and one which has not received sufficient attention. The main thesis of this article is that the function of fixed-term contracts, which in turn affects the situation and career prospects of employees, is dependent on occupation. Using data from European Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2005-2008, I investigate the heterogeneities among fixed-term employees in various occupational categories in Poland, by analysing differences in (i) the demographic and socio-economic composition of temporary workers, (ii) the size of the wage penalty for fixed-term employment, and (iii) the chances of transition from fixed-term into open-ended employment. The results suggest that in managerial and professional occupations temporary contracts are more likely to be used during trial periods for newly hired workers and may serve as stepping stones to stable jobs, as reflected by the higher rates of mobility into open-ended employment. Temporary jobs in low-status service and manual occupations appear to result mainly from employers' attempts to facilitate worker dismissal rather than their need to verify the skills of new employees, and are more likely to become a dead end for workers. However, although fixed-term workers in higher-status occupations seem to be better off than their counterparts in services, trade, and manual labour, the evidence does not support the claim that the former resemble the so-called {\textbackslash}textasciigraveboundaryless' employees, who suffer no negative consequences of their fixed-term status.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18724,12 +22001,28 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   langid = {japanese}
 }
 
+@article{Kim2002,
+  title = {Retirement {{Transitions}}, {{Gender}}, and {{Psychological Well-Being}}: {{A Life-Course}}, {{Ecological Model}}},
+  shorttitle = {Retirement {{Transitions}}, {{Gender}}, and {{Psychological Well-Being}}},
+  author = {Kim, J. E. and Moen, P.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},
+  volume = {57},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {P212-P222},
+  issn = {1079-5014, 1758-5368},
+  doi = {10.1093/geronb/57.3.P212},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kim2008,
   title = {Is Precarious Employment Damaging to Self-Rated Health? {{Results}} of Propensity Score Matching Methods, Using Longitudinal Data in {{South Korea}}},
   author = {Kim, Myoung-Hee and Kim, Chang-yup and Park, Jin-Kyung and Kawachi, Ichiro},
   year = {2008},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {67},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1982--1994},
@@ -18747,7 +22040,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   journal = {REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH},
   volume = {9},
   doi = {10.1186/1742-4755-9-4},
-  abstract = {Background: Rural-to-urban migration involves a high proportion of females because job opportunities for female migrants have increased in urban industrial areas. Those who migrate may be healthier than those staying in the village and they may benefit from better health care services at destination, but the \textbackslash textasciigravehealthy' effect can be reversed at destination due to migration-related health risk factors. The study aimed to explore the need for health care services for reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among female migrants working in the Sai Dong industrial zone as well as their services utilization. Methods: The cross sectional study employed a mixed method approach. A cohort of 300 female migrants was interviewed to collect quantitative data. Two focus groups and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data. We have used frequency and cross-tabulation techniques to analyze the quantitative data and the qualitative data was used to triangulate and to provide more in-depth information. Results: The needs for health care services for RTI were high as 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had RTI syndromes. Only 21.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female migrants having RTI syndromes ever seek helps for health care services. Barriers preventing migrants to access services were traditional values, long working hours, lack of information, and high cost of services. Employers had limited interests in reproductive health of female migrants, and there was ineffective collaboration between the local health system and enterprises. These barriers were partly caused by lack of health promotion programs suitable for migrants. Most respondents needed more information on RTIs and preferred to receive these from their employers since they commonly work shifts - and spend most of their day time at work. Conclusion: While RTIs are a common health problem among female migrant workers in industrial zones, female migrants had many obstacles in accessing RTI care services. The findings from this study will help to design intervention models for RTI among this vulnerable group such as communication for behavioural impact of RTI health care, fostered collaboration between local health care services and employer enterprises, and on-site service (e.g. local or enterprise health clinics) strengthening.},
+  abstract = {Background: Rural-to-urban migration involves a high proportion of females because job opportunities for female migrants have increased in urban industrial areas. Those who migrate may be healthier than those staying in the village and they may benefit from better health care services at destination, but the {\textbackslash}textasciigravehealthy' effect can be reversed at destination due to migration-related health risk factors. The study aimed to explore the need for health care services for reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among female migrants working in the Sai Dong industrial zone as well as their services utilization. Methods: The cross sectional study employed a mixed method approach. A cohort of 300 female migrants was interviewed to collect quantitative data. Two focus groups and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data. We have used frequency and cross-tabulation techniques to analyze the quantitative data and the qualitative data was used to triangulate and to provide more in-depth information. Results: The needs for health care services for RTI were high as 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants had RTI syndromes. Only 21.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of female migrants having RTI syndromes ever seek helps for health care services. Barriers preventing migrants to access services were traditional values, long working hours, lack of information, and high cost of services. Employers had limited interests in reproductive health of female migrants, and there was ineffective collaboration between the local health system and enterprises. These barriers were partly caused by lack of health promotion programs suitable for migrants. Most respondents needed more information on RTIs and preferred to receive these from their employers since they commonly work shifts - and spend most of their day time at work. Conclusion: While RTIs are a common health problem among female migrant workers in industrial zones, female migrants had many obstacles in accessing RTI care services. The findings from this study will help to design intervention models for RTI among this vulnerable group such as communication for behavioural impact of RTI health care, fostered collaboration between local health care services and employer enterprises, and on-site service (e.g. local or enterprise health clinics) strengthening.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18756,13 +22049,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Kim, Francis S. and Tran, Huong H. and Sinha, Indranil and Patel, Anup and Nelson, Rebecca A. and Pandya, Ankur N. and Keswani, Sunil and Watkins, James F.},
   year = {2012},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF BURN CARE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& RESEARCH},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF BURN CARE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& RESEARCH},
   volume = {33},
   number = {3},
   pages = {E120-E126},
   issn = {1559-047X},
   doi = {10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182335a00},
-  abstract = {Postburn contracture is a source of significant morbidity in India, even though its occurrence can be reduced significantly by comprehensive postburn injury care, including surgical intervention. This study investigates whether limited access to initial medical care after burn injury has been associated with increased contracture formation among lower socioeconomic class patients in Mumbai, India. During a surgical mission in Mumbai, India, patients presenting with functionally debilitating burn contractures and minimal income were surveyed for initial care received immediately after burn injury. The survey consisted of questions regarding the history of burn injury and details of any initial treatment. Demographic data were collected by chart review. Thirty-eight patients from the state of Maharashtra participated in the study (mean age 28.1 years). The most common etiology of burn injury was from kerosene stove blasts (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and the most common morbidities were contractures of the neck and upper extremity. On average, time elapsed since the original injury was 2.8 years. Nearly all patients sought initial medical care at hospitals (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) with the majority receiving only dressing changes for their full-thickness or deep-dermal burns (61\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The most common reason for not seeking out delayed burn reconstruction was perceived cost (65\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Ultimately, 60 operations were performed, of which 9 (15\textbackslash textbackslash\%) developed postsurgical complications. These data suggest that a subset of lower socioeconomic class burn patients in Maharashtra received suboptimal initial intervention. Comprehensive initial therapy after burn injury may provide better outcomes and limit the number of patients requiring delayed reconstruction. (J Burn Care Res 2012;33:e120-e126)},
+  abstract = {Postburn contracture is a source of significant morbidity in India, even though its occurrence can be reduced significantly by comprehensive postburn injury care, including surgical intervention. This study investigates whether limited access to initial medical care after burn injury has been associated with increased contracture formation among lower socioeconomic class patients in Mumbai, India. During a surgical mission in Mumbai, India, patients presenting with functionally debilitating burn contractures and minimal income were surveyed for initial care received immediately after burn injury. The survey consisted of questions regarding the history of burn injury and details of any initial treatment. Demographic data were collected by chart review. Thirty-eight patients from the state of Maharashtra participated in the study (mean age 28.1 years). The most common etiology of burn injury was from kerosene stove blasts (74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and the most common morbidities were contractures of the neck and upper extremity. On average, time elapsed since the original injury was 2.8 years. Nearly all patients sought initial medical care at hospitals (97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) with the majority receiving only dressing changes for their full-thickness or deep-dermal burns (61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The most common reason for not seeking out delayed burn reconstruction was perceived cost (65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Ultimately, 60 operations were performed, of which 9 (15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) developed postsurgical complications. These data suggest that a subset of lower socioeconomic class burn patients in Maharashtra received suboptimal initial intervention. Comprehensive initial therapy after burn injury may provide better outcomes and limit the number of patients requiring delayed reconstruction. (J Burn Care Res 2012;33:e120-e126)},
   langid = {english},
   note = {15th Meeting of the International-Society-for-Burn-Injuries (ISBI), Istanbul, TURKEY, JUN 25, 2010}
 }
@@ -18800,7 +22093,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   title = {Deaf People and Economic Well-Being: Findings from the {{Life Opportunities Survey}}},
   author = {Kim, Eun Jung and Byrne, Bronagh and Parish, Susan L.},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {DISABILITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {33},
   number = {3},
   pages = {374--391},
@@ -18821,7 +22114,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {100--113},
   issn = {0890-3344},
   doi = {10.1177/0890334418765464},
-  abstract = {Background Returning to work is one of the main barriers to breastfeeding duration among working mothers in the United States. However, the impact of workplace lactation programs is unclear. Research Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of workplace lactation programs in the United States on breastfeeding practices. Methods A systematic search was conducted of seven databases through September 2017. Articles (N = 10) meeting the inclusion criteria of describing a workplace lactation intervention and evaluation in the United States and measuring initiation, exclusivity, or duration using an experimental or observational study design were critically evaluated. Two reviewers conducted quality assessments and reviewed the full-text articles during the analysis. Results Common services provided were breast pumps, social support, lactation rooms, and breastfeeding classes. Breastfeeding initiation was very high, ranging from 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 98\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Several factors were significantly associated with duration of exclusive breastfeeding: (a) receiving a breast pump for one year (8.3 versus 4.7 months), (b) return-to-work consultations (40\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 months), and (c) telephone support (42\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% at 6 months). Each additional service (except prenatal education) dose-dependently increased exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months. Sociodemographic information including older maternal age, working part-time, longer maternity leave, and white ethnicity were associated with longer breastfeeding duration. Conclusion Workplace lactation interventions increased breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusive breastfeeding, with greater changes observed with more available services. More evidence is needed on the impact of workplace support in low-income populations, and the cost-effectiveness of these programs in reducing health care costs.},
+  abstract = {Background Returning to work is one of the main barriers to breastfeeding duration among working mothers in the United States. However, the impact of workplace lactation programs is unclear. Research Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of workplace lactation programs in the United States on breastfeeding practices. Methods A systematic search was conducted of seven databases through September 2017. Articles (N = 10) meeting the inclusion criteria of describing a workplace lactation intervention and evaluation in the United States and measuring initiation, exclusivity, or duration using an experimental or observational study design were critically evaluated. Two reviewers conducted quality assessments and reviewed the full-text articles during the analysis. Results Common services provided were breast pumps, social support, lactation rooms, and breastfeeding classes. Breastfeeding initiation was very high, ranging from 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Several factors were significantly associated with duration of exclusive breastfeeding: (a) receiving a breast pump for one year (8.3 versus 4.7 months), (b) return-to-work consultations (40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% versus 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at 6 months), and (c) telephone support (42{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% versus 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at 6 months). Each additional service (except prenatal education) dose-dependently increased exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months. Sociodemographic information including older maternal age, working part-time, longer maternity leave, and white ethnicity were associated with longer breastfeeding duration. Conclusion Workplace lactation interventions increased breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusive breastfeeding, with greater changes observed with more available services. More evidence is needed on the impact of workplace support in low-income populations, and the cost-effectiveness of these programs in reducing health care costs.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::racial,outcome::health,review::systematic,TODO},
   note = {looks at health outcomes (breastfeeding and its length) related to other}
@@ -18861,7 +22154,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Kim, Jaeseung and Golden, Lonnie},
   year = {2022},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
+  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FAMILY},
   volume = {25},
   number = {1, SI},
   pages = {84--111},
@@ -18876,7 +22169,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   author = {Kim, Hyunwoo},
   year = {2023},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLITICS},
+  journal = {ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLITICS},
   volume = {35},
   number = {1},
   pages = {65--96},
@@ -18924,7 +22217,22 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   pages = {1512--1520},
   issn = {0002-9262},
   doi = {10.1093/aje/kwaa138},
-  abstract = {In Australia, as in many industrialized countries, the past 50 years have been marked by increasing female labor-force participation. It is popularly speculated that this might impose a mental-health burden on women and their children. This analysis aimed to examine the associations between household labor-force participation (household employment configuration) and the mental health of parents and children. Seven waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used, comprising 2004-2016, with children aged 4-17 years). Mental health outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children/adolescents) and 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (parents). A 5-category measure of household employment configuration was derived from parental reports: both parents full-time, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared-part-time employment (both part-time) and father full-time/mother part-time (1.5-earner). Fixed-effects regression models were used to compare within-person effects, controlling for time-varying confounders. For men, the male-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared with the 1.5-earner configuration (beta = 0.21, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.36). No evidence of association was observed for either women or children. This counters prevailing social attitudes, suggesting that neither children nor women are adversely affected by household employment configuration, nor are they disadvantaged by the extent of this labor-force participation. Men's mental health appears to be poorer when they are the sole household breadwinner.},
+  abstract = {In Australia, as in many industrialized countries, the past 50 years have been marked by increasing female labor-force participation. It is popularly speculated that this might impose a mental-health burden on women and their children. This analysis aimed to examine the associations between household labor-force participation (household employment configuration) and the mental health of parents and children. Seven waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used, comprising 2004-2016, with children aged 4-17 years). Mental health outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children/adolescents) and 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (parents). A 5-category measure of household employment configuration was derived from parental reports: both parents full-time, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared-part-time employment (both part-time) and father full-time/mother part-time (1.5-earner). Fixed-effects regression models were used to compare within-person effects, controlling for time-varying confounders. For men, the male-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared with the 1.5-earner configuration (beta = 0.21, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.36). No evidence of association was observed for either women or children. This counters prevailing social attitudes, suggesting that neither children nor women are adversely affected by household employment configuration, nor are they disadvantaged by the extent of this labor-force participation. Men's mental health appears to be poorer when they are the sole household breadwinner.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Kingdon2001,
+  title = {Education and {{Women}}'s {{Labour Market Outcomes}} in {{India}}},
+  author = {Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi and Unni, Jeemol},
+  year = {2001},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Education Economics},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {173--195},
+  issn = {0964-5292, 1469-5782},
+  doi = {10.1080/09645290110056994},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -18955,7 +22263,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW;}
   doi = {10.1007/s10597-015-9936-7},
   abstract = {Supported employment is an evidence-based practice with a well-established research base. Most studies track such outcomes as employment rates, time to employment and wages earned. Few studies address client and contextual factors that impact outcomes or consider program elements beyond those that comprise the individual placement and support model. This paper reviews existing literature to shed light on the following questions: (1) What impact do labour market trends have on the effectiveness of SE? (2) How lasting are the effects of SE and what factors influence longevity of SE effects? (3) What levels and types of employment are targeted by SE? (4) What are the characteristics of people who benefit from SE? (5) What is the role of peer support in SE? and (6) What are the barriers to effective SE implementation? Research findings are synthesized and suggestions for service enhancements are offered so that the model can continue to evolve.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,integrated,intervention::employment\_support,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::narrative,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::age,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,intervention::employment\_support,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::narrative,snowball\_source,TODO},
   note = {review of factors influencing LM outcomes of supported employment interventions for people with disabilities
 \par
 main findings:
@@ -18988,7 +22296,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1815--1820},
   issn = {1308-5581},
   doi = {10.9756/INTJECSE/V14I5.189},
-  abstract = {In this research paper described the impact of women free bus operation in Tamil Nadu State transport corporation (TNSTC) in Tamil Nadu. After the government's announcement of free bus travel for all women, most of the women passengers are likely to shift from private to government buses. Women who are travelling through other modes of transport may also prefer to travel by government buses. As per the ITDP survey, 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women transit by walk, cycle and public transport. Either they lost a job as they couldn't afford to travel long-distance anymore due to bus fare hike. Many chose to work nearby their home for lower wages, hence, it results in lower household income, income disparity, labour shortage, gender discrimination, domestic violence, a lower standard of living, lower accessibility and availability. In one word-socio and economic loss of the household and to the state in general. Result in free bus operation give multiple benefits across the state both in terms of standard of livelihood and affordability, as well as raise in per capita income per women.The main intention behind this scheme is to increase the work participation rate of women and promote public transportation.},
+  abstract = {In this research paper described the impact of women free bus operation in Tamil Nadu State transport corporation (TNSTC) in Tamil Nadu. After the government's announcement of free bus travel for all women, most of the women passengers are likely to shift from private to government buses. Women who are travelling through other modes of transport may also prefer to travel by government buses. As per the ITDP survey, 77{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women transit by walk, cycle and public transport. Either they lost a job as they couldn't afford to travel long-distance anymore due to bus fare hike. Many chose to work nearby their home for lower wages, hence, it results in lower household income, income disparity, labour shortage, gender discrimination, domestic violence, a lower standard of living, lower accessibility and availability. In one word-socio and economic loss of the household and to the state in general. Result in free bus operation give multiple benefits across the state both in terms of standard of livelihood and affordability, as well as raise in per capita income per women.The main intention behind this scheme is to increase the work participation rate of women and promote public transportation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19000,7 +22308,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH},
   volume = {14},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-015-0175-x},
-  abstract = {Introduction: The magnitude of child malnutrition including severe child malnutrition is especially high in the rural areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo (the DRC). The aim of this qualitative study is to describe the social context of malnutrition in a rural part of the DRC and explore how some households succeed in ensuring that their children are well-nourished while others do not. Methodology: This study is based on participant observation, key informant interviews, group discussions and in-depth interviews with four households with malnourished children and four with well-nourished children. We apply social field theory to link individual child nutritional outcomes to processes at local level and to the wider socio-economic environment. Findings: We identified four social fields that have implications for food security and child nutritional outcomes: 1) household size and composition which determined vulnerability to child malnutrition, 2) inter-household cooperation in the form of \textbackslash textasciigravegbisa work party' which buffered scarcity of labour in peak seasons and facilitated capital accumulation, 3) the village associated with usufruct rights to land, and 4) the local NGO providing access to agricultural support, clean drinking water and health care. Conclusions: Households that participated in inter-household cooperation were able to improve food and nutrition security. Children living in households with high pressure on productive members were at danger of food insecurity and malnutrition. Nutrition interventions need to involve local institutions for inter-household cooperation and address the problem of social inequalities in service provision. They should have special focus on households with few resources in the form of land, labour and capital.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: The magnitude of child malnutrition including severe child malnutrition is especially high in the rural areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo (the DRC). The aim of this qualitative study is to describe the social context of malnutrition in a rural part of the DRC and explore how some households succeed in ensuring that their children are well-nourished while others do not. Methodology: This study is based on participant observation, key informant interviews, group discussions and in-depth interviews with four households with malnourished children and four with well-nourished children. We apply social field theory to link individual child nutritional outcomes to processes at local level and to the wider socio-economic environment. Findings: We identified four social fields that have implications for food security and child nutritional outcomes: 1) household size and composition which determined vulnerability to child malnutrition, 2) inter-household cooperation in the form of {\textbackslash}textasciigravegbisa work party' which buffered scarcity of labour in peak seasons and facilitated capital accumulation, 3) the village associated with usufruct rights to land, and 4) the local NGO providing access to agricultural support, clean drinking water and health care. Conclusions: Households that participated in inter-household cooperation were able to improve food and nutrition security. Children living in households with high pressure on productive members were at danger of food insecurity and malnutrition. Nutrition interventions need to involve local institutions for inter-household cooperation and address the problem of social inequalities in service provision. They should have special focus on households with few resources in the form of land, labour and capital.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19024,9 +22332,9 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Kitto, Kathleen L. and {Guenter-Schlesinger}, Sue},
   year = {2012},
   journal = {2012 ASEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE},
-  series = {{{ASEE Annual Conference}} \textbackslash textbackslash\& {{Exposition}}},
+  series = {{{ASEE Annual Conference}} {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& {{Exposition}}},
   issn = {2153-5965},
-  abstract = {Overall, the ADVANCE Catalyst program at Western Washington University provides the resources and time necessary for us to probe deeply into our internal practices, measure outcomes for faculty, and, most importantly, find and focus on the barriers that impede the advancement of women faculty within the College of Sciences and Technology (CST). One component of the project was the development of a climate survey, which was based upon previous surveys at ADVANCE (research-intensive) universities, but was specifically adapted to address faculty issues unique to comprehensive universities. The development of our survey involved our Faculty Leadership Team (FLT), our department chairs/directors, and several other faculty members. This paper focuses on the findings from the comprehensive institution climate survey that we developed, which consisted of approximately 100 questions in seven areas of climate indicators: employment demographics, job satisfaction, mentoring, leadership, department climate, professional development, and equal opportunity. Specifically, we were probing whether department dynamics stay \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestatus quo\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace longer, if perceptions of peers play a heavier role in evaluation, if there are more feelings of isolation, and if opportunities for collaborative work are greatly decreased in our relatively small sized departments (as compared to research-intensive institutions). All faculty members within CST were surveyed. The overall response rate was 58\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Tenured women had the highest response rate, at 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% of nontenure track (NTT) women responded. After analyzing the data from the survey and meeting with our ADVANCE FLT, we identified several key areas of climate indicators that were explored further in focus groups: balance of work-life and work-load, leadership and career development, and equal opportunity. Through our survey, town hall meeting, and focus groups, we found that the evolution of our comprehensive institution from a primarily teaching university to an institution where a research program is expected has placed considerable pressure on our faculty, especially those at midcareer. Our heavy teaching responsibilities (inflexible lab schedules, research with undergraduates, course innovation, mentoring/advising), and service commitments constrain time to such an extent that many faculty feel that their research programs suffer or become second jobs. CST women serve on more committees, perform much of the more time consuming service, and have had fewer leadership roles and opportunities. Lack of formal mentoring exacerbates these issues for our women. While Western has many policies and programs to address such obstacles, faculty are often not aware of them or misunderstand them, making them, in fact, inaccessible. Until recently, department chairs did not have enough leadership training, development, and support. Continuing budget cuts and soaring STEM student demand at our institution further intensify these key issues. Based upon the survey, focus groups, and conversations with our FLT, we believe that a Faculty Advancement Center (FACT) focused on career span initiatives and based upon ADVANCE best practices would be the next logical step necessary to support women at our institution.},
+  abstract = {Overall, the ADVANCE Catalyst program at Western Washington University provides the resources and time necessary for us to probe deeply into our internal practices, measure outcomes for faculty, and, most importantly, find and focus on the barriers that impede the advancement of women faculty within the College of Sciences and Technology (CST). One component of the project was the development of a climate survey, which was based upon previous surveys at ADVANCE (research-intensive) universities, but was specifically adapted to address faculty issues unique to comprehensive universities. The development of our survey involved our Faculty Leadership Team (FLT), our department chairs/directors, and several other faculty members. This paper focuses on the findings from the comprehensive institution climate survey that we developed, which consisted of approximately 100 questions in seven areas of climate indicators: employment demographics, job satisfaction, mentoring, leadership, department climate, professional development, and equal opportunity. Specifically, we were probing whether department dynamics stay {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravestatus quo{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace longer, if perceptions of peers play a heavier role in evaluation, if there are more feelings of isolation, and if opportunities for collaborative work are greatly decreased in our relatively small sized departments (as compared to research-intensive institutions). All faculty members within CST were surveyed. The overall response rate was 58{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Tenured women had the highest response rate, at 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of nontenure track (NTT) women responded. After analyzing the data from the survey and meeting with our ADVANCE FLT, we identified several key areas of climate indicators that were explored further in focus groups: balance of work-life and work-load, leadership and career development, and equal opportunity. Through our survey, town hall meeting, and focus groups, we found that the evolution of our comprehensive institution from a primarily teaching university to an institution where a research program is expected has placed considerable pressure on our faculty, especially those at midcareer. Our heavy teaching responsibilities (inflexible lab schedules, research with undergraduates, course innovation, mentoring/advising), and service commitments constrain time to such an extent that many faculty feel that their research programs suffer or become second jobs. CST women serve on more committees, perform much of the more time consuming service, and have had fewer leadership roles and opportunities. Lack of formal mentoring exacerbates these issues for our women. While Western has many policies and programs to address such obstacles, faculty are often not aware of them or misunderstand them, making them, in fact, inaccessible. Until recently, department chairs did not have enough leadership training, development, and support. Continuing budget cuts and soaring STEM student demand at our institution further intensify these key issues. Based upon the survey, focus groups, and conversations with our FLT, we believe that a Faculty Advancement Center (FACT) focused on career span initiatives and based upon ADVANCE best practices would be the next logical step necessary to support women at our institution.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {ASEE Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, JUN 10-13, 2012}
 }
@@ -19046,6 +22354,18 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Klasen2012,
+  title = {Push or {{Pull}}? {{Drivers}} of {{Female Labor Force Participation During India}}'s {{Economic Boom}}},
+  shorttitle = {Push or {{Pull}}?},
+  author = {Klasen, Stephan and Pieters, Janneke},
+  year = {2012},
+  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
+  issn = {1556-5068},
+  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2019447},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Klasen2015,
   title = {What {{Explains}} the {{Stagnation}} of {{Female Labor Force Participation}} in {{Urban India}}?},
   author = {Klasen, Stephan and Pieters, Janneke},
@@ -19075,6 +22395,21 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Klein2004,
+  title = {The Impact of Stuttering on Employment Opportunities and Job Performance},
+  author = {Klein, Joseph F. and Hood, Stephen B.},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Fluency Disorders},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {255--273},
+  issn = {0094730X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.08.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kleinman2021,
   title = {Implementing a Peer Recovery Coach Model to Reach Low-Income, Minority Individuals Not Engaged in Substance Use Treatment},
   author = {Kleinman, Mary B. and Doran, Kelly and Felton, Julia W. and Satinsky, Emily N. and Dean, Dwayne and Bradley, Valerie and Magidson, Jessica F.},
@@ -19086,12 +22421,12 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {726--734},
   issn = {0889-7077},
   doi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1846663},
-  abstract = {Background: Low-income, racial/ethnic minority individuals face significant barriers in access to substance use (SU) treatment. Peer recovery coaches (PRCs), individuals with lived experience with substance use disorder (SUD), may be uniquely well suited to assist those encountering barriers to treatment. PRCs can also help reach those not engaged in treatment to promote harm reduction and support linkage-to-care when embedded in community rather than clinical settings. This study evaluated a community-based program in which a PRC facilitated linkage to and supported retention in SU treatment. Methods: Guided by the RE-AIM framework, we evaluated implementation of the intervention in a community resource center (CRC) serving homeless and low-income residents of Baltimore City. We examined the reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation of this PRC model. Results: Of 199 clients approached by or referred to the PRC, 39 were interested in addressing their SU. Of those interested in addressing SU, the PRC linked 64.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 25) to treatment and was able to follow up with 59.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 23) at prespecified time points after linkage (24-48 hours, 2 weeks, and 1 month). Fifty-two percent (n = 13) of clients linked to SU treatment remained in treatment at 30 days post-linkage. Of clients who did not remain in treatment, 77\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 10) continued contact with the PRC. Conclusions: Results indicate the utility of the CRC's approach in linking people to treatment for SU and addressing barriers to care through work with a PRC. Findings also highlight important barriers and facilitators to implementation of this model, including the need for adaptation based on individual goals and fluctuations in readiness for treatment.},
+  abstract = {Background: Low-income, racial/ethnic minority individuals face significant barriers in access to substance use (SU) treatment. Peer recovery coaches (PRCs), individuals with lived experience with substance use disorder (SUD), may be uniquely well suited to assist those encountering barriers to treatment. PRCs can also help reach those not engaged in treatment to promote harm reduction and support linkage-to-care when embedded in community rather than clinical settings. This study evaluated a community-based program in which a PRC facilitated linkage to and supported retention in SU treatment. Methods: Guided by the RE-AIM framework, we evaluated implementation of the intervention in a community resource center (CRC) serving homeless and low-income residents of Baltimore City. We examined the reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation of this PRC model. Results: Of 199 clients approached by or referred to the PRC, 39 were interested in addressing their SU. Of those interested in addressing SU, the PRC linked 64.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 25) to treatment and was able to follow up with 59.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 23) at prespecified time points after linkage (24-48 hours, 2 weeks, and 1 month). Fifty-two percent (n = 13) of clients linked to SU treatment remained in treatment at 30 days post-linkage. Of clients who did not remain in treatment, 77{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 10) continued contact with the PRC. Conclusions: Results indicate the utility of the CRC's approach in linking people to treatment for SU and addressing barriers to care through work with a PRC. Findings also highlight important barriers and facilitators to implementation of this model, including the need for adaptation based on individual goals and fluctuations in readiness for treatment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Kleinman2023,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveSometimes}} You Have to Take the Person and Show Them How\textbackslash ensuremath'': Adapting Behavioral Activation for Peer Recovery Specialist-Delivery to Improve Methadone Treatment Retention},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveSometimes}} You Have to Take the Person and Show Them How{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': Adapting Behavioral Activation for Peer Recovery Specialist-Delivery to Improve Methadone Treatment Retention},
   author = {Kleinman, Mary B. and Anvari, Morgan S. and Bradley, Valerie D. and Felton, Julia W. and Belcher, Annabelle M. and {Seitz-Brown}, C. J. and Greenblatt, Aaron D. and Dean, Dwayne and Bennett, Melanie and Magidson, Jessica F.},
   year = {2023},
   month = mar,
@@ -19113,7 +22448,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {155--183},
   issn = {1435-9871},
   doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.7},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND Couples tend to move house around first childbirth and often into suburban or rural neighbourhoods, conforming to the normative belief that children should grow up in a \textbackslash textasciigraveproper family home.' Such moves are likely to increase housing costs and both partners might need to contribute to the household income. But the move might also necessitate long commutes, inhibiting mothers' labour force participation. If the family sphere is more salient for (prospective) mothers, they might accept a remote location for its family-friendly environment but also because they are not planning a rapid return to work. OBJECTIVE This article analyses the influence of moving around first childbirth on the timing of mothers' transitions into employment after childbirth. METHODS Event history methods are used on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1999-2014 (N = 1334 first-time mothers). RESULTS Limited evidence was found for the hypothesis that moving around first childbirth accelerates mothers' labour market (re-)entry: moving for homeownership increased the entry rate into full-time employment for mothers with low earnings potential. Strong evidence was found for the hypothesis that moving around first childbirth impedes mothers' employment, particularly hampering entering part-time jobs, the domain of working mothers in Germany and other countries. CONCLUSION Moving for family nest-building seems to place mothers in unfavourable structural positions for employment. CONTRIBUTION This article shows that social inequalities among women and within households as well as the persistence of gendered life courses can be reinforced through processes of family migration.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND Couples tend to move house around first childbirth and often into suburban or rural neighbourhoods, conforming to the normative belief that children should grow up in a {\textbackslash}textasciigraveproper family home.' Such moves are likely to increase housing costs and both partners might need to contribute to the household income. But the move might also necessitate long commutes, inhibiting mothers' labour force participation. If the family sphere is more salient for (prospective) mothers, they might accept a remote location for its family-friendly environment but also because they are not planning a rapid return to work. OBJECTIVE This article analyses the influence of moving around first childbirth on the timing of mothers' transitions into employment after childbirth. METHODS Event history methods are used on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1999-2014 (N = 1334 first-time mothers). RESULTS Limited evidence was found for the hypothesis that moving around first childbirth accelerates mothers' labour market (re-)entry: moving for homeownership increased the entry rate into full-time employment for mothers with low earnings potential. Strong evidence was found for the hypothesis that moving around first childbirth impedes mothers' employment, particularly hampering entering part-time jobs, the domain of working mothers in Germany and other countries. CONCLUSION Moving for family nest-building seems to place mothers in unfavourable structural positions for employment. CONTRIBUTION This article shows that social inequalities among women and within households as well as the persistence of gendered life courses can be reinforced through processes of family migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19150,12 +22485,12 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Kneipp, Shawn M. and Kairalla, John A. and Sheely, Amanda L.},
   year = {2013},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {80},
   pages = {130--140},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.011},
-  abstract = {The high prevalence of health conditions among U.S. women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, or \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare') impedes the ability of many in this group to move from \textbackslash textasciigravewelfare-to-work', and the economic recession has likely exacerbated this problem. Despite this, few interventions have been developed to improve employment outcomes by addressing the health needs of women receiving TANF, and little is known about the impact of economic downturns on the employment trajectory of this group. Using data from a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) that tested the efficacy of a public health nursing (PHN) intervention to address the chronic health condition needs of 432 American women receiving TANF, we examine the effect of the intervention and of recession exposure on employment. We further explore whether intervention effects were modified by select sociodemographic and health characteristics. Both marginal and more robust intervention effects were noted for employment-entry outcomes (any employment, p = 0.05 and time-to-employment, p = 0.01). There were significant effects for recession exposure on employment-entry (any employment, p = 0.002 and time-to-employment, p {$<$} 0.001). Neither the intervention nor recession exposure influenced longer-term employment outcomes (employment rate or maximum continuous employment). Intervention effects were not modified by age, education, prior TANF receipt, functional status, or recession exposure, suggesting the intervention was equally effective in improving employment-entry across a fairly heterogeneous group both before and after the recession onset. These findings advance our understanding of the health and employment dynamics among this group of disadvantaged women under variable macroeconomic conditions, and have implications for guiding health and TANF-related policy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {The high prevalence of health conditions among U.S. women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, or {\textbackslash}textasciigravewelfare') impedes the ability of many in this group to move from {\textbackslash}textasciigravewelfare-to-work', and the economic recession has likely exacerbated this problem. Despite this, few interventions have been developed to improve employment outcomes by addressing the health needs of women receiving TANF, and little is known about the impact of economic downturns on the employment trajectory of this group. Using data from a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) that tested the efficacy of a public health nursing (PHN) intervention to address the chronic health condition needs of 432 American women receiving TANF, we examine the effect of the intervention and of recession exposure on employment. We further explore whether intervention effects were modified by select sociodemographic and health characteristics. Both marginal and more robust intervention effects were noted for employment-entry outcomes (any employment, p = 0.05 and time-to-employment, p = 0.01). There were significant effects for recession exposure on employment-entry (any employment, p = 0.002 and time-to-employment, p {$<$} 0.001). Neither the intervention nor recession exposure influenced longer-term employment outcomes (employment rate or maximum continuous employment). Intervention effects were not modified by age, education, prior TANF receipt, functional status, or recession exposure, suggesting the intervention was equally effective in improving employment-entry across a fairly heterogeneous group both before and after the recession onset. These findings advance our understanding of the health and employment dynamics among this group of disadvantaged women under variable macroeconomic conditions, and have implications for guiding health and TANF-related policy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19207,7 +22542,7 @@ policy recc:
   title = {The Role of Biopsychosocial Factors in the Rehabilitation Process of Individuals with a Stroke},
   author = {Kobylanska, Marzena and Kowalska, Joanna and Neustein, Jolanta and Mazurek, Justyna and Wojcik, Bartosz and Belza, Malgorzata and Cichosz, Michal and {Szczepanska-Gieracha}, Joanna},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {61},
   number = {4},
   pages = {523--535},
@@ -19247,6 +22582,23 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kodagoda2018,
+  title = {Working {{Long Hours}} and {{Its Impact}} on {{Family Life}}: {{Experiences}} of {{Women Professionals}} and {{Managers}} in {{Sri Lanka}}},
+  shorttitle = {Working {{Long Hours}} and {{Its Impact}} on {{Family Life}}},
+  author = {Kodagoda, Thilakshi},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Indian Journal of Gender Studies},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {108--126},
+  issn = {0971-5215, 0973-0672},
+  doi = {10.1177/0971521517738432},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Worldwide studies of professional and managerial dual-earner couples in specific professions have indicated that with the double burdens of work and family, working long hours limit women's career aspirations. Based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 40 respondents, this article examines how long working hours in the banking and health sectors impact professional and managerial mothers' family life and health, and how the latter perceive motherhood roles. Though there was evidence of negative effects of long hours especially on childcare and children's cognitive development, while rationalising their decision on combining motherhood and paid work, mothers interviewed valued their full-time employment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kodama2018,
   title = {The {{Labour Market Effects}} of {{Increases}} in {{Social Insurance Premium}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Japan}}},
   author = {Kodama, Naomi and Yokoyama, Izumi},
@@ -19262,6 +22614,23 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Koeneman2012,
+  title = {Do Major Life Events Influence Physical Activity among Older Adults: The {{Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam}}},
+  shorttitle = {Do Major Life Events Influence Physical Activity among Older Adults},
+  author = {Koeneman, Margot A and Chinapaw, Mai Jm and Verheijden, Marieke W and Van Tilburg, Theo G and Visser, Marjolein and Deeg, Dorly Jh and {Hopman-Rock}, Marijke},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {147},
+  issn = {1479-5868},
+  doi = {10.1186/1479-5868-9-147},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               Major life events are associated with a change in daily routine and could thus also affect habitual levels of physical activity. Major life events remain largely unexplored as determinants of older adults' participation in physical activity and sports. This study focused on two major life events, widowhood and retirement, and asked whether these major life events were associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports participation.                                         Methods               Data from the first (1992{\textendash}93) and second (1995{\textendash}96) wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), a prospective cohort study among Dutch adults aged 55 and older, were used. Change in marital status and employment status between baseline and follow-up was assessed by self-report. Time spent in MVPA (min/d) and sports participation (yes/no) was calculated based on the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association of retirement and widowhood with MVPA and sports participation was assessed in separate multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses, respectively.                                         Results               Widowhood - N=136 versus 1324 stable married- was not associated with MVPA (B= 3.5 [95\%CI:-57.9;64.9]) or sports participation (OR= 0.8 [95\%CI:0.5;1.3]). Retired participants (N= 65) significantly increased their time spent in MVPA (B= 32.5 [95\%CI:17.8;47.1]) compared to participants who continued to be employed (N= 121), but not their sports participation. Age was a significant effect modifier (B= 7.5 [90\%CI:-1.1;13.8]), indicating a greater increase in MVPA in older retirees.                                         Discussion               Our results suggest that the associations found varied by the two major life events under investigation. MVPA increased after retirement, but no association with widowhood was seen.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kolesnik2021,
   title = {{What should we do about the employment of women with children in Russia? The role of preschool educational institutions}},
   author = {Kolesnik, Daria P. and Pestova, Anna A. and Donina, Anna G.},
@@ -19272,7 +22641,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {94--117},
   issn = {0042-8736},
   doi = {10.32609/0042-8736-2021-12-94-117},
-  abstract = {The paper examines the opportunities and obstacles to increasing the employment of women with children in Russia. There is a tight correlation between Russia's lagging behind in the share of working women with children under the age of three and a lack of supply of preschool and childcare institutions. Using quantitative analysis of the Russian regions, we show that the expansion of the supply of preschool education services is associated with an increase in the employment of women, and the cost of introducing additional places in preschool organizations is recouped by additional tax revenues from working women with children in two years. Our cross-country analysis shows that the transition from traditional gender and social roles to more equal ones, the reduction of gender inequality, the encouragement of fathers to take parental leave, and the increased availability of part-time or flexible-schedule employment for women with children could further facilitate the employment of women with children. Our estimates show that an increase of preschool enrollment in Russia to the level of European countries would materialize a sizable economic growth potential: an increase in income per capita would be 3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%.},
+  abstract = {The paper examines the opportunities and obstacles to increasing the employment of women with children in Russia. There is a tight correlation between Russia's lagging behind in the share of working women with children under the age of three and a lack of supply of preschool and childcare institutions. Using quantitative analysis of the Russian regions, we show that the expansion of the supply of preschool education services is associated with an increase in the employment of women, and the cost of introducing additional places in preschool organizations is recouped by additional tax revenues from working women with children in two years. Our cross-country analysis shows that the transition from traditional gender and social roles to more equal ones, the reduction of gender inequality, the encouragement of fathers to take parental leave, and the increased availability of part-time or flexible-schedule employment for women with children could further facilitate the employment of women with children. Our estimates show that an increase of preschool enrollment in Russia to the level of European countries would materialize a sizable economic growth potential: an increase in income per capita would be 3.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%.},
   langid = {russian}
 }
 
@@ -19320,7 +22689,7 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Kong2023,
-  title = {Can {{Digital Economy Drive Income Level Growth}} in the {{Context}} of {{Sustainable Development}}? {{Fresh Evidence}} from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBroadband China}}\textbackslash ensuremath''},
+  title = {Can {{Digital Economy Drive Income Level Growth}} in the {{Context}} of {{Sustainable Development}}? {{Fresh Evidence}} from {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveBroadband China}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath''},
   author = {Kong, Dandan and Li, Jing and Jin, Zehu},
   year = {2023},
   month = sep,
@@ -19328,7 +22697,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {15},
   number = {17},
   doi = {10.3390/su151713170},
-  abstract = {In the context of the rapid development of digital economy and the promotion of sustainable development, this paper focuses on the impact of digital economy on income levels. Based on the panel data of 195 prefecture-level cities, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace pilot has been regarded as a natural experiment for the measurement of the digital economy. In this paper, a time-varying DID model was established to evaluate the influential effect of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on income growth. It was found that the coming into service of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has increased the overall income level of the Chinese labor force. Further research found that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has done more to raise the income levels of the high-skilled labor force, thus widening the income gap between the high-, medium-, and low-skilled labor force. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveBroadband China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace can affect the income growth via two mechanisms, namely, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveincreasing the entrepreneurship rate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveleading to an increase in the overall number of professional and skilled labor force in China\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In this case, the entrepreneurship rate of the high-skilled labor force may be higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force due to human capital accumulation. The rapid increase in the high-skilled labor force in technical industries will lead to the situation where their income growth effect is higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force. Based on the above research results, this paper puts forward policy suggestions from three aspects: further accelerating the process of digital economy; improving the institutional environment of the broadband network and standardizing the order of the construction of the broadband network; and further stimulating the entrepreneurial motivation of labor force, paying attention to the problem of skill bias and optimizing the employment structure, balancing efficiency and equity, and contributing to the ultimate sustainable development of developing countries.},
+  abstract = {In the context of the rapid development of digital economy and the promotion of sustainable development, this paper focuses on the impact of digital economy on income levels. Based on the panel data of 195 prefecture-level cities, the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBroadband China{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace pilot has been regarded as a natural experiment for the measurement of the digital economy. In this paper, a time-varying DID model was established to evaluate the influential effect of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBroadband China{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace on income growth. It was found that the coming into service of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBroadband China{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has increased the overall income level of the Chinese labor force. Further research found that {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBroadband China{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has done more to raise the income levels of the high-skilled labor force, thus widening the income gap between the high-, medium-, and low-skilled labor force. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveBroadband China{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace can affect the income growth via two mechanisms, namely, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveincreasing the entrepreneurship rate{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveleading to an increase in the overall number of professional and skilled labor force in China{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. In this case, the entrepreneurship rate of the high-skilled labor force may be higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force due to human capital accumulation. The rapid increase in the high-skilled labor force in technical industries will lead to the situation where their income growth effect is higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force. Based on the above research results, this paper puts forward policy suggestions from three aspects: further accelerating the process of digital economy; improving the institutional environment of the broadband network and standardizing the order of the construction of the broadband network; and further stimulating the entrepreneurial motivation of labor force, paying attention to the problem of skill bias and optimizing the employment structure, balancing efficiency and equity, and contributing to the ultimate sustainable development of developing countries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19366,13 +22735,13 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Kosari, Sam and Deeks, Louise S. and Naunton, Mark and Dawda, Paresh and Postma, Marteen J. and Tay, Guan Han and Peterson, Gregory M.},
   year = {2021},
   month = may,
-  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
+  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
   volume = {17},
   number = {5},
   pages = {1012--1016},
   issn = {1551-7411},
   doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.030},
-  abstract = {Background: Funding is a significant barrier to employing general practice pharmacists. Objective(s): To explore the feasibility of determining the cost-benefit of pharmacists in Australian general practice. Methods: Two part-time pharmacists were employed by general practices in Canberra, Australia. Diaries of the pharmacists were analysed to determine time worked and participation in income-generating activities, including Government-funded programs: Asthma Cycle of Care, Home Medicine Reviews, and Health Care Assessments. Scenarios using different practice and business models were entered into value-cost models to determine the income generated by the pharmacists relative to their salary. Results: Over 19 weeks, pharmacists A and B supported 47 and 23 Asthma Cycle of Care activities, generating income to the general practice of AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4,700 and AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2,300, respectively. The pharmacists spent 36.4 and 24.1 hours on activities usually conducted by general practitioners (GPs), allowing additional time for GP-patient consultations. Value-cost models determined AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar0.61 - AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1.20 income generation by pharmacists per AU\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1 salary. Conclusions: It was feasible to determine the value-cost ratios of employing pharmacists in general practice using these methods. Future work should focus on developing a robust business model that includes health care system savings resulting from practice pharmacist interventions, determined from randomised controlled trials.},
+  abstract = {Background: Funding is a significant barrier to employing general practice pharmacists. Objective(s): To explore the feasibility of determining the cost-benefit of pharmacists in Australian general practice. Methods: Two part-time pharmacists were employed by general practices in Canberra, Australia. Diaries of the pharmacists were analysed to determine time worked and participation in income-generating activities, including Government-funded programs: Asthma Cycle of Care, Home Medicine Reviews, and Health Care Assessments. Scenarios using different practice and business models were entered into value-cost models to determine the income generated by the pharmacists relative to their salary. Results: Over 19 weeks, pharmacists A and B supported 47 and 23 Asthma Cycle of Care activities, generating income to the general practice of AU{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar4,700 and AU{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar2,300, respectively. The pharmacists spent 36.4 and 24.1 hours on activities usually conducted by general practitioners (GPs), allowing additional time for GP-patient consultations. Value-cost models determined AU{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar0.61 - AU{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1.20 income generation by pharmacists per AU{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1 salary. Conclusions: It was feasible to determine the value-cost ratios of employing pharmacists in general practice using these methods. Future work should focus on developing a robust business model that includes health care system savings resulting from practice pharmacist interventions, determined from randomised controlled trials.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19389,6 +22758,22 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Kosgei2011,
+  title = {Impact of {{Integrated Family Planning}} and {{HIV Care Services}} on {{Contraceptive Use}} and {{Pregnancy Outcomes}}: {{A Retrospective Cohort Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Impact of {{Integrated Family Planning}} and {{HIV Care Services}} on {{Contraceptive Use}} and {{Pregnancy Outcomes}}},
+  author = {Kosgei, Rose J. and Lubano, Kizito M. and Shen, Changyu and {Wools-Kaloustian}, Kara K. and Musick, Beverly S. and Siika, Abraham M. and Mabeya, Hillary and Carter, E. Jane and Mwangi, Ann and Kiarie, James},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes},
+  volume = {58},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {e121-e126},
+  issn = {1525-4135},
+  doi = {10.1097/QAI.0b013e318237ca80},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Kosyakova2015,
   title = {Horizontal and {{Vertical Gender Segregation}} in {{Russia-Changes}} upon {{Labour Market Entry}} before and after the {{Collapse}} of the {{Soviet Regime}}},
   author = {Kosyakova, Yuliya and Kurakin, Dmitry and Blossfeld, Hans-Peter},
@@ -19430,7 +22815,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {7},
   number = {4},
   issn = {1545-1151},
-  abstract = {Poor health status, rapidly escalating health care costs, and seemingly little association between investments in health care and health outcomes have prompted a call for a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepay-for-performance\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace system to improve population health. We suggest that both health plans and clinical service providers measure and report the rates of 5 behaviors: 1) smoking, 2) physical activity, 3) excessive drinking, 4) nutrition, and 5) condom use by sexually active youth. Because preventive services can improve population health, we suggest that health plans and clinical service providers report delivery rates of preventive services. We also suggest that an independent organization report 8 county-level indicators of health care performance: 1) health care expenditures, 2) insurance coverage, 3) rates of unmet medical, dental, and prescription drug needs, 4) preventive services delivery rates, 5) childhood vaccination rates, 6) rates of preventable hospitalizations, 7) an index of affordability, and 8) disparities in access to health care associated with race and income. To support healthy behaviors, access to work site wellness and health promotion programs should be measured. To promote coordinated care, an indicator should be developed for whether a clinical service provider is a member of an accountable care organization. To encourage clinical service providers and health plans to address the social determinants of health, organizational participation in community-benefit initiatives that address the leading social determinants of health should be assessed.},
+  abstract = {Poor health status, rapidly escalating health care costs, and seemingly little association between investments in health care and health outcomes have prompted a call for a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepay-for-performance{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace system to improve population health. We suggest that both health plans and clinical service providers measure and report the rates of 5 behaviors: 1) smoking, 2) physical activity, 3) excessive drinking, 4) nutrition, and 5) condom use by sexually active youth. Because preventive services can improve population health, we suggest that health plans and clinical service providers report delivery rates of preventive services. We also suggest that an independent organization report 8 county-level indicators of health care performance: 1) health care expenditures, 2) insurance coverage, 3) rates of unmet medical, dental, and prescription drug needs, 4) preventive services delivery rates, 5) childhood vaccination rates, 6) rates of preventable hospitalizations, 7) an index of affordability, and 8) disparities in access to health care associated with race and income. To support healthy behaviors, access to work site wellness and health promotion programs should be measured. To promote coordinated care, an indicator should be developed for whether a clinical service provider is a member of an accountable care organization. To encourage clinical service providers and health plans to address the social determinants of health, organizational participation in community-benefit initiatives that address the leading social determinants of health should be assessed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19442,7 +22827,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {DEVELOPMENT SOUTHERN AFRICA},
   issn = {0376-835X},
   doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2023.2231025},
-  abstract = {The present study contributes to the extant literature by assessing how financial and human developments moderate the incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation in Cameroon for the period 1987 to 2020 using the generalised least squares (GLS) estimation approach. It is apparent from the findings that human development in the perspective of the human development index (HDI) and broad money supply are necessary and sufficient conditions to moderate vulnerable female employment for female labour force participation. Accordingly, HDI thresholds of between 0.591 and 0.634 are needed to reverse the negative incidence of female vulnerable employment on female labour force participation. Furthermore, a threshold of 30.294 (\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GDP) of broad money supply is also needed to reverse the negative incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation. Other implications for policy are discussed.},
+  abstract = {The present study contributes to the extant literature by assessing how financial and human developments moderate the incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation in Cameroon for the period 1987 to 2020 using the generalised least squares (GLS) estimation approach. It is apparent from the findings that human development in the perspective of the human development index (HDI) and broad money supply are necessary and sufficient conditions to moderate vulnerable female employment for female labour force participation. Accordingly, HDI thresholds of between 0.591 and 0.634 are needed to reverse the negative incidence of female vulnerable employment on female labour force participation. Furthermore, a threshold of 30.294 ({\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of GDP) of broad money supply is also needed to reverse the negative incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation. Other implications for policy are discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19455,7 +22840,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {1},
   pages = {449--457},
   doi = {10.1089/heq.2019.0022},
-  abstract = {Purpose: Public health leaders have advocated for clinical and population-based interventions to address the social determinants of health (SDoH). The American Academy of Family Physicians has worked to support family physicians with addressing the SDoH. However, the extent that family physicians are engaged and the factors that influence this are unknown. Methods: A survey was used to identify actions family physicians had taken to address the SDoH and perceived barriers. Physician and community characteristics were linked. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with engagement in clinical and population-based actions, separately. Results: There were 434 (8.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) responses. Among respondents, 81.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% were engaged in at least one clinical action, and 43.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% were engaged in at least one population-based action. Time (80.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and staffing (64.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were the most common barriers. Physician experience was associated with higher levels of clinical engagement, lower median household income was associated with higher levels of population-based engagement, and working for a federally qualified health center (FQHC) was associated with both. Conclusions: The study provides preliminary information suggesting that family physicians are engaged in addressing the SDoH through clinical and population-based actions. Newer family physicians and those working in FQHCs may be good targets for piloting clinical actions to address SDoH and family physician advocates may be more likely to come from an FQHC or in a lower socioeconomic neighborhood. The study also raises questions about the value family physicians serving disadvantaged communities place on clinical interventions to address the SDoH.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: Public health leaders have advocated for clinical and population-based interventions to address the social determinants of health (SDoH). The American Academy of Family Physicians has worked to support family physicians with addressing the SDoH. However, the extent that family physicians are engaged and the factors that influence this are unknown. Methods: A survey was used to identify actions family physicians had taken to address the SDoH and perceived barriers. Physician and community characteristics were linked. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with engagement in clinical and population-based actions, separately. Results: There were 434 (8.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) responses. Among respondents, 81.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were engaged in at least one clinical action, and 43.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were engaged in at least one population-based action. Time (80.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and staffing (64.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were the most common barriers. Physician experience was associated with higher levels of clinical engagement, lower median household income was associated with higher levels of population-based engagement, and working for a federally qualified health center (FQHC) was associated with both. Conclusions: The study provides preliminary information suggesting that family physicians are engaged in addressing the SDoH through clinical and population-based actions. Newer family physicians and those working in FQHCs may be good targets for piloting clinical actions to address SDoH and family physician advocates may be more likely to come from an FQHC or in a lower socioeconomic neighborhood. The study also raises questions about the value family physicians serving disadvantaged communities place on clinical interventions to address the SDoH.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19501,7 +22886,7 @@ policy recc:
   issn = {1758-0846, 1758-0854},
   doi = {10.1111/aphw.12234},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Background               To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism\textendash collectivism, and perceived stress.                                         Methods               We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020.                                         Results               Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation.                                         Conclusions               The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.},
+  abstract = {Background               To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism{\textendash}collectivism, and perceived stress.                                         Methods               We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020.                                         Results               Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation.                                         Conclusions               The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19516,7 +22901,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {125--142},
   issn = {0958-9287},
   doi = {10.1177/0958928720971094},
-  abstract = {In analysing heterosexual couples' work-family arrangements over time and space, the comparative social policy literature has settled on the framework of the \textbackslash textasciigravemale-breadwinner' versus the \textbackslash textasciigravedual-earner' family. Yet, in assuming men in couple-families are (full-time) employed, this framework overlooks another work-family arrangement, which is the \textbackslash textasciigravefemale-breadwinner' couple. Including female-breadwinner couples matters because of their growing prevalence and, as our analysis shows, greater economic vulnerability. We perform descriptive and regression analyses of Luxembourg Income Study microdata to compare household incomes for female-breadwinner couples and other couple-types across 20 industrialized countries. We then consider how labour earnings and benefit incomes vary for \textbackslash textasciigravepure' breadwinner couples - comprising one wage-earner and one inactive/unemployed partner - according to the gender of the breadwinner. We find that pure female breadwinners have lower average individual earnings than male breadwinners, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and occupational and working-time differences. Furthermore, welfare systems across most countries are not working hard enough to compensate for the female breadwinner earnings penalty, including in social-democratic countries. Once controls are included in our regression models, it never happens that pure female breadwinners have higher disposable household incomes than pure male breadwinners. Thus, our study adds to a growing body of evidence showing that female-breadwinner families sit at the intersection of multiple disadvantages. In turn, these couples offer comparative scholars of the welfare state an \textbackslash textasciigraveacid test' case study for how effectively families are protected from social risk. Our results additionally highlight how cross-national differences in the female breadwinner income disadvantage do not fit neatly with established welfare typologies, suggesting that other factors - in particular, labour market characteristics and the economic cycle - are also at play.},
+  abstract = {In analysing heterosexual couples' work-family arrangements over time and space, the comparative social policy literature has settled on the framework of the {\textbackslash}textasciigravemale-breadwinner' versus the {\textbackslash}textasciigravedual-earner' family. Yet, in assuming men in couple-families are (full-time) employed, this framework overlooks another work-family arrangement, which is the {\textbackslash}textasciigravefemale-breadwinner' couple. Including female-breadwinner couples matters because of their growing prevalence and, as our analysis shows, greater economic vulnerability. We perform descriptive and regression analyses of Luxembourg Income Study microdata to compare household incomes for female-breadwinner couples and other couple-types across 20 industrialized countries. We then consider how labour earnings and benefit incomes vary for {\textbackslash}textasciigravepure' breadwinner couples - comprising one wage-earner and one inactive/unemployed partner - according to the gender of the breadwinner. We find that pure female breadwinners have lower average individual earnings than male breadwinners, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and occupational and working-time differences. Furthermore, welfare systems across most countries are not working hard enough to compensate for the female breadwinner earnings penalty, including in social-democratic countries. Once controls are included in our regression models, it never happens that pure female breadwinners have higher disposable household incomes than pure male breadwinners. Thus, our study adds to a growing body of evidence showing that female-breadwinner families sit at the intersection of multiple disadvantages. In turn, these couples offer comparative scholars of the welfare state an {\textbackslash}textasciigraveacid test' case study for how effectively families are protected from social risk. Our results additionally highlight how cross-national differences in the female breadwinner income disadvantage do not fit neatly with established welfare typologies, suggesting that other factors - in particular, labour market characteristics and the economic cycle - are also at play.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19531,7 +22916,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {151--168},
   issn = {0958-9287},
   doi = {10.1177/09589287221148336},
-  abstract = {An accepted framework for \textbackslash textasciigravegendering' the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of \textbackslash textasciigravedefamilialization' or how far their family policies support or undermine women's employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women's labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core \textbackslash textasciigraveworlds' of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide - likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining - place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are \textbackslash textasciigravebetter' overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on \textbackslash textasciigraveheadline' indicators or gender equality indices, matters.},
+  abstract = {An accepted framework for {\textbackslash}textasciigravegendering' the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of {\textbackslash}textasciigravedefamilialization' or how far their family policies support or undermine women's employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women's labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworlds' of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide - likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining - place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are {\textbackslash}textasciigravebetter' overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on {\textbackslash}textasciigraveheadline' indicators or gender equality indices, matters.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19561,7 +22946,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {469--476},
   issn = {1049-3867},
   doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2014.06.010},
-  abstract = {Background: Rising rates of labor induction and cesarean delivery, especially when used without a medical reason, have generated concern among clinicians, women, and policymakers. Whether employment status affects pregnant women's childbirth-related care is not known. We estimated the relationship between prenatal employment and obstetric procedures, distinguishing whether women reported that the induction or cesarean was performed for medical reasons. Methods: Using data from a nationally representative sample of women who gave birth in U. S. hospitals (n = 1,573), we used propensity score matching to reduce potential bias from nonrandom selection into employment. Outcomes were cesarean delivery and labor induction, with and without a self-reported medical reason. Exposure was prenatal employment status (full-time employment, not employed). We conducted separate analyses for unmatched and matched cohorts using multivariable regression models. Findings: There were no differences in labor induction based on employment status. In unmatched analyses, employed women had higher odds of cesarean delivery overall (adjusted odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR], 1.45; p = .046) and cesarean delivery without medical reason (AOR, 1.94; p = .024). Adding an interaction term between employment and college education revealed no effects on cesarean delivery without medical reason. There were no differences in cesarean delivery by employment status in the propensity score-matched analysis. Conclusions: Full-time prenatal employment is associated with higher odds of cesarean delivery, but this association was not explained by socioeconomic status and no longer existed after accounting for sociodemographic differences by matching women employed full time with similar women not employed during pregnancy. Copyright (C) 2014 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
+  abstract = {Background: Rising rates of labor induction and cesarean delivery, especially when used without a medical reason, have generated concern among clinicians, women, and policymakers. Whether employment status affects pregnant women's childbirth-related care is not known. We estimated the relationship between prenatal employment and obstetric procedures, distinguishing whether women reported that the induction or cesarean was performed for medical reasons. Methods: Using data from a nationally representative sample of women who gave birth in U. S. hospitals (n = 1,573), we used propensity score matching to reduce potential bias from nonrandom selection into employment. Outcomes were cesarean delivery and labor induction, with and without a self-reported medical reason. Exposure was prenatal employment status (full-time employment, not employed). We conducted separate analyses for unmatched and matched cohorts using multivariable regression models. Findings: There were no differences in labor induction based on employment status. In unmatched analyses, employed women had higher odds of cesarean delivery overall (adjusted odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceAOR], 1.45; p = .046) and cesarean delivery without medical reason (AOR, 1.94; p = .024). Adding an interaction term between employment and college education revealed no effects on cesarean delivery without medical reason. There were no differences in cesarean delivery by employment status in the propensity score-matched analysis. Conclusions: Full-time prenatal employment is associated with higher odds of cesarean delivery, but this association was not explained by socioeconomic status and no longer existed after accounting for sociodemographic differences by matching women employed full time with similar women not employed during pregnancy. Copyright (C) 2014 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19576,7 +22961,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {6--13},
   issn = {1049-3867},
   doi = {10.1016/j.whi.2015.08.002},
-  abstract = {Objectives: This study examines access to workplace accommodations for breastfeeding, as mandated by the Affordable Care Act, and its associations with breastfeeding initiation and duration. We hypothesize that women with access to reasonable break time and private space to express breast milk would be more likely to breastfeed exclusively at 6 months and to continue breastfeeding for a longer duration. Methods: Data are from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18 to 45 who gave birth in 2011 and 2012. The study population included women who were employed full or part time at the time of survey. Using two-way tabulation, logistic regression, and survival analysis, we characterized women with access to breastfeeding accommodations and assessed the associations between these accommodations and breastfeeding outcomes. Results: Only 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women had access to both break time and private space. Women with both adequate break time and private space were 2.3 times (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.03-4.95) as likely to be breastfeeding exclusively at 6 months and 1.5 times (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.08-2.06) as likely to continue breastfeeding exclusively with each passing month compared with women without access to these accommodations. Conclusions: Employed women face unique barriers to breastfeeding and have lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and shorter durations, despite compelling evidence of associated health benefits. Expanded access to workplace accommodations for breastfeeding will likely entail collaborative efforts between public health agencies, employers, insurers, and clinicians to ensure effective workplace policies and improved breastfeeding outcomes. Copyright (C) 2016 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: This study examines access to workplace accommodations for breastfeeding, as mandated by the Affordable Care Act, and its associations with breastfeeding initiation and duration. We hypothesize that women with access to reasonable break time and private space to express breast milk would be more likely to breastfeed exclusively at 6 months and to continue breastfeeding for a longer duration. Methods: Data are from Listening to Mothers III, a national survey of women ages 18 to 45 who gave birth in 2011 and 2012. The study population included women who were employed full or part time at the time of survey. Using two-way tabulation, logistic regression, and survival analysis, we characterized women with access to breastfeeding accommodations and assessed the associations between these accommodations and breastfeeding outcomes. Results: Only 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women had access to both break time and private space. Women with both adequate break time and private space were 2.3 times (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.03-4.95) as likely to be breastfeeding exclusively at 6 months and 1.5 times (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.08-2.06) as likely to continue breastfeeding exclusively with each passing month compared with women without access to these accommodations. Conclusions: Employed women face unique barriers to breastfeeding and have lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and shorter durations, despite compelling evidence of associated health benefits. Expanded access to workplace accommodations for breastfeeding will likely entail collaborative efforts between public health agencies, employers, insurers, and clinicians to ensure effective workplace policies and improved breastfeeding outcomes. Copyright (C) 2016 by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19610,7 +22995,7 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Kress2019,
-  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Parental Role Distributions}}, {{Work Participation}}, and {{Stress Factors}} on {{Family Health-Related Outcomes}}: {{Study Protocol}} of the {{Prospective Multi-Method Cohort}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveDresden Study}} on {{Parenting}}, {{Work}}, and {{Mental Health}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' ({{DREAM}})},
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Parental Role Distributions}}, {{Work Participation}}, and {{Stress Factors}} on {{Family Health-Related Outcomes}}: {{Study Protocol}} of the {{Prospective Multi-Method Cohort}} {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveDresden Study}} on {{Parenting}}, {{Work}}, and {{Mental Health}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' ({{DREAM}})},
   author = {Kress, Victoria and {Steudte-Schmiedgen}, Susann and Kopp, Marie and Foerster, Anke and Altus, Caroline and Schier, Caroline and Wimberger, Pauline and Kirschbaum, Clemens and {von Soest}, Tilmann and Weidner, Kerstin and {Junge-Hoffmeister}, Juliano and {Garthus-Niegel}, Susan},
   year = {2019},
   month = jun,
@@ -19618,7 +23003,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {10},
   issn = {1664-1078},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01273},
-  abstract = {The Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceDResdner Studie zu Elternschaft, Arbeit, und Mentaler Gesundheit\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, DREAM) aims to prospectively investigate the relationship between parental work participation, role distribution, stress factors, and their effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term family mental and somatic health in a community sample targeting N = 4,000 individuals, i.e., 2,000 couples, expecting a child and residing in Dresden, Germany (interim sample of N = 1,410 participants, recruitment ongoing). Various questionnaires are completed at four measurement points from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum (prolongation into middle childhood planned). Applying a multi-method approach, long-term endocrinological data (analyses of hair cortisol concentrations and other endogenous hormones, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDREAM(HAIR)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) and qualitative interview data (regarding gender role attitudes and distribution of domestic work, child care, and paid employment; \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveDREAM(TALK)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) are obtained. In this study protocol, the theoretical background, methods, and preliminary results considering sociodemographic characteristics during pregnancy and birth-related factors at 8 weeks postpartum are presented. Additionally, there is a focus on our endocrinological sub-study DREAM(HAIR). In this sub-study currently comprising N = 152 participants, i.e., 88 families (recruitment ongoing), we want to gain knowledge on the transgenerational processes of stress regulation and psychopathology in the whole family by analyzing hair cortisol concentrations in both parents and children during the course from pregnancy (or after birth regarding children) to at least 2 years postpartum. By comparing data of the community sample to a clinical sample of mothers with postpartum mental disorders, their children, and their partners during the period between admission and discharge from a mother-baby unit and post-treatment (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceDREAM(MBU)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace), the course of mothers' psychopathology, parent-infant interaction, and infant regulation disorders with special regard to long-term endocrine correlates will be examined. With previous studies neglecting the fathers or partners involved, a major advantage of DREAM is the use of a multi-method and multi-level approach by examining the whole family in a longitudinal design. Therefore, the DREAM study will contribute to a better understanding of the role of social, work, and stress factors for mental and somatic health and its long-term endocrine correlates in the natural course of becoming a family.},
+  abstract = {The Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceDResdner Studie zu Elternschaft, Arbeit, und Mentaler Gesundheit{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, DREAM) aims to prospectively investigate the relationship between parental work participation, role distribution, stress factors, and their effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term family mental and somatic health in a community sample targeting N = 4,000 individuals, i.e., 2,000 couples, expecting a child and residing in Dresden, Germany (interim sample of N = 1,410 participants, recruitment ongoing). Various questionnaires are completed at four measurement points from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum (prolongation into middle childhood planned). Applying a multi-method approach, long-term endocrinological data (analyses of hair cortisol concentrations and other endogenous hormones, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveDREAM(HAIR){\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) and qualitative interview data (regarding gender role attitudes and distribution of domestic work, child care, and paid employment; {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveDREAM(TALK){\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) are obtained. In this study protocol, the theoretical background, methods, and preliminary results considering sociodemographic characteristics during pregnancy and birth-related factors at 8 weeks postpartum are presented. Additionally, there is a focus on our endocrinological sub-study DREAM(HAIR). In this sub-study currently comprising N = 152 participants, i.e., 88 families (recruitment ongoing), we want to gain knowledge on the transgenerational processes of stress regulation and psychopathology in the whole family by analyzing hair cortisol concentrations in both parents and children during the course from pregnancy (or after birth regarding children) to at least 2 years postpartum. By comparing data of the community sample to a clinical sample of mothers with postpartum mental disorders, their children, and their partners during the period between admission and discharge from a mother-baby unit and post-treatment ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceDREAM(MBU){\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace), the course of mothers' psychopathology, parent-infant interaction, and infant regulation disorders with special regard to long-term endocrine correlates will be examined. With previous studies neglecting the fathers or partners involved, a major advantage of DREAM is the use of a multi-method and multi-level approach by examining the whole family in a longitudinal design. Therefore, the DREAM study will contribute to a better understanding of the role of social, work, and stress factors for mental and somatic health and its long-term endocrine correlates in the natural course of becoming a family.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19630,7 +23015,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {3},
   issn = {1469-493X},
   doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009924.pub2},
-  abstract = {Background Undernutrition contributes to five million deaths of children under five each year. Furthermore, throughout the life cycle, undernutrition contributes to increased risk of infection, poor cognitive functioning, chronic disease, and mortality. It is thus important for decision-makers to have evidence about the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for young children. Objectives Primary objective 1. To assess the effectiveness of supplementary feeding interventions, alone or with co-intervention, for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged children aged three months to five years. Secondary objectives 1. To assess the potential of such programmes to reduce socio-economic inequalities in undernutrition. 2. To evaluate implementation and to understand how this may impact on outcomes. 3. To determine whether there are any adverse effects of supplementary feeding. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and seven other databases for all available years up to January 2014. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and several sources of grey literature. In addition, we searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews, and asked experts in the area about ongoing and unpublished trials. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before-and-after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that provided supplementary food (with or without co-intervention) to children aged three months to five years, from all countries. Adjunctive treatments, such as nutrition education, were allowed. Controls had to be untreated. Data collection and analysis Two or more review authors independently reviewed searches, selected studies for inclusion or exclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We conducted meta-analyses for continuous data using the mean difference (MD) or the standardised mean difference (SMD) with a 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI), correcting for clustering if necessary. We analysed studies from low-and middle-income countries and from high-income countries separately, and RCTs separately from CBAs. We conducted a process evaluation to understand which factors impact on effectiveness. Main results We included 32 studies (21 RCTs and 11 CBAs); 26 of these (16 RCTs and 10 CBAs) were in meta-analyses. More than 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the RCTs were judged to have low risk of bias for random selection and incomplete outcome assessment. We judged most RCTS to be unclear for allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, and selective outcome reporting. Because children and parents knew that they were given food, we judged blinding of participants and personnel to be at high risk for all studies. Growth. Supplementary feeding had positive effects on growth in low-andmiddle-income countries. Meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that supplemented children gained an average of 0.12 kg more than controls over six months (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.18, 9 trials, 1057 participants, moderate quality evidence). In the CBAs, the effect was similar; 0.24 kg over a year (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.09 to 0.39, 1784 participants, very low quality evidence). In high-income countries, one RCT found no difference in weight, but in a CBA with 116 Aboriginal children in Australia, the effect on weight was 0.95 kg (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.58 to 1.33). For height, meta-analysis of nine RCTs revealed that supplemented children grew an average of 0.27 cm more over six months than those who were not supplemented (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.07 to 0.48, 1463 participants, moderate quality evidence). Meta-analysis of seven CBAs showed no evidence of an effect (mean difference (MD) 0.52 cm, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.07 to 1.10, 7 trials, 1782 participants, very low quality evidence). Meta-analyses of the RCTs demonstrated benefits for weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) (MD 0.15, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.05 to 0.24, 8 trials, 1565 participants, moderate quality evidence), and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (MD 0.15, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.06 to 0.24, 9 trials, 4638 participants, moderate quality evidence), but not for weight-for-height z-scores MD 0.10 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.02 to 0.22, 7 trials, 4176 participants, moderate quality evidence). Meta-analyses of the CBAs showed no effects on WAZ, HAZ, or WHZ (very low quality evidence). We found moderate positive effects for haemoglobin (SMD 0.49, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.07 to 0.91, 5 trials, 300 participants) in a meta-analysis of the RCTs. Psychosocial outcomes. Eight RCTs in low-and middle-income countries assessed psychosocial outcomes. Our meta-analysis of two studies showed moderate positive effects of feeding on psychomotor development (SMD 0.41, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.10 to 0.72, 178 participants). The evidence of effects on cognitive development was sparse and mixed. We found evidence of substantial leakage. When feeding was given at home, children benefited from only 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the energy in the supplement. However, when the supplementary food was given in day cares or feeding centres, there was less leakage; children took in 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the energy provided in the supplement. Supplementary food was generally more effective for younger children (less than two years of age) and for those who were poorer/less well-nourished. Results for sex were equivocal. Our results also suggested that feeding programmes which were given in day-care/feeding centres and those which provided a moderate-to-high proportion of the recommended daily intake (\textbackslash textbackslash\% RDI) for energy were more effective. Authors' conclusions Feeding programmes for young children in low- and middle-income countries can work, but good implementation is key.},
+  abstract = {Background Undernutrition contributes to five million deaths of children under five each year. Furthermore, throughout the life cycle, undernutrition contributes to increased risk of infection, poor cognitive functioning, chronic disease, and mortality. It is thus important for decision-makers to have evidence about the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for young children. Objectives Primary objective 1. To assess the effectiveness of supplementary feeding interventions, alone or with co-intervention, for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged children aged three months to five years. Secondary objectives 1. To assess the potential of such programmes to reduce socio-economic inequalities in undernutrition. 2. To evaluate implementation and to understand how this may impact on outcomes. 3. To determine whether there are any adverse effects of supplementary feeding. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and seven other databases for all available years up to January 2014. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and several sources of grey literature. In addition, we searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews, and asked experts in the area about ongoing and unpublished trials. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before-and-after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that provided supplementary food (with or without co-intervention) to children aged three months to five years, from all countries. Adjunctive treatments, such as nutrition education, were allowed. Controls had to be untreated. Data collection and analysis Two or more review authors independently reviewed searches, selected studies for inclusion or exclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We conducted meta-analyses for continuous data using the mean difference (MD) or the standardised mean difference (SMD) with a 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI), correcting for clustering if necessary. We analysed studies from low-and middle-income countries and from high-income countries separately, and RCTs separately from CBAs. We conducted a process evaluation to understand which factors impact on effectiveness. Main results We included 32 studies (21 RCTs and 11 CBAs); 26 of these (16 RCTs and 10 CBAs) were in meta-analyses. More than 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the RCTs were judged to have low risk of bias for random selection and incomplete outcome assessment. We judged most RCTS to be unclear for allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, and selective outcome reporting. Because children and parents knew that they were given food, we judged blinding of participants and personnel to be at high risk for all studies. Growth. Supplementary feeding had positive effects on growth in low-andmiddle-income countries. Meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that supplemented children gained an average of 0.12 kg more than controls over six months (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.18, 9 trials, 1057 participants, moderate quality evidence). In the CBAs, the effect was similar; 0.24 kg over a year (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.09 to 0.39, 1784 participants, very low quality evidence). In high-income countries, one RCT found no difference in weight, but in a CBA with 116 Aboriginal children in Australia, the effect on weight was 0.95 kg (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.58 to 1.33). For height, meta-analysis of nine RCTs revealed that supplemented children grew an average of 0.27 cm more over six months than those who were not supplemented (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.07 to 0.48, 1463 participants, moderate quality evidence). Meta-analysis of seven CBAs showed no evidence of an effect (mean difference (MD) 0.52 cm, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.07 to 1.10, 7 trials, 1782 participants, very low quality evidence). Meta-analyses of the RCTs demonstrated benefits for weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) (MD 0.15, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.05 to 0.24, 8 trials, 1565 participants, moderate quality evidence), and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (MD 0.15, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.06 to 0.24, 9 trials, 4638 participants, moderate quality evidence), but not for weight-for-height z-scores MD 0.10 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.02 to 0.22, 7 trials, 4176 participants, moderate quality evidence). Meta-analyses of the CBAs showed no effects on WAZ, HAZ, or WHZ (very low quality evidence). We found moderate positive effects for haemoglobin (SMD 0.49, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.07 to 0.91, 5 trials, 300 participants) in a meta-analysis of the RCTs. Psychosocial outcomes. Eight RCTs in low-and middle-income countries assessed psychosocial outcomes. Our meta-analysis of two studies showed moderate positive effects of feeding on psychomotor development (SMD 0.41, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.10 to 0.72, 178 participants). The evidence of effects on cognitive development was sparse and mixed. We found evidence of substantial leakage. When feeding was given at home, children benefited from only 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the energy in the supplement. However, when the supplementary food was given in day cares or feeding centres, there was less leakage; children took in 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the energy provided in the supplement. Supplementary food was generally more effective for younger children (less than two years of age) and for those who were poorer/less well-nourished. Results for sex were equivocal. Our results also suggested that feeding programmes which were given in day-care/feeding centres and those which provided a moderate-to-high proportion of the recommended daily intake ({\textbackslash}textbackslash\% RDI) for energy were more effective. Authors' conclusions Feeding programmes for young children in low- and middle-income countries can work, but good implementation is key.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19645,7 +23030,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {846--849},
   issn = {1569-1993},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jcf.2016.07.007},
-  abstract = {Background: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience obstacles to employment, regardless of whether they have undergone lung transplantation (LTx). We investigated socioeconomic and clinical factors predicting long-term employment outcomes in CF patients receiving LTx. Methods: Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry were used to identify CF patients 18-59 years-old who received LTx between 2000 and 2010 and survived greater than 5 years. Long-term employment status was determined by center-reported follow-up data on patients working for income, collected at the 5th transplant anniversary. After multiple imputation to complete missing data on covariates, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between characteristics at or after LTx and long-term work participation. Results: There were 745 patients who met inclusion criteria and contributed employment data within 365 days of their 5th LTx anniversary. In this cohort, 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% (358/745) were working for income 5 years after LTx. Younger age, male gender, better pulmonary function attained post-transplant, pre-transplant work participation, and private health insurance (compared to government Medicaid or Medicare insurance) at the time of transplant predicted greater odds of post-transplant employment. Conclusions: Lack of work experience and reliance on government health insurance at the time of transplant predict lower long-term work participation among LTx recipients with CF. By contrast, long-term employment outcomes were not negatively affected by comorbidities at or after transplantation in this cohort. Despite resolving some physiological obstacles to employment in patients with CF, LTx may introduce new socioeconomic barriers to employment. (C) 2016 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience obstacles to employment, regardless of whether they have undergone lung transplantation (LTx). We investigated socioeconomic and clinical factors predicting long-term employment outcomes in CF patients receiving LTx. Methods: Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry were used to identify CF patients 18-59 years-old who received LTx between 2000 and 2010 and survived greater than 5 years. Long-term employment status was determined by center-reported follow-up data on patients working for income, collected at the 5th transplant anniversary. After multiple imputation to complete missing data on covariates, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between characteristics at or after LTx and long-term work participation. Results: There were 745 patients who met inclusion criteria and contributed employment data within 365 days of their 5th LTx anniversary. In this cohort, 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (358/745) were working for income 5 years after LTx. Younger age, male gender, better pulmonary function attained post-transplant, pre-transplant work participation, and private health insurance (compared to government Medicaid or Medicare insurance) at the time of transplant predicted greater odds of post-transplant employment. Conclusions: Lack of work experience and reliance on government health insurance at the time of transplant predict lower long-term work participation among LTx recipients with CF. By contrast, long-term employment outcomes were not negatively affected by comorbidities at or after transplantation in this cohort. Despite resolving some physiological obstacles to employment in patients with CF, LTx may introduce new socioeconomic barriers to employment. (C) 2016 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19671,7 +23056,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {15},
   issn = {2352-8273},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100909},
-  abstract = {Background: The relative importance of income, poverty and unemployment status for mental health is unclear, and understanding this has implications for income and welfare policy design. We aimed to assess the association between changes in these exposures and mental health. Methods: We measured effects of three transition exposures between waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study from 2010/11-2019/20 (n=38,697, obs=173,859): income decreases/increases, moving in/out of poverty, and job losses/gains. The outcome was General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), which measures likelihood of common mental disorder (CMD) as a continuous (GHQ-36) and binary measure (score =4 = case). We used fixed-effects linear and linear probability models to adjust for time invariant and time-varying confounders. To investigate effect modification, we stratified analyses by age, sex and highest education. Results: A 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% income decrease/increase was associated with a 0.02\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.00, 0.04) and 0.01\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.03, 0.02) in likelihood of CMD respectively. Effect sizes were larger for moving into poverty (+1.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.2, 3.5]), out of poverty (1.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-3.2, 0.3]), job loss (+15.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace13.6, 18.0]) and job gain (11.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-14.4, 8.4]). The effect of new poverty was greater for women (+2.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.8, 3.9] versus +1.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-1.1, 3.5] for men) but the opposite was true for job loss (+17.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace14.4, 21.2] for men versus +13.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace9.8, 17.2] for women). There were no clear differences by age, but those with least education experienced the largest effects from poverty transitions, especially moving out of poverty (2.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace-5.7, 0.0]). Conclusions: Moving into unemployment was most strongly associated with CMD, with poverty also important but income effects generally much smaller. Men appear most sensitive to employment transitions, but poverty may have larger impacts on women and those with least education. As the COVID-19 pandemic recedes, minimising unemployment as well as poverty is crucial for population mental health.},
+  abstract = {Background: The relative importance of income, poverty and unemployment status for mental health is unclear, and understanding this has implications for income and welfare policy design. We aimed to assess the association between changes in these exposures and mental health. Methods: We measured effects of three transition exposures between waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study from 2010/11-2019/20 (n=38,697, obs=173,859): income decreases/increases, moving in/out of poverty, and job losses/gains. The outcome was General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), which measures likelihood of common mental disorder (CMD) as a continuous (GHQ-36) and binary measure (score =4 = case). We used fixed-effects linear and linear probability models to adjust for time invariant and time-varying confounders. To investigate effect modification, we stratified analyses by age, sex and highest education. Results: A 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% income decrease/increase was associated with a 0.02{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increase (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.00, 0.04) and 0.01{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reduction (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.03, 0.02) in likelihood of CMD respectively. Effect sizes were larger for moving into poverty (+1.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace0.2, 3.5]), out of poverty (1.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace-3.2, 0.3]), job loss (+15.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace13.6, 18.0]) and job gain (11.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace-14.4, 8.4]). The effect of new poverty was greater for women (+2.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace0.8, 3.9] versus +1.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace-1.1, 3.5] for men) but the opposite was true for job loss (+17.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace14.4, 21.2] for men versus +13.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace9.8, 17.2] for women). There were no clear differences by age, but those with least education experienced the largest effects from poverty transitions, especially moving out of poverty (2.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace-5.7, 0.0]). Conclusions: Moving into unemployment was most strongly associated with CMD, with poverty also important but income effects generally much smaller. Men appear most sensitive to employment transitions, but poverty may have larger impacts on women and those with least education. As the COVID-19 pandemic recedes, minimising unemployment as well as poverty is crucial for population mental health.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19698,7 +23083,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {E249-E255},
   issn = {0031-4005},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.113.3.e249},
-  abstract = {Objective. This study examines patterns of specialist use among children and adolescents by presence of a chronic condition or disability, insurance, and sociodemographic characteristics. Design. Cross-sectional analysis of national survey data, describing rates of specialist use, with logistic regressions to examine associations with having a chronic condition or disability, insurance status, and sociodemographic variables. Setting. The 1999 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative household survey. Participants. Children and adolescents 2 to 17 years old. Outcome. Parental/respondent reports of specialist visits based on reports of the child having seen or talked to a medical doctor who specializes in a particular medical disease or problem about the child's health during the last 12 months. Results. Thirteen percent of US children were reported as seeing a specialist in the past year. Specialist-visit rates were twice as high for children with a chronic condition or disability (26\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 10.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The specialist utilization rates for children without insurance were much lower than those for insured children, but among the children who have coverage (private, Medicaid, or other), specialist-utilization rates were similar (no statistically significant difference). Results of multivariate analyses predicting the use of specialists confirm the above-mentioned findings. Additionally, they show that use of specialist care was lower among children in the middle age group, minorities, children in families between 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level, and lower parental educational levels. We found no difference in specialist-visit rates between rural- and urban-dwelling children, by family status, or by gender. Differences in specialist use by gatekeeping status are found only among subgroups. Conclusions. The results showed that, overall, 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children used a specialist in a year. Among the insured, a slightly greater percentage of children used such care (15\textbackslash textbackslash\%). These numbers were slightly lower than the 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pediatric patients referred per year in 5 US health plans, although the sources of data and definitions of specialist use differ. Our results showed that 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children with a chronic condition or disability who were insured by Medicaid use a specialist. Although the data are not directly comparable, this is within the range of previous findings showing annual rates by condition of use between 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 59\textbackslash textbackslash\%. These findings are consistent also with greater use of many different types of health care by children with special health care needs. Medicaid-utilization rates presented here were similar also to the rates found among privately insured children and children with \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveother\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace insurance. In our earlier work examining use of specialists by children insured by Medicaid, we speculated that Medicaid-insured children might face particular difficulty with access (eg, due to transportation or language barriers). The findings presented here suggest that children insured by Medicaid had no different use of specialists than other insured children. We do not know, however, whether similar rates are appropriate. As predicted, sociodemographic differences were pronounced and followed patterns typically found for use of health services. Lower rates of specialist use by non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics remains even, controlling for chronic condition/disability, status, insurance, and socioeconomic status. This is an important issue that not only needs to be addressed in using specialist care but also in many areas in health care. It is the near poor who seem to have difficulty accessing care (as is evidenced by lower use of specialists). In a study of access to care, similar results were found, with those between 125\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level being less likely to have a usual source of care. This is roughly the population targeted by the State Children's Health Insurance Programs. These findings cannot determine whether rates of use are too high or too low. Additional work on outcomes for children who do and do not use specialist care would further inform the work presented here. Extending that work to examine patterns of care including but not limited to specialists and generalists would be even better.},
+  abstract = {Objective. This study examines patterns of specialist use among children and adolescents by presence of a chronic condition or disability, insurance, and sociodemographic characteristics. Design. Cross-sectional analysis of national survey data, describing rates of specialist use, with logistic regressions to examine associations with having a chronic condition or disability, insurance status, and sociodemographic variables. Setting. The 1999 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative household survey. Participants. Children and adolescents 2 to 17 years old. Outcome. Parental/respondent reports of specialist visits based on reports of the child having seen or talked to a medical doctor who specializes in a particular medical disease or problem about the child's health during the last 12 months. Results. Thirteen percent of US children were reported as seeing a specialist in the past year. Specialist-visit rates were twice as high for children with a chronic condition or disability (26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 10.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The specialist utilization rates for children without insurance were much lower than those for insured children, but among the children who have coverage (private, Medicaid, or other), specialist-utilization rates were similar (no statistically significant difference). Results of multivariate analyses predicting the use of specialists confirm the above-mentioned findings. Additionally, they show that use of specialist care was lower among children in the middle age group, minorities, children in families between 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 200{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level, and lower parental educational levels. We found no difference in specialist-visit rates between rural- and urban-dwelling children, by family status, or by gender. Differences in specialist use by gatekeeping status are found only among subgroups. Conclusions. The results showed that, overall, 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of children used a specialist in a year. Among the insured, a slightly greater percentage of children used such care (15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). These numbers were slightly lower than the 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of pediatric patients referred per year in 5 US health plans, although the sources of data and definitions of specialist use differ. Our results showed that 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of children with a chronic condition or disability who were insured by Medicaid use a specialist. Although the data are not directly comparable, this is within the range of previous findings showing annual rates by condition of use between 24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. These findings are consistent also with greater use of many different types of health care by children with special health care needs. Medicaid-utilization rates presented here were similar also to the rates found among privately insured children and children with {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveother{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace insurance. In our earlier work examining use of specialists by children insured by Medicaid, we speculated that Medicaid-insured children might face particular difficulty with access (eg, due to transportation or language barriers). The findings presented here suggest that children insured by Medicaid had no different use of specialists than other insured children. We do not know, however, whether similar rates are appropriate. As predicted, sociodemographic differences were pronounced and followed patterns typically found for use of health services. Lower rates of specialist use by non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics remains even, controlling for chronic condition/disability, status, insurance, and socioeconomic status. This is an important issue that not only needs to be addressed in using specialist care but also in many areas in health care. It is the near poor who seem to have difficulty accessing care (as is evidenced by lower use of specialists). In a study of access to care, similar results were found, with those between 125{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 200{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the federal poverty level being less likely to have a usual source of care. This is roughly the population targeted by the State Children's Health Insurance Programs. These findings cannot determine whether rates of use are too high or too low. Additional work on outcomes for children who do and do not use specialist care would further inform the work presented here. Extending that work to examine patterns of care including but not limited to specialists and generalists would be even better.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19707,7 +23092,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Kuivalainen, Susan and Nivalainen, Satu and Jarnefelt, Noora and Kuitto, Kati},
   year = {2020},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FINANCE},
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   pages = {126--146},
@@ -19726,7 +23111,23 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12888-022-04476-z},
-  abstract = {BackgroundPerinatal depression (PND) is prevalent and negatively impacts HIV care among women living with HIV (WLHIV), yet PND remains under-identified in Malawian WLHIV. Accordingly, this formative study explored perceptions of the feasibility and acceptability of an integrated, task-shifted approach to PND screening and treatment in maternity clinics. MethodsWe completed consecutive PND screenings of HIV+ women attending pre- or post-natal appointments at 5 clinics in Lilongwe district, Malawi. We conducted in-depth interviews with the first 4-5 women presenting with PND per site (n = 24 total) from July to August 2018. PND classification was based on a score \textbackslash textbackslash\& GE; 10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We conducted 10 additional in-depth interviews with HIV and mental health providers at the 5 clinics. ResultsMost participants endorsed the feasibility of integrated PND screening, as they believed that PND had potential for significant morbidity. Among providers, identified barriers to screening were negative staff attitudes toward additional work, inadequate staffing numbers and time constraints. Suggested solutions to barriers were health worker training, supervision, and a brief screening tool. Patient-centered counselling strategies were favored over medication by WLHIV as the acceptable treatment of choice, with providers supporting the role of medication to be restricted to severe depression. Providers identified nurses as the most suitable health workers to deliver task-shifted interventions and emphasized further training as a requirement to ensure successful task shifting. ConclusionImproving PND in a simple, task-shifted intervention is essential for supporting mental health among women with PND and HIV. Our results suggest that an effective PND intervention for this population should include a brief, streamlined PND screening questionnaire and individualized counselling for those who have PND, with supplemental support groups and depression medication readily available. These study results support the development of a PND intervention to address the gap in treatment of PND and HIV among WLHIV in Malawi.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundPerinatal depression (PND) is prevalent and negatively impacts HIV care among women living with HIV (WLHIV), yet PND remains under-identified in Malawian WLHIV. Accordingly, this formative study explored perceptions of the feasibility and acceptability of an integrated, task-shifted approach to PND screening and treatment in maternity clinics. MethodsWe completed consecutive PND screenings of HIV+ women attending pre- or post-natal appointments at 5 clinics in Lilongwe district, Malawi. We conducted in-depth interviews with the first 4-5 women presenting with PND per site (n = 24 total) from July to August 2018. PND classification was based on a score {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& GE; 10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We conducted 10 additional in-depth interviews with HIV and mental health providers at the 5 clinics. ResultsMost participants endorsed the feasibility of integrated PND screening, as they believed that PND had potential for significant morbidity. Among providers, identified barriers to screening were negative staff attitudes toward additional work, inadequate staffing numbers and time constraints. Suggested solutions to barriers were health worker training, supervision, and a brief screening tool. Patient-centered counselling strategies were favored over medication by WLHIV as the acceptable treatment of choice, with providers supporting the role of medication to be restricted to severe depression. Providers identified nurses as the most suitable health workers to deliver task-shifted interventions and emphasized further training as a requirement to ensure successful task shifting. ConclusionImproving PND in a simple, task-shifted intervention is essential for supporting mental health among women with PND and HIV. Our results suggest that an effective PND intervention for this population should include a brief, streamlined PND screening questionnaire and individualized counselling for those who have PND, with supplemental support groups and depression medication readily available. These study results support the development of a PND intervention to address the gap in treatment of PND and HIV among WLHIV in Malawi.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Kulkarni2011,
+  title = {Socialization of People with Disabilities in the Workplace},
+  author = {Kulkarni, Mukta and Lengnick-Hall, Mark L.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Human Resource Management},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {521--540},
+  issn = {0090-4848, 1099-050X},
+  doi = {10.1002/hrm.20436},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Socialization has crucial outcomes for both the employee and the employer. Through an exploratory qualitative study conducted in India, we examined how people with disabilities (PWD) viewed various aspects of their socialization process. Specifically, we looked at the role of coworkers, supervisors, organizational practices, and employee proactive behaviors in influencing organizational integration. We found that integration was most influenced by coworkers and supervisors. Organizational practices and employee proactive behaviors were less important. Respondent gender and tenure also influenced certain findings. Specifically, PWD with less tenure sought and accepted more help from coworkers and supervisors. Further, more men with disabilities than women with disabilities indicated that they were proactive in terms of obtaining training to make themselves employable, and more men with disabilities indicated that having coworkers with a disability helped them during socialization. We discuss both theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions based on our findings. {\textcopyright} 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19766,11 +23167,11 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Kumar, Ramya and Birn, Anne-Emanuelle and Bhuyan, Rupaleem and Wong, Josephine Pui-Hing},
   year = {2022},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {296},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114777},
-  abstract = {Universal health coverage (UHC), a target of the United Nations' third Sustainable Development Goal on health, refers to people having access to essential healthcare services without suffering financial hardship. The World Bank and other leading global health actors champion mixed health systems-in which government and privately-financed market delivery coexist-as a sustainable model for UHC. Yet, little is known about what these public-private arrangements mean for women, a crucial partaker of UHC in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using a critical feminist approach, this study explores how women negotiate access to public and private healthcare services within Sri Lanka's state-dominant mixed health system. Data were generated through focus group discussions and interviews with women residents of an urban division in Kandy, a city seeing rapid private healthcare expansion in central Sri Lanka. Notwithstanding policies of universality guiding public sector delivery, out-of-pocket payments burden socially and economically disadvantaged women. They use private services to fill gaps in the public system, and consult dual practitioners privately, to pave way for better (public) care. By contrast, wealthier women opt for private outpatient care, but capitalize on the dual practitioners to obtain priority access to oversubscribed services at public hospitals. Most women, regardless of social location, combine public with private, albeit to varying degrees, to save on household expenses. Relying on women's invisible care work, these public-private \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehybrid \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave routes of access within Sri Lanka's poorly regulated mixed health system, reinforce social inequalities and individualize the responsibility for healthcare. The article throws light on the messiness of access within mixed systems and demands closer scrutiny of calls for private sector engagement in the quest for UHC in LMICs.},
+  abstract = {Universal health coverage (UHC), a target of the United Nations' third Sustainable Development Goal on health, refers to people having access to essential healthcare services without suffering financial hardship. The World Bank and other leading global health actors champion mixed health systems-in which government and privately-financed market delivery coexist-as a sustainable model for UHC. Yet, little is known about what these public-private arrangements mean for women, a crucial partaker of UHC in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using a critical feminist approach, this study explores how women negotiate access to public and private healthcare services within Sri Lanka's state-dominant mixed health system. Data were generated through focus group discussions and interviews with women residents of an urban division in Kandy, a city seeing rapid private healthcare expansion in central Sri Lanka. Notwithstanding policies of universality guiding public sector delivery, out-of-pocket payments burden socially and economically disadvantaged women. They use private services to fill gaps in the public system, and consult dual practitioners privately, to pave way for better (public) care. By contrast, wealthier women opt for private outpatient care, but capitalize on the dual practitioners to obtain priority access to oversubscribed services at public hospitals. Most women, regardless of social location, combine public with private, albeit to varying degrees, to save on household expenses. Relying on women's invisible care work, these public-private {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehybrid {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave routes of access within Sri Lanka's poorly regulated mixed health system, reinforce social inequalities and individualize the responsibility for healthcare. The article throws light on the messiness of access within mixed systems and demands closer scrutiny of calls for private sector engagement in the quest for UHC in LMICs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19786,7 +23187,7 @@ policy recc:
   doi = {10.1108/WJEMSD-03-2017-0009},
   abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the themes of relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation; and to identify the factors which determine females to participate in labor market. The paper uses a framework incorporating a U-shaped relationship between FLFP and economic growth, gender wise wage disparity and economic, social, cultural and other factors which affects FLFP. Design/methodology/approach Thematically, the selected literature falls into three main categories: the relationship between FLFP and economic growth; disparity in work participation in terms of male and female wages; and drivers or determinants of FLFP which have been described using international documents and experiences of the different countries. The review closes by identifying gaps in the existing research base and by suggesting areas for inquiry that have been untouched and warrant further research. Findings The key findings emerging from this examination of literature show that the FLFP rate exhibits a U-shaped during the process of economic development. Also, there are evidences of gender pay disparity across the sectors which have been justified by documenting a large number of existing literatures. Demographic factors (including fertility, migration, marriages and child care), economic factors (including unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job and infrastructure) and other explanatory variables which include the regulatory context encompassing family and childcare policies, tax regimes, and presence of subsidized health-care for workers determine the FLFP. Practical implications This paper suggests that in order to bring equality in gender pay gap, there is a requirement of replacing the traditional value system. There is need to provide an environment in which women are encouraged and supported in their efforts, in which women have equitable access to resources and opportunities. Social implications This paper addresses the impact of education, culture and child care subsidies on female labor participation. They positively impact FLFP and such a link has not been sufficiently addressed in prior literature. Originality/value In contrast to previous studies which document a broad-based picture of female work participation, this type of research deals with the link between economic growth and female labor participation, gender wage disparity and determinants of it which has been largely unexplored so far.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::labour\_supply,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::labour\_supply,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
   note = {systematic review looking at relationship of female labour force participation and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation
 \par
 main findings: U-shaped part. rate; evidence of gender pay disparity across sectors
@@ -19847,6 +23248,22 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Laaksonen2012,
+  title = {Trajectories of Mental Health before and after Old-Age and Disability Retirement: A Register-Based Study on Purchases of Psychotropic Drugs},
+  shorttitle = {Trajectories of Mental Health before and after Old-Age and Disability Retirement},
+  author = {Laaksonen, Mikko and {Mets{\"a}-Simola}, Niina and Martikainen, Pekka and Pietil{\"a}inen, Olli and Rahkonen, Ossi and Gould, Raija and Partonen, Timo and Lahelma, Eero},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment \& Health},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {409--417},
+  issn = {0355-3140, 1795-990X},
+  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3290},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Labonte2016,
   title = {The Rise of Neoliberalism: How Bad Economics Imperils Health and What to Do about It},
   author = {Labonte, Ronald and Stuckler, David},
@@ -19858,7 +23275,23 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   pages = {312--318},
   issn = {0143-005X},
   doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-206295},
-  abstract = {The 2008 global financial crisis, precipitated by high-risk, under-regulated financial practices, is often seen as a singular event. The crisis, its recessionary consequences, bank bailouts and the adoption of \textbackslash textasciigraveausterity' measures can be seen as a continuation of a 40-year uncontrolled experiment in neoliberal economics. Although public spending and recapitalisation of failing banks helped prevent a 1930s-style Great Depression, the deep austerity measures that followed have stifled a meaningful recovery for the majority of populations. In the short term, these austerity measures, especially cuts to health and social protection systems, pose major health risks in those countries under its sway. Meanwhile structural changes to the global labour market, increasing under-employment in high-income countries and economic insecurity elsewhere, are likely to widen health inequities in the longer term. We call for four policy reforms to reverse rising inequalities and their harms to public health. First is re-regulating global finance. Second is rejecting austerity as an empirically and ethically unjustified policy, especially given now clear evidence of its deleterious health consequences. Third, there is a need to restore progressive taxation at national and global scales. Fourth is a fundamental shift away from the fossil fuel economy and policies that promote economic growth in ways that imperil environmental sustainability. This involves redistributing work and promoting fairer pay. We do not suggest these reforms will be politically feasible or even achievable in the short term. They nonetheless constitute an evidence-based agenda for strong, public health advocacy and practice.},
+  abstract = {The 2008 global financial crisis, precipitated by high-risk, under-regulated financial practices, is often seen as a singular event. The crisis, its recessionary consequences, bank bailouts and the adoption of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveausterity' measures can be seen as a continuation of a 40-year uncontrolled experiment in neoliberal economics. Although public spending and recapitalisation of failing banks helped prevent a 1930s-style Great Depression, the deep austerity measures that followed have stifled a meaningful recovery for the majority of populations. In the short term, these austerity measures, especially cuts to health and social protection systems, pose major health risks in those countries under its sway. Meanwhile structural changes to the global labour market, increasing under-employment in high-income countries and economic insecurity elsewhere, are likely to widen health inequities in the longer term. We call for four policy reforms to reverse rising inequalities and their harms to public health. First is re-regulating global finance. Second is rejecting austerity as an empirically and ethically unjustified policy, especially given now clear evidence of its deleterious health consequences. Third, there is a need to restore progressive taxation at national and global scales. Fourth is a fundamental shift away from the fossil fuel economy and policies that promote economic growth in ways that imperil environmental sustainability. This involves redistributing work and promoting fairer pay. We do not suggest these reforms will be politically feasible or even achievable in the short term. They nonetheless constitute an evidence-based agenda for strong, public health advocacy and practice.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lacaille2004,
+  title = {Identification of Modifiable Work-related Factors That Influence the Risk of Work Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis},
+  author = {Lacaille, Diane and Sheps, Samuel and Spinelli, John J. and Chalmers, Andrew and Esdaile, John M.},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Arthritis Care \& Research},
+  volume = {51},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {843--852},
+  issn = {0893-7524, 1529-0123},
+  doi = {10.1002/art.20690},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               To define work-related factors associated with increased risk of work disability (WD) in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).                                         Methods               Questionnaires were mailed to all RA patients who used a province-wide arthritis treatment program between 1991 and 1998 (n = 1,824). The association between risk factors and WD (defined as no paid work due to RA for at least 6 months) was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for significant sociodemographic and disease-related variables.                                         Results               Of the original 1,824 patients, 581 were eligible and responded to the questionnaire. Work survival analysis revealed a steady rate of WD starting early, with 7.5\%, 18\%, and 27\% work disabled at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Significant determinants in multiple logistic regression were physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire), pain (visual analog scale), and 6 work-related factors: self employment, workstation modification, work importance, family support toward employment, commuting difficulty, and comfort telling coworkers about RA.                                         Conclusion               Work disability occurs early in RA. Novel work-related factors were identified, which are potentially modifiable, to help RA patients stay employed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19910,7 +23343,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   author = {{La Frinere-Sandoval}, Quynh Nhu (Natasha) B. and Cubbin, Catherine and DiNitto, Diana M. M.},
   year = {2023},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {ETHNICITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {ETHNICITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {28},
   number = {6},
   pages = {895--911},
@@ -19929,7 +23362,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s40814-021-00958-1},
-  abstract = {Background There is research evidence regarding the presence of stigmatising attitudes in psychiatrists towards people with mental illness, but a lack of studies and interventions focused on this issue in low and middle-income countries. Aims To assess the feasibility of implementing an anti-stigma intervention for Mexican psychiatric trainees, and its potential effects. Methods This study comprised a pre-post design with outcome measures compared between baseline and 3-month follow-up. Quantitative outcome measures were used to evaluate the potential effects of the intervention, whilst the process evaluation required the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. Results Twenty-nine trainees (25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those invited) participated in the intervention, of whom 18 also participated in the follow-up assessment. Outcome measures showed the intervention had moderately large effects on reducing stereotypes and the influence of other co-workers on trainees' own attitudes. The main mechanisms of impact identified were recognition of negative attitudes in oneself and colleagues, self-reflection about the impact of stigma, one's own negative attitudes and recognition of one's ability to make change. Participants accepted and were satisfied with the intervention, which many considered should be part of their routine training. However, trainees' work overload and lack of support from the host organisation were identified as barriers to implement the intervention. Conclusions A brief anti-stigma intervention for Mexican psychiatric trainees is feasible, potentially effective, well accepted and was considered necessary by participants. This study also suggests mechanisms of impact and mediators should be considered for developing further interventions, contributing to reducing the damaging effects that mental health-related stigma has on people's lives.},
+  abstract = {Background There is research evidence regarding the presence of stigmatising attitudes in psychiatrists towards people with mental illness, but a lack of studies and interventions focused on this issue in low and middle-income countries. Aims To assess the feasibility of implementing an anti-stigma intervention for Mexican psychiatric trainees, and its potential effects. Methods This study comprised a pre-post design with outcome measures compared between baseline and 3-month follow-up. Quantitative outcome measures were used to evaluate the potential effects of the intervention, whilst the process evaluation required the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. Results Twenty-nine trainees (25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those invited) participated in the intervention, of whom 18 also participated in the follow-up assessment. Outcome measures showed the intervention had moderately large effects on reducing stereotypes and the influence of other co-workers on trainees' own attitudes. The main mechanisms of impact identified were recognition of negative attitudes in oneself and colleagues, self-reflection about the impact of stigma, one's own negative attitudes and recognition of one's ability to make change. Participants accepted and were satisfied with the intervention, which many considered should be part of their routine training. However, trainees' work overload and lack of support from the host organisation were identified as barriers to implement the intervention. Conclusions A brief anti-stigma intervention for Mexican psychiatric trainees is feasible, potentially effective, well accepted and was considered necessary by participants. This study also suggests mechanisms of impact and mediators should be considered for developing further interventions, contributing to reducing the damaging effects that mental health-related stigma has on people's lives.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -19953,7 +23386,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   author = {Lahelma, E and Arber, S and Kivela, K and Roos, E},
   year = {2002},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {54},
   number = {5, SI},
   pages = {727--740},
@@ -20000,7 +23433,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   journal = {JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY},
   volume = {20},
   doi = {10.7448/IAS.20.1.21723},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Cisgender and transgender woman sex workers (CWSWs and TWSWs, respectively) are key populations in Malaysia with higher HIV-prevalence than that of the general population. Given the impact economic instability can have on HIV transmission in these populations, novel HIV prevention interventions that reduce poverty may reduce HIV incidence and improve linkage and retention to care for those already living with HIV. We examine the feasibility of a microfinance-based HIV prevention intervention among CWSW and TWSWs in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: We conducted 35 in-depth interviews to examine the acceptability of a microfinance-based HIV prevention intervention, focusing on: (1) participants' readiness to engage in other occupations and the types of jobs in which they were interested in; (2) their level of interest in the components of the potential intervention, including training on financial literacy and vocational education; and (3) possible barriers and facilitators to the successful completion of the intervention. Using grounded theory as a framework of analysis, transcripts were analysed through Nvivo 11. Results: Participants were on average 41 years old, slightly less than half (48\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were married, and more than half (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%) identified as Muslim. Participants express high motivation to seek employment in other professions as they perceived sex work as not a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveproper job\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace with opportunities for career growth but rather as a short-term option offering an unstable form of income. Participants wanted to develop their own small enterprise. Most participants expressed a high level of interest in microfinance intervention and training to enable them to enter a new profession. Possible barriers to intervention participation included time, stigma, and a lack of resources. Conclusion: Findings indicate that a microfinance intervention is acceptable and desirable for CWSWs and TWSWs in urban Malaysian contexts as participants reported that they were ready to engage in alternative forms of income generation.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Cisgender and transgender woman sex workers (CWSWs and TWSWs, respectively) are key populations in Malaysia with higher HIV-prevalence than that of the general population. Given the impact economic instability can have on HIV transmission in these populations, novel HIV prevention interventions that reduce poverty may reduce HIV incidence and improve linkage and retention to care for those already living with HIV. We examine the feasibility of a microfinance-based HIV prevention intervention among CWSW and TWSWs in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: We conducted 35 in-depth interviews to examine the acceptability of a microfinance-based HIV prevention intervention, focusing on: (1) participants' readiness to engage in other occupations and the types of jobs in which they were interested in; (2) their level of interest in the components of the potential intervention, including training on financial literacy and vocational education; and (3) possible barriers and facilitators to the successful completion of the intervention. Using grounded theory as a framework of analysis, transcripts were analysed through Nvivo 11. Results: Participants were on average 41 years old, slightly less than half (48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were married, and more than half (52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) identified as Muslim. Participants express high motivation to seek employment in other professions as they perceived sex work as not a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveproper job{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace with opportunities for career growth but rather as a short-term option offering an unstable form of income. Participants wanted to develop their own small enterprise. Most participants expressed a high level of interest in microfinance intervention and training to enable them to enter a new profession. Possible barriers to intervention participation included time, stigma, and a lack of resources. Conclusion: Findings indicate that a microfinance intervention is acceptable and desirable for CWSWs and TWSWs in urban Malaysian contexts as participants reported that they were ready to engage in alternative forms of income generation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20013,7 +23446,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-8241-8},
-  abstract = {Background: Declining response rates are a common challenge to epidemiological research. Response rates further are particularly low among young people. We thus aimed to identify factors associated with health survey response among young employees using different data collection methods. Methods: We included fully register-based data to identify key socioeconomic, workplace and health-related factors associated with response to a health survey collected via online and mailed questionnaires. Additionally, telephone interviews were conducted for those who had not responded via online or to the mailed survey. The survey data collection was done in autumn 2017 among young employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (18-39 years, target population n=11,459). Results: The overall response to the survey was 51.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n=5898). The overall findings suggest that differences in the distributions of socioeconomic, workplace and health-related factors between respondents in the online or mailed surveys, or telephone interviews, are relatively minor. Telephone interview respondents were of lower socioeconomic position, which helped improve representativeness of the entire cohort. Despite the general broad representativeness of the data, some socioeconomic and health-related factors contributed to response. Thus, non-respondents were more often men, manual workers, from the lowest income quartile, had part-time jobs, and had more long sickness absence spells. In turn, job contract (permanent or temporary) and employment sector did not affect survey response. Conclusions: Despite a general representativeness of data of the target population, socioeconomically more disadvantaged and those with long sickness absence, are slightly overrepresented among non-respondents. This suggests that when studying the associations between social factors and health, the associations can be weaker than if complete data were available representing all socioeconomic groups.},
+  abstract = {Background: Declining response rates are a common challenge to epidemiological research. Response rates further are particularly low among young people. We thus aimed to identify factors associated with health survey response among young employees using different data collection methods. Methods: We included fully register-based data to identify key socioeconomic, workplace and health-related factors associated with response to a health survey collected via online and mailed questionnaires. Additionally, telephone interviews were conducted for those who had not responded via online or to the mailed survey. The survey data collection was done in autumn 2017 among young employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (18-39 years, target population n=11,459). Results: The overall response to the survey was 51.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n=5898). The overall findings suggest that differences in the distributions of socioeconomic, workplace and health-related factors between respondents in the online or mailed surveys, or telephone interviews, are relatively minor. Telephone interview respondents were of lower socioeconomic position, which helped improve representativeness of the entire cohort. Despite the general broad representativeness of the data, some socioeconomic and health-related factors contributed to response. Thus, non-respondents were more often men, manual workers, from the lowest income quartile, had part-time jobs, and had more long sickness absence spells. In turn, job contract (permanent or temporary) and employment sector did not affect survey response. Conclusions: Despite a general representativeness of data of the target population, socioeconomically more disadvantaged and those with long sickness absence, are slightly overrepresented among non-respondents. This suggests that when studying the associations between social factors and health, the associations can be weaker than if complete data were available representing all socioeconomic groups.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20057,7 +23490,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   pages = {85--94},
   issn = {0272-7757},
   doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.08.007},
-  abstract = {In this paper, we estimate wage returns to investment in education for persons with disabilities in Nepal, using information on the timing of being impaired during school-age years as identifying instrumental variables for years of schooling. We employ unique data collected from persons with hearing, physical, and visual impairments as well as nationally representative survey data from the Nepal Living Standard Survey 2003/2004 (NLSS II). After controlling for endogeneity bias arising from schooling decisions as well as sample selection bias due to endogenous labor participation, the estimated rate of returns to education is very high among persons with disabilities, ranging from 19.3 to 25.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The coexistence of these high returns to education and limited years of schooling suggest that supply side constraints in education to accommodate persons with disabilities and/or there are credit market imperfections. Policies to eliminate these barriers will mitigate poverty among persons with disabilities, the largest minority group in the world. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {In this paper, we estimate wage returns to investment in education for persons with disabilities in Nepal, using information on the timing of being impaired during school-age years as identifying instrumental variables for years of schooling. We employ unique data collected from persons with hearing, physical, and visual impairments as well as nationally representative survey data from the Nepal Living Standard Survey 2003/2004 (NLSS II). After controlling for endogeneity bias arising from schooling decisions as well as sample selection bias due to endogenous labor participation, the estimated rate of returns to education is very high among persons with disabilities, ranging from 19.3 to 25.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The coexistence of these high returns to education and limited years of schooling suggest that supply side constraints in education to accommodate persons with disabilities and/or there are credit market imperfections. Policies to eliminate these barriers will mitigate poverty among persons with disabilities, the largest minority group in the world. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20066,13 +23499,13 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   author = {Lamolla, Laura and Gonzalez Ramos, Ana M.},
   year = {2020},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
+  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FAMILY},
   volume = {23},
   number = {2},
   pages = {125--140},
   issn = {1366-8803},
   doi = {10.1080/13668803.2018.1483321},
-  abstract = {Women represent over the half of university graduates in Spain. However, the percentage of women graduating with degrees in Computing and Engineering drops to 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% (European Commission. \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace2016. She figures. Brussels: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation]). Women are a minority in the workplace in the IT sector, despite it being one of the most dynamic industries with a positive future outlook. Existent literature highlights that women face a variety of barriers that can impede their progress in the workplace, mainly related to work-life conflicts. However, the attempts carried out thus far to improve women's work-life balance have had little effect in this sector, where the numbers lag behind those of other sectors. The reasons behind those numbers must be understood. In this sense, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of work/personal lives of women in IT sectors throughout the course of their lives. The results obtained from a tailor-made survey in Spain show that women working in IT are very work-oriented and committed to their careers and have fewer conflicts regarding work-life balance than was expected. It was in fact age, income and perception of gender discrimination that stood out as significant variables that may explain the difficulties encountered. In light of this, flexible work policies are not enough to increase the number of women in IT, and we suggest actions that could serve to fight stereotypes regarding gender and age in the workplace.},
+  abstract = {Women represent over the half of university graduates in Spain. However, the percentage of women graduating with degrees in Computing and Engineering drops to 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (European Commission. {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace2016. She figures. Brussels: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation]). Women are a minority in the workplace in the IT sector, despite it being one of the most dynamic industries with a positive future outlook. Existent literature highlights that women face a variety of barriers that can impede their progress in the workplace, mainly related to work-life conflicts. However, the attempts carried out thus far to improve women's work-life balance have had little effect in this sector, where the numbers lag behind those of other sectors. The reasons behind those numbers must be understood. In this sense, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of work/personal lives of women in IT sectors throughout the course of their lives. The results obtained from a tailor-made survey in Spain show that women working in IT are very work-oriented and committed to their careers and have fewer conflicts regarding work-life balance than was expected. It was in fact age, income and perception of gender discrimination that stood out as significant variables that may explain the difficulties encountered. In light of this, flexible work policies are not enough to increase the number of women in IT, and we suggest actions that could serve to fight stereotypes regarding gender and age in the workplace.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20101,7 +23534,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   number = {12},
   issn = {1549-1277},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000375},
-  abstract = {Background: Insurance coverage of tobacco cessation medications increases their use and reduces smoking prevalence in a population. However, uncertainty about the impact of this coverage on health care utilization and costs is a barrier to the broader adoption of this policy, especially by publicly funded state Medicaid insurance programs. Whether a publicly funded tobacco cessation benefit leads to decreased medical claims for tobacco-related diseases has not been studied. We examined the experience of Massachusetts, whose Medicaid program adopted comprehensive coverage of tobacco cessation medications in July 2006. Over 75,000 Medicaid subscribers used the benefit in the first 2.5 years. On the basis of earlier secondary survey work, it was estimated that smoking prevalence declined among subscribers by 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% during this period. Methods and Findings: Using claims data, we compared the probability of hospitalization prior to use of the tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy benefit with the probability of hospitalization after benefit use among Massachusetts Medicaid beneficiaries, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, seasonality, influenza cases, and the implementation of the statewide smoke-free air law using generalized estimating equations. Statistically significant annualized declines of 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-70\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were observed in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction and other acute coronary heart disease diagnoses, respectively. There were no significant decreases in hospitalizations rates for respiratory diagnoses or seven other diagnostic groups evaluated. Conclusions: Among Massachusetts Medicaid subscribers, use of a comprehensive tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy benefit was associated with a significant decrease in claims for hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary heart disease, but no significant change in hospital claims for other diagnoses. For low-income smokers, removing the barriers to the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy has the potential to decrease short-term utilization of hospital services.},
+  abstract = {Background: Insurance coverage of tobacco cessation medications increases their use and reduces smoking prevalence in a population. However, uncertainty about the impact of this coverage on health care utilization and costs is a barrier to the broader adoption of this policy, especially by publicly funded state Medicaid insurance programs. Whether a publicly funded tobacco cessation benefit leads to decreased medical claims for tobacco-related diseases has not been studied. We examined the experience of Massachusetts, whose Medicaid program adopted comprehensive coverage of tobacco cessation medications in July 2006. Over 75,000 Medicaid subscribers used the benefit in the first 2.5 years. On the basis of earlier secondary survey work, it was estimated that smoking prevalence declined among subscribers by 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% during this period. Methods and Findings: Using claims data, we compared the probability of hospitalization prior to use of the tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy benefit with the probability of hospitalization after benefit use among Massachusetts Medicaid beneficiaries, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, seasonality, influenza cases, and the implementation of the statewide smoke-free air law using generalized estimating equations. Statistically significant annualized declines of 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval 2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval 6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were observed in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction and other acute coronary heart disease diagnoses, respectively. There were no significant decreases in hospitalizations rates for respiratory diagnoses or seven other diagnostic groups evaluated. Conclusions: Among Massachusetts Medicaid subscribers, use of a comprehensive tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy benefit was associated with a significant decrease in claims for hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary heart disease, but no significant change in hospital claims for other diagnoses. For low-income smokers, removing the barriers to the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy has the potential to decrease short-term utilization of hospital services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20120,6 +23553,22 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Langer2015,
+  title = {Women and {{Health}}: The Key for Sustainable Development},
+  shorttitle = {Women and {{Health}}},
+  author = {Langer, Ana and Meleis, Afaf and Knaul, Felicia M and Atun, Rifat and Aran, Meltem and {Arreola-Ornelas}, H{\'e}ctor and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Binagwaho, Agnes and Bonita, Ruth and Caglia, Jacquelyn M and Claeson, Mariam and Davies, Justine and Donnay, France A and Gausman, Jewel M and Glickman, Caroline and Kearns, Annie D and Kendall, Tamil and Lozano, Rafael and Seboni, Naomi and Sen, Gita and Sindhu, Siriorn and Temin, Miriam and Frenk, Julio},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {386},
+  number = {9999},
+  pages = {1165--1210},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Lapointe2016,
   title = {{Upgrading or Polarization? The Evolution of Employment Structure and Quality in Quebec and Canada, 1997-2013}},
   author = {Lapointe, Paul-Andre and Bach, Catherine},
@@ -20130,10 +23579,26 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   pages = {3--32},
   issn = {0034-379X},
   doi = {10.7202/1035900ar},
-  abstract = {The Labour Force Survey Microdata of Statistics Canada have been used as part of an approach centered on professions, which itself rests upon an employment regime approach. The authors have constructed a typology of occupations into eight classes. Based on the relative share of occupational classes in wage employment, it appears that professionals and technicians, both in the natural sciences and the new technologies of information and communication and in the social and health sciences have recorded the largest growth; low-skilled workers in interpersonal services have also grown, while blue-collar and white-collar workers have declined and senior managers and the finance professionals are mired in stagnation. The latter, however, have proved to be the real winners of income distribution during the period. In terms of job quality, as measured by the relative growth of occupations grouped into income quintiles, an asymmetric polarization can be observed: the highest quintiles, bringing together the good jobs, have experienced higher growth than the lowest quintile, associated with bad jobs, while intermediate quintiles declined. We can also observe growth in wage inequality in the sense that wages in the highest quintile increased more quickly than in other income quintiles. Finally, Quebec and Canada belong to the neoliberal regime. Quebec is certainly a more egalitarian society but, unlike the country's social democratic model, this \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedistinct\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace character is not the result of more progressive social policy and a more inclusive trade unionism, which would have raised the lowest quintile wages; it rather reflects the employment stagnation, or even decline, in the highest quintile and wage stagnation, or even decline, in the fourth quintile.},
+  abstract = {The Labour Force Survey Microdata of Statistics Canada have been used as part of an approach centered on professions, which itself rests upon an employment regime approach. The authors have constructed a typology of occupations into eight classes. Based on the relative share of occupational classes in wage employment, it appears that professionals and technicians, both in the natural sciences and the new technologies of information and communication and in the social and health sciences have recorded the largest growth; low-skilled workers in interpersonal services have also grown, while blue-collar and white-collar workers have declined and senior managers and the finance professionals are mired in stagnation. The latter, however, have proved to be the real winners of income distribution during the period. In terms of job quality, as measured by the relative growth of occupations grouped into income quintiles, an asymmetric polarization can be observed: the highest quintiles, bringing together the good jobs, have experienced higher growth than the lowest quintile, associated with bad jobs, while intermediate quintiles declined. We can also observe growth in wage inequality in the sense that wages in the highest quintile increased more quickly than in other income quintiles. Finally, Quebec and Canada belong to the neoliberal regime. Quebec is certainly a more egalitarian society but, unlike the country's social democratic model, this {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedistinct{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace character is not the result of more progressive social policy and a more inclusive trade unionism, which would have raised the lowest quintile wages; it rather reflects the employment stagnation, or even decline, in the highest quintile and wage stagnation, or even decline, in the fourth quintile.},
   langid = {french}
 }
 
+@article{Larson2016,
+  title = {10 {{Best}} Resources On{\ldots} Intersectionality with an Emphasis on Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
+  author = {Larson, Elizabeth and George, Asha and Morgan, Rosemary and Poteat, Tonia},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Health Policy and Planning},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {964--969},
+  issn = {1460-2237, 0268-1080},
+  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czw020},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Intersectionality has emerged as an important framework for understanding and responding to health inequities by making visible the fluid and interconnected structures of power that create them. It promotes an understanding of the dynamic nature of the privileges and disadvantages that permeate health systems and affect health. It considers the interaction of different social stratifiers (e.g. `race'/ethnicity, indigeneity, gender, class, sexuality, geography, age, disability/ability, migration status, religion) and the power structures that underpin them at multiple levels. In doing so, it is a departure from previous health inequalities research that looked at these forms of social stratification in isolation from one another or in an additive manner. Despite its potential use and long history in other disciplines, intersectionality is uncommonly used in health systems research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To orient readers to intersectionality theory and research, we first define intersectionality and describe its role in public health, and then we review resources on intersectionality. We found that applications in public health mostly increased after 2009, with only 14 out of 86 articles focused on LMICs. To arrive at 10 best resources, we selected articles based on the proportion of the article that was devoted to intersectionality, the strength of the intersectionality analysis, and its relevance to LMICs. The first four resources explain intersectionality as a methodology. The subsequent six articles apply intersectionality to research in LMIC with quantitative and qualitative analysis. We provide examples from India, Swaziland, Uganda and Mexico. Topics for the studies range from HIV, violence and sexual abuse to immunization and the use of health entitlements. Through these 10 resources, we hope to spark interest and open a needed conversation on the importance and use of intersectional analysis in LMICs as part of understanding people-centred health systems.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Lasater1997,
   title = {Synthesis of Findings and Issues from Religious-Based Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Trials},
   author = {Lasater, {\relax TM} and Becker, {\relax DM} and Hill, {\relax MN} and Gans, {\relax KM}},
@@ -20145,7 +23610,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   pages = {S46-S53},
   issn = {1047-2797},
   doi = {10.1016/S1047-2797(97)80007-5},
-  abstract = {PURPOSE: Widespread prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) requires significant aggregate lifestyle behavior changes. Extensive resources including money, time, access, facilities, materials, and programs are needed to bring about such behavior changes on a large scale. Over the past several decades, funds for large scale public health efforts and related CVD research have become more difficult to acquire, and prevention efforts have been shifting to state and community sites. Thus, large scale behavior modification for CVD prevention requires active efforts to access resources from partnerships with multiple private sector organizations. METHODS: Religious organizations (ROs) are a potentially valuable channel with many advantages for undertaking behavior change programming in partnership with public health researchers. ROs have a broad, direct \textbackslash textasciigrave'reach'' with people and provide social support structures, facilities, volunteers, communication channels and access to many sub-populations as well as a compatible mission and history of interest in health. In spite of the many advantages of partnerships between CVD health researchers and ROs, very few formal research studies have been conducted. Existing reports have emphasized the feasibility and powerful benefits of implementing RO-based health programs; however, little data or formal hypothesis testing have been reported. Very few formal CVD research projects have employed scientifically acceptable research designs with random assignment of intact groups to intervention and comparison conditions. RESULTS: In this review, conducted by the current authors, only six projects have been identified that meet these more rigorous scientific criteria. In a discussion of these projects, we classify RO-based studies into four levels of involvement of the RO: 1) use of ROs as sites for recruitment and tracking of experimental subjects; 2) use of RO facilities to conduct interventions; 3) involvement of RO members in delivering behavior change programs; and 4) the addition of significant religious components as an integral part of the intervention. This paper discusses the design, results and implications of these studies including information on what we already know about conducting research with ROs, gaps in existing research and recommendations for future studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is enormous untapped potential for RO-based CVD prevention research, but considerably more work is required to achieve the level of research that is currently conducted in other channels such as worksites and schools. Health practitioners/researchers and ROs are increasingly seizing the opportunity for partnerships to improve health. The knowledge gained from these projects and their documented successes will hopefully encourage other components of the public health system such as hospitals, managed care organizations and departments of health to continue developing ways of including ROs in health research and behavior change programming. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.},
+  abstract = {PURPOSE: Widespread prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) requires significant aggregate lifestyle behavior changes. Extensive resources including money, time, access, facilities, materials, and programs are needed to bring about such behavior changes on a large scale. Over the past several decades, funds for large scale public health efforts and related CVD research have become more difficult to acquire, and prevention efforts have been shifting to state and community sites. Thus, large scale behavior modification for CVD prevention requires active efforts to access resources from partnerships with multiple private sector organizations. METHODS: Religious organizations (ROs) are a potentially valuable channel with many advantages for undertaking behavior change programming in partnership with public health researchers. ROs have a broad, direct {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'reach'' with people and provide social support structures, facilities, volunteers, communication channels and access to many sub-populations as well as a compatible mission and history of interest in health. In spite of the many advantages of partnerships between CVD health researchers and ROs, very few formal research studies have been conducted. Existing reports have emphasized the feasibility and powerful benefits of implementing RO-based health programs; however, little data or formal hypothesis testing have been reported. Very few formal CVD research projects have employed scientifically acceptable research designs with random assignment of intact groups to intervention and comparison conditions. RESULTS: In this review, conducted by the current authors, only six projects have been identified that meet these more rigorous scientific criteria. In a discussion of these projects, we classify RO-based studies into four levels of involvement of the RO: 1) use of ROs as sites for recruitment and tracking of experimental subjects; 2) use of RO facilities to conduct interventions; 3) involvement of RO members in delivering behavior change programs; and 4) the addition of significant religious components as an integral part of the intervention. This paper discusses the design, results and implications of these studies including information on what we already know about conducting research with ROs, gaps in existing research and recommendations for future studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is enormous untapped potential for RO-based CVD prevention research, but considerably more work is required to achieve the level of research that is currently conducted in other channels such as worksites and schools. Health practitioners/researchers and ROs are increasingly seizing the opportunity for partnerships to improve health. The knowledge gained from these projects and their documented successes will hopefully encourage other components of the public health system such as hospitals, managed care organizations and departments of health to continue developing ways of including ROs in health research and behavior change programming. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Conference on Community Trials for Cardiopulmonary Health - Directions for Public Health Practice, Policy and Research, BETHESDA, MD, SEP 25-26, 1996}
 }
@@ -20161,7 +23626,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   pages = {399--410},
   issn = {0268-7038},
   doi = {10.1080/02687030444000840},
-  abstract = {Background: Research and clinical evidence suggest that employment after stroke may be an important aspect of-preserving personal and social identity; however, few people with significant aphasia manage to return to work, particularly if their jobs are communicatively and cognitively demanding. Aims: This study presents the case of a professor with aphasia, JK, who resumed teaching through a combination of voice-output technology and the Key Word Teaching technique. Researchers investigated student attitudes towards two teaching approaches-one utilising voice-output technology alone and the other combining voice-output with the Key Word Teaching technique. Methods \textbackslash textbackslash\& Procedures: Ten student participants attended two simulated class sessions-one utilising voice-output technology alone and the other combining voice-output with the Key Word Teaching technique. Investigators analysed attitudinal survey results using nonparametric analyses. Qualitative approaches were employed to analyse transcripts of focus group discussions and written teaching evaluations. The investigators also compared university-based teaching evaluations from before JK's stroke to results obtained after the training protocol was completed. In addition, investigators videotaped and reviewed in-class teaching examples. Outcomes \textbackslash textbackslash\& Results: In the Combined condition, students rated the professor and the presentation more positively on dependent measures related to rate, comfort, understandability, and their willingness to participate. In a ranking task, all students preferred the Combined teaching approach. The scores on JK's university-based teaching evaluations provided by her students the semester after Key Word Teaching training were similar to evaluations from before her stroke. In addition, excerpts from JK's classroom discourse revealed that she was now combining natural speech and synthesised speech output to enhance her teaching. Conclusions: Results suggest that students preferred the Combined teaching approach utilising both the synthesised speech from the computer and the Key Word Teaching technique. Also, the training protocol enabled JK to combine natural speech and synthesised computer output within the classroom setting in ways that she had been unable to prior to training. The results demonstrate how a thorough analysis of JK's communication needs, accompanied by explicit training in techniques to overcome barriers to participation, resulted in a successful vocational outcome that enabled JK to retain an important aspect of her identity.},
+  abstract = {Background: Research and clinical evidence suggest that employment after stroke may be an important aspect of-preserving personal and social identity; however, few people with significant aphasia manage to return to work, particularly if their jobs are communicatively and cognitively demanding. Aims: This study presents the case of a professor with aphasia, JK, who resumed teaching through a combination of voice-output technology and the Key Word Teaching technique. Researchers investigated student attitudes towards two teaching approaches-one utilising voice-output technology alone and the other combining voice-output with the Key Word Teaching technique. Methods {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Procedures: Ten student participants attended two simulated class sessions-one utilising voice-output technology alone and the other combining voice-output with the Key Word Teaching technique. Investigators analysed attitudinal survey results using nonparametric analyses. Qualitative approaches were employed to analyse transcripts of focus group discussions and written teaching evaluations. The investigators also compared university-based teaching evaluations from before JK's stroke to results obtained after the training protocol was completed. In addition, investigators videotaped and reviewed in-class teaching examples. Outcomes {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Results: In the Combined condition, students rated the professor and the presentation more positively on dependent measures related to rate, comfort, understandability, and their willingness to participate. In a ranking task, all students preferred the Combined teaching approach. The scores on JK's university-based teaching evaluations provided by her students the semester after Key Word Teaching training were similar to evaluations from before her stroke. In addition, excerpts from JK's classroom discourse revealed that she was now combining natural speech and synthesised speech output to enhance her teaching. Conclusions: Results suggest that students preferred the Combined teaching approach utilising both the synthesised speech from the computer and the Key Word Teaching technique. Also, the training protocol enabled JK to combine natural speech and synthesised computer output within the classroom setting in ways that she had been unable to prior to training. The results demonstrate how a thorough analysis of JK's communication needs, accompanied by explicit training in techniques to overcome barriers to participation, resulted in a successful vocational outcome that enabled JK to retain an important aspect of her identity.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {34th Annual Clinical Aphasiology Conference, Park City, UT, 2004}
 }
@@ -20190,7 +23655,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   volume = {19},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12960-021-00634-8},
-  abstract = {Background One of the biggest barriers to accessing safe surgical and anesthetic care is lack of trained providers. Uganda has one of the largest deficits in anesthesia providers in the world, and though they are increasing in number, they remain concentrated in the capital city. Salary is an oft-cited barrier to rural job choice, yet the size and sources of anesthesia provider incomes are unclear, and so the potential income loss from taking a rural job is unknown. Additionally, while salary augmentation is a common policy proposal to increase rural job uptake, the relative importance of non-monetary job factors in job choice is also unknown. Methods A survey on income sources and magnitude, and a Discrete Choice Experiment examining the relative importance of monetary and non-monetary factors in job choice, was administered to 37 and 47 physician anesthesiologists in Uganda, between May-June 2019. Results No providers worked only at government jobs. Providers earned most of their total income from a non-government job (50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of income, 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% of working hours), but worked more hours at their government job (36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of income, and 44\textbackslash textbackslash\% of working hours). Providers felt the most important job attributes were the quality of the facility and scope of practice they could provide, and the presence of a colleague (33\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% overall relative importance). These were more important than salary and living conditions (14\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% importance). Conclusions No providers accepted the salary from a government job alone, which was always augmented by other work. However, few providers worked only nongovernment jobs. Non-monetary incentives are powerful influencers of job preference, and may be leveraged as policy options to attract providers. Salary continues to be an important driver of job choice, and jobs with fewer income generating opportunities (e.g. private work in rural areas) are likely to need salary augmentation to attract providers.},
+  abstract = {Background One of the biggest barriers to accessing safe surgical and anesthetic care is lack of trained providers. Uganda has one of the largest deficits in anesthesia providers in the world, and though they are increasing in number, they remain concentrated in the capital city. Salary is an oft-cited barrier to rural job choice, yet the size and sources of anesthesia provider incomes are unclear, and so the potential income loss from taking a rural job is unknown. Additionally, while salary augmentation is a common policy proposal to increase rural job uptake, the relative importance of non-monetary job factors in job choice is also unknown. Methods A survey on income sources and magnitude, and a Discrete Choice Experiment examining the relative importance of monetary and non-monetary factors in job choice, was administered to 37 and 47 physician anesthesiologists in Uganda, between May-June 2019. Results No providers worked only at government jobs. Providers earned most of their total income from a non-government job (50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of income, 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of working hours), but worked more hours at their government job (36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of income, and 44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of working hours). Providers felt the most important job attributes were the quality of the facility and scope of practice they could provide, and the presence of a colleague (33{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% overall relative importance). These were more important than salary and living conditions (14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% importance). Conclusions No providers accepted the salary from a government job alone, which was always augmented by other work. However, few providers worked only nongovernment jobs. Non-monetary incentives are powerful influencers of job preference, and may be leveraged as policy options to attract providers. Salary continues to be an important driver of job choice, and jobs with fewer income generating opportunities (e.g. private work in rural areas) are likely to need salary augmentation to attract providers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20253,7 +23718,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   author = {Le, Giang Huong and Aartsen, Marja},
   year = {2022},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   issn = {0144-686X},
   doi = {10.1017/S0144686X22001106},
   abstract = {Although volunteering is considered a good strategy for successful ageing, not many older adults are engaged in voluntary work and those who are do so mainly sporadically. This study focuses on time invested in volunteering rather than on doing voluntary work or not, as is often done in studies so far. By combining the theory of resources for volunteering with a functional and structural approach to volunteering, this cross-sectional study seeks to shed light on a wide range of factors associated with the intensity of volunteering. The study is based on a sample of 1,599 volunteers aged 50 and older participating in the Norwegian study on Life Course, Ageing and Generation Study (NorLAG). The survey includes, among others, detailed information about demographics and time invested in voluntary work and questions about attitudes, motivations, structural and other potential barriers to volunteering. Multivariate linear regression analyses indicate that a religious attitude is associated with elevated hours spent on voluntary work, while co-habitation is associated with a decreased engagement in voluntary work. In addition, people who are motivated to volunteer because they find it interesting and because volunteering allows them to use their competence spend more time volunteering. Human capital, i.e. education, income and subjective health, are not associated with the number of hours invested in voluntary work. The likelihood of contributing more volunteering hours of older men is 17.5 per cent higher than that of older women. We found no indication of a relation between work status, functional limitations, urbanisation or ethnicity and voluntary work engagement. Policies aiming to increase time investment of volunteers should strive for an optimal fit between the nature of the voluntary work and the interests and skills of the volunteers. In designing interventions to stimulate higher engagement in voluntary work, one should further promote strategies for flexible time commitment.},
@@ -20299,7 +23764,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas
   pages = {955--963},
   issn = {0933-7954},
   doi = {10.1007/s00127-019-01684-z},
-  abstract = {BackgroundPoor transitions to adult care from child and adolescent mental health services may increase the risk of disengagement and long-term negative outcomes. However, studies of transitions in mental health care are commonly difficult to administer and little is known about the determinants of successful transition. The persistence of health inequalities related to access, care, and outcome is now well accepted including the inverse care law which suggests that those most in need of services may be the least likely to obtain them. We sought to examine the pathways and determinants of transition, including the role of social class.MethodA retrospective systematic examination of electronic records and case notes of young people eligible to transition to adult care over a 4-year period across five Health and Social Care NHS Trusts in Northern Ireland.ResultsWe identified 373 service users eligible for transition. While a high proportion of eligible patients made the transition to adult services, very few received an optimal transition process and many dropped out of services or subsequently disengaged. Clinical factors, rather than social class, appear to be more influential in the transition pathway. However, those not in employment, education or training (NEET) were more likely (OR 3.04: 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.34, 6.91) to have been referred to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS), as were those with a risk assessment or diagnosis (OR 4.89: 2.45, 9.80 and OR 3.36: 1.78, 6.34), respectively.ConclusionsDespite the importance of a smoother transition to adult services, surprisingly, few patients experience this. There is a need for stronger standardised policies and guidelines to ensure optimal transitional care to AMHS. The barriers between different arms of psychiatry appear to persist. Joint working and shared arrangements between child and adolescent and adult mental health services should be fostered.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundPoor transitions to adult care from child and adolescent mental health services may increase the risk of disengagement and long-term negative outcomes. However, studies of transitions in mental health care are commonly difficult to administer and little is known about the determinants of successful transition. The persistence of health inequalities related to access, care, and outcome is now well accepted including the inverse care law which suggests that those most in need of services may be the least likely to obtain them. We sought to examine the pathways and determinants of transition, including the role of social class.MethodA retrospective systematic examination of electronic records and case notes of young people eligible to transition to adult care over a 4-year period across five Health and Social Care NHS Trusts in Northern Ireland.ResultsWe identified 373 service users eligible for transition. While a high proportion of eligible patients made the transition to adult services, very few received an optimal transition process and many dropped out of services or subsequently disengaged. Clinical factors, rather than social class, appear to be more influential in the transition pathway. However, those not in employment, education or training (NEET) were more likely (OR 3.04: 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.34, 6.91) to have been referred to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS), as were those with a risk assessment or diagnosis (OR 4.89: 2.45, 9.80 and OR 3.36: 1.78, 6.34), respectively.ConclusionsDespite the importance of a smoother transition to adult services, surprisingly, few patients experience this. There is a need for stronger standardised policies and guidelines to ensure optimal transitional care to AMHS. The barriers between different arms of psychiatry appear to persist. Joint working and shared arrangements between child and adolescent and adult mental health services should be fostered.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract},
   note = {looks at transition outcomes of mental healthcare patients from adolescence to adult;
@@ -20317,7 +23782,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   number = {1},
   issn = {2574-3805},
   doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32676},
-  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Physician well-being is a critical component of sustainable health care. There are few data on the effects of multilevel well-being programs nor a clear understanding of where and how to target resources. OBJECTIVE To inform the design of future well-being interventions by exploring individual and workplace factors associated with surgical trainees' well-being, differences by gender identity, and end-user perceptions of these initiatives. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This mixed-methods study among surgical trainees within a single US academic surgical department included a questionnaire in January 2019 (98 participants, including general surgery residents and clinical fellows) and a focus group (9 participants, all clinical residents who recently completed their third postgraduate year \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracePGY 3]) in July 2019. Participants self-reported gender (man, woman, nonbinary). EXPOSURES Individual and organizational-level initiatives, including mindfulness-based affective regulation training (via Enhanced Stress Resilience Training), advanced scheduling of time off, wellness half-days, and the creation of a resident-driven well-being committee. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Well-being was explored using validated measures of psychosocial risk (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, alcohol use, languishing, anxiety, high psychological demand) and resilience (mindfulness, social support, flourishing) factors. End-user perceptions were assessed through open-ended responses and a formal focus group. RESULTS Of 98 participants surveyed, 64 responded (response rate, 65\textbackslash textbackslash\%), of whom 35 (55\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were women. Women vs men trainees were significantly more likely to report high depersonalization (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 5.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.38-21.85) and less likely to report high mindfulness tendencies (OR, 0.17; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.05-0.53). Open-ended responses highlighted time and priorities as the greatest barriers to using well-being resources. Focus group findings reflected Job Demand-Resource theory tenets, revealing the value of individual-level interventions to provide coping skills, the benefit of advance scheduling of time off for maintaining personal support resources, the importance of work quality rather than quantity, and the demoralizing effect of inefficient or nonresponsive systems. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, surgical trainees indicated that multilevel well-being programs would benefit them, but tailoring these initiatives to individual needs and specific workplace elements is critical to maximizing intervention effects.},
+  abstract = {IMPORTANCE Physician well-being is a critical component of sustainable health care. There are few data on the effects of multilevel well-being programs nor a clear understanding of where and how to target resources. OBJECTIVE To inform the design of future well-being interventions by exploring individual and workplace factors associated with surgical trainees' well-being, differences by gender identity, and end-user perceptions of these initiatives. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This mixed-methods study among surgical trainees within a single US academic surgical department included a questionnaire in January 2019 (98 participants, including general surgery residents and clinical fellows) and a focus group (9 participants, all clinical residents who recently completed their third postgraduate year {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracePGY 3]) in July 2019. Participants self-reported gender (man, woman, nonbinary). EXPOSURES Individual and organizational-level initiatives, including mindfulness-based affective regulation training (via Enhanced Stress Resilience Training), advanced scheduling of time off, wellness half-days, and the creation of a resident-driven well-being committee. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Well-being was explored using validated measures of psychosocial risk (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, alcohol use, languishing, anxiety, high psychological demand) and resilience (mindfulness, social support, flourishing) factors. End-user perceptions were assessed through open-ended responses and a formal focus group. RESULTS Of 98 participants surveyed, 64 responded (response rate, 65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), of whom 35 (55{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were women. Women vs men trainees were significantly more likely to report high depersonalization (odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR], 5.50; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.38-21.85) and less likely to report high mindfulness tendencies (OR, 0.17; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.05-0.53). Open-ended responses highlighted time and priorities as the greatest barriers to using well-being resources. Focus group findings reflected Job Demand-Resource theory tenets, revealing the value of individual-level interventions to provide coping skills, the benefit of advance scheduling of time off for maintaining personal support resources, the importance of work quality rather than quantity, and the demoralizing effect of inefficient or nonresponsive systems. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, surgical trainees indicated that multilevel well-being programs would benefit them, but tailoring these initiatives to individual needs and specific workplace elements is critical to maximizing intervention effects.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20377,7 +23842,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW},
   volume = {135},
   number = {5},
-  pages = {485-\textbackslash textbackslash\&},
+  pages = {485-{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&},
   issn = {0020-7780},
   abstract = {Rapid growth in world trade, foreign direct investment and cross-border financial flows is a sign of increased globalization of the world economy. The worldwide wave of economic liberalization driving these changes has raised significant apprehensions about the implications of globalization for employment and income inequality. This article seeks to allay some of these fears: that unemployment and wage inequality will inevitably increase in industrialized and developing countries; that an emerging global labour market implies a race to the bottom in wages and labour standards; and that these new problems mean the loss of national policy autonomy and government impotence.},
   langid = {english}
@@ -20397,6 +23862,21 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Lee2005,
+  title = {Female Labour Force Participation during Economic Crises in {{Argentina}} and the {{Republic}} of {{Korea}}},
+  author = {Lee, Kye Woo and Cho, Kisuk},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {International Labour Review},
+  volume = {144},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {423--450},
+  issn = {0020-7780, 1564-913X},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1564-913X.2005.tb00576.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Lee2007,
   title = {Work Barriers in the Context of Pathways to the Employment of Welfare-to-Work Clients},
   author = {Lee, Shawna J. and Vinokur, Amiram D.},
@@ -20479,7 +23959,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-12276-5},
-  abstract = {Background Individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) who have poor health behaviors are at a greater risk for various health outcomes. This study compared the health behaviors and health literacy between individuals with non-IFG and IFG; factors that were associated with IFG were identified by sex. Methods This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that used a stratified, multi-stage, cluster-sampling design to obtain a nationally representative sample. This study analyzed the KNHANES Health Examination Survey and Health Behavior Survey from 2016 to 2018 (N=9919). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to compute the odds ratios of health behaviors and health literacy to identify the risk factors for IFG. Results The prevalence of IFG among the total was 29.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (weighted n=2826, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 27.8-30.2). In the IFG group, 63.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% were male and 36.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female (X-2=320.57, p{$<$}.001). In multiple logistic regression by sex, the factors associated with IFG in male were as follows: age (50s; OR=2.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.79-3.13), high BMI (OR=2.27, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.78-2.90), frequent drinking (OR=1.83, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.23-2.72), and using nutrition fact labels (OR=1.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05-1.75). Low economic status (OR=4.18, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.57-11.15) and high BMI (OR=2.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.29-4.28) were the affecting factors in female. On the other hand, employment status, perceived stress, and job type were not related to IFG in both male and female. Conclusions Strategies should be targeted to improve health behaviors and health literacy for those in their 40s and 60s, male in shift work, those who frequently dine out, overweight male, female with low economic statuses, and frequent drinkers. Moreover, healthcare providers should understand the barriers to health behaviors and literacy to effectively deliver healthcare service.},
+  abstract = {Background Individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) who have poor health behaviors are at a greater risk for various health outcomes. This study compared the health behaviors and health literacy between individuals with non-IFG and IFG; factors that were associated with IFG were identified by sex. Methods This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that used a stratified, multi-stage, cluster-sampling design to obtain a nationally representative sample. This study analyzed the KNHANES Health Examination Survey and Health Behavior Survey from 2016 to 2018 (N=9919). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to compute the odds ratios of health behaviors and health literacy to identify the risk factors for IFG. Results The prevalence of IFG among the total was 29.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (weighted n=2826, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 27.8-30.2). In the IFG group, 63.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were male and 36.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female (X-2=320.57, p{$<$}.001). In multiple logistic regression by sex, the factors associated with IFG in male were as follows: age (50s; OR=2.36, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.79-3.13), high BMI (OR=2.27, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.78-2.90), frequent drinking (OR=1.83, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.23-2.72), and using nutrition fact labels (OR=1.35, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.05-1.75). Low economic status (OR=4.18, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.57-11.15) and high BMI (OR=2.35, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.29-4.28) were the affecting factors in female. On the other hand, employment status, perceived stress, and job type were not related to IFG in both male and female. Conclusions Strategies should be targeted to improve health behaviors and health literacy for those in their 40s and 60s, male in shift work, those who frequently dine out, overweight male, female with low economic statuses, and frequent drinkers. Moreover, healthcare providers should understand the barriers to health behaviors and literacy to effectively deliver healthcare service.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20528,12 +24008,27 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Leijten2015,
+  title = {The Influence of Chronic Health Problems and Work-Related Factors on Loss of Paid Employment among Older Workers},
+  author = {Leijten, Fenna R M and De Wind, Astrid and Van Den Heuvel, Swenne G and Ybema, Jan Fekke and Van Der Beek, Allard J and Robroek, Suzan J W and Burdorf, Alex},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health},
+  volume = {69},
+  number = {11},
+  pages = {1058--1065},
+  issn = {0143-005X, 1470-2738},
+  doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-205719},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Leime2019,
   title = {Working Later in the {{USA}} and {{Ireland}}: Implications for Precariously and Securely Employed Women},
   author = {Leime, A. Ni and Street, Debra},
   year = {2019},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {39},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2194--2218},
@@ -20559,11 +24054,26 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Leite2019,
+  title = {Women Economic Empowerment via Cash Transfer and Microcredit Programs Is Enough to Decrease Intimate Partner Violence? {{Evidence}} from a Systematic Review},
+  shorttitle = {Women Economic Empowerment via Cash Transfer and Microcredit Programs Is Enough to Decrease Intimate Partner Violence?},
+  author = {Leite, Tatiana Henriques and Moraes, Claudia Leite De and Marques, Emanuele Souza and Caetano, Rosangela and Braga, Jos{\'e} Ueleres and Reichenheim, Michael Eduardo},
+  year = {2019},
+  journal = {Cadernos de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica},
+  volume = {35},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {e00174818},
+  issn = {1678-4464, 0102-311X},
+  doi = {10.1590/0102-311x00174818},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem. Many proposals aiming to eliminate its occurrence include the empowerment of women through their socio-economic development. In this context, some studies suggested that microcredit programs (MP) and cash transfer programs (CTP) are initiatives that can also reduce the risk of IPV. Others pointed to an opposite effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of women's economic empowerment in MP and CTP on the risk of physical, psychological and sexual violence through a systematic review. Papers/documents selection was conducted by two researchers according to the following criteria: published in English, Portuguese or Spanish; primary data; assessing the effect of MP or CTP on IPV; in heterosexual couples; on women beneficiaries of the intervention; using a comparator group eligible for an MP or CTP; and focusing on risk IPV as the outcomes. Our results showed that the impact of MP are mixed when it comes to physical and physical/sexual violence. Even so, the review suggests that the effect of MP on sexual violence is trivial or nonexistent. Regarding the impact of CTPs, the present study showed that the effects on physical, physical/sexual, psychological, and sexual violence were also heterogeneous. Women more empowered and with some autonomy could be at risk. Despite that, participation in the empowerment program should be encouraged for poor women and families. However, parallel interventions to lead with IPV should be addressed to the main actions to reduce the risk of increasing IPV prevalence in certain scenarios.           ,              La violencia dom{\'e}stica (VPI por sus siglas en portugu{\'e}s) es un problema de salud p{\'u}blica en todo el mundo. Las propuestas para eliminarla incluyen el empoderamiento de las mujeres a trav{\'e}s de su desarrollo socioecon{\'o}mico. Algunos estudios sugieren que los programas de microcr{\'e}dito (PMCs) y de transferencia de renta (PTRs) son iniciativas capaces de reducir el riesgo de VPI. Otros estudios indican un efecto contrario. Bas{\'a}ndonos en una revisi{\'o}n sistem{\'a}tica, el estudio procur{\'o} investigar la influencia del empoderamiento econ{\'o}mico de las mujeres, a trav{\'e}s de PMCs y PTRs, sobre el riesgo de violencia f{\'i}sica, psicol{\'o}gica y sexual. Los art{\'i}culos y documentos fueron seleccionados por dos investigadores, de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios: estudios publicados en ingl{\'e}s, portugu{\'e}s o espa{\~n}ol; datos primarios; evaluaci{\'o}n del efecto del PMC o PTR sobre la VPI; parejas heterosexuales; mujeres beneficiarias de la intervenci{\'o}n; un grupo de comparaci{\'o}n elegible para un PMC o PTR y centrados en el riesgo de VPI como desenlace. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, el impacto de los PMCs es mixto en lo que se refiere a la violencia f{\'i}sica y f{\'i}sica/sexual. No obstante, la revisi{\'o}n sugiere que el efecto de los PMCs sobre la violencia sexual es trivial o inexistente. En relaci{\'o}n con el impacto de los PTRs, el estudio mostr{\'o} que los efectos sobre la violencia f{\'i}sica, f{\'i}sica/sexual, psicol{\'o}gica y sexual tambi{\'e}n son heterog{\'e}neos. Las mujeres m{\'a}s empoderadas y con alguna autonom{\'i}a podr{\'i}an estar en riesgo. Sin embargo, la participaci{\'o}n en el programa de empoderamiento debe incentivarse en el caso de las mujeres y familias pobres. Las intervenciones paralelas para combatir VPI deben dar prioridad a medidas para reducir el riesgo de aumento de la prevalencia de esta violencia en determinados contextos.           ,              A viol{\^e}ncia entre parceiros {\'i}ntimos (VPI) {\'e} um problema de sa{\'u}de p{\'u}blica de alcance global. Muitas propostas para eliminar a VPI incluem o empoderamento das mulheres atrav{\'e}s do desenvolvimento socioecon{\^o}mico individual. Nesse contexto, alguns estudos sugerem que programas de microcr{\'e}dito (PMC) e de transfer{\^e}ncia de renda (PTR) tamb{\'e}m podem reduzir o risco de VPI, enquanto outros apontam para um efeito oposto. Atrav{\'e}s de uma revis{\~a}o sistem{\'a}tica, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a influ{\^e}ncia do empoderamento econ{\^o}mico das mulheres atrav{\'e}s de PMCs e PTRs sobre o risco de viol{\^e}ncia f{\'i}sica, psicol{\'o}gica e sexual. A sele{\c c}{\~a}o de artigos e documentos foi realizada por dois pesquisadores, com base nos seguintes crit{\'e}rios: publica{\c c}{\~a}o em ingl{\^e}s, portugu{\^e}s ou espanhol; dados prim{\'a}rios; avalia{\c c}{\~a}o do efeito de PMC ou PTR sobre VPI; casais heterossexuais; mulheres benefici{\'a}rias da interven{\c c}{\~a}o; uso de um grupo de compara{\c c}{\~a}o eleg{\'i}vel para um PMC ou PTR e foco sobre o risco de VPI como o desfecho. Nossos resultados mostraram que o impacto dos PMCs {\'e} misto no que diz respeito {\`a} viol{\^e}ncia f{\'i}sica e f{\'i}sica/sexual. Contanto, a revis{\~a}o sugere que o efeito dos PMCs sobre a viol{\^e}ncia sexual {\'e} trivial ou inexistente. Quanto ao impacto dos PTRs, o estudo mostrou que os efeitos sobre a viol{\^e}ncia f{\'i}sica, f{\'i}sica/sexual, psicol{\'o}gica e sexual tamb{\'e}m foram heterog{\^e}neos. As mulheres mais empoderadas e com alguma autonomia poderiam estar em risco maior. Entretanto, a participa{\c c}{\~a}o no programa de empoderamento deve ser incentivada para as mulheres e fam{\'i}lias pobres. Interven{\c c}{\~o}es paralelas para l{\'i}der com a VPI devem focar nas principais medidas para reduzir o risco de aumento de preval{\^e}ncia de VPI em determinados cen{\'a}rios.}
+}
+
 @article{Leiulfsrud2016,
   title = {The Meaning of Employment from the Perspective of Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries in Six {{European}} Countries},
   author = {Leiulfsrud, Annelie Schedin and Ruoranen, Kaisa and Ostermann, Anne and Reinhardt, Jan D.},
   year = {2016},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {55},
   number = {1},
   pages = {133--144},
@@ -20667,7 +24177,7 @@ does NOT look at policy}
   doi = {10.2383/89515},
   abstract = {Bringing people with mental illness into employment is a phenomenon that has been extensively researched in recent years. A review to identify and synthesize available evidence on bringing this group into employment and the potential fields of interest related to barriers and facilitators has been carried out. The electronic search was done using 17 databases. In total 24 publications of systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-ethnographies aimed at individuating and systematizing barriers to work inclusion were included. The different process phases and the variety of circumstances that can slow down or push towards a certain condition of job seeker or employee, together with the rest of the results presented in this work, demonstrate the need to re-direct or extend the research focus related to this issue.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,intervention::employment\_support,intervention::therapy,intervention::training,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::meta,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::disability,intervention::employment\_support,intervention::therapy,intervention::training,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::meta,snowball\_source,TODO},
   note = {meta-review of barriers (and drivers) of inclusion into the labour market for people with disabilities (mental illness)
 \par
 main findings: employment outcomes seem increased for individuals able to hide their mental illness, practice of concealment of identity
@@ -20715,7 +24225,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {777--785},
   issn = {2168-6106},
   doi = {10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0192},
-  abstract = {This study of a nationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of noninstitutionalized residents estimates disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the number of socioeconomic and health-related disadvantages faced by US adults from 2008 to 2017. Key PointsQuestionAre US disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the cumulative number of socioeconomic or health-related disadvantages faced, and have such disparities widened over time? FindingsIn this nationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of US noninstitutionalized residents, the mean current smoking prevalence among 279 559 adults 25 years or older collapsed across 2008 to 2017 was successively higher with each additional form of disadvantage faced. Odds of current vs never smoking decreased from 2008 to 2017 for groups with 0 to 2 disadvantages but did not significantly change for groups facing 3 or more disadvantages. MeaningMultidisadvantaged groups may constitute a disproportionate percentage of US smokers, a disparity that recently widened. ImportanceUnderstanding emerging patterns of smoking disparities among disadvantaged populations can guide tobacco control policy. ObjectiveTo estimate disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the number of socioeconomic and health-related disadvantages faced by a population among US adults from 2008 to 2017. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsNationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of US noninstitutionalized residents. Polytomous regression estimated associations of disadvantage variables, survey year, and their interaction with the following 3 pairwise contrasts: current vs never smoking (estimate of overall disparities), current vs former smoking (unique contribution of disparities in smoking cessation), and former vs never smoking (unique contribution of disparities in smoking initiation). The setting was in-home face-to-face interviews. Participants were respondents in 2008 to 2017 survey years who were aged 25 years or older (N=279 559). ExposuresSelf-reported past-year unemployment, income below the federal poverty line, absence of high school diploma, disability/limitation interfering with daily functions, serious psychological distress on the Kessler 6-item screen, and at least 60 past-year heavy drinking days, each coded yes or no. These indicators were summed in a cumulative disadvantage index (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or 6). Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported current, former (ever smoked 100 cigarettes, had since quit, and not currently smoking), and never ({$<$}100 cigarettes) smoking. ResultsAmong 278 048 respondents (mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD] age, 51.9 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace16.8] years; 55.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) with data on smoking history (99.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample), the mean current smoking prevalence across 2008 to 2017 compared with populations without disadvantages was successively higher among populations with 1 disadvantage (21.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; current vs never smoking adjusted odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 2.34; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 2.27-2.43), 2 disadvantages (26.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 3.55; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 3.39-3.72), 3 disadvantages (35.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 5.35; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 5.05-5.66), 4 disadvantages (45.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 8.59; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 7.91-9.34), or 5 or 6 disadvantages (58.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 13.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%; OR, 14.70; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 12.30-17.50). In current vs former and former vs never smoking status contrasts, ORs were lower but also showed successively greater associations with increasing cumulative disadvantage. Current (vs never) smoking odds significantly declined each year among populations with 0 (OR, 0.95; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.94-0.96), 1 (OR, 0.96; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.95-0.97), or 2 (OR, 0.98; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 0.97-0.99) disadvantages but did not change across 2008 to 2017 among those with 3 or more disadvantages. Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study demonstrate that US disparities in smoking prevalence from 2008 to 2017 were successively larger with each additional disadvantage faced, were expressed in higher smoking initiation odds and lower smoking cessation odds, and widened over time.},
+  abstract = {This study of a nationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of noninstitutionalized residents estimates disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the number of socioeconomic and health-related disadvantages faced by US adults from 2008 to 2017. Key PointsQuestionAre US disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the cumulative number of socioeconomic or health-related disadvantages faced, and have such disparities widened over time? FindingsIn this nationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of US noninstitutionalized residents, the mean current smoking prevalence among 279 559 adults 25 years or older collapsed across 2008 to 2017 was successively higher with each additional form of disadvantage faced. Odds of current vs never smoking decreased from 2008 to 2017 for groups with 0 to 2 disadvantages but did not significantly change for groups facing 3 or more disadvantages. MeaningMultidisadvantaged groups may constitute a disproportionate percentage of US smokers, a disparity that recently widened. ImportanceUnderstanding emerging patterns of smoking disparities among disadvantaged populations can guide tobacco control policy. ObjectiveTo estimate disparities in smoking prevalence associated with the number of socioeconomic and health-related disadvantages faced by a population among US adults from 2008 to 2017. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsNationally representative cross-sectional annual household-based probability sample of US noninstitutionalized residents. Polytomous regression estimated associations of disadvantage variables, survey year, and their interaction with the following 3 pairwise contrasts: current vs never smoking (estimate of overall disparities), current vs former smoking (unique contribution of disparities in smoking cessation), and former vs never smoking (unique contribution of disparities in smoking initiation). The setting was in-home face-to-face interviews. Participants were respondents in 2008 to 2017 survey years who were aged 25 years or older (N=279 559). ExposuresSelf-reported past-year unemployment, income below the federal poverty line, absence of high school diploma, disability/limitation interfering with daily functions, serious psychological distress on the Kessler 6-item screen, and at least 60 past-year heavy drinking days, each coded yes or no. These indicators were summed in a cumulative disadvantage index (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or 6). Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported current, former (ever smoked 100 cigarettes, had since quit, and not currently smoking), and never ({$<$}100 cigarettes) smoking. ResultsAmong 278 048 respondents (mean {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD] age, 51.9 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace16.8] years; 55.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female) with data on smoking history (99.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the sample), the mean current smoking prevalence across 2008 to 2017 compared with populations without disadvantages was successively higher among populations with 1 disadvantage (21.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 13.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; current vs never smoking adjusted odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR], 2.34; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 2.27-2.43), 2 disadvantages (26.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 13.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; OR, 3.55; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 3.39-3.72), 3 disadvantages (35.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 13.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; OR, 5.35; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 5.05-5.66), 4 disadvantages (45.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 13.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; OR, 8.59; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 7.91-9.34), or 5 or 6 disadvantages (58.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 13.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; OR, 14.70; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 12.30-17.50). In current vs former and former vs never smoking status contrasts, ORs were lower but also showed successively greater associations with increasing cumulative disadvantage. Current (vs never) smoking odds significantly declined each year among populations with 0 (OR, 0.95; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.94-0.96), 1 (OR, 0.96; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.95-0.97), or 2 (OR, 0.98; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 0.97-0.99) disadvantages but did not change across 2008 to 2017 among those with 3 or more disadvantages. Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study demonstrate that US disparities in smoking prevalence from 2008 to 2017 were successively larger with each additional disadvantage faced, were expressed in higher smoking initiation odds and lower smoking cessation odds, and widened over time.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20744,7 +24254,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {9},
   pages = {1043--1054},
   issn = {0022-0337},
-  abstract = {Dental education on specific knowledge and intervention approaches for working with people living on welfare is crucial to the therapeutic success of the relationships dental professionals establish with this clientele. Despite growing attention to the importance of cultural competence and communication skills training in dentistry, very few initiatives have been documented in relation to serving low-income populations. Following discussions at a 2006 Montreal-based colloquium on access to dental care, academics, dental association administrators, and public health agency and antipoverty coalition representatives began collaborating to develop innovative pedagogy designed to increase providers' competence in interacting with their underprivileged patients. The group's first round of workshops (November 2006-October 2007) resulted in the creation of an original video-based tool containing testimonies from six individuals living currently or formerly on welfare. The videotaped interview data represent their perceptions and experiences regarding their oral health, dental care service provision, and poverty in general. This article describes the participative methods, the content of the resulting DVD, and the implications of the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveListening to Each Other\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace program, a collaborative knowledge translation approach for improving interaction between underprivileged people and dental care providers.},
+  abstract = {Dental education on specific knowledge and intervention approaches for working with people living on welfare is crucial to the therapeutic success of the relationships dental professionals establish with this clientele. Despite growing attention to the importance of cultural competence and communication skills training in dentistry, very few initiatives have been documented in relation to serving low-income populations. Following discussions at a 2006 Montreal-based colloquium on access to dental care, academics, dental association administrators, and public health agency and antipoverty coalition representatives began collaborating to develop innovative pedagogy designed to increase providers' competence in interacting with their underprivileged patients. The group's first round of workshops (November 2006-October 2007) resulted in the creation of an original video-based tool containing testimonies from six individuals living currently or formerly on welfare. The videotaped interview data represent their perceptions and experiences regarding their oral health, dental care service provision, and poverty in general. This article describes the participative methods, the content of the resulting DVD, and the implications of the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveListening to Each Other{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace program, a collaborative knowledge translation approach for improving interaction between underprivileged people and dental care providers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20762,6 +24272,22 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Levine1994,
+  title = {An {{Analysis}} by {{Gender}} of {{Long-Term Postschool Outcomes}} for {{Youth}} with and without {{Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Levine, Phyllis and Edgar, Eugene},
+  year = {1994},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Exceptional Children},
+  volume = {61},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {282--300},
+  issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560},
+  doi = {10.1177/001440299506100307},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This study analyzed gender differences in postschool outcomes for youth with learning disabilities, mild mental retardation, and no disabilities. Data were collected on two cohorts of graduates (549 youth who were graduated in 1985; 398 youth, in 1990) from three school districts. Data were collected at 1, 2, 6, and 7 years postgraduation. Comparisons were made between genders within disability groups on employment, postsecondary education attendance and graduation, engagement, independent living, marital status, and parenting. In contrast to the findings of other studies, few significant differences were noted between genders, except for the parenting category. A similar analysis between youth by disability category resulted in considerably more significant differences.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Lewis2017,
   title = {{{LGBT-Heterosexual Differences}} in {{Perceptions}} of {{Fair Treatment}} in the {{Federal Service}}},
   author = {Lewis, Gregory B. and Pitts, David W.},
@@ -20801,7 +24327,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {2},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0088330},
-  abstract = {Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a threat to health and development in countries with high TB burden. China's MDR-TB prevalence rate of 6.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% is the highest in the world. Interventions to remove barriers against effective TB control, and prevention of MDR-TB are urgently needed in the country. This paper reports a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 513 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, and qualitative interviews of 10 healthcare workers (HCWs), and 15 PTB patients. The objective was to assess barriers against effective control of PTB and prevention of MDR-TB by elucidating the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers. Results showed that more than half of the patients experienced patient delay of over 12.5 days. A similar proportion also experienced detection delay of over 30 days, and delay in initiating treatment of over 31 days. Consulting a non-TB health facility {$>$}= 3 times before seeking care at TB dispensary was a risk factor for both detection delay \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI): 1.89(1.07, 3.34) and delay in initiating treatment\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI): 1.88 (1.06, 3.36). Results revealed poor implementation of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), whereby treatment of 34.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% patients was never monitored by HCWs. Only 31.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% patients had ever accessed TB health education before their TB diagnosis. Qualitative data consistently disclosed long patient delay, and indicated that patient's poor TB knowledge and socioeconomic barriers were primary reasons for patient delay. Seeking care and being treated at a non-TB hospital was an important reason for detection delay. Patient's long work hours and low income increased risk for treatment non-adherence. Evidence-based measures to improve TB health seeking behavior, reduce patient and detection delays, improve the quality of DOT, address financial and system barriers, and increase access to TB health promotion are urgently needed to address the burgeoning prevalence of MDR-TB in China.},
+  abstract = {Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a threat to health and development in countries with high TB burden. China's MDR-TB prevalence rate of 6.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% is the highest in the world. Interventions to remove barriers against effective TB control, and prevention of MDR-TB are urgently needed in the country. This paper reports a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 513 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, and qualitative interviews of 10 healthcare workers (HCWs), and 15 PTB patients. The objective was to assess barriers against effective control of PTB and prevention of MDR-TB by elucidating the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers. Results showed that more than half of the patients experienced patient delay of over 12.5 days. A similar proportion also experienced detection delay of over 30 days, and delay in initiating treatment of over 31 days. Consulting a non-TB health facility {$>$}= 3 times before seeking care at TB dispensary was a risk factor for both detection delay {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceAOR (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI): 1.89(1.07, 3.34) and delay in initiating treatment{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceAOR (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI): 1.88 (1.06, 3.36). Results revealed poor implementation of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), whereby treatment of 34.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% patients was never monitored by HCWs. Only 31.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% patients had ever accessed TB health education before their TB diagnosis. Qualitative data consistently disclosed long patient delay, and indicated that patient's poor TB knowledge and socioeconomic barriers were primary reasons for patient delay. Seeking care and being treated at a non-TB hospital was an important reason for detection delay. Patient's long work hours and low income increased risk for treatment non-adherence. Evidence-based measures to improve TB health seeking behavior, reduce patient and detection delays, improve the quality of DOT, address financial and system barriers, and increase access to TB health promotion are urgently needed to address the burgeoning prevalence of MDR-TB in China.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20830,12 +24356,12 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {86--102},
   issn = {2168-6653},
   doi = {10.1891/RE-19-20},
-  abstract = {Background: Social and environmental participation endeavors are theorized to shape one's general satisfaction with the overall employment situation facing people with MS. Objective: Responding to a national survey of the employment concerns of Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS), this study examined the extent to which factors at the demographic, disease-related, and social and environmental participation levels contribute to the predictability power for general satisfaction with the employment situation for people with MS. Method: Participants in this study consisted of 1,149 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, participants were mostly older (average age of 50 years) White (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%) individuals, nearly half of whom were unemployed (47\textbackslash textbackslash\%) but well educated (98\textbackslash textbackslash\% were high school graduates, 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% were college graduates). Findings: Findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting how satisfied people with MS are with their overall employment situation. Conclusions: Younger, less educated individuals with higher levels of perceived quality of life who were employed full-time and experiencing no or lower levels of cognitive impairment were more likely than other participants to be satisfied with 17 high-priority employment concerns.},
+  abstract = {Background: Social and environmental participation endeavors are theorized to shape one's general satisfaction with the overall employment situation facing people with MS. Objective: Responding to a national survey of the employment concerns of Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS), this study examined the extent to which factors at the demographic, disease-related, and social and environmental participation levels contribute to the predictability power for general satisfaction with the employment situation for people with MS. Method: Participants in this study consisted of 1,149 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, participants were mostly older (average age of 50 years) White (74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) individuals, nearly half of whom were unemployed (47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) but well educated (98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were high school graduates, 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were college graduates). Findings: Findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting how satisfied people with MS are with their overall employment situation. Conclusions: Younger, less educated individuals with higher levels of perceived quality of life who were employed full-time and experiencing no or lower levels of cognitive impairment were more likely than other participants to be satisfied with 17 high-priority employment concerns.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Li2020a,
-  title = {Conservation Payments, off-Farm Employment and Household Welfare for Farmers Participating in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveGrain}} for {{Green}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Program in {{China Empirical}} Evidence from the {{Loess Plateau}}},
+  title = {Conservation Payments, off-Farm Employment and Household Welfare for Farmers Participating in the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveGrain}} for {{Green}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' Program in {{China Empirical}} Evidence from the {{Loess Plateau}}},
   author = {Li, Li and Tsunekawa, Atsushi and MacLachlan, Ian and Li, Guicai and Koike, Atsushi and Guo, Yuanyuan},
   year = {2020},
   journal = {CHINA AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REVIEW},
@@ -20869,7 +24395,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION},
   issn = {0020-7209},
   doi = {10.1177/00207209211005270},
-  abstract = {With the development of economy, society and science and technology, the disadvantages of the traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesubject based\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace curriculum system construction mode are increasingly apparent. Graduates go to the society, what they learn is not what they use. There is a phenomenon that education and employment deviate from each other. Even if they have a job, they have to learn again, which requires a longer adaptation period. According to the skills and abilities that human resource management (HRM) students may enter into after graduation, a targeted modular teaching system is constructed. The modular teaching system can carry out customized learning in advance according to the students' work goals, and grasp the required employability in advance. At the same time, the reform of the system also enriches the teaching methods of teachers. Through the questionnaire and experimental test, this paper finds that: modular teaching breaks the traditional curriculum design method under the framework of the discipline theoretical system, aims to cultivate students' professional ability, improve their adaptability to the job, and further enhance their practical employability. Experimental results: the relationship between the quality characteristics and academic performance of HRM students was verified, and the relationship between them and the influence model of causality were clarified. The results of the two classes are similar in the pre-test; and from the back results, we can see that the scores of the experimental class after the use of modular teaching are significantly improved, while the comparison class is not significantly improved compared with before the experiment, which fully shows that the implementation of modular teaching can help students improve their comprehensive performance. The path coefficient of growth driven to academic performance is 0.428, the path coefficient of learning development to academic performance is 0.122, and interpersonal skills affect academic performance indirectly. It fully verifies the relationship between the quality characteristic model and academic performance, and shows that the quality characteristic model constructed is relatively perfect and can be used as a reference for students' evaluation.},
+  abstract = {With the development of economy, society and science and technology, the disadvantages of the traditional {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesubject based{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace curriculum system construction mode are increasingly apparent. Graduates go to the society, what they learn is not what they use. There is a phenomenon that education and employment deviate from each other. Even if they have a job, they have to learn again, which requires a longer adaptation period. According to the skills and abilities that human resource management (HRM) students may enter into after graduation, a targeted modular teaching system is constructed. The modular teaching system can carry out customized learning in advance according to the students' work goals, and grasp the required employability in advance. At the same time, the reform of the system also enriches the teaching methods of teachers. Through the questionnaire and experimental test, this paper finds that: modular teaching breaks the traditional curriculum design method under the framework of the discipline theoretical system, aims to cultivate students' professional ability, improve their adaptability to the job, and further enhance their practical employability. Experimental results: the relationship between the quality characteristics and academic performance of HRM students was verified, and the relationship between them and the influence model of causality were clarified. The results of the two classes are similar in the pre-test; and from the back results, we can see that the scores of the experimental class after the use of modular teaching are significantly improved, while the comparison class is not significantly improved compared with before the experiment, which fully shows that the implementation of modular teaching can help students improve their comprehensive performance. The path coefficient of growth driven to academic performance is 0.428, the path coefficient of learning development to academic performance is 0.122, and interpersonal skills affect academic performance indirectly. It fully verifies the relationship between the quality characteristic model and academic performance, and shows that the quality characteristic model constructed is relatively perfect and can be used as a reference for students' evaluation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20897,7 +24423,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {43--59},
   issn = {1751-6234},
   doi = {10.1080/17516234.2021.1920327},
-  abstract = {This study, adopting a secondary analysis from the Low-income and Middle-income Family Living Condition Survey 2018, aims to investigate the magnitude, the basic characteristics, the working conditions of the working poor in Taiwan as well as to assess the government's policy responses. This study found that the working poor are a group of people who are mainly 26 to 45 years old, high school graduates, technical or service workers. Approximately 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the working poor work full-time but still have a family income below the poverty line, indicating that the typical situation of the working poor is \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelong working hours and low wages\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In recent years, Taiwan has developed policies to respond to it, including expanding the scope of social assistance and doubling the beneficiaries, raising the minimum wage, protecting the employment rights of atypical workers, providing child allowances, promoting the employment of the disadvantaged, and expanding childcare and long term care services. These policies all have resulted in significant progress. However, the main issue remaining to be addressed is the strict criteria employed in the poverty screening process. These criteria urgently need to be modified to allow more working poor to enter into the social assistance system and obtain assistance. Additionally, reforms in the distribution of social assistance resources and in an aspect of the tax system are suggested.},
+  abstract = {This study, adopting a secondary analysis from the Low-income and Middle-income Family Living Condition Survey 2018, aims to investigate the magnitude, the basic characteristics, the working conditions of the working poor in Taiwan as well as to assess the government's policy responses. This study found that the working poor are a group of people who are mainly 26 to 45 years old, high school graduates, technical or service workers. Approximately 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the working poor work full-time but still have a family income below the poverty line, indicating that the typical situation of the working poor is {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravelong working hours and low wages{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. In recent years, Taiwan has developed policies to respond to it, including expanding the scope of social assistance and doubling the beneficiaries, raising the minimum wage, protecting the employment rights of atypical workers, providing child allowances, promoting the employment of the disadvantaged, and expanding childcare and long term care services. These policies all have resulted in significant progress. However, the main issue remaining to be addressed is the strict criteria employed in the poverty screening process. These criteria urgently need to be modified to allow more working poor to enter into the social assistance system and obtain assistance. Additionally, reforms in the distribution of social assistance resources and in an aspect of the tax system are suggested.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20911,7 +24437,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {2},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054169},
-  abstract = {Objectives The growth and development of smartphones and eHealth technologies have enabled the potential for extended care hospitals (e-hospitals) in China in order to facilitate the success of a primary healthcare centre (PHC)-based integrated delivery model. Although the adoption of e-hospitals is essential, few studies have directed their research towards understanding the perspectives of healthcare providers. This study aims to identify the current readiness of healthcare providers to adopt e-hospital technologies, determine the factors influencing this adoption and describe the perceived facilitators and barriers in regard to working at e-hospitals. Design A cross-sectional study conducted in Sichuan, China, between June and September 2019. Settings Information was collected from healthcare providers who have more than 3 years of work experience from a tertiary hospital, secondary hospital, PHCs and private hospital. Participants 2298 medical professionals were included in this study. Outcome measure This study included a self-administered questionnaire that was used to assess participants' sociodemographic characteristics, online medical practices, willingness to use e-hospitals and perceived facilitators/barriers to working at e-hospitals. Multivariate regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the independent factors associated with e-hospital work. Results Overall, 86.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% had a positive response towards working at e-hospitals. Age (p{$<$}0.05), familiarity with e-hospitals (p{$<$}0.001) and prior work practices in online healthcare settings (p{$<$}0.001) were associated with participants' readiness to work at e-hospitals. Gender, education level, professional level, the tier of their affiliated hospital and workload were not statistically associated. Healthcare providers who had positive attitudes towards e-hospitals considered improved efficiency, patient satisfaction, communication among physicians, increased reputation and income, and alleviated workload to be advantages of adoption. The participants who were unwilling to work at e-hospitals perceived lack of time, insufficient authenticity/reliability and underdeveloped policies as potential barriers. Conclusion Improving operative proficiency in electronic devices, accommodating to work schedules, increasing familiarity with e-hospitals and regulating practices will improve the readiness of healthcare providers to work at e-hospitals.},
+  abstract = {Objectives The growth and development of smartphones and eHealth technologies have enabled the potential for extended care hospitals (e-hospitals) in China in order to facilitate the success of a primary healthcare centre (PHC)-based integrated delivery model. Although the adoption of e-hospitals is essential, few studies have directed their research towards understanding the perspectives of healthcare providers. This study aims to identify the current readiness of healthcare providers to adopt e-hospital technologies, determine the factors influencing this adoption and describe the perceived facilitators and barriers in regard to working at e-hospitals. Design A cross-sectional study conducted in Sichuan, China, between June and September 2019. Settings Information was collected from healthcare providers who have more than 3 years of work experience from a tertiary hospital, secondary hospital, PHCs and private hospital. Participants 2298 medical professionals were included in this study. Outcome measure This study included a self-administered questionnaire that was used to assess participants' sociodemographic characteristics, online medical practices, willingness to use e-hospitals and perceived facilitators/barriers to working at e-hospitals. Multivariate regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the independent factors associated with e-hospital work. Results Overall, 86.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had a positive response towards working at e-hospitals. Age (p{$<$}0.05), familiarity with e-hospitals (p{$<$}0.001) and prior work practices in online healthcare settings (p{$<$}0.001) were associated with participants' readiness to work at e-hospitals. Gender, education level, professional level, the tier of their affiliated hospital and workload were not statistically associated. Healthcare providers who had positive attitudes towards e-hospitals considered improved efficiency, patient satisfaction, communication among physicians, increased reputation and income, and alleviated workload to be advantages of adoption. The participants who were unwilling to work at e-hospitals perceived lack of time, insufficient authenticity/reliability and underdeveloped policies as potential barriers. Conclusion Improving operative proficiency in electronic devices, accommodating to work schedules, increasing familiarity with e-hospitals and regulating practices will improve the readiness of healthcare providers to work at e-hospitals.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20939,7 +24465,23 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-022-01805-2},
-  abstract = {BackgroundPoverty vulnerability has been defined as the likelihood of a family falling into poverty in the upcoming months. Inequality is a major cause of poverty vulnerability in developing countries. There is evidence that establishing effective government subsidies and public service mechanisms significantly reduces health poverty vulnerability. One of the ways to study poverty vulnerability is by using empirical data such as income elasticity of demand to perform the analysis. Income elasticity refers to the extent to which changes in consumers' income affect changes in demand for commodities or public goods. In this work, we assess health poverty vulnerability in rural and urban China. We provide two levels of evidence on the marginal effects of the design and implementation of government subsidies and public mechanisms in reducing health poverty vulnerability, before and after incorporating the income elasticity of demand for health.MethodsMultidimensional physical and mental health poverty indexes, according to the Oxford Poverty \textbackslash textbackslash\& Human Development Initiative and the Andersen model, were implemented to measure health poverty vulnerability by using the 2018 China Family Panel Survey database (CFPS) as the data source for empirical analysis. The income elasticity of demand for health care was used as the key mediating variable of impact. Our assessment was conducted by a two-level multidimensional logistic regression using STATA16 software.ResultsThe first level regression indicates that the marginal utility of public mechanism (PM) in reducing urban and rural vulnerability as expected poverty on physical and mental health (VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH) was insignificant. On the other hand, government subsidies (GS) policies had a positive suppression effect on VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH to a relatively low degree. The second level regression found that given the diversity of health needs across individual households, i.e., the income elasticity of demand (HE) for health care products, PM and GS policies have a significant effect in reducing VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH in rural and urban areas. Our analysis has verified the significant positive impact of enacting accurate GS and PM policies on effectively reducing VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH in rural as well as urban areas.ConclusionsThis study shows that implementing government subsidies and public mechanisms has a positive marginal effect on reducing VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH. Meanwhile, there are individual variations in health demands, urban-rural disparities, and regional disparities in the effects of GS and PM on inhibiting VEP-PH\textbackslash textbackslash\&MH. Therefore, special consideration needs to be given to the differences in the degree of health needs of individual residents among urban and rural areas and regions with varying economic development. Furthermore, considerations of this approach in the current worldwide scenario are analyzed.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundPoverty vulnerability has been defined as the likelihood of a family falling into poverty in the upcoming months. Inequality is a major cause of poverty vulnerability in developing countries. There is evidence that establishing effective government subsidies and public service mechanisms significantly reduces health poverty vulnerability. One of the ways to study poverty vulnerability is by using empirical data such as income elasticity of demand to perform the analysis. Income elasticity refers to the extent to which changes in consumers' income affect changes in demand for commodities or public goods. In this work, we assess health poverty vulnerability in rural and urban China. We provide two levels of evidence on the marginal effects of the design and implementation of government subsidies and public mechanisms in reducing health poverty vulnerability, before and after incorporating the income elasticity of demand for health.MethodsMultidimensional physical and mental health poverty indexes, according to the Oxford Poverty {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Human Development Initiative and the Andersen model, were implemented to measure health poverty vulnerability by using the 2018 China Family Panel Survey database (CFPS) as the data source for empirical analysis. The income elasticity of demand for health care was used as the key mediating variable of impact. Our assessment was conducted by a two-level multidimensional logistic regression using STATA16 software.ResultsThe first level regression indicates that the marginal utility of public mechanism (PM) in reducing urban and rural vulnerability as expected poverty on physical and mental health (VEP-PH{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MH) was insignificant. On the other hand, government subsidies (GS) policies had a positive suppression effect on VEP-PH{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MH to a relatively low degree. The second level regression found that given the diversity of health needs across individual households, i.e., the income elasticity of demand (HE) for health care products, PM and GS policies have a significant effect in reducing VEP-PH{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MH in rural and urban areas. Our analysis has verified the significant positive impact of enacting accurate GS and PM policies on effectively reducing VEP-PH{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MH in rural as well as urban areas.ConclusionsThis study shows that implementing government subsidies and public mechanisms has a positive marginal effect on reducing VEP-PH{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MH. Meanwhile, there are individual variations in health demands, urban-rural disparities, and regional disparities in the effects of GS and PM on inhibiting VEP-PH{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MH. Therefore, special consideration needs to be given to the differences in the degree of health needs of individual residents among urban and rural areas and regions with varying economic development. Furthermore, considerations of this approach in the current worldwide scenario are analyzed.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Liberati2009,
+  title = {The {{PRISMA Statement}} for {{Reporting Systematic Reviews}} and {{Meta-Analyses}} of {{Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions}}: {{Explanation}} and {{Elaboration}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{PRISMA Statement}} for {{Reporting Systematic Reviews}} and {{Meta-Analyses}} of {{Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions}}},
+  author = {Liberati, Alessandro and Altman, Douglas G. and Tetzlaff, Jennifer and Mulrow, Cynthia and G{\o}tzsche, Peter C. and Ioannidis, John P. A. and Clarke, Mike and Devereaux, P. J. and Kleijnen, Jos and Moher, David},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {PLoS Medicine},
+  volume = {6},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {e1000100},
+  issn = {1549-1676},
+  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20955,7 +24497,7 @@ policy recc:
   issn = {2397-3374},
   doi = {10.1038/s41562-022-01350-6},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract             The transition to remote learning in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might have led to dramatic setbacks in education. Taking advantage of the fact that S\~ao Paulo State featured in-person classes for most of the first school quarter of 2020 but not thereafter, we estimate the effects of remote learning in secondary education using a differences-in-differences strategy that contrasts variation in students' outcomes across different school quarters, before and during the pandemic. We also estimate intention-to-treat effects of reopening schools in the pandemic through a triple-differences strategy, contrasting changes in educational outcomes across municipalities and grades that resumed in-person classes or not over the last school quarter in 2020. We find that, under remote learning, dropout risk increased by 365\% while test scores decreased by 0.32 s.d., as if students had only learned 27.5\% of the in-person equivalent. Partially resuming in-person classes increased test scores by 20\% relative to the control group.},
+  abstract = {Abstract             The transition to remote learning in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might have led to dramatic setbacks in education. Taking advantage of the fact that S{\~a}o Paulo State featured in-person classes for most of the first school quarter of 2020 but not thereafter, we estimate the effects of remote learning in secondary education using a differences-in-differences strategy that contrasts variation in students' outcomes across different school quarters, before and during the pandemic. We also estimate intention-to-treat effects of reopening schools in the pandemic through a triple-differences strategy, contrasting changes in educational outcomes across municipalities and grades that resumed in-person classes or not over the last school quarter in 2020. We find that, under remote learning, dropout risk increased by 365\% while test scores decreased by 0.32 s.d., as if students had only learned 27.5\% of the in-person equivalent. Partially resuming in-person classes increased test scores by 20\% relative to the control group.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20970,7 +24512,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1341--1375},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.1080/09638280701320839},
-  abstract = {Purpose. To review literature on return to work (RTW) and employment in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), and present employment rates, factors influencing employment, and interventions aimed at helping people with SCI to obtain and sustain productive work. Methods. A systematic review for 2000-2006 was carried out in PubMed/Medline, AMED, (ISI) Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Sociological abstracts database. The keywords \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord injuries', \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord disorder', \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord lesion' or \textbackslash textasciigravespinal cord disease' were cross-indexed with \textbackslash textasciigraveemployment', \textbackslash textasciigravereturn to work', \textbackslash textasciigraveoccupation' or \textbackslash textasciigravevocational'. Results. Out of approximately 270 hits, 110 references were used, plus 13 more found elsewhere. Among individuals with SCI working at the time of injury 21 - 67 \textbackslash textbackslash\% returned to work after injury. RTW was higher in persons injured at a younger age, had less severe injuries and higher functional independence. Employment rate improved with time after SCI. Persons with SCI employed ranged from 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 74\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Individuals who sustained SCI during childhood or adolescence had higher adult employment rates. Most common reported barriers to employment were problems with transportation, health and physical limitations, lack of work experience, education or training, physical or architectural barriers, discrimination by employers, and loss of benefits. Individuals with SCI discontinue working at younger age. Conclusions. This review confirmed low employment rates after SCI. Future research should explore interventions aimed at helping people with SCI to obtain and sustain productive work.},
+  abstract = {Purpose. To review literature on return to work (RTW) and employment in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), and present employment rates, factors influencing employment, and interventions aimed at helping people with SCI to obtain and sustain productive work. Methods. A systematic review for 2000-2006 was carried out in PubMed/Medline, AMED, (ISI) Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Sociological abstracts database. The keywords {\textbackslash}textasciigravespinal cord injuries', {\textbackslash}textasciigravespinal cord disorder', {\textbackslash}textasciigravespinal cord lesion' or {\textbackslash}textasciigravespinal cord disease' were cross-indexed with {\textbackslash}textasciigraveemployment', {\textbackslash}textasciigravereturn to work', {\textbackslash}textasciigraveoccupation' or {\textbackslash}textasciigravevocational'. Results. Out of approximately 270 hits, 110 references were used, plus 13 more found elsewhere. Among individuals with SCI working at the time of injury 21 - 67 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% returned to work after injury. RTW was higher in persons injured at a younger age, had less severe injuries and higher functional independence. Employment rate improved with time after SCI. Persons with SCI employed ranged from 11.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Individuals who sustained SCI during childhood or adolescence had higher adult employment rates. Most common reported barriers to employment were problems with transportation, health and physical limitations, lack of work experience, education or training, physical or architectural barriers, discrimination by employers, and loss of benefits. Individuals with SCI discontinue working at younger age. Conclusions. This review confirmed low employment rates after SCI. Future research should explore interventions aimed at helping people with SCI to obtain and sustain productive work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -20985,7 +24527,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {33--59},
   issn = {0023-2653},
   doi = {10.1007/s11577-010-0123-0},
-  abstract = {The rise in female labor market participation and the growth of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveatypical\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace employment arrangements has, over the last few decades, brought about a steadily decreasing percentage of households in which the man is the sole breadwinner, and a rising percentage of dual-earner households. Against this backdrop, the paper investigates how household contexts in which the traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model still exists or has already been challenged affect individuals' subjective evaluations of the justice of their personal earnings. In the first step we derive three criteria used by individuals to evaluate the fairness or justice of their personal earnings: compensation for services rendered, coverage of basic needs, and the opportunity to earn social approval. In the second step, we apply considerations from household economics and new approaches from gender research to explain why men's and women's evaluations of justice are determined to a considerable degree by the specific situation within their household. The assumptions derived regarding gender-specific patterns in justice attitudes are then tested on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) from 2007 and 2005. The results support our central thesis that gender-specific patterns in the evaluation of personal earnings are both reduced and increased in dual-earner households. They are reduced because women in dual-income households tend to have higher income expectations that challenge the existing gender wage gap. At the same time, gender-specific patterns are increased because men evaluate the equity of their personal income in relation to their ability to fulfill traditional gender norms and thus their capacity to live up to corresponding notions of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemasculinity.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace},
+  abstract = {The rise in female labor market participation and the growth of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveatypical{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace employment arrangements has, over the last few decades, brought about a steadily decreasing percentage of households in which the man is the sole breadwinner, and a rising percentage of dual-earner households. Against this backdrop, the paper investigates how household contexts in which the traditional {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemale breadwinner{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace model still exists or has already been challenged affect individuals' subjective evaluations of the justice of their personal earnings. In the first step we derive three criteria used by individuals to evaluate the fairness or justice of their personal earnings: compensation for services rendered, coverage of basic needs, and the opportunity to earn social approval. In the second step, we apply considerations from household economics and new approaches from gender research to explain why men's and women's evaluations of justice are determined to a considerable degree by the specific situation within their household. The assumptions derived regarding gender-specific patterns in justice attitudes are then tested on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) from 2007 and 2005. The results support our central thesis that gender-specific patterns in the evaluation of personal earnings are both reduced and increased in dual-earner households. They are reduced because women in dual-income households tend to have higher income expectations that challenge the existing gender wage gap. At the same time, gender-specific patterns are increased because men evaluate the equity of their personal income in relation to their ability to fulfill traditional gender norms and thus their capacity to live up to corresponding notions of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemasculinity.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace},
   langid = {german}
 }
 
@@ -21000,7 +24542,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {219--232},
   issn = {0276-5624},
   doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2011.12.004},
-  abstract = {Over recent decades, the rise in female labor market participation and the increase in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveatypical\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace employment arrangements have brought about a steady decline in traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace households and an increasing number of dual-earner households. Against this backdrop, the present paper investigates how different household contexts-ranging from traditional \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace households to those challenging this model through joint contributions to household income-affect household members' subjective evaluations of the justice of their personal income. In the first step, we derive three criteria used by individuals to evaluate the justice of personal earnings: compensation for services rendered, coverage of basic needs, and the opportunity to earn social approval. In the second step, we apply considerations from household economics and new approaches from gender research to explain why men's and women's evaluations of justice are determined to a considerable degree by the specific situation within their household. The assumptions derived regarding gender-specific patterns in justice attitudes are then tested on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The results support our central thesis that dual-earner households both reinforce and undermine gender-specific patterns in the evaluation of personal earnings. These patterns are undermined because women in dual-income households tend to have higher income expectations that challenge the existing gender wage gap. At the same time, gender-specific patterns are reinforced because men evaluate the justice of their personal income in relation to their ability to fulfill traditional gender norms. (C) 2011 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Over recent decades, the rise in female labor market participation and the increase in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveatypical{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace employment arrangements have brought about a steady decline in traditional {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemale breadwinner{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace households and an increasing number of dual-earner households. Against this backdrop, the present paper investigates how different household contexts-ranging from traditional {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemale breadwinner{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace households to those challenging this model through joint contributions to household income-affect household members' subjective evaluations of the justice of their personal income. In the first step, we derive three criteria used by individuals to evaluate the justice of personal earnings: compensation for services rendered, coverage of basic needs, and the opportunity to earn social approval. In the second step, we apply considerations from household economics and new approaches from gender research to explain why men's and women's evaluations of justice are determined to a considerable degree by the specific situation within their household. The assumptions derived regarding gender-specific patterns in justice attitudes are then tested on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The results support our central thesis that dual-earner households both reinforce and undermine gender-specific patterns in the evaluation of personal earnings. These patterns are undermined because women in dual-income households tend to have higher income expectations that challenge the existing gender wage gap. At the same time, gender-specific patterns are reinforced because men evaluate the justice of their personal income in relation to their ability to fulfill traditional gender norms. (C) 2011 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21035,17 +24577,17 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Lightman2021,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWomen}}'s {{Work}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Welfare State Spending}} and the {{Gendered}} and {{Classed Dimensions}} of {{Unpaid Care}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWomen}}'s {{Work}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Welfare State Spending}} and the {{Gendered}} and {{Classed Dimensions}} of {{Unpaid Care}}},
   author = {Lightman, Naomi and Kevins, Anthony},
   year = {2021},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {GENDER {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {35},
   number = {5},
   pages = {778--805},
   issn = {0891-2432},
   doi = {10.1177/08912432211038695},
-  abstract = {This study is the first to explicitly assess the connections between welfare state spending and the gendered and classed dimensions of unpaid care work across 29 European nations. Our research uses multi-level model analysis of European Quality of Life Survey data, examining childcare and housework burdens for people living with at least one child under the age of 18. Two key findings emerge: First, by disaggregating different types of unpaid care work, we find that childcare provision is more gendered than classed-reflecting trends toward \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveintensive mothering\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Housework and cooking, on the contrary, demonstrate both gender and class effects, likely because they are more readily outsourced by wealthier individuals to the paid care sector. Second, while overall social expenditure has no effect on hours spent on childcare and housework, results suggest that family policy may shape the relationship between gender, income, and housework (but not childcare). Specifically, family policy expenditure is associated with a considerably smaller gender gap vis-a-vis the time dedicated to housework: This effect is present across the income spectrum, but is particularly substantial in the case of lower income women.},
+  abstract = {This study is the first to explicitly assess the connections between welfare state spending and the gendered and classed dimensions of unpaid care work across 29 European nations. Our research uses multi-level model analysis of European Quality of Life Survey data, examining childcare and housework burdens for people living with at least one child under the age of 18. Two key findings emerge: First, by disaggregating different types of unpaid care work, we find that childcare provision is more gendered than classed-reflecting trends toward {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveintensive mothering{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Housework and cooking, on the contrary, demonstrate both gender and class effects, likely because they are more readily outsourced by wealthier individuals to the paid care sector. Second, while overall social expenditure has no effect on hours spent on childcare and housework, results suggest that family policy may shape the relationship between gender, income, and housework (but not childcare). Specifically, family policy expenditure is associated with a considerably smaller gender gap vis-a-vis the time dedicated to housework: This effect is present across the income spectrum, but is particularly substantial in the case of lower income women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21054,7 +24596,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Lightman, Naomi and Akbary, Hamid},
   year = {2023},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL POLICY},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF AGING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL POLICY},
   volume = {35},
   number = {2},
   pages = {261--286},
@@ -21136,7 +24678,7 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Limpangog2016,
-  title = {{{RESUMING THE}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveSKILLED WORKER}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{IDENTITY}}: {{The Filipinas}}' {{Strategies}} in {{Labor Market Participation}} in {{Melbourne}}, {{Australia}}},
+  title = {{{RESUMING THE}} {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveSKILLED WORKER}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{IDENTITY}}: {{The Filipinas}}' {{Strategies}} in {{Labor Market Participation}} in {{Melbourne}}, {{Australia}}},
   author = {Limpangog, Cirila P.},
   year = {2016},
   month = feb,
@@ -21144,12 +24686,12 @@ policy recc:
   number = {26},
   pages = {523--607},
   issn = {2094-6937},
-  abstract = {Through the lens of culture intersecting with gender, race and class, this monograph looks at the reconfiguration of skilled worker identity of 20 Philippines-born women who have immigrated to Australia. Through interviews and analyses of their lived experiences, it attempts to comprehend the complexity of their unemployment, from their encounter with the labor market, to their attempts in breaking into the workforce. It contextualizes the institutional disadvantages and discrimination befalling migrant women of non-English speaking background, as well as housework and mothering responsibilities they continue to resist at home. The complex interaction of the women's higher education, English language proficiency, their sense of purpose and other personal resources-all assisted in reframing their subordinated identity, and recapturing their careers. The women risked taking jobs lower than their qualifications, took further studies, went through rigorous accreditation, and acquired local experience, as stepping stones to regain their professions and subsequently their middle-class status. Their journey, however, is not without severe difficulties. By using agency and privilege, this monograph argues that the women epitomized the classical modernist ideology of the self within a capitalist system. They were aware of structural disadvantages and discriminatory practices, but they found ways of working within these limitations, which results to masking the hardships they endured. The study debunks the effectiveness of the notion that individual's capacity over the state \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveto enterprise themselves\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace is a success strategy.},
+  abstract = {Through the lens of culture intersecting with gender, race and class, this monograph looks at the reconfiguration of skilled worker identity of 20 Philippines-born women who have immigrated to Australia. Through interviews and analyses of their lived experiences, it attempts to comprehend the complexity of their unemployment, from their encounter with the labor market, to their attempts in breaking into the workforce. It contextualizes the institutional disadvantages and discrimination befalling migrant women of non-English speaking background, as well as housework and mothering responsibilities they continue to resist at home. The complex interaction of the women's higher education, English language proficiency, their sense of purpose and other personal resources-all assisted in reframing their subordinated identity, and recapturing their careers. The women risked taking jobs lower than their qualifications, took further studies, went through rigorous accreditation, and acquired local experience, as stepping stones to regain their professions and subsequently their middle-class status. Their journey, however, is not without severe difficulties. By using agency and privilege, this monograph argues that the women epitomized the classical modernist ideology of the self within a capitalist system. They were aware of structural disadvantages and discriminatory practices, but they found ways of working within these limitations, which results to masking the hardships they endured. The study debunks the effectiveness of the notion that individual's capacity over the state {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveto enterprise themselves{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace is a success strategy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Lin2013,
-  title = {Financialization and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Income Inequality}}, 1970\textendash 2008},
+  title = {Financialization and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Income Inequality}}, 1970{\textendash}2008},
   author = {Lin, Ken-Hou and {Tomaskovic-Devey}, Donald},
   year = {2013},
   month = mar,
@@ -21189,7 +24731,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {187--200},
   issn = {0743-0167},
   doi = {10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00067-0},
-  abstract = {This paper analyses the barriers to work faced by long- and short-term unemployed people in remote rural labour markets. Applying a broad concept of \textbackslash textasciigraveemployability' as an analytical framework, it considers the attributes and experiences of 190 job seekers (22\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the registered unemployed) in two contiguous travel-to-work areas (Wick and Sutherland) in the northern Highlands of Scotland. The labour demand side of employability is also considered through interviews with 17 employers. The paper identifies the specific job search and other employment problems faced by unemployed people living in isolated rural communities (labour supply); considers the perspective of employers (labour demand); and discusses potential policies to address the needs of unemployed individuals. Many job seekers were found to have gaps in generic and job-specific skills, whilst some (particularly males) were reluctant to pursue opportunities in non-traditional sectors of the economy. The importance of informal job search and recruitment networks (which may exclude the young and the long-term unemployed) and the lack of access to formal employment services in remote areas also potentially contributed to labour market disadvantage. Holistic and client-centred solutions are required to address the barriers faced by these rural job seekers, including adult basic education provision, flexible training focussing on skills and work experience with particular relevance to the new rural economy, and support services for job seekers in isolated areas. These supply-side policies should be combined with demand-side measures to stimulate endogenous and exogenous growth in isolated local economies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper analyses the barriers to work faced by long- and short-term unemployed people in remote rural labour markets. Applying a broad concept of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveemployability' as an analytical framework, it considers the attributes and experiences of 190 job seekers (22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the registered unemployed) in two contiguous travel-to-work areas (Wick and Sutherland) in the northern Highlands of Scotland. The labour demand side of employability is also considered through interviews with 17 employers. The paper identifies the specific job search and other employment problems faced by unemployed people living in isolated rural communities (labour supply); considers the perspective of employers (labour demand); and discusses potential policies to address the needs of unemployed individuals. Many job seekers were found to have gaps in generic and job-specific skills, whilst some (particularly males) were reluctant to pursue opportunities in non-traditional sectors of the economy. The importance of informal job search and recruitment networks (which may exclude the young and the long-term unemployed) and the lack of access to formal employment services in remote areas also potentially contributed to labour market disadvantage. Holistic and client-centred solutions are required to address the barriers faced by these rural job seekers, including adult basic education provision, flexible training focussing on skills and work experience with particular relevance to the new rural economy, and support services for job seekers in isolated areas. These supply-side policies should be combined with demand-side measures to stimulate endogenous and exogenous growth in isolated local economies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21217,7 +24759,68 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {843--854},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.3109/09638288.2010.514018},
-  abstract = {Purpose. aEuro integral Little is known about the work experiences of youth as they transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics associated with disabled youth who are employed and the types of employment they are engaged in. Method. aEuro integral Data were analysed using the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey. Youth aged 15\textendash 29 and 20\textendash 24 were selected to explore the characteristics of adolescents who are employed and where they are working (n aEuroS== aEuroS2534). Results. aEuro integral Several differences in who was employed and the characteristics of their employers were noted between the two age groups. Geographic location played a more significant role for employment among youth (15\textendash 19 year olds) with mobility impairments compared to other disability types. Employed youth from both age groups had their disability a long time while few people who were recently diagnosed were working. Transportation was a significant predictor of employment for both age groups. Young adults (20\textendash 24) worked more hours per week, in different industries, and more of them were self-employed compared to the 15\textendash 19 year olds. Employment status and work characteristics also differed by type of disability. Conclusions. aEuro integral Rehabilitation and life skills counsellors need to pay particular attention to youth who may need extra help in gaining employment.},
+  abstract = {Purpose. aEuro integral Little is known about the work experiences of youth as they transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics associated with disabled youth who are employed and the types of employment they are engaged in. Method. aEuro integral Data were analysed using the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey. Youth aged 15{\textendash}29 and 20{\textendash}24 were selected to explore the characteristics of adolescents who are employed and where they are working (n aEuroS== aEuroS2534). Results. aEuro integral Several differences in who was employed and the characteristics of their employers were noted between the two age groups. Geographic location played a more significant role for employment among youth (15{\textendash}19 year olds) with mobility impairments compared to other disability types. Employed youth from both age groups had their disability a long time while few people who were recently diagnosed were working. Transportation was a significant predictor of employment for both age groups. Young adults (20{\textendash}24) worked more hours per week, in different industries, and more of them were self-employed compared to the 15{\textendash}19 year olds. Employment status and work characteristics also differed by type of disability. Conclusions. aEuro integral Rehabilitation and life skills counsellors need to pay particular attention to youth who may need extra help in gaining employment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindsay2011b,
+  title = {Discrimination and Other Barriers to Employment for Teens and Young Adults with Disabilities},
+  author = {Lindsay, Sally},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {33},
+  number = {15-16},
+  pages = {1340--1350},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2010.531372},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindsay2012,
+  title = {Skill Development in an Employment-Training Program for Adolescents with Disabilities},
+  author = {Lindsay, Sally and Adams, Tracey and McDougall, Carolyn and Sanford, Robyn},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {228--237},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2011.603015},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindsay2013,
+  title = {Disclosure, Accommodations and Self-Care at Work among Adolescents with Disabilities},
+  author = {Lindsay, Sally and McDougall, Carolyn and Sanford, Robyn},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {35},
+  number = {26},
+  pages = {2227--2236},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2013.775356},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindsay2015,
+  title = {An Ecological Approach to Understanding Barriers to Employment for Youth with Disabilities Compared to Their Typically Developing Peers: Views of Youth, Employers, and Job Counselors},
+  shorttitle = {An Ecological Approach to Understanding Barriers to Employment for Youth with Disabilities Compared to Their Typically Developing Peers},
+  author = {Lindsay, Sally and McDougall, Carolyn and {Menna-Dack}, Dolly and Sanford, Robyn and Adams, Tracey},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {37},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {701--711},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2014.939775},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21246,9 +24849,9 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {232--251},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-017-9726-x},
-  abstract = {Purpose There is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities as they transition to employment. We conducted a systematic review to explore the role of gender in securing and maintaining employment. Methods Systematic searches of seven databases identified 48 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a narrative synthesis approach, these studies were analyzed in terms of the characteristics of the participants, methodology, results, and quality of the evidence. Results Among the 48 studies, 112,473 participants (56\textbackslash textbackslash\% male), mean age (of the total sample) was 21, represented across ten countries. Twenty-one studies reported that young men with disabilities had better employment outcomes than women with disabilities. Eight studies showed that females with disabilities had better employment outcomes than males. Five studies reported that there were no gender differences in employment outcomes for youth with various disabilities. With regards to maintaining employment, men with disabilities often work more hours and have better wages compared to women with disabilities. There are several gender-related barriers and facilitators to maintaining employment including social supports and gender role expectations. Conclusions Our findings highlight that there is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities.},
+  abstract = {Purpose There is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities as they transition to employment. We conducted a systematic review to explore the role of gender in securing and maintaining employment. Methods Systematic searches of seven databases identified 48 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a narrative synthesis approach, these studies were analyzed in terms of the characteristics of the participants, methodology, results, and quality of the evidence. Results Among the 48 studies, 112,473 participants (56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% male), mean age (of the total sample) was 21, represented across ten countries. Twenty-one studies reported that young men with disabilities had better employment outcomes than women with disabilities. Eight studies showed that females with disabilities had better employment outcomes than males. Five studies reported that there were no gender differences in employment outcomes for youth with various disabilities. With regards to maintaining employment, men with disabilities often work more hours and have better wages compared to women with disabilities. There are several gender-related barriers and facilitators to maintaining employment including social supports and gender role expectations. Conclusions Our findings highlight that there is a critical need for gender-specific vocational supports for young adults with disabilities.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,intersectional,outcome::employment,outcome::wage,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::disability,integrated,intersectional,outcome::employment,outcome::wage,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CAY45GFK/Lindsay et al_2018_A Systematic Review of the Role of Gender in Securing and Maintaining.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -21262,7 +24865,40 @@ policy recc:
   number = {1},
   issn = {2561-6722},
   doi = {10.2196/15813},
-  abstract = {Background: Youths with physical disabilities face many barriers in society, including social exclusion, stigma, and difficulties finding employment. Electronic mentoring (e-mentoring) offers a promising opportunity for youths with disabilities and has the potential to improve their inclusion while enhancing career outcomes. However, little is known about the role of mentors in a Web based e-mentoring format to improve employment outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to explore the role of mentors in engaging youths in an e-mentoring intervention and to compare and contrast mentors' engagement strategies within a 12- and 4-week format. Methods: This paper drew on a pilot feasibility study, which is a group, Web-based employment readiness intervention involving a discussion forum for youths with physical disabilities. Our intervention involved having trained youth mentors (ie, near-peers who also had a disability) lead Web-based discussion forums while offering peer support and resources, which involved 12 modules completed over both a 12- or 4-week format. We used a mixed method approach including qualitative data (mentor interviews and discussion forum data) and quantitative data (pre-post survey data) comparison. Results: A total of 24 youths participated across 3 e-mentoring intervention groups: 9 in the 12-week format (mean age 17.7 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD 1.7]) and 15 in the 4-week format (mean age 19.5 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD 2.6]), led by 3 trained youth mentors with disabilities, 2 males and 1 female (mean age 22 years \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD 2.64]). Our findings revealed that mentors engaged youths in the e-mentoring program by providing informational, emotional, and tangible support. We noted more instances of mentors providing advice, empathy, and encouragement in the 12-week format compared with the 4-week format. We also found fewer examples of providing advice, developing a rapport, and social support from mentors in the 4-week format. Our findings revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding time spent in the forum, number of logins, number of posts, and self-rated engagement. Conclusions: Mentors in the 12-week and 4-week format engaged participants differently in providing informational and emotional support, although there were no differences in tangible support provided. Mentors reported that the 12-week format was too long and lacked interaction between participants, whereas the 4-week format felt rushed and had fewer detailed responses from mentees.},
+  abstract = {Background: Youths with physical disabilities face many barriers in society, including social exclusion, stigma, and difficulties finding employment. Electronic mentoring (e-mentoring) offers a promising opportunity for youths with disabilities and has the potential to improve their inclusion while enhancing career outcomes. However, little is known about the role of mentors in a Web based e-mentoring format to improve employment outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to explore the role of mentors in engaging youths in an e-mentoring intervention and to compare and contrast mentors' engagement strategies within a 12- and 4-week format. Methods: This paper drew on a pilot feasibility study, which is a group, Web-based employment readiness intervention involving a discussion forum for youths with physical disabilities. Our intervention involved having trained youth mentors (ie, near-peers who also had a disability) lead Web-based discussion forums while offering peer support and resources, which involved 12 modules completed over both a 12- or 4-week format. We used a mixed method approach including qualitative data (mentor interviews and discussion forum data) and quantitative data (pre-post survey data) comparison. Results: A total of 24 youths participated across 3 e-mentoring intervention groups: 9 in the 12-week format (mean age 17.7 years {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD 1.7]) and 15 in the 4-week format (mean age 19.5 years {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD 2.6]), led by 3 trained youth mentors with disabilities, 2 males and 1 female (mean age 22 years {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD 2.64]). Our findings revealed that mentors engaged youths in the e-mentoring program by providing informational, emotional, and tangible support. We noted more instances of mentors providing advice, empathy, and encouragement in the 12-week format compared with the 4-week format. We also found fewer examples of providing advice, developing a rapport, and social support from mentors in the 4-week format. Our findings revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding time spent in the forum, number of logins, number of posts, and self-rated engagement. Conclusions: Mentors in the 12-week and 4-week format engaged participants differently in providing informational and emotional support, although there were no differences in tangible support provided. Mentors reported that the 12-week format was too long and lacked interaction between participants, whereas the 4-week format felt rushed and had fewer detailed responses from mentees.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindstrom2002,
+  title = {Phases of {{Career Development}}: {{Case Studies}} of {{Young Women}} with {{Learning Disabilities}}},
+  shorttitle = {Phases of {{Career Development}}},
+  author = {Lindstrom, Lauren E. and Benz, Michael R.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Exceptional Children},
+  volume = {69},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {67--83},
+  issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560},
+  doi = {10.1177/001440290206900105},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This study investigates the career development process for young women with learning disabilities. Case study methodology was utilized to understand the key elements influencing career choices for young women with learning disabilities who had graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Case study findings revealed three distinct phases of career development that were labeled (a) unsettled, (b) exploratory, and (c) focused. Phases of career development varied along two dimensions{\textemdash}stability of employment and clarity of career goals. Key elements that seemed to influence the phases of career development included individual motivation and personal determination, family support and advocacy, opportunities for career exploration, on-the-job or postsecondary vocational training, and supportive work environments.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindstrom2004,
+  title = {Expanding {{Career Options}} for {{Young Women}} with {{Learning Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Lindstrom, Lauren E. and Benz, Michael R. and Doren, Bonnie},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Career Development for Exceptional Individuals},
+  volume = {27},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {43--63},
+  issn = {0885-7288, 1557-5047},
+  doi = {10.1177/088572880402700104},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Young women with disabilities often achieve poor post-school employment outcomes and experience limited career opportunities. Case study methods were utilized to examine the major barriers and facilitators to career choice for young women with learning disabilities who graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Key variables that influenced career choice included (a) gender roles, (b) disability, (c) family and childhood experiences, (d) early work experiences, and (e) career exploration and counseling. Participants who had a solid foundation of employment experiences coupled with opportunities to explore and refine career goals were more likely to enter post-school employment related to their interests and goals.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21280,6 +24916,40 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Lindstrom2011a,
+  title = {Waging a {{Living}}: {{Career Development}} and {{Long-Term Employment Outcomes}} for {{Young Adults}} with {{Disabilities}}},
+  shorttitle = {Waging a {{Living}}},
+  author = {Lindstrom, Lauren and Doren, Bonnie and Miesch, Jennifer},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Exceptional Children},
+  volume = {77},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {423--434},
+  issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560},
+  doi = {10.1177/001440291107700403},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Youth with disabilities face many barriers in making the transition from high school to stable long-term employment. Researchers used case study methodology to examine the career development process and postschool employment outcomes for a sample of individuals with disabilities who were working in living wage occupations 7 to 10 years after exiting high school. Key influences on initial post-high school placement included (a) participation in work experience, (b) transition services and supports, and (c) family support and expectations. Ongoing career advancement was supported by a combination of factors including (a) participation in postsecondary education or training; (b) steady work experiences; and (c) a set of personal attributes, including self-efficacy and persistence. These themes were present across all participants, but specific experiences and outcomes varied by gender.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Lindstrom2012,
+  title = {Gender {{Gaps}}: {{Career Development}} for {{Young Women With Disabilities}}},
+  shorttitle = {Gender {{Gaps}}},
+  author = {Lindstrom, Lauren and Harwick, Robin M. and Poppen, Marcus and Doren, Bonnie},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals},
+  volume = {35},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {108--117},
+  issn = {2165-1434, 2165-1442},
+  doi = {10.1177/2165143412437737},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Young women with disabilities face multiple barriers in making the transition from high school to meaningful careers. This study used focus groups and individual interviews with high school girls with disabilities, college women with disabilities, high school special education teachers, school administrators and employers to examine career development and transition needs for young women with disabilities. Barriers and supports were identified in four major categories: a) individual/interpersonal skills, b) career options, c) school system issues, and d) disability needs. Recommendations for practice are discussed.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Linn2010,
   title = {Urban {{Poverty}} in {{Developing Countries}}: {{A Scoping Study}} for {{Future Research}}},
   shorttitle = {Urban {{Poverty}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
@@ -21319,7 +24989,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {99--125},
   issn = {2413-1407},
   doi = {10.15507/2413-1407.114.029.202101.099-125},
-  abstract = {Introduction. Legislative consolidation of a right is not always implemented in practice. This can be fully attributed to the situation in the sphere of equality of people of different sexes in the economy, including the sphere of public administration. The purpose of the article is to assess the status of women in the economy of modern Russia, based on the study of official statistics, as well as the possibility of women's participation in solving key problems of the development of society through representation in public authorities at different levels of government. Materials and Methods. The author analyzed data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service, publications of scientists involved in the study of the issue concerned, as well as materials from authoritative international organizations. The systemic approach, analysis and synthesis, the monographic method, content analysis, as well as the employed methods of economic and statistical analysis made it possible to identify the main trends in the changing status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at different levels of government. Results. The status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at the federal, regional and municipal levels has been characterized. Violation of the rights of women has been established in terms of remuneration when filling the same positions as men with equal amount of working time. It has been revealed that the representation of women in the highest bodies of state power lags behind the benchmark level of 30 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, proclaimed by the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and supported by the Russian Federation. Discussion and Conclusion. A conclusion has been drawn that women are underrepresented in senior government positions in the Russian Federation. In the Russian labor market, violation of women's rights is manifested in lower wages, despite higher overall level of education of women. The results may prove useful when conducting research in the field of gender equality, as well as when developing and implementing measures aimed at improving the status of women in the country's economy and ensuring their right to participate in making decisions important for the society.},
+  abstract = {Introduction. Legislative consolidation of a right is not always implemented in practice. This can be fully attributed to the situation in the sphere of equality of people of different sexes in the economy, including the sphere of public administration. The purpose of the article is to assess the status of women in the economy of modern Russia, based on the study of official statistics, as well as the possibility of women's participation in solving key problems of the development of society through representation in public authorities at different levels of government. Materials and Methods. The author analyzed data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service, publications of scientists involved in the study of the issue concerned, as well as materials from authoritative international organizations. The systemic approach, analysis and synthesis, the monographic method, content analysis, as well as the employed methods of economic and statistical analysis made it possible to identify the main trends in the changing status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at different levels of government. Results. The status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at the federal, regional and municipal levels has been characterized. Violation of the rights of women has been established in terms of remuneration when filling the same positions as men with equal amount of working time. It has been revealed that the representation of women in the highest bodies of state power lags behind the benchmark level of 30 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, proclaimed by the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and supported by the Russian Federation. Discussion and Conclusion. A conclusion has been drawn that women are underrepresented in senior government positions in the Russian Federation. In the Russian labor market, violation of women's rights is manifested in lower wages, despite higher overall level of education of women. The results may prove useful when conducting research in the field of gender equality, as well as when developing and implementing measures aimed at improving the status of women in the country's economy and ensuring their right to participate in making decisions important for the society.},
   langid = {russian}
 }
 
@@ -21333,7 +25003,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {168--176},
   issn = {0190-7409},
   doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.013},
-  abstract = {For mothers with young children, child care challenges can pose significant barriers for their labor force participation. Working mothers must arrange for someone else to care for their children when working outside the home. Previous research has shown that women with children spend less time in the labor force compared to women without children. This study used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to examine whether a range of child care characteristics, neighborhood factors, and individual factors caused mothers of young children to leave the work force. The results indicated that child care-related work exits are common occurrences for mothers in large urban areas. Of those mothers in the FFCW sample who used non-parental child care, more than one in ten mothers reported work exits due to child care-related problems. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that common risk factors for work exits included changing child care arrangements, using multiple types of child care, living in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanic population, being African American, and having household income between 50 and 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL. The findings are useful in informing social policies and interventions to help mothers better bridge the gap between adequate child care and gainful employment. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {For mothers with young children, child care challenges can pose significant barriers for their labor force participation. Working mothers must arrange for someone else to care for their children when working outside the home. Previous research has shown that women with children spend less time in the labor force compared to women without children. This study used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to examine whether a range of child care characteristics, neighborhood factors, and individual factors caused mothers of young children to leave the work force. The results indicated that child care-related work exits are common occurrences for mothers in large urban areas. Of those mothers in the FFCW sample who used non-parental child care, more than one in ten mothers reported work exits due to child care-related problems. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that common risk factors for work exits included changing child care arrangements, using multiple types of child care, living in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanic population, being African American, and having household income between 50 and 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of FPL. The findings are useful in informing social policies and interventions to help mothers better bridge the gap between adequate child care and gainful employment. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21362,7 +25032,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {975--989},
   issn = {2398-7308},
   doi = {10.1093/annweh/wxz073},
-  abstract = {Aims: Previous studies have suggested that migrants have higher exposures to psychosocial job stressors than native-born workers. We explored migrant status-related differences in skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority, and whether the differences varied by gender, age, and educational attainment. Methods: Data were from Wave 14 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. A total number of 9031 persons were included in the analysis. Outcomes included skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority. Exposure included migrant status defined by (i) country of birth (COB), (ii) the combination of COB and English/Non-English dominant language of COB, and (iii) the combination of COB and years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and educational attainment. These covariates were also analysed as effect modifiers of the relationship between migrant status and job stressor exposure. Results: In the unadjusted analysis, only migrant workers from Non-English-speaking countries (Non-ESC- born) had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (-0.29, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.56; -0.01); however, results from fully adjusted models showed that all migrant groups, except migrant workers from Main-English-speaking countries, had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (overseas-born workers, -0.59, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.79; -0.38; Non-ESC-born, -1.01, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.27; -0.75; migrant workers who had arrived {$<$}= 5 years ago, -1.33, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.94; -0.72; arrived 6-10 years ago, -0.92, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.46; -0.39; and arrived {$>$}= 11 years ago,-0.45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.67; -0.22). On the contrary, the unadjusted model showed that migrant workers had higher decision authority than Australia-born workers, whereas in the fully adjusted model, no difference in decision authority was found between migrant workers and Australia-born workers. Effect modification results showed that as educational attainment increased, differences in skill discretion and job complexity between Australia-born workers and Non-ESC-born migrants progressively increased; whereas Non-ESC-born migrants with postgraduate degree showed significantly lower decision authority than Australia-born workers. Conclusions: This study suggests that skill discretion and job complexity but not decision authority is associated with migrant status. Migrants with high educational attainment from Non-English-speaking countries appear to be most affected by lower skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority; however, differences in skill discretion and job complexity attenuate over time for Non-ESC-born migrants, consistent with an acculturation effect. Low skill discretion and job complexity, to the extent that it overlaps with underemployment, may adversely affect migrant workers' well-being. Targeted language skill support could facilitate migrant integration into the Australian labour market.},
+  abstract = {Aims: Previous studies have suggested that migrants have higher exposures to psychosocial job stressors than native-born workers. We explored migrant status-related differences in skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority, and whether the differences varied by gender, age, and educational attainment. Methods: Data were from Wave 14 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. A total number of 9031 persons were included in the analysis. Outcomes included skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority. Exposure included migrant status defined by (i) country of birth (COB), (ii) the combination of COB and English/Non-English dominant language of COB, and (iii) the combination of COB and years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and educational attainment. These covariates were also analysed as effect modifiers of the relationship between migrant status and job stressor exposure. Results: In the unadjusted analysis, only migrant workers from Non-English-speaking countries (Non-ESC- born) had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (-0.29, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -0.56; -0.01); however, results from fully adjusted models showed that all migrant groups, except migrant workers from Main-English-speaking countries, had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (overseas-born workers, -0.59, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -0.79; -0.38; Non-ESC-born, -1.01, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -1.27; -0.75; migrant workers who had arrived {$<$}= 5 years ago, -1.33, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -1.94; -0.72; arrived 6-10 years ago, -0.92, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -1.46; -0.39; and arrived {$>$}= 11 years ago,-0.45, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -0.67; -0.22). On the contrary, the unadjusted model showed that migrant workers had higher decision authority than Australia-born workers, whereas in the fully adjusted model, no difference in decision authority was found between migrant workers and Australia-born workers. Effect modification results showed that as educational attainment increased, differences in skill discretion and job complexity between Australia-born workers and Non-ESC-born migrants progressively increased; whereas Non-ESC-born migrants with postgraduate degree showed significantly lower decision authority than Australia-born workers. Conclusions: This study suggests that skill discretion and job complexity but not decision authority is associated with migrant status. Migrants with high educational attainment from Non-English-speaking countries appear to be most affected by lower skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority; however, differences in skill discretion and job complexity attenuate over time for Non-ESC-born migrants, consistent with an acculturation effect. Low skill discretion and job complexity, to the extent that it overlaps with underemployment, may adversely affect migrant workers' well-being. Targeted language skill support could facilitate migrant integration into the Australian labour market.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21394,8 +25064,24 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Lock2005,
+  title = {Work after Stroke: Focusing on Barriers and Enablers},
+  shorttitle = {Work after Stroke},
+  author = {Lock, Sarah and Jordan *, Lesley and Bryan, Karen and Maxim, Jane},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability \& Society},
+  volume = {20},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {33--47},
+  issn = {0968-7599, 1360-0508},
+  doi = {10.1080/0968759042000283629},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Locke2012,
-  title = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}: {{Changing Strategies}} of {{Rural}}\textendash{{Urban Migrants}} to {{Hanoi}}, {{Vietnam}}},
+  title = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}: {{Changing Strategies}} of {{Rural}}{\textendash}{{Urban Migrants}} to {{Hanoi}}, {{Vietnam}}},
   shorttitle = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}},
   author = {Locke, Catherine and Hoa, Nguyen Thi Ngan and Tam, Nguyen Thi Thanh},
   year = {2012},
@@ -21421,7 +25107,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {131--138},
   issn = {1526-9248},
   doi = {10.1177/1526924817699957},
-  abstract = {Background: Despite our knowledge of barriers to the early stages of the transplant process, we have limited insight into patient-reported barriers to the prekidney transplant medical evaluation in populations largely at-risk for evaluation failure. Methods: One-hundred consecutive adults were enrolled at an urban, Midwestern transplant center. Demographic, clinical, and quality of life data were collected prior to patients visit with a transplant surgeon/nephrologist (evaluation begins). Patient-reported barriers to evaluation completion were collected using the Subjective Barriers Questionnaire 90-days after the initial medical evaluation appointment (evaluation ends), our center targeted goal for transplant work-up completion. Results: At 90 days, 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had not completed the transplant evaluation. Five barrier categories were created from the 85 responses to the Subjective Barriers Questionnaire. Patient-reported barriers included poor communication, physical health, socioeconomics, psychosocial influences, and access to care. In addition, determinants for successful evaluation completion included being of white race, higher income, free of dialysis, a lower comorbid burden, and reporting higher scores on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life subscale role-emotional. Conclusion: Poor communication between patients and providers, and among providers, was the most prominent patient-reported barrier identified. Barriers were more prominent in marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities and people with low income. Understanding the prevalence of patient-reported barriers may aid in the development of patient-centered interventions to improve completion rates.},
+  abstract = {Background: Despite our knowledge of barriers to the early stages of the transplant process, we have limited insight into patient-reported barriers to the prekidney transplant medical evaluation in populations largely at-risk for evaluation failure. Methods: One-hundred consecutive adults were enrolled at an urban, Midwestern transplant center. Demographic, clinical, and quality of life data were collected prior to patients visit with a transplant surgeon/nephrologist (evaluation begins). Patient-reported barriers to evaluation completion were collected using the Subjective Barriers Questionnaire 90-days after the initial medical evaluation appointment (evaluation ends), our center targeted goal for transplant work-up completion. Results: At 90 days, 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants had not completed the transplant evaluation. Five barrier categories were created from the 85 responses to the Subjective Barriers Questionnaire. Patient-reported barriers included poor communication, physical health, socioeconomics, psychosocial influences, and access to care. In addition, determinants for successful evaluation completion included being of white race, higher income, free of dialysis, a lower comorbid burden, and reporting higher scores on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life subscale role-emotional. Conclusion: Poor communication between patients and providers, and among providers, was the most prominent patient-reported barrier identified. Barriers were more prominent in marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities and people with low income. Understanding the prevalence of patient-reported barriers may aid in the development of patient-centered interventions to improve completion rates.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21440,7 +25126,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{Lofters2020,
-  title = {A \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveTea}} and {{Cookies}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Approach}}: {{Co-designing Cancer Screening Interventions}} with {{Patients Living}} with {{Low Income}}},
+  title = {A {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveTea}} and {{Cookies}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Approach}}: {{Co-designing Cancer Screening Interventions}} with {{Patients Living}} with {{Low Income}}},
   author = {Lofters, Aisha K. and Baker, Natalie A. and Schuler, Andree and Rau, Allison and Baxter, Alison and Baxter, Nancy N. and Kucharski, Edward and Leung, Fok-Han and Weyman, Karen and Kiran, Tara},
   year = {2020},
   month = jan,
@@ -21478,7 +25164,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {703--720},
   issn = {0347-0520},
   doi = {10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.00384.x},
-  abstract = {We analyse the question of optimal taxation in a dual economy, when the policy-maker is concerned about the distribution of labour income. Income inequality is caused by the presence of sunk capital investments, which creates a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegood jobs\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace sector due to the capture of quasi-rents by trade unions. With strong unions and high planner preference for income equality, the optimal policy is a combination of investment subsidies and progressive income taxation. If unions are weaker, the policy-maker may instead choose to tax investment.},
+  abstract = {We analyse the question of optimal taxation in a dual economy, when the policy-maker is concerned about the distribution of labour income. Income inequality is caused by the presence of sunk capital investments, which creates a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegood jobs{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace sector due to the capture of quasi-rents by trade unions. With strong unions and high planner preference for income equality, the optimal policy is a combination of investment subsidies and progressive income taxation. If unions are weaker, the policy-maker may instead choose to tax investment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21520,7 +25206,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {3--15},
   issn = {2056-3868},
   doi = {10.1108/AIA-11-2019-0038},
-  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the views of autistic people, carers and practitioners regarding the barriers autistic employees face at work (Study 1) and to use these views to inform the design of an employment programme for autistic employees without learning disabilities (Study 2). Design/methodology/approach In Study 1, 16 (20\textbackslash textbackslash\%) carers, 17 (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%) practitioners and 47 (59\textbackslash textbackslash\%) autistic adults who had been or were currently employed, answered a survey regarding barriers at work. Study 2 evaluates the efficacy of a set of profiling assessment tools (PA) developed to help employers make individually-tailored adjustments for their autistic employees by delivering an employment programme consisting of 15, 8-week work placements. Findings In Study 1, only 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of autistic adults reported having had adjustments in the workplace and all groups reported this as the main barrier - alongside employers' lack of understanding. Two sets of results demonstrate the efficacy of the PA tools in addressing this barrier. First, a comparative cost simulation revealed a cost-saving in terms of on-job support of 6.67 pound per participant per hour worked relative to published data from another programme. Second, 83\textbackslash textbackslash\% of autistic employees reported having had the right adjustments at work. Research limitations/implications This is an exploratory study that did not include a comparison group. Hence, it was not possible to evaluate the efficacy of the PA tools relative to a standard employment programme intervention, nor to assess cost reduction, which currently is only estimated from already available published data. Practical implications Overall the findings from these studies demonstrate that the time invested in the high-quality assessment of the profile of autistic employees results in saving costs over time and better outcomes. Originality/value The originality of the Autism Centre for Employment programme resides in that, unlike other programmes, it shifts the focus from helping autistic employees to helping their employers.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the views of autistic people, carers and practitioners regarding the barriers autistic employees face at work (Study 1) and to use these views to inform the design of an employment programme for autistic employees without learning disabilities (Study 2). Design/methodology/approach In Study 1, 16 (20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) carers, 17 (21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) practitioners and 47 (59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) autistic adults who had been or were currently employed, answered a survey regarding barriers at work. Study 2 evaluates the efficacy of a set of profiling assessment tools (PA) developed to help employers make individually-tailored adjustments for their autistic employees by delivering an employment programme consisting of 15, 8-week work placements. Findings In Study 1, only 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of autistic adults reported having had adjustments in the workplace and all groups reported this as the main barrier - alongside employers' lack of understanding. Two sets of results demonstrate the efficacy of the PA tools in addressing this barrier. First, a comparative cost simulation revealed a cost-saving in terms of on-job support of 6.67 pound per participant per hour worked relative to published data from another programme. Second, 83{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of autistic employees reported having had the right adjustments at work. Research limitations/implications This is an exploratory study that did not include a comparison group. Hence, it was not possible to evaluate the efficacy of the PA tools relative to a standard employment programme intervention, nor to assess cost reduction, which currently is only estimated from already available published data. Practical implications Overall the findings from these studies demonstrate that the time invested in the high-quality assessment of the profile of autistic employees results in saving costs over time and better outcomes. Originality/value The originality of the Autism Centre for Employment programme resides in that, unlike other programmes, it shifts the focus from helping autistic employees to helping their employers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21585,7 +25271,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   journal = {SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS},
   issn = {0921-898X},
   doi = {10.1007/s11187-023-00769-z},
-  abstract = {Plain English SummaryWomen entrepreneurs are less happy than men in low-income countries, while the opposite holds in high-income countries. This negative effect is stronger for less educated women, for women with children, and in countries with greater gender discrimination, low access to financial resources, and more traditional gender roles. This study documents a wellbeing gap between female and male entrepreneurs in countries with different levels of economic development. In low income countries, women entrepreneurs report lower subjective well-being relative to men, while in high-income countries, women entrepreneurs are happier than men. In low-income countries, women face more obstacles and constraints to being an entrepreneur, such as lower education, lack of childcare options, lack of access to finance, unfair legal treatment, and more sexist gender roles and traditions. The results are consistent with the proposition that in low-income countries women prefer wage employment. When their labor market outcomes are limited, they are more likely to be \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepushed\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace into entrepreneurship and derive lower satisfaction from their entrepreneurial activities. The primary policy implications should aim at equalizing the playing field for men and women entrepreneurs, improving labor market conditions, and increasingwage-earning opportunities for women. The current study presents new evidence on the well-being of women entrepreneurs using data from the World Values Survey for 80 countries. Results indicate that in low- and middle-income countries, female entrepreneurs have lower well-being than male entrepreneurs, while in high-income countries, they have higher well-being. Several macro and micro-level mechanisms- institutional context, gender roles, and individual characteristics-that potentially moderate this relationship are explored. The gender gap in well-being is larger in countries with higher gender inequality, lower level of financial development, and stricter adherence to sexist gender roles. Additionally, women entrepreneurs with lower education, more children, and risk-averse preferences are more likely to report lower well-being. The results suggest several policy mechanisms that can be used to enhance the well-being of women entrepreneurs.},
+  abstract = {Plain English SummaryWomen entrepreneurs are less happy than men in low-income countries, while the opposite holds in high-income countries. This negative effect is stronger for less educated women, for women with children, and in countries with greater gender discrimination, low access to financial resources, and more traditional gender roles. This study documents a wellbeing gap between female and male entrepreneurs in countries with different levels of economic development. In low income countries, women entrepreneurs report lower subjective well-being relative to men, while in high-income countries, women entrepreneurs are happier than men. In low-income countries, women face more obstacles and constraints to being an entrepreneur, such as lower education, lack of childcare options, lack of access to finance, unfair legal treatment, and more sexist gender roles and traditions. The results are consistent with the proposition that in low-income countries women prefer wage employment. When their labor market outcomes are limited, they are more likely to be {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepushed{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace into entrepreneurship and derive lower satisfaction from their entrepreneurial activities. The primary policy implications should aim at equalizing the playing field for men and women entrepreneurs, improving labor market conditions, and increasingwage-earning opportunities for women. The current study presents new evidence on the well-being of women entrepreneurs using data from the World Values Survey for 80 countries. Results indicate that in low- and middle-income countries, female entrepreneurs have lower well-being than male entrepreneurs, while in high-income countries, they have higher well-being. Several macro and micro-level mechanisms- institutional context, gender roles, and individual characteristics-that potentially moderate this relationship are explored. The gender gap in well-being is larger in countries with higher gender inequality, lower level of financial development, and stricter adherence to sexist gender roles. Additionally, women entrepreneurs with lower education, more children, and risk-averse preferences are more likely to report lower well-being. The results suggest several policy mechanisms that can be used to enhance the well-being of women entrepreneurs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21600,7 +25286,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {93--118},
   issn = {0070-3370},
   doi = {10.1007/s13524-016-0541-3},
-  abstract = {Despite a large literature documenting the impact of childbearing on women's wages, less understanding exists of the actual employment trajectories that mothers take and the circumstances surrounding different paths. We use sequence analysis to chart the entire employment trajectory for a diverse sample of U.S. women by race/ethnicity and nativity in the first year following childbirth. Using data from the 1996-2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and sample selection models, we find that women employed before childbirth show a high degree of labor market continuity. However, a notable share of them (24 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) took less stable paths by dropping out or scaling back work. In addition, mothers' attachment to the labor force is simultaneously supported by personal endowments and family resources yet constrained by economic hardship and job characteristics. Moreover, mothers' employment patterns differ by race/ethnicity and nativity. Nonwhite women (blacks, Hispanics, and Asians) who were employed before childbirth exhibited greater labor market continuation than white women. For immigrant women, those with a shorter length of residence were more likely to curtail employment than native-born women, but those with longer duration of residence show greater labor force attachment. We discuss the implications of these findings for income inequality and public policy.},
+  abstract = {Despite a large literature documenting the impact of childbearing on women's wages, less understanding exists of the actual employment trajectories that mothers take and the circumstances surrounding different paths. We use sequence analysis to chart the entire employment trajectory for a diverse sample of U.S. women by race/ethnicity and nativity in the first year following childbirth. Using data from the 1996-2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and sample selection models, we find that women employed before childbirth show a high degree of labor market continuity. However, a notable share of them (24 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) took less stable paths by dropping out or scaling back work. In addition, mothers' attachment to the labor force is simultaneously supported by personal endowments and family resources yet constrained by economic hardship and job characteristics. Moreover, mothers' employment patterns differ by race/ethnicity and nativity. Nonwhite women (blacks, Hispanics, and Asians) who were employed before childbirth exhibited greater labor market continuation than white women. For immigrant women, those with a shorter length of residence were more likely to curtail employment than native-born women, but those with longer duration of residence show greater labor force attachment. We discuss the implications of these findings for income inequality and public policy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21609,13 +25295,27 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {Lu, Wentian and Stefler, Denes and {Sanchez-Niubo}, Albert and Haro, Josep Maria and Marmot, Michael and Bobak, Martin},
   year = {2022},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   issn = {0144-686X},
   doi = {10.1017/S0144686X22000265},
   abstract = {Previous studies on health and socio-economic determinants of later-life labour force participation have mainly come from high-income European countries and the United States of America (USA). Findings vary between studies due to different measures of socio-economic status and labour force outcomes. This study investigated longitudinal associations of physical incapacity and wealth with remaining in paid employment after age 60 in middle- and high-income countries. Using harmonised cohort data in the USA, England, Japan, Mexico and China (N = 32,132), multilevel logistic regression was applied for main associations. The age-related probabilities of remaining in paid employment by physical incapacity and wealth were estimated using marginal effects. This study found that physical incapacity predicted lower odds of remaining in paid employment in each country. Wealth was associated with higher odds of remaining in paid employment in the USA, England and Japan, but not in Mexico. Probabilities of remaining in paid employment were high in Mexico but low in China. The absolute difference in the probability of remaining in paid employment between the richest and the poorest groups was greater in the USA than that in any other country. In the USA, England and Japan, the inverse association between physical incapacity and remaining in paid employment could be partially compensated by wealth only when physical incapacity was not severe. National policies, including considering older adults' changing capacities for job placement and prioritising the provision of supportive services for socio-economically disadvantaged older adults, developing pathways for informal workers to access social security and pension coverage, and encouraging employers to hire socio-economically disadvantaged older workers and enhancing their employability, could be facilitated. Future studies, such as exploring health and socio-economic determinants of remaining in part-time and full-time paid employment separately in more countries, and the moderating effects of relevant policies on these associations, are needed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Luci2009,
+  title = {Female Labour Market Participation and Economic Growth},
+  author = {Luci, Angela},
+  year = {2009},
+  journal = {International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {2/3},
+  pages = {97},
+  issn = {1740-8822, 1740-8830},
+  doi = {10.1504/IJISD.2009.028065},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Ludwick2020,
   title = {The Distinctive Roles of Urban Community Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review of the Literature},
   author = {Ludwick, Teralynn and Morgan, Alison and Kane, Sumit and Kelaher, Margaret and McPake, Barbara},
@@ -21689,6 +25389,19 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Lusk2009,
+  title = {Enhancing Career Exploration, Decision Making, and Problem Solving of Adolescent Girls with Disabilities},
+  author = {Lusk, Stephanie L. and Cook, Daniel},
+  year = {2009},
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {145--153},
+  issn = {10522263},
+  doi = {10.3233/JVR-2009-0484},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Lyonette2015,
   title = {Sharing the Load? {{Partners}}' Relative Earnings and the Division of Domestic Labour},
   author = {Lyonette, Clare and Crompton, Rosemary},
@@ -21744,7 +25457,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {10},
   issn = {2369-2960},
   doi = {10.2196/34927},
-  abstract = {Background: Disproportionate risks of COVID-19 in congregate care facilities including long-term care homes, retirement homes, and shelters both affect and are affected by SARS-CoV-2 infections among facility staff. In cities across Canada, there has been a consistent trend of geographic clustering of COVID-19 cases. However, there is limited information on how COVID-19 among facility staff reflects urban neighborhood disparities, particularly when stratified by the social and structural determinants of community-level transmission. Objective: This study aimed to compare the concentration of cumulative cases by geography and social and structural determinants across 3 mutually exclusive subgroups in the Greater Toronto Area (population: 7.1 million): community, facility staff, and health care workers (HCWs) in other settings.Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational study using surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases (January 23 to December 13, 2020; prior to vaccination rollout). We derived neighborhood-level social and structural determinants from census data and generated Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and the Hoover index to visualize and quantify inequalities in cases.Results: The hardest-hit neighborhoods (comprising 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population) accounted for 53.87\textbackslash textbackslash\% (44,937/83,419) of community cases, 48.59\textbackslash textbackslash\% (2356/4849) of facility staff cases, and 42.34\textbackslash textbackslash\% (1669/3942) of other HCW cases. Compared with other HCWs, cases among facility staff reflected the distribution of community cases more closely. Cases among facility staff reflected greater social and structural inequalities (larger Gini coefficients) than those of other HCWs across all determinants. Facility staff cases were also more likely than community cases to be concentrated in lower-income neighborhoods (Gini 0.24, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.15-0.38 vs 0.14, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.08-0.21) with a higher household density (Gini 0.23, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.17-0.29 vs 0.17, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.12-0.22) and with a greater proportion working in other essential services (Gini 0.29, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.21-0.40 vs 0.22, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.17-0.28).Conclusions: COVID-19 cases among facility staff largely reflect neighborhood-level heterogeneity and disparities, even more so than cases among other HCWs. The findings signal the importance of interventions prioritized and tailored to the home geographies of facility staff in addition to workplace measures, including prioritization and reach of vaccination at home (neighborhood level) and at work.},
+  abstract = {Background: Disproportionate risks of COVID-19 in congregate care facilities including long-term care homes, retirement homes, and shelters both affect and are affected by SARS-CoV-2 infections among facility staff. In cities across Canada, there has been a consistent trend of geographic clustering of COVID-19 cases. However, there is limited information on how COVID-19 among facility staff reflects urban neighborhood disparities, particularly when stratified by the social and structural determinants of community-level transmission. Objective: This study aimed to compare the concentration of cumulative cases by geography and social and structural determinants across 3 mutually exclusive subgroups in the Greater Toronto Area (population: 7.1 million): community, facility staff, and health care workers (HCWs) in other settings.Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational study using surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases (January 23 to December 13, 2020; prior to vaccination rollout). We derived neighborhood-level social and structural determinants from census data and generated Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and the Hoover index to visualize and quantify inequalities in cases.Results: The hardest-hit neighborhoods (comprising 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population) accounted for 53.87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (44,937/83,419) of community cases, 48.59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (2356/4849) of facility staff cases, and 42.34{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (1669/3942) of other HCW cases. Compared with other HCWs, cases among facility staff reflected the distribution of community cases more closely. Cases among facility staff reflected greater social and structural inequalities (larger Gini coefficients) than those of other HCWs across all determinants. Facility staff cases were also more likely than community cases to be concentrated in lower-income neighborhoods (Gini 0.24, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.15-0.38 vs 0.14, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.08-0.21) with a higher household density (Gini 0.23, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.17-0.29 vs 0.17, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.12-0.22) and with a greater proportion working in other essential services (Gini 0.29, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.21-0.40 vs 0.22, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.17-0.28).Conclusions: COVID-19 cases among facility staff largely reflect neighborhood-level heterogeneity and disparities, even more so than cases among other HCWs. The findings signal the importance of interventions prioritized and tailored to the home geographies of facility staff in addition to workplace measures, including prioritization and reach of vaccination at home (neighborhood level) and at work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21763,6 +25476,21 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{MacEachen2006,
+  title = {Systematic Review of the Qualitative Literature on Return to Work after Injury},
+  author = {MacEachen, Ellen and Clarke, Judy and Franche, Ren{\'e}e-Louise and Irvin, Emma and {Workplace-based Return to Work Literature Review Group}},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment \& Health},
+  volume = {32},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {257--269},
+  issn = {0355-3140, 1795-990X},
+  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.1009},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{MACHONIN1994,
   title = {{TOWARDS SOCIOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF CZECH AND SLOVAK SOCIETY}},
   author = {MACHONIN, P},
@@ -21772,10 +25500,42 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {4},
   pages = {333+},
   issn = {0049-1225},
-  abstract = {Shortly after the crucial political changes connected with the events in November 1989 in Czechoslovakia, some differences in political attitudes and behavior of the Czech and Slovak population appeared. An increasing tension in the Czech - Slovak relations finally led to a peaceful dissociation of the federal Czechoslovakia and to the formation of two sovereign states at the beginning of 1993. It is no wonder that this important change caused a serious discussion of social scientists of the both societies about the societal reasons and consequences of this unexpected and sudden historical and political phenomenon. The author of the present study in agreement with Jiri Musil prefers the comparison of different developments of cultural and social structures in the Czech lands and Slovakia to somewhat superficial historical and politological analyses of the split as a unique event. He disposes at some serious and historically relevant sociological evidence concerning the development of Czech-Slovak relationships, namely with the results of some representative Czech and Slovak sociological surveys, particularly from the years 1967, 1984, 1998, April 1993 and October 1993. Except the 1984 survey, he personally participated in all of them. In the second half of the 1960s, the Czech lands and Slovakia substantially differed in cultural and social respect. Above all one could observe big differences concerning the degree od urbanization in favour of the Czech lands. Slovakia remained then a country with settlement structure of rural type and with much more traditional way of life. A similar lag was characteristic for the structure of economically active population in respect to industrial branches. In the 1960s, the Czech lands belonged, according to their pre-war traditions and in the consequence of the enforced repeated industrialization (for military needs of the Soviet block in the period of the Cold War), to extensively industrialized societies, whereas Slovakia was rather a rural-industrial society where a recently started extensive industrialization went on. Towards the end of the 1960s the educational level of the Slovak population was already relatively close to that of the Czech one, although some distinctions still remained. At the same time, many important differences lasted in the material level of household equipment which was relatively better in the Czech lands. On the other hand, in consequence of the redistributive economic system, the average earnings were already nearly equal. In autumn 1967, on the very eve of the political crisis which signalized the outburst of events known as Prague Spring 1968, a large sociological survey of a representative sample of adult males dealing with social stratification and mobility was carried out by the Czech and Slovak sociologists in cooperation with the State Statistical Office. Its results were published two years later, unfortunately already after the Warsaw Pact Intervention which led to the defeat of the reform attempt connected with the Prague Spring. A special chapter in this book was written by a group of Slovak sociologists headed by R. Rosko. The authors proved that the social status distribution in Slovakia was in the late 1960s significantly lower in the average than the analogical distribution in the Czech lands. It was caused by small differences in the participation of individuals in management, in the level of work complexity typical for the occupational structures in question, and in the distribution of earnings; by more remarkable differences in level of education and material equipment of households; and by large differences concerning average income per capita, standards of consumption and cultural level of the life-style. In general, these findings demonstrated a still lasting deep cultural and social inequality of the Czech and Slovak part of the country. This social unbalance was multiplied by the consequences of the anti-Slovak political repressions in the late 1940s and in the 1950s and of the \textbackslash textasciigrave'constitutional reform'' from 1960 which brought suppression of the Slovak autonomy in favour of the centralized bureaucratic Prague administration. All these circumstances stimulated a high dissatisfaction of the relatively younger population of Slovakia living in conditions of a rapid demographic development, progress of urbanization and industrialization. It was important for the specific character of the social and political reform movement in 1968 on the Slovak territory which finally caused one of the few real successes of the Prague Spring - the constitutional act declaring federalization of the Czechoslovak Republic. In the practical politics of the \textbackslash textasciigrave'normalization'' regime installed by the Soviet intervention in August 1968, the originally intended federative arrangement was \textbackslash textasciigrave'via facti'' replaced by a new version of the totalitarian and bureaucratic centralism. However, this time the political regime was in a sense more favourable for Slovakia. The Slovak Communist leaders gained for more better and in some respect even decisive positions in the Prague central administration of the country than any time before. Some changes in this respect occurred only in the late 1980s. In consequence of all this, the process of the secondary redistribution of the GDP in favor of Slovakia not only continued but even intensified in the 1970s and 1980s. Simultaneously, political oppressions concerning hundreds of thousands of participants in the Prague Spring events were in this period sensibly weaker in Slovakia than in the Czech lands. Thus, paradoxically, the \textbackslash textasciigrave'normalization regime'' brought some advantages for Slovakia as compared with the past. Some evidence for this can be find in the data collected by Czech sociologists in the sociological survey on \textbackslash textasciigrave'class and social structure'' in 1984, i.e. shortly before the beginning of the Soviet \textbackslash textasciigrave'perestroika''. A recent secondary analysis of this data shows therefore a cultural and social situation typical for the normalization system on the top point of its development. It is not very surprising that thanks to the permanent operation of the redistributive mechanisms during fifteen years after the final defeat of the Prague Spring the cultural and social characteristics of the Czech and Slovak adult populations were mutually much closer in 1984 than in 1967. There remained practically no differences in work complexity and in average earnings. The quality of housing was approximately the same. The households were telephonized in very close percentages. People were equally active in professional studying and in political activities (in official politics, of course). In some respects small differences in favour of the Czech population still existed. This is true as far as the global educational level, the percentage of managers and some items of the households equipment are concerned. In their leisure, Czech population was more frequently engaged in typically urban cultural activities. The Slovak population lived in a substantially higher percentage in their own private houses, in more rooms per family and in better environment than the Czech did. They had in more cases gardens or other land at their disposal and devoted themselves more frequently to domestic agricultural work. They also were more active in social contacts, in visiting relatives, neighbours and friends. Still slightly better economic position of the households in the Czech lands - caused partly by lower average number of the more aged Czech families - expressed itself in somewhat higher evaluation of the standard of living from the part of the Czech population. In other words, in the midst of the 1980s, the cultural and social characteristics of the Slovak population were already close to the Czech standards but some lag in this respect still existed. Anyway, the Czech lands represented the stagnating part of the federation, while Slovakia was the progressing one. The beginning of the Soviet perestroika signalized the Czech population that a new historical crisis of the Soviet-type societies was coming. Feelings of dissatisfaction with the stagnation of the Czech lands combined with political frustration of the citizens of an occupied country gradually grew up, particularly when some difficulties concerning standard of living emerged in the second half of the 1980s. A certain dissappointment caused by the unwillingness of the Gorbatchev's leadership to revise the Soviet official attitude to the events of 1968 also played an important role. The Slovak population living still under the protection of current redistributive processes and under a little better political conditions did not feel these changes as intensively as the Czech did. It is no wonder that these specificities influenced the subjective evaluations of the economic, social, political and cultural situation in the country. In the public opinion polls from the second half of the 1980s, the degree of satisfaction of the Slovak population concerning nearly all questions asked then was significantly higher than that of the Czech citizens. Gradually, as the crisis of 1989 was coming nearer, the evaluations were less and less favourable for the regime in both republics. However, the Czech criticism grew more rapidly than the criticism of the population in Slovakia. The \textbackslash textasciigrave'Velvet Revolution'' of 1989 was initiated mainly by the Czech dissidents and the politically active part of the Czech people. It found an active response also in analogical groups in Slovakia. However, in the course of the year 1990, when the outline of the radical economic reform was prepared by the Federal Government and the first practical steps of it were undertaken, a new shift in the structure of value orientations occurred. Of crucial significance was above all the declaration of President Havel demanding the liquidation of the arms producing industry, strongly developed particularly in Slovakia, and the first measures to its realization. The author of the study disposes at representative data from the survey on social transformation (autumn 1991) confronting the objective status positions of the adult population with their subjective attitudes. As far as the objective characteristics are concerned, the results of the survey on social transformation were summoned by the author in 1992 as follows: \textbackslash textasciigrave'We discussed systematically all the relevant partial dimensions of the social position (status)...In all of these dimensions we could record only two significant signals of larger social differences. The first of them is a better standard of housing and a bigger amount of family fortunes in Slovakia (relativized, of course, by higher numerousness of families...). The second is a more often declaration of the subjective feelings of a worse market and especially financial attainability of consumption goods and services in Slovakia as well. In behind of this statement is hidden a more significant factor of a lower income per capita, connected with the already mentioned higher number of family members, and a different perception of the reality, influenced by the difference of social dynamics in the both republics. In no case, however, it is possible to speak about two fundamentally different status hierarchies with an essentially distinct context corresponding to two different phases of the civilization and cultural development.'' In other words, the cultural and social processes typical of the 1970s and 1980s, namely the stagnation and the beginning of an absolute decline in the Czech Republic and the continuing (although also limited by the character of the totalitarian and anti-meritocratic social system common for both of the two parts of the Federation) relative progress in Slovakia led to a nearly full equalization of the social unbalance which had been observed in 1967. On the other hand, the data from 1991 revealed a deep discrepancy between the balanced objective data and large differences of the subjective perception of the social situation. In principle, the evaluation both of the past and of the future transformation processes was much more favourable in the Czech than in the Slovak Republic. The most apparent differences in evaluation between the two republics could be found in the fields of standard of living and of social security. It was quite clear that such deep differences in attitudes could not be explained by those objective facts that revealed the attained social equalization of the Czech lands and Slovakia but rather in the specificities of the recent development of the two societies after the \textbackslash textasciigrave'Velvet Revolution''. Anyway, the contradictory shape of the popular attitudes became one of the stimuli that helped the victory of more liberal and pro-federalist rifht-wing political parties in the Czech Republic and rather anti-federalist political parties and movements in Slovakia in the elections of 1992. The election victors decided after relatively short negotiations, without asking people in a referendum, to dissociate the common state of Czechs and Slovaks. It happened at the beginning of 1993 in peaceful way and is acknowledged at present as a matter of fact by majorities of populations in both new states. It is highly interesting by now to find out what have been the further destinies of people in both countries as far as the objective positions and the subjective attitudes are concerned. A substantial contribution to this kind of knowledge could bring large representative sociological surveys of about 5000 adult respondents in the Czech and Slovak Republic that took place in April 1993 as a part of broader comparative survey on social stratification and mobility in Eastern Europe. The second important contribution could be drawn from paralel surveys of somewhat smaller representative samples devoted to the study of beliefs and behaviour of Czech and Slovak people carried out in autumn 1993. As far as the objective aspect of the problem is concerned, one can state that the economically active population of the Czech and Slovak Republics do not differ in none of the basic social status dimensions characterizing the individuals. Even the indicators of the so called status consistency/inconsistency, namely the rank correlations of education, work complexity and earnings are equal in both republics. Small differences have been revealed only in two newly studied status characteristics. The so-called social capital (the degree of development of purposeful informal social contacts) seems to be somewhat more developed in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. On the other hand, the Czech lands are a little bit more progressing in the development of the private enterpreneurship. However, the differences are not so deep as to make the social stratification shape of the two societies fundamentally dissimilar. Thus the data concerning the social positions of economically active individuals prove clearly that Slovakia reached approximately the same level od social and cultural development as the Czech Republic. There exist, of course, some not negligible differences concerning social and cultural characteristics of the families, including their economically non-active members. In Slovakia, significantly more respondents declared that they were living in family houses. The technical equipment of the housing is somewhat better in the Czech lands, the size of the family flats or houses and the number of rooms is larger in Slovakia. The material equipment of the households differs somewhat in some items in favour of the Czech families, in some others in favour of the Slovak. The average amount of their family fortunes expressed in financial values seems to be a little higher in Slovakia. The Czech families are not so numerous as the relatively younger Slovak families and therefore their average income per capita is higher. Among the population that has been questioned in the stratification survey there was substantially less retired persons in the Slovak Republic. The percentage of unemployed among the respondents has been, on the contrary, some times higher in Slovakia. However, the final percentage of economically active was higher in Slovakia. All these characteristics are connected with well known differences of the two countries in the settlement structure and in the structure of industries and branches in national economy. In the Slovak Republic, significantly more people are working in agriculture, metallurgy, heavy industry and energetics, yet also in education, culture ans science; in the Czech Republic the same goes for other industry, other services, finance and banking. Also the already mentioned differences in the demographic structures play their role as well as the differences in the ethnical structures (large Hungarian and Gipsy minority in Slovakia) and in confessional structures (substantially more believers, particularly Roman Catholics but also Evangelics in Slovakia). If we take into account all the mentioned social and cultural differences, some of them favourable for the Czech, some for the Slovak Republic, we cannot notice, of course, that they are in a part derived from the more rural and traditional past of Slovakia as we analyzed it in on the basis of 1967 data. However, in the whole the weight of this kind of differences is not as high that it could change our basic statement about achieved fundamental cultural and social equality of the societies in question, which both now belong to the industrial type and started together a very similar trajectory of the post-communist transformation. However, there is one important field where the recently emerged differences seem to be grave. It is the standard of living of the households. In every case, we can present interesting data comparing the evaluation of family standards of living in the Czech lands and Slovakia in 1988 and in 1993. In spite of the fact that they are somewhat subjectively coloured, especially as far as the retrospective evaluation is concerned, they clearly show that the obvious decline of the standard of living in both republics must have been much steeper in Slovakia. At the same time, we have here the first evidence proving the big shift of satisfaction/dissatisfaction attitudes in favour of the Czech lands. This opens the discussion of the important topic of subjective perception of the post-communist transformation. The evaluation, based on new experience, is in both republics somewhat more sceptical than in 1991. At the same time, a remarkable change in the relation of positive evaluations occurred in favour of the Czech Republic. In this case also the experience of nine months of Slovak sovereignty evidently plays a certain role. In most of similar questions one can identify a constant phenomenon: 20-25\textbackslash textbackslash\% less of positive and more of negative evaluations in Slovakia than in the Czech lands. The discrepancy between the relative equality of general cultural and social structures in the analyzed countries, on the one hand, and big differences in the subjective evaluations, on the other, for the first time revealed in the data from 1991, emerged from the data of 1993 with an even greater intensity. There are, in principle, three ways how to interpret this phenomenon. The first would be to query the first of the premises of our considerations by arguing that the residues of the traditional rural cultural and social relations in Slovakia are still alive, particularly in times of new crucial changes, and hamper the operating of relatively young and therefore unstable cultural and social relationships. However, the facts witnessing for basic equality of the present cultural and social structures are substantial and concern nearly all aspects of the daily life in both societies, so that it is not so easy to doubt them. There is a case for another explanation as well, namely for the assumption that in the stormy atmosphere of radical social changes some deep cultural and socio-psychological specificities of the nations concerned emerge, which are responsible for the different reactions to relatively equal situations. Neither these phenomena and mechanisms, taken alone, can explain the abruptness and intensity of the change in attitudes in the Czech lands and in Slovakia. In addition, the cultural and psychological phenomena are in principle very vague and their empirical fixation is unusually difficult. One could not notice that therefore this kind of argumentation has been recently many times abused by nationalist politicians both in Slovakia and in the Czech lands on the basis of arbitrary assumptions and statements. That is why we offer a third hypothesis, interpreting the stated discrepancy from the angle of the specificities of social and historical dynamics. It tries to explain the differences in attitudes as rationally arguable reactions of two neighbouring nations to historically different combinations of long-term and short-term dynamics. It is undisputable, that from the fall of the 1930s, Slovakia, a former agrarian and economically underdeveloped region, moved - with short breaks only - steadily in the direction to an industrial and relatively modern society with growing political authority. Although the Slovaks did not like communism (as the results of the elections in 1946 clearly showed) and had to be forced to adapt themselves to the state-socialist system (as the events in 1947 and 1948 prove), paradoxically the peak of the modernization of their society, bringing hitherto the best living conditions for the population, has been achieved during the period of \textbackslash textasciigrave'normalization'', i.e. on the top of the development of the totalitarian and anti-meritocratic (egalitarian) social system in Czechoslovakia. It is quite clear from this that typical ideologies of the state socialist era: egalitarianism, state paternalism and authoritarianism have far deeper roots in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. The social experience of a long-term trajectory of a gradual rise and emancipation of the Slovak nation clashed at once after 1989 with a contradictory experience of a rapid decline and deteriorization of the economic and social conditions, much more intensive than in the Czech lands. It is no wonder that the Slovak population reacted to the new situation in a greater extent than the Czech with feelings of frustration, resignation or even refusal. The social experience of the Czech nation since the end of the 1930s has been substatially different. In the rude trajectory of development until the end of the 1980s, degradation and stagnation of a formerly well developed Central European land prevailed in general. A short contradictory wave of a renewed progress in the 1960s finished by a grave frustration from the defeat of the Prague spring. The Soviet occupation meant a real lost of national sovereignty for the Czech nation that never accepted it. After the lost of illusions about the possibilities of the Soviet \textbackslash textasciigrave'perestroika'' and after a certain deteriorization of the standard of living in the second half of the 1980s, the Czech nation was mentally prepared for a \textbackslash textasciigrave'return to Europe''. The subsequent decline in the first phase of the post-communist transformation was the slightest one among the Central and East European countries and the signs of some improvement showed very early. It is no wonder, again, that most people are relatively more satisfied with the development until now and more optimistic about the future than the Slovak population is. It does not mean, of course that there does not exist a danger of a later desillusion of a part of society and of some rise of feelings of frustration and resignation in the future. It is easy to see that this kind of interpretation of our data is rational and corresponds the historical facts found out or corroborated in our surveys. It can explain without distortion of the evident historical reality most of the seeming paradoxes of the Czech and Slovak reality and mutual relationships. In a way it gives also some keys to the explanation of the split of Czechoslovakia and of its unexpected abruptness and peaceful forms.},
+  abstract = {Shortly after the crucial political changes connected with the events in November 1989 in Czechoslovakia, some differences in political attitudes and behavior of the Czech and Slovak population appeared. An increasing tension in the Czech - Slovak relations finally led to a peaceful dissociation of the federal Czechoslovakia and to the formation of two sovereign states at the beginning of 1993. It is no wonder that this important change caused a serious discussion of social scientists of the both societies about the societal reasons and consequences of this unexpected and sudden historical and political phenomenon. The author of the present study in agreement with Jiri Musil prefers the comparison of different developments of cultural and social structures in the Czech lands and Slovakia to somewhat superficial historical and politological analyses of the split as a unique event. He disposes at some serious and historically relevant sociological evidence concerning the development of Czech-Slovak relationships, namely with the results of some representative Czech and Slovak sociological surveys, particularly from the years 1967, 1984, 1998, April 1993 and October 1993. Except the 1984 survey, he personally participated in all of them. In the second half of the 1960s, the Czech lands and Slovakia substantially differed in cultural and social respect. Above all one could observe big differences concerning the degree od urbanization in favour of the Czech lands. Slovakia remained then a country with settlement structure of rural type and with much more traditional way of life. A similar lag was characteristic for the structure of economically active population in respect to industrial branches. In the 1960s, the Czech lands belonged, according to their pre-war traditions and in the consequence of the enforced repeated industrialization (for military needs of the Soviet block in the period of the Cold War), to extensively industrialized societies, whereas Slovakia was rather a rural-industrial society where a recently started extensive industrialization went on. Towards the end of the 1960s the educational level of the Slovak population was already relatively close to that of the Czech one, although some distinctions still remained. At the same time, many important differences lasted in the material level of household equipment which was relatively better in the Czech lands. On the other hand, in consequence of the redistributive economic system, the average earnings were already nearly equal. In autumn 1967, on the very eve of the political crisis which signalized the outburst of events known as Prague Spring 1968, a large sociological survey of a representative sample of adult males dealing with social stratification and mobility was carried out by the Czech and Slovak sociologists in cooperation with the State Statistical Office. Its results were published two years later, unfortunately already after the Warsaw Pact Intervention which led to the defeat of the reform attempt connected with the Prague Spring. A special chapter in this book was written by a group of Slovak sociologists headed by R. Rosko. The authors proved that the social status distribution in Slovakia was in the late 1960s significantly lower in the average than the analogical distribution in the Czech lands. It was caused by small differences in the participation of individuals in management, in the level of work complexity typical for the occupational structures in question, and in the distribution of earnings; by more remarkable differences in level of education and material equipment of households; and by large differences concerning average income per capita, standards of consumption and cultural level of the life-style. In general, these findings demonstrated a still lasting deep cultural and social inequality of the Czech and Slovak part of the country. This social unbalance was multiplied by the consequences of the anti-Slovak political repressions in the late 1940s and in the 1950s and of the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'constitutional reform'' from 1960 which brought suppression of the Slovak autonomy in favour of the centralized bureaucratic Prague administration. All these circumstances stimulated a high dissatisfaction of the relatively younger population of Slovakia living in conditions of a rapid demographic development, progress of urbanization and industrialization. It was important for the specific character of the social and political reform movement in 1968 on the Slovak territory which finally caused one of the few real successes of the Prague Spring - the constitutional act declaring federalization of the Czechoslovak Republic. In the practical politics of the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'normalization'' regime installed by the Soviet intervention in August 1968, the originally intended federative arrangement was {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'via facti'' replaced by a new version of the totalitarian and bureaucratic centralism. However, this time the political regime was in a sense more favourable for Slovakia. The Slovak Communist leaders gained for more better and in some respect even decisive positions in the Prague central administration of the country than any time before. Some changes in this respect occurred only in the late 1980s. In consequence of all this, the process of the secondary redistribution of the GDP in favor of Slovakia not only continued but even intensified in the 1970s and 1980s. Simultaneously, political oppressions concerning hundreds of thousands of participants in the Prague Spring events were in this period sensibly weaker in Slovakia than in the Czech lands. Thus, paradoxically, the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'normalization regime'' brought some advantages for Slovakia as compared with the past. Some evidence for this can be find in the data collected by Czech sociologists in the sociological survey on {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'class and social structure'' in 1984, i.e. shortly before the beginning of the Soviet {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'perestroika''. A recent secondary analysis of this data shows therefore a cultural and social situation typical for the normalization system on the top point of its development. It is not very surprising that thanks to the permanent operation of the redistributive mechanisms during fifteen years after the final defeat of the Prague Spring the cultural and social characteristics of the Czech and Slovak adult populations were mutually much closer in 1984 than in 1967. There remained practically no differences in work complexity and in average earnings. The quality of housing was approximately the same. The households were telephonized in very close percentages. People were equally active in professional studying and in political activities (in official politics, of course). In some respects small differences in favour of the Czech population still existed. This is true as far as the global educational level, the percentage of managers and some items of the households equipment are concerned. In their leisure, Czech population was more frequently engaged in typically urban cultural activities. The Slovak population lived in a substantially higher percentage in their own private houses, in more rooms per family and in better environment than the Czech did. They had in more cases gardens or other land at their disposal and devoted themselves more frequently to domestic agricultural work. They also were more active in social contacts, in visiting relatives, neighbours and friends. Still slightly better economic position of the households in the Czech lands - caused partly by lower average number of the more aged Czech families - expressed itself in somewhat higher evaluation of the standard of living from the part of the Czech population. In other words, in the midst of the 1980s, the cultural and social characteristics of the Slovak population were already close to the Czech standards but some lag in this respect still existed. Anyway, the Czech lands represented the stagnating part of the federation, while Slovakia was the progressing one. The beginning of the Soviet perestroika signalized the Czech population that a new historical crisis of the Soviet-type societies was coming. Feelings of dissatisfaction with the stagnation of the Czech lands combined with political frustration of the citizens of an occupied country gradually grew up, particularly when some difficulties concerning standard of living emerged in the second half of the 1980s. A certain dissappointment caused by the unwillingness of the Gorbatchev's leadership to revise the Soviet official attitude to the events of 1968 also played an important role. The Slovak population living still under the protection of current redistributive processes and under a little better political conditions did not feel these changes as intensively as the Czech did. It is no wonder that these specificities influenced the subjective evaluations of the economic, social, political and cultural situation in the country. In the public opinion polls from the second half of the 1980s, the degree of satisfaction of the Slovak population concerning nearly all questions asked then was significantly higher than that of the Czech citizens. Gradually, as the crisis of 1989 was coming nearer, the evaluations were less and less favourable for the regime in both republics. However, the Czech criticism grew more rapidly than the criticism of the population in Slovakia. The {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'Velvet Revolution'' of 1989 was initiated mainly by the Czech dissidents and the politically active part of the Czech people. It found an active response also in analogical groups in Slovakia. However, in the course of the year 1990, when the outline of the radical economic reform was prepared by the Federal Government and the first practical steps of it were undertaken, a new shift in the structure of value orientations occurred. Of crucial significance was above all the declaration of President Havel demanding the liquidation of the arms producing industry, strongly developed particularly in Slovakia, and the first measures to its realization. The author of the study disposes at representative data from the survey on social transformation (autumn 1991) confronting the objective status positions of the adult population with their subjective attitudes. As far as the objective characteristics are concerned, the results of the survey on social transformation were summoned by the author in 1992 as follows: {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'We discussed systematically all the relevant partial dimensions of the social position (status)...In all of these dimensions we could record only two significant signals of larger social differences. The first of them is a better standard of housing and a bigger amount of family fortunes in Slovakia (relativized, of course, by higher numerousness of families...). The second is a more often declaration of the subjective feelings of a worse market and especially financial attainability of consumption goods and services in Slovakia as well. In behind of this statement is hidden a more significant factor of a lower income per capita, connected with the already mentioned higher number of family members, and a different perception of the reality, influenced by the difference of social dynamics in the both republics. In no case, however, it is possible to speak about two fundamentally different status hierarchies with an essentially distinct context corresponding to two different phases of the civilization and cultural development.'' In other words, the cultural and social processes typical of the 1970s and 1980s, namely the stagnation and the beginning of an absolute decline in the Czech Republic and the continuing (although also limited by the character of the totalitarian and anti-meritocratic social system common for both of the two parts of the Federation) relative progress in Slovakia led to a nearly full equalization of the social unbalance which had been observed in 1967. On the other hand, the data from 1991 revealed a deep discrepancy between the balanced objective data and large differences of the subjective perception of the social situation. In principle, the evaluation both of the past and of the future transformation processes was much more favourable in the Czech than in the Slovak Republic. The most apparent differences in evaluation between the two republics could be found in the fields of standard of living and of social security. It was quite clear that such deep differences in attitudes could not be explained by those objective facts that revealed the attained social equalization of the Czech lands and Slovakia but rather in the specificities of the recent development of the two societies after the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'Velvet Revolution''. Anyway, the contradictory shape of the popular attitudes became one of the stimuli that helped the victory of more liberal and pro-federalist rifht-wing political parties in the Czech Republic and rather anti-federalist political parties and movements in Slovakia in the elections of 1992. The election victors decided after relatively short negotiations, without asking people in a referendum, to dissociate the common state of Czechs and Slovaks. It happened at the beginning of 1993 in peaceful way and is acknowledged at present as a matter of fact by majorities of populations in both new states. It is highly interesting by now to find out what have been the further destinies of people in both countries as far as the objective positions and the subjective attitudes are concerned. A substantial contribution to this kind of knowledge could bring large representative sociological surveys of about 5000 adult respondents in the Czech and Slovak Republic that took place in April 1993 as a part of broader comparative survey on social stratification and mobility in Eastern Europe. The second important contribution could be drawn from paralel surveys of somewhat smaller representative samples devoted to the study of beliefs and behaviour of Czech and Slovak people carried out in autumn 1993. As far as the objective aspect of the problem is concerned, one can state that the economically active population of the Czech and Slovak Republics do not differ in none of the basic social status dimensions characterizing the individuals. Even the indicators of the so called status consistency/inconsistency, namely the rank correlations of education, work complexity and earnings are equal in both republics. Small differences have been revealed only in two newly studied status characteristics. The so-called social capital (the degree of development of purposeful informal social contacts) seems to be somewhat more developed in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. On the other hand, the Czech lands are a little bit more progressing in the development of the private enterpreneurship. However, the differences are not so deep as to make the social stratification shape of the two societies fundamentally dissimilar. Thus the data concerning the social positions of economically active individuals prove clearly that Slovakia reached approximately the same level od social and cultural development as the Czech Republic. There exist, of course, some not negligible differences concerning social and cultural characteristics of the families, including their economically non-active members. In Slovakia, significantly more respondents declared that they were living in family houses. The technical equipment of the housing is somewhat better in the Czech lands, the size of the family flats or houses and the number of rooms is larger in Slovakia. The material equipment of the households differs somewhat in some items in favour of the Czech families, in some others in favour of the Slovak. The average amount of their family fortunes expressed in financial values seems to be a little higher in Slovakia. The Czech families are not so numerous as the relatively younger Slovak families and therefore their average income per capita is higher. Among the population that has been questioned in the stratification survey there was substantially less retired persons in the Slovak Republic. The percentage of unemployed among the respondents has been, on the contrary, some times higher in Slovakia. However, the final percentage of economically active was higher in Slovakia. All these characteristics are connected with well known differences of the two countries in the settlement structure and in the structure of industries and branches in national economy. In the Slovak Republic, significantly more people are working in agriculture, metallurgy, heavy industry and energetics, yet also in education, culture ans science; in the Czech Republic the same goes for other industry, other services, finance and banking. Also the already mentioned differences in the demographic structures play their role as well as the differences in the ethnical structures (large Hungarian and Gipsy minority in Slovakia) and in confessional structures (substantially more believers, particularly Roman Catholics but also Evangelics in Slovakia). If we take into account all the mentioned social and cultural differences, some of them favourable for the Czech, some for the Slovak Republic, we cannot notice, of course, that they are in a part derived from the more rural and traditional past of Slovakia as we analyzed it in on the basis of 1967 data. However, in the whole the weight of this kind of differences is not as high that it could change our basic statement about achieved fundamental cultural and social equality of the societies in question, which both now belong to the industrial type and started together a very similar trajectory of the post-communist transformation. However, there is one important field where the recently emerged differences seem to be grave. It is the standard of living of the households. In every case, we can present interesting data comparing the evaluation of family standards of living in the Czech lands and Slovakia in 1988 and in 1993. In spite of the fact that they are somewhat subjectively coloured, especially as far as the retrospective evaluation is concerned, they clearly show that the obvious decline of the standard of living in both republics must have been much steeper in Slovakia. At the same time, we have here the first evidence proving the big shift of satisfaction/dissatisfaction attitudes in favour of the Czech lands. This opens the discussion of the important topic of subjective perception of the post-communist transformation. The evaluation, based on new experience, is in both republics somewhat more sceptical than in 1991. At the same time, a remarkable change in the relation of positive evaluations occurred in favour of the Czech Republic. In this case also the experience of nine months of Slovak sovereignty evidently plays a certain role. In most of similar questions one can identify a constant phenomenon: 20-25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% less of positive and more of negative evaluations in Slovakia than in the Czech lands. The discrepancy between the relative equality of general cultural and social structures in the analyzed countries, on the one hand, and big differences in the subjective evaluations, on the other, for the first time revealed in the data from 1991, emerged from the data of 1993 with an even greater intensity. There are, in principle, three ways how to interpret this phenomenon. The first would be to query the first of the premises of our considerations by arguing that the residues of the traditional rural cultural and social relations in Slovakia are still alive, particularly in times of new crucial changes, and hamper the operating of relatively young and therefore unstable cultural and social relationships. However, the facts witnessing for basic equality of the present cultural and social structures are substantial and concern nearly all aspects of the daily life in both societies, so that it is not so easy to doubt them. There is a case for another explanation as well, namely for the assumption that in the stormy atmosphere of radical social changes some deep cultural and socio-psychological specificities of the nations concerned emerge, which are responsible for the different reactions to relatively equal situations. Neither these phenomena and mechanisms, taken alone, can explain the abruptness and intensity of the change in attitudes in the Czech lands and in Slovakia. In addition, the cultural and psychological phenomena are in principle very vague and their empirical fixation is unusually difficult. One could not notice that therefore this kind of argumentation has been recently many times abused by nationalist politicians both in Slovakia and in the Czech lands on the basis of arbitrary assumptions and statements. That is why we offer a third hypothesis, interpreting the stated discrepancy from the angle of the specificities of social and historical dynamics. It tries to explain the differences in attitudes as rationally arguable reactions of two neighbouring nations to historically different combinations of long-term and short-term dynamics. It is undisputable, that from the fall of the 1930s, Slovakia, a former agrarian and economically underdeveloped region, moved - with short breaks only - steadily in the direction to an industrial and relatively modern society with growing political authority. Although the Slovaks did not like communism (as the results of the elections in 1946 clearly showed) and had to be forced to adapt themselves to the state-socialist system (as the events in 1947 and 1948 prove), paradoxically the peak of the modernization of their society, bringing hitherto the best living conditions for the population, has been achieved during the period of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'normalization'', i.e. on the top of the development of the totalitarian and anti-meritocratic (egalitarian) social system in Czechoslovakia. It is quite clear from this that typical ideologies of the state socialist era: egalitarianism, state paternalism and authoritarianism have far deeper roots in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. The social experience of a long-term trajectory of a gradual rise and emancipation of the Slovak nation clashed at once after 1989 with a contradictory experience of a rapid decline and deteriorization of the economic and social conditions, much more intensive than in the Czech lands. It is no wonder that the Slovak population reacted to the new situation in a greater extent than the Czech with feelings of frustration, resignation or even refusal. The social experience of the Czech nation since the end of the 1930s has been substatially different. In the rude trajectory of development until the end of the 1980s, degradation and stagnation of a formerly well developed Central European land prevailed in general. A short contradictory wave of a renewed progress in the 1960s finished by a grave frustration from the defeat of the Prague spring. The Soviet occupation meant a real lost of national sovereignty for the Czech nation that never accepted it. After the lost of illusions about the possibilities of the Soviet {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'perestroika'' and after a certain deteriorization of the standard of living in the second half of the 1980s, the Czech nation was mentally prepared for a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'return to Europe''. The subsequent decline in the first phase of the post-communist transformation was the slightest one among the Central and East European countries and the signs of some improvement showed very early. It is no wonder, again, that most people are relatively more satisfied with the development until now and more optimistic about the future than the Slovak population is. It does not mean, of course that there does not exist a danger of a later desillusion of a part of society and of some rise of feelings of frustration and resignation in the future. It is easy to see that this kind of interpretation of our data is rational and corresponds the historical facts found out or corroborated in our surveys. It can explain without distortion of the evident historical reality most of the seeming paradoxes of the Czech and Slovak reality and mutual relationships. In a way it gives also some keys to the explanation of the split of Czechoslovakia and of its unexpected abruptness and peaceful forms.},
   langid = {slovak}
 }
 
+@article{Mackenbach1997,
+  title = {Measuring the Magnitude of Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health: {{An}} Overview of Available Measures Illustrated with Two Examples from {{Europe}}},
+  shorttitle = {Measuring the Magnitude of Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health},
+  author = {Mackenbach, Johan P and Kunst, Anton E},
+  year = {1997},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {44},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {757--771},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00073-1},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Mackenzie2006,
+  title = {Age, Gender, and the Underutilization of Mental Health Services: {{The}} Influence of Help-Seeking Attitudes},
+  shorttitle = {Age, Gender, and the Underutilization of Mental Health Services},
+  author = {Mackenzie, C. S. and Gekoski, W. L. and Knox, V. J.},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Aging \& Mental Health},
+  volume = {10},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {574--582},
+  issn = {1360-7863, 1364-6915},
+  doi = {10.1080/13607860600641200},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{MacLean2019,
   title = {Labour Market Outcomes of {{Veterans}}},
   author = {MacLean, Mary Beth and Keough, Jacinta and Poirier, Alain and McKinnon, Kritopher and Sweet, Jill},
@@ -21790,12 +25550,29 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Macmillan1999,
+  title = {When {{She Brings Home}} the {{Bacon}}: {{Labor-Force Participation}} and the {{Risk}} of {{Spousal Violence}} against {{Women}}},
+  shorttitle = {When {{She Brings Home}} the {{Bacon}}},
+  author = {Macmillan, Ross and Gartner, Rosemary},
+  year = {1999},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Marriage and the Family},
+  volume = {61},
+  number = {4},
+  eprint = {354015},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {947},
+  issn = {00222445},
+  doi = {10.2307/354015},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{MacVicar2017,
   title = {How Seasonality and Weather Affect Perinatal Health: {{Comparing}} the Experiences of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Mothers in {{Kanungu District}}, {{Uganda}}},
   author = {MacVicar, Sarah and {Berrang-Ford}, Lea and Harper, Sherilee and Steele, Vivienne and Lwasa, Shuaib and Bambaiha, Didacus Namanya and Twesigomwe, Sabastien and Asaasira, Grace and Ross, Nancy and Team, IHACC Res},
   year = {2017},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {187},
   pages = {39--48},
   issn = {0277-9536},
@@ -21853,7 +25630,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
   year = {2013},
   journal = {6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (ICERI 2013)},
-  abstract = {The rate of young people (15-24 years) in Australia who are not engaged in full-time education or employment remains consistently higher than the national unemployment rate. Various Government, academic and not-for-profit sectors in Australia are starting to recognise social enterprise programs as a potential solution to the unemployment issue, particularly for target groups such as disadvantaged youth. These programs are operated in a real-life work environment where participants can develop vocational and employability skills through experiential learning as well as receive added support to identify and address personal barriers to employment and education. Furthermore, output from these programs provides benefits for the community. Social enterprise programs are predominantly funded by Government and delivered by not-for-profit agencies with a social mission. BoysTown is one such organisation delivering social enterprise programs specifically for disadvantaged young people. These young people have histories of long-term unemployment and welfare support, limited work experience, intergenerational unemployment and low levels of formal education. In a mixed method study (Bartlett, Mafi \textbackslash textbackslash\& Dalgleish, 2013; BoysTown Griffith University, 2012) of the processes of BoysTown's social enterprises and the outcomes for its participants, the survey data from 542 participants in these social enterprises indicated not only high rates of positive employment and education achievements, but also significant improvements in personal development areas such as functional literacy and numeracy, communication, teamwork, self-esteem, substance abuse and antisocial behaviour. The themes from semi-structured interviews with 40 of these participants supported the results from these quantitative data. An integral finding was that improvements in decision-making competence and the belief in achievement of job, life and financial aspirations had flow-on effects for young people's achievement of employment and education outcomes. These results can inform BoysTown and similar agencies about current strengths and future possibilities in its social enterprise programs.},
+  abstract = {The rate of young people (15-24 years) in Australia who are not engaged in full-time education or employment remains consistently higher than the national unemployment rate. Various Government, academic and not-for-profit sectors in Australia are starting to recognise social enterprise programs as a potential solution to the unemployment issue, particularly for target groups such as disadvantaged youth. These programs are operated in a real-life work environment where participants can develop vocational and employability skills through experiential learning as well as receive added support to identify and address personal barriers to employment and education. Furthermore, output from these programs provides benefits for the community. Social enterprise programs are predominantly funded by Government and delivered by not-for-profit agencies with a social mission. BoysTown is one such organisation delivering social enterprise programs specifically for disadvantaged young people. These young people have histories of long-term unemployment and welfare support, limited work experience, intergenerational unemployment and low levels of formal education. In a mixed method study (Bartlett, Mafi {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Dalgleish, 2013; BoysTown Griffith University, 2012) of the processes of BoysTown's social enterprises and the outcomes for its participants, the survey data from 542 participants in these social enterprises indicated not only high rates of positive employment and education achievements, but also significant improvements in personal development areas such as functional literacy and numeracy, communication, teamwork, self-esteem, substance abuse and antisocial behaviour. The themes from semi-structured interviews with 40 of these participants supported the results from these quantitative data. An integral finding was that improvements in decision-making competence and the belief in achievement of job, life and financial aspirations had flow-on effects for young people's achievement of employment and education outcomes. These results can inform BoysTown and similar agencies about current strengths and future possibilities in its social enterprise programs.},
   isbn = {978-84-616-3847-5},
   langid = {english},
   note = {6th International Conference on Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 18-20, 2013}
@@ -21867,7 +25644,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   journal = {JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES},
   issn = {1058-0476},
   doi = {10.1007/s10834-023-09893-0},
-  abstract = {We examine the relationship between female contribution to household income and the division of housework between the partners, while accounting for their attitutes towards gender roles. We use data from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveGeneration and Gender Survey\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for Poland: a country where both employment rates of women and their involvement in housework are high, men and women work long hours, and labour market regulation and policies are unsupportive of work- family balance. We find that the female share of total household income is negatively related to women's heavy involvement in housework. The direction of this relationship does not change when women earn more than their partners, so there is no support for the gender deviance neutralization hypothesis. We also find that individual gender norms matter for women's involvement in unpaid work at home, and the uncovered link between the female share of household income and inequality between the partners in the division of housework. Women from less traditional households are more likely to share housework equally with their partners. Among couples with traditional gender attitudes, the female contribution to household income is not related to the division of housework. We conclude that narrowing gender pay gaps may be an important step towards more equality not only at work but also at home.},
+  abstract = {We examine the relationship between female contribution to household income and the division of housework between the partners, while accounting for their attitutes towards gender roles. We use data from the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveGeneration and Gender Survey{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for Poland: a country where both employment rates of women and their involvement in housework are high, men and women work long hours, and labour market regulation and policies are unsupportive of work- family balance. We find that the female share of total household income is negatively related to women's heavy involvement in housework. The direction of this relationship does not change when women earn more than their partners, so there is no support for the gender deviance neutralization hypothesis. We also find that individual gender norms matter for women's involvement in unpaid work at home, and the uncovered link between the female share of household income and inequality between the partners in the division of housework. Women from less traditional households are more likely to share housework equally with their partners. Among couples with traditional gender attitudes, the female contribution to household income is not related to the division of housework. We conclude that narrowing gender pay gaps may be an important step towards more equality not only at work but also at home.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21896,7 +25673,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   journal = {WORLD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK 2014: WEST MEET EAST: SHARING THE PAST AND CURRENT EXPERIENCE TO BENEFIT THE FUTURE},
   series = {World {{Sustainable Development Outlook}}},
   issn = {1748-8133},
-  abstract = {Purpose This paper examines the presence of a gender wage gap in Trinidad and Tobago and its possible influences. Methodology Investigation of the issue utilised data from the 2009/2008 Household Budget Survey. A combination of linear regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis permits segregation of wage differences into explained and unexplained. Findings At the aggregate level, there is a significant difference between male and female wages. Investigation showed that the demographics with the highest levels of discrimination were in the age groups 44-35, income levels 5,999\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar-3,000\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar and private sector employment versus public sector. Social implications Contrary to males, females continue to exhibit improvements within employment, labour force participation and educational attainment. Continued discrimination within the workplace may erode many of the positives in the last couple of decades. Originality/value The results of this research can serve as a useful tool for more gender-sensitive employment policies in Trinidad and Tobago, and possibly the wider Caribbean region.},
+  abstract = {Purpose This paper examines the presence of a gender wage gap in Trinidad and Tobago and its possible influences. Methodology Investigation of the issue utilised data from the 2009/2008 Household Budget Survey. A combination of linear regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis permits segregation of wage differences into explained and unexplained. Findings At the aggregate level, there is a significant difference between male and female wages. Investigation showed that the demographics with the highest levels of discrimination were in the age groups 44-35, income levels 5,999{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar-3,000{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar and private sector employment versus public sector. Social implications Contrary to males, females continue to exhibit improvements within employment, labour force participation and educational attainment. Continued discrimination within the workplace may erode many of the positives in the last couple of decades. Originality/value The results of this research can serve as a useful tool for more gender-sensitive employment policies in Trinidad and Tobago, and possibly the wider Caribbean region.},
   isbn = {978-1-907106-31-6},
   langid = {english},
   note = {International Conference of World-Association-for-Sustainable-Development (WASD), Montreal, CANADA, AUG 13-15, 2014}
@@ -21914,7 +25691,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   issn = {1745-5057, 1745-5065},
   doi = {10.1177/17455057221087888},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Introduction:               COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown as prevention and control measure, forced people globally to limit their movements and to stay at home for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on intimate partner violence in Bangladesh.                                         Methods:               We conducted a secondary research by employing a Poisson regression model to estimate the effect of pandemic-led lockdown policy on the change in the number of intimate partner violence-related calls during pandemic using national emergency helpline 999 call logs. Data from January 2019 to May 2020 for 64 districts produced 1088 district-month-year observations which had been used for the main analysis.                                         Results:               We found a 46\% decrease in the incidence rate of intimate partner violence-related calls during the pandemic after adjusting for year, month, district fixed-effects\textemdash suggesting, non-reporting of the violence might have exacerbated during lockdown.                                         Conclusion:               While increasing rate of intimate partner violence is one side of issue, non-reporting of it has received less attention and during the lockdown non-reporting might grow large and have severe health impacts for women.},
+  abstract = {Introduction:               COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown as prevention and control measure, forced people globally to limit their movements and to stay at home for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on intimate partner violence in Bangladesh.                                         Methods:               We conducted a secondary research by employing a Poisson regression model to estimate the effect of pandemic-led lockdown policy on the change in the number of intimate partner violence-related calls during pandemic using national emergency helpline 999 call logs. Data from January 2019 to May 2020 for 64 districts produced 1088 district-month-year observations which had been used for the main analysis.                                         Results:               We found a 46\% decrease in the incidence rate of intimate partner violence-related calls during the pandemic after adjusting for year, month, district fixed-effects{\textemdash}suggesting, non-reporting of the violence might have exacerbated during lockdown.                                         Conclusion:               While increasing rate of intimate partner violence is one side of issue, non-reporting of it has received less attention and during the lockdown non-reporting might grow large and have severe health impacts for women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21941,7 +25718,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {14},
   issn = {1472-6963},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-014-0504-6},
-  abstract = {Background: User fees have been shown to constitute a major barrier to the utilisation of health-care, particularly in low-income countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Importantly, such barriers can lead to the exclusion of vulnerable individuals from health-care. In 2008, a donor-funded primary health-care programme began implementing user fee subsidisation in 20 health zones of the DRC. In this study, we quantified the short and long-term effects of this policy on health-care utilisation. Methods: Sixteen health zones were included for analysis. Using routinely collected health-care utilisation data before and after policy implementation, interrupted time series regression was applied to quantify the temporal impact of the user fee policy in the studied health zones. Payment of salary supplements to health-care workers and provision of free drugs - the other components of the programme - were controlled for where possible. Results: Fourteen (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%) health zones showed an immediate positive effect in health-care utilisation rates (overall median increase of 19\textbackslash textbackslash\%, interquartile range 11 to 43) one month after the policy was introduced, and the effect was significant in seven zones (P {$<$}0.05). This initial effect was sustained or increased at 24 months in five health zones but was only significant in one health zone at P {$<$}0.05. Utilisation reduced over time in the remaining health zones (overall median increase of 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, interquartile range -10 to 33). The modelled mean health-care utilisation rate initially increased significantly from 43 consultations/1000 population to 51 consultations/1000 population during the first month following implementation (P {$<$}0.01). However, the on-going effect was not significant (P =0.69). Conclusions: Our research brings mixed findings on the effectiveness of user fee subsidisation as a strategy to increase the utilisation of services. Future work should focus on feasibility issues associated with the removal or reduction of user fees and how to sustain its effects on utilisation in the longer term.},
+  abstract = {Background: User fees have been shown to constitute a major barrier to the utilisation of health-care, particularly in low-income countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Importantly, such barriers can lead to the exclusion of vulnerable individuals from health-care. In 2008, a donor-funded primary health-care programme began implementing user fee subsidisation in 20 health zones of the DRC. In this study, we quantified the short and long-term effects of this policy on health-care utilisation. Methods: Sixteen health zones were included for analysis. Using routinely collected health-care utilisation data before and after policy implementation, interrupted time series regression was applied to quantify the temporal impact of the user fee policy in the studied health zones. Payment of salary supplements to health-care workers and provision of free drugs - the other components of the programme - were controlled for where possible. Results: Fourteen (88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) health zones showed an immediate positive effect in health-care utilisation rates (overall median increase of 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, interquartile range 11 to 43) one month after the policy was introduced, and the effect was significant in seven zones (P {$<$}0.05). This initial effect was sustained or increased at 24 months in five health zones but was only significant in one health zone at P {$<$}0.05. Utilisation reduced over time in the remaining health zones (overall median increase of 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, interquartile range -10 to 33). The modelled mean health-care utilisation rate initially increased significantly from 43 consultations/1000 population to 51 consultations/1000 population during the first month following implementation (P {$<$}0.01). However, the on-going effect was not significant (P =0.69). Conclusions: Our research brings mixed findings on the effectiveness of user fee subsidisation as a strategy to increase the utilisation of services. Future work should focus on feasibility issues associated with the removal or reduction of user fees and how to sustain its effects on utilisation in the longer term.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -21963,7 +25740,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{Majumder2023,
-  title = {The {{Employment Challenge}} in {{India}}: {{Hundred Years}} from \textbackslash{{textasciigraveTen}} Days That Shook the {{World}}'},
+  title = {The {{Employment Challenge}} in {{India}}: {{Hundred Years}} from {\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveTen}} Days That Shook the {{World}}'},
   author = {Majumder, Rajarshi},
   year = {2023},
   month = feb,
@@ -22037,7 +25814,39 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {7},
   pages = {1--9},
   doi = {10.3402/gha.v7.23189},
-  abstract = {Background: Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a Southern European population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25-64, using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n = 5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were stratified by social class (non-manual and manual). Results: SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.09-1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.20-1.56). Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.85-1.19; among non-manual 1.19, 0.92-1.54). The association was also reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes, and household material and economic situation, time in household chores and residential environment among non-manual classes. Discussion: Gender inequalities in individual income appear to contribute largely to women's poorer health. Individual income may indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women's labour market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women's health.},
+  abstract = {Background: Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a Southern European population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25-64, using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n = 5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were stratified by social class (non-manual and manual). Results: SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.09-1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.20-1.56). Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.85-1.19; among non-manual 1.19, 0.92-1.54). The association was also reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes, and household material and economic situation, time in household chores and residential environment among non-manual classes. Discussion: Gender inequalities in individual income appear to contribute largely to women's poorer health. Individual income may indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women's labour market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women's health.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Mammen2000,
+  title = {Women's {{Work}} and {{Economic Development}}},
+  author = {Mammen, Kristin and Paxson, Christina},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {141--164},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.14.4.141},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Using a cross-country dataset and microdata from India and Thailand, we examine how women's work status changes with economic development. Several clear patterns emerge: women's labor force participation first declines and then rises with development; women move from work in family enterprises to work as paid employees; fertility declines; and gender gaps in education narrow. Women's education levels, and those of their spouses, appear to be important determinants of women's labor market activities. Broad welfare indicators, such as mortality rates and education levels, indicate that women's well-being improves on average with development, both in absolute terms and relative to men.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Mammen2000a,
+  title = {Women's {{Work}} and {{Economic Development}}},
+  author = {Mammen, Kristin and Paxson, Christina},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {141--164},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.14.4.141},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Using a cross-country dataset and microdata from India and Thailand, we examine how women's work status changes with economic development. Several clear patterns emerge: women's labor force participation first declines and then rises with development; women move from work in family enterprises to work as paid employees; fertility declines; and gender gaps in education narrow. Women's education levels, and those of their spouses, appear to be important determinants of women's labor market activities. Broad welfare indicators, such as mortality rates and education levels, indicate that women's well-being improves on average with development, both in absolute terms and relative to men.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22141,7 +25950,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {2983--2989},
   issn = {0884-8734},
   doi = {10.1007/s11606-020-05921-z},
-  abstract = {Background Centers for Medicare \textbackslash textbackslash\& Medicaid Services (CMS) began encouraging governors to implement work requirements for Medicaid enrollees using section 1115 waivers in 2018. Significant controversy surrounds such attempts, but we know little about the perceptions and experiences of enrollees. Objective To characterize experiences of work and its relationship to participation in Medicaid and other public programs among potential targets of Medicaid work requirements. Design In-depth, semi-structured, one-time qualitative interviews. Participants 35 very low-income, non-disabled Medicaid expansion enrollees participating in a county-sponsored Medicaid managed care plan as a part of a larger study. Approach We used a biographical narrative interpretive method during interviews including questions about the use of employment and income support and other public programs including from state and federal disability programs. Our team iteratively coded verbatim transcripts allowing for emergent themes. Key Results Interview data revealed high motivation for, and broad participation in, formal and informal paid work. Eight themes emerged: (1) critical poverty (for example, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveI'm not content, but what choices do I have?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); (2) behavioral and physical health barriers to work; (3) social barriers: unstable housing, low education, criminal justice involvement; (4) work, pride, and shame; (5) inflexible, unstable work (for example, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCan I have a job that will accommodate my doctor appointments? horizontal ellipsis Will my therapy have to suffer? You know? So it's a double edged sword.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); (6) Medicaid supports the ability to work; (7) lack of transparency and misalignment of program eligibility (for example, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveIt's not like I don't want to work because I would like to work. It's just that I don't want to be homeless again, right?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); and (8) barriers, confusion, and contradictions about federal disability. Conclusions We conclude that bipartisan solutions prioritizing the availability of well-paying jobs and planful transitions off of public programs would best serve very low-income, work-capable Medicaid enrollees.},
+  abstract = {Background Centers for Medicare {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Medicaid Services (CMS) began encouraging governors to implement work requirements for Medicaid enrollees using section 1115 waivers in 2018. Significant controversy surrounds such attempts, but we know little about the perceptions and experiences of enrollees. Objective To characterize experiences of work and its relationship to participation in Medicaid and other public programs among potential targets of Medicaid work requirements. Design In-depth, semi-structured, one-time qualitative interviews. Participants 35 very low-income, non-disabled Medicaid expansion enrollees participating in a county-sponsored Medicaid managed care plan as a part of a larger study. Approach We used a biographical narrative interpretive method during interviews including questions about the use of employment and income support and other public programs including from state and federal disability programs. Our team iteratively coded verbatim transcripts allowing for emergent themes. Key Results Interview data revealed high motivation for, and broad participation in, formal and informal paid work. Eight themes emerged: (1) critical poverty (for example, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveI'm not content, but what choices do I have?{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace); (2) behavioral and physical health barriers to work; (3) social barriers: unstable housing, low education, criminal justice involvement; (4) work, pride, and shame; (5) inflexible, unstable work (for example, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCan I have a job that will accommodate my doctor appointments? horizontal ellipsis Will my therapy have to suffer? You know? So it's a double edged sword.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace); (6) Medicaid supports the ability to work; (7) lack of transparency and misalignment of program eligibility (for example, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveIt's not like I don't want to work because I would like to work. It's just that I don't want to be homeless again, right?{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace); and (8) barriers, confusion, and contradictions about federal disability. Conclusions We conclude that bipartisan solutions prioritizing the availability of well-paying jobs and planful transitions off of public programs would best serve very low-income, work-capable Medicaid enrollees.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Academy-Health Annual Research Meeting, Washington, DC, JUN 02-04, 2019}
 }
@@ -22229,7 +26038,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {422--432},
   issn = {0003-9993},
   doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.429},
-  abstract = {Objective: To determine time of return to work (TRTW) in relation to multivariable predictors among male manual workers after hand injury (HI) over a 12-month follow-up. Design: A cohort study with baseline medical information, functional evaluation, and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up telephone interviews. Setting: Seven physical rehabilitation community occupational therapy clinics. Participants: Participants (N=178) with acute HI aged 22-65. Two participants were lost to follow-up. Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: The dependent variable was TRTW. The independent variables originated from 4 domains: personal factors, environmental factors, body function and structure, and activity limitation and participation restriction. The proportion of return to work (RTW) at each time point was calculated. Multiple Cox regressions established a predictive model for TRTW. Results: At the end of the study, 75.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% participants returned to work. The median TRTW was 94 days. In the final model, only compensation factors and education contributed significantly to overall RTW, but when separate analyses were performed, decreased level of self-efficacy, higher workplace demands, level of pain, level of emotional response to trauma, reduced physical capability of the hand, and higher level of disability were significantly associated with delayed TRTW. Conclusions: TRTW was determined by the physical capability of the hand, pain, and psychosocial factors, but it was also affected by legal factors. Participants who did not return to work during the first 9 months are at risk for long-term disability. Developing treatment programs for those who are at risk for not returning to work, taking into consideration these factors, is recommended. (C) 2018 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
+  abstract = {Objective: To determine time of return to work (TRTW) in relation to multivariable predictors among male manual workers after hand injury (HI) over a 12-month follow-up. Design: A cohort study with baseline medical information, functional evaluation, and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up telephone interviews. Setting: Seven physical rehabilitation community occupational therapy clinics. Participants: Participants (N=178) with acute HI aged 22-65. Two participants were lost to follow-up. Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: The dependent variable was TRTW. The independent variables originated from 4 domains: personal factors, environmental factors, body function and structure, and activity limitation and participation restriction. The proportion of return to work (RTW) at each time point was calculated. Multiple Cox regressions established a predictive model for TRTW. Results: At the end of the study, 75.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% participants returned to work. The median TRTW was 94 days. In the final model, only compensation factors and education contributed significantly to overall RTW, but when separate analyses were performed, decreased level of self-efficacy, higher workplace demands, level of pain, level of emotional response to trauma, reduced physical capability of the hand, and higher level of disability were significantly associated with delayed TRTW. Conclusions: TRTW was determined by the physical capability of the hand, pain, and psychosocial factors, but it was also affected by legal factors. Participants who did not return to work during the first 9 months are at risk for long-term disability. Developing treatment programs for those who are at risk for not returning to work, taking into consideration these factors, is recommended. (C) 2018 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22243,7 +26052,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {3},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0229982},
-  abstract = {Background Hand injuries (HI) are common and may limit participation in work. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of ethnicity and other prognostic variables on return-to-work (RTW) among male manual workers after acute HI. Methods A cohort of 178 subjects (90 Arabs, 88 Jews) aged 22 to 65 was studied. Trained bilingual occupational therapists evaluated and interviewed the subjects, using structured validated questionnaires for evaluating personal and environmental factors, body function and structure, and activity limitation and participation restrictions. Employment status 3 months post injury was assessed by a telephone interview. To establish a predictive model for RTW, ethnicity and certain variables of the four domains mentioned above were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results A significant difference in the rate of RTW between Jews and Arabs was found (45.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Jews, 28.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Arabs, p = 0.03) three months post HI. In the univariate regression analysis, ethnicity was associated with RTW (OR = 2.05; CI: 1.10-3.81) for Jews vs. Arabs. Using a multivariate analysis, only legal counseling, educational attainment, and the severity of disability were significantly associated with RTW. Conclusion RTW three months post HI among manual workers is directly related to variables such as education and legal counseling and only indirectly related to ethnicity. Patients with a lower level of education and those who were engaged in legal counseling need special attention and close guidance in the process of RTW.},
+  abstract = {Background Hand injuries (HI) are common and may limit participation in work. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of ethnicity and other prognostic variables on return-to-work (RTW) among male manual workers after acute HI. Methods A cohort of 178 subjects (90 Arabs, 88 Jews) aged 22 to 65 was studied. Trained bilingual occupational therapists evaluated and interviewed the subjects, using structured validated questionnaires for evaluating personal and environmental factors, body function and structure, and activity limitation and participation restrictions. Employment status 3 months post injury was assessed by a telephone interview. To establish a predictive model for RTW, ethnicity and certain variables of the four domains mentioned above were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results A significant difference in the rate of RTW between Jews and Arabs was found (45.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Jews, 28.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Arabs, p = 0.03) three months post HI. In the univariate regression analysis, ethnicity was associated with RTW (OR = 2.05; CI: 1.10-3.81) for Jews vs. Arabs. Using a multivariate analysis, only legal counseling, educational attainment, and the severity of disability were significantly associated with RTW. Conclusion RTW three months post HI among manual workers is directly related to variables such as education and legal counseling and only indirectly related to ethnicity. Patients with a lower level of education and those who were engaged in legal counseling need special attention and close guidance in the process of RTW.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22252,7 +26061,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {Maroto, Michelle and Pettinicchio, David},
   year = {2014},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {LAW \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {LAW {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {370--407},
@@ -22281,7 +26090,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   title = {Increasing Engagement of {{Hispanics}}/{{Latinos}} in Clinical Trials on {{Alzheimer}}'s Disease and Related Dementias},
   author = {Marquez, David X. and Perez, Adriana and Johnson, Julene K. and Jaldin, Michelle and Pinto, Juan and Keiser, Sahru and Tran, Thi and Martinez, Paula and Guerrero, Javier and Portacolone, Elena},
   year = {2022},
-  journal = {ALZHEIMERS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS},
+  journal = {ALZHEIMERS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS},
   volume = {8},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1002/trc2.12331},
@@ -22297,7 +26106,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   journal = {BMC PUBLIC HEALTH},
   volume = {18},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5482-x},
-  abstract = {Background: Populations of low and middle-income countries are ageing rapidly; there is a need for policies that support an increase in the duration of old age lived in good health. There is growing evidence that social participation protects against morbidity and mortality, but few studies explore patterns of social participation. Analysis of baseline quantitative and qualitative data from a trial of the impact of Elders' Clubs on health and well-being in the hill country of Sri Lanka provided an opportunity to better understand the extent of, and influences on, social participation among elders. Methods: We analysed data from 1028 baseline survey respondents and from 12 focus group discussions. Participants were consenting elders, aged over 60 years, living in Tamil tea plantation communities or Sinhala villages in 40 randomly selected local government divisions. We assessed participation in organised social activities using self-reported attendance during the previous year. Multivariable regression analyses were used to explore associations with community and individual factors. The quantitative findings were complemented by thematic analysis of focus group discussion transcripts. Results: Social participation in these poor, geographically isolated communities was low: 63\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported \textbackslash textasciigraveno' or \textbackslash textasciigravevery low' engagement with organised activities. Plantation community elders reported significantly less participation than village elders. Attendance at religious activities was common and valued. Individual factors with significant positive association with social participation in multivariable analyses were being younger, male, Sinhala, married, employed, and satisfied with one's health. Domestic work and cultural constraints often prevented older women from attending organised activities. Conclusions: Elders likely to benefit most from greater social contact are those most likely to face barriers, including older women, the oldest old, those living alone and those in poor health. Understanding these barriers can inform strategies to overcome them. This might include opportunities for both informal and formal social contact close to elders' homes, consulting elders, providing childcare, improving physical access, advocating with elders' families and religious leaders, and encouraging mutual support and inter-generational activities. Influences on social participation are interrelated and vary with the history, culture and community environment. Further study is required in other low and middle-income country contexts.},
+  abstract = {Background: Populations of low and middle-income countries are ageing rapidly; there is a need for policies that support an increase in the duration of old age lived in good health. There is growing evidence that social participation protects against morbidity and mortality, but few studies explore patterns of social participation. Analysis of baseline quantitative and qualitative data from a trial of the impact of Elders' Clubs on health and well-being in the hill country of Sri Lanka provided an opportunity to better understand the extent of, and influences on, social participation among elders. Methods: We analysed data from 1028 baseline survey respondents and from 12 focus group discussions. Participants were consenting elders, aged over 60 years, living in Tamil tea plantation communities or Sinhala villages in 40 randomly selected local government divisions. We assessed participation in organised social activities using self-reported attendance during the previous year. Multivariable regression analyses were used to explore associations with community and individual factors. The quantitative findings were complemented by thematic analysis of focus group discussion transcripts. Results: Social participation in these poor, geographically isolated communities was low: 63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported {\textbackslash}textasciigraveno' or {\textbackslash}textasciigravevery low' engagement with organised activities. Plantation community elders reported significantly less participation than village elders. Attendance at religious activities was common and valued. Individual factors with significant positive association with social participation in multivariable analyses were being younger, male, Sinhala, married, employed, and satisfied with one's health. Domestic work and cultural constraints often prevented older women from attending organised activities. Conclusions: Elders likely to benefit most from greater social contact are those most likely to face barriers, including older women, the oldest old, those living alone and those in poor health. Understanding these barriers can inform strategies to overcome them. This might include opportunities for both informal and formal social contact close to elders' homes, consulting elders, providing childcare, improving physical access, advocating with elders' families and religious leaders, and encouraging mutual support and inter-generational activities. Influences on social participation are interrelated and vary with the history, culture and community environment. Further study is required in other low and middle-income country contexts.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22341,7 +26150,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {11},
   issn = {2368-7959},
   doi = {10.2196/30479},
-  abstract = {Background: Adolescents often present at primary care clinics with nonspecific physical symptoms when, in fact, they have at least 1 mental health or risk behavior (psychosocial) issue with which they would like help but do not disclose to their care provider. Despite global recommendations, over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of youths are not screened for mental health and risk behavior issues in primary care. Objective: This review aimed to examine the implementation, acceptability, feasibility, benefits, and barriers of e-screening tools for mental health and risk behaviors among youth in primary care settings. Methods: Electronic databases-MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews-were searched for studies on the routine screening of youth in primary care settings. Screening tools needed to be electronic and screen for at least 1 mental health or risk behavior issue. A total of 11 studies that were reported in 12 articles, of which all were from high-income countries, were reviewed. Results: e-Screening was largely proven to be feasible and acceptable to youth and their primary care providers. Preconsultation e-screening facilitated discussions about sensitive issues and increased disclosure by youth. However, barriers such as the lack of time, training, and discomfort in raising sensitive issues with youth continued to be reported. Conclusions: To implement e-screening, clinicians need to change their behaviors, and e-screening processes must become normalized into their workflows. Co-designing and tailoring screening implementation frameworks to meet the needs of specific contexts may be required to ensure that clinicians overcome initial resistances and perceived barriers and adopt the required processes in their work.},
+  abstract = {Background: Adolescents often present at primary care clinics with nonspecific physical symptoms when, in fact, they have at least 1 mental health or risk behavior (psychosocial) issue with which they would like help but do not disclose to their care provider. Despite global recommendations, over 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of youths are not screened for mental health and risk behavior issues in primary care. Objective: This review aimed to examine the implementation, acceptability, feasibility, benefits, and barriers of e-screening tools for mental health and risk behaviors among youth in primary care settings. Methods: Electronic databases-MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews-were searched for studies on the routine screening of youth in primary care settings. Screening tools needed to be electronic and screen for at least 1 mental health or risk behavior issue. A total of 11 studies that were reported in 12 articles, of which all were from high-income countries, were reviewed. Results: e-Screening was largely proven to be feasible and acceptable to youth and their primary care providers. Preconsultation e-screening facilitated discussions about sensitive issues and increased disclosure by youth. However, barriers such as the lack of time, training, and discomfort in raising sensitive issues with youth continued to be reported. Conclusions: To implement e-screening, clinicians need to change their behaviors, and e-screening processes must become normalized into their workflows. Co-designing and tailoring screening implementation frameworks to meet the needs of specific contexts may be required to ensure that clinicians overcome initial resistances and perceived barriers and adopt the required processes in their work.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::systematic}
 }
@@ -22357,7 +26166,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {2248--2265},
   issn = {1062-1024},
   doi = {10.1007/s10826-022-02322-0},
-  abstract = {Although pregnancy and the first year of life are sensitive windows for child development, we know very little about the lived experiences of mothers living in poverty or near poverty during the perinatal period; specifically, how they perceive and use public resources to support themselves and their newborn. In this qualitative study, we explore how predominantly Black and Latinx mothers with infants living in or near poverty and engaged in public assistance manage to meet their family's needs with available resources from safety net programs and social supports. We conducted 20 qualitative interviews with mothers living in (85\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or near poverty in New York City (NYC). All participants (mean age = 24) had an 11-month-old infant at the time of the interview. Using thematic analysis, we identified five main themes reflecting how mothers experience and navigate living with very low incomes while engaging in public assistance programs: (1) experiencing cascading effects of hardships during pregnancy, (2) relying on food assistance and informal supports amid scarcity, (3) waiting for limited affordable housing: \textbackslash textasciigravelife on hold', (4) finding pathways towards stability after the baby's birth, (5) making it work: efforts to look forward. Results describe how the current focus on \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework first\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of existing federal and state policies adds a layer of stress and burden on the lives of single mothers experiencing low incomes and entangled hardships during pregnancy and after birth. We document how mothers experience coverage gaps and implementation challenges navigating the patchwork of public assistance programs, yet how the support of flexible caseworkers accessing, using, and coordinating assistance has the potential to help mothers plan for longer-term goals.},
+  abstract = {Although pregnancy and the first year of life are sensitive windows for child development, we know very little about the lived experiences of mothers living in poverty or near poverty during the perinatal period; specifically, how they perceive and use public resources to support themselves and their newborn. In this qualitative study, we explore how predominantly Black and Latinx mothers with infants living in or near poverty and engaged in public assistance manage to meet their family's needs with available resources from safety net programs and social supports. We conducted 20 qualitative interviews with mothers living in (85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) or near poverty in New York City (NYC). All participants (mean age = 24) had an 11-month-old infant at the time of the interview. Using thematic analysis, we identified five main themes reflecting how mothers experience and navigate living with very low incomes while engaging in public assistance programs: (1) experiencing cascading effects of hardships during pregnancy, (2) relying on food assistance and informal supports amid scarcity, (3) waiting for limited affordable housing: {\textbackslash}textasciigravelife on hold', (4) finding pathways towards stability after the baby's birth, (5) making it work: efforts to look forward. Results describe how the current focus on {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravework first{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of existing federal and state policies adds a layer of stress and burden on the lives of single mothers experiencing low incomes and entangled hardships during pregnancy and after birth. We document how mothers experience coverage gaps and implementation challenges navigating the patchwork of public assistance programs, yet how the support of flexible caseworkers accessing, using, and coordinating assistance has the potential to help mothers plan for longer-term goals.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22372,7 +26181,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {521--526},
   issn = {1362-4393},
   doi = {10.1038/sc.2011.181},
-  abstract = {Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objectives: To establish labour market participation figures of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Switzerland and to investigate determinants and consequences of having paid work. Setting: Community. Methods: A survey among members of the Swiss Paraplegic Association was performed in 2008. Inclusion criteria were: SCI of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, minimum age of 18 years, and living in the community for at least 1 year. A total of 559 persons with SCI returned the questionnaire (response rate 27\textbackslash textbackslash\%), of which 495 (24\textbackslash textbackslash\%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed based on theoretical considerations and relevant determinants found in the literature. Results: Of the respondents of working age, 63.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% were involved in gainful employment. No significant difference between persons with para-and tetraplegia was observed. Logistic regression showed that employment was associated with age, time since onset of SCI, having worked at 2 years after initial rehabilitation, having received vocational counselling, having less pain, more years of education and more perceived importance of work. Working persons achieved a significantly higher total income. The most important reasons to work were not financial, but rather of social nature. Barriers to work were primarily health-related. Conclusions: We found a relatively high employment rate among the studied persons with SCI living in Switzerland. However, because of the low response, it is difficult to generalise this finding. Spinal Cord (2012) 50, 521-526; doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.181; published online 17 January 2012},
+  abstract = {Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objectives: To establish labour market participation figures of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Switzerland and to investigate determinants and consequences of having paid work. Setting: Community. Methods: A survey among members of the Swiss Paraplegic Association was performed in 2008. Inclusion criteria were: SCI of traumatic or non-traumatic origin, minimum age of 18 years, and living in the community for at least 1 year. A total of 559 persons with SCI returned the questionnaire (response rate 27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), of which 495 (24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed based on theoretical considerations and relevant determinants found in the literature. Results: Of the respondents of working age, 63.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were involved in gainful employment. No significant difference between persons with para-and tetraplegia was observed. Logistic regression showed that employment was associated with age, time since onset of SCI, having worked at 2 years after initial rehabilitation, having received vocational counselling, having less pain, more years of education and more perceived importance of work. Working persons achieved a significantly higher total income. The most important reasons to work were not financial, but rather of social nature. Barriers to work were primarily health-related. Conclusions: We found a relatively high employment rate among the studied persons with SCI living in Switzerland. However, because of the low response, it is difficult to generalise this finding. Spinal Cord (2012) 50, 521-526; doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.181; published online 17 January 2012},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22386,7 +26195,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {187--215},
   issn = {1130-8001},
   doi = {10.5209/rev\textbackslash_POSO.2016.v53.n1.47684},
-  abstract = {The link between employment policies and social policies influence the subjective perception of individual uncertainty. The labor market model has an important role on the perception of uncertainty. Employment in itself is not enough insurance guarantee income. Part-time work and temporary contracts generates a growing demand for policies of income redistribution in the South and Eastern Europe. In Scandinavia countries the same types of labor contracts generate less inequality because government employment contributes to a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravevirtuous circle\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace that favors equality policies and the reconciliation of work and family life. Individually pro-redistributive attitudes are implemented more by women, also for those with uncertainty in their income and low education. By contrast, those who rely more on individual success and merit are the young college-educated and those earning higher incomes.},
+  abstract = {The link between employment policies and social policies influence the subjective perception of individual uncertainty. The labor market model has an important role on the perception of uncertainty. Employment in itself is not enough insurance guarantee income. Part-time work and temporary contracts generates a growing demand for policies of income redistribution in the South and Eastern Europe. In Scandinavia countries the same types of labor contracts generate less inequality because government employment contributes to a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravevirtuous circle{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace that favors equality policies and the reconciliation of work and family life. Individually pro-redistributive attitudes are implemented more by women, also for those with uncertainty in their income and low education. By contrast, those who rely more on individual success and merit are the young college-educated and those earning higher incomes.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -22448,15 +26257,30 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {31--60},
   issn = {0213-8093},
   doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.94.12700},
-  abstract = {Objectives Cooperatives whose activity is undertaken in the field of education need to optimize their management to survive and achieve competitive advantage. As they are labor-intensive organizations that provide services with high intangibility (transformation knowledge, characteristics and individuals' behavior), their staff's job satisfaction is one way of achieving these advantages (reputation, strategic positioning, attracting talented employees, etc.). Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze how education cooperatives can achieve job satisfaction through certain human resources management practices (work-life balance culture and availability of work-life balance practices, hiring, training, performance assessment and compensation). The gender perspective is also considered in the analysis. Methodology An empirical study conducted with the data obtained from a sample of 101 teachers from education cooperatives in the Murcia Region (Spain) (5\textbackslash textbackslash\% response rate). Data were collected by a personal survey that included measures used in previous studies. They were all assessed with a 7-point Likert scale (1: totally disagree, and 7: totally agree) according to teachers' perception of the different variables. Teachers' job satisfaction, measured according to: professional satisfaction (with the school and learning activities), satisfaction with student achievement, teachers' experience in the educational center, and treatment received by the center. Work-life balance culture, divided into positive and negative perspectives. The positive one includes: talking about personal life at work, starting a family -expecting a child or adopting it-, leaving the workplace to care for children or dependent family members, and prolonging maternity/paternity leave. The negative work-life balance culture includes: maintaining a family structure that requires a lot of involvement, spending many hours at work on a daily basis, taking work home regularly, and prioritizing work over private life. Work-life balance practices, with measures adapted to the context (education cooperatives) to specifically ask about a reduced working day with a cut in salary, maternity/paternity leave longer than the legal minimum, leave of absence to care for either sick or dependent family members or sick or dependent children. Hiring, assessed according to teachers' perception of if: recruiting processes that are rigorous and formalized, teachers' continuity is high, and appropriate teachers are hired at each school level. The variable training, measured by considering if training actions are carried out according to the teaching staff's needs, training plans are tailored to the teaching staff, and the training suggestions made by the teaching staff are taken into account. Performance assessment, to consider if the objectives to be met are communicated to those responsible for achieving them, the performance and development of each teacher's activity are evaluated, and if the evaluation of teachers' performance is adequate. Finally, the variable compensation includes the perception of whether the performance evaluation is linked to the salary paid, the salary paid is independent of the teaching staff's performance, and salaries are at similar to those paid to public school teachers. The descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations of the variables are included, as is a hierarchical linear regression model to test the hypotheses. The general model obtained with all the sample data is also analyzed by taking into account gender as a selection variable. Results The study results reveal that adequate training (beta=.478) and rigorous formalized hiring (beta=.336) are the most valued factors to generate job satisfaction among teachers of education cooperatives in the Murcia Region. However, some gender differences appear in the variables that generate job satisfaction, despite there being no significant differences between male and female teachers' perception of their job satisfaction. In particular, male teachers (31\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample) negatively perceive the effect of availability of work-life balance practices (beta=-. 238) and compensation (beta=-. 374) on their job satisfaction, while training has a positive impact (beta=.706). These variables explain 52.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the male teachers' job satisfaction variation. For the female teachers (69\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample), hiring (beta=.440), training (beta=.345) and work-life balance practices (beta=.233) have a positive effect on their perceived job satisfaction, and explain 63.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the variation in their job satisfaction. From these gender results, the most striking aspect is that the greater availability of work-life balance practices and linking pay to performance reduce male teachers' job satisfaction. One explanation could be that males consider that work-life balance practices only benefit women, and when female teachers use these measures, male teachers must face a heavier workload, which affects their level of satisfaction. The negative relationship between satisfaction and performance assessment may be a consequence of the service type (training), and the possible uncertainty and mistrust that a performance measure can generate because the methods to determine it are not the most suitable ones, or do not reflect all the work they do to perform their teaching activity. Females differ for the idea that hiring and work-life balance practices are a key influence on their job satisfaction. Perhaps the females in the Spanish studied region still assume the reproduction and care role of the family to a greater extent, and the tools that support their labor participation, such as work-life balance practices, possibly have a positive effect on their perceived satisfaction. Additionally, hiring is the most important factor that generates job satisfaction among females. Rigorous formalized processes where the most appropriate candidates are hired, with a high probability of continuity, are well assessed by females as a way to assure gender equality and to banish certain gender stereotypes, occupational segregation (horizontal and vertical) and the glass ceiling. In any case, both males and females agree that training is essential for their job satisfaction, perhaps because this will improve the education service that they provide, as well as their students performing better. Practical conclusions and original value This work offers guidelines to education cooperatives about the aspects that create more job satisfaction, and how to manage and optimize it according to each employee's gender. This work shows some gender differences among teachers of educational cooperatives in relation to the variables that generate their job satisfaction. These differences must be carefully analyzed by the management of cooperatives in an attempt to develop those human resource management policies and strategies that tend to favor high job satisfaction among male and female teachers given its effect on other variables, e.g. performance (better service provision, perception of higher quality), productivity or the cooperative's outcomes (attracting new customers, better internal and external reputation, etc.). In general, education cooperatives can increase job satisfaction by mainly offering a training program suited to teachers' needs that can be put into practice, if possible, in their working hours, and that does not require travel, to avoid work-life conflict problems. This should be complemented with formalized rigorous hiring processes that ensure having highly trained motivated staff. The different perception of work-life practices between males and females shows a clear need for more training and awareness about work-life balance issues and co-responsibility. Educational cooperatives should put the necessary resources (hiring temporary staff to cover possible reductions in days, leave, or absence) so teachers' satisfaction (and productivity) does not disturb those situations. The importance of education cooperatives, together with their labor-intensive character and the absence of studies that analyze the problems addressed herein, justify their relevance from both the academic and business points of view.},
+  abstract = {Objectives Cooperatives whose activity is undertaken in the field of education need to optimize their management to survive and achieve competitive advantage. As they are labor-intensive organizations that provide services with high intangibility (transformation knowledge, characteristics and individuals' behavior), their staff's job satisfaction is one way of achieving these advantages (reputation, strategic positioning, attracting talented employees, etc.). Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze how education cooperatives can achieve job satisfaction through certain human resources management practices (work-life balance culture and availability of work-life balance practices, hiring, training, performance assessment and compensation). The gender perspective is also considered in the analysis. Methodology An empirical study conducted with the data obtained from a sample of 101 teachers from education cooperatives in the Murcia Region (Spain) (5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% response rate). Data were collected by a personal survey that included measures used in previous studies. They were all assessed with a 7-point Likert scale (1: totally disagree, and 7: totally agree) according to teachers' perception of the different variables. Teachers' job satisfaction, measured according to: professional satisfaction (with the school and learning activities), satisfaction with student achievement, teachers' experience in the educational center, and treatment received by the center. Work-life balance culture, divided into positive and negative perspectives. The positive one includes: talking about personal life at work, starting a family -expecting a child or adopting it-, leaving the workplace to care for children or dependent family members, and prolonging maternity/paternity leave. The negative work-life balance culture includes: maintaining a family structure that requires a lot of involvement, spending many hours at work on a daily basis, taking work home regularly, and prioritizing work over private life. Work-life balance practices, with measures adapted to the context (education cooperatives) to specifically ask about a reduced working day with a cut in salary, maternity/paternity leave longer than the legal minimum, leave of absence to care for either sick or dependent family members or sick or dependent children. Hiring, assessed according to teachers' perception of if: recruiting processes that are rigorous and formalized, teachers' continuity is high, and appropriate teachers are hired at each school level. The variable training, measured by considering if training actions are carried out according to the teaching staff's needs, training plans are tailored to the teaching staff, and the training suggestions made by the teaching staff are taken into account. Performance assessment, to consider if the objectives to be met are communicated to those responsible for achieving them, the performance and development of each teacher's activity are evaluated, and if the evaluation of teachers' performance is adequate. Finally, the variable compensation includes the perception of whether the performance evaluation is linked to the salary paid, the salary paid is independent of the teaching staff's performance, and salaries are at similar to those paid to public school teachers. The descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations of the variables are included, as is a hierarchical linear regression model to test the hypotheses. The general model obtained with all the sample data is also analyzed by taking into account gender as a selection variable. Results The study results reveal that adequate training (beta=.478) and rigorous formalized hiring (beta=.336) are the most valued factors to generate job satisfaction among teachers of education cooperatives in the Murcia Region. However, some gender differences appear in the variables that generate job satisfaction, despite there being no significant differences between male and female teachers' perception of their job satisfaction. In particular, male teachers (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the sample) negatively perceive the effect of availability of work-life balance practices (beta=-. 238) and compensation (beta=-. 374) on their job satisfaction, while training has a positive impact (beta=.706). These variables explain 52.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the male teachers' job satisfaction variation. For the female teachers (69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the sample), hiring (beta=.440), training (beta=.345) and work-life balance practices (beta=.233) have a positive effect on their perceived job satisfaction, and explain 63.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the variation in their job satisfaction. From these gender results, the most striking aspect is that the greater availability of work-life balance practices and linking pay to performance reduce male teachers' job satisfaction. One explanation could be that males consider that work-life balance practices only benefit women, and when female teachers use these measures, male teachers must face a heavier workload, which affects their level of satisfaction. The negative relationship between satisfaction and performance assessment may be a consequence of the service type (training), and the possible uncertainty and mistrust that a performance measure can generate because the methods to determine it are not the most suitable ones, or do not reflect all the work they do to perform their teaching activity. Females differ for the idea that hiring and work-life balance practices are a key influence on their job satisfaction. Perhaps the females in the Spanish studied region still assume the reproduction and care role of the family to a greater extent, and the tools that support their labor participation, such as work-life balance practices, possibly have a positive effect on their perceived satisfaction. Additionally, hiring is the most important factor that generates job satisfaction among females. Rigorous formalized processes where the most appropriate candidates are hired, with a high probability of continuity, are well assessed by females as a way to assure gender equality and to banish certain gender stereotypes, occupational segregation (horizontal and vertical) and the glass ceiling. In any case, both males and females agree that training is essential for their job satisfaction, perhaps because this will improve the education service that they provide, as well as their students performing better. Practical conclusions and original value This work offers guidelines to education cooperatives about the aspects that create more job satisfaction, and how to manage and optimize it according to each employee's gender. This work shows some gender differences among teachers of educational cooperatives in relation to the variables that generate their job satisfaction. These differences must be carefully analyzed by the management of cooperatives in an attempt to develop those human resource management policies and strategies that tend to favor high job satisfaction among male and female teachers given its effect on other variables, e.g. performance (better service provision, perception of higher quality), productivity or the cooperative's outcomes (attracting new customers, better internal and external reputation, etc.). In general, education cooperatives can increase job satisfaction by mainly offering a training program suited to teachers' needs that can be put into practice, if possible, in their working hours, and that does not require travel, to avoid work-life conflict problems. This should be complemented with formalized rigorous hiring processes that ensure having highly trained motivated staff. The different perception of work-life practices between males and females shows a clear need for more training and awareness about work-life balance issues and co-responsibility. Educational cooperatives should put the necessary resources (hiring temporary staff to cover possible reductions in days, leave, or absence) so teachers' satisfaction (and productivity) does not disturb those situations. The importance of education cooperatives, together with their labor-intensive character and the absence of studies that analyze the problems addressed herein, justify their relevance from both the academic and business points of view.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
+@article{MartinezA.2017,
+  title = {Childcare Effects on Maternal Employment: {{Evidence}} from {{Chile}}},
+  shorttitle = {Childcare Effects on Maternal Employment},
+  author = {Mart{\'i}nez A., Claudia and Perticar{\'a}, Marcela},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
+  volume = {126},
+  pages = {127--137},
+  issn = {03043878},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.01.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Martins2015,
   title = {Using the {{International Classification}} of {{Functioning}}, {{Disability}} and {{Health}} ({{ICF}}) to Address Facilitators and Barriers to Participation at Work},
   author = {Martins, Anabela Correia},
   year = {2015},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {50},
   number = {4},
   pages = {585--593},
@@ -22466,6 +26290,20 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Martnez2004,
+  title = {Skill Premium Effects on Fertility and Female Labor Force Supply},
+  author = {Mart{\dbend}nez, Dolores Ferrero and Iza, Amaia},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Population Economics},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1--16},
+  issn = {0933-1433, 1432-1475},
+  doi = {10.1007/s00148-003-0150-5},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Martorano2017,
   title = {Catching-up, Structural Transformation, and Inequality: Industry-Level Evidence from {{Asia}}},
   author = {Martorano, Bruno and Park, Donghyun and Sanfilippo, Marco},
@@ -22532,7 +26370,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {10--18},
   issn = {0002-9149},
   doi = {10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.025},
-  abstract = {Little is known about the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on management strategies and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its subtypes, and whether these trends have changed over time. All AMI hospitalizations from the National Inpatient Sample (2004 to 2014) were analyzed and stratified by zip code-based median household income (MHI) into 4 quartiles (poorest to wealthiest): 0th to 25th, 26th to 50th, 51st to 75 th , and 76th to 100th. Logistic regression was performed to examine the association between MHI and AMI management strategy and in-hospital clinical outcomes. A total of 6,603,709 AMI hospitalizations were analyzed. Patients in the lowest MHI group had more co-morbidities, a worse cardiovascular risk factor profile and were more likely to be female. Differences in receipt of invasive management were observed between the lowest and highest MID quartiles, with the lowest MHI group less likely to undergo coronary angiography (63.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 64.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$}0.001) and percutaneous coronary intervention (40.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 44.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$}0.001) compared with the highest MHI group, especially in the STEMI subgroup. In multivariable analysis, the highest MHI group experienced better outcomes including lower risk (adjusted odds ratio; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals) of mortality (0.88; 0.88 to 0.89), MACCE (0.91; 0.91 to 0.92) and acute ischemic stroke (0.90; 0.88 to 0.91), but higher all-cause bleeding (1.08; 1.06 to 1.09) in comparison to the lowest MHI group. In conclusion, the provision of invasive management for AMI in patients with lower SES is less than patients with higher SES and is associated with worse in-hospital clinical outcomes. This work highlights the importance of ensuring equity of access and care across all strata SES. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Little is known about the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on management strategies and in-hospital clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its subtypes, and whether these trends have changed over time. All AMI hospitalizations from the National Inpatient Sample (2004 to 2014) were analyzed and stratified by zip code-based median household income (MHI) into 4 quartiles (poorest to wealthiest): 0th to 25th, 26th to 50th, 51st to 75 th , and 76th to 100th. Logistic regression was performed to examine the association between MHI and AMI management strategy and in-hospital clinical outcomes. A total of 6,603,709 AMI hospitalizations were analyzed. Patients in the lowest MHI group had more co-morbidities, a worse cardiovascular risk factor profile and were more likely to be female. Differences in receipt of invasive management were observed between the lowest and highest MID quartiles, with the lowest MHI group less likely to undergo coronary angiography (63.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 64.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$}0.001) and percutaneous coronary intervention (40.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 44.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$}0.001) compared with the highest MHI group, especially in the STEMI subgroup. In multivariable analysis, the highest MHI group experienced better outcomes including lower risk (adjusted odds ratio; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence intervals) of mortality (0.88; 0.88 to 0.89), MACCE (0.91; 0.91 to 0.92) and acute ischemic stroke (0.90; 0.88 to 0.91), but higher all-cause bleeding (1.08; 1.06 to 1.09) in comparison to the lowest MHI group. In conclusion, the provision of invasive management for AMI in patients with lower SES is less than patients with higher SES and is associated with worse in-hospital clinical outcomes. This work highlights the importance of ensuring equity of access and care across all strata SES. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22590,10 +26428,24 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {17},
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-017-4035-z},
-  abstract = {Background: Prevalence of chronic diseases and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors among the adult population of Puerto Rico (PR) is high; however, few epidemiological studies have been conducted to address these. We aimed to document the methods and operation of establishing a multisite cross-sectional study of chronic diseases and risk factors in PR, in partnership with academic, community, clinical, and research institutions. Methods: The Puerto Rico Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle and Diseases (PRADLAD) documented lifestyle and health characteristics of adults living in PR, with the goal of informing future epidemiological and intervention projects, as well as public health, policy, and clinical efforts to help improve the population's health. The study was conducted in three primary care clinics in the San Juan, PR metropolitan area. Eligible volunteers were 30-75y, living in PR for at least 10 months of the previous year, and able to answer interviewer-administered questionnaires without assistance. Questions were recorded electronically by trained interviewers, and included socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, self-reported medically-diagnosed diseases, and psychosocial factors. Waist and hip circumferences were measured following standardized protocols. A subset of participants answered a validated food frequency questionnaire, a legumes questionnaire, and had medical record data abstracted. Process and outcome evaluation indicators were assessed. Results: The study screened 403 participants in 5 months. Of these, 396 (98\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were eligible and 380 (94\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had reliable and complete information. A subset of 242 participants had valid dietary data, and 236 had medical record data. The mean time to complete an interview was 1.5 h. Participants were generally cooperative and research collaborators were fully engaged. Having multiple sites helped enhance recruitment and sociodemographic representation. Diagnosed conditions were prevalent across sites. Challenges in data monitoring, interviewer training, and scheduling were identified and corrected, and should be addressed in future studies. Conclusions: Epidemiological studies in PR can be successfully implemented in partnership with multiple institutions. Effective recruitment and implementation requires concerted planning and continued involvement from partners, frequent quality control, brief interviews, reasonable incentives, and thorough training/re-training of culturally-sensitive interviewers. Further studies are feasible and needed to help address highly prevalent chronic conditions in PR.},
+  abstract = {Background: Prevalence of chronic diseases and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors among the adult population of Puerto Rico (PR) is high; however, few epidemiological studies have been conducted to address these. We aimed to document the methods and operation of establishing a multisite cross-sectional study of chronic diseases and risk factors in PR, in partnership with academic, community, clinical, and research institutions. Methods: The Puerto Rico Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle and Diseases (PRADLAD) documented lifestyle and health characteristics of adults living in PR, with the goal of informing future epidemiological and intervention projects, as well as public health, policy, and clinical efforts to help improve the population's health. The study was conducted in three primary care clinics in the San Juan, PR metropolitan area. Eligible volunteers were 30-75y, living in PR for at least 10 months of the previous year, and able to answer interviewer-administered questionnaires without assistance. Questions were recorded electronically by trained interviewers, and included socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, self-reported medically-diagnosed diseases, and psychosocial factors. Waist and hip circumferences were measured following standardized protocols. A subset of participants answered a validated food frequency questionnaire, a legumes questionnaire, and had medical record data abstracted. Process and outcome evaluation indicators were assessed. Results: The study screened 403 participants in 5 months. Of these, 396 (98{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were eligible and 380 (94{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had reliable and complete information. A subset of 242 participants had valid dietary data, and 236 had medical record data. The mean time to complete an interview was 1.5 h. Participants were generally cooperative and research collaborators were fully engaged. Having multiple sites helped enhance recruitment and sociodemographic representation. Diagnosed conditions were prevalent across sites. Challenges in data monitoring, interviewer training, and scheduling were identified and corrected, and should be addressed in future studies. Conclusions: Epidemiological studies in PR can be successfully implemented in partnership with multiple institutions. Effective recruitment and implementation requires concerted planning and continued involvement from partners, frequent quality control, brief interviews, reasonable incentives, and thorough training/re-training of culturally-sensitive interviewers. Further studies are feasible and needed to help address highly prevalent chronic conditions in PR.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Mauri2006,
+  title = {Computer {{Vision Interaction}} for {{People}} with {{Severe Movement Restrictions}}},
+  author = {Mauri, Cesar and Granollers, Toni and Lores, Jesus and Garcia, Mabel},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments},
+  volume = {2},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {38--54},
+  issn = {17956889},
+  doi = {10.17011/ht/urn.2006158},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Mawowa2010,
   title = {Inside {{Zimbabwe}}'s {{Roadside Currency Trade}}: {{The}} `{{World Bank}}' of {{Bulawayo}}},
   shorttitle = {Inside {{Zimbabwe}}'s {{Roadside Currency Trade}}},
@@ -22621,7 +26473,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {56--77},
   issn = {0195-3613},
   doi = {10.1007/s12122-020-09306-3},
-  abstract = {Although economists typically use efficiency gains to explain gender differences in time use and earnings, norms might also explain those differences. No study has attempted to quantify their relative influence, however. We use the American Community Survey and the American Time Use Survey to estimate an upper bound of the influence of efficiency gains relative to norms-broadly defined-using four groups of demographically matched individuals with relatively homogeneous within-group need for production. Results suggest that norms about work and home may explain 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the gap in time allocation for work and household production and about 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the wage gap. Norms about parenting may explain an additional 16 to 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the time use gaps and 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the wage gap. These findings suggest that research and policy might benefit from a grounding in a broad framework that includes both norms and efficiency gains.},
+  abstract = {Although economists typically use efficiency gains to explain gender differences in time use and earnings, norms might also explain those differences. No study has attempted to quantify their relative influence, however. We use the American Community Survey and the American Time Use Survey to estimate an upper bound of the influence of efficiency gains relative to norms-broadly defined-using four groups of demographically matched individuals with relatively homogeneous within-group need for production. Results suggest that norms about work and home may explain 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the gap in time allocation for work and household production and about 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the wage gap. Norms about parenting may explain an additional 16 to 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the time use gaps and 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the wage gap. These findings suggest that research and policy might benefit from a grounding in a broad framework that includes both norms and efficiency gains.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22635,7 +26487,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {12},
   issn = {1748-9326},
   doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab59cd},
-  abstract = {A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient (y) = 0.93), consumption for electric power generation (77 = 0.68), commercial, industrial, and residential end use (77 = 0.72), job creation (77 = 0.72), and air pollution-related deaths (77 = 0.77), which are largely driven by geographicallyfixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for example, mortality risk (m) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000 people) for the lowest income class ({$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is higher (18\textbackslash textbackslash\%-31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than for the highest income class ({$>\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar150 000; m = 0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white (m = 0.30 in 2016) than non-white (m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% 1.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and poverty rates (9.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% 1.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) during the boom, although household income increases for the wealthiest and decreases for the poorest. At a systems-level, there is an implied air quality-employment tradeoff of 3 ({$<$}1 to 7) job-years created per life-year lost; this tradeoff varies spatially (-1100 to 4400 life-years lost minus job-years created), wherein the job benefit outweighs the air quality costs in most producing counties whereas in all other counties the reverse is true. We also observe temporal inequities, with air quality and employment impacts following the boom-and-bust cycle, while climate impacts are largely borne by future generations. Cross-impact elasticities (c), which measure the sensitivity between different types of impacts, reveal that employment increases are sensitive to and coupled with increases in air and climate impacts (c = 1.1 and c = 1.3, respectively). The metrics applied here facilitate the evaluation and design of countervailing policies and systems that explicitly account for social inequities mediated through energy infrastructure, supply, and demand. For example, in future energy system transition, such equity metrics can be used to facilitate decisions related to the siting oflow-carbon infrastructure such as transmission lines and wind turbines and the phase -out of fossil fuel infrastructure, as well as to demonstrate changes in distributional tradeoffs such as the decoupling of environmental and employment effects.},
+  abstract = {A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient (y) = 0.93), consumption for electric power generation (77 = 0.68), commercial, industrial, and residential end use (77 = 0.72), job creation (77 = 0.72), and air pollution-related deaths (77 = 0.77), which are largely driven by geographicallyfixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for example, mortality risk (m) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000 people) for the lowest income class ({$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is higher (18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) than for the highest income class ({$>\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar150 000; m = 0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white (m = 0.30 in 2016) than non-white (m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% 1.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and poverty rates (9.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% 1.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) during the boom, although household income increases for the wealthiest and decreases for the poorest. At a systems-level, there is an implied air quality-employment tradeoff of 3 ({$<$}1 to 7) job-years created per life-year lost; this tradeoff varies spatially (-1100 to 4400 life-years lost minus job-years created), wherein the job benefit outweighs the air quality costs in most producing counties whereas in all other counties the reverse is true. We also observe temporal inequities, with air quality and employment impacts following the boom-and-bust cycle, while climate impacts are largely borne by future generations. Cross-impact elasticities (c), which measure the sensitivity between different types of impacts, reveal that employment increases are sensitive to and coupled with increases in air and climate impacts (c = 1.1 and c = 1.3, respectively). The metrics applied here facilitate the evaluation and design of countervailing policies and systems that explicitly account for social inequities mediated through energy infrastructure, supply, and demand. For example, in future energy system transition, such equity metrics can be used to facilitate decisions related to the siting oflow-carbon infrastructure such as transmission lines and wind turbines and the phase -out of fossil fuel infrastructure, as well as to demonstrate changes in distributional tradeoffs such as the decoupling of environmental and employment effects.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22664,7 +26516,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08902-3},
-  abstract = {Background Transgender women (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracetrans women\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace), particularly African-American and Latina trans women, have disproportionately high prevalence of HIV in the United States (U.S.). In order to decrease gender dysphoria and overcome discrimination, trans women affirm their gender through social and medical transition, often in contexts of economic hardship and sexual risk. This study qualitatively examined how gender-affirming behaviors enhance or diminish vulnerability to HIV in light of structural and economic barriers to gender transition. Methods We conducted individual interviews with 19 adult trans women in two U.S. cities (Richmond, VA and St. Louis, MO) who reported one or more sexual risk behaviors and recent economic hardship related to employment/income, housing, or food security. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results The majority (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of trans women were racial/ethnic minorities with mean age of 26.3 years. Gender-affirming behaviors varied with 58\textbackslash textbackslash\% of trans women having legally changed their name and gender marker; 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% having initiated hormone therapy; and 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% having not initiated any medical or legal changes. None had undertaken surgical changes. Findings suggested that the process of gender transitioning resulted in both increasing and decreasing HIV risk. The high need for gender affirmation by male sex partners contributed to trans women's exposure to sexual objectification, sexual risk behaviors, and conflicting interests in HIV prevention messaging. Loss of housing and employment due to transition along with the high costs of transition products and medical visits increased reliance on sex work and created new obstacles in accessing HIV services. Trans women experienced lower HIV risk as they acquired legal and medical transition services, reshaped interactions with sex partners, and received gender-affirming support by others, including health providers, employers, peers, and housing professionals. Sexual abstinence was viewed as a negative consequence of incomplete transition, although characterized as a period of low HIV risk. Conclusions Structural and policy initiatives that promote safe gender transition and economic stability in trans women may play a critical role in reducing HIV in this population. Addressing the harmful pressures for U.S. trans women to conform to perceived feminine stereotypes may also serve an important role.},
+  abstract = {Background Transgender women ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbracetrans women{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace), particularly African-American and Latina trans women, have disproportionately high prevalence of HIV in the United States (U.S.). In order to decrease gender dysphoria and overcome discrimination, trans women affirm their gender through social and medical transition, often in contexts of economic hardship and sexual risk. This study qualitatively examined how gender-affirming behaviors enhance or diminish vulnerability to HIV in light of structural and economic barriers to gender transition. Methods We conducted individual interviews with 19 adult trans women in two U.S. cities (Richmond, VA and St. Louis, MO) who reported one or more sexual risk behaviors and recent economic hardship related to employment/income, housing, or food security. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results The majority (74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of trans women were racial/ethnic minorities with mean age of 26.3 years. Gender-affirming behaviors varied with 58{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of trans women having legally changed their name and gender marker; 79{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% having initiated hormone therapy; and 11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% having not initiated any medical or legal changes. None had undertaken surgical changes. Findings suggested that the process of gender transitioning resulted in both increasing and decreasing HIV risk. The high need for gender affirmation by male sex partners contributed to trans women's exposure to sexual objectification, sexual risk behaviors, and conflicting interests in HIV prevention messaging. Loss of housing and employment due to transition along with the high costs of transition products and medical visits increased reliance on sex work and created new obstacles in accessing HIV services. Trans women experienced lower HIV risk as they acquired legal and medical transition services, reshaped interactions with sex partners, and received gender-affirming support by others, including health providers, employers, peers, and housing professionals. Sexual abstinence was viewed as a negative consequence of incomplete transition, although characterized as a period of low HIV risk. Conclusions Structural and policy initiatives that promote safe gender transition and economic stability in trans women may play a critical role in reducing HIV in this population. Addressing the harmful pressures for U.S. trans women to conform to perceived feminine stereotypes may also serve an important role.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22705,7 +26557,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {2},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014094},
-  abstract = {Objectives The number of workers with cancer has dramatically increasing worldwide. One of the main priorities is to preserve their quality of life and the sustainability of social security systems. We have carried out this study to assess factors associated with the ability to work after cancer. Such insight should help with the planning of rehabilitation needs and tailored programmes. Participants We conducted this register-based cohort study using individual data from the Belgian Disability Insurance. Data on 15 543 socially insured Belgian people who entered into the long-term work disability between 2007 and 2011 due to cancer were used. Primary and secondary outcome measures We estimated the duration of work disability using Kaplan-Meier and the cause-specific cumulative incidence of ability to work stratified by age, gender, occupational class and year of entering the work disability system for 11 cancer sites using the Fine and Gray model allowing for competing risks. Results The overall median time of work disability was 1.59 years (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.52 to 1.66), ranging from 0.75 to 4.98 years. By the end of follow-up, more than one-third of the disabled cancer survivors were able to work (35\textbackslash textbackslash\%). While a large proportion of the women were able to work at the end of follow-up, the men who were able to work could do so sooner. Being women, white collar, young and having haematological, male genital or breast cancers were factors with the bestlikelihood to be able to return to work. Conclusion Good prognostic factors for the ability to work were youth, woman, white collar and having breast, male genital or haematological cancers. Reviewing our results together with the cancer incidence predictions up to 2025 offers a high value for social security and rehabilitation planning and for ascertaining patients' perspectives.},
+  abstract = {Objectives The number of workers with cancer has dramatically increasing worldwide. One of the main priorities is to preserve their quality of life and the sustainability of social security systems. We have carried out this study to assess factors associated with the ability to work after cancer. Such insight should help with the planning of rehabilitation needs and tailored programmes. Participants We conducted this register-based cohort study using individual data from the Belgian Disability Insurance. Data on 15 543 socially insured Belgian people who entered into the long-term work disability between 2007 and 2011 due to cancer were used. Primary and secondary outcome measures We estimated the duration of work disability using Kaplan-Meier and the cause-specific cumulative incidence of ability to work stratified by age, gender, occupational class and year of entering the work disability system for 11 cancer sites using the Fine and Gray model allowing for competing risks. Results The overall median time of work disability was 1.59 years (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.52 to 1.66), ranging from 0.75 to 4.98 years. By the end of follow-up, more than one-third of the disabled cancer survivors were able to work (35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). While a large proportion of the women were able to work at the end of follow-up, the men who were able to work could do so sooner. Being women, white collar, young and having haematological, male genital or breast cancers were factors with the bestlikelihood to be able to return to work. Conclusion Good prognostic factors for the ability to work were youth, woman, white collar and having breast, male genital or haematological cancers. Reviewing our results together with the cancer incidence predictions up to 2025 offers a high value for social security and rehabilitation planning and for ascertaining patients' perspectives.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22741,7 +26593,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{McArthur2018,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Get Them up, Moving, and out the Door. {{How}} Do We Get Them to Do What Is Recommended?\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Using}} Behaviour Change Theory to Put Exercise Evidence into Action for Rehabilitation Professionals},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWe}} Get Them up, Moving, and out the Door. {{How}} Do We Get Them to Do What Is Recommended?{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Using}} Behaviour Change Theory to Put Exercise Evidence into Action for Rehabilitation Professionals},
   author = {McArthur, Caitlin and Ziebart, Christina and Papaioannou, Alexandra and Cheung, Angela M. and Laprade, Judi and Lee, Linda and Jain, Ravi and Giangregorio, Lora M.},
   year = {2018},
   month = jan,
@@ -22750,7 +26602,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {1},
   issn = {1862-3522},
   doi = {10.1007/s11657-018-0419-7},
-  abstract = {Recommendations suggest a multicomponent exercise for people with osteoporosis. We identified rehabilitation professionals' barriers and facilitators to implementing exercise recommendations with people with osteoporosis, and used those to make suggestions for targeted knowledge translation interventions. Future work will report on development and evaluation of the interventions informed by our study. Purpose Rehabilitation professionals can help people with osteoporosis to engage in a multicomponent exercise program and perform activities of daily living safely. However, rehabilitation professional face barriers to implementing exercise evidence, especially for specific disease conditions like osteoporosis. We performed a behavioural analysis and identified rehabilitation professionals' barriers to and facilitators of implementing disease-specific physical activity and exercise recommendations (Too Fit to Fracture recommendations), and used the Behaviour Change Wheel to select interventions. Methods Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with rehabilitation professionals, including physical therapists, kinesiologists, and occupational therapists, and transcribed verbatim. Two researchers coded data and identified emerging themes. Using the Behaviour Change Wheel framework, themes were categorized into capability, opportunity, and motivation, and relevant interventions were identified. Results Ninety-four rehabilitation professionals (mean age 40.5 years, 88.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) participated. Identified barriers were as follows: capability-lack of training in behaviour change, how to modify recommendations for physical and cognitive impairments; opportunity-lack of resources, time, and team work; motivation-lack of trust between providers, fear in providing interventions that may cause harm. Interventions selected were as follows: education, training, enablement, modelling and persuasion. Policy categories are communication/marketing, guidelines, service provision and environmental/social planning. Conclusions Key barriers to implementing the recommendations are rehabilitation professionals' ability to use behaviour change techniques, to modify the recommendations for physical and cognitive limitations and to feel comfortable with delivering challenging but safe interventions for people with osteoporosis, and lacking trust and team work across sectors. Future work will report on development and evaluation of knowledge translation interventions informed by our study.},
+  abstract = {Recommendations suggest a multicomponent exercise for people with osteoporosis. We identified rehabilitation professionals' barriers and facilitators to implementing exercise recommendations with people with osteoporosis, and used those to make suggestions for targeted knowledge translation interventions. Future work will report on development and evaluation of the interventions informed by our study. Purpose Rehabilitation professionals can help people with osteoporosis to engage in a multicomponent exercise program and perform activities of daily living safely. However, rehabilitation professional face barriers to implementing exercise evidence, especially for specific disease conditions like osteoporosis. We performed a behavioural analysis and identified rehabilitation professionals' barriers to and facilitators of implementing disease-specific physical activity and exercise recommendations (Too Fit to Fracture recommendations), and used the Behaviour Change Wheel to select interventions. Methods Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with rehabilitation professionals, including physical therapists, kinesiologists, and occupational therapists, and transcribed verbatim. Two researchers coded data and identified emerging themes. Using the Behaviour Change Wheel framework, themes were categorized into capability, opportunity, and motivation, and relevant interventions were identified. Results Ninety-four rehabilitation professionals (mean age 40.5 years, 88.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female) participated. Identified barriers were as follows: capability-lack of training in behaviour change, how to modify recommendations for physical and cognitive impairments; opportunity-lack of resources, time, and team work; motivation-lack of trust between providers, fear in providing interventions that may cause harm. Interventions selected were as follows: education, training, enablement, modelling and persuasion. Policy categories are communication/marketing, guidelines, service provision and environmental/social planning. Conclusions Key barriers to implementing the recommendations are rehabilitation professionals' ability to use behaviour change techniques, to modify the recommendations for physical and cognitive limitations and to feel comfortable with delivering challenging but safe interventions for people with osteoporosis, and lacking trust and team work across sectors. Future work will report on development and evaluation of knowledge translation interventions informed by our study.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22783,7 +26635,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{McCarthy2018,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveThere}} Is No Time for Rest\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Gendered CSR}}, Sustainable Development and the Unpaid Care Work Governance Gap},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveThere}} Is No Time for Rest{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Gendered CSR}}, Sustainable Development and the Unpaid Care Work Governance Gap},
   author = {McCarthy, Lauren},
   year = {2018},
   month = oct,
@@ -22793,7 +26645,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {337--349},
   issn = {0962-8770},
   doi = {10.1111/beer.12190},
-  abstract = {Unpaid care work, including child care, elder care, and housework, is unremunerated work essential to human survival and flourishing. Worldwide, women disproportionally carry out this work, impacting upon their ability to engage in other activities, such as education, employment, or leisure. Despite a growing number of businesses engaging in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegendered CSR,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in the form of women's empowerment projects, attention to unpaid care work remains little discussed in the literature, despite its importance to sustainable development. Applying Diane Elson's feminist economic framework for alleviating unpaid care work inequality to a case study of gendered CSR in Ghana, I find that at present unpaid care work is (a) unrecognised in business' CSR, (b) may be both reduced or exacerbated by CSR efforts, and (c) remains conceptualised as relevant only to the private sphere, therefore, missing a unique opportunity for business to contribute to gender equality and sustainable development. Connecting unpaid care work and business responsibility contributes to a more expansive understanding of what CSR may be.},
+  abstract = {Unpaid care work, including child care, elder care, and housework, is unremunerated work essential to human survival and flourishing. Worldwide, women disproportionally carry out this work, impacting upon their ability to engage in other activities, such as education, employment, or leisure. Despite a growing number of businesses engaging in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegendered CSR,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in the form of women's empowerment projects, attention to unpaid care work remains little discussed in the literature, despite its importance to sustainable development. Applying Diane Elson's feminist economic framework for alleviating unpaid care work inequality to a case study of gendered CSR in Ghana, I find that at present unpaid care work is (a) unrecognised in business' CSR, (b) may be both reduced or exacerbated by CSR efforts, and (c) remains conceptualised as relevant only to the private sphere, therefore, missing a unique opportunity for business to contribute to gender equality and sustainable development. Connecting unpaid care work and business responsibility contributes to a more expansive understanding of what CSR may be.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22804,7 +26656,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   year = {2012},
   journal = {MATERNAL AND PERINATAL HEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES},
   pages = {10--24},
-  abstract = {The MDGs are a contract between the developed and the developing world to improve the quality of life in developing countries, laying out the responsibilities of both groups of countries in working towards achieving these goals. Developed countries are expected to provide 0.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GNP in official development assistance to finance development programmes. Developing countries should provide an appropriate policy environment, while increasing their investment in these activities. Three of the eight goals are health related and aim to achieve between 1990 and 2015: a two-thirds reduction in child deaths (MDG 4); a three-quarters decline in maternal deaths (MDG 5); and reversal of the HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis epidemics (MDG 6). Doubling the proportion of girls with a secondary education from 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 38\textbackslash textbackslash\% could reduce fertility from 5.3 to 3.9 children per woman and lower infant mortality from 81 to 38 deaths per 1000 births. Other MDGs focus on public health (safe water, sanitation, environmental protection), alleviation of poverty and hunger, and the determinants of development (education, gender equity, fair trade, debt management). Income inequity exacerbates inequalities between the rich and the poor. Globally, only 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% of poor women have access to skilled care at birth compared to 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% among the wealthiest. In Africa and South-east Asia, the regions with highest maternal and child death rates, universal access to community, primary level and preventive interventions for newborns and mothers could reduce morbidity and mortality by half. Achieving the MDGs for maternal and child health would require universal access to clinical services as well.},
+  abstract = {The MDGs are a contract between the developed and the developing world to improve the quality of life in developing countries, laying out the responsibilities of both groups of countries in working towards achieving these goals. Developed countries are expected to provide 0.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of GNP in official development assistance to finance development programmes. Developing countries should provide an appropriate policy environment, while increasing their investment in these activities. Three of the eight goals are health related and aim to achieve between 1990 and 2015: a two-thirds reduction in child deaths (MDG 4); a three-quarters decline in maternal deaths (MDG 5); and reversal of the HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis epidemics (MDG 6). Doubling the proportion of girls with a secondary education from 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% could reduce fertility from 5.3 to 3.9 children per woman and lower infant mortality from 81 to 38 deaths per 1000 births. Other MDGs focus on public health (safe water, sanitation, environmental protection), alleviation of poverty and hunger, and the determinants of development (education, gender equity, fair trade, debt management). Income inequity exacerbates inequalities between the rich and the poor. Globally, only 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of poor women have access to skilled care at birth compared to 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among the wealthiest. In Africa and South-east Asia, the regions with highest maternal and child death rates, universal access to community, primary level and preventive interventions for newborns and mothers could reduce morbidity and mortality by half. Achieving the MDGs for maternal and child health would require universal access to clinical services as well.},
   isbn = {978-1-84593-745-4},
   langid = {english}
 }
@@ -22814,7 +26666,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {McClellan, Sean P. and Boyd, Tyler W. and Hendrix, Jacqueline and Pena, Kryztal and Swider, Susan M. and Martin, Molly A. and Rothschild, Steven K.},
   year = {2022},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {FAMILY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& COMMUNITY HEALTH},
+  journal = {FAMILY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& COMMUNITY HEALTH},
   volume = {45},
   number = {4},
   pages = {299--307},
@@ -22866,7 +26718,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {49--72},
   issn = {0013-0095},
   doi = {10.2307/144502},
-  abstract = {Individuals living in farm households who commute to wage employment make up an important portion of Japan's \textbackslash textasciigrave'nonfarm'' workers. This study examines their growing numbers and the regional and sectoral trends in their off-farm jobs, to argue that farms have been more involved in recent macroeconomic growth than is commonly acknowledged. In the 20 years between 1965 and 1985, individuals living on farms filled new manufacturing jobs in the regions outside the Tokaido, urban-industrial belt. State subsidies for farm families' agricultural production have been generous, but have paid mainly for farm mechanization, which in turn has allowed and required farm residents to seek off-farm income. Regional policy has directed industrial plants to locate in farming regions, both to provide jobs to farmers and to provide workers to industries. To the extent that farm subsidies have partly supported rural households while enabling members to accept low-wage jobs in machinery manufacturing, farm subsidies have provided labor-cost advantages to the leading firms and industries in this period of restructuring. When farm households are viewed in this larger context of their off-farm employment, they have not fallen outside the loop of national economic growth in recent years, but have remained integral to that growth.},
+  abstract = {Individuals living in farm households who commute to wage employment make up an important portion of Japan's {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'nonfarm'' workers. This study examines their growing numbers and the regional and sectoral trends in their off-farm jobs, to argue that farms have been more involved in recent macroeconomic growth than is commonly acknowledged. In the 20 years between 1965 and 1985, individuals living on farms filled new manufacturing jobs in the regions outside the Tokaido, urban-industrial belt. State subsidies for farm families' agricultural production have been generous, but have paid mainly for farm mechanization, which in turn has allowed and required farm residents to seek off-farm income. Regional policy has directed industrial plants to locate in farming regions, both to provide jobs to farmers and to provide workers to industries. To the extent that farm subsidies have partly supported rural households while enabling members to accept low-wage jobs in machinery manufacturing, farm subsidies have provided labor-cost advantages to the leading firms and industries in this period of restructuring. When farm households are viewed in this larger context of their off-farm employment, they have not fallen outside the loop of national economic growth in recent years, but have remained integral to that growth.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22881,7 +26733,23 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {441--461},
   issn = {0308-518X},
   doi = {10.1068/a3781},
-  abstract = {In this paper we examine the relationships between class and gender in the context of current debates about economic change in Greater London. It is a common contention of the global city thesis that new patterns of inequality and class polarisation are apparent as the expansion of high-status employment brings in its wake rising employment in low-status, poorly paid \textbackslash textasciigraveservicing' occupations. Whereas urban theorists tend to ignore gender divisions, feminist scholars have argued that new class and income inequalities are opening up between women as growing numbers of highly credentialised women enter full-time, permanent employment and others are restricted to casualised, low-paid work. However, it is also argued that working women's interests coincide because of their continued responsibility for domestic obligations and still-evident gender discrimination in the labour market. In this paper we counterpose these debates, assessing the consequences for income inequality, for patterns of childcare and for work-life balance policies of rising rates of labour-market participation among women in Greater London. We conclude by outlining a new research agenda.},
+  abstract = {In this paper we examine the relationships between class and gender in the context of current debates about economic change in Greater London. It is a common contention of the global city thesis that new patterns of inequality and class polarisation are apparent as the expansion of high-status employment brings in its wake rising employment in low-status, poorly paid {\textbackslash}textasciigraveservicing' occupations. Whereas urban theorists tend to ignore gender divisions, feminist scholars have argued that new class and income inequalities are opening up between women as growing numbers of highly credentialised women enter full-time, permanent employment and others are restricted to casualised, low-paid work. However, it is also argued that working women's interests coincide because of their continued responsibility for domestic obligations and still-evident gender discrimination in the labour market. In this paper we counterpose these debates, assessing the consequences for income inequality, for patterns of childcare and for work-life balance policies of rising rates of labour-market participation among women in Greater London. We conclude by outlining a new research agenda.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{McDowell2015,
+  title = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Mental Illness}}: {{A Scoping Review}}},
+  shorttitle = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Mental Illness}}},
+  author = {McDowell, Caitlin and Fossey, Ellie},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {197--206},
+  issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10926-014-9512-y},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22923,7 +26791,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {511--559},
   issn = {0305-9332},
   doi = {10.1093/indlaw/dwab010},
-  abstract = {Will the internet, robotics and artificial intelligence mean a \textbackslash textasciigravejobless future'? A recent narrative, endorsed by tech-billionaires, says we face mass unemployment, and we need a basic income. In contrast, this article shows why the law can achieve full employment with fair incomes, and holidays with pay. Universal human rights, including the right to \textbackslash textasciigraveshare in scientific advancement and its benefits', set the proper guiding principles. Three distinct views of the causes of unemployment are that it is a \textbackslash textasciigravenatural' phenomenon, that technology may propel it, or that it is social and legal choice: to let capital owners restrict investment in jobs. Only the third view has any credible evidence to support it. Technology may create redundancies, but unemployment is a purely social phenomenon. After World War Two, 42\textbackslash textbackslash\% of UK jobs were redundant but social policy maintained full employment. This said, transition to new technology, when markets are left alone, can be exceedingly slow: a staggering 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of American horses lost their jobs after the Model T Ford, but only over 45 years. Both the global financial crisis from 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 illustrate the importance of social and legal policy, and suggest it is time to learn. Taking lessons from history, it is clear that unemployment is driven by inequality of wealth and of votes in the economy. To uphold human rights, governments should reprogramme the law, for full employment, fair incomes and more leisure, on a living planet. Robot owners will not automate your job away, if we defend economic democracy.},
+  abstract = {Will the internet, robotics and artificial intelligence mean a {\textbackslash}textasciigravejobless future'? A recent narrative, endorsed by tech-billionaires, says we face mass unemployment, and we need a basic income. In contrast, this article shows why the law can achieve full employment with fair incomes, and holidays with pay. Universal human rights, including the right to {\textbackslash}textasciigraveshare in scientific advancement and its benefits', set the proper guiding principles. Three distinct views of the causes of unemployment are that it is a {\textbackslash}textasciigravenatural' phenomenon, that technology may propel it, or that it is social and legal choice: to let capital owners restrict investment in jobs. Only the third view has any credible evidence to support it. Technology may create redundancies, but unemployment is a purely social phenomenon. After World War Two, 42{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of UK jobs were redundant but social policy maintained full employment. This said, transition to new technology, when markets are left alone, can be exceedingly slow: a staggering 88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of American horses lost their jobs after the Model T Ford, but only over 45 years. Both the global financial crisis from 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 illustrate the importance of social and legal policy, and suggest it is time to learn. Taking lessons from history, it is clear that unemployment is driven by inequality of wealth and of votes in the economy. To uphold human rights, governments should reprogramme the law, for full employment, fair incomes and more leisure, on a living planet. Robot owners will not automate your job away, if we defend economic democracy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22938,7 +26806,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {49--57},
   issn = {1368-9800},
   doi = {10.1017/S1368980012004053},
-  abstract = {Objective Food insecurity, lack of access to food due to financial constraints, is highly associated with poor health outcomes. Households dependent on social assistance are at increased risk of experiencing food insecurity, but food insecurity has also been reported in households reporting their main source of income from employment/wages (working households). The objective of the present study was to examine the correlates of food insecurity among households reliant on employment income. Design Working households reporting food insecurity were studied through analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007-2008, employing descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Security Survey Module; all provinces participated. Setting Canada. Subjects Canadian households where main income was derived through labour force participation. Social assistance recipients were excluded. Results For the period 2007-2008, 4 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of working households reported food insecurity. Canadian households reliant on primary earners with less education and lower incomes were significantly more likely to experience food insecurity; these differences were accentuated across some industry sectors. Residence in Quebec was protective. Working households experiencing food insecurity were more likely to include earners reporting multiples jobs and higher job stress. Visible minority workers with comparable education levels experienced higher rates of food insecurity than European-origin workers. Conclusions Reliance on employment income does not eliminate food insecurity for a significant proportion of households, and disproportionately so for households with racialized minority workers. Increases in work stress may increase the susceptibility to poor health outcomes of workers residing in households reporting food insecurity.},
+  abstract = {Objective Food insecurity, lack of access to food due to financial constraints, is highly associated with poor health outcomes. Households dependent on social assistance are at increased risk of experiencing food insecurity, but food insecurity has also been reported in households reporting their main source of income from employment/wages (working households). The objective of the present study was to examine the correlates of food insecurity among households reliant on employment income. Design Working households reporting food insecurity were studied through analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007-2008, employing descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Security Survey Module; all provinces participated. Setting Canada. Subjects Canadian households where main income was derived through labour force participation. Social assistance recipients were excluded. Results For the period 2007-2008, 4 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of working households reported food insecurity. Canadian households reliant on primary earners with less education and lower incomes were significantly more likely to experience food insecurity; these differences were accentuated across some industry sectors. Residence in Quebec was protective. Working households experiencing food insecurity were more likely to include earners reporting multiples jobs and higher job stress. Visible minority workers with comparable education levels experienced higher rates of food insecurity than European-origin workers. Conclusions Reliance on employment income does not eliminate food insecurity for a significant proportion of households, and disproportionately so for households with racialized minority workers. Increases in work stress may increase the susceptibility to poor health outcomes of workers residing in households reporting food insecurity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -22947,7 +26815,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {McKee, Kelsey and Cabrera, Natasha and Alonso, Angelica and Turcios, Miguel and Reich, Stephanie},
   year = {2021},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MASCULINITIES},
+  journal = {PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MASCULINITIES},
   volume = {22},
   number = {3},
   pages = {521--537},
@@ -22973,6 +26841,22 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{McLaughlin2017,
+  title = {The {{Economic}} and {{Career Effects}} of {{Sexual Harassment}} on {{Working Women}}},
+  author = {McLaughlin, Heather and Uggen, Christopher and Blackstone, Amy},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Gender \& Society},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {333--358},
+  issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977},
+  doi = {10.1177/0891243217704631},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Many working women will experience sexual harassment at some point in their careers. While some report this harassment, many leave their jobs to escape the harassing environment. This mixed-methods study examines whether sexual harassment and subsequent career disruption affect women's careers. Using in-depth interviews and longitudinal survey data from the Youth Development Study, we examine the effect of sexual harassment for women in the early career. We find that sexual harassment increases financial stress, largely by precipitating job change, and can significantly alter women's career attainment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{McLay2022,
   title = {When ``{{Shelter-in-Place}}'' {{Isn}}'t {{Shelter That}}'s {{Safe}}: A {{Rapid Analysis}} of {{Domestic Violence Case Differences}} during the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} and {{Stay-at-Home Orders}}},
   shorttitle = {When ``{{Shelter-in-Place}}'' {{Isn}}'t {{Shelter That}}'s {{Safe}}},
@@ -23000,7 +26884,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {559--566},
   issn = {0954-0121},
   doi = {10.1080/09540121.2013.845282},
-  abstract = {Operational research to identify factors predicting poor clinical outcomes is critical to maximize patient care and prolong first-line regimens for those receiving free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in India. We sought to identify social or clinical factors amenable to intervention that predict virological outcomes after 12 months of ART. We examined a retrospective cohort of consecutive adults initiating free nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Individuals remaining in care 12 months post-ART initiation were tested for HIV viral load and surveyed to identify barriers and facilitators to adherence, and to determine clinic travel times and associated costs. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression identified factors predicting HIV viral load {$>$}200 copies/mL after 12 months of ART. Of 230 adults initiating ART, 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients died, 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% transferred out, 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were lost to follow-up, and 174/230 (76\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed 12 months of ART, the questionnaire, and viral load testing. HIV viral load was {$<$}200 copies/mL in 140/174 (80\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients. In multivariate models, being busy with work or caring for others (OR 2.9, p {$<$} 0.01), having clinic transport times 3 hours (OR 3.0, p = 0.02), and alcohol use (OR 4.8, p = 0.03) predicted viral load {$>$}200 copies/mL after 12 months of ART. Clinical outcomes following ART are related to programmatic factors such as prolonged travel time and individual factors such as being busy with family or using alcohol. Simple interventions that alter these factors should be evaluated to improve clinical outcomes for populations receiving free ART in similar settings.},
+  abstract = {Operational research to identify factors predicting poor clinical outcomes is critical to maximize patient care and prolong first-line regimens for those receiving free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in India. We sought to identify social or clinical factors amenable to intervention that predict virological outcomes after 12 months of ART. We examined a retrospective cohort of consecutive adults initiating free nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Individuals remaining in care 12 months post-ART initiation were tested for HIV viral load and surveyed to identify barriers and facilitators to adherence, and to determine clinic travel times and associated costs. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression identified factors predicting HIV viral load {$>$}200 copies/mL after 12 months of ART. Of 230 adults initiating ART, 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients died, 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% transferred out, 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were lost to follow-up, and 174/230 (76{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed 12 months of ART, the questionnaire, and viral load testing. HIV viral load was {$<$}200 copies/mL in 140/174 (80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) patients. In multivariate models, being busy with work or caring for others (OR 2.9, p {$<$} 0.01), having clinic transport times 3 hours (OR 3.0, p = 0.02), and alcohol use (OR 4.8, p = 0.03) predicted viral load {$>$}200 copies/mL after 12 months of ART. Clinical outcomes following ART are related to programmatic factors such as prolonged travel time and individual factors such as being busy with family or using alcohol. Simple interventions that alter these factors should be evaluated to improve clinical outcomes for populations receiving free ART in similar settings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23066,7 +26950,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {Meadows, Sarah O. and Griffin, Beth Ann and Karney, Benjamin R. and Pollak, Julia},
   year = {2016},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {ARMED FORCES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {ARMED FORCES {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {42},
   number = {3},
   pages = {542--561},
@@ -23091,6 +26975,21 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Medin2006,
+  title = {Stroke Patients' Experiences of Return to Work},
+  author = {Medin, Jennie and Barajas, Josefin and Ekberg, Kerstin},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {28},
+  number = {17},
+  pages = {1051--1060},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.1080/09638280500494819},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Meghji2021,
   title = {The Long Term Effect of Pulmonary Tuberculosis on Income and Employment in a Low Income, Urban Setting},
   author = {Meghji, Jamilah and Gregorius, Stefanie and Madan, Jason and Chitimbe, Fatima and Thomson, Rachael and Rylance, Jamie and Banda, Ndaziona P. K. and Gordon, Stephen B. and Corbett, Elizabeth L. and Mortimer, Kevin and Squire, Stephen Bertel},
@@ -23102,7 +27001,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {387--395},
   issn = {0040-6376},
   doi = {10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215338},
-  abstract = {Background Mitigating the socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis (TB) is key to the WHO End TB Strategy. However, little known about socioeconomic well-being beyond TB-treatment completion. In this mixed-methods study, we describe socioeconomic outcomes after TB-disease in urban Blantyre, Malawi, and explore pathways and barriers to financial recovery. Methods Adults {$>$}= 15 years successfully completing treatment for a first episode of pulmonary TB under the National TB Control Programme were prospectively followed up for 12 months. Socioeconomic, income, occupation, health seeking and cost data were collected. Determinants and impacts of ongoing financial hardship were explored through illness narrative interviews with purposively selected participants. Results 405 participants were recruited from February 2016 to April 2017. Median age was 35 years (IQR: 28-41), 67.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (275/405) were male, and 60.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (244/405) were HIV-positive. Employment and incomes were lowest at TB-treatment completion, with limited recovery in the following year: fewer people were in paid work (63.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% (232/368) vs 72.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (293/405), p=0.006), median incomes were lower (US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar44.13 (IQR: US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar0-US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar106.15) vs US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar72.20 (IQR: US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar26.71-US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar173.29), p{$<$}0.001), and more patients were living in poverty (earning},
+  abstract = {Background Mitigating the socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis (TB) is key to the WHO End TB Strategy. However, little known about socioeconomic well-being beyond TB-treatment completion. In this mixed-methods study, we describe socioeconomic outcomes after TB-disease in urban Blantyre, Malawi, and explore pathways and barriers to financial recovery. Methods Adults {$>$}= 15 years successfully completing treatment for a first episode of pulmonary TB under the National TB Control Programme were prospectively followed up for 12 months. Socioeconomic, income, occupation, health seeking and cost data were collected. Determinants and impacts of ongoing financial hardship were explored through illness narrative interviews with purposively selected participants. Results 405 participants were recruited from February 2016 to April 2017. Median age was 35 years (IQR: 28-41), 67.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (275/405) were male, and 60.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (244/405) were HIV-positive. Employment and incomes were lowest at TB-treatment completion, with limited recovery in the following year: fewer people were in paid work (63.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (232/368) vs 72.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (293/405), p=0.006), median incomes were lower (US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar44.13 (IQR: US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar0-US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar106.15) vs US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar72.20 (IQR: US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar26.71-US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar173.29), p{$<$}0.001), and more patients were living in poverty (earning},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23115,17 +27014,48 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {2},
   pages = {75--88},
   issn = {0458-6859},
-  abstract = {In this paper practical and political problems concerning the transformation of the social security system in agriculture of the \textbackslash textasciigraveold' Federal Republic of Germany to the New Federal States are discussed. The intention is to analyse the impacts of transferring this system to East Germany, especially concerning social security matters and their financial and distributive effects. Furthermore some conclusions from the East German experiences for the transformation of the social policy systems for the agricultural sectors in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) are drawn. Since insight into the interdependencies of polity politics and policies are important for a successful guidance the political determinants of policy-making in this sector in unified Germany are examined too. In comparison with the CEECs the transformation process in East Germany has to Se dealt with as a special case. The very rapid transition from a planned economy to a market economy lead to a drastic reduction of jobs particularly in the agricultural sector of East Germany. But unlike other CEECs in transition, a whole string of government programmes has been adopted and contributed a lot to make this process socially acceptable. The transfers from the federal budget to the New Lander amounted to 615 billion DM from 1991 to 1995; approximately 40 per cent (215 billion DM) has been spent on social policy measures, mainly for the labour market policy measures. In this respect, the New Federal States found themselves in a unique situation which gave them a rather privileged position, facilitating and mitigating the required changes. A further consequence of this general framework of transition was that the transformation in the New Federal States meant in almost every economic sector the transfer of the West German institutions. The structure of agricultural enterprises in East Germany differed, however, considerably from the West German family farms. Therefore, a sob adoption of West German institutions of social security policy for the agricultural sector in the New Federal States was problematic: On the one hand it seemed questionable whether this scheme was applicable to the special situation and particular social security demands of the farm population in the New Federal States. On the other band the agricultural social security system in the Federal Republic of Germany had become an important instrument of agricultural income policy at the national level. Since it is highly subsidised the question arised how this would influence the competitiveness between different legal forms of farm enterprises. Hence political decision makers were in a dilemma: introducing the special agricultural insurance system without any significant changes in the financing system would exclude many registered cooperatives from subsidies of considerable amount. So an alternative policy-option was to reform the system by decoupling the social security policy for agriculture from income: policy objectives and reforming it using the social insurance systems for employees as a point of reference. Politicians have chosen different options in transferring the social security system in agriculture of the Old Federal States to the New Federal States. In health and accident insurance the policy-option of an unchanged transfer of the West German institutions was preferred. In the old age pension scheme the policy-option of a transfer was linked with a partial reform of the system, reducing the distributive advantages of the sectoral system. With the exception of the agricultural accident insurance covering an types of farm enterprises the working population in agriculture is treated in accordance to their status as self employed or employees. Whereas agricultural entrepreneurs are included into the sectoral systems, agricultural employees remain in the general statutory systems. This was a reasonable solution in terms of the different social needs of both groups. Comparing the distributive effects of the two systems however shows, that there are still considerable advantages for the farmers' system, despite a remarkable reform of the farmer's old age pension scheme. Explaining these policy outcomes in social security policy in agriculture has to focus on changing policy networks before and after German unification. The path-dependency and in some way contingency of the policy process and its results make it almost impossible to draw general conclusions, in order to provide guidance as to how to manage reform processes in agricultural policy. Due to the fact that all CEECs are undertaking or initiating reforms of their social security systems, however, these countries do have a particular interest to find the best possible solutions for the social problems they are involved, bearing in mind, however, that a social security system cannot simply be copied from another country. A look at social security systems in West European countries demonstrates the wide range of possibilities available for organizing social security. In Central and East European countries too there was not one single socialist system of social security policy. Hence, CEECs have to reform their own schemes due to the overall conditions and the historical backgrounds in each country. This does not, however, imply that experiences from social security in western democratic countries or the transformation process in East Germany may not be of interest to the other states undergoing transformation. In all 15 member countries of the EU employees in agriculture and self-employed farmers as well are covered by comprehensive compulsory insurance schemes. But especially the insurance schemes for farmers, obligatorily insured in old age pension schemes in all states, are very heterogenously organized. Partly, farmers are insured in special agricultural systems or in social security systems for self-employed persons, partly, farmers are members of the general social security systems. Despite great varieties in entitlement rules, insured persons, level of benefits etc. all sectoral systems for farmers have the following in common: more old age pensioners than contributors; a high dependency on state subsidies; a low level of pensions and problems of compatibility with other old age pension schemes, if a farmer decides to change occupation. Up to now among the CEECs only Poland has a special system of old age pensions for farmers. In the other CEECs, farmers as well as the entire working population in agriculture were insured within the general system. Experiences in Poland with KRUS, the agricultural social security fund, are similiar to those in Western European countries with special security systems for farmers. Looking at the experiences in the FRG, in the other West-European countries with special systems for farmers and in Poland, it seems not to be a recommendable solution for other CEECs to follow these examples.},
+  abstract = {In this paper practical and political problems concerning the transformation of the social security system in agriculture of the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveold' Federal Republic of Germany to the New Federal States are discussed. The intention is to analyse the impacts of transferring this system to East Germany, especially concerning social security matters and their financial and distributive effects. Furthermore some conclusions from the East German experiences for the transformation of the social policy systems for the agricultural sectors in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) are drawn. Since insight into the interdependencies of polity politics and policies are important for a successful guidance the political determinants of policy-making in this sector in unified Germany are examined too. In comparison with the CEECs the transformation process in East Germany has to Se dealt with as a special case. The very rapid transition from a planned economy to a market economy lead to a drastic reduction of jobs particularly in the agricultural sector of East Germany. But unlike other CEECs in transition, a whole string of government programmes has been adopted and contributed a lot to make this process socially acceptable. The transfers from the federal budget to the New Lander amounted to 615 billion DM from 1991 to 1995; approximately 40 per cent (215 billion DM) has been spent on social policy measures, mainly for the labour market policy measures. In this respect, the New Federal States found themselves in a unique situation which gave them a rather privileged position, facilitating and mitigating the required changes. A further consequence of this general framework of transition was that the transformation in the New Federal States meant in almost every economic sector the transfer of the West German institutions. The structure of agricultural enterprises in East Germany differed, however, considerably from the West German family farms. Therefore, a sob adoption of West German institutions of social security policy for the agricultural sector in the New Federal States was problematic: On the one hand it seemed questionable whether this scheme was applicable to the special situation and particular social security demands of the farm population in the New Federal States. On the other band the agricultural social security system in the Federal Republic of Germany had become an important instrument of agricultural income policy at the national level. Since it is highly subsidised the question arised how this would influence the competitiveness between different legal forms of farm enterprises. Hence political decision makers were in a dilemma: introducing the special agricultural insurance system without any significant changes in the financing system would exclude many registered cooperatives from subsidies of considerable amount. So an alternative policy-option was to reform the system by decoupling the social security policy for agriculture from income: policy objectives and reforming it using the social insurance systems for employees as a point of reference. Politicians have chosen different options in transferring the social security system in agriculture of the Old Federal States to the New Federal States. In health and accident insurance the policy-option of an unchanged transfer of the West German institutions was preferred. In the old age pension scheme the policy-option of a transfer was linked with a partial reform of the system, reducing the distributive advantages of the sectoral system. With the exception of the agricultural accident insurance covering an types of farm enterprises the working population in agriculture is treated in accordance to their status as self employed or employees. Whereas agricultural entrepreneurs are included into the sectoral systems, agricultural employees remain in the general statutory systems. This was a reasonable solution in terms of the different social needs of both groups. Comparing the distributive effects of the two systems however shows, that there are still considerable advantages for the farmers' system, despite a remarkable reform of the farmer's old age pension scheme. Explaining these policy outcomes in social security policy in agriculture has to focus on changing policy networks before and after German unification. The path-dependency and in some way contingency of the policy process and its results make it almost impossible to draw general conclusions, in order to provide guidance as to how to manage reform processes in agricultural policy. Due to the fact that all CEECs are undertaking or initiating reforms of their social security systems, however, these countries do have a particular interest to find the best possible solutions for the social problems they are involved, bearing in mind, however, that a social security system cannot simply be copied from another country. A look at social security systems in West European countries demonstrates the wide range of possibilities available for organizing social security. In Central and East European countries too there was not one single socialist system of social security policy. Hence, CEECs have to reform their own schemes due to the overall conditions and the historical backgrounds in each country. This does not, however, imply that experiences from social security in western democratic countries or the transformation process in East Germany may not be of interest to the other states undergoing transformation. In all 15 member countries of the EU employees in agriculture and self-employed farmers as well are covered by comprehensive compulsory insurance schemes. But especially the insurance schemes for farmers, obligatorily insured in old age pension schemes in all states, are very heterogenously organized. Partly, farmers are insured in special agricultural systems or in social security systems for self-employed persons, partly, farmers are members of the general social security systems. Despite great varieties in entitlement rules, insured persons, level of benefits etc. all sectoral systems for farmers have the following in common: more old age pensioners than contributors; a high dependency on state subsidies; a low level of pensions and problems of compatibility with other old age pension schemes, if a farmer decides to change occupation. Up to now among the CEECs only Poland has a special system of old age pensions for farmers. In the other CEECs, farmers as well as the entire working population in agriculture were insured within the general system. Experiences in Poland with KRUS, the agricultural social security fund, are similiar to those in Western European countries with special security systems for farmers. Looking at the experiences in the FRG, in the other West-European countries with special systems for farmers and in Poland, it seems not to be a recommendable solution for other CEECs to follow these examples.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Mein1998,
+  title = {Paradigms of Retirement: The Importance of Health and Ageing in the Whitehall Ii Study},
+  shorttitle = {Paradigms of Retirement},
+  author = {Mein, G and Higgs, P and Ferrie, J and Stansfeld, S.A},
+  year = {1998},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {47},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {535--545},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00146-4},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Mein2003,
+  title = {Is Retirement Good or Bad for Mental and Physical Health Functioning? {{Whitehall II}} Longitudinal Study of Civil Servants},
+  shorttitle = {Is Retirement Good or Bad for Mental and Physical Health Functioning?},
+  author = {Mein, G},
+  year = {2003},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health},
+  volume = {57},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {46--49},
+  issn = {0143005X},
+  doi = {10.1136/jech.57.1.46},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @book{Mekvabidze2012,
   title = {{{ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND POLICY}}: {{STUDYING OF INEQUALITY IN GEORGIA}}},
   author = {Mekvabidze, Ruizan},
   editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Martinez, {\relax AL} and Torres, {\relax IC}},
   year = {2012},
   journal = {5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (ICERI 2012)},
-  abstract = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveI saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles and I saw all kinds of inequalities....\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1]. Post Soviet countries and among of them Georgia shows a fast growing asymmetry in the distribution of income and wealth during transition period. In this paper is analyzed the determinants of inequality in Georgia starting with factors influencing the changing distribution of wages, income and the others being at the core of economic inequality. Inequality can also be framed in a broader sense than income, e. g. inequality in consumption, or inequality of resources, including assets and wealth. Not very surprisingly a strong correlation between output loss in the early phase of transition and the rise of inequality measures as the change of Gini coefficient which is a measure of inequality. Purpose: The discussion on the development of inequality in Georgia and analysis the possible reasons for the observed increase of inequality. The recent situation of inequality in Georgia well as its development since 1990 have analyzed taking into account the profound political, economic as well as social transition having occurred in Georgia. Looking at the development of average inequality in the regions of Georgia, we see that in all of these cases the liberalization of markets led to a sudden rise in income dispersion. The fall of labor demand as well as the liberalization of labor market regulations were accompanied by the emergence of all kinds of less regulated forms of employment. The elimination of legal restrictions on private business activity and ownership gave rise to self-employment throughout country. In particular, in Georgia the sharp and persistent fall in labor demand of enterprises forced workers to move into low-productivity jobs in the service sector or subsistence agriculture, since in many of the regions of Georgia social protection is lacking and the status of unemployment is not an affordable option, but labor supply was reduced. Methodology: to state the desirable properties of measures of inequality when the variable under study is ordinal and check which properties are fulfilled by the various indicators. Conclusions: The choice of the main indicators which were highly correlated with others for studying of economic inequality's in Georgia are: Health insurance, homelessness, income inequality, wage inequality, deregulation labor, internal displaced community, income distribution, Middle class is not formed in Georgia and differences between rich and low classes are very high. As the data by state statistics is not presented for these indicators in series by years, this work have to provide more carefully consistently again.},
+  abstract = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveI saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles and I saw all kinds of inequalities....{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1]. Post Soviet countries and among of them Georgia shows a fast growing asymmetry in the distribution of income and wealth during transition period. In this paper is analyzed the determinants of inequality in Georgia starting with factors influencing the changing distribution of wages, income and the others being at the core of economic inequality. Inequality can also be framed in a broader sense than income, e. g. inequality in consumption, or inequality of resources, including assets and wealth. Not very surprisingly a strong correlation between output loss in the early phase of transition and the rise of inequality measures as the change of Gini coefficient which is a measure of inequality. Purpose: The discussion on the development of inequality in Georgia and analysis the possible reasons for the observed increase of inequality. The recent situation of inequality in Georgia well as its development since 1990 have analyzed taking into account the profound political, economic as well as social transition having occurred in Georgia. Looking at the development of average inequality in the regions of Georgia, we see that in all of these cases the liberalization of markets led to a sudden rise in income dispersion. The fall of labor demand as well as the liberalization of labor market regulations were accompanied by the emergence of all kinds of less regulated forms of employment. The elimination of legal restrictions on private business activity and ownership gave rise to self-employment throughout country. In particular, in Georgia the sharp and persistent fall in labor demand of enterprises forced workers to move into low-productivity jobs in the service sector or subsistence agriculture, since in many of the regions of Georgia social protection is lacking and the status of unemployment is not an affordable option, but labor supply was reduced. Methodology: to state the desirable properties of measures of inequality when the variable under study is ordinal and check which properties are fulfilled by the various indicators. Conclusions: The choice of the main indicators which were highly correlated with others for studying of economic inequality's in Georgia are: Health insurance, homelessness, income inequality, wage inequality, deregulation labor, internal displaced community, income distribution, Middle class is not formed in Georgia and differences between rich and low classes are very high. As the data by state statistics is not presented for these indicators in series by years, this work have to provide more carefully consistently again.},
   isbn = {978-84-616-0763-1},
   langid = {english},
   note = {5th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Madrid, SPAIN, NOV 19-21, 2012}
@@ -23142,7 +27072,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {59--64},
   issn = {0263-6352},
   doi = {10.1097/00004872-200401000-00013},
-  abstract = {Objective Assess capacity of health-care facilities in a low-resource setting to implement the absolute risk approach for assessment of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients and effective management of hypertension Design and setting A descriptive cross-sectional study in Egbeda and Oluyole local government areas of Oyo State in Nigeria in 56 randomly selected primary- (n = 42) and secondary-level (n = 2) health-care and private health-care (n = 12) facilities. Participants One thousand consecutive, known hypertensives attending the selected facilities for follow-up, and health-care providers working in the above randomly selected facilities, were interviewed. Results About two-thirds of hypertensives utilized primary-care centers both for diagnosis and for follow-up. Laboratory and other investigations to exclude secondary hypertension or to assess target organ damage were not available in the majority of facilities, particularly in primary care. A considerable knowledge and awareness gap related to hypertension and its complications was found, both among patients and health-care providers. Blood pressure control rates were poor \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace28\textbackslash textbackslash\% with systolic blood pressure (SBP) {$<$} 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) {$<$} 90 mmHg] and drug prescription patterns were not evidence based and cost effective. The majority of patients (73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) in this low socio-economic group (mean monthly income US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar73) had to pay fully, out of their own pocket, for consultations and medications. Conclusions If the absolute risk approach for assessment of risk and effective management of hypertension is to be implemented in low-resource settings, appropriate policy measures need to be taken to improve the competency of health-care providers, to provide basic laboratory facilities and to develop affordable financing mechanisms. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.},
+  abstract = {Objective Assess capacity of health-care facilities in a low-resource setting to implement the absolute risk approach for assessment of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients and effective management of hypertension Design and setting A descriptive cross-sectional study in Egbeda and Oluyole local government areas of Oyo State in Nigeria in 56 randomly selected primary- (n = 42) and secondary-level (n = 2) health-care and private health-care (n = 12) facilities. Participants One thousand consecutive, known hypertensives attending the selected facilities for follow-up, and health-care providers working in the above randomly selected facilities, were interviewed. Results About two-thirds of hypertensives utilized primary-care centers both for diagnosis and for follow-up. Laboratory and other investigations to exclude secondary hypertension or to assess target organ damage were not available in the majority of facilities, particularly in primary care. A considerable knowledge and awareness gap related to hypertension and its complications was found, both among patients and health-care providers. Blood pressure control rates were poor {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with systolic blood pressure (SBP) {$<$} 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) {$<$} 90 mmHg] and drug prescription patterns were not evidence based and cost effective. The majority of patients (73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) in this low socio-economic group (mean monthly income US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar73) had to pay fully, out of their own pocket, for consultations and medications. Conclusions If the absolute risk approach for assessment of risk and effective management of hypertension is to be implemented in low-resource settings, appropriate policy measures need to be taken to improve the competency of health-care providers, to provide basic laboratory facilities and to develop affordable financing mechanisms. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23156,7 +27086,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {75--101},
   issn = {0895-3309},
   doi = {10.1257/jep.26.4.75},
-  abstract = {Over the past few decades of economic reform, China's labor markets have been transformed to an increasingly market-driven system. China has two segregated economies: the rural and urban. Understanding the shifting nature of this divide is probably the key to understanding the most important labor market reform issues of the last decades and the decades ahead. From 1949, the Chinese economy allowed virtually no labor mobility between the rural and urban sectors. Rural-urban segregation was enforced by a household registration system called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehukou.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Individuals born in rural areas receive \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveagriculture hukou\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace while those born in cities are designated as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenonagricultural hukou.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace In the countryside, employment and income were linked to the commune-based production system. Collectively owned communes provided very basic coverage for health, education, and pensions. In cities, state-assigned life-time employment, centrally determined wages, and a cradle-to-grave social welfare system were implemented. In the late 1970s, China's economic reforms began, but the timing and pattern of the changes were quite different across rural and urban labor markets. This paper focuses on employment and wages in the urban labor markets, the interaction between the urban and rural labor markets through migration, and future labor market challenges. Despite the remarkable changes that have occurred, inherited institutional impediments still play an important role in the allocation of labor; the hukou system remains in place, and 72 percent of China's population is still identified as rural hukou holders. China must continue to ease its restrictions on rurala is an element of urban migration, and must adopt policies to close the widening rural-urban gap in education, or it risks suffering both a shortage of workers in the growing urban areas and a deepening urban-rural economic divide.},
+  abstract = {Over the past few decades of economic reform, China's labor markets have been transformed to an increasingly market-driven system. China has two segregated economies: the rural and urban. Understanding the shifting nature of this divide is probably the key to understanding the most important labor market reform issues of the last decades and the decades ahead. From 1949, the Chinese economy allowed virtually no labor mobility between the rural and urban sectors. Rural-urban segregation was enforced by a household registration system called {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehukou.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Individuals born in rural areas receive {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveagriculture hukou{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace while those born in cities are designated as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenonagricultural hukou.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace In the countryside, employment and income were linked to the commune-based production system. Collectively owned communes provided very basic coverage for health, education, and pensions. In cities, state-assigned life-time employment, centrally determined wages, and a cradle-to-grave social welfare system were implemented. In the late 1970s, China's economic reforms began, but the timing and pattern of the changes were quite different across rural and urban labor markets. This paper focuses on employment and wages in the urban labor markets, the interaction between the urban and rural labor markets through migration, and future labor market challenges. Despite the remarkable changes that have occurred, inherited institutional impediments still play an important role in the allocation of labor; the hukou system remains in place, and 72 percent of China's population is still identified as rural hukou holders. China must continue to ease its restrictions on rurala is an element of urban migration, and must adopt policies to close the widening rural-urban gap in education, or it risks suffering both a shortage of workers in the growing urban areas and a deepening urban-rural economic divide.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23171,7 +27101,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {296--300},
   issn = {0962-7480},
   doi = {10.1093/occmed/kqx028},
-  abstract = {Background The growing prevalence of chronic conditions in the ageing workforce has been shown to have a negative impact in terms of optimal work performance and quality of life. It is therefore important to understand the factors associated with sickness absence due to health problems. Aims To examine the socio-demographics, health status indicators, barriers to self-care and social support associated with working adults missing work because of chronic conditions. Methods We analysed data from working adults in the USA with one or more chronic conditions who completed the National Council on Aging (NCOA) Chronic Care Survey. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 22; independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare sample characteristics and logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with missed work as a dichotomous outcome variable. Results Among the 250 study subjects, employees who reported poorer general health status \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceodd ratio (OR) = 1.62, P {$<$} 0.05], more physician visits (OR = 1.45, P {$<$} 0.01), not having enough money for their health (OR = 3.69, P {$<$} 0.01) and a higher reliance on their co-workers (OR = 1.71, P {$<$} 0.05) were significantly more likely to report sickness absence due to their chronic conditions. Conclusions To reduce absences among employees with chronic conditions, employers need to understand the importance of factors such as employee income, resources and knowledge of disease self-care. US employers should explore opportunities for employees to offset health care costs, apply appropriate time-flexible work policies and encourage employees' participation in health knowledge enhancing interventions.},
+  abstract = {Background The growing prevalence of chronic conditions in the ageing workforce has been shown to have a negative impact in terms of optimal work performance and quality of life. It is therefore important to understand the factors associated with sickness absence due to health problems. Aims To examine the socio-demographics, health status indicators, barriers to self-care and social support associated with working adults missing work because of chronic conditions. Methods We analysed data from working adults in the USA with one or more chronic conditions who completed the National Council on Aging (NCOA) Chronic Care Survey. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 22; independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare sample characteristics and logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with missed work as a dichotomous outcome variable. Results Among the 250 study subjects, employees who reported poorer general health status {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceodd ratio (OR) = 1.62, P {$<$} 0.05], more physician visits (OR = 1.45, P {$<$} 0.01), not having enough money for their health (OR = 3.69, P {$<$} 0.01) and a higher reliance on their co-workers (OR = 1.71, P {$<$} 0.05) were significantly more likely to report sickness absence due to their chronic conditions. Conclusions To reduce absences among employees with chronic conditions, employers need to understand the importance of factors such as employee income, resources and knowledge of disease self-care. US employers should explore opportunities for employees to offset health care costs, apply appropriate time-flexible work policies and encourage employees' participation in health knowledge enhancing interventions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23189,6 +27119,22 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::systematic}
 }
 
+@article{Menon2018,
+  title = {`{{Ring}}' Your Future, without Changing Diaper {\textendash} {{Can}} Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Address Child Marriage in {{Zambia}}?},
+  author = {Menon, J. A. and Kusanthan, T. and Mwaba, S. O. C. and Juanola, L. and Kok, M. C.},
+  editor = {Brownie, Sharon Mary},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {PLOS ONE},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {e0205523},
+  issn = {1932-6203},
+  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0205523},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Meredith2014,
   title = {Design of the {{Violence}} and {{Stress Assessment}} ({{ViStA}}) Study: {{A}} Randomized Controlled Trial of Care Management for {{PTSD}} among Predominantly {{Latino}} Patients in Safety Net Health Centers},
   author = {Meredith, Lisa S. and Eisenman, David P. and Green, Bonnie L. and Kaltman, Stacey and Wong, Eunice C. and Han, Bing and Cassells, Andrea and Tobin, Jonathan N.},
@@ -23200,7 +27146,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {163--172},
   issn = {1551-7144},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2014.04.005},
-  abstract = {Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common problem in primary care. Although effective treatments are available, little is known about whether such treatments are effective within the context of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) that serve as national \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesafety nets\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for providing primary care for low income and underinsured patients. The Violence and Stress Assessment (ViStA) study is the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the impact of a care management intervention for treating PTSD in FQHCs. To develop a PTSD management intervention appropriate for lower resource FQHCs and the predominantly Latino patients they serve, formative work was conducted through a collaborative effort between researchers and an FQHC practice-based research network. This article describes how FQHC stakeholders were convened to review, assess, and prioritize evidence-based strategies for addressing patient, clinician, and system-level barriers to care. This multi-component care management intervention incorporates diagnosis with feedback, patient education and activation; navigation and linkage to community resources; clinician education and medication guidance; and structured cross-disciplinary communication and continuity of care, all facilitated by care managers with FQHC experience. We also describe the evaluation design of this five-year RCT and the characteristics of the 404 English or Spanish speaking patients enrolled in the study and randomized to either the intervention or to usual care. Patients are assessed at baseline, six months, and 12 months to examine intervention effectiveness on PTSD, other mental health symptoms, health-related quality-of-life, health care service use; and perceived barriers to care and satisfaction with care. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common problem in primary care. Although effective treatments are available, little is known about whether such treatments are effective within the context of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) that serve as national {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesafety nets{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for providing primary care for low income and underinsured patients. The Violence and Stress Assessment (ViStA) study is the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the impact of a care management intervention for treating PTSD in FQHCs. To develop a PTSD management intervention appropriate for lower resource FQHCs and the predominantly Latino patients they serve, formative work was conducted through a collaborative effort between researchers and an FQHC practice-based research network. This article describes how FQHC stakeholders were convened to review, assess, and prioritize evidence-based strategies for addressing patient, clinician, and system-level barriers to care. This multi-component care management intervention incorporates diagnosis with feedback, patient education and activation; navigation and linkage to community resources; clinician education and medication guidance; and structured cross-disciplinary communication and continuity of care, all facilitated by care managers with FQHC experience. We also describe the evaluation design of this five-year RCT and the characteristics of the 404 English or Spanish speaking patients enrolled in the study and randomized to either the intervention or to usual care. Patients are assessed at baseline, six months, and 12 months to examine intervention effectiveness on PTSD, other mental health symptoms, health-related quality-of-life, health care service use; and perceived barriers to care and satisfaction with care. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23215,7 +27161,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {1255--1265},
   issn = {0888-8892},
   doi = {10.1111/cobi.12737},
-  abstract = {Amateur naturalists have played an important role in the study and conservation of nature since the 17th century. Today, naturalist groups make important contributions to bridge the gap between conservation science and practice around the world. We examined data from 2 regional naturalist programs to understand participant motivations, barriers, and perspectives as well as the actions they take to advance science, stewardship, and community engagement. These programs provide certification-based natural history and conservation science training for adults that is followed by volunteer service in citizen science, education, and stewardship. Studies in California and Virginia include quantitative and qualitative evaluation data collected through pre- and postcourse surveys, interviews, and long-term tracking of volunteer hours. Motivations of participants focused on learning about the local environment and plants and animals, connecting with nature, becoming certified, and spending time with people who have similar interests. Over half the participants surveyed were over 50 years old, two-thirds were women, and a majority reported household incomes of over \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000 (60\textbackslash textbackslash\% in California, 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Virginia), and {$<$}20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those surveyed in both states described themselves as nonwhite. Thus, these programs need to improve participation by a wider spectrum of the public. We interviewed younger and underrepresented adults to examine barriers to participation in citizen science. The primary barrier was lack of time due to the need to work and focus on career advancement. Survey data revealed that participants' ecological knowledge, scientific skills, and belief in their ability to address environmental issues increased after training. Documented conservation actions taken by the participants include invasive plant management, habitat restoration, and cleanups of natural areas and streams. Long-term data from Virginia on volunteer hours dedicated to environmental citizen science show an increase from 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2007 to 32\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2014. In general, participants in the naturalist programs we examined increased their content knowledge about ecosystems, had greater confidence in conserving them, and continued to engage as citizen scientists after completing the program.},
+  abstract = {Amateur naturalists have played an important role in the study and conservation of nature since the 17th century. Today, naturalist groups make important contributions to bridge the gap between conservation science and practice around the world. We examined data from 2 regional naturalist programs to understand participant motivations, barriers, and perspectives as well as the actions they take to advance science, stewardship, and community engagement. These programs provide certification-based natural history and conservation science training for adults that is followed by volunteer service in citizen science, education, and stewardship. Studies in California and Virginia include quantitative and qualitative evaluation data collected through pre- and postcourse surveys, interviews, and long-term tracking of volunteer hours. Motivations of participants focused on learning about the local environment and plants and animals, connecting with nature, becoming certified, and spending time with people who have similar interests. Over half the participants surveyed were over 50 years old, two-thirds were women, and a majority reported household incomes of over {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar50,000 (60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in California, 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in Virginia), and {$<$}20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those surveyed in both states described themselves as nonwhite. Thus, these programs need to improve participation by a wider spectrum of the public. We interviewed younger and underrepresented adults to examine barriers to participation in citizen science. The primary barrier was lack of time due to the need to work and focus on career advancement. Survey data revealed that participants' ecological knowledge, scientific skills, and belief in their ability to address environmental issues increased after training. Documented conservation actions taken by the participants include invasive plant management, habitat restoration, and cleanups of natural areas and streams. Long-term data from Virginia on volunteer hours dedicated to environmental citizen science show an increase from 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2007 to 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2014. In general, participants in the naturalist programs we examined increased their content knowledge about ecosystems, had greater confidence in conserving them, and continued to engage as citizen scientists after completing the program.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23259,7 +27205,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {379--389},
   issn = {1090-3801},
   doi = {10.1053/eujp.2001.0259},
-  abstract = {The present study was undertaken to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and burden of illness due to pain and its treatment for patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). It is the first step in finding reliable instruments/targets to evaluate treatment outcome in this patient population. Study population consisted of 126 patients suffering from neuropathic, pain due to a peripheral nerve or root lesion, recruited from two multidisciplinary pain clinics. HRQoL was examined using Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Pain intensity in four categories (at rest and evoked by movement, touch and cold) was rated on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Degree of discomfort from pain and 25 symptoms related to pain and side-effects was also assessed. Reduction in workload due to pain was recorded, as was the pain relief from previous and current treatments and the reasons for discontinuing previous treatments. All dimensions in SF-36 and NHP were significantly impaired. SF-36 was a valid instrument for describing the impact of pain on the HRQoL of patients with PNP. NHP had a lower reliability but has other advantages that might be of importance. Many patients experienced poor pain relief from ongoing pain treatments. Most previous treatments were discontinued owing to lack of efficacy and/or severe side-effects. Many patients experienced a high intensity of at least one type of pain; median VAS for the highest pain intensity score of each patient (any type of pain) was 74/100. Besides pain, patients were most bothered by difficulty in sleeping, lack of energy, drowsiness, difficulty in concentrating and dry mouth. Employment status was reduced owing to pain in 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the patients. The intense pain, other troublesome symptoms, limited efficacy and tolerability of available treatments, together with the impaired health and reduced work status, amount to a substantial burden for patients with PNP. (C) 2001 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.},
+  abstract = {The present study was undertaken to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and burden of illness due to pain and its treatment for patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). It is the first step in finding reliable instruments/targets to evaluate treatment outcome in this patient population. Study population consisted of 126 patients suffering from neuropathic, pain due to a peripheral nerve or root lesion, recruited from two multidisciplinary pain clinics. HRQoL was examined using Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Pain intensity in four categories (at rest and evoked by movement, touch and cold) was rated on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Degree of discomfort from pain and 25 symptoms related to pain and side-effects was also assessed. Reduction in workload due to pain was recorded, as was the pain relief from previous and current treatments and the reasons for discontinuing previous treatments. All dimensions in SF-36 and NHP were significantly impaired. SF-36 was a valid instrument for describing the impact of pain on the HRQoL of patients with PNP. NHP had a lower reliability but has other advantages that might be of importance. Many patients experienced poor pain relief from ongoing pain treatments. Most previous treatments were discontinued owing to lack of efficacy and/or severe side-effects. Many patients experienced a high intensity of at least one type of pain; median VAS for the highest pain intensity score of each patient (any type of pain) was 74/100. Besides pain, patients were most bothered by difficulty in sleeping, lack of energy, drowsiness, difficulty in concentrating and dry mouth. Employment status was reduced owing to pain in 52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the patients. The intense pain, other troublesome symptoms, limited efficacy and tolerability of available treatments, together with the impaired health and reduced work status, amount to a substantial burden for patients with PNP. (C) 2001 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23300,7 +27246,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {6},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s40814-020-00609-x},
-  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, including in low- and middle-income \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceLMIC] countries, there is increased attention to and investment in interventions to prevent and respond to violence against women; however, most of these approaches are delivered outside of formal or informal health systems. The World Health Organization published clinical and policy guidelines Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women in 2013. Further evidence is needed concerning implementation of the Guidelines, including how health care providers perceive training interventions, if the training approach meets their needs and is of relevance to them and how to ensure sustainability of changes in practice due to training. This manuscript describes a study protocol for a mixed methods study of the implementation of the Guidelines and related tools in tertiary hospitals in two districts in Maharashtra, India.MethodsThe study will employ a mixed-methods study design. A quantitative assessment of health care providers' and managers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices will be conducted pre, post, and 6months after the training. Qualitative methods will include a participatory stakeholders' meeting to inform the design of the training intervention design, in-depth interviews \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceIDIs] and focus-group discussions \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceFGDs] with health care providers and managers 3-6months after training, and IDIs with women who have disclosed violence to a trained health care provider, approximately 6months after training. The study will also validate two tools: a readiness assessment of health facilities and a health management information system form in a facility register format which will be used to document cases of violence.DiscussionThe multiple components of this study will generate data to improve our understanding of how implementation of the Guidelines works, what barriers and facilitators to implementation exist in this context, and how current implementation practices result in changes in terms of health services and providers' practices of responding to women affected by violence. The results will be useful for governmental and non-governmental and United Nations Agency efforts to improve health systems and services for women affected by violence, as well as for researchers working on health systems responses to violence against women in India and possibly other contexts.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, including in low- and middle-income {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceLMIC] countries, there is increased attention to and investment in interventions to prevent and respond to violence against women; however, most of these approaches are delivered outside of formal or informal health systems. The World Health Organization published clinical and policy guidelines Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women in 2013. Further evidence is needed concerning implementation of the Guidelines, including how health care providers perceive training interventions, if the training approach meets their needs and is of relevance to them and how to ensure sustainability of changes in practice due to training. This manuscript describes a study protocol for a mixed methods study of the implementation of the Guidelines and related tools in tertiary hospitals in two districts in Maharashtra, India.MethodsThe study will employ a mixed-methods study design. A quantitative assessment of health care providers' and managers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices will be conducted pre, post, and 6months after the training. Qualitative methods will include a participatory stakeholders' meeting to inform the design of the training intervention design, in-depth interviews {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceIDIs] and focus-group discussions {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceFGDs] with health care providers and managers 3-6months after training, and IDIs with women who have disclosed violence to a trained health care provider, approximately 6months after training. The study will also validate two tools: a readiness assessment of health facilities and a health management information system form in a facility register format which will be used to document cases of violence.DiscussionThe multiple components of this study will generate data to improve our understanding of how implementation of the Guidelines works, what barriers and facilitators to implementation exist in this context, and how current implementation practices result in changes in terms of health services and providers' practices of responding to women affected by violence. The results will be useful for governmental and non-governmental and United Nations Agency efforts to improve health systems and services for women affected by violence, as well as for researchers working on health systems responses to violence against women in India and possibly other contexts.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23319,7 +27265,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{Mezzina2022,
-  title = {Social {{Vulnerability}} and {{Mental Health Inequalities}} in the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveSyndemic}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Call}} for {{Action}}},
+  title = {Social {{Vulnerability}} and {{Mental Health Inequalities}} in the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveSyndemic}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Call}} for {{Action}}},
   author = {Mezzina, Roberto and Gopikumar, Vandana and Jenkins, John and Saraceno, Benedetto and Sashidharan, S. P.},
   year = {2022},
   month = may,
@@ -23327,7 +27273,23 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1664-0640},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.894370},
-  abstract = {Covid-19 is referred to as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesyndemic,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace i.e., the consequences of the disease are exacerbated by social and economic disparity. Poor housing, unstable work conditions, caste, class, race and gender based inequities and low incomes have a profound effect on mental health and wellbeing. Such disparities are increasing between, among and within countries and are exacerbated by human rights violations, in institution and in society, stigma and discrimination. Social capital can mediate health outcomes, through trust and reciprocity, political participation, and by mental health service systems, which can be coercive or more open to demand of emancipation and freedom. Societal inequalities affect especially vulnerable groups, and Covid itself had a wider impact on the most socially vulnerable and marginalized populations, suffering for structural discrimination and violence. There are complex relations among these social processes and domains, and mental health inequalities and disparity. Participation and engagement of citizens and community organizations is now required in order to achieve a radical transformation in mental health. A Local and Global Action Plan has been launched recently, by a coalition of organizations representing people with lived experience of mental health care; who use services; family members, mental health professionals, policy makers and researchers, such as the International Mental Health Collaborating Network, the World Federation for Mental Health, the World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation, the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks (GAMIAN), The Mental Health Resource Hub in Chennai, India, The Movement for Global Mental Health (MGMH) and others. The Action Plan addresses the need for fundamental change by focusing on social determinants and achieving equity in mental health care. Equally the need for the politics of wellbeing has to be embedded in a system that places mental health within development and social justice paradigm, enhancing core human capabilities and contrasting discriminatory practices. These targets are for people and organizations to adopt locally within their communities and services, and also to indicate possible innovative solutions to Politics. This global endeavor may represent an alternative to the global mental discourse inspired by the traditional biomedical model.},
+  abstract = {Covid-19 is referred to as a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesyndemic,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace i.e., the consequences of the disease are exacerbated by social and economic disparity. Poor housing, unstable work conditions, caste, class, race and gender based inequities and low incomes have a profound effect on mental health and wellbeing. Such disparities are increasing between, among and within countries and are exacerbated by human rights violations, in institution and in society, stigma and discrimination. Social capital can mediate health outcomes, through trust and reciprocity, political participation, and by mental health service systems, which can be coercive or more open to demand of emancipation and freedom. Societal inequalities affect especially vulnerable groups, and Covid itself had a wider impact on the most socially vulnerable and marginalized populations, suffering for structural discrimination and violence. There are complex relations among these social processes and domains, and mental health inequalities and disparity. Participation and engagement of citizens and community organizations is now required in order to achieve a radical transformation in mental health. A Local and Global Action Plan has been launched recently, by a coalition of organizations representing people with lived experience of mental health care; who use services; family members, mental health professionals, policy makers and researchers, such as the International Mental Health Collaborating Network, the World Federation for Mental Health, the World Association for Psychosocial Rehabilitation, the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks (GAMIAN), The Mental Health Resource Hub in Chennai, India, The Movement for Global Mental Health (MGMH) and others. The Action Plan addresses the need for fundamental change by focusing on social determinants and achieving equity in mental health care. Equally the need for the politics of wellbeing has to be embedded in a system that places mental health within development and social justice paradigm, enhancing core human capabilities and contrasting discriminatory practices. These targets are for people and organizations to adopt locally within their communities and services, and also to indicate possible innovative solutions to Politics. This global endeavor may represent an alternative to the global mental discourse inspired by the traditional biomedical model.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Migliore2012,
+  title = {Predictors of {{Employment}} and {{Postsecondary Education}} of {{Youth With Autism}}},
+  author = {Migliore, Alberto and Timmons, Jaimie and Butterworth, John and Lugas, Jaime},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin},
+  volume = {55},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {176--184},
+  issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853},
+  doi = {10.1177/0034355212438943},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Using logistic and multiple regressions, the authors investigated predictors of employment and postsecondary education outcomes of youth with autism in the Vocational Rehabilitation Program. Data were obtained from the RSA911 data set, fiscal year 2008. Findings showed that the odds of gaining employment were greater for youth who received job placement services, yet only 48\% of youth received this service. In addition, postsecondary education was among the strongest predictors of better earnings, yet only 10\% of youth received college services. The authors recommended providing job placement services and college services to more youth with autism. At the same time, due to the relatively moderate effect sizes of these regression models, they recommend investigating additional variables currently not included in the RSA911 data set.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23355,7 +27317,23 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {761--788},
   issn = {2083-1277},
   doi = {10.24136/oc.2021.025},
-  abstract = {Research background: The precarious employment in non-governmental organizations has not been the subject of thorough scientific considerations so far. Meanwhile, the dominance of flexible forms of employment in an organization evokes a sense of instability, insecurity and uncertainty among employees. It weakens the relationship between staff and the organization, which, by not providing employees with prospects for permanent employment, creates a threat to its own development. The COVID-19 pandemic is reinforcing these fears as the situation in the labour market continues to deteriorate. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting NGOs employment of contract employees, as a key condition for crowding out precarious employment. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was conducted based on a national representative survey of 1500 Polish NGOs. Findings \textbackslash textbackslash\& value added: Its results indicate that NGOs are increasing the employment of contract staff in order to cope with the excessive bureaucracy of public administration. A stimulating impact on employment is also provided by difficulties in maintaining good staff and volunteers, as well as when there is no sense of security in running an organization. In turn, the lack of people ready to selflessly get involved in an organization's activities, as well as difficulties in accessing premises appropriate to NGOs both reduce the desire among staff to be employed full-time. The monitoring of precarious employment (PE) in NGOs is of key importance in the shaping and effectiveness of national policies aimed at improving the living standards of society as a whole. NGOs are an important element, as they fill the gaps remaining in the implementation of such policies. In the long term, improving the quality of full-time employment in such entities by reducing the barriers to their activity will increase their potential for fulfilling their social mission. To date, such barriers and their relation to employment have not been considered in research literature. However, a considerable proportion of employees in the Polish NGO sector may join the ranks of those excluded from employment and deprived of income due to the crisis on the job market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article contributes to the existing literature and practice by identifying the influence of wide spectrum of barriers of NGOs activity on permanent employment.},
+  abstract = {Research background: The precarious employment in non-governmental organizations has not been the subject of thorough scientific considerations so far. Meanwhile, the dominance of flexible forms of employment in an organization evokes a sense of instability, insecurity and uncertainty among employees. It weakens the relationship between staff and the organization, which, by not providing employees with prospects for permanent employment, creates a threat to its own development. The COVID-19 pandemic is reinforcing these fears as the situation in the labour market continues to deteriorate. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting NGOs employment of contract employees, as a key condition for crowding out precarious employment. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was conducted based on a national representative survey of 1500 Polish NGOs. Findings {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& value added: Its results indicate that NGOs are increasing the employment of contract staff in order to cope with the excessive bureaucracy of public administration. A stimulating impact on employment is also provided by difficulties in maintaining good staff and volunteers, as well as when there is no sense of security in running an organization. In turn, the lack of people ready to selflessly get involved in an organization's activities, as well as difficulties in accessing premises appropriate to NGOs both reduce the desire among staff to be employed full-time. The monitoring of precarious employment (PE) in NGOs is of key importance in the shaping and effectiveness of national policies aimed at improving the living standards of society as a whole. NGOs are an important element, as they fill the gaps remaining in the implementation of such policies. In the long term, improving the quality of full-time employment in such entities by reducing the barriers to their activity will increase their potential for fulfilling their social mission. To date, such barriers and their relation to employment have not been considered in research literature. However, a considerable proportion of employees in the Polish NGO sector may join the ranks of those excluded from employment and deprived of income due to the crisis on the job market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article contributes to the existing literature and practice by identifying the influence of wide spectrum of barriers of NGOs activity on permanent employment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Miller2010,
+  title = {Contraception as {{Development}}? {{New Evidence}} from {{Family Planning}} in {{Colombia}}},
+  shorttitle = {Contraception as {{Development}}?},
+  author = {Miller, Grant},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {The Economic Journal},
+  volume = {120},
+  number = {545},
+  pages = {709--736},
+  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02306.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23363,13 +27341,29 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   title = {Interviews with Employed People with Mobility Impairments and Limitations: {{Environmental}} Supports Impacting Work Acquisition and Satisfaction},
   author = {Miller, Lindsey C. and Gottlieb, Meghan and Morgan, Kerri A. and Gray, David B.},
   year = {2014},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {48},
   number = {3},
   pages = {361--372},
   issn = {1051-9815},
   doi = {10.3233/WOR-131784},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Less than 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of people with disabilities work. Many studies have detailed the barriers to employment but few have examined the work experiences of those who are employed. OBJECTIVE: A description of work conditions valued by a specific segment of employed people with disabilities is provided. METHODS: Videotaped interviews of 33 successfully employed people with mobility impairments and limitations (PWMIL) were transcribed and analyzed to gather their perspectives on their work social and physical environments. RESULTS: Finding work was facilitated by family, friends and other social networks, vocational services, and prior education. Doing volunteer work, spending time at a paid and unpaid internship, and part-time work experiences were important aspects of job acquisition. Exterior and interior physical features were or had been made accessible. Expensive assistive technologies were paid for by the employee and their health insurance. Almost all personal assistance was provided by family, friends and co-workers. Work satisfaction included having a supportive employer, supportive co-workers, and flexible worksite policies. CONCLUSION: The interviews of employed PWMIL provide prospective employers and employees information on important social and physical work features that are needed to improve the possibilities for hiring people with disabilities and facilitating their successful careers.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Less than 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people with disabilities work. Many studies have detailed the barriers to employment but few have examined the work experiences of those who are employed. OBJECTIVE: A description of work conditions valued by a specific segment of employed people with disabilities is provided. METHODS: Videotaped interviews of 33 successfully employed people with mobility impairments and limitations (PWMIL) were transcribed and analyzed to gather their perspectives on their work social and physical environments. RESULTS: Finding work was facilitated by family, friends and other social networks, vocational services, and prior education. Doing volunteer work, spending time at a paid and unpaid internship, and part-time work experiences were important aspects of job acquisition. Exterior and interior physical features were or had been made accessible. Expensive assistive technologies were paid for by the employee and their health insurance. Almost all personal assistance was provided by family, friends and co-workers. Work satisfaction included having a supportive employer, supportive co-workers, and flexible worksite policies. CONCLUSION: The interviews of employed PWMIL provide prospective employers and employees information on important social and physical work features that are needed to improve the possibilities for hiring people with disabilities and facilitating their successful careers.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Miller2016,
+  title = {Family {{Planning Program Effects}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Microdata}}},
+  shorttitle = {Family {{Planning Program Effects}}},
+  author = {Miller, Grant and Babiarz, Kimberly Singer},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {42},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {7--26},
+  issn = {0098-7921, 1728-4457},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00109.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23387,7 +27381,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{Minchin2022,
-  title = {A Defining Battle: The Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 Campaign and Labor Advocacy in the {{U}}.{{S}}},
+  title = {A Defining Battle: The Fight for {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 Campaign and Labor Advocacy in the {{U}}.{{S}}},
   author = {Minchin, Timothy J.},
   year = {2022},
   month = jan,
@@ -23397,7 +27391,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {37--54},
   issn = {0023-656X},
   doi = {10.1080/0023656X.2022.2045261},
-  abstract = {Notions of decline dominate scholarship on workers in the contemporary U.S. Labor has been pictured as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveflat on its back,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace framed by a narrative of loss that is linked to the long fall in union density. Through a detailed examination of the Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 campaign, this article challenges this narrative. Launched in 2012, within four years the labor-based drive had won over \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar68 billion in increased pay, helping some 22 million workers. By 2021, eight states plus the District of Columbia had pledged to increase their hourly minimum wage to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 or more, as had numerous cities and leading corporations, including Amazon, Target, and Wal-Mart. The \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 wage had also been awarded to all 390,000 federal contractors. Moving beyond the emphasis on density, the article views Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 in the broader context of labor's advocacy for all workers. While often pictured as new, Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 drew on long-term precedents, including growing income inequality, increasing links between unions and community groups, the steady growth of the Service Employees International Union - the campaign's key backer - and extensive groundwork by organized labor. Overall, Fight for \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 demonstrates that workers still had clout, both at the grassroots and national level.},
+  abstract = {Notions of decline dominate scholarship on workers in the contemporary U.S. Labor has been pictured as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveflat on its back,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace framed by a narrative of loss that is linked to the long fall in union density. Through a detailed examination of the Fight for {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 campaign, this article challenges this narrative. Launched in 2012, within four years the labor-based drive had won over {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar68 billion in increased pay, helping some 22 million workers. By 2021, eight states plus the District of Columbia had pledged to increase their hourly minimum wage to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 or more, as had numerous cities and leading corporations, including Amazon, Target, and Wal-Mart. The {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 wage had also been awarded to all 390,000 federal contractors. Moving beyond the emphasis on density, the article views Fight for {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 in the broader context of labor's advocacy for all workers. While often pictured as new, Fight for {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 drew on long-term precedents, including growing income inequality, increasing links between unions and community groups, the steady growth of the Service Employees International Union - the campaign's key backer - and extensive groundwork by organized labor. Overall, Fight for {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 demonstrates that workers still had clout, both at the grassroots and national level.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23432,12 +27426,28 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   note = {1st International Symposium on Ornamentals in Africa, Naivasha, KENYA, SEP 09-13, 2013}
 }
 
+@article{Mishra2010,
+  title = {Female Labor Force Participation and Total Fertility Rates in the {{OECD}}: {{New}} Evidence from Panel Cointegration and {{Granger}} Causality Testing},
+  shorttitle = {Female Labor Force Participation and Total Fertility Rates in the {{OECD}}},
+  author = {Mishra, Vinod and Smyth, Russell},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Economics and Business},
+  volume = {62},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {48--64},
+  issn = {01486195},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconbus.2009.07.006},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Misra2007,
   title = {Work-Family Policies and Poverty for Partnered and Single Women in {{Europe}} and {{North America}}},
   author = {Misra, Joya and Moller, Stephanie and Budig, Michelle J.},
   year = {2007},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {GENDER \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {GENDER {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {21},
   number = {6},
   pages = {804--827},
@@ -23534,7 +27544,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {39--66},
   issn = {1468-0181},
   doi = {10.1177/14680181221077866},
-  abstract = {Disability has received limited attention on the global data and social policy scene. There are few global data portals or indices tracking the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities. Global social policy initiatives tend to focus on disability benefits, while other social policies may impact the situation of persons with disabilities. The absence of internationally comparable data and tools to measure disability could explain this lack of attention until recently. Given progress with respect to measuring disability, this article set out to find out if human development indicators can be disaggregated by disability status using census and mainstream survey data and, if they can, consider what such disaggregation reveals regarding the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities and derive implications for social policies. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (e.g. seeing, hearing). For 19 low- and middle-income countries, the median prevalence stands at 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults aged 15 years and older, and at 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% among households. We could disaggregate a range of human development indicators across disability status for all countries. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability, particularly in terms of educational attainment, employment population ratio, multidimensional poverty, and food security. At the same time, we find that not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. Results in this article on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to social policies globally. More data collection, research, and policy work are needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability.},
+  abstract = {Disability has received limited attention on the global data and social policy scene. There are few global data portals or indices tracking the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities. Global social policy initiatives tend to focus on disability benefits, while other social policies may impact the situation of persons with disabilities. The absence of internationally comparable data and tools to measure disability could explain this lack of attention until recently. Given progress with respect to measuring disability, this article set out to find out if human development indicators can be disaggregated by disability status using census and mainstream survey data and, if they can, consider what such disaggregation reveals regarding the socioeconomic situation of persons with disabilities and derive implications for social policies. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (e.g. seeing, hearing). For 19 low- and middle-income countries, the median prevalence stands at 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among adults aged 15 years and older, and at 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among households. We could disaggregate a range of human development indicators across disability status for all countries. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability, particularly in terms of educational attainment, employment population ratio, multidimensional poverty, and food security. At the same time, we find that not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. Results in this article on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to social policies globally. More data collection, research, and policy work are needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23549,7 +27559,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   issn = {1560-7917},
   doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {On 5 February 2020, in Yokohama, Japan, a cruise ship hosting 3,711 people underwent a 2-week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID-19 post-disembarking. As at 20 February, 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus. We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay-adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections, along with the infections' timeline. The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17.9\% (95\% credible interval (CrI):\,15.5\textendash 20.2\%). Most infections occurred before the quarantine start.},
+  abstract = {On 5 February 2020, in Yokohama, Japan, a cruise ship hosting 3,711 people underwent a 2-week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID-19 post-disembarking. As at 20 February, 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus. We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay-adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections, along with the infections' timeline. The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17.9\% (95\% credible interval (CrI):\,15.5{\textendash}20.2\%). Most infections occurred before the quarantine start.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23643,6 +27653,23 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Moghadam2004,
+  title = {Patriarchy in {{Transition}}: {{Women}} and the {{Changing Family}} in the {{Middle East}}},
+  shorttitle = {Patriarchy in {{Transition}}},
+  author = {Moghadam, Valentine M.},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Journal of Comparative Family Studies},
+  volume = {35},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {137--162},
+  issn = {0047-2328, 1929-9850},
+  doi = {10.3138/jcfs.35.2.137},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The family is perhaps the only societal institution that is conceptualized as ``essential'' and ``natural'', and its importance is emphasized by social conservatives across cultures. In this article I examine Islamic discourses on the family, their relationship to patriarchal social structures and neopatriarchal states, and implications for women's legal status and social positions. Attention is then drawn to the contradictions and challenges that patriarchy and the family have encountered from economic development, the demographic transition, legal reform, and women's increasing educational attainment in countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). I argue that the combination of declining fertility and changes to the structure of the family, along with the conservative backlash and women's activism, are signs of the crisis of Middle Eastern patriarchy.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Mogre2019,
   title = {Barriers to Diabetic Self-Care: {{A}} Qualitative Study of Patients' and Healthcare Providers' Perspectives},
   author = {Mogre, Victor and Johnson, Natalie A. and Tzelepis, Flora and Paul, Christine},
@@ -23668,7 +27695,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {3},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068117},
-  abstract = {Objective Understanding the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and how they have changed over time is essential for measuring progress and developing strategies to improve adolescent reproductive health. This study examined changes over time in the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana. Methods A total of 11 nationally representative surveys from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2014), Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006, 2011, 2017-2018) and Malaria Indicator Survey (2016 and 2019) provided data on 14556 adolescent girls aged 15-19 for this analysis. A random-effect meta-analysis, time trends and multivariable logistic regression models were used to track the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy. Results The pooled prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana was 15.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=13.49\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 17.30\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Rural areas (19.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had a higher prevalence of adolescent pregnancy than urban areas (10.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In the overall sample, middle adolescents (15-17 years) (aOR=0.30, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.23 to 0.39), adolescents in urban areas (aOR=0.56, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.43 to 0.74), large households (aOR=0.62, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.49 to 0.78), not working (aOR=0.62, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.43 to 0.90) and those unaware of contraceptive methods (aOR=0.49, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.27 to 0.90) were less likely to become pregnant. Adolescents from middle-income (aOR=0.91, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.67 to 1.24) or high-income (aOR=0.59, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI=0.36 to 0.94) households, those who were semiliterate (aOR=0.56, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI=0.39 to 0.82) or literate (aOR=0.28, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI=0.21 to 0.37) and those with fewer previous sex partners were less likely to become pregnant. Not all determinants in the overall sample were consistently associated with adolescent pregnancy in the last three decades. Between 1988 and 1998, determinants of adolescent pregnancy were age, literacy, employment, household size and whether the mother was alive. Between 2003 and 2008, age, literacy, household size, income, age of last sexual partner, number of previous partners and contraception knowledge determined adolescent pregnancy. From 2011 to 2019, age, residence, literacy and menstrual cycle knowledge were determinants of adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion Interventions and policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy should prioritise adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds.},
+  abstract = {Objective Understanding the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and how they have changed over time is essential for measuring progress and developing strategies to improve adolescent reproductive health. This study examined changes over time in the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana. Methods A total of 11 nationally representative surveys from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2014), Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006, 2011, 2017-2018) and Malaria Indicator Survey (2016 and 2019) provided data on 14556 adolescent girls aged 15-19 for this analysis. A random-effect meta-analysis, time trends and multivariable logistic regression models were used to track the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy. Results The pooled prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana was 15.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=13.49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 17.30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Rural areas (19.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had a higher prevalence of adolescent pregnancy than urban areas (10.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). In the overall sample, middle adolescents (15-17 years) (aOR=0.30, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.23 to 0.39), adolescents in urban areas (aOR=0.56, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.43 to 0.74), large households (aOR=0.62, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.49 to 0.78), not working (aOR=0.62, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.43 to 0.90) and those unaware of contraceptive methods (aOR=0.49, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.27 to 0.90) were less likely to become pregnant. Adolescents from middle-income (aOR=0.91, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.67 to 1.24) or high-income (aOR=0.59, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI=0.36 to 0.94) households, those who were semiliterate (aOR=0.56, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI=0.39 to 0.82) or literate (aOR=0.28, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI=0.21 to 0.37) and those with fewer previous sex partners were less likely to become pregnant. Not all determinants in the overall sample were consistently associated with adolescent pregnancy in the last three decades. Between 1988 and 1998, determinants of adolescent pregnancy were age, literacy, employment, household size and whether the mother was alive. Between 2003 and 2008, age, literacy, household size, income, age of last sexual partner, number of previous partners and contraception knowledge determined adolescent pregnancy. From 2011 to 2019, age, residence, literacy and menstrual cycle knowledge were determinants of adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion Interventions and policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy should prioritise adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23682,7 +27709,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {8},
   issn = {1549-1277},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003740},
-  abstract = {Author summary Why was this study done? We found only one study that reported estimated rates of awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) of hypertension in India using a nationally representative sample covering all states, but that study was restricted to adults aged 15 to 49 years. Another study estimated rates of hypertension ATC among older adults, but that study covered only 6 states. This study aimed to provide nationally representative estimates of hypertension ATC in the older population of India and to describe differences in these indicators of hypertension management across sociodemographic groups and states. What did the researchers do and find? We used a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 years and over and their spouses covering all states (except one) of India in 2017 to 2018. We used measured blood pressure (BP) and self-reported diagnosis and treatment for high BP to estimate hypertension prevalence and the percentages of those with hypertension who were aware of their condition, treated for it, and had achieved BP control. We found that a slight majority of those with hypertension were aware of their condition, around half were being treated, and less than a third had controlled their BP. While these rates indicated substantial gaps in hypertension management among the older population of India, they were higher than estimates previously obtained from samples restricted to, or including, younger people. We found substantial variation in the indicators of hypertension management across states. Older Indians who were poorer, less educated, socially disadvantaged, male, rural, and working were less likely to be aware, treated, and to have achieved BP control. What do these findings mean? Hypertension prevalence is high in India, particularly in the older population. In this critical population group, low rates of ATC point to deficiencies in diagnosis and management of the condition and in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Effectively addressing these deficiencies requires subtle targeting of interventions that balances attention to prevalence, which is higher in the high-income states and socioeconomically advantaged groups, with attention to gaps in ATC, which are greater in the low- or middle-income states and disadvantaged groups. Background Lack of nationwide evidence on awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) of hypertension among older adults in India impeded targeted management of this condition. We aimed to estimate rates of hypertension ATC in the older population and to assess differences in these rates across sociodemographic groups and states in India. Methods and findings We used a nationally representative survey of individuals aged 45 years and over and their spouses in all Indian states (except one) in 2017 to 2018. We identified hypertension by blood pressure (BP) measurement {$>$}= 140/90 mm Hg or self-reported diagnosis if also taking medication or observing salt/diet restriction to control BP. We distinguished those who (i) reported diagnosis (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceaware\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); (ii) reported taking medication or being under salt/diet restriction to control BP (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracetreated\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace); and (iii) had measured systolic BP {$<$}140 and diastolic BP {$<$}90 (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracecontrolled\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace). We estimated age-sex adjusted hypertension prevalence and rates of ATC by consumption quintile, education, age, sex, urban-rural, caste, religion, marital status, living arrangement, employment status, health insurance, and state. We used concentration indices to measure socioeconomic inequalities and multivariable logistic regression to estimate fully adjusted differences in these outcomes. Study limitations included reliance on BP measurement on a single occasion, missing measurements of BP for some participants, and lack of data on nonadherence to medication. The 64,427 participants in the analysis sample had a median age of 57 years: 58\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female, and 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% were rural dwellers. We estimated hypertension prevalence to be 41.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 41.0 to 42.9). Among those with hypertension, we estimated that 54.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 53.1 to 55.7), 50.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 49.5 to 52.0), and 28.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 27.4 to 30.1) were aware, treated, and controlled, respectively. Across states, adjusted rates of ATC ranged from 27.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 22.2 to 32.8) to 75.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 70.8 to 81.1), from 23.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 17.6 to 30.1) to 74.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 69.8 to 79.9), and from 4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.1 to 8.1) to 41.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 36.8 to 46.9), respectively. Age-sex adjusted rates were lower (p {$<$} 0.001) in poorer, less educated, and socially disadvantaged groups, as well as for males, rural residents, and the employed. Among individuals with hypertension, the richest fifth were 8.5 percentage points (pp) (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 5.3 to 11.7; p {$<$} 0.001), 8.9 pp (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 5.7 to 12.0; p {$<$} 0.001), and 7.1 pp (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 4.2 to 10.1; p {$<$} 0.001) more likely to be aware, treated, and controlled, respectively, than the poorest fifth. Conclusions Hypertension prevalence was high, and ATC of the condition were low among older adults in India. Inequalities in these indicators pointed to opportunities to target hypertension management more effectively and equitably on socially disadvantaged groups.},
+  abstract = {Author summary Why was this study done? We found only one study that reported estimated rates of awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) of hypertension in India using a nationally representative sample covering all states, but that study was restricted to adults aged 15 to 49 years. Another study estimated rates of hypertension ATC among older adults, but that study covered only 6 states. This study aimed to provide nationally representative estimates of hypertension ATC in the older population of India and to describe differences in these indicators of hypertension management across sociodemographic groups and states. What did the researchers do and find? We used a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 years and over and their spouses covering all states (except one) of India in 2017 to 2018. We used measured blood pressure (BP) and self-reported diagnosis and treatment for high BP to estimate hypertension prevalence and the percentages of those with hypertension who were aware of their condition, treated for it, and had achieved BP control. We found that a slight majority of those with hypertension were aware of their condition, around half were being treated, and less than a third had controlled their BP. While these rates indicated substantial gaps in hypertension management among the older population of India, they were higher than estimates previously obtained from samples restricted to, or including, younger people. We found substantial variation in the indicators of hypertension management across states. Older Indians who were poorer, less educated, socially disadvantaged, male, rural, and working were less likely to be aware, treated, and to have achieved BP control. What do these findings mean? Hypertension prevalence is high in India, particularly in the older population. In this critical population group, low rates of ATC point to deficiencies in diagnosis and management of the condition and in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Effectively addressing these deficiencies requires subtle targeting of interventions that balances attention to prevalence, which is higher in the high-income states and socioeconomically advantaged groups, with attention to gaps in ATC, which are greater in the low- or middle-income states and disadvantaged groups. Background Lack of nationwide evidence on awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) of hypertension among older adults in India impeded targeted management of this condition. We aimed to estimate rates of hypertension ATC in the older population and to assess differences in these rates across sociodemographic groups and states in India. Methods and findings We used a nationally representative survey of individuals aged 45 years and over and their spouses in all Indian states (except one) in 2017 to 2018. We identified hypertension by blood pressure (BP) measurement {$>$}= 140/90 mm Hg or self-reported diagnosis if also taking medication or observing salt/diet restriction to control BP. We distinguished those who (i) reported diagnosis ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceaware{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace); (ii) reported taking medication or being under salt/diet restriction to control BP ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbracetreated{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace); and (iii) had measured systolic BP {$<$}140 and diastolic BP {$<$}90 ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbracecontrolled{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace). We estimated age-sex adjusted hypertension prevalence and rates of ATC by consumption quintile, education, age, sex, urban-rural, caste, religion, marital status, living arrangement, employment status, health insurance, and state. We used concentration indices to measure socioeconomic inequalities and multivariable logistic regression to estimate fully adjusted differences in these outcomes. Study limitations included reliance on BP measurement on a single occasion, missing measurements of BP for some participants, and lack of data on nonadherence to medication. The 64,427 participants in the analysis sample had a median age of 57 years: 58{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female, and 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were rural dwellers. We estimated hypertension prevalence to be 41.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 41.0 to 42.9). Among those with hypertension, we estimated that 54.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 53.1 to 55.7), 50.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 49.5 to 52.0), and 28.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 27.4 to 30.1) were aware, treated, and controlled, respectively. Across states, adjusted rates of ATC ranged from 27.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 22.2 to 32.8) to 75.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 70.8 to 81.1), from 23.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 17.6 to 30.1) to 74.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 69.8 to 79.9), and from 4.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.1 to 8.1) to 41.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 36.8 to 46.9), respectively. Age-sex adjusted rates were lower (p {$<$} 0.001) in poorer, less educated, and socially disadvantaged groups, as well as for males, rural residents, and the employed. Among individuals with hypertension, the richest fifth were 8.5 percentage points (pp) (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 5.3 to 11.7; p {$<$} 0.001), 8.9 pp (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 5.7 to 12.0; p {$<$} 0.001), and 7.1 pp (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 4.2 to 10.1; p {$<$} 0.001) more likely to be aware, treated, and controlled, respectively, than the poorest fifth. Conclusions Hypertension prevalence was high, and ATC of the condition were low among older adults in India. Inequalities in these indicators pointed to opportunities to target hypertension management more effectively and equitably on socially disadvantaged groups.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23785,6 +27812,21 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Mondejar-Jimenez2009,
+  title = {An Approach to the Socio-Labour Situation of Disabled Women in Rural Communities in a {{Spanish}} Region},
+  author = {{Mond{\'e}jar-Jim{\'e}nez}, Jos{\'e} and {Vargas-Vargas}, Manuel and {Mond{\'e}jar-Jim{\'e}nez}, Juan-Antonio and {Bayot-Mestre}, Agust{\'i}n},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {16},
+  pages = {1328--1337},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.1080/09638280802658350},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Mong2010,
   title = {African {{American Men}} and the {{Experience}} of {{Employment Discrimination}}},
   author = {Mong, Sherry N. and Roscigno, Vincent J.},
@@ -23796,7 +27838,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {1--21},
   issn = {0162-0436},
   doi = {10.1007/s11133-009-9142-4},
-  abstract = {The economic marginalization of African American men has been studied in a variety of contexts, from trade union exclusion, to joblessness, to disparate wages and mobility. Discrimination is often inferred as an influential mechanism, yet seldom directly examined in its own right. Drawing on a unique sample of verified workplace discrimination cases, this article analyzes forms and processes of discrimination that African American men face in employment. Our results denote the prevalence of discriminatory firing, with on-going racial harassment and discriminatory promotional and hiring practices also quite evident. In-depth immersion into case materials highlights the centrality of racial stereotyping and significant discretion on the part of gatekeepers within organizational environments-discretion in the use of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesoft skills\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace criteria to exclude and debilitate mobility, and in selective (or even targeted) use of seemingly neutral organizational policies and sanctions. Moreover, harassment on the job-something that conventional workplace inequality research has overlooked-is quite problematic and well-represented in these data. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for the conceptualization of inequality reproduction and that pertaining to race, status, and the workplace in particular.},
+  abstract = {The economic marginalization of African American men has been studied in a variety of contexts, from trade union exclusion, to joblessness, to disparate wages and mobility. Discrimination is often inferred as an influential mechanism, yet seldom directly examined in its own right. Drawing on a unique sample of verified workplace discrimination cases, this article analyzes forms and processes of discrimination that African American men face in employment. Our results denote the prevalence of discriminatory firing, with on-going racial harassment and discriminatory promotional and hiring practices also quite evident. In-depth immersion into case materials highlights the centrality of racial stereotyping and significant discretion on the part of gatekeepers within organizational environments-discretion in the use of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesoft skills{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace criteria to exclude and debilitate mobility, and in selective (or even targeted) use of seemingly neutral organizational policies and sanctions. Moreover, harassment on the job-something that conventional workplace inequality research has overlooked-is quite problematic and well-represented in these data. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for the conceptualization of inequality reproduction and that pertaining to race, status, and the workplace in particular.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23811,7 +27853,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {509--526},
   issn = {1569-1721},
   doi = {10.1007/s10888-021-09487-6},
-  abstract = {Using data from O\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbraceNET, we construct two measures of an occupation's potential exposure to social distancing measures: (i) the ability to conduct that job from home and (ii) the degree of physical proximity to others the job requires. After validating these measures with comparable measures from ATUS as well as realized work-from-home rates during the pandemic, we employ the measures to study the characteristics of workers in these types of jobs. Our results show that workers in low-work-from-home and high-physical-proximity jobs are more economically vulnerable across various measures constructed from the CPS and PSID: they are less educated, of lower income, have fewer liquid assets relative to income, and are more likely renters. Consistent with the idea that high physical proximity or low work-from-home occupations were more exposed to the Coronavirus shock, we show that the types of workers predicted to be employed in them experienced greater declines in employment during the pandemic. We conclude by comparing the aggregate employment losses in these occupations to their employment losses in the 2008 recession, and find evidence that these occupations were disproportionately exposed to the pandemic shock, and not just comprised of more cyclically sensitive workers.},
+  abstract = {Using data from O{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbraceNET, we construct two measures of an occupation's potential exposure to social distancing measures: (i) the ability to conduct that job from home and (ii) the degree of physical proximity to others the job requires. After validating these measures with comparable measures from ATUS as well as realized work-from-home rates during the pandemic, we employ the measures to study the characteristics of workers in these types of jobs. Our results show that workers in low-work-from-home and high-physical-proximity jobs are more economically vulnerable across various measures constructed from the CPS and PSID: they are less educated, of lower income, have fewer liquid assets relative to income, and are more likely renters. Consistent with the idea that high physical proximity or low work-from-home occupations were more exposed to the Coronavirus shock, we show that the types of workers predicted to be employed in them experienced greater declines in employment during the pandemic. We conclude by comparing the aggregate employment losses in these occupations to their employment losses in the 2008 recession, and find evidence that these occupations were disproportionately exposed to the pandemic shock, and not just comprised of more cyclically sensitive workers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23879,7 +27921,39 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {583--608},
   issn = {0037-7732},
   doi = {10.1093/sf/sos111},
-  abstract = {This study examines whether a series of unemployment insurance benefit reforms that took place over a 20-year period in the Netherlands had a gendered effect on the duration of unemployment and labor market outcomes. Using longitudinal data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel (OSA) over the period 1980-2000, and adopting a quasi-experimental design, we test whether seemingly \textbackslash textasciigravegender neutral' institutional reforms result in a structural disadvantage for women in particular. Our results demonstrate a striking gender similarity in terms of shorter unemployment durations and ultimately less favorable labor market outcomes (lower occupational class, lower wage, part-time and temporary contracts) among both men and women affected by these reforms. Findings also indicate that disadvantaged groups (older and low-skilled female workers) are the most likely to experience a negative effect from state interventions. These findings provide support for the long-term gains of unemployment benefits and their role in operating as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebridges\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to better employment.},
+  abstract = {This study examines whether a series of unemployment insurance benefit reforms that took place over a 20-year period in the Netherlands had a gendered effect on the duration of unemployment and labor market outcomes. Using longitudinal data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel (OSA) over the period 1980-2000, and adopting a quasi-experimental design, we test whether seemingly {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender neutral' institutional reforms result in a structural disadvantage for women in particular. Our results demonstrate a striking gender similarity in terms of shorter unemployment durations and ultimately less favorable labor market outcomes (lower occupational class, lower wage, part-time and temporary contracts) among both men and women affected by these reforms. Findings also indicate that disadvantaged groups (older and low-skilled female workers) are the most likely to experience a negative effect from state interventions. These findings provide support for the long-term gains of unemployment benefits and their role in operating as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebridges{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to better employment.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Moon2012,
+  title = {Transition to Retirement and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: {{Prospective}} Analysis of the {{US}} Health and Retirement Study},
+  shorttitle = {Transition to Retirement and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease},
+  author = {Moon, J. Robin and Glymour, M. Maria and Subramanian, S.V. and Avenda{\~n}o, Mauricio and Kawachi, Ichiro},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {75},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {526--530},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Moore2002,
+  title = {Relationship of {{Consumer Characteristics}} and {{Service Provision}} to {{Income}} of {{Successfully Rehabilitated Individuals Who Are Deaf}}},
+  author = {Moore, Corey L.},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin},
+  volume = {45},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {233--239},
+  issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853},
+  doi = {10.1177/00343552020450040601},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The purpose of this study was to identify higher levels of income, based on consumer characteristics (i.e., gender, race/ethnicity, Hispanic origin) and service variables (i.e., assessment, restoration, job placement), for persons who are deaf and closed rehabilitated (Status 26). A split-half cross-validation research design was used to evaluate 2,422 case records obtained from the RSA-911 database for fiscal year 1996 on three consumer and eight service variables. Results are presented for income, and the implications of findings for research and practice are discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23909,7 +27983,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {279--295},
   issn = {0142-5455},
   doi = {10.1108/ER-09-2018-0256},
-  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to reassert the persistent association of the decline in collective bargaining with the increase in income inequality, the fall in the share of wages in national income and deterioration in macroeconomic performance in the UK; and second, to present case studies affirming concrete outcomes of organisational collective bargaining for workers, in terms of pay, job quality, working hours and work-life balance. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based upon two methodological approaches. First, econometric analyses using industry-level and firm-level data for advanced and emerging economies testing the relationship between declining union density, collective bargaining coverage and the fall in the share of wages in national income. Second, it reports on ten in-depth case studies of collective bargaining each based upon analysis of collective bargaining agreements plus in-depth interviews with the actors party to them: in total, 16 trade union officers, 16 members and 11 employer representatives. Findings There is robust evidence of the effects of different measures of bargaining power on the labour share including union density, welfare state retrenchment, minimum wages and female employment. The case studies appear to address a legacy of deregulated industrial relations. A number demonstrate the reinvigoration of collective bargaining at the organisational and sectoral level, addressing the two-tier workforce and contractual differentiation, alongside the consequences of government pay policies for equality. Originality/value The paper indicates that there may be limits to employer commitment to deregulated employment relations. The emergence of new or reinvigorated collective agreements may represent a concession by employers that a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefree\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, individualised, deinstitutionalised, precarious approach to industrial relations, based on wage suppression and work intensification, is not in their interests in the long run.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to reassert the persistent association of the decline in collective bargaining with the increase in income inequality, the fall in the share of wages in national income and deterioration in macroeconomic performance in the UK; and second, to present case studies affirming concrete outcomes of organisational collective bargaining for workers, in terms of pay, job quality, working hours and work-life balance. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based upon two methodological approaches. First, econometric analyses using industry-level and firm-level data for advanced and emerging economies testing the relationship between declining union density, collective bargaining coverage and the fall in the share of wages in national income. Second, it reports on ten in-depth case studies of collective bargaining each based upon analysis of collective bargaining agreements plus in-depth interviews with the actors party to them: in total, 16 trade union officers, 16 members and 11 employer representatives. Findings There is robust evidence of the effects of different measures of bargaining power on the labour share including union density, welfare state retrenchment, minimum wages and female employment. The case studies appear to address a legacy of deregulated industrial relations. A number demonstrate the reinvigoration of collective bargaining at the organisational and sectoral level, addressing the two-tier workforce and contractual differentiation, alongside the consequences of government pay policies for equality. Originality/value The paper indicates that there may be limits to employer commitment to deregulated employment relations. The emergence of new or reinvigorated collective agreements may represent a concession by employers that a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefree{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, individualised, deinstitutionalised, precarious approach to industrial relations, based on wage suppression and work intensification, is not in their interests in the long run.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23918,12 +27992,12 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {Moosavian, Seyed Farhan and Zahedi, Rahim and Hajinezhad, Ahmad},
   year = {2022},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {ENERGY SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ENGINEERING},
+  journal = {ENERGY SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ENGINEERING},
   volume = {10},
   number = {1},
   pages = {13--29},
   doi = {10.1002/ese3.1005},
-  abstract = {The environmental taxes, such as carbon tax, also affect other economic variables in a different way in addition to the main goal of politicians. The carbon tax aims to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions, while it can also reduce labor tax and labor costs which are incentives to create new jobs. It is necessary to evaluate the carbon taxation policy in Iran due to the special circumstances of the budget deficit mainly caused by the decline of exports and oil revenues. The present study is based on a general equilibrium model in the form of a nonlinear equations system. The model has been calibrated for the 2017 reference year using the data table adopted from Iran's economy. It has been shown that if the carbon tax revenue is employed to decrease the labor income tax, the environmental quality will be improved by reducing pollutant emissions on the one hand, and it will lead to positive effects on the welfare and employment on the other hand. In the present paper, the effect of applying this tax on two policies with redistribution (compensation) and without redistribution (no compensation) of income tax among the households is examined. Maximum, minimum, and optimal values of pollutant emissions reduction under the influence of carbon tax policies were calculated in both scenarios. The simulation results show that the taxation without redistribution of tax revenues decreases the welfare and household's actual consumed budget by 6.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, but in policy with compensation of tax revenue, these indices will increase by 0.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%. The gross domestic product (GDP) decreases by about 1.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 2.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in both policies, respectively, while the consumer price index (CPI) in both scenarios will increase by about 6.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. According to this research findings, carbon taxation with the redistribution of revenue is a suitable policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adhere to international commitments at the same time.},
+  abstract = {The environmental taxes, such as carbon tax, also affect other economic variables in a different way in addition to the main goal of politicians. The carbon tax aims to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions, while it can also reduce labor tax and labor costs which are incentives to create new jobs. It is necessary to evaluate the carbon taxation policy in Iran due to the special circumstances of the budget deficit mainly caused by the decline of exports and oil revenues. The present study is based on a general equilibrium model in the form of a nonlinear equations system. The model has been calibrated for the 2017 reference year using the data table adopted from Iran's economy. It has been shown that if the carbon tax revenue is employed to decrease the labor income tax, the environmental quality will be improved by reducing pollutant emissions on the one hand, and it will lead to positive effects on the welfare and employment on the other hand. In the present paper, the effect of applying this tax on two policies with redistribution (compensation) and without redistribution (no compensation) of income tax among the households is examined. Maximum, minimum, and optimal values of pollutant emissions reduction under the influence of carbon tax policies were calculated in both scenarios. The simulation results show that the taxation without redistribution of tax revenues decreases the welfare and household's actual consumed budget by 6.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, but in policy with compensation of tax revenue, these indices will increase by 0.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. The gross domestic product (GDP) decreases by about 1.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 2.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in both policies, respectively, while the consumer price index (CPI) in both scenarios will increase by about 6.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively. According to this research findings, carbon taxation with the redistribution of revenue is a suitable policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adhere to international commitments at the same time.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23947,7 +28021,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
   volume = {9},
   doi = {10.1186/1471-2393-9-54},
-  abstract = {Background: Urbanization is occurring at a rapid pace, especially in low-income countries. Dhaka, Bangladesh, is estimated to grow to 50 million by 2015, with 21 million living in urban slums. Although health services are available, neonatal mortality is higher in slum areas than in urban non-slum areas. The Manoshi program works to improve maternal, newborn, and child health in urban slums in Bangladesh. This paper describes newborn care practices in urban slums in Dhaka and provides program recommendations. Methods: A quantitative baseline survey was conducted in six urban slum areas to measure newborn care practices among recently delivered women (n = 1,256). Thirty-six in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore newborn care practices among currently pregnant women (n = 18) and women who had at least one delivery (n = 18). Results: In the baseline survey, the majority of women gave birth at home (84\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Most women reported having knowledge about drying the baby (64\textbackslash textbackslash\%), wrapping the baby after birth (59\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and cord care (46\textbackslash textbackslash\%). In the in-depth interviews, almost all women reported using sterilized instruments to cut the cord. Babies are typically bathed soon after birth to purify them from the birth process. There was extensive care given to the umbilical cord including massage and/or applying substances, as well as a variety of practices to keep the baby warm. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare; most women reported first giving their babies sweet water, honey and/or other foods. Conclusion: These reported newborn care practices are similar to those in rural areas of Bangladesh and to urban and rural areas in the South Asia region. There are several program implications. Educational messages to promote providing newborn care immediately after birth, using sterile thread, delaying bathing, and ensuring dry cord care and exclusive breastfeeding are needed. Programs in urban slum areas should also consider interventions to improve social support for women, especially first time mothers. These interventions may improve newborn survival and help achieve MDG4.},
+  abstract = {Background: Urbanization is occurring at a rapid pace, especially in low-income countries. Dhaka, Bangladesh, is estimated to grow to 50 million by 2015, with 21 million living in urban slums. Although health services are available, neonatal mortality is higher in slum areas than in urban non-slum areas. The Manoshi program works to improve maternal, newborn, and child health in urban slums in Bangladesh. This paper describes newborn care practices in urban slums in Dhaka and provides program recommendations. Methods: A quantitative baseline survey was conducted in six urban slum areas to measure newborn care practices among recently delivered women (n = 1,256). Thirty-six in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore newborn care practices among currently pregnant women (n = 18) and women who had at least one delivery (n = 18). Results: In the baseline survey, the majority of women gave birth at home (84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Most women reported having knowledge about drying the baby (64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), wrapping the baby after birth (59{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and cord care (46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). In the in-depth interviews, almost all women reported using sterilized instruments to cut the cord. Babies are typically bathed soon after birth to purify them from the birth process. There was extensive care given to the umbilical cord including massage and/or applying substances, as well as a variety of practices to keep the baby warm. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare; most women reported first giving their babies sweet water, honey and/or other foods. Conclusion: These reported newborn care practices are similar to those in rural areas of Bangladesh and to urban and rural areas in the South Asia region. There are several program implications. Educational messages to promote providing newborn care immediately after birth, using sterile thread, delaying bathing, and ensuring dry cord care and exclusive breastfeeding are needed. Programs in urban slum areas should also consider interventions to improve social support for women, especially first time mothers. These interventions may improve newborn survival and help achieve MDG4.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23960,7 +28034,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {111},
   pages = {157--180},
   issn = {0213-7585},
-  abstract = {In this paper we analyze, on the one hand, the migratory process of women from Morocco to Andalusia in a context of economic crisis. And, on the other hand, the categories of influence in their process of social participation. For this, we have used a qualitative methodology through in-depth interviews. In the same way, it has been investigated in its speeches from a longitudinal approach taking into account three key moments in this question; the beginning, the transit and the settlement in the consolidation versus return to the society of origin. The results show how the expectations of women crossing the Mediterranean to reach Spain are built and blurred, demonstrating a lack of respect for human rights. 1. Methodology In this work, we have not intended to measure the migratory phenomenon but to describe its determinants and through the discourses, try to identify the deep nature of this social reality, its relationship system and its dynamic structure. Neither, we have not started with a consolidated explanatory theory in scientific knowledge to, through the deductive method, verify or refute the behavior of certain paradigms in social reality. This has already been done successfully on occasions as we quoted below but, based on these and starting from the reality a migratory movement carried out by women, the present work has obtained the necessary information for its development from the qualitative methodology. The strategy that we carry out is oriented to discover and understand a concrete phenomenon and this methodology is what gives meaning to our research work. In this sense, we have carefully selected the key informants with the intention of collecting their speech and obtaining a broad vision of the experiences that come with the migratory processes of Morocco women in their process of social integration in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. On the other hand, understanding that the phenomenon can not be analyzed only from the discourse of the social actors, we carry out an ethnographic method through participant observation, culminated through registration and observation of the social context, the way in which the social actors in their context, the attitude of the professionals, the public policies and norms of the context and the behaviors and attitudes of the actors who do not intervene in the first person of the migratory phenomenon. Therefore, in addition to the ethnographic method, the methodology that we have used has been qualitative, through the technique of semi-structured interview with a sample size defined by saturation, which reached 18 cases selected through a Sampling, given the nature of the population under study. (Ruiz Olabuenaga, 1996). The in-depth interviews were carried out in the city of Tangier and in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The application of the in-depth interviews to our key informants was not intended, in any case, the statistical representation, but the socio-structural representation in relation to the objectives of this research work. In the same way we use two fundamental criteria when deciding who and how many women to interview: the sampling criteria of a practical nature and the sampling outside the control of the design. (I). Sample criteria of a practical nature have to do with the classification of two general types of interviewees: key and representative. The four questions or basic criteria that we considered in the selection of interviewees were: (i) who has the relevant information?; (ii) who are the most accessible women ?; (lii) who are more willing to report? And, (iv) who are better able to communicate information more accurately? Other requirements were also: (i) to be knowledgeable about the object to be investigated; (ii) that they were willing to speak, and (iii) that they represented different points of view when different perspectives existed on what was being studied. (II). Sampling out of control of the design synthesized several ideas and also had to do with the snowball procedure. Another issue to consider is the duration and repetition of the interviews that were part of the design tasks, some sample decisions were reviewed during the field work. The length of each interview session ranged from about forty-five minutes to some interviews over an hour long. It is important to emphasize that not only is it enough to ask who and how many women to interview, it must be considered that sufficient interviews must be conducted so that the interviewer feels that he has leamed everything that has to be learned and has verified these understandings through the most knowledgeable informants and that They deserve more confidence, from there came the principle of saturation. We also address two important aspects in the preparation of in-depth interviews. On the one hand, the selection of the most suitable interviewees. And on the other hand, the decisions on the most suitable conditions of date, place and record of the interviews. (I). About the researcher; It is interesting to ask how they can affect a research-interviewed interaction, since it is interviewed for research and knowledge purposes. Some interviews specified the training and special knowledge to make pertinent interventions in a conversational situation not always is easy. Decisions in this regard depended on the purposes of the study and other research contingencies. (II). About the date, place and registration; It became necessary to condition it to the interests of the study, combining a series of elements, without forcing, because to that extent the success of the interviews was largely dependent. Regarding the evaluative criteria of the quality of the interviews, we distinguished different groups of quality criteria applied. These include: (i) reliability criteria; (ii) credibility criteria; (iii) transferability; (iv) dependability; (v) authenticity and, (vi) ethical criteria. Likewise, a moderately alternative redefinition of the internal, external validity and reliability standards was applied. In our opinion we judge the credibility of the work applied for its transparency and coherence, since the quality of the information depended to a great extent on the collaboration of the interviewees, which entails serious ethical obligations towards them. In sum, the quality of the interviews applied is intrinsically related to the characteristics of the interviewed women and the ethical guidelines of the research. Jointly, informed consent and confidentiality play a key role. All these are criteria that we have taken into account in the evaluation of the quality of the interviews applied. Women were selected who: 1. They intended to emigrate. 2. In full transit. 3. They would have completed the migration process for two years or less. The categories previously selected for the analysis have been defined through the following topics: 1. The system of attributions of the beginning of the migratory process. 2. The reception process and the contextual conditions of the receiving society. 3. Comparative patterns of well-being in Morocco and Andalusia. 4. Expectations, desires and feelings. 5. Familiar social networks around the beginning of the migration project. 6. Difficulties during transit. 7. Perception of the migration project itself. 8. Interference of the economic crisis in speeches. 9. Perceptions about returning to their home society. 2. The description of the methodological approach, a special condition. Work plan and description of the phases. The work plan developed in the different phases carried out consisted of the following actions: Phase I. Initial Conceptual Model. In the first phase called the initial conceptual model, we proceeded to review and analyze the literature related to our object of study. This phase corresponds to the exploration and analysis of the scientific production in the issue that concerns us and that directly links gender and migration. Together, we follow exhaustively the design of the model according to Miles and Huberman, (1984) who; \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEstablishes that from the categories emerged in the bibliographic review, conclusions must be drawn up graphically so that the relationships between the named categories are described in detail.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace In this context, we note that the field work was carried out in the city of Tangier (Morocco) and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia in the framework of various projects for Development Cooperation of the University of Jaen and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation Development (AECID)'. We resorted to using the intentional sampling procedure that allowed us to select the subjects in the sample. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. At the same time we made use of participant observation or ethnographic observation. Three elements of this technique were taken into account at the time of its use; (I) social interaction, (ii) data collection protocol, and (ii) control of information. Phase II. Intermediate Model of Interviewees. In this second phase of the research, we proceeded to design the intermediate model, which starts from an empirical data, that is, from the experience on the subject to be studied. For this phase the interviews were structured in depth, whose questions were revealed by key informants and interviewed women, both of whom were intentionally selected. In order to do so, the criteria they used to contribute relevant information to our research were taken as criteria. In this sense, we use the snowball procedure. In this respect, the sample frame is the meanings. That is, those of the experience emerge. The snowball procedure allowed us to select the subjects of the sample arbitrarily, that is, allowed us to choose Moroccan women and key informants who presented very special characteristics. Once identified and with the available information they were asked to locate other members of the same study population, either by familiarity, knowledge or ease of access. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. The analysis of the interviews was performed after the transcript. The transcripts were then sorted according to the application sequence where the statements of the informants were taken into account. Subsequently, a first sweep of data was made that allowed to be debugged the information that was repeated. In this sense, the theoretical basis of the research, the direct experience of the researchers, the different contributions of key professionals in this issue in Tangier and Andalusia, together with the application of the in-depth interviews, are guarantees that allowed to develop an exhaustive analysis Which is reflected with the development of the present investigation. Phase III. Final Conceptual Model. In the final conceptual model the observations and the discussion were elaborated according to the theoretical positions described in the theoretical review and with the answers of the people interviewed. The contrast of these two phases made it possible to formulate theorizing. Theorizing, according to Martinez, (1999): \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveIs a way to look at the facts, to organize them and to represent them conceptually, through a new network of relations between the constituent parts.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace From this point of view, the theory turns out to be the production of human intelligence, since imagination and experience have been part of the construction of knowledge. We consider that the content analysis as a way to approach an investigation, is a methodological complement that allows to obtain knowledge of precise and effective way. The systematization of information leads to the construction of a theorization, which is reached, to the extent that we appropriate the acquired knowledge. In sum, the design of the final conceptual model originated from the interaction and contrast of the matching elements of the categories and subcategories extracted from both the initial model and the intermediate model. Research objectives: 1. Observe the legislative framework and immigration policies and integration models in the context of Andalusia and Tangier. 2. Analyze the conditions and discourses that are generated in this migration process both in the context of departure, in transit and in the receiving society. 3. Analyze the migration process of Moroccan women to Andalusia, based on their expectations, experiences and personal assessments. 4. Identify the discourses around the exclusion processes that affect the Moroccan woman in the host society 5. Design proposals for improvement, achieving the overcoming of the more generalist positions insofar as they identify the migratory phenomenon as unique. Results in relation to objectives. 1. The exclusionary factors of this particular phenomenon are identified in such a way that proposes the adaptation of public policies and measures in which integration and socio-labor participation is the key axis of action and women are recognized in all areas of performance. However, it is recognized that certain changes in their societies of origin are also necessary. 2. The speeches that are generated in the migratory process are analyzed. These discourses related to the intention to emigrate that is generated in the society of origin, in the transit and in the process of consolidation that takes place in the receiving society. It is highlighted that migratory flows bring into contact the systems of gender and social class inequality of two different societies: the society of origin and the host society. Therefore, the importance of analyzing these issues is recognized. This is why we have analyzed this migratory phenomenon in three key moments. \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceGRAPHICS] . The migratory process of Moroccan women, in their economic character, has a specific reception in a segmented labor market, with tasks of family and domestic care, surrounded by a great vulnerability, but which satisfies to some extent their migratory expectations. 3. The current economic crisis suffered by Andalusia, for almost a decade, provokes that, although this is identified by the protagonists in forms that are ignored in their speeches, I acted as a mechanism to curb and expel female migration, or Precarization of underemployment to which they access. 4. Different situations related to different moments of the migration are exposed within a frame of fatigue and wear. Subsequently, some perceptions of well-being are shown, in cases where women understand that their expectations have been met. 5. We believe it is necessary, despite not being evident, an improvement in Spanish policies to improve the quality of life of women, to make proposals generated by the results of the analysis in the sense of improving the integration and social participation of Moroccan women who should have institutional resources in different areas, highlighting improvements in the current Aliens Act, access to the education system, labor insertion, language learning, accreditation of studies, gender violence, impartial media and poor housing. In our opinion, it is important to develop many positive actions and political will to achieve an optimal process of integration and social participation of women from Morocco in Andalusia.},
+  abstract = {In this paper we analyze, on the one hand, the migratory process of women from Morocco to Andalusia in a context of economic crisis. And, on the other hand, the categories of influence in their process of social participation. For this, we have used a qualitative methodology through in-depth interviews. In the same way, it has been investigated in its speeches from a longitudinal approach taking into account three key moments in this question; the beginning, the transit and the settlement in the consolidation versus return to the society of origin. The results show how the expectations of women crossing the Mediterranean to reach Spain are built and blurred, demonstrating a lack of respect for human rights. 1. Methodology In this work, we have not intended to measure the migratory phenomenon but to describe its determinants and through the discourses, try to identify the deep nature of this social reality, its relationship system and its dynamic structure. Neither, we have not started with a consolidated explanatory theory in scientific knowledge to, through the deductive method, verify or refute the behavior of certain paradigms in social reality. This has already been done successfully on occasions as we quoted below but, based on these and starting from the reality a migratory movement carried out by women, the present work has obtained the necessary information for its development from the qualitative methodology. The strategy that we carry out is oriented to discover and understand a concrete phenomenon and this methodology is what gives meaning to our research work. In this sense, we have carefully selected the key informants with the intention of collecting their speech and obtaining a broad vision of the experiences that come with the migratory processes of Morocco women in their process of social integration in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. On the other hand, understanding that the phenomenon can not be analyzed only from the discourse of the social actors, we carry out an ethnographic method through participant observation, culminated through registration and observation of the social context, the way in which the social actors in their context, the attitude of the professionals, the public policies and norms of the context and the behaviors and attitudes of the actors who do not intervene in the first person of the migratory phenomenon. Therefore, in addition to the ethnographic method, the methodology that we have used has been qualitative, through the technique of semi-structured interview with a sample size defined by saturation, which reached 18 cases selected through a Sampling, given the nature of the population under study. (Ruiz Olabuenaga, 1996). The in-depth interviews were carried out in the city of Tangier and in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The application of the in-depth interviews to our key informants was not intended, in any case, the statistical representation, but the socio-structural representation in relation to the objectives of this research work. In the same way we use two fundamental criteria when deciding who and how many women to interview: the sampling criteria of a practical nature and the sampling outside the control of the design. (I). Sample criteria of a practical nature have to do with the classification of two general types of interviewees: key and representative. The four questions or basic criteria that we considered in the selection of interviewees were: (i) who has the relevant information?; (ii) who are the most accessible women ?; (lii) who are more willing to report? And, (iv) who are better able to communicate information more accurately? Other requirements were also: (i) to be knowledgeable about the object to be investigated; (ii) that they were willing to speak, and (iii) that they represented different points of view when different perspectives existed on what was being studied. (II). Sampling out of control of the design synthesized several ideas and also had to do with the snowball procedure. Another issue to consider is the duration and repetition of the interviews that were part of the design tasks, some sample decisions were reviewed during the field work. The length of each interview session ranged from about forty-five minutes to some interviews over an hour long. It is important to emphasize that not only is it enough to ask who and how many women to interview, it must be considered that sufficient interviews must be conducted so that the interviewer feels that he has leamed everything that has to be learned and has verified these understandings through the most knowledgeable informants and that They deserve more confidence, from there came the principle of saturation. We also address two important aspects in the preparation of in-depth interviews. On the one hand, the selection of the most suitable interviewees. And on the other hand, the decisions on the most suitable conditions of date, place and record of the interviews. (I). About the researcher; It is interesting to ask how they can affect a research-interviewed interaction, since it is interviewed for research and knowledge purposes. Some interviews specified the training and special knowledge to make pertinent interventions in a conversational situation not always is easy. Decisions in this regard depended on the purposes of the study and other research contingencies. (II). About the date, place and registration; It became necessary to condition it to the interests of the study, combining a series of elements, without forcing, because to that extent the success of the interviews was largely dependent. Regarding the evaluative criteria of the quality of the interviews, we distinguished different groups of quality criteria applied. These include: (i) reliability criteria; (ii) credibility criteria; (iii) transferability; (iv) dependability; (v) authenticity and, (vi) ethical criteria. Likewise, a moderately alternative redefinition of the internal, external validity and reliability standards was applied. In our opinion we judge the credibility of the work applied for its transparency and coherence, since the quality of the information depended to a great extent on the collaboration of the interviewees, which entails serious ethical obligations towards them. In sum, the quality of the interviews applied is intrinsically related to the characteristics of the interviewed women and the ethical guidelines of the research. Jointly, informed consent and confidentiality play a key role. All these are criteria that we have taken into account in the evaluation of the quality of the interviews applied. Women were selected who: 1. They intended to emigrate. 2. In full transit. 3. They would have completed the migration process for two years or less. The categories previously selected for the analysis have been defined through the following topics: 1. The system of attributions of the beginning of the migratory process. 2. The reception process and the contextual conditions of the receiving society. 3. Comparative patterns of well-being in Morocco and Andalusia. 4. Expectations, desires and feelings. 5. Familiar social networks around the beginning of the migration project. 6. Difficulties during transit. 7. Perception of the migration project itself. 8. Interference of the economic crisis in speeches. 9. Perceptions about returning to their home society. 2. The description of the methodological approach, a special condition. Work plan and description of the phases. The work plan developed in the different phases carried out consisted of the following actions: Phase I. Initial Conceptual Model. In the first phase called the initial conceptual model, we proceeded to review and analyze the literature related to our object of study. This phase corresponds to the exploration and analysis of the scientific production in the issue that concerns us and that directly links gender and migration. Together, we follow exhaustively the design of the model according to Miles and Huberman, (1984) who; {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveEstablishes that from the categories emerged in the bibliographic review, conclusions must be drawn up graphically so that the relationships between the named categories are described in detail.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace In this context, we note that the field work was carried out in the city of Tangier (Morocco) and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia in the framework of various projects for Development Cooperation of the University of Jaen and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation Development (AECID)'. We resorted to using the intentional sampling procedure that allowed us to select the subjects in the sample. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. At the same time we made use of participant observation or ethnographic observation. Three elements of this technique were taken into account at the time of its use; (I) social interaction, (ii) data collection protocol, and (ii) control of information. Phase II. Intermediate Model of Interviewees. In this second phase of the research, we proceeded to design the intermediate model, which starts from an empirical data, that is, from the experience on the subject to be studied. For this phase the interviews were structured in depth, whose questions were revealed by key informants and interviewed women, both of whom were intentionally selected. In order to do so, the criteria they used to contribute relevant information to our research were taken as criteria. In this sense, we use the snowball procedure. In this respect, the sample frame is the meanings. That is, those of the experience emerge. The snowball procedure allowed us to select the subjects of the sample arbitrarily, that is, allowed us to choose Moroccan women and key informants who presented very special characteristics. Once identified and with the available information they were asked to locate other members of the same study population, either by familiarity, knowledge or ease of access. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. The analysis of the interviews was performed after the transcript. The transcripts were then sorted according to the application sequence where the statements of the informants were taken into account. Subsequently, a first sweep of data was made that allowed to be debugged the information that was repeated. In this sense, the theoretical basis of the research, the direct experience of the researchers, the different contributions of key professionals in this issue in Tangier and Andalusia, together with the application of the in-depth interviews, are guarantees that allowed to develop an exhaustive analysis Which is reflected with the development of the present investigation. Phase III. Final Conceptual Model. In the final conceptual model the observations and the discussion were elaborated according to the theoretical positions described in the theoretical review and with the answers of the people interviewed. The contrast of these two phases made it possible to formulate theorizing. Theorizing, according to Martinez, (1999): {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveIs a way to look at the facts, to organize them and to represent them conceptually, through a new network of relations between the constituent parts.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace From this point of view, the theory turns out to be the production of human intelligence, since imagination and experience have been part of the construction of knowledge. We consider that the content analysis as a way to approach an investigation, is a methodological complement that allows to obtain knowledge of precise and effective way. The systematization of information leads to the construction of a theorization, which is reached, to the extent that we appropriate the acquired knowledge. In sum, the design of the final conceptual model originated from the interaction and contrast of the matching elements of the categories and subcategories extracted from both the initial model and the intermediate model. Research objectives: 1. Observe the legislative framework and immigration policies and integration models in the context of Andalusia and Tangier. 2. Analyze the conditions and discourses that are generated in this migration process both in the context of departure, in transit and in the receiving society. 3. Analyze the migration process of Moroccan women to Andalusia, based on their expectations, experiences and personal assessments. 4. Identify the discourses around the exclusion processes that affect the Moroccan woman in the host society 5. Design proposals for improvement, achieving the overcoming of the more generalist positions insofar as they identify the migratory phenomenon as unique. Results in relation to objectives. 1. The exclusionary factors of this particular phenomenon are identified in such a way that proposes the adaptation of public policies and measures in which integration and socio-labor participation is the key axis of action and women are recognized in all areas of performance. However, it is recognized that certain changes in their societies of origin are also necessary. 2. The speeches that are generated in the migratory process are analyzed. These discourses related to the intention to emigrate that is generated in the society of origin, in the transit and in the process of consolidation that takes place in the receiving society. It is highlighted that migratory flows bring into contact the systems of gender and social class inequality of two different societies: the society of origin and the host society. Therefore, the importance of analyzing these issues is recognized. This is why we have analyzed this migratory phenomenon in three key moments. {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceGRAPHICS] . The migratory process of Moroccan women, in their economic character, has a specific reception in a segmented labor market, with tasks of family and domestic care, surrounded by a great vulnerability, but which satisfies to some extent their migratory expectations. 3. The current economic crisis suffered by Andalusia, for almost a decade, provokes that, although this is identified by the protagonists in forms that are ignored in their speeches, I acted as a mechanism to curb and expel female migration, or Precarization of underemployment to which they access. 4. Different situations related to different moments of the migration are exposed within a frame of fatigue and wear. Subsequently, some perceptions of well-being are shown, in cases where women understand that their expectations have been met. 5. We believe it is necessary, despite not being evident, an improvement in Spanish policies to improve the quality of life of women, to make proposals generated by the results of the analysis in the sense of improving the integration and social participation of Moroccan women who should have institutional resources in different areas, highlighting improvements in the current Aliens Act, access to the education system, labor insertion, language learning, accreditation of studies, gender violence, impartial media and poor housing. In our opinion, it is important to develop many positive actions and political will to achieve an optimal process of integration and social participation of women from Morocco in Andalusia.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -23975,7 +28049,22 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {1825--1836},
   issn = {0891-6640},
   doi = {10.1111/jvim.15872},
-  abstract = {Background Barriers to achieving work-life balance, as well as gender-based differences, exist in the male-dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Hypothesis/Objectives To provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender-related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work-life balance. Sample A total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine. Methods An 82-item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary. Results Thirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% completed surveys; 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% were men and 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full-time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty-three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident.},
+  abstract = {Background Barriers to achieving work-life balance, as well as gender-based differences, exist in the male-dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Hypothesis/Objectives To provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender-related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work-life balance. Sample A total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine. Methods An 82-item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary. Results Thirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% completed surveys; 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were men and 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full-time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty-three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Morgan2018,
+  title = {The Foundation and Consequences of Gender Bias in Grant Peer Review Processes},
+  author = {Morgan, Rosemary and Hawkins, Kate and Lundine, Jamie},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Canadian Medical Association Journal},
+  volume = {190},
+  number = {16},
+  pages = {E487-E488},
+  issn = {0820-3946, 1488-2329},
+  doi = {10.1503/cmaj.180188},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -23990,7 +28079,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {955--963},
   issn = {1937-1888},
   doi = {10.15288/jsad.2009.70.955},
-  abstract = {Objective: This study tested whether coordinated care management, a continuity of care intervention for substance-use disorders, improved employment among men and women on public assistance compared with usual welfare management. Method: Participants were 421 welfare applicants identified via substance-use-disorder screening and assigned via a computerized allocation program to coordinated care management (CCM; n = 232) or referral and monitoring practices in usual care (UC; n = 189). Substance use, treatment attendance,job training and search activities, and employment outcomes were assessed for I year after baseline. Results: Men were more likely to be working than women overall. Among women, CCM clients increased their employment over time, whereas UC clients remained stable at very low employment levels. There were no treatment effects on employment for men. Also among women only, greater substance-use-disorder treatment attendance and abstinence in the first 6 months of CCM predicted higher rates of later employment. Job training activities were low and did not differ by condition between either gender. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with previous research supporting the effectiveness of case management for improving abstinence, which leads to employment gains, among substance-using women on public assistance. In contrast, various mandated elements of welfare-to-work programs for substance users\textendash treatment attendance, case management, job training-did not improve employment rates for men. Implications of study results for designing effective welfare-to-work interventions in a post-welfare-reform era are discussed. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 70: 955-963, 2009)},
+  abstract = {Objective: This study tested whether coordinated care management, a continuity of care intervention for substance-use disorders, improved employment among men and women on public assistance compared with usual welfare management. Method: Participants were 421 welfare applicants identified via substance-use-disorder screening and assigned via a computerized allocation program to coordinated care management (CCM; n = 232) or referral and monitoring practices in usual care (UC; n = 189). Substance use, treatment attendance,job training and search activities, and employment outcomes were assessed for I year after baseline. Results: Men were more likely to be working than women overall. Among women, CCM clients increased their employment over time, whereas UC clients remained stable at very low employment levels. There were no treatment effects on employment for men. Also among women only, greater substance-use-disorder treatment attendance and abstinence in the first 6 months of CCM predicted higher rates of later employment. Job training activities were low and did not differ by condition between either gender. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with previous research supporting the effectiveness of case management for improving abstinence, which leads to employment gains, among substance-using women on public assistance. In contrast, various mandated elements of welfare-to-work programs for substance users{\textendash}treatment attendance, case management, job training-did not improve employment rates for men. Implications of study results for designing effective welfare-to-work interventions in a post-welfare-reform era are discussed. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 70: 955-963, 2009)},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24040,7 +28129,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 }
 
 @article{Morrello2022,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveNow}}, with a Bit More Knowledge, {{I}} Understand Why {{I}}'m Asking Those Questions.\textbackslash ensuremath'' Midwives' Perspectives on Their Role in the {{Greater Manchester}} Health and Social Care Partnership's Programme to Reduce Alcohol Exposed Pregnancies},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveNow}}, with a Bit More Knowledge, {{I}} Understand Why {{I}}'m Asking Those Questions.{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' Midwives' Perspectives on Their Role in the {{Greater Manchester}} Health and Social Care Partnership's Programme to Reduce Alcohol Exposed Pregnancies},
   author = {Morrello, Ruth and Cook, Penny A. and Coffey, Margaret},
   year = {2022},
   month = jul,
@@ -24080,7 +28169,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {206--213},
   issn = {0143-005X},
   doi = {10.1136/jech-2018-211283},
-  abstract = {Background In the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of \textbackslash textasciigravesocial investment', a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on gender health equity. Methods Using age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental leave with country fixed effects. Findings We found mixed effects of social investment for men versus women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women. Additionally, government spending on public employment services was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not significant for women, while government spending on employment training was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not significant for men. Conclusions Social investment policies were negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these results for the European social investment policy turn and for future research on gender health equity.},
+  abstract = {Background In the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial investment', a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on gender health equity. Methods Using age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental leave with country fixed effects. Findings We found mixed effects of social investment for men versus women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women. Additionally, government spending on public employment services was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not significant for women, while government spending on employment training was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not significant for men. Conclusions Social investment policies were negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these results for the European social investment policy turn and for future research on gender health equity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24139,7 +28228,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   number = {12},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062942},
-  abstract = {ObjectivesTo estimate the strength of association between having an inflexible job and health-related quality of life and healthcare utilisation; and to explore heterogeneity in the effects by gender, age and area-level deprivation.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.SettingSeven waves of the English General Practice Patient Survey between 2012 and 2017.Participants1 232 884 people aged 16-64 years and in full-time employment. We measured job inflexibility by inability to take time away from work during usual working hours to seek medical care.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHealth-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L); number of months since the respondent last saw a general practitioner (GP) or nurse; use of out-of-hours general practice in the past 6 months. We used regression analyses to estimate the strength of association between outcomes and having an inflexible job, adjusting for person and area-level characteristics.ResultsOne-third of respondents reported job inflexibility. The probability of job inflexibility was higher at younger ages and in more deprived areas. Job inflexibility was associated with lower EQ-5D-5L utility scores of 0.017 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.016 to 0.018) for women and 0.016 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.015 to 0.017) for men. Women were more affected than men in the mental health domain. The reduction in health-related quality of life associated with having an inflexible job was greater for employees who were older or lived in more deprived areas. Having an inflexible job was associated with a longer time since the last visit to their GP of 0.234 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.201 to 0.268) months for women and 0.199 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.152 to 0.183) months for men.ConclusionsInequalities in the prevalence of inflexible jobs contribute to inequalities in health. One mechanism may be through reduced access to healthcare. Policymakers and employers should ensure that all employees have sufficient job flexibility to protect their health.},
+  abstract = {ObjectivesTo estimate the strength of association between having an inflexible job and health-related quality of life and healthcare utilisation; and to explore heterogeneity in the effects by gender, age and area-level deprivation.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.SettingSeven waves of the English General Practice Patient Survey between 2012 and 2017.Participants1 232 884 people aged 16-64 years and in full-time employment. We measured job inflexibility by inability to take time away from work during usual working hours to seek medical care.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHealth-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L); number of months since the respondent last saw a general practitioner (GP) or nurse; use of out-of-hours general practice in the past 6 months. We used regression analyses to estimate the strength of association between outcomes and having an inflexible job, adjusting for person and area-level characteristics.ResultsOne-third of respondents reported job inflexibility. The probability of job inflexibility was higher at younger ages and in more deprived areas. Job inflexibility was associated with lower EQ-5D-5L utility scores of 0.017 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.016 to 0.018) for women and 0.016 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.015 to 0.017) for men. Women were more affected than men in the mental health domain. The reduction in health-related quality of life associated with having an inflexible job was greater for employees who were older or lived in more deprived areas. Having an inflexible job was associated with a longer time since the last visit to their GP of 0.234 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.201 to 0.268) months for women and 0.199 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.152 to 0.183) months for men.ConclusionsInequalities in the prevalence of inflexible jobs contribute to inequalities in health. One mechanism may be through reduced access to healthcare. Policymakers and employers should ensure that all employees have sufficient job flexibility to protect their health.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24183,7 +28272,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {855--860},
   issn = {0022-3468},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.01.017},
-  abstract = {Purpose: One of the most common procedures in the pediatric population is the placement of a gastrostomy tube. There are significant medical, emotional, and social implications for both patients and caregivers. We hypothesized that socioeconomic status had a significant impact on gastrostomy complications. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed. Patient and census data including median household income, unemployment rate, health insurance status, poverty level, and caregiver education level were merged. Statistical tests were conducted against a 2-sided alternative hypothesis with a 0.05 significance level. Outcomes examined were minor and major complications in association with socioeconomic variables. Results: Patients with mechanical complications were younger, weighed less, and had a 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater chance of having commercial insurance. Patients with Medicare/self-pay were three times more likely to have a minor complication. The average unemployment rate was 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% greater in familieswith amajor complication. Individuals with a minor complication came from community tracts with a lower percentage of families below the poverty level. Conclusion: An association between socioeconomic factors and gastrostomy complications was identified. Insurance status and employment status were more significant predictors than poverty level. Further work with variables for targeted interventions to provide specific family support will allow these children and families to thrive. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: One of the most common procedures in the pediatric population is the placement of a gastrostomy tube. There are significant medical, emotional, and social implications for both patients and caregivers. We hypothesized that socioeconomic status had a significant impact on gastrostomy complications. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed. Patient and census data including median household income, unemployment rate, health insurance status, poverty level, and caregiver education level were merged. Statistical tests were conducted against a 2-sided alternative hypothesis with a 0.05 significance level. Outcomes examined were minor and major complications in association with socioeconomic variables. Results: Patients with mechanical complications were younger, weighed less, and had a 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% greater chance of having commercial insurance. Patients with Medicare/self-pay were three times more likely to have a minor complication. The average unemployment rate was 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% greater in familieswith amajor complication. Individuals with a minor complication came from community tracts with a lower percentage of families below the poverty level. Conclusion: An association between socioeconomic factors and gastrostomy complications was identified. Insurance status and employment status were more significant predictors than poverty level. Further work with variables for targeted interventions to provide specific family support will allow these children and families to thrive. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {51st Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Association-of-Pediatric-Surgeons (CAPS), Quebec, CANADA, SEP 19-21, 2019}
 }
@@ -24197,7 +28286,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {16},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12992-020-00622-y},
-  abstract = {Background A recent editorial urged those working in global mental health to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechange the conversation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on coronavirus disease (Covid-19) by putting more focus on the needs of people with severe mental health conditions. UPSIDES (Using Peer Support In Developing Empowering mental health Services) is a six-country consortium carrying out implementation research on peer support for people with severe mental health conditions in high- (Germany, Israel), lower middle- (India) and low-income (Tanzania, Uganda) settings. This commentary briefly outlines some of the key challenges faced by UPSIDES sites in low- and middle-income countries as a result of Covid-19, sharing early lessons that may also apply to other services seeking to address the needs of people with severe mental health conditions in similar contexts. Challenges and lessons learned The key take-away from experiences in India, Tanzania and Uganda is that inequalities in terms of access to mobile technologies, as well as to secure employment and benefits, put peer support workers in particularly vulnerable situations precisely when they and their peers are also at their most isolated. Establishing more resilient peer support services requires attention to the already precarious situation of people with severe mental health conditions in low-resource settings, even before a crisis like Covid-19 occurs. While it is essential to maintain contact with peer support workers and peers to whatever extent is possible remotely, alternatives to face-to-face delivery of psychosocial interventions are not always straightforward to implement and can make it more difficult to observe individuals' reactions, talk about emotional issues and offer appropriate support. Conclusions In environments where mental health care was already heavily medicalized and mostly limited to medications issued by psychiatric institutions, Covid-19 threatens burgeoning efforts to pursue a more holistic and person-centered model of care for people with severe mental health conditions. As countries emerge from lockdown, those working in global mental health will need to redouble their efforts not only to make up for lost time and help individuals cope with the added stressors of Covid-19 in their communities, but also to regain lost ground in mental health care reform and in broader conversations about mental health in low-resource settings.},
+  abstract = {Background A recent editorial urged those working in global mental health to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravechange the conversation{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace on coronavirus disease (Covid-19) by putting more focus on the needs of people with severe mental health conditions. UPSIDES (Using Peer Support In Developing Empowering mental health Services) is a six-country consortium carrying out implementation research on peer support for people with severe mental health conditions in high- (Germany, Israel), lower middle- (India) and low-income (Tanzania, Uganda) settings. This commentary briefly outlines some of the key challenges faced by UPSIDES sites in low- and middle-income countries as a result of Covid-19, sharing early lessons that may also apply to other services seeking to address the needs of people with severe mental health conditions in similar contexts. Challenges and lessons learned The key take-away from experiences in India, Tanzania and Uganda is that inequalities in terms of access to mobile technologies, as well as to secure employment and benefits, put peer support workers in particularly vulnerable situations precisely when they and their peers are also at their most isolated. Establishing more resilient peer support services requires attention to the already precarious situation of people with severe mental health conditions in low-resource settings, even before a crisis like Covid-19 occurs. While it is essential to maintain contact with peer support workers and peers to whatever extent is possible remotely, alternatives to face-to-face delivery of psychosocial interventions are not always straightforward to implement and can make it more difficult to observe individuals' reactions, talk about emotional issues and offer appropriate support. Conclusions In environments where mental health care was already heavily medicalized and mostly limited to medications issued by psychiatric institutions, Covid-19 threatens burgeoning efforts to pursue a more holistic and person-centered model of care for people with severe mental health conditions. As countries emerge from lockdown, those working in global mental health will need to redouble their efforts not only to make up for lost time and help individuals cope with the added stressors of Covid-19 in their communities, but also to regain lost ground in mental health care reform and in broader conversations about mental health in low-resource settings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24226,7 +28315,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {48--75},
   issn = {0047-2328},
   doi = {10.3138/jcfs-2021-0065},
-  abstract = {This paper documents trends in and examines determinants of stay-at-home motherhood in urban China from 1982 to 2015. China once had the world's leading female labor force participation rate. Since the economic reforms starting from the early 1980s, however, some mothers have been withdrawing from the labor force due to diminished state support, a rise in intensive parenting, and heightened work-family conflicts. Based on data from the 1982, 1990, and 2000 Chinese censuses, the 2005 mini-census, and the 2006-2015 Chinese General Social Survey, we find mothers' non-employment increased for every educational group and grew at a much faster rate among mothers than it did among fathers, particularly those with small children. Moreover, the negative relationships between mothers' education and non-employment, and between mothers' family income and non-employment weakened overtime. This possibly due to women with more established resources can better \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveafford\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace the single-earner arrangement and also more emphasize the importance of intensive parenting, than their less resourced counterparts. These findings signal the resurgence of a gendered division of labor in urban China.},
+  abstract = {This paper documents trends in and examines determinants of stay-at-home motherhood in urban China from 1982 to 2015. China once had the world's leading female labor force participation rate. Since the economic reforms starting from the early 1980s, however, some mothers have been withdrawing from the labor force due to diminished state support, a rise in intensive parenting, and heightened work-family conflicts. Based on data from the 1982, 1990, and 2000 Chinese censuses, the 2005 mini-census, and the 2006-2015 Chinese General Social Survey, we find mothers' non-employment increased for every educational group and grew at a much faster rate among mothers than it did among fathers, particularly those with small children. Moreover, the negative relationships between mothers' education and non-employment, and between mothers' family income and non-employment weakened overtime. This possibly due to women with more established resources can better {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveafford{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace the single-earner arrangement and also more emphasize the importance of intensive parenting, than their less resourced counterparts. These findings signal the resurgence of a gendered division of labor in urban China.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24238,7 +28327,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {9},
   issn = {2369-2960},
   doi = {10.2196/41369},
-  abstract = {Background: Studying patients' social needs is critical to the understanding of health conditions and disparities, and to inform strategies for improving health outcomes. Studies have shown that people of color, low-income families, and those with lower educational attainment experience greater hardships related to social needs. The COVID-19 pandemic represents an event that severely impacted people's social needs. This pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, and contributed to food and housing insecurity, while highlighting weaknesses in the health care system surrounding access to care. To combat these issues, legislators implemented unique policies and procedures to help alleviate worsening social needs throughout the pandemic, which had not previously been exerted to this degree. We believe that improvements related to COVID-19 legislature and policy have positively impacted people's social needs in Kansas and Missouri, United States. In particular, Wyandotte County is of interest as it suffers greatly from issues related to social needs that many of these COVID-19-related policies aimed to improve.Objective: The research objective of this study was to evaluate the change in social needs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration based on responses to a survey from The University of Kansas Health System (TUKHS). We further aimed to compare the social needs of respondents from Wyandotte County from those of respondents in other counties in the Kansas City metropolitan area.Methods: Social needs survey data from 2016 to 2022 were collected from a 12-question patient-administered survey distributed by TUKHS during a patient visit. This provided a longitudinal data set with 248,582 observations, which was narrowed down into a paired-response data set for 50,441 individuals who had provided at least one response before and after March 11, 2020. These data were then bucketed by county into Cass (Missouri), Clay (Missouri), Jackson (Missouri), Johnson (Kansas), Leavenworth (Kansas), Platte (Missouri), Wyandotte (Kansas), and Other counties, creating groupings with at least 1000 responses in each category. A pre-post composite score was calculated for each individual by adding their coded responses (yes=1, no=0) across the 12 questions. The Stuart-Maxwell marginal homogeneity test was used to compare the pre and post composite scores across all counties. Additionally, McNemar tests were performed to compare responses before and after March 11, 2020, for each of the 12 questions across all counties. Finally, McNemar tests were performed for questions 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 for each of the bucketed counties. Significance was assessed at P{$<$}.05 for all tests.Results: The Stuart-Maxwell test for marginal homogeneity was significant (P{$<$}.001), indicating that respondents were overall less likely to identify an unmet social need after the COVID-19 pandemic. McNemar tests for individual questions indicated that after the COVID-19 pandemic, respondents across all counties were less likely to identify unmet social needs related to food availability (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR]=0.4073, P{$<$}.001), home utilities (OR=0.4538, P{$<$}.001), housing (OR=0.7143, P{$<$}.001), safety among cohabitants (OR=0.6148, P{$<$}.001), safety in their residential location (OR=0.6172, P{$<$}.001), child care (OR=0.7410, P{$<$}0.01), health care access (OR=0.3895, P{$<$}.001), medication adherence (OR=0.5449, P{$<$}.001), health care adherence (OR=0.6378, P{$<$}.001), and health care literacy (0.8729, P=. 02), and were also less likely to request help with these unmet needs (OR=0.7368, P{$<$}.001) compared with prepandemic responses. Responses from individual counties were consistent with the overall results for the most part. Notably, no individual county demonstrated a significant reduction in social needs relating to a lack of companionship.Conclusions: Post-COVID-19 responses showed improvement across almost all social needs-related questions, indicating that the federal policy response possibly had a positive impact on social needs across the populations of Kansas and western Missouri. Some counties were impacted more than others and positive outcomes were not limited to urban counties. The availability of resources, safety net services, access to health care, and educational opportunities could play a role in this change. Future research should focus on improving survey response rates from rural counties to increase their sample size, and to evaluate other explanatory variables such as food pantry access, educational status, employment opportunities, and access to community resources. Government policies should be an area of focused research as they may affect the social needs and health of the individuals considered in this analysis.},
+  abstract = {Background: Studying patients' social needs is critical to the understanding of health conditions and disparities, and to inform strategies for improving health outcomes. Studies have shown that people of color, low-income families, and those with lower educational attainment experience greater hardships related to social needs. The COVID-19 pandemic represents an event that severely impacted people's social needs. This pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, and contributed to food and housing insecurity, while highlighting weaknesses in the health care system surrounding access to care. To combat these issues, legislators implemented unique policies and procedures to help alleviate worsening social needs throughout the pandemic, which had not previously been exerted to this degree. We believe that improvements related to COVID-19 legislature and policy have positively impacted people's social needs in Kansas and Missouri, United States. In particular, Wyandotte County is of interest as it suffers greatly from issues related to social needs that many of these COVID-19-related policies aimed to improve.Objective: The research objective of this study was to evaluate the change in social needs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration based on responses to a survey from The University of Kansas Health System (TUKHS). We further aimed to compare the social needs of respondents from Wyandotte County from those of respondents in other counties in the Kansas City metropolitan area.Methods: Social needs survey data from 2016 to 2022 were collected from a 12-question patient-administered survey distributed by TUKHS during a patient visit. This provided a longitudinal data set with 248,582 observations, which was narrowed down into a paired-response data set for 50,441 individuals who had provided at least one response before and after March 11, 2020. These data were then bucketed by county into Cass (Missouri), Clay (Missouri), Jackson (Missouri), Johnson (Kansas), Leavenworth (Kansas), Platte (Missouri), Wyandotte (Kansas), and Other counties, creating groupings with at least 1000 responses in each category. A pre-post composite score was calculated for each individual by adding their coded responses (yes=1, no=0) across the 12 questions. The Stuart-Maxwell marginal homogeneity test was used to compare the pre and post composite scores across all counties. Additionally, McNemar tests were performed to compare responses before and after March 11, 2020, for each of the 12 questions across all counties. Finally, McNemar tests were performed for questions 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 for each of the bucketed counties. Significance was assessed at P{$<$}.05 for all tests.Results: The Stuart-Maxwell test for marginal homogeneity was significant (P{$<$}.001), indicating that respondents were overall less likely to identify an unmet social need after the COVID-19 pandemic. McNemar tests for individual questions indicated that after the COVID-19 pandemic, respondents across all counties were less likely to identify unmet social needs related to food availability (odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR]=0.4073, P{$<$}.001), home utilities (OR=0.4538, P{$<$}.001), housing (OR=0.7143, P{$<$}.001), safety among cohabitants (OR=0.6148, P{$<$}.001), safety in their residential location (OR=0.6172, P{$<$}.001), child care (OR=0.7410, P{$<$}0.01), health care access (OR=0.3895, P{$<$}.001), medication adherence (OR=0.5449, P{$<$}.001), health care adherence (OR=0.6378, P{$<$}.001), and health care literacy (0.8729, P=. 02), and were also less likely to request help with these unmet needs (OR=0.7368, P{$<$}.001) compared with prepandemic responses. Responses from individual counties were consistent with the overall results for the most part. Notably, no individual county demonstrated a significant reduction in social needs relating to a lack of companionship.Conclusions: Post-COVID-19 responses showed improvement across almost all social needs-related questions, indicating that the federal policy response possibly had a positive impact on social needs across the populations of Kansas and western Missouri. Some counties were impacted more than others and positive outcomes were not limited to urban counties. The availability of resources, safety net services, access to health care, and educational opportunities could play a role in this change. Future research should focus on improving survey response rates from rural counties to increase their sample size, and to evaluate other explanatory variables such as food pantry access, educational status, employment opportunities, and access to community resources. Government policies should be an area of focused research as they may affect the social needs and health of the individuals considered in this analysis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24253,7 +28342,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {807--839},
   issn = {1468-2702},
   doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbaa036},
-  abstract = {In this article, we use a new economic geography (NEG) model to estimate the extent to which the persistence in apartheid regional wage disparities in South Africa is an outcome of economic forces such as market access. We estimate a structural wage equation derived directly from the NEG theory for 354 regions over the period 1996 to 2011. We find support for an augmented NEG model in explaining regional wage disparities across regions in South Africa, although the market access effects are highly localised in view of high distance coefficients. We also find, even after controlling for NEG and other region-specific characteristics, a persistent wage deficit in the former homelands, where under apartheid black South Africans were forcefully relocated according to their ethnic groups. Average wages of workers in homelands remained approximately 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower than predicted between 1996 and 2011, despite the reintegration of these regions into South Africa and the implementation of regional policies after the end of apartheid.},
+  abstract = {In this article, we use a new economic geography (NEG) model to estimate the extent to which the persistence in apartheid regional wage disparities in South Africa is an outcome of economic forces such as market access. We estimate a structural wage equation derived directly from the NEG theory for 354 regions over the period 1996 to 2011. We find support for an augmented NEG model in explaining regional wage disparities across regions in South Africa, although the market access effects are highly localised in view of high distance coefficients. We also find, even after controlling for NEG and other region-specific characteristics, a persistent wage deficit in the former homelands, where under apartheid black South Africans were forcefully relocated according to their ethnic groups. Average wages of workers in homelands remained approximately 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower than predicted between 1996 and 2011, despite the reintegration of these regions into South Africa and the implementation of regional policies after the end of apartheid.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24323,7 +28412,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {8},
   issn = {1654-9880},
   doi = {10.3402/gha.v8.26559},
-  abstract = {Background: Studies have sought to define information needs of health workers within very specific settings or projects. Lacking in the literature is how hospitals in low-income settings are able to meet the information needs of their staff and the use of information communication technologies (ICT) in day-to-day information searching. Objective: The study aimed to explore where professionals in Kenyan hospitals turn to for work-related information in their day-to-day work. Additionally, it examined what existing solutions are provided by hospitals with regard to provision of best practice care. Lastly, the study explored the use of ICT in information searching. Design: Data for this study were collected in July 2012. Self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) were distributed across 22 study hospitals with an aim to get a response from 34 health workers per hospital. Results: SAQs were collected from 657 health workers. The most popular sources of information to guide work were fellow health workers and printed guidelines while the least popular were scientific journals. Of value to health workers were: national treatment policies, new research findings, regular reports from surveillance data, information on costs of services and information on their performance of routine clinical tasks; however, hospitals only partially met these needs. Barriers to accessing information sources included: \textbackslash textasciigravenot available/difficult to get' and \textbackslash textasciigravedifficult to understand'. ICT use for information seeking was reported and with demographic specific differences noted from the multivariate logistic regression model; nurses compared to medical doctors and older workers were less likely to use ICT for health information searching. Barriers to accessing Internet were identified as: high costs and the lack of the service at home or at work. Conclusions: Hospitals need to provide appropriate information by improving information dissemination efforts and providing an enabling environment that allows health workers find the information they need for best practice.},
+  abstract = {Background: Studies have sought to define information needs of health workers within very specific settings or projects. Lacking in the literature is how hospitals in low-income settings are able to meet the information needs of their staff and the use of information communication technologies (ICT) in day-to-day information searching. Objective: The study aimed to explore where professionals in Kenyan hospitals turn to for work-related information in their day-to-day work. Additionally, it examined what existing solutions are provided by hospitals with regard to provision of best practice care. Lastly, the study explored the use of ICT in information searching. Design: Data for this study were collected in July 2012. Self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) were distributed across 22 study hospitals with an aim to get a response from 34 health workers per hospital. Results: SAQs were collected from 657 health workers. The most popular sources of information to guide work were fellow health workers and printed guidelines while the least popular were scientific journals. Of value to health workers were: national treatment policies, new research findings, regular reports from surveillance data, information on costs of services and information on their performance of routine clinical tasks; however, hospitals only partially met these needs. Barriers to accessing information sources included: {\textbackslash}textasciigravenot available/difficult to get' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravedifficult to understand'. ICT use for information seeking was reported and with demographic specific differences noted from the multivariate logistic regression model; nurses compared to medical doctors and older workers were less likely to use ICT for health information searching. Barriers to accessing Internet were identified as: high costs and the lack of the service at home or at work. Conclusions: Hospitals need to provide appropriate information by improving information dissemination efforts and providing an enabling environment that allows health workers find the information they need for best practice.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24368,7 +28457,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   pages = {508--535},
   issn = {0003-1224},
   doi = {10.1177/0003122418772857},
-  abstract = {Scholars of comparative family policy research have raised concerns about potential negative outcomes of generous family policies, an issue known as the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewelfare state paradox.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace They suspect that such policies will make employers reluctant to hire or promote women into high-authority jobs, because women are more likely than men to use those policies and take time off. Few studies, however, have directly tested this employer-side mechanism. In this article, we argue that due to employer heterogeneity, as well as different modes of policy intervention such as mandate-based and incentive-based approaches, generous family policies may not always lead to employer discrimination. Adopting a quasi-experimental research design that classifies employers based on their differential receptivity to family policy changes, we compare their hiring and promotion of women before and after two major family policy reforms in Japan, one in 1992 and another in 2005. Our analysis using panel data of large Japanese firms finds little evidence of policy-induced discrimination against women. Instead, we find that employers who voluntarily provided generous leave benefits prior to government mandates or incentives actually hired and promoted more women after the legal changes, and employers who provided generous benefits in response to government incentives also increased opportunities for women.},
+  abstract = {Scholars of comparative family policy research have raised concerns about potential negative outcomes of generous family policies, an issue known as the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewelfare state paradox.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace They suspect that such policies will make employers reluctant to hire or promote women into high-authority jobs, because women are more likely than men to use those policies and take time off. Few studies, however, have directly tested this employer-side mechanism. In this article, we argue that due to employer heterogeneity, as well as different modes of policy intervention such as mandate-based and incentive-based approaches, generous family policies may not always lead to employer discrimination. Adopting a quasi-experimental research design that classifies employers based on their differential receptivity to family policy changes, we compare their hiring and promotion of women before and after two major family policy reforms in Japan, one in 1992 and another in 2005. Our analysis using panel data of large Japanese firms finds little evidence of policy-induced discrimination against women. Instead, we find that employers who voluntarily provided generous leave benefits prior to government mandates or incentives actually hired and promoted more women after the legal changes, and employers who provided generous benefits in response to government incentives also increased opportunities for women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24416,6 +28505,38 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Muraya2019,
+  title = {`{{Gender}} Is Not Even a Side Issue{\ldots}it's a Non-Issue': Career Trajectories and Experiences from the Perspective of Male and Female Healthcare Managers in {{Kenya}}},
+  shorttitle = {`{{Gender}} Is Not Even a Side Issue{\ldots}it's a Non-Issue'},
+  author = {Muraya, Kelly W and Govender, Veloshnee and Mbachu, Chinyere and Uguru, Nkoli P and Molyneux, Sassy},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Health Policy and Planning},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {249--256},
+  issn = {0268-1080, 1460-2237},
+  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czz019},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             Women comprise a significant proportion of the health workforce globally but remain under-represented in the higher professional categories. Concern about the under-representation of women in health leadership positions has resulted in increased research on the topic, although this research has focused primarily on high-income countries. An improved understanding of the career trajectories and experiences of healthcare leaders in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the role of gender, is therefore needed. This qualitative case study was undertaken in two counties in coastal Kenya. Drawing on the life-history approach, 12 male and 13 female healthcare leaders were interviewed between August 2015 and July 2016 on their career progression and related experiences. Although gender was not spontaneously identified as a significant influence, closer exploration of responses revealed that gendered factors played an important role. Most fundamentally, women's role as child bearers and gendered societal expectations including child nurturing and other domestic responsibilities can influence their ability to take up leadership opportunities, and their selection and appointment as leaders. Women's selection and appointment as leaders may also be influenced by positive discrimination policies (in favour of women), and by perceptions of women and men as having different leadership styles (against women, who some described as more emotive and reactive). These gendered influences intersect in relatively invisible ways with other factors more readily identified by respondents to influence their progression and experience. These factors included: professional cadre, with doctors more likely to be selected into leadership roles; and personal and professional support systems ranging from family support and role models, through to professional mentorship and continuing education. We discuss the implications of these findings for policy, practice and research, including highlighting the need for more in-depth intersectionality analyses of leadership experience in LMICs.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Murphy2015,
+  title = {Quality of {{Life}} of {{Young Adult Survivors}} of {{Pediatric Burns Using World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II}} and {{Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief}}: {{A Comparison}}},
+  shorttitle = {Quality of {{Life}} of {{Young Adult Survivors}} of {{Pediatric Burns Using World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II}} and {{Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief}}},
+  author = {Murphy, Mary Elizabeth and Holzer, Charles E. and Richardson, Lisa M. and Epperson, Kathryn and Ojeda, Sylvia and Martinez, Erin M. and Suman, Oscar E. and Herndon, David N. and Meyer, Walter J.},
+  year = {2015},
+  journal = {Journal of Burn Care \& Research},
+  volume = {36},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {521--533},
+  issn = {1559-047X},
+  doi = {10.1097/BCR.0000000000000156},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @book{Murray2012,
   title = {Basic {{Income Worldwide}}},
   editor = {Murray, Matthew C. and Pateman, Carole},
@@ -24433,12 +28554,12 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   author = {Murray, Emily T. and Zaninotto, Paola and Fleischmann, Maria and Stafford, Mai and Carr, Ewan and Shelton, Nicola and Stansfeld, Stephen and Kuh, Diana and Head, Jenny},
   year = {2019},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {226},
   pages = {113--122},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.038},
-  abstract = {Several studies have documented that older workers who live in areas with higher unemployment rates are more likely to leave work for health and non-health reasons. Due to tracking of area disadvantage over the life course, and because negative individual health and socioeconomic factors are more likely to develop in individuals from disadvantaged areas, we do not know at what specific ages, and through which specific pathways, area unemployment may be influencing retirement age. Using data from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, we use structural equation modelling to investigate pathways linking local authority unemployment at three ages (4y, 26y and 53y) to age of retirement (right-censored). We explored five hypothesized pathways: (1) residential tracking, (2) health, (3) employment status, (4) occupational class, and (5) education. Initially, pathways between life course area unemployment, each pathway and retirement age were assessed individually. Mediation pathways were tested in the full model. Our results showed that area unemployment tracked across the life course. Higher area unemployment at ages 4 and 53 were independently associated with earlier retirement age \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase = mean -0.64 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -1.12, -0.16) and -0.25 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: -0.43, -0.06) years]. Both were explained by adjustment for individual employment status at ages 26 and 53 years. Higher area unemployment at age 26 was associated with poorer health and lower likelihood of employment at aged 53; and these 2 individual pathways were identified as the key mediators between area unemployment and retirement age. In conclusion, these results suggest that interventions designed to create local employment opportunities for young adults should lead to extended working through improved employment and health at mid-life.},
+  abstract = {Several studies have documented that older workers who live in areas with higher unemployment rates are more likely to leave work for health and non-health reasons. Due to tracking of area disadvantage over the life course, and because negative individual health and socioeconomic factors are more likely to develop in individuals from disadvantaged areas, we do not know at what specific ages, and through which specific pathways, area unemployment may be influencing retirement age. Using data from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, we use structural equation modelling to investigate pathways linking local authority unemployment at three ages (4y, 26y and 53y) to age of retirement (right-censored). We explored five hypothesized pathways: (1) residential tracking, (2) health, (3) employment status, (4) occupational class, and (5) education. Initially, pathways between life course area unemployment, each pathway and retirement age were assessed individually. Mediation pathways were tested in the full model. Our results showed that area unemployment tracked across the life course. Higher area unemployment at ages 4 and 53 were independently associated with earlier retirement age {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increase = mean -0.64 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -1.12, -0.16) and -0.25 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: -0.43, -0.06) years]. Both were explained by adjustment for individual employment status at ages 26 and 53 years. Higher area unemployment at age 26 was associated with poorer health and lower likelihood of employment at aged 53; and these 2 individual pathways were identified as the key mediators between area unemployment and retirement age. In conclusion, these results suggest that interventions designed to create local employment opportunities for young adults should lead to extended working through improved employment and health at mid-life.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24496,7 +28617,7 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   volume = {79},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s41118-023-00197-7},
-  abstract = {The Italian welfare state is characterised by a preference for income transfers over transfers in kind and the marginal role of policies aimed directly at supporting the family. Despite the growing participation of women in the labour market, the Italian welfare system still assumes the family, with its unbalanced gender division of housework and its intergenerational solidarity, to be the primary provider of protection and support. As a result, in Italy in 2019 only 26.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of children under 3 years of age were enrolled in formal childcare, which is below the European average. In this context, births from at least one foreign parent had increased over time, and foreign national children accounted for 14.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all children aged 0-3 in 2019. Despite this, migrants are still seen as \textbackslash textasciigravesuppliers' rather than citizens who, as parents, are potential consumers of childcare services. Aspects related to the use of childcare by migrants and differences compared to natives in Italy are currently understudied. We use the 2012 Birth Sample Survey by the Italian National Institute of Statistics to fill this gap. Mothers were interviewed about 18-21 months after having given birth: information on sociodemographic characteristics of both parents was collected, including their use of childcare services, their reasons for not using them, their unmet need for childcare services, and the lack of access to the job market due to care work. Our study aims to understand childcare patterns among migrants and the differences between them and those of the native-born population. We found that Italian mothers use informal care more than migrants. Unlike the evidence from other international studies, our results show that migrant mothers use daycare for children aged 0-3 more than native-born mothers. However, we found that the migrants who had arrived as children show patterns more similar to natives. This finding might be associated with a better knowledge of the system and a more extensive network (including grandparents) in Italy. Similarly, we found that migrant mothers who co-parent with an Italian father use more informal care and experience lower logistical barriers to accessing daycare. In addition, we observed that obstacles to children's enrolment resulting in an unmet need for daycare are also related to migrant background.},
+  abstract = {The Italian welfare state is characterised by a preference for income transfers over transfers in kind and the marginal role of policies aimed directly at supporting the family. Despite the growing participation of women in the labour market, the Italian welfare system still assumes the family, with its unbalanced gender division of housework and its intergenerational solidarity, to be the primary provider of protection and support. As a result, in Italy in 2019 only 26.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of children under 3 years of age were enrolled in formal childcare, which is below the European average. In this context, births from at least one foreign parent had increased over time, and foreign national children accounted for 14.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all children aged 0-3 in 2019. Despite this, migrants are still seen as {\textbackslash}textasciigravesuppliers' rather than citizens who, as parents, are potential consumers of childcare services. Aspects related to the use of childcare by migrants and differences compared to natives in Italy are currently understudied. We use the 2012 Birth Sample Survey by the Italian National Institute of Statistics to fill this gap. Mothers were interviewed about 18-21 months after having given birth: information on sociodemographic characteristics of both parents was collected, including their use of childcare services, their reasons for not using them, their unmet need for childcare services, and the lack of access to the job market due to care work. Our study aims to understand childcare patterns among migrants and the differences between them and those of the native-born population. We found that Italian mothers use informal care more than migrants. Unlike the evidence from other international studies, our results show that migrant mothers use daycare for children aged 0-3 more than native-born mothers. However, we found that the migrants who had arrived as children show patterns more similar to natives. This finding might be associated with a better knowledge of the system and a more extensive network (including grandparents) in Italy. Similarly, we found that migrant mothers who co-parent with an Italian father use more informal care and experience lower logistical barriers to accessing daycare. In addition, we observed that obstacles to children's enrolment resulting in an unmet need for daycare are also related to migrant background.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24527,7 +28648,70 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
   issn = {2731-4383},
   doi = {10.1007/s44192-022-00005-2},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            In the current COVID-19 pandemic there are reports of deteriorating psychological conditions among university students in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but very little is known about the gender differences in the mental health conditions on this population. This study aims to assess generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among university students using a gender lens during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based Google forms between May 2020 and August 2020 among 605 current students of two universities in Bangladesh. Within the total 605 study participants, 59.5\% (360) were female. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety disorder was 61.8\% among females and 38.2\% among males. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were 2.21 times more likely to have anxiety compared to males [AOR: 2.21; CI 95\% (1.28\textendash 53.70); p-value: 0.004] and participants' age was negatively associated with increased levels of anxiety (AOR\,=\,0.17; 95\% CI\,=\,0.05\textendash 0.57;               p               \,=\,0.001). In addition, participants who were worried about academic delays were more anxious than those who were not worried about it (AOR: 2.82; 95\% CI 1.50\textendash 5.31,               p               \,=\,0.001). These findings of this study will add value to the existing limited evidence and strongly advocate in designing gender-specific, low-intensity interventions to ensure comprehensive mental health services for the young adult population of Bangladesh.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            In the current COVID-19 pandemic there are reports of deteriorating psychological conditions among university students in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but very little is known about the gender differences in the mental health conditions on this population. This study aims to assess generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among university students using a gender lens during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based Google forms between May 2020 and August 2020 among 605 current students of two universities in Bangladesh. Within the total 605 study participants, 59.5\% (360) were female. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety disorder was 61.8\% among females and 38.2\% among males. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were 2.21 times more likely to have anxiety compared to males [AOR: 2.21; CI 95\% (1.28{\textendash}53.70); p-value: 0.004] and participants' age was negatively associated with increased levels of anxiety (AOR\,=\,0.17; 95\% CI\,=\,0.05{\textendash}0.57;               p               \,=\,0.001). In addition, participants who were worried about academic delays were more anxious than those who were not worried about it (AOR: 2.82; 95\% CI 1.50{\textendash}5.31,               p               \,=\,0.001). These findings of this study will add value to the existing limited evidence and strongly advocate in designing gender-specific, low-intensity interventions to ensure comprehensive mental health services for the young adult population of Bangladesh.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Mwachofi2009,
+  title = {Gender Difference in Access and Intervention Outcomes: The Case for Women with Disabilities},
+  shorttitle = {Gender Difference in Access and Intervention Outcomes},
+  author = {Mwachofi, Ari K.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {693--700},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.1080/09638280802305929},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Myers2017,
+  title = {The {{Power}} of {{Abortion Policy}}: {{Reexamining}} the {{Effects}} of {{Young Women}}'s {{Access}} to {{Reproductive Control}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Power}} of {{Abortion Policy}}},
+  author = {Myers, Caitlin Knowles},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+  volume = {125},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {2178--2224},
+  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
+  doi = {10.1086/694293},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Myklebust2014,
+  title = {Economic Independence among Former Students with Special Educational Needs: Changes and Continuities from Their Late Twenties to Their Mid-Thirties},
+  shorttitle = {Economic Independence among Former Students with Special Educational Needs},
+  author = {Myklebust, Jon Olav and B{\aa}tevik, Finn Ove},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {European Journal of Special Needs Education},
+  volume = {29},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {387--401},
+  issn = {0885-6257, 1469-591X},
+  doi = {10.1080/08856257.2014.922791},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Myrskyla2009,
+  title = {Advances in Development Reverse Fertility Declines},
+  author = {Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko and Kohler, Hans-Peter and Billari, Francesco C.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Nature},
+  volume = {460},
+  number = {7256},
+  pages = {741--743},
+  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
+  doi = {10.1038/nature08230},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24550,6 +28734,23 @@ does NOT lookt at inequality; policy}
 does NOT look at inequality; LM outcomes; policies}
 }
 
+@article{Nagarajan2003,
+  title = {Education, Employment, Insurance, and Marital Status among 694 Survivors of Pediatric Lower Extremity Bone Tumors: {{{\emph{A}}}}{\emph{ Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Education, Employment, Insurance, and Marital Status among 694 Survivors of Pediatric Lower Extremity Bone Tumors},
+  author = {Nagarajan, Rajaram and Neglia, Joseph P. and Clohisy, Denis R. and Yasui, Yutaka and Greenberg, Mark and Hudson, Melissa and Zevon, Michael A. and Tersak, Jean M. and Ablin, Arthur and Robison, Leslie L.},
+  year = {2003},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Cancer},
+  volume = {97},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {2554--2564},
+  issn = {0008-543X, 1097-0142},
+  doi = {10.1002/cncr.11363},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            BACKGROUND               With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors.                                         METHODS               The long-term follow-up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety-four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes.                                         RESULTS               Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance.                                         CONCLUSIONS               Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports. Cancer 2003;10:2554{\textendash}64. {\textcopyright} 2003 American Cancer Society.               DOI 10.1002/cncr.11363                        ,                                            Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage). Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, as was having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional support.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Nagashima-Hayashi2022,
   title = {Gender-{{Based Violence}} in the {{Asia-Pacific Region}} during {{COVID-19}}: {{A Hidden Pandemic}} behind {{Closed Doors}}},
   shorttitle = {Gender-{{Based Violence}} in the {{Asia-Pacific Region}} during {{COVID-19}}},
@@ -24576,7 +28777,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality; LM outcomes; policies}
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08975-0},
-  abstract = {Background The dynamic intersection of a pluralistic health system, large informal sector, and poor regulatory environment have provided conditions favourable for \textbackslash textasciigravecorruption' in the LMICs of south and south-east Asia region. \textbackslash textasciigraveCorruption' works to undermine the UHC goals of achieving equity, quality, and responsiveness including financial protection, especially while delivering frontline health care services. This scoping review examines current situation regarding health sector corruption at frontlines of service delivery in this region, related policy perspectives, and alternative strategies currently being tested to address this pervasive phenomenon. Methods A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was conducted, using three search engines i.e., PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. A total of 15 articles and documents on corruption and 18 on governance were selected for analysis. A PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was filled-in to complete this report. Data were extracted using a pre-designed template and analysed by \textbackslash textasciigravemixed studies review' method. Results Common types of corruption like informal payments, bribery and absenteeism identified in the review have largely financial factors as the underlying cause. Poor salary and benefits, poor incentives and motivation, and poor governance have a damaging impact on health outcomes and the quality of health care services. These result in high out-of-pocket expenditure, erosion of trust in the system, and reduced service utilization. Implementing regulations remain constrained not only due to lack of institutional capacity but also political commitment. Lack of good governance encourage frontline health care providers to bend the rules of law and make centrally designed anti-corruption measures largely in-effective. Alternatively, a few bottom-up community-engaged interventions have been tested showing promising results. The challenge is to scale up the successful ones for measurable impact. Conclusions Corruption and lack of good governance in these countries undermine the delivery of quality essential health care services in an equitable manner, make it costly for the poor and disadvantaged, and results in poor health outcomes. Traditional measures to combat corruption have largely been ineffective, necessitating the need for innovative thinking if UHC is to be achieved by 2030.},
+  abstract = {Background The dynamic intersection of a pluralistic health system, large informal sector, and poor regulatory environment have provided conditions favourable for {\textbackslash}textasciigravecorruption' in the LMICs of south and south-east Asia region. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveCorruption' works to undermine the UHC goals of achieving equity, quality, and responsiveness including financial protection, especially while delivering frontline health care services. This scoping review examines current situation regarding health sector corruption at frontlines of service delivery in this region, related policy perspectives, and alternative strategies currently being tested to address this pervasive phenomenon. Methods A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was conducted, using three search engines i.e., PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. A total of 15 articles and documents on corruption and 18 on governance were selected for analysis. A PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was filled-in to complete this report. Data were extracted using a pre-designed template and analysed by {\textbackslash}textasciigravemixed studies review' method. Results Common types of corruption like informal payments, bribery and absenteeism identified in the review have largely financial factors as the underlying cause. Poor salary and benefits, poor incentives and motivation, and poor governance have a damaging impact on health outcomes and the quality of health care services. These result in high out-of-pocket expenditure, erosion of trust in the system, and reduced service utilization. Implementing regulations remain constrained not only due to lack of institutional capacity but also political commitment. Lack of good governance encourage frontline health care providers to bend the rules of law and make centrally designed anti-corruption measures largely in-effective. Alternatively, a few bottom-up community-engaged interventions have been tested showing promising results. The challenge is to scale up the successful ones for measurable impact. Conclusions Corruption and lack of good governance in these countries undermine the delivery of quality essential health care services in an equitable manner, make it costly for the poor and disadvantaged, and results in poor health outcomes. Traditional measures to combat corruption have largely been ineffective, necessitating the need for innovative thinking if UHC is to be achieved by 2030.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {inequality::income,outcome::social\_protection,review::systematic,TODO},
   note = {looks at effects of corruption on soc protect outcomes}
@@ -24622,7 +28823,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   journal = {JOURNAL OF GENDER STUDIES},
   issn = {0958-9236},
   doi = {10.1080/09589236.2022.2100750},
-  abstract = {Gosta Esping-Andersen (1990), in his ground-breaking book, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, created a decommodification index to classify advanced capitalist countries into the liberal, conservative-corporatist, and social-democratic welfare regimes. One of the most common criticisms of Esping-Andersen's typology by feminists such as Jane Lewis (1992) is that it is \textbackslash textasciigravemale-centric' and did not address women's unpaid work with families. Ann Shola Orloff (1993) has gone a step further in the criticism of Esping-Andersen's typology by addressing women's opportunity to paid employment and the capability to establish and run an independent households. I originally used the framework to analyse the socio-legal dimensions of expenditure in MICs; in this paper, the decommodification index has focused on variables that are on the fiscal side. Theoretically, this paper contributes to gender and social policy discussions on women's access to employment and related entitlements. Empirically, it creates clusters of MICs into three based on latent class analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of economic, social, and legal variables, such as availability of non-tax benefits to private child-care centres, provision of child-care services by the government; tax-deductible payments for child-care; provision of legal-aid for family and criminal issues.},
+  abstract = {Gosta Esping-Andersen (1990), in his ground-breaking book, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, created a decommodification index to classify advanced capitalist countries into the liberal, conservative-corporatist, and social-democratic welfare regimes. One of the most common criticisms of Esping-Andersen's typology by feminists such as Jane Lewis (1992) is that it is {\textbackslash}textasciigravemale-centric' and did not address women's unpaid work with families. Ann Shola Orloff (1993) has gone a step further in the criticism of Esping-Andersen's typology by addressing women's opportunity to paid employment and the capability to establish and run an independent households. I originally used the framework to analyse the socio-legal dimensions of expenditure in MICs; in this paper, the decommodification index has focused on variables that are on the fiscal side. Theoretically, this paper contributes to gender and social policy discussions on women's access to employment and related entitlements. Empirically, it creates clusters of MICs into three based on latent class analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of economic, social, and legal variables, such as availability of non-tax benefits to private child-care centres, provision of child-care services by the government; tax-deductible payments for child-care; provision of legal-aid for family and criminal issues.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24637,7 +28838,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   pages = {520--527},
   issn = {0378-3774},
   doi = {10.1016/j.agwat.2009.05.007},
-  abstract = {Water is critically important to the livelihoods of more than I billion people living on less than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1 a day, particularly for the 850 million rural poor primarily engaged in agriculture. In many developing countries, water is a major factor constraining agricultural output, and income of the world's rural poor. Improved agricultural water management can contribute to poverty reduction through several pathways. First, access to reliable water improves production and productivity, enhances employment opportunities and stabilizes income and consumption. Secondly, it encourages the utilization of other yield-enhancing inputs and allows diversification into high-value products, enhances nonfarm outputs and employment, and fulfils multiple needs of households. Third, it may contribute either negatively or positively to nutritional status, health, societal equity and environment. The net impact of agricultural water management interventions on poverty may depend individually and/or synergistically on the working of these pathways. Improved access to water is essential, but not sufficient for sustained poverty reduction. Investments are needed in agricultural science and technology, policies and institutions, economic reform, addressing global agricultural trade inequities, etc. But how best to match the agricultural water management technologies, institutions and policies to the needs of the heterogeneous poor living in diverse agro-ecological settings remains unclear. This article provides a menu of promising pathways through which agricultural water management can contribute to sustained poverty reduction. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.},
+  abstract = {Water is critically important to the livelihoods of more than I billion people living on less than {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1 a day, particularly for the 850 million rural poor primarily engaged in agriculture. In many developing countries, water is a major factor constraining agricultural output, and income of the world's rural poor. Improved agricultural water management can contribute to poverty reduction through several pathways. First, access to reliable water improves production and productivity, enhances employment opportunities and stabilizes income and consumption. Secondly, it encourages the utilization of other yield-enhancing inputs and allows diversification into high-value products, enhances nonfarm outputs and employment, and fulfils multiple needs of households. Third, it may contribute either negatively or positively to nutritional status, health, societal equity and environment. The net impact of agricultural water management interventions on poverty may depend individually and/or synergistically on the working of these pathways. Improved access to water is essential, but not sufficient for sustained poverty reduction. Investments are needed in agricultural science and technology, policies and institutions, economic reform, addressing global agricultural trade inequities, etc. But how best to match the agricultural water management technologies, institutions and policies to the needs of the heterogeneous poor living in diverse agro-ecological settings remains unclear. This article provides a menu of promising pathways through which agricultural water management can contribute to sustained poverty reduction. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24653,6 +28854,23 @@ does NOT look at}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Nandi2018,
+  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Parental}} and {{Medical Leave Policies}} on {{Socioeconomic}} and {{Health Outcomes}} in {{OECD Countries}}: {{A Systematic Review}} of the {{Empirical Literature}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Parental}} and {{Medical Leave Policies}} on {{Socioeconomic}} and {{Health Outcomes}} in {{OECD Countries}}},
+  author = {Nandi, Arijit and Jahagirdar, Deepa and Dimitris, Michelle C. and Labrecque, Jeremy A. and Strumpf, Erin C. and Kaufman, Jay S. and Vincent, Ilona and Atabay, Efe and Harper, Sam and Earle, Alison and Heymann, S. Jody},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {The Milbank Quarterly},
+  volume = {96},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {434--471},
+  issn = {0887-378X, 1468-0009},
+  doi = {10.1111/1468-0009.12340},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Policy Points:                                                                                                           Historically, reforms that have increased the duration of job-protected paid parental leave have improved women's economic outcomes.                                                                       By targeting the period around childbirth, access to paid parental leave also appears to reduce rates of infant mortality, with breastfeeding representing one potential mechanism.                                                                       The provision of more generous paid leave entitlements in countries that offer unpaid or short durations of paid leave could help families strike a balance between the competing demands of earning income and attending to personal and family well-being.                                                                                                                                        Context               Policies legislating paid leave from work for new parents, and to attend to individual and family illness, are common across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, there exists no comprehensive review of their potential impacts on economic, social, and health outcomes.                                         Methods               We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on paid leave and socioeconomic and health outcomes. We reviewed 5,538 abstracts and selected 85 published papers on the impact of parental leave policies, 22 papers on the impact of medical leave policies, and 2 papers that evaluated both types of policies. We synthesized the main findings through a narrative description; a meta-analysis was precluded by heterogeneity in policy attributes, policy changes, outcomes, and study designs.                                         Findings               We were able to draw several conclusions about the impact of parental leave policies. First, extensions in the duration of paid parental leave to between 6 and 12 months were accompanied by attendant increases in leave-taking and longer durations of leave. Second, there was little evidence that extending the duration of paid leave had negative employment or economic consequences. Third, unpaid leave does not appear to confer the same benefits as paid leave. Fourth, from a population health perspective, increases in paid parental leave were consistently associated with better infant and child health, particularly in terms of lower mortality rates. Fifth, paid paternal leave policies of adequate length and generosity have induced fathers to take additional time off from work following the birth of a child. How medical leave policies for personal or family illness influence health has not been widely studied.                                         Conclusions               There is substantial quasi-experimental evidence to support expansions in the duration of job-protected paid parental leave as an instrument for supporting women's labor force participation, safeguarding women's incomes and earnings, and improving child survival. This has implications, in particular, for countries that offer shorter durations of job-protected paid leave or lack a national paid leave entitlement altogether.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Nandy2021,
   title = {India's {{Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme}} - {{How}} Does It Influence Seasonal Rural out-Migration Decisions?},
   author = {Nandy, Amarendu and Tiwari, Chhavi and Kundu, Sayantan},
@@ -24679,7 +28897,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   pages = {179--197},
   issn = {1874-897X},
   doi = {10.1007/s12187-021-09861-w},
-  abstract = {Childcare has an influence on child morbidity and survival. It has an effect on children's development potential, especially during the first five years of life. This study examined the relationship between child care arrangements and the wellbeing of children under five years whose mothers worked away from home, using survey data collected from 804 households in Wakiso District of Central Uganda. Chi-squared tests and regression analysis were used to examine the association between child wellbeing and other explanatory variables, including child care arrangements. Results showed that 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children were under the care of relatives and 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% were in multiple child care arrangements. Concerning caregivers, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% were female, 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% were resident caregivers and only 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% had no formal education. Results further show that 17\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children of the urban working women were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. Child wellbeing varied significantly by sex of the caregiver, religion of the mother and household wealth. Children that had female caregivers, in the middle and rich wealth quantiles and those with Pentecostal or Seventh-day Adventist mothers had better health outcomes than other children. Interventions aimed at improving the health of children of employed women should enhance the socioeconomic status of households, especially those in the poorest category. The study highlights a need to provide childcare training for men, as well as the importance of overcoming barriers that deter men's participation in childcare work.},
+  abstract = {Childcare has an influence on child morbidity and survival. It has an effect on children's development potential, especially during the first five years of life. This study examined the relationship between child care arrangements and the wellbeing of children under five years whose mothers worked away from home, using survey data collected from 804 households in Wakiso District of Central Uganda. Chi-squared tests and regression analysis were used to examine the association between child wellbeing and other explanatory variables, including child care arrangements. Results showed that 52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the children were under the care of relatives and 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were in multiple child care arrangements. Concerning caregivers, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were female, 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were resident caregivers and only 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had no formal education. Results further show that 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the children of the urban working women were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. Child wellbeing varied significantly by sex of the caregiver, religion of the mother and household wealth. Children that had female caregivers, in the middle and rich wealth quantiles and those with Pentecostal or Seventh-day Adventist mothers had better health outcomes than other children. Interventions aimed at improving the health of children of employed women should enhance the socioeconomic status of households, especially those in the poorest category. The study highlights a need to provide childcare training for men, as well as the importance of overcoming barriers that deter men's participation in childcare work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24736,7 +28954,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   pages = {167--198},
   issn = {0213-8093},
   doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.89.10008},
-  abstract = {Recent years have shown rapid and profound changes in work organization and job content, materialized in new schemes of economic and labor nature, such as the increasingly common outsourcing or subcontracting of workforce. This trend has contributed to the emergence of dependent self-employed workers, who perform their work responsibilities in a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegray area\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace between paid and self-employment. The concept of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedependent self-employed\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has also been used to label several labor practices or new forms of precarious freelance or professional activities, and although the terminology may vary, it is a clear and well-known reality in Europe. Despite this fact, there seems to be little empirical evidence about its specific characteristics and nuances. The present work aims to study the main labor characteristics of dependent self-employed workers-individuals with civil or commercial contracts who perform their economic activities depending on or integrated into the company they work for-in the current context of the European Union; to this end, a comparative analysis is conducted to differentiate or associate the profiles of three collectives: salaried employees, and dependent and traditional self-employed workers. Additionally, working conditions of the three groups considered are examined in order to show the specific particularities between them. The initial premise is intended to face the two groups of self-employed workers to elucidate whether such advantages remain or disappear for dependent self-employed subjects. After an initial bivariate analysis, the working conditions of the three groups under investigation have been compared in pairs: salaried employees, and dependents (false) self-employed and and non-dependent (traditional) self-employed workers. The statistical approach used to fulfill the objectives of this work is based on the binary logistic regression model, a particular regression models with dichotomous response. This statistical technique allows the development of a logit model to study the probability of the occurrence of an investigated event -e.g. being part of the autonomous collective-versus the probability of occurrence of the opposite event -e.g. being hire as a salaried employee-, according to a set of variables that bibliographic review has identified as related to the phenomenon under analysis: individual characteristics, organizational factors, and attitudinal variables. It had been used a sample of 2409 subjects has been obtained from the fifth European Survey on Working Conditions and broken down into three groups: dependent self-employed, independent self-employed, and salaried workers. The results point out that there is a common core in terms of those factors that discriminate between self-employed workers and jobholders; however, there are some nuances that distinguish and define each group of self-employed individuals with regard to salaried employees. In comparison to wage employment, self-employment presents more precarious extrinsic working conditions - kind of working day, type of economic activity, level of income, etc.- which are compensated, to some extent, by certain elements of intrinsic reward such as greater flexibility or the content of work itself. Three logistic regression models are proposed to identify the profile of self-employed subjects both false and traditional-from salaried employees, as well as to compare the working conditions of self-employed workers with each other. So first, we confront the two types of self-employed workers with salaried employees. When comparing both, it is observed that there is a common core with regard to the factors that differentiate between the self-employed workers and salaried employees: among the former, part-time occupations are more frequent, which does not prevent them from working more hours a week, even at weekend, although they enjoy more flexibility in deciding their working schedule; they are also less likely to work in shifts and have greater autonomy over the content of their economic activities compared to salaried employees. Finally, agricultural work is more common among self-employed people, as well as receiving lower remunerations. The weekly work hours of false self-employed subjects are higher than those of the salaried job-holders, while they are more likely to be forced to work on the weekend and less to do shift works. In addition, the probability for a false self-employed subject to earn below average income is almost triple than that of a salaried employee. This vulnerable position is partly amended by the presence of other elements of intrinsic compensation that dependent self-employed workers - in contrast to wage jobholders-enjoy, such as more flexibility in deciding their working hours or a greater autonomy over the content of their occupational activity. These workers provide their services more frequently in the construction and, above all, agricultural sector. Finally, despite the precariousness of their working conditions, false self-employed people are much more involved with their occupations than those employed by others. All these results are significant at the 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% level; for this level of significance, the logistic regression model indicates that the rest of the variables, that have independently showed a significant relationship with the type of work, no longer bear it when it comes to evaluating its overall impact. Besides that, we compare non-dependent self-employed subjects with salaried employees, incorporates two personal variables so that the former are more likely to be older men than the latter. As regards working conditions, non-dependent self-employed people work more part-time, as well as many more hours a week and even at weekends, which is associated with lower monthly incomes than those paid to salaried employees. Model 3 establishes a comparison between the two types of self-employed workers. The profile of a false self-employed subject happens to be a woman who performs a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblue-collar\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace job for a smaller number of hours per week than that completed by the non-dependent self-employed ones, and with a lower income as well. What is more, the component of time flexibility and autonomy over the occupational activities disappears among the false self-employed people when comparing to the rest of self-employed workers. Similarly, the probability for a dependent self-employed subject to work in the agriculture sector is more than double than that of a non-dependent self-employed one. Despite the situation, the only actitudinal variable that differentiates both groups is the lower degree of job stress shown by false self-employed people. False self-employed workers constitute a collective of great interest to the labor market. Many companies began to resort to this figure in the hardest years of the crisis, justifying it as a lesser evil. However, some of these firms have ended up implementing this kind of external recruitement as a regular practice; a labor strategy oriented towards saving costs. More often than desirable, false self-employed workers perform the same activity as their peers with contracts, but lack the rights stated in the labor law for salaried employees. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective. On the one hand, problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject. On the other hand, the very situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased information. Nonetheless, it is less common for non-dependent self-employed to work shift or night shift. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective. Problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject and the very situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased information. Managerial changes have to be focused on the individuals and the values that might help them progress to a new organizational culture where the delegation of authority, open communication systems, participation, collaboration, and continuous learning - among others-prevail. This ideal scenario is clouded by the use of outsourcing, sometimes even fraudulent, as an instrument to circumvent conventional and legal employment contracts. The paradox is that other forces could unbalance the alleged savings attributable to the use of these new forms of work organization. By incorporating new rules to the occupational arena, which smear the organizational board where labor relations within the company are settled, the virus of distrust is inoculated among workers, both those who are subjected to the coercion of dependent self-employment and those who remain in the company being suspicious that they can be selected and reorganized as well at any time. This process irreversibly contaminates the values on which workers sustain their daily behavior, affecting in one way or another the business competitiveness.},
+  abstract = {Recent years have shown rapid and profound changes in work organization and job content, materialized in new schemes of economic and labor nature, such as the increasingly common outsourcing or subcontracting of workforce. This trend has contributed to the emergence of dependent self-employed workers, who perform their work responsibilities in a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegray area{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace between paid and self-employment. The concept of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedependent self-employed{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has also been used to label several labor practices or new forms of precarious freelance or professional activities, and although the terminology may vary, it is a clear and well-known reality in Europe. Despite this fact, there seems to be little empirical evidence about its specific characteristics and nuances. The present work aims to study the main labor characteristics of dependent self-employed workers-individuals with civil or commercial contracts who perform their economic activities depending on or integrated into the company they work for-in the current context of the European Union; to this end, a comparative analysis is conducted to differentiate or associate the profiles of three collectives: salaried employees, and dependent and traditional self-employed workers. Additionally, working conditions of the three groups considered are examined in order to show the specific particularities between them. The initial premise is intended to face the two groups of self-employed workers to elucidate whether such advantages remain or disappear for dependent self-employed subjects. After an initial bivariate analysis, the working conditions of the three groups under investigation have been compared in pairs: salaried employees, and dependents (false) self-employed and and non-dependent (traditional) self-employed workers. The statistical approach used to fulfill the objectives of this work is based on the binary logistic regression model, a particular regression models with dichotomous response. This statistical technique allows the development of a logit model to study the probability of the occurrence of an investigated event -e.g. being part of the autonomous collective-versus the probability of occurrence of the opposite event -e.g. being hire as a salaried employee-, according to a set of variables that bibliographic review has identified as related to the phenomenon under analysis: individual characteristics, organizational factors, and attitudinal variables. It had been used a sample of 2409 subjects has been obtained from the fifth European Survey on Working Conditions and broken down into three groups: dependent self-employed, independent self-employed, and salaried workers. The results point out that there is a common core in terms of those factors that discriminate between self-employed workers and jobholders; however, there are some nuances that distinguish and define each group of self-employed individuals with regard to salaried employees. In comparison to wage employment, self-employment presents more precarious extrinsic working conditions - kind of working day, type of economic activity, level of income, etc.- which are compensated, to some extent, by certain elements of intrinsic reward such as greater flexibility or the content of work itself. Three logistic regression models are proposed to identify the profile of self-employed subjects both false and traditional-from salaried employees, as well as to compare the working conditions of self-employed workers with each other. So first, we confront the two types of self-employed workers with salaried employees. When comparing both, it is observed that there is a common core with regard to the factors that differentiate between the self-employed workers and salaried employees: among the former, part-time occupations are more frequent, which does not prevent them from working more hours a week, even at weekend, although they enjoy more flexibility in deciding their working schedule; they are also less likely to work in shifts and have greater autonomy over the content of their economic activities compared to salaried employees. Finally, agricultural work is more common among self-employed people, as well as receiving lower remunerations. The weekly work hours of false self-employed subjects are higher than those of the salaried job-holders, while they are more likely to be forced to work on the weekend and less to do shift works. In addition, the probability for a false self-employed subject to earn below average income is almost triple than that of a salaried employee. This vulnerable position is partly amended by the presence of other elements of intrinsic compensation that dependent self-employed workers - in contrast to wage jobholders-enjoy, such as more flexibility in deciding their working hours or a greater autonomy over the content of their occupational activity. These workers provide their services more frequently in the construction and, above all, agricultural sector. Finally, despite the precariousness of their working conditions, false self-employed people are much more involved with their occupations than those employed by others. All these results are significant at the 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% level; for this level of significance, the logistic regression model indicates that the rest of the variables, that have independently showed a significant relationship with the type of work, no longer bear it when it comes to evaluating its overall impact. Besides that, we compare non-dependent self-employed subjects with salaried employees, incorporates two personal variables so that the former are more likely to be older men than the latter. As regards working conditions, non-dependent self-employed people work more part-time, as well as many more hours a week and even at weekends, which is associated with lower monthly incomes than those paid to salaried employees. Model 3 establishes a comparison between the two types of self-employed workers. The profile of a false self-employed subject happens to be a woman who performs a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblue-collar{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace job for a smaller number of hours per week than that completed by the non-dependent self-employed ones, and with a lower income as well. What is more, the component of time flexibility and autonomy over the occupational activities disappears among the false self-employed people when comparing to the rest of self-employed workers. Similarly, the probability for a dependent self-employed subject to work in the agriculture sector is more than double than that of a non-dependent self-employed one. Despite the situation, the only actitudinal variable that differentiates both groups is the lower degree of job stress shown by false self-employed people. False self-employed workers constitute a collective of great interest to the labor market. Many companies began to resort to this figure in the hardest years of the crisis, justifying it as a lesser evil. However, some of these firms have ended up implementing this kind of external recruitement as a regular practice; a labor strategy oriented towards saving costs. More often than desirable, false self-employed workers perform the same activity as their peers with contracts, but lack the rights stated in the labor law for salaried employees. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective. On the one hand, problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject. On the other hand, the very situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased information. Nonetheless, it is less common for non-dependent self-employed to work shift or night shift. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective. Problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject and the very situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased information. Managerial changes have to be focused on the individuals and the values that might help them progress to a new organizational culture where the delegation of authority, open communication systems, participation, collaboration, and continuous learning - among others-prevail. This ideal scenario is clouded by the use of outsourcing, sometimes even fraudulent, as an instrument to circumvent conventional and legal employment contracts. The paradox is that other forces could unbalance the alleged savings attributable to the use of these new forms of work organization. By incorporating new rules to the occupational arena, which smear the organizational board where labor relations within the company are settled, the virus of distrust is inoculated among workers, both those who are subjected to the coercion of dependent self-employment and those who remain in the company being suspicious that they can be selected and reorganized as well at any time. This process irreversibly contaminates the values on which workers sustain their daily behavior, affecting in one way or another the business competitiveness.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -24760,7 +28978,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   author = {Navarro, V and Shi, {\relax LY}},
   year = {2001},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {52},
   number = {3},
   pages = {481--491},
@@ -24805,7 +29023,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   author = {Ndimbii, James and Guise, Andy and Igonya, Emmy Kageha and Owiti, Frederick and Strathdee, Steffanie and Rhodes, Tim},
   year = {2021},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {SUBSTANCE USE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MISUSE},
+  journal = {SUBSTANCE USE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MISUSE},
   volume = {56},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1312--1319},
@@ -24839,7 +29057,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   pages = {463--473},
   issn = {0002-9432},
   doi = {10.1037/ort0000626},
-  abstract = {Public Policy Relevance Statement In the wake of COVID-19 and shift to remote platforms, little is known about the telehealth implementation experiences of social service providers who work with Latinx immigrants, an underserved group with limited accessibility to reliable internet or computers. Findings suggest that the lack of a clear and coordinated federal, local, or organizational response led social service providers to work beyond the scope of their routine duties to navigate unreliable remote platforms to meet the rising needs of their Latinx immigrant clients, which impacted work-related stress and satisfaction. The urgent development of more equitable and accessible models of telehealth is critical in the face of exacerbating disparities in the health and social consequences of COVID-19 among Latinx immigrants. The COVID-19 pandemic radically altered social service provision with significant public health implications as social services often target society's most vulnerable with preventative health services addressing social determinants of health. Social service providers serve as crucial linkages to services for low-income Latinx immigrants who face substantial barriers to health and social care. However, little is known regarding how social service providers working with Latinx immigrants navigated service delivery and the rapid transition to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. This mixed-methods (QUAL-quant; capitalization denotes primacy) study used survey data collected from April 2020 to October 2020 with Latinx immigrant serving as social service providers in the Maryland-Washington, DC, region. Social ecological theory guided the analysis of narrative data and the integration of quantitative data with qualitative themes. Participants (N = 41) were majority women (85.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), identified as Latinx (48.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and elucidated themes related to their transition to telehealth, including adjusting from in-person to telehealth, barriers to telehealth implementation, impact on quality of services, working to prevent clients' disconnection to social services, and work-related stress and satisfaction. Through the firsthand experiences of frontline social service providers, results reveal conditions of scarcity endemic in social services for Latinx immigrants that preexisted the pandemic and became further constrained during a time of heightened health and social need. Further, critical insights regarding the use of remote modalities with vulnerable populations (language minorities and immigrants) can be instructive in the development of improved and accessible telehealth and remote programming and services for Latinx immigrants.},
+  abstract = {Public Policy Relevance Statement In the wake of COVID-19 and shift to remote platforms, little is known about the telehealth implementation experiences of social service providers who work with Latinx immigrants, an underserved group with limited accessibility to reliable internet or computers. Findings suggest that the lack of a clear and coordinated federal, local, or organizational response led social service providers to work beyond the scope of their routine duties to navigate unreliable remote platforms to meet the rising needs of their Latinx immigrant clients, which impacted work-related stress and satisfaction. The urgent development of more equitable and accessible models of telehealth is critical in the face of exacerbating disparities in the health and social consequences of COVID-19 among Latinx immigrants. The COVID-19 pandemic radically altered social service provision with significant public health implications as social services often target society's most vulnerable with preventative health services addressing social determinants of health. Social service providers serve as crucial linkages to services for low-income Latinx immigrants who face substantial barriers to health and social care. However, little is known regarding how social service providers working with Latinx immigrants navigated service delivery and the rapid transition to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. This mixed-methods (QUAL-quant; capitalization denotes primacy) study used survey data collected from April 2020 to October 2020 with Latinx immigrant serving as social service providers in the Maryland-Washington, DC, region. Social ecological theory guided the analysis of narrative data and the integration of quantitative data with qualitative themes. Participants (N = 41) were majority women (85.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), identified as Latinx (48.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and elucidated themes related to their transition to telehealth, including adjusting from in-person to telehealth, barriers to telehealth implementation, impact on quality of services, working to prevent clients' disconnection to social services, and work-related stress and satisfaction. Through the firsthand experiences of frontline social service providers, results reveal conditions of scarcity endemic in social services for Latinx immigrants that preexisted the pandemic and became further constrained during a time of heightened health and social need. Further, critical insights regarding the use of remote modalities with vulnerable populations (language minorities and immigrants) can be instructive in the development of improved and accessible telehealth and remote programming and services for Latinx immigrants.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24914,7 +29132,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X},
   doi = {10.1177/001979390405800102},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Living wage laws are touted as anti-poverty measures. Yet they apply to only a small fraction of workers, most commonly covering only employers with city contracts. The apparent contradiction between broad anti-poverty goals and narrow coverage suggests that goals other than poverty reduction may partly underlie living wage campaigns. This paper considers the hypothesis that living wage laws act to maintain or increase rents among unionized municipal workers. By raising the wages that city contractors would have to pay, living wage laws may reduce the incentives for cities to contract out work that would otherwise be done by unionized municipal employees, hence increasing the bargaining power of municipal unions and leading to higher wages for their members. The evidence presented here, from an analysis of CPS data for 1996\textendash 2000, indicates that the wages of unionized municipal workers are indeed increased as a result of living wage laws covering contractors.},
+  abstract = {Living wage laws are touted as anti-poverty measures. Yet they apply to only a small fraction of workers, most commonly covering only employers with city contracts. The apparent contradiction between broad anti-poverty goals and narrow coverage suggests that goals other than poverty reduction may partly underlie living wage campaigns. This paper considers the hypothesis that living wage laws act to maintain or increase rents among unionized municipal workers. By raising the wages that city contractors would have to pay, living wage laws may reduce the incentives for cities to contract out work that would otherwise be done by unionized municipal employees, hence increasing the bargaining power of municipal unions and leading to higher wages for their members. The evidence presented here, from an analysis of CPS data for 1996{\textendash}2000, indicates that the wages of unionized municipal workers are indeed increased as a result of living wage laws covering contractors.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -24971,10 +29189,23 @@ does NOT look at}
   pages = {223--233},
   issn = {0167-6806},
   doi = {10.1007/s10549-022-06704-2},
-  abstract = {Purpose Over 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of breast cancer patients prescribed a 5-year course of daily oral adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) are nonadherent. We investigated the role of costs and cancer medication delivery mode and other medication delivery factors on adherence. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of commercially insured and Medicare advantage patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in 2007-2015 who initiated ET. We examined the association between 12-month ET adherence (proportion of days covered by fills {$>$}= 0.80) and ET copayments, 90-day prescription refill use, mail order pharmacy use, number of pharmacies, and synchronization of medications. We used regression models to estimate nonadherence risk ratios adjusted for demographics (age, income, race, urbanicity), comorbidities, total medications, primary cancer treatments, and generic AI availability. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using alternative specifications for independent variables. Results Mail order users had higher adherence in both commercial and Medicare-insured cohorts. Commercially insured patients who used mail order were more likely to be adherent if they had low copayments ({$<$} \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5) and 90-day prescription refills. For commercially insured patients who used local pharmacies, use of one pharmacy and better synchronized refills were also associated with adherence. Among Medicare patients who used mail order pharmacies, only low copayments were associated with adherence, while among Medicare patients using local pharmacies both low copayments and 90-day prescriptions were associated with ET adherence. Conclusion Out-of-pocket costs, medication delivery mode, and other pharmacy-related medication delivery factors are associated with adherence to breast cancer ET. Future work should investigate whether interventions aimed at streamlining medication delivery could improve adherence for breast cancer patients.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Over 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of breast cancer patients prescribed a 5-year course of daily oral adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) are nonadherent. We investigated the role of costs and cancer medication delivery mode and other medication delivery factors on adherence. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of commercially insured and Medicare advantage patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in 2007-2015 who initiated ET. We examined the association between 12-month ET adherence (proportion of days covered by fills {$>$}= 0.80) and ET copayments, 90-day prescription refill use, mail order pharmacy use, number of pharmacies, and synchronization of medications. We used regression models to estimate nonadherence risk ratios adjusted for demographics (age, income, race, urbanicity), comorbidities, total medications, primary cancer treatments, and generic AI availability. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using alternative specifications for independent variables. Results Mail order users had higher adherence in both commercial and Medicare-insured cohorts. Commercially insured patients who used mail order were more likely to be adherent if they had low copayments ({$<$} {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar5) and 90-day prescription refills. For commercially insured patients who used local pharmacies, use of one pharmacy and better synchronized refills were also associated with adherence. Among Medicare patients who used mail order pharmacies, only low copayments were associated with adherence, while among Medicare patients using local pharmacies both low copayments and 90-day prescriptions were associated with ET adherence. Conclusion Out-of-pocket costs, medication delivery mode, and other pharmacy-related medication delivery factors are associated with adherence to breast cancer ET. Future work should investigate whether interventions aimed at streamlining medication delivery could improve adherence for breast cancer patients.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Nevala-Puranen1999,
+  title = {[{{No}} Title Found]},
+  author = {{Nevala-Puranen}, Nina and Seuri, Markku and Simola, Ahti and Elo, Jyrki},
+  year = {1999},
+  journal = {Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {215--225},
+  issn = {10530487},
+  doi = {10.1023/A:1021375500867},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Nevala2015,
   title = {Workplace {{Accommodation Among Persons}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{A Systematic Review}} of {{Its Effectiveness}} and {{Barriers}} or {{Facilitators}}},
   author = {Nevala, Nina and Pehkonen, Irmeli and Koskela, Inka and Ruusuvuori, Johanna and Anttila, Heidi},
@@ -24988,7 +29219,7 @@ does NOT look at}
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-014-9548-z},
   abstract = {Purpose A systematic review was conducted to review the effectiveness of workplace accommodation (WA) regarding employment, work ability, and cost-benefit among disabled people. It also describes the evidence gained on the barriers and facilitators of WA process to sustain employment. Methods We reviewed systematically current scientific evidence about effectiveness of WA among disabled persons. The outcomes were employment, work ability, and cost-benefit. Qualitative studies of employment facilitators and barriers were also included. The population comprised people with physical disability, visual impairment, hearing impairment, cognitive disability, or mental disability, aged 18-68 years. CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Medic, OTseeker, PEDro, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 1990 to November 2012. Results Three quantitative (one randomized controlled, one concurrently controlled, and one cohort) and eight qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. There was moderate evidence that specific types of WA (vocational counselling and guidance, education and self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, and special transportation) promote employment among physically disabled persons and reduce costs. There was low evidence that WA (liaison, education, work aids, and work techniques) coordinated by case managers increases return to work and is cost-effective when compared with the usual care of persons with physical and cognitive disabilities. The key facilitators and barriers of employment were self-advocacy, support of the employer and community, amount of training and counselling, and flexibility of work schedules and work organization. Conclusions More high-quality studies using validated measures of the work ability and functioning of disabled persons are needed. The identified barriers and facilitators found in the qualitative studies should be used to develop quantitative study designs.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
   note = {systematic review looking at effectiveness of workplace accommodation (vocational counselling/guidance, education/self-advocacy, help of others, changes in work schedules, work organization, special transportation) on employment, work ability, cost-benefit, rtw (n=11)
 \par
 main findings:
@@ -25001,6 +29232,21 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/V3KT5P2Z/Nevala et al_2015_Workplace Accommodation Among Persons with Disabilities.pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Newman2014,
+  title = {Time to Address Gender Discrimination and Inequality in the Health Workforce},
+  author = {Newman, Constance},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Human Resources for Health},
+  volume = {12},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {25},
+  issn = {1478-4491},
+  doi = {10.1186/1478-4491-12-25},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Newman2023,
   title = {Systemic Structural Gender Discrimination and Inequality in the Health Workforce: Theoretical Lenses for Gender Analysis, Multi-Country Evidence and Implications for Implementation and {{HRH}} Policy},
   author = {Newman, Constance and Nayebare, Alice and Gacko, Ndeye Mingue Ndiate Ndiaye and Okello, Patrick and Gueye, Abdou and Bijou, Sujata and Ba, Selly and Gaye, Sokhna and Coumba, N'deye and Gueye, Babacar and Dial, Yankouba and N'doye, Maimouna},
@@ -25015,7 +29261,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o
 }
 
 @article{Ng2015,
-  title = {{{BEING POOR IN A RICH}} \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveNANNY STATE}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{DEVELOPMENTS IN SINGAPORE SOCIAL WELFARE}}},
+  title = {{{BEING POOR IN A RICH}} {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveNANNY STATE}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{DEVELOPMENTS IN SINGAPORE SOCIAL WELFARE}}},
   author = {Ng, Irene Y. H.},
   year = {2015},
   month = aug,
@@ -25239,7 +29485,7 @@ does NOT look at policies specific to WoW}
   author = {Nieto, Adrian},
   year = {2021},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
   volume = {183},
   pages = {654--680},
   issn = {0167-2681},
@@ -25259,7 +29505,7 @@ does NOT look at policies specific to WoW}
   pages = {3--20},
   issn = {0001-6993},
   doi = {10.1177/0001699316654528},
-  abstract = {This article shows that women's rising earnings contributed to reducing inequality in household earnings, with respect to couples. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) on 1,148,762 coupled households, covering 18 OECD countries and the period from 1973 to 2013. In this period, women's share of household earnings grew, spouses' earnings became more strongly and positively correlated in various countries, and inequality in women's earnings was reduced. Inequality in household earnings increased due to the rising correlation between spouses' earnings, but was reduced more by the decline of inequality in women's earnings. Had women's earnings remained unchanged since the 1970s and 1980s, inequality in household earnings would have been higher around 2010 in all observed OECD countries. Household inequality was reduced least by trends in women's earnings in countries with a long history of high female labor-force participation, such as Finland (3\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction) and Sweden (5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and most in countries that observed a stronger increase in female labor-force participation in recent decades such as Spain (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and the Netherlands (41\textbackslash textbackslash\%). As more countries are reaching a plateau in the growth of women's employment and earnings, the potential for further stimulating women's employment and earnings to counter both women's and household inequality seems to be increasingly limited.},
+  abstract = {This article shows that women's rising earnings contributed to reducing inequality in household earnings, with respect to couples. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) on 1,148,762 coupled households, covering 18 OECD countries and the period from 1973 to 2013. In this period, women's share of household earnings grew, spouses' earnings became more strongly and positively correlated in various countries, and inequality in women's earnings was reduced. Inequality in household earnings increased due to the rising correlation between spouses' earnings, but was reduced more by the decline of inequality in women's earnings. Had women's earnings remained unchanged since the 1970s and 1980s, inequality in household earnings would have been higher around 2010 in all observed OECD countries. Household inequality was reduced least by trends in women's earnings in countries with a long history of high female labor-force participation, such as Finland (3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reduction) and Sweden (5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and most in countries that observed a stronger increase in female labor-force participation in recent decades such as Spain (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and the Netherlands (41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). As more countries are reaching a plateau in the growth of women's employment and earnings, the potential for further stimulating women's employment and earnings to counter both women's and household inequality seems to be increasingly limited.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25283,7 +29529,7 @@ does NOT look at policies specific to WoW}
   author = {Nieuwenhuis, Rense},
   year = {2022},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
+  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {808--826},
@@ -25297,13 +29543,13 @@ does NOT look at policies specific to WoW}
   title = {Concepts of Access for People with Learning Difficulties: Towards a Shared Understanding},
   author = {Nind, Melanie and Seale, Jane},
   year = {2009},
-  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {DISABILITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {24},
   number = {3},
   pages = {273--287},
   issn = {0968-7599},
   doi = {10.1080/09687590902789446},
-  abstract = {This article explores both the process and outcomes of a seminar series on the concept of access for people with learning difficulties. The seminar topics chosen to foster dialogue across professional and disciplinary boundaries included access to information, education, employment, the law, health, leisure, community, past histories and future plans. The seminars brought together people with learning difficulties and their support workers, researchers and professionals, to examine the expert knowledge of people with learning difficulties in negotiating access, the role of practitioners in mediating access and the contribution of research to understanding access. The aim was to develop a rich, shared understanding of the concept of access for people with learning difficulties. However, a huge amount of \textbackslash textasciigraveaccess work' had to be done to achieve this. The article discusses that access work and proposes a multidimensional model of access and ways of promoting it.},
+  abstract = {This article explores both the process and outcomes of a seminar series on the concept of access for people with learning difficulties. The seminar topics chosen to foster dialogue across professional and disciplinary boundaries included access to information, education, employment, the law, health, leisure, community, past histories and future plans. The seminars brought together people with learning difficulties and their support workers, researchers and professionals, to examine the expert knowledge of people with learning difficulties in negotiating access, the role of practitioners in mediating access and the contribution of research to understanding access. The aim was to develop a rich, shared understanding of the concept of access for people with learning difficulties. However, a huge amount of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveaccess work' had to be done to achieve this. The article discusses that access work and proposes a multidimensional model of access and ways of promoting it.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25318,7 +29564,7 @@ does NOT look at policies specific to WoW}
   pages = {661--684},
   publisher = {{Wiley}},
   doi = {10.1111/roiw.12240},
-  abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975\textendash 2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}},
+  abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975{\textendash}2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}},
   langid = {english},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CP9LILE2/Niño-Zarazúa et al_2017_Global Inequality.pdf}
 }
@@ -25360,7 +29606,7 @@ does NOT look at policies specific to WoW}
   volume = {2023},
   number = {2},
   doi = {10.1093/hropen/hoad007},
-  abstract = {STUDY QUESTION What are the direct costs of assisted reproductive technology (ART), and how affordable is it for patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Direct medical costs paid by patients for infertility treatment are significantly higher than annual average income and GDP per capita, pointing to unaffordability and the risk of catastrophic expenditure for those in need. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Infertility treatment is largely inaccessible to many people in LMICs. Our analysis shows that no study in LMICs has previously compared ART medical costs across countries in international dollar terms (US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollarPPP) or correlated the medical costs with economic indicators, financing mechanisms, and policy regulations. Previous systematic reviews on costs have been limited to high-income countries while those in LMICs have only focussed on descriptive analyses of these costs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EconLit, PsycINFO, Latin American \textbackslash textbackslash\& Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and grey literature for studies published in all languages from LMICs between 2001 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The primary outcome of interest was direct medical costs paid by patients for one ART cycle. To gauge ART affordability, direct medical costs were correlated with the GDP per capita or average income of respective countries. ART regulations and public financing mechanisms were analyzed to provide information on the healthcare contexts in the countries. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Integrated Quality Criteria for Review of Multiple Study designs. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of the 4062 studies identified, 26 studies from 17 countries met the inclusion criteria. There were wide disparities across countries in the direct medical costs paid by patients for ART ranging from USD2109 to USD18 592. Relative ART costs and GDP per capita showed a negative correlation, with the costs in Africa and South-East Asia being on average up to 200\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the GDP per capita. Lower relative costs in the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean regions were associated with the presence of ART regulations and government financing mechanisms. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Several included studies were not primarily designed to examine the cost of ART and thus lacked comprehensive details of the costs. However, a sensitivity analysis showed that exclusion of studies with below the minimum quality score did not change the conclusions on the outcome of interest. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Governments in LMICs should devise appropriate ART regulatory policies and implement effective mechanisms for public financing of fertility care to improve equity in access. The findings of this review should inform advocacy for ART regulatory frameworks in LMICs and the integration of infertility treatment as an essential service under universal health coverage. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work received funding from the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a cosponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors declare no competing interests.},
+  abstract = {STUDY QUESTION What are the direct costs of assisted reproductive technology (ART), and how affordable is it for patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Direct medical costs paid by patients for infertility treatment are significantly higher than annual average income and GDP per capita, pointing to unaffordability and the risk of catastrophic expenditure for those in need. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Infertility treatment is largely inaccessible to many people in LMICs. Our analysis shows that no study in LMICs has previously compared ART medical costs across countries in international dollar terms (US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollarPPP) or correlated the medical costs with economic indicators, financing mechanisms, and policy regulations. Previous systematic reviews on costs have been limited to high-income countries while those in LMICs have only focussed on descriptive analyses of these costs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EconLit, PsycINFO, Latin American {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and grey literature for studies published in all languages from LMICs between 2001 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The primary outcome of interest was direct medical costs paid by patients for one ART cycle. To gauge ART affordability, direct medical costs were correlated with the GDP per capita or average income of respective countries. ART regulations and public financing mechanisms were analyzed to provide information on the healthcare contexts in the countries. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Integrated Quality Criteria for Review of Multiple Study designs. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of the 4062 studies identified, 26 studies from 17 countries met the inclusion criteria. There were wide disparities across countries in the direct medical costs paid by patients for ART ranging from USD2109 to USD18 592. Relative ART costs and GDP per capita showed a negative correlation, with the costs in Africa and South-East Asia being on average up to 200{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the GDP per capita. Lower relative costs in the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean regions were associated with the presence of ART regulations and government financing mechanisms. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Several included studies were not primarily designed to examine the cost of ART and thus lacked comprehensive details of the costs. However, a sensitivity analysis showed that exclusion of studies with below the minimum quality score did not change the conclusions on the outcome of interest. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Governments in LMICs should devise appropriate ART regulatory policies and implement effective mechanisms for public financing of fertility care to improve equity in access. The findings of this review should inform advocacy for ART regulatory frameworks in LMICs and the integration of infertility treatment as an essential service under universal health coverage. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work received funding from the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a cosponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors declare no competing interests.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::systematic},
   note = {looking at medical treatment cost effectiveness
@@ -25379,7 +29625,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {484--494},
   issn = {1072-7515},
   doi = {10.1097/XCS.0000000000000530},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Investing in continued medical education strengthens surgical systems. This study assessed the effectiveness of an evidence-based practice (EBP) tutorial and access to UpToDate (UTD) to improve EBP and understand how and why providers practice using evidence.STUDY DESIGN: This is a mixed-methods, implementation study at 9 public hospitals in Peru consisting of a didactic session for surgeons on EBP and Google Translate and support of applications for UTD access. Change in clinical knowledge scores (CKS), access and use of UTD, and impact of language pre-and postintervention were measured. Qualitative interviews uncovered rea-sons for these changes.RESULTS: Intervention participants had lower CKS at follow-up compared with baseline (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR] of higher score 0.41 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.18,0.98]; p = 0.044), and this effect was modified (p = 0.003) to the extent that the reverse was true for control participants (OR 2.30 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.13,4.71]; p = 0.022). Participants with 1 to 20 years of experience had significantly improved CKS compared with students/residents (1 to 10 years: OR 4.5 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.1,18]; 11 to 20 years: OR 4.9 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace1.4,17]); there was no evidence of a different CKS between providers with {$>$} 20 years of experience compared with students/residents (OR 1.3 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace0.5,3.7]). Administrative disconnect, usability, motivation, edu-cation, time, resources, and age influenced point-of-care medical information systems impact on knowledge and EBP. Participants reporting low English proficiency translated medical literature mostly used Google Translate. Those with low/no English reading proficiency had higher odds of reporting a negative impact on research than those with working (p = 0.007) or professional (p {$<$} 0.001) proficiency.CONCLUSIONS: Providing education on EBP, free UTD access, and translation solutions did not correlate with increased CKS due to complex barriers to using point-of-care medical information systems. (J Am Coll Surg 2023;236:484-494. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Surgeons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCCBY-NC-ND], where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commer-cially without permission from the journal.)},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Investing in continued medical education strengthens surgical systems. This study assessed the effectiveness of an evidence-based practice (EBP) tutorial and access to UpToDate (UTD) to improve EBP and understand how and why providers practice using evidence.STUDY DESIGN: This is a mixed-methods, implementation study at 9 public hospitals in Peru consisting of a didactic session for surgeons on EBP and Google Translate and support of applications for UTD access. Change in clinical knowledge scores (CKS), access and use of UTD, and impact of language pre-and postintervention were measured. Qualitative interviews uncovered rea-sons for these changes.RESULTS: Intervention participants had lower CKS at follow-up compared with baseline (odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR] of higher score 0.41 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace0.18,0.98]; p = 0.044), and this effect was modified (p = 0.003) to the extent that the reverse was true for control participants (OR 2.30 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1.13,4.71]; p = 0.022). Participants with 1 to 20 years of experience had significantly improved CKS compared with students/residents (1 to 10 years: OR 4.5 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1.1,18]; 11 to 20 years: OR 4.9 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace1.4,17]); there was no evidence of a different CKS between providers with {$>$} 20 years of experience compared with students/residents (OR 1.3 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace0.5,3.7]). Administrative disconnect, usability, motivation, edu-cation, time, resources, and age influenced point-of-care medical information systems impact on knowledge and EBP. Participants reporting low English proficiency translated medical literature mostly used Google Translate. Those with low/no English reading proficiency had higher odds of reporting a negative impact on research than those with working (p = 0.007) or professional (p {$<$} 0.001) proficiency.CONCLUSIONS: Providing education on EBP, free UTD access, and translation solutions did not correlate with increased CKS due to complex barriers to using point-of-care medical information systems. (J Am Coll Surg 2023;236:484-494. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Surgeons. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCCBY-NC-ND], where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commer-cially without permission from the journal.)},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25392,7 +29638,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {3},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005845},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To investigate the difficulties Japanese female doctors face in continuing professional practice. Design: A qualitative study using the Kawakita Jiro method. Setting: A survey conducted in 2011 of 13 private Japanese medical school alumni associations. Participants: 359 female doctors. Primary outcome measures: Barriers of balancing work and gender role. Results: The female doctors reported that professional practice was a struggle with long working hours due to a current shortage of doctors in Japan. There was also a severe shortage of childcare facilities in the workplace. Some women appeared to have low confidence in balancing the physician's job and personal life, resulting in low levels of professional pursuit. There appeared to be two types of stereotypical gender roles, including one expected from society, stating that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechild rearing is a woman's job\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, and the other perceived by the women themselves, that some women had a very strong desire to raise their own children. Male doctors and some female doctors who were single or older were perceived to be less enthusiastic about supporting women who worked while raising children because these coworkers feared that they would have to perform additional work as a result of the women taking long periods of leave. Conclusions: Important factors identified for promoting the continuation of professional practice among female doctors in Japan were the need to improve working conditions, including cutting back on long working hours, a solution to the shortage of nurseries, a need for the introduction of educational interventions to clarify professional responsibilities, and redefinition of the gender division of labour for male and female doctors. In addition, we identified a need to modernise current employment practices by introducing temporary posts to cover maternity leave and introducing flexible working hours during specialist training, thus supporting and encouraging more women to continue their medical careers.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To investigate the difficulties Japanese female doctors face in continuing professional practice. Design: A qualitative study using the Kawakita Jiro method. Setting: A survey conducted in 2011 of 13 private Japanese medical school alumni associations. Participants: 359 female doctors. Primary outcome measures: Barriers of balancing work and gender role. Results: The female doctors reported that professional practice was a struggle with long working hours due to a current shortage of doctors in Japan. There was also a severe shortage of childcare facilities in the workplace. Some women appeared to have low confidence in balancing the physician's job and personal life, resulting in low levels of professional pursuit. There appeared to be two types of stereotypical gender roles, including one expected from society, stating that {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravechild rearing is a woman's job{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, and the other perceived by the women themselves, that some women had a very strong desire to raise their own children. Male doctors and some female doctors who were single or older were perceived to be less enthusiastic about supporting women who worked while raising children because these coworkers feared that they would have to perform additional work as a result of the women taking long periods of leave. Conclusions: Important factors identified for promoting the continuation of professional practice among female doctors in Japan were the need to improve working conditions, including cutting back on long working hours, a solution to the shortage of nurseries, a need for the introduction of educational interventions to clarify professional responsibilities, and redefinition of the gender division of labour for male and female doctors. In addition, we identified a need to modernise current employment practices by introducing temporary posts to cover maternity leave and introducing flexible working hours during specialist training, thus supporting and encouraging more women to continue their medical careers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25408,6 +29654,23 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Nooyens2005,
+  title = {Effects of Retirement on Lifestyle in Relation to Changes in Weight and Waist Circumference in {{Dutch}} Men: A Prospective Study},
+  shorttitle = {Effects of Retirement on Lifestyle in Relation to Changes in Weight and Waist Circumference in {{Dutch}} Men},
+  author = {Nooyens, Astrid Cj and Visscher, Tommy Ls and Schuit, A Jantine and Van Rossum, Caroline Tm and Verschuren, Wm Monique and Van Mechelen, Willem and Seidell, Jacob C},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Public Health Nutrition},
+  volume = {8},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {1266--1274},
+  issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727},
+  doi = {10.1079/PHN2005756},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               To study changes in lifestyle in relation to changes in body weight and waist circumference associated with occupational retirement in men.                                         Design               A prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. At baseline and at follow-up, questionnaires were completed and body weight and waist circumference were measured.                                         Setting               The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands.                                         Subjects               In total 288 healthy men aged 50{\textendash}65 years at baseline, who either remained employed or retired over follow-up.                                         Results                                The effect of retirement on changes in weight and waist circumference was dependent on type of former occupation. Increase in body weight and waist circumference was higher among men who retired from active jobs (0.42 kg year                 -1                 and 0.77 cm year                 -1                 , respectively) than among men who retired from sedentary jobs (0.08 kg year                 -1                 and 0.23 cm year                 -1                 , respectively). Weight gain and increase in waist circumference were associated with a decrease in fruit consumption and fibre density of the diet, with an increase in frequency of eating breakfast, and with a decrease in several physical activities, such as household activities, bicycling, walking and doing odd jobs.                                                        Conclusion               Retirement was associated with an increase in weight and waist circumference among those with former active jobs, but not among those with former sedentary jobs. Retirement may bring opportunities for healthy changes in diet and physical activity, which could be used in health promotion programmes.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Nordberg2000,
   title = {Injuries as a Public Health Problem in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: {{Epidemiology}} and Prospects for Control},
   author = {Nordberg, E},
@@ -25418,7 +29681,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {12, S},
   pages = {S1-S43},
   issn = {0012-835X},
-  abstract = {Injuries are common and on increase in most developing countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. A large proportion of the injuries are caused by road traffic accidents, falls, burns, assaults, bites, stings and other animal-related injuries, poisonings, drownings/near-drownings and suicide. Globally, injuries are responsible for about five per cent of the total mortality, and the overall global annual costs were estimated in the late 1980s at around US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar500 billion. The burden and pattern of injuries in Africa and other developing areas are poorly known and not well studied. The incidence is on the increase, partly due to rapid growth of motorised transport and to expansion of industrial production without adequate safety precautions. This is a review of data on various kinds of injuries in developing countries with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. A computerised search of the relevant literature published between 1985 and 1998 was conducted and a manual search of journals publishing texts on health in low-income countries and in tropical environments was also done. A few studies on injury prevention policy and on research related to injury epidemiology and prevention have also been identified and included. Bt is concluded that in a relatively typical East African area with a total mortality rate of 1,300/130,000/year, injuries are likely to cause around 100 of these deaths. The corresponding total rate of significant injuries is estimated at 40,000/100,000/year with a breakdown as tabulated below. Estimated incidence of injuries and injury-related deaths in East Africa \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceGRAPHICS] Although a few surveys and other investigations of injuries have been conducted over the years, injury epidemiology and control remain under-researched and relatively neglected subject areas. Much needs to be done. Collection and analysis of injury data need to be standardised, for example regarding age groups, gender disaggregation and severity. Injuries and accidents should be subdivided in at least road traffic injury, fall, burn, assault, poisoning, drowning, suicide, homicide and others, and details regarding time and place, victim and main cause should be noted. Morbidity survey field staff should be informed that injuries are part of the illness concept and that questions should be asked accordingly. Details regarding the circumstances surrounding different injuries must be known to those who develop preventive programmes. Injury is a public health problem affecting some people more than others. Our ordinary environment - the home, the work-site, the street or road - represents various kinds of risk, and some of these are difficult to eliminate. Not only do we have to accept much of our environment with its existing houses, equipment, vehicles, transport systems, energy supply, toxic substances etcetera, many also suffer from various inherited or acquired conditions that increase the risk. We therefore need to develop safer and more \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveforgiving\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace living environments where ordinary people can live and move around safely. Injury control activities may focus on different categories of injury. Road safety measures often include information and education campaigns, improved driver training, road design and maintenance, regular vehicle safety checks, separation of pedestrians from vehicle traffic, speed limits, safety belt, air-bag and helmet use, special training and control of public service vehicle drivers, bicycle lane separation, road lighting, reflectorised materials on clothing, review of the road traffic related legislation and law enforcement, and emergency medical services improvement. Domestic injuries can be prevented for example with window guards, child barriers at stairs, smoke detectors, clothes and furniture in less flammable materials, replacement of open stoves, stabilising of open lamps, fire-fighting equipment and practice, child-proof poison packaging and storage, safe disposal of toxic waste, home safety education of parents, and strict building code enforcement. Occupational injuries can largely be prevented if well adapted to the work environment. Research is required in several areas. An improved facility-based injury recording and reporting system needs to be developed and tested. There is need to combine data collection methods, such as interview surveys, hospital records, police records, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The outcome of emergency medical care and of different forms of transport and referral needs to be determined. Different combinations of preventive interventions needs to be evaluated. This review is intended as guidance for those who need a broad overview of the subject of injury occurrence and prevention in Africa, for example in preparation for the development of injury control programmes or to help identify issues requiring further research in this field.},
+  abstract = {Injuries are common and on increase in most developing countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. A large proportion of the injuries are caused by road traffic accidents, falls, burns, assaults, bites, stings and other animal-related injuries, poisonings, drownings/near-drownings and suicide. Globally, injuries are responsible for about five per cent of the total mortality, and the overall global annual costs were estimated in the late 1980s at around US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar500 billion. The burden and pattern of injuries in Africa and other developing areas are poorly known and not well studied. The incidence is on the increase, partly due to rapid growth of motorised transport and to expansion of industrial production without adequate safety precautions. This is a review of data on various kinds of injuries in developing countries with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. A computerised search of the relevant literature published between 1985 and 1998 was conducted and a manual search of journals publishing texts on health in low-income countries and in tropical environments was also done. A few studies on injury prevention policy and on research related to injury epidemiology and prevention have also been identified and included. Bt is concluded that in a relatively typical East African area with a total mortality rate of 1,300/130,000/year, injuries are likely to cause around 100 of these deaths. The corresponding total rate of significant injuries is estimated at 40,000/100,000/year with a breakdown as tabulated below. Estimated incidence of injuries and injury-related deaths in East Africa {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceGRAPHICS] Although a few surveys and other investigations of injuries have been conducted over the years, injury epidemiology and control remain under-researched and relatively neglected subject areas. Much needs to be done. Collection and analysis of injury data need to be standardised, for example regarding age groups, gender disaggregation and severity. Injuries and accidents should be subdivided in at least road traffic injury, fall, burn, assault, poisoning, drowning, suicide, homicide and others, and details regarding time and place, victim and main cause should be noted. Morbidity survey field staff should be informed that injuries are part of the illness concept and that questions should be asked accordingly. Details regarding the circumstances surrounding different injuries must be known to those who develop preventive programmes. Injury is a public health problem affecting some people more than others. Our ordinary environment - the home, the work-site, the street or road - represents various kinds of risk, and some of these are difficult to eliminate. Not only do we have to accept much of our environment with its existing houses, equipment, vehicles, transport systems, energy supply, toxic substances etcetera, many also suffer from various inherited or acquired conditions that increase the risk. We therefore need to develop safer and more {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveforgiving{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace living environments where ordinary people can live and move around safely. Injury control activities may focus on different categories of injury. Road safety measures often include information and education campaigns, improved driver training, road design and maintenance, regular vehicle safety checks, separation of pedestrians from vehicle traffic, speed limits, safety belt, air-bag and helmet use, special training and control of public service vehicle drivers, bicycle lane separation, road lighting, reflectorised materials on clothing, review of the road traffic related legislation and law enforcement, and emergency medical services improvement. Domestic injuries can be prevented for example with window guards, child barriers at stairs, smoke detectors, clothes and furniture in less flammable materials, replacement of open stoves, stabilising of open lamps, fire-fighting equipment and practice, child-proof poison packaging and storage, safe disposal of toxic waste, home safety education of parents, and strict building code enforcement. Occupational injuries can largely be prevented if well adapted to the work environment. Research is required in several areas. An improved facility-based injury recording and reporting system needs to be developed and tested. There is need to combine data collection methods, such as interview surveys, hospital records, police records, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The outcome of emergency medical care and of different forms of transport and referral needs to be determined. Different combinations of preventive interventions needs to be evaluated. This review is intended as guidance for those who need a broad overview of the subject of injury occurrence and prevention in Africa, for example in preparation for the development of injury control programmes or to help identify issues requiring further research in this field.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25461,7 +29724,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {1794, SI},
   issn = {0962-8436},
   doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0127},
-  abstract = {As the severity of the triple challenges of global inequality, climate change and biodiversity loss becomes clearer, governments and international development institutions must find effective policy instruments to respond. We examine the potential of social assistance policies in this context. Social assistance refers to transfers to poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups to reduce their vulnerability and livelihood risks, and to enhance their rights and status. Substantial public funds support social assistance programmes globally. Collectively, lower- and middle-income countries spend approximately 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of their GDP on social assistance annually. We focus on the potential of paid employment schemes to promote effective ecosystem stewardship. Available evidence suggests such programmes can offer multiple benefits in terms of improvements in local ecosystems and natural capital, carbon sequestration and local biodiversity conservation. We review evidence from three key case studies: in India (the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), Ethiopia (the Productive Safety Nets Programme) and Mexico (the Temporary Employment Programme). We conclude that, to realize the potential of employment-based social assistance for ecosystem benefits it will be necessary to address two challenges: first, the weak design and maintenance of local public works outputs in many schemes, and second, the concern that social protection schemes may become less effective if they are overburdened with additional objectives. Overcoming these challenges requires an evolution of institutional systems for delivering social assistance to enable a more effective combination of social and environmental objectives. This article is part of the theme issue \textbackslash textasciigraveClimate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.},
+  abstract = {As the severity of the triple challenges of global inequality, climate change and biodiversity loss becomes clearer, governments and international development institutions must find effective policy instruments to respond. We examine the potential of social assistance policies in this context. Social assistance refers to transfers to poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups to reduce their vulnerability and livelihood risks, and to enhance their rights and status. Substantial public funds support social assistance programmes globally. Collectively, lower- and middle-income countries spend approximately 1.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of their GDP on social assistance annually. We focus on the potential of paid employment schemes to promote effective ecosystem stewardship. Available evidence suggests such programmes can offer multiple benefits in terms of improvements in local ecosystems and natural capital, carbon sequestration and local biodiversity conservation. We review evidence from three key case studies: in India (the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), Ethiopia (the Productive Safety Nets Programme) and Mexico (the Temporary Employment Programme). We conclude that, to realize the potential of employment-based social assistance for ecosystem benefits it will be necessary to address two challenges: first, the weak design and maintenance of local public works outputs in many schemes, and second, the concern that social protection schemes may become less effective if they are overburdened with additional objectives. Overcoming these challenges requires an evolution of institutional systems for delivering social assistance to enable a more effective combination of social and environmental objectives. This article is part of the theme issue {\textbackslash}textasciigraveClimate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25470,7 +29733,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {Nosratnejad, Shirin and Rashidian, Arash and Mehrara, Mohsen and Jafari, Nahid and Moeeni, Maryam and Babamohamadi, Hassan},
   year = {2016},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
+  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
   volume = {8},
   number = {2},
   pages = {179--196},
@@ -25536,6 +29799,18 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@book{Nussbaum2011,
+  title = {Creating {{Capabilities}}: {{The Human Development Approach}}},
+  shorttitle = {Creating {{Capabilities}}},
+  author = {Nussbaum, Martha C.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jul,
+  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
+  doi = {10.4159/harvard.9780674061200},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-0-674-06120-0}
+}
+
 @article{Nutz2021,
   title = {Gendered Employment Trajectories and Individual Wealth at Older Ages in {{Eastern}} and {{Western Germany}}},
   author = {Nutz, Theresa and Lersch, Philipp M.},
@@ -25632,7 +29907,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-021-06795-5},
-  abstract = {Background Cervical cancer is the leading cancer among Ugandan women, contributing to 40 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of all cancer cases recorded in the cancer registry. Having identified the substantial impact of cervical cancer among Ugandan women, the Ministry of Health in 2010 launched a Strategic Plan for Cervical Cancer prevention and control. This study was conducted to determine if health workers working in rural health centres (HCs) III and IV in Northern Uganda provide cervical cancer screening services as recommended in the Strategic Plan. Methods A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted among nurses, midwives and clinical officers working in rural HC III and IV in Northern Uganda. Data were entered in Epidata 3.1 and analysed using Stata 16 statistical software. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Any factor with p-value {$<$}= 0.05 was considered a significant predictor of outcome. Results We surveyed 286 health workers. Fifty-one (18 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) health workers were screening women for cervical cancer. Fifty-eight (21 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) health workers have guideline for cervical cancer screening in their HCs, 93 (33 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants were trained to screen women for cervical cancer. Two hundred sixty-two (92 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants provided HPV vaccination. Two hundred forty-six (87 \textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants were conducting health education about cervical cancer in their HCs. Factors associated with screening women for cervical cancer include: being a staff member from HCs III (AOR = 0.30, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.13-0.68, p = 0.00), being staff of HCs that have organization to support cervical cancer screening services (AOR = 4.38, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.99-9.63, p-=0.00), being a health worker who had been trained to screen for cervical cancer (AOR = 2.21, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.00-4.90, p = 0.05) and staff from HCs that has guideline for cervical cancer screening (AOR = 2.89, 95 \textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.22-6.86, p = 0.02). Conclusions This study shows an overall structural problem related to the delivery of cervical cancer screening services in HC III and IV in Northern Uganda which the Strategic Plan has not addressed. These structural problems need urgent attention if the Uganda government and other sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are to achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) 90-70-90 targets by 2030 to be on track for cervical cancer elimination.},
+  abstract = {Background Cervical cancer is the leading cancer among Ugandan women, contributing to 40 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all cancer cases recorded in the cancer registry. Having identified the substantial impact of cervical cancer among Ugandan women, the Ministry of Health in 2010 launched a Strategic Plan for Cervical Cancer prevention and control. This study was conducted to determine if health workers working in rural health centres (HCs) III and IV in Northern Uganda provide cervical cancer screening services as recommended in the Strategic Plan. Methods A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted among nurses, midwives and clinical officers working in rural HC III and IV in Northern Uganda. Data were entered in Epidata 3.1 and analysed using Stata 16 statistical software. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Any factor with p-value {$<$}= 0.05 was considered a significant predictor of outcome. Results We surveyed 286 health workers. Fifty-one (18 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) health workers were screening women for cervical cancer. Fifty-eight (21 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) health workers have guideline for cervical cancer screening in their HCs, 93 (33 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) participants were trained to screen women for cervical cancer. Two hundred sixty-two (92 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) participants provided HPV vaccination. Two hundred forty-six (87 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) participants were conducting health education about cervical cancer in their HCs. Factors associated with screening women for cervical cancer include: being a staff member from HCs III (AOR = 0.30, 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.13-0.68, p = 0.00), being staff of HCs that have organization to support cervical cancer screening services (AOR = 4.38, 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.99-9.63, p-=0.00), being a health worker who had been trained to screen for cervical cancer (AOR = 2.21, 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.00-4.90, p = 0.05) and staff from HCs that has guideline for cervical cancer screening (AOR = 2.89, 95 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.22-6.86, p = 0.02). Conclusions This study shows an overall structural problem related to the delivery of cervical cancer screening services in HC III and IV in Northern Uganda which the Strategic Plan has not addressed. These structural problems need urgent attention if the Uganda government and other sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are to achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) 90-70-90 targets by 2030 to be on track for cervical cancer elimination.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25647,7 +29922,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {645--664},
   issn = {2149-1658},
   doi = {10.30798/makuiibf.437207},
-  abstract = {The wage, which first emerged with the industrial revolution and is defined as the amount paid by the employer or the third person in return for labor, is among the most important and most controversial issues of working life today. While the wage constitutes a significant cost item for employers from one side, it forms the sole source of income for dependent workers from the other side. The minimum wage, which means the lowest wage that can be given to the employees, is a basic social policy instrument applied to ensure socio - economic well - being of the society Minimum wage application; an income level of a society, national income share, level of employment, economic growth status, and practices that are designed to increase social welfare. In recent years, many countries have emphasized and strengthened the practice of minimum wages in the fight against poverty and inequality. The \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave2030 Sustainable Development Agenda\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace adopted at the United Nations in 2015 is aimed at providing equality for all women and men in all aspects of the working environment and developing work / salaries that are worthy of humanity. In this study, the European Union and Turkey in the EU process of try developing recommendations for the social side of one of the most important issues of working life in our country, comparing the minimum wage in Turkey is presented.},
+  abstract = {The wage, which first emerged with the industrial revolution and is defined as the amount paid by the employer or the third person in return for labor, is among the most important and most controversial issues of working life today. While the wage constitutes a significant cost item for employers from one side, it forms the sole source of income for dependent workers from the other side. The minimum wage, which means the lowest wage that can be given to the employees, is a basic social policy instrument applied to ensure socio - economic well - being of the society Minimum wage application; an income level of a society, national income share, level of employment, economic growth status, and practices that are designed to increase social welfare. In recent years, many countries have emphasized and strengthened the practice of minimum wages in the fight against poverty and inequality. The {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave2030 Sustainable Development Agenda{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace adopted at the United Nations in 2015 is aimed at providing equality for all women and men in all aspects of the working environment and developing work / salaries that are worthy of humanity. In this study, the European Union and Turkey in the EU process of try developing recommendations for the social side of one of the most important issues of working life in our country, comparing the minimum wage in Turkey is presented.},
   langid = {turkish}
 }
 
@@ -25656,7 +29931,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {O'Campo, P and Eaton, {\relax WW} and Muntaner, C},
   year = {2004},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {58},
   number = {3},
   pages = {585--594},
@@ -25674,7 +29949,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   journal = {BMC WOMENS HEALTH},
   volume = {16},
   doi = {10.1186/s12905-016-0314-6},
-  abstract = {Background: Understanding women's contraceptive method choices is key to enhancing family planning services provision and programming. Currently however, very little research has addressed inter and intra-regional disparities II in women's contraceptive method choice. Using data from slum and non-slum contexts in Nairobi, Kenya, the current study investigates the prevalence of and factors associated with contraceptive method choice among women. Methods: Data were from a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted among a random sample of 1,873 women (aged 15-49 years) in two non-slum and two slum settlement areas in Nairobi, Kenya. The study locations were purposively sampled by virtue of being part of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association between the outcome variable, contraceptive method choice, and explanatory variables. Results: The prevalence of contraceptive method choice was relatively similar across slum and non-slum settlements. 34.3 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of women in slum communities and 28.1 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of women in non-slum communities reported using short-term methods. Slightly more women living in the non-slum settlements repotted use of long-term methods, 9.2 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, compared to 3.6 \textbackslash textbackslash\% in slum communities. Older women were less likely to use short-term methods than their younger counterparts but more likely to use long-term methods. Currently married women were more likely than never married women to use short-term and long-term methods. Compared to those with no children, women with three or more children were more likely to report using long term methods. Women working outside the home or those in formal employment also used modern methods of contraception more than those in self-employment or unemployed. Conclusion: Use of short-term and long-term methods is generally low among women living in slum and non-slum contexts in Nairobi. Investments in increasing women's access to various contraceptive options are urgently needed to help increase contraceptive prevalence rate. Thus, interventions that focus on more disadvantaged segments of the population will accelerate contraceptive uptake and improve maternal and child health in Kenya.},
+  abstract = {Background: Understanding women's contraceptive method choices is key to enhancing family planning services provision and programming. Currently however, very little research has addressed inter and intra-regional disparities II in women's contraceptive method choice. Using data from slum and non-slum contexts in Nairobi, Kenya, the current study investigates the prevalence of and factors associated with contraceptive method choice among women. Methods: Data were from a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted among a random sample of 1,873 women (aged 15-49 years) in two non-slum and two slum settlement areas in Nairobi, Kenya. The study locations were purposively sampled by virtue of being part of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the association between the outcome variable, contraceptive method choice, and explanatory variables. Results: The prevalence of contraceptive method choice was relatively similar across slum and non-slum settlements. 34.3 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women in slum communities and 28.1 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women in non-slum communities reported using short-term methods. Slightly more women living in the non-slum settlements repotted use of long-term methods, 9.2 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, compared to 3.6 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in slum communities. Older women were less likely to use short-term methods than their younger counterparts but more likely to use long-term methods. Currently married women were more likely than never married women to use short-term and long-term methods. Compared to those with no children, women with three or more children were more likely to report using long term methods. Women working outside the home or those in formal employment also used modern methods of contraception more than those in self-employment or unemployed. Conclusion: Use of short-term and long-term methods is generally low among women living in slum and non-slum contexts in Nairobi. Investments in increasing women's access to various contraceptive options are urgently needed to help increase contraceptive prevalence rate. Thus, interventions that focus on more disadvantaged segments of the population will accelerate contraceptive uptake and improve maternal and child health in Kenya.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25693,6 +29968,22 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@incollection{OConnor2008,
+  title = {Defining the {{Review Question}} and {{Developing Criteria}} for {{Including Studies}}},
+  booktitle = {Cochrane {{Handbook}} for {{Systematic Reviews}} of {{Interventions}}},
+  author = {O'Connor, Denise and Green, Sally and Higgins, Julian Pt},
+  editor = {Higgins, Julian Pt and Green, Sally},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = sep,
+  edition = {1},
+  pages = {81--94},
+  publisher = {{Wiley}},
+  doi = {10.1002/9780470712184.ch5},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-0-470-69951-5 978-0-470-71218-4},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{ODay1998,
   title = {Barriers for People with Multiple Sclerosis Who Want to Work: {{A}} Qualitative Study},
   author = {O'Day, B},
@@ -25715,7 +30006,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {120},
   issn = {1551-7144},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2022.106884},
-  abstract = {Background: Due to underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minority and low-income groups in clinical studies, there is a call to improve the recruitment and retention of these populations in research. Pilot studies can test recruitment and retention practices for better inclusion of medically underserved children and families in sub-sequent clinical trials. We examined this using a school-based asthma intervention, in preparation for a larger clinical trial in which our goal is to include an underserved study population.Methods: We recruited children with poorly controlled asthma in a two-site pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of school-supervised asthma therapy versus enhanced usual care (receipt of an educational asthma work-book). We sought a study population with a high percentage of children and families from racial/ethnic minority and low-income groups. The primary outcome of the pilot trial was recruitment/retention over 12 months. Strategies used to facilitate recruitment/retention of this study population included engaging pre-trial multi-level stakeholders, selecting trial sites with high percentages of underserved children and families, training diverse medical providers to recruit participants, conducting remote trial assessments, and providing multi-lingual study materials.Results: Twenty-six children \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace42.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% female, 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% Black, 30.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% Multiracial (Black \textbackslash textbackslash\& other), 76.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% Hispanic, and 92.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% with family income below \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar40,000] and their caregivers were enrolled in the study, which represents 55.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those initially referred by their provider, with 96.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 92.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 96.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% retention at 3-, 6-, and 12 -month follow-up, respectively.Conclusion: Targeted strategies facilitated the inclusion of a medically underserved population of children and families in our pilot study, prior to expanding to a larger trial.},
+  abstract = {Background: Due to underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minority and low-income groups in clinical studies, there is a call to improve the recruitment and retention of these populations in research. Pilot studies can test recruitment and retention practices for better inclusion of medically underserved children and families in sub-sequent clinical trials. We examined this using a school-based asthma intervention, in preparation for a larger clinical trial in which our goal is to include an underserved study population.Methods: We recruited children with poorly controlled asthma in a two-site pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of school-supervised asthma therapy versus enhanced usual care (receipt of an educational asthma work-book). We sought a study population with a high percentage of children and families from racial/ethnic minority and low-income groups. The primary outcome of the pilot trial was recruitment/retention over 12 months. Strategies used to facilitate recruitment/retention of this study population included engaging pre-trial multi-level stakeholders, selecting trial sites with high percentages of underserved children and families, training diverse medical providers to recruit participants, conducting remote trial assessments, and providing multi-lingual study materials.Results: Twenty-six children {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace42.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female, 11.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Black, 30.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Multiracial (Black {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& other), 76.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Hispanic, and 92.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with family income below {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar40,000] and their caregivers were enrolled in the study, which represents 55.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those initially referred by their provider, with 96.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 92.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 96.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% retention at 3-, 6-, and 12 -month follow-up, respectively.Conclusion: Targeted strategies facilitated the inclusion of a medically underserved population of children and families in our pilot study, prior to expanding to a larger trial.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25772,7 +30063,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {82},
   issn = {0149-7189},
   doi = {10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101845},
-  abstract = {Job skills training is a cost-effective strategy for improving employment among individuals who have low income and employment barriers, but few U.S. government-sponsored employment program participants have received such training. To better understand long-term gains from job skills training, this study compared employment and earnings trajectories between program participants who received job skills training and those who received basic services only. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimated 33-year employment and earnings trajectories among U.S. baby-boomer cohorts while accounting for baseline group heterogeneity using inverse propensity score weighting. We found increases in employment rates over the life course, especially among Black women. Job skills training also increased earnings by up to 69.6 \textbackslash textbackslash\% compared to basic services only. Despite the long-term gains in employment and earnings, job skills training participation is not sufficient to address gender as well as racial and ethnic gaps in full-time employment. Findings reinforce the importance of incorporating job skills training as an essential service element of government-sponsored employment programs to improve long-term labor market outcomes among Americans with economic disadvantages.},
+  abstract = {Job skills training is a cost-effective strategy for improving employment among individuals who have low income and employment barriers, but few U.S. government-sponsored employment program participants have received such training. To better understand long-term gains from job skills training, this study compared employment and earnings trajectories between program participants who received job skills training and those who received basic services only. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimated 33-year employment and earnings trajectories among U.S. baby-boomer cohorts while accounting for baseline group heterogeneity using inverse propensity score weighting. We found increases in employment rates over the life course, especially among Black women. Job skills training also increased earnings by up to 69.6 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% compared to basic services only. Despite the long-term gains in employment and earnings, job skills training participation is not sufficient to address gender as well as racial and ethnic gaps in full-time employment. Findings reinforce the importance of incorporating job skills training as an essential service element of government-sponsored employment programs to improve long-term labor market outcomes among Americans with economic disadvantages.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25787,13 +30078,13 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {1210--1226},
   issn = {0144-333X},
   doi = {10.1108/IJSSP-09-2020-0429},
-  abstract = {Purpose-This study aimed to (1) systematically identify evaluation studies of U.S. active labor market programs (ALMPs) focusing on postsecondary education and job skills training for low-income individuals with employment barriers (hereinafter, Human Capital Development \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceHCD] programs) since the U.S. federal welfare reform of 1996, and (2) provide a synthesis of common strategies used by programs that reported post-program earnings higher than poverty thresholds. Design/methodology/approach-Using Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) criteria endorsed by the Cochrane Collaboration, we identified evaluation studies of HCD programs from seven electronic databases and experts' suggestions. Using data (e.g., post-program earnings, main types of services) extracted from the included studies, we describe common strategies used by the programs reporting earnings above the poverty level. Findings-Of 877 studies identified from an initial search, 10 studies met our inclusion/exclusion criteria and thus were included in the final sample. Findings showed that HCD programs reporting earnings above the poverty level for a family of three were characterized by (1) curriculums targeting specific job sectors and occupations, (2) local employers' involvement in developing curriulums and providing work opportunities and (3) post-program job retention and career advancement services. Originality/value-The present study used a systematic review approach to fill gaps in research regarding HCD-focused ALMPs in the U.S. post-welfare reform era by identifying common strategies the effective programs used to help participants obtain employment and exit poverty. Findings may inform the design and implementation of employment programs that will help low-income individuals with employment barriers acquire marketable knowledge and job skills, and thus increase their economic self-sufficiency via improved employment outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Purpose-This study aimed to (1) systematically identify evaluation studies of U.S. active labor market programs (ALMPs) focusing on postsecondary education and job skills training for low-income individuals with employment barriers (hereinafter, Human Capital Development {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceHCD] programs) since the U.S. federal welfare reform of 1996, and (2) provide a synthesis of common strategies used by programs that reported post-program earnings higher than poverty thresholds. Design/methodology/approach-Using Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) criteria endorsed by the Cochrane Collaboration, we identified evaluation studies of HCD programs from seven electronic databases and experts' suggestions. Using data (e.g., post-program earnings, main types of services) extracted from the included studies, we describe common strategies used by the programs reporting earnings above the poverty level. Findings-Of 877 studies identified from an initial search, 10 studies met our inclusion/exclusion criteria and thus were included in the final sample. Findings showed that HCD programs reporting earnings above the poverty level for a family of three were characterized by (1) curriculums targeting specific job sectors and occupations, (2) local employers' involvement in developing curriulums and providing work opportunities and (3) post-program job retention and career advancement services. Originality/value-The present study used a systematic review approach to fill gaps in research regarding HCD-focused ALMPs in the U.S. post-welfare reform era by identifying common strategies the effective programs used to help participants obtain employment and exit poverty. Findings may inform the design and implementation of employment programs that will help low-income individuals with employment barriers acquire marketable knowledge and job skills, and thus increase their economic self-sufficiency via improved employment outcomes.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {inequality::education,review::systematic,TODO}
 }
 
 @article{OHiggins2010,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveIt}}'s Not That {{I}}'m a Racist, It's That They Are {{Roma}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Roma}} Discrimination and Returns to Education in {{South Eastern Europe}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveIt}}'s Not That {{I}}'m a Racist, It's That They Are {{Roma}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Roma}} Discrimination and Returns to Education in {{South Eastern Europe}}},
   author = {O'Higgins, Niall},
   year = {2010},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
@@ -25802,7 +30093,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {163--187},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/01437721011042250},
-  abstract = {Purpose - This paper uses a unique survey of Roma and non-Roma in South Eastern Europe with the aim of evaluating competing explanations for the poor performance of Roma in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach - Following a descriptive analysis, econometric models are employed to identify the determinants of educational achievement, employment and wages for Roma and non-Roma. Limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) methods are employed to control for endogenous schooling and two sources of sample selection bias in the estimates. Non-linear and linear decomposition techniques are applied in order to identify the extent of discrimination. Findings - The key results are that: the employment returns to education are lower for Roma than for non-Roma whilst the wage returns are broadly similar for the two groups; the similar wage gains translate into a smaller absolute wage gain for Roma than for non-Roma given their lower average wages; the marginal absolute gains from education for Roma are only a little over one-third of the marginal absolute gains to education for majority populations; and, there is evidence to support the idea that a substantial part of the differential in labour market outcomes is due to discrimination. Research limitations/implications - The survey data employed do not include information on hours worked. In order to partially control for this, the analysis of wages is limited to employee wages excluding the self-employed. Practical implications - Explanations of why Roma fare so badly tend to fall into one of two camps: the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelow education\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravediscrimination\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace schools. The analysis suggests that both of these explanations have some basis in fact. Moreover, a direct implication of the lower absolute returns to education accruing to Roma is that their lower educational participation is, at least in part, due to rational economic calculus. Consequently, policy needs to address both low educational participation and labour market discrimination contemporaneously. Originality/value - This is the first paper to attempt to econometrically distinguish between discrimination and educational explanations of Roma disadvantage in the labour market in Central and Eastern Europe. The survey data employed are unique and appropriate for the task. Unusually for analyses dealing with returns to education, the LIML econometric approach employed controls for both endogenous schooling and two sources of sample selection bias.},
+  abstract = {Purpose - This paper uses a unique survey of Roma and non-Roma in South Eastern Europe with the aim of evaluating competing explanations for the poor performance of Roma in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach - Following a descriptive analysis, econometric models are employed to identify the determinants of educational achievement, employment and wages for Roma and non-Roma. Limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) methods are employed to control for endogenous schooling and two sources of sample selection bias in the estimates. Non-linear and linear decomposition techniques are applied in order to identify the extent of discrimination. Findings - The key results are that: the employment returns to education are lower for Roma than for non-Roma whilst the wage returns are broadly similar for the two groups; the similar wage gains translate into a smaller absolute wage gain for Roma than for non-Roma given their lower average wages; the marginal absolute gains from education for Roma are only a little over one-third of the marginal absolute gains to education for majority populations; and, there is evidence to support the idea that a substantial part of the differential in labour market outcomes is due to discrimination. Research limitations/implications - The survey data employed do not include information on hours worked. In order to partially control for this, the analysis of wages is limited to employee wages excluding the self-employed. Practical implications - Explanations of why Roma fare so badly tend to fall into one of two camps: the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravelow education{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravediscrimination{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace schools. The analysis suggests that both of these explanations have some basis in fact. Moreover, a direct implication of the lower absolute returns to education accruing to Roma is that their lower educational participation is, at least in part, due to rational economic calculus. Consequently, policy needs to address both low educational participation and labour market discrimination contemporaneously. Originality/value - This is the first paper to attempt to econometrically distinguish between discrimination and educational explanations of Roma disadvantage in the labour market in Central and Eastern Europe. The survey data employed are unique and appropriate for the task. Unusually for analyses dealing with returns to education, the LIML econometric approach employed controls for both endogenous schooling and two sources of sample selection bias.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {22nd Conference of the Italian-Association-of-Labour-Economists, Univ Parthenope, Naples, ITALY, SEP, 2007}
 }
@@ -25827,11 +30118,11 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {Okelo, Kenneth and Nampijja, Margaret and Ilboudo, Patrick and Muendo, Ruth and Oloo, Linda and Muyingo, Sylvia and Mwaniki, Elizabeth and Langat, Nelson and Onyango, Silas and Sipalla, Florence and {Kitsao-Wekulo}, Patricia},
   year = {2022},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {HUMANITIES \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS},
+  journal = {HUMANITIES {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1057/s41599-022-01260-y},
-  abstract = {Worldwide, there is a wide gap between what women can contribute to the economy and what they actually contribute. One of the main barriers to women's engagement in the labor market and productivity at work is the societal expectation that they should take care of their children in addition to meeting the demands of employment. Furthermore, those in informal employment face difficulties due to long working hours and environments that are not appropriate for childcare. To address this, Kidogo runs an innovative \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveHub \textbackslash textbackslash\& Spoke\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model for low-income communities. Here, we present a study protocol aimed at evaluating whether the provision of quality childcare opportunities for working women through the Kidogo model is feasible and acceptable and whether it contributes to improvements in their incomes and productivity at work. The study reported in this protocol which is currently ongoing, employed a quasi-experimental design with two study arms: primary caregivers who use childcare services were recruited into the intervention (n = 170) and comparison groups (n = 170). Both groups are being followed up for one year. We are using a mixed-methods approach. Appropriate statistical methods including a difference-in-differences (DID) estimator will be used to analyze the effects of the intervention. We expect that the intervention will improve the quality of childcare services which in turn will improve the incomes of the center providers. We expect that providing improved childcare services will enhance women's economic empowerment.},
+  abstract = {Worldwide, there is a wide gap between what women can contribute to the economy and what they actually contribute. One of the main barriers to women's engagement in the labor market and productivity at work is the societal expectation that they should take care of their children in addition to meeting the demands of employment. Furthermore, those in informal employment face difficulties due to long working hours and environments that are not appropriate for childcare. To address this, Kidogo runs an innovative {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveHub {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Spoke{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace model for low-income communities. Here, we present a study protocol aimed at evaluating whether the provision of quality childcare opportunities for working women through the Kidogo model is feasible and acceptable and whether it contributes to improvements in their incomes and productivity at work. The study reported in this protocol which is currently ongoing, employed a quasi-experimental design with two study arms: primary caregivers who use childcare services were recruited into the intervention (n = 170) and comparison groups (n = 170). Both groups are being followed up for one year. We are using a mixed-methods approach. Appropriate statistical methods including a difference-in-differences (DID) estimator will be used to analyze the effects of the intervention. We expect that the intervention will improve the quality of childcare services which in turn will improve the incomes of the center providers. We expect that providing improved childcare services will enhance women's economic empowerment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25844,7 +30135,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {24},
   number = {6},
   doi = {10.1002/jia2.25760},
-  abstract = {Introduction Placing all clients with a positive diagnosis for HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has cost implications both for patients and health systems, which could, in turn, affect feasibility, sustainability and uptake of new services. Patient-incurred costs are recognized barriers to healthcare access. Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models in general and community-based care in particular, could reduce these costs. We aimed to assess patient-incurred costs of a community-based DSD intervention (clubs) compared to clinic-based care in the Shinyanga region, Tanzania. Methods Cross-sectional survey among stable ART patients (n = 390, clinic-based; n = 251, club-based). For each group, we collected socio-demographic, income and expenditure data between May and August 2019. We estimated direct and indirect patient-incurred costs. Direct costs included out-of-pocket expenditures. Indirect costs included income loss due to time spent during transport, accessing services and off work during illness. Cost drivers were assessed in multivariate regression models. Results Overall, costs were significantly higher among clinic participants. Costs (USD) per year for clinic versus club were as follows: 11.7 versus 4.17 (p {$<$} 0.001) for direct costs, 20.9 versus 8.23 (p {$<$} 0.001) for indirect costs and 32.2 versus 12.4 (p {$<$} 0.001) for total costs. Time spent accessing care and time spent in illness (hours/year) were 38.3 versus 13.8 (p {$<$} 0.001) and 16.0 versus 6.69 (p {$<$} 0.001) respectively. The main cost drivers included transportation (clinic vs. club: 67.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 44.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) for direct costs and income loss due to time spent accessing care (clinic vs. club: 60.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 56.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) for indirect costs. Factors associated with higher total costs among patients attending clinic services were higher education level (coefficient \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval]) 20.9 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace5.47 to 36.3]) and formal employment (44.2 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace20.0 to 68.5). Differences in mean total costs remained significantly higher with formal employment, rural residence, in addition to more frequent visits among clinic participants. The percentage of households classified as having had catastrophic expenditures in the last year was low but significantly higher among clinic participants (10.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 5.18\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p = 0.014). Conclusions Costs incurred by patients accessing DSD in the community are significantly lower compared to those accessing standard clinic-based care. DSD models could improve access, especially in resource-limited settings.},
+  abstract = {Introduction Placing all clients with a positive diagnosis for HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has cost implications both for patients and health systems, which could, in turn, affect feasibility, sustainability and uptake of new services. Patient-incurred costs are recognized barriers to healthcare access. Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models in general and community-based care in particular, could reduce these costs. We aimed to assess patient-incurred costs of a community-based DSD intervention (clubs) compared to clinic-based care in the Shinyanga region, Tanzania. Methods Cross-sectional survey among stable ART patients (n = 390, clinic-based; n = 251, club-based). For each group, we collected socio-demographic, income and expenditure data between May and August 2019. We estimated direct and indirect patient-incurred costs. Direct costs included out-of-pocket expenditures. Indirect costs included income loss due to time spent during transport, accessing services and off work during illness. Cost drivers were assessed in multivariate regression models. Results Overall, costs were significantly higher among clinic participants. Costs (USD) per year for clinic versus club were as follows: 11.7 versus 4.17 (p {$<$} 0.001) for direct costs, 20.9 versus 8.23 (p {$<$} 0.001) for indirect costs and 32.2 versus 12.4 (p {$<$} 0.001) for total costs. Time spent accessing care and time spent in illness (hours/year) were 38.3 versus 13.8 (p {$<$} 0.001) and 16.0 versus 6.69 (p {$<$} 0.001) respectively. The main cost drivers included transportation (clinic vs. club: 67.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 44.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) for direct costs and income loss due to time spent accessing care (clinic vs. club: 60.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 56.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) for indirect costs. Factors associated with higher total costs among patients attending clinic services were higher education level (coefficient {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval]) 20.9 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace5.47 to 36.3]) and formal employment (44.2 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace20.0 to 68.5). Differences in mean total costs remained significantly higher with formal employment, rural residence, in addition to more frequent visits among clinic participants. The percentage of households classified as having had catastrophic expenditures in the last year was low but significantly higher among clinic participants (10.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 5.18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p = 0.014). Conclusions Costs incurred by patients accessing DSD in the community are significantly lower compared to those accessing standard clinic-based care. DSD models could improve access, especially in resource-limited settings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25858,7 +30149,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {7},
   pages = {1--41},
   issn = {1545-8636},
-  abstract = {Problem/Condition: As a result of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, millions of U.S. adults attained health insurance coverage. However, millions of adults remain uninsured or underinsured. Compared with adults without barriers to health care, adults who lack health insurance coverage, have coverage gaps, or skip or delay care because of limited personal finances might face increased risk for poor physical and mental health and premature mortality. Period Covered: 2014. Description of System: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing, state-based, landline- and cellular-telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years residing in the United States. Data are collected from states, the District of Columbia, and participating U.S. territories on health risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, health care access, and use of clinical preventive services (CPS). An optional Health Care Access module was included in the 2014 BRFSS. This report summarizes 2014 BRFSS data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia on health care access and use of selected CPS recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force or the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices among working-aged adults (aged 18-64 years), by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and federal poverty level (FPL). This report also provides analysis of primary type of health insurance coverage at the time of interview, continuity of health insurance coverage during the preceding 12 months, and other health care access measures (i.e., unmet health care need because of cost, unmet prescription need because of cost, medical debt \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracemedical bills being paid off over time], number of health care visits during the preceding year, and satisfaction with received health care) from 43 states that included questions from the optional BRFSS Health Care Access module. Results: In 2014, health insurance coverage and other health care access measures varied substantially by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region (i.e., states categorized geographically into nine regions), and FPL category. The following proportions refer to the range of estimated prevalence for health insurance and other health care access measures by examined geographical unit (unless otherwise specified), as reported by respondents. Among adults with health insurance coverage, the range was 70.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-94.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 78.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-94.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 70.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-89.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 73.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-91.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 64.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-95.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who had a usual source of health care, the range was 57.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-86.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 57.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%-86.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 61.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-83.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 64.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%-83.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 61.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-81.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who received a routine checkup, the range was 52.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%-75.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 56.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-75.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 52.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%-71.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 56.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%-70.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 59.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%-69.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who had unmet health care need because of cost, the range was 8.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for states, 8.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%-21.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 11.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%-23.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 11.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-20.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 5.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%-32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Estimated prevalence of cancer screenings, influenza vaccination, and having ever been tested for human immunodeficiency virus also varied by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and FPL category. The prevalence of insurance coverage varied by approximately 25 percentage points among racial/ethnic groups (range: 63.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% among Hispanics to 88.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% among non-Hispanic Asians) and by approximately 32 percentage points by FPL category (range: 64.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$<$}100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL to 95.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$>$}400\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL). The prevalence of unmet health care need because of cost varied by nearly 14 percentage points among racial/ethnic groups (range: 11.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% among non-Hispanic Asians to 25.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% among Hispanics), by approximately 17 percentage points among adults with and without disabilities (30.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 13.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and by approximately 28 percentage points by FPL category (range: 5.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$>$}400\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL to 32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$<$}100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL). Among the 43 states that included questions from the optional module, a majority of adults reported private health insurance coverage (63.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by public health plan coverage (19.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and no primary source of insurance (17.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Financial barriers to health care (unmet health care need because of cost, unmet prescribed medication need because of cost, and medical bills being paid off over time \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracemedical debt]) were typically lower among adults in Medicaid expansion states than those in nonexpansion states regardless of source of insurance. Approximately 75.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of adults reported being continuously insured during the preceding 12 months, 12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported a gap in coverage, and 11.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported being uninsured during the preceding 12 months. The largest proportion of adults reported {$>$}= 3 visits to a health care professional during the preceding 12 months (47.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by 1-2 visits (37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and no health care visits (15.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Adults in expansion and nonexpansion states reported similar levels of satisfaction with received health care by primary source of health insurance coverage and by continuity of health insurance coverage during the preceding 12 months. Interpretation: This report presents for the first time estimates of population-based health care access and use of CPS among adults aged 18-64 years. The findings in this report indicate substantial variations in health insurance coverage; other health care access measures; and use of CPS by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and FPL category. In 2014, health insurance coverage, having a usual source of care, having a routine checkup, and not experiencing unmet health care need because of cost were higher among adults living below the poverty level (i.e., household income {$<$}100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of FPL) in states that expanded Medicaid than in states that did not. Similarly, estimates of breast and cervical cancer screening and influenza vaccination were higher among adults living below the poverty level in states that expanded Medicaid than in states that did not. These disparities might be due to larger differences to begin with, decreased disparities in Medicaid expansion states versus nonexpansion states, or increased disparities in nonexpansion states. Public Health Action: BRFSS data from 2014 can be used as a baseline by which to assess and monitor changes that might occur after 2014 resulting from programs and policies designed to increase access to health care, reduce health disparities, and improve the health of the adult population. Post-2014 changes in health care access, such as source of health insurance coverage, attainment and continuity of coverage, financial barriers, preventive care services, and health outcomes, can be monitored using these baseline estimates.},
+  abstract = {Problem/Condition: As a result of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, millions of U.S. adults attained health insurance coverage. However, millions of adults remain uninsured or underinsured. Compared with adults without barriers to health care, adults who lack health insurance coverage, have coverage gaps, or skip or delay care because of limited personal finances might face increased risk for poor physical and mental health and premature mortality. Period Covered: 2014. Description of System: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing, state-based, landline- and cellular-telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years residing in the United States. Data are collected from states, the District of Columbia, and participating U.S. territories on health risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, health care access, and use of clinical preventive services (CPS). An optional Health Care Access module was included in the 2014 BRFSS. This report summarizes 2014 BRFSS data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia on health care access and use of selected CPS recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force or the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices among working-aged adults (aged 18-64 years), by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and federal poverty level (FPL). This report also provides analysis of primary type of health insurance coverage at the time of interview, continuity of health insurance coverage during the preceding 12 months, and other health care access measures (i.e., unmet health care need because of cost, unmet prescription need because of cost, medical debt {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracemedical bills being paid off over time], number of health care visits during the preceding year, and satisfaction with received health care) from 43 states that included questions from the optional BRFSS Health Care Access module. Results: In 2014, health insurance coverage and other health care access measures varied substantially by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region (i.e., states categorized geographically into nine regions), and FPL category. The following proportions refer to the range of estimated prevalence for health insurance and other health care access measures by examined geographical unit (unless otherwise specified), as reported by respondents. Among adults with health insurance coverage, the range was 70.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-94.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for states, 78.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-94.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 70.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-89.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 73.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-91.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 64.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-95.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who had a usual source of health care, the range was 57.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-86.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for states, 57.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-86.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 61.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-83.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 64.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-83.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 61.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-81.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who received a routine checkup, the range was 52.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-75.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for states, 56.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-75.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 52.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-71.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 56.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-70.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 59.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-69.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Among adults who had unmet health care need because of cost, the range was 8.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-23.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for states, 8.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-21.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for Medicaid expansion states, 11.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-23.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for nonexpansion states, 11.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-20.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for expanded geographic regions, and 5.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-32.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for FPL categories. Estimated prevalence of cancer screenings, influenza vaccination, and having ever been tested for human immunodeficiency virus also varied by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and FPL category. The prevalence of insurance coverage varied by approximately 25 percentage points among racial/ethnic groups (range: 63.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among Hispanics to 88.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among non-Hispanic Asians) and by approximately 32 percentage points by FPL category (range: 64.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$<$}100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of FPL to 95.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$>$}400{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of FPL). The prevalence of unmet health care need because of cost varied by nearly 14 percentage points among racial/ethnic groups (range: 11.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among non-Hispanic Asians to 25.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among Hispanics), by approximately 17 percentage points among adults with and without disabilities (30.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% versus 13.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and by approximately 28 percentage points by FPL category (range: 5.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$>$}400{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of FPL to 32.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among adults with household income {$<$}100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of FPL). Among the 43 states that included questions from the optional module, a majority of adults reported private health insurance coverage (63.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by public health plan coverage (19.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and no primary source of insurance (17.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Financial barriers to health care (unmet health care need because of cost, unmet prescribed medication need because of cost, and medical bills being paid off over time {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracemedical debt]) were typically lower among adults in Medicaid expansion states than those in nonexpansion states regardless of source of insurance. Approximately 75.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of adults reported being continuously insured during the preceding 12 months, 12.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported a gap in coverage, and 11.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported being uninsured during the preceding 12 months. The largest proportion of adults reported {$>$}= 3 visits to a health care professional during the preceding 12 months (47.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by 1-2 visits (37.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and no health care visits (15.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Adults in expansion and nonexpansion states reported similar levels of satisfaction with received health care by primary source of health insurance coverage and by continuity of health insurance coverage during the preceding 12 months. Interpretation: This report presents for the first time estimates of population-based health care access and use of CPS among adults aged 18-64 years. The findings in this report indicate substantial variations in health insurance coverage; other health care access measures; and use of CPS by state, state Medicaid expansion status, expanded geographic region, and FPL category. In 2014, health insurance coverage, having a usual source of care, having a routine checkup, and not experiencing unmet health care need because of cost were higher among adults living below the poverty level (i.e., household income {$<$}100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of FPL) in states that expanded Medicaid than in states that did not. Similarly, estimates of breast and cervical cancer screening and influenza vaccination were higher among adults living below the poverty level in states that expanded Medicaid than in states that did not. These disparities might be due to larger differences to begin with, decreased disparities in Medicaid expansion states versus nonexpansion states, or increased disparities in nonexpansion states. Public Health Action: BRFSS data from 2014 can be used as a baseline by which to assess and monitor changes that might occur after 2014 resulting from programs and policies designed to increase access to health care, reduce health disparities, and improve the health of the adult population. Post-2014 changes in health care access, such as source of health insurance coverage, attainment and continuity of coverage, financial barriers, preventive care services, and health outcomes, can be monitored using these baseline estimates.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25870,7 +30161,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {8},
   issn = {1654-9880},
   doi = {10.3402/gha.v8.23968},
-  abstract = {Background: Community health workers (CHWs) have been employed in a number of low-and middle-income countries as part of primary health care strategies, but the packages vary across and even within countries. The experiences and motivations of a multipurpose CHW in providing maternal and newborn health have not been well described. Objective: This study examined the perceptions of community members and experiences of CHWs around promoting maternal and newborn care practices, and the self-identified factors that influence the performance of CHWs so as to inform future study design and programme implementation. Design: Data were collected using in-depth interviews with six local council leaders, ten health workers/CHW supervisors, and eight mothers. We conducted four focus group discussions with CHWs. Respondents included 14 urban and 18 rural CHWs. Key themes explored included the experience of CHWs according to their various roles, and the facilitators and barriers they encounter in their work particular to provision of maternal and newborn care. Qualitative data were analysed using manifest content analysis methods. Results: CHWs were highly appreciated in the community and seen as important contributors to maternal and newborn health at grassroots level. Factors that positively influence CHWs included being selected by and trained in the community; being trained in problem-solving skills; being deployed immediately after training with participation of local leaders; frequent supervision; and having a strengthened and responsive supply of services to which families can be referred. CHWs made use of social networks to identify pregnant and newly delivered women, and were able to target men and the wider family during health education activities. Intrinsic motivators (e.g. community appreciation and the prestige of being \textbackslash textasciigravea doctor'), monetary (such as a small transport allowance), and material incentives (e.g. bicycles, bags) were also important to varying degrees. Conclusions: There is a continued role for CHWs in improving maternal and newborn care and linking families with health services. However, the process for building CHW programmes needs to be adapted to the local setting, including the process of training, deployment, supervision, and motivation within the context of a responsive and available health system.},
+  abstract = {Background: Community health workers (CHWs) have been employed in a number of low-and middle-income countries as part of primary health care strategies, but the packages vary across and even within countries. The experiences and motivations of a multipurpose CHW in providing maternal and newborn health have not been well described. Objective: This study examined the perceptions of community members and experiences of CHWs around promoting maternal and newborn care practices, and the self-identified factors that influence the performance of CHWs so as to inform future study design and programme implementation. Design: Data were collected using in-depth interviews with six local council leaders, ten health workers/CHW supervisors, and eight mothers. We conducted four focus group discussions with CHWs. Respondents included 14 urban and 18 rural CHWs. Key themes explored included the experience of CHWs according to their various roles, and the facilitators and barriers they encounter in their work particular to provision of maternal and newborn care. Qualitative data were analysed using manifest content analysis methods. Results: CHWs were highly appreciated in the community and seen as important contributors to maternal and newborn health at grassroots level. Factors that positively influence CHWs included being selected by and trained in the community; being trained in problem-solving skills; being deployed immediately after training with participation of local leaders; frequent supervision; and having a strengthened and responsive supply of services to which families can be referred. CHWs made use of social networks to identify pregnant and newly delivered women, and were able to target men and the wider family during health education activities. Intrinsic motivators (e.g. community appreciation and the prestige of being {\textbackslash}textasciigravea doctor'), monetary (such as a small transport allowance), and material incentives (e.g. bicycles, bags) were also important to varying degrees. Conclusions: There is a continued role for CHWs in improving maternal and newborn care and linking families with health services. However, the process for building CHW programmes needs to be adapted to the local setting, including the process of training, deployment, supervision, and motivation within the context of a responsive and available health system.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -25886,6 +30177,22 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Olesen2015,
+  title = {Does Retirement Reduce the Risk of Mental Disorders? {{A}} National Registry-Linkage Study of Treatment for Mental Disorders before and after Retirement of 245 082 {{Danish}} Residents},
+  shorttitle = {Does Retirement Reduce the Risk of Mental Disorders?},
+  author = {Olesen, Kasper and Rod, Naja Hulvej and Madsen, Ida E H and Bonde, Jens Peter and Rugulies, Reiner},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Occupational and Environmental Medicine},
+  volume = {72},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {366--372},
+  issn = {1351-0711, 1470-7926},
+  doi = {10.1136/oemed-2014-102228},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Olilingo2020,
   title = {How {{Indonesia Economics Works}}: {{Correlation Analysis}} of {{Macroeconomics}} in 2010 - 2019},
   author = {Olilingo, Fahruddin Zain and Putra, Aditya Halim Perdana Kusuma},
@@ -25941,7 +30248,22 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {339--356},
   issn = {0169-3816},
   doi = {10.1007/s10823-017-9321-9},
-  abstract = {Supporting caregivers and enabling continued workforce participation are central strategies in Australia's response to an ageing population, however these strategies have potential disadvantages for carers, particularly women, including reduced workforce participation and retirement income, and poorer health status. This paper explores the nexus between paid work and caregiving for Australia's baby boomer cohort as this group faces unprecedented pressures to manage paid work alongside caring longer and more intensively for family members, including grandchildren. A sample of 1261 men and women aged 60 to 64 completed the 2011-12 Life Histories and Health survey, a sub-study of the New South Wales 45 and Up Study. The survey collected data on sociodemographic, psychosocial, life history and health-related variables including caregiving and employment status. Around a third (32.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of the sample (52.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% female) were involved in some type of caregiving at the time. Compared to non-carers, carers reported lower workforce participation (45.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% versus 54.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% for non-carers) as well as poorer health, more mobility difficulties, lower quality of life and lower self-rated SES. Carers who also cared for grandchildren were more likely to be in part-time or no paid work compared to other carers. Working carers tended to be more highly educated, have fewer mobility difficulties, better self-rated health and higher SES than non-working carers. Male carers were more likely than female carers to be in full-time or no paid work. Results indicate that reduced workforce participation and health status of caregivers varies by gender and type of caregiving. Policy reforms are recommended to mitigate these adverse consequences on those providing care, their families, employers and the community.},
+  abstract = {Supporting caregivers and enabling continued workforce participation are central strategies in Australia's response to an ageing population, however these strategies have potential disadvantages for carers, particularly women, including reduced workforce participation and retirement income, and poorer health status. This paper explores the nexus between paid work and caregiving for Australia's baby boomer cohort as this group faces unprecedented pressures to manage paid work alongside caring longer and more intensively for family members, including grandchildren. A sample of 1261 men and women aged 60 to 64 completed the 2011-12 Life Histories and Health survey, a sub-study of the New South Wales 45 and Up Study. The survey collected data on sociodemographic, psychosocial, life history and health-related variables including caregiving and employment status. Around a third (32.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of the sample (52.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female) were involved in some type of caregiving at the time. Compared to non-carers, carers reported lower workforce participation (45.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% versus 54.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for non-carers) as well as poorer health, more mobility difficulties, lower quality of life and lower self-rated SES. Carers who also cared for grandchildren were more likely to be in part-time or no paid work compared to other carers. Working carers tended to be more highly educated, have fewer mobility difficulties, better self-rated health and higher SES than non-working carers. Male carers were more likely than female carers to be in full-time or no paid work. Results indicate that reduced workforce participation and health status of caregivers varies by gender and type of caregiving. Policy reforms are recommended to mitigate these adverse consequences on those providing care, their families, employers and the community.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Olson2000,
+  title = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{Supported Employment}}},
+  author = {Olson, Deborah and Cioffi, Andrea and Yovanoff, Paul and Mank, David},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Mental Retardation},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {89--96},
+  issn = {0047-6765},
+  doi = {10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038<0089:GDISE>2.0.CO;2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26002,7 +30324,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {874--882},
   issn = {1546-1440},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jacr.2014.03.022},
-  abstract = {Purpose: The breast imaging modalities of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI are widely used for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of breast cancer. Geographic access to breast imaging services in various modalities is not known at a national level overall or for population subgroups. Methods: A retrospective study of 2004-2008 Medicare claims data was conducted to identify ZIP codes in which breast imaging occurred, and data were mapped. Estimated travel times were made for each modality for 215,798 census block groups in the contiguous United States. Using Census 2010 data, travel times were characterized by sociodemographic factors for 92,788,909 women aged {$>$}= 30 years, overall, and by subgroups of age, race/ethnicity, rurality, education, and median income. Results: Overall, 85\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women had travel times of {$<$}= 20 minutes to nearest mammography or ultrasound services, and 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% had travel times of {$<$}= 20 minutes for MRI with little variation by age. Native American women had median travel times 2-3 times longer for all 3 modalities, compared to women of other racial/ethnic groups. For rural women, median travel times to breast imaging service's were 4-8-fold longer than they were for urban women. Black and Asian women had the shortest median travel times to services for all 3 modalities. Conclusions: Travel times to mammography and ultrasound breast imaging facilities are short for most women, but for breast MRI, travel times are notably longer. Native American and rural women are disadvantaged in geographic access based on travel times to breast imaging services. This work informs potential interventions to reduce inequities in access and utilization.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: The breast imaging modalities of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI are widely used for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of breast cancer. Geographic access to breast imaging services in various modalities is not known at a national level overall or for population subgroups. Methods: A retrospective study of 2004-2008 Medicare claims data was conducted to identify ZIP codes in which breast imaging occurred, and data were mapped. Estimated travel times were made for each modality for 215,798 census block groups in the contiguous United States. Using Census 2010 data, travel times were characterized by sociodemographic factors for 92,788,909 women aged {$>$}= 30 years, overall, and by subgroups of age, race/ethnicity, rurality, education, and median income. Results: Overall, 85{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women had travel times of {$<$}= 20 minutes to nearest mammography or ultrasound services, and 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had travel times of {$<$}= 20 minutes for MRI with little variation by age. Native American women had median travel times 2-3 times longer for all 3 modalities, compared to women of other racial/ethnic groups. For rural women, median travel times to breast imaging service's were 4-8-fold longer than they were for urban women. Black and Asian women had the shortest median travel times to services for all 3 modalities. Conclusions: Travel times to mammography and ultrasound breast imaging facilities are short for most women, but for breast MRI, travel times are notably longer. Native American and rural women are disadvantaged in geographic access based on travel times to breast imaging services. This work informs potential interventions to reduce inequities in access and utilization.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26045,7 +30367,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {53--72},
   issn = {0889-1583},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jjie.2016.01.002},
-  abstract = {This paper examines how much the observed convergence in the gender wage gap in Japan from 1992 to 2002 is affected by changes in female labor participation behavior. The existing literature focuses on full-time workers, but the replacement of low-paid regular full-time workers by non-regular workers and the introduction of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law may have changed the selection of females in full-time work force. I consider a three choice framework for a woman based on the Roy model: a woman chooses either no work, non-regular work, or regular work. This framework shows that large (potential) wage inequality within a gender can draw high-earning people into the workforce and push low-earning people out. I apply Lee's (1983) method to the micro data from the Employment Social Surveys 1992 and 2002. The results show that female selection in regular workers became stricter in 2002 and women with low-earning ability tended to be pushed out from regular work force. The wage structure for female regular workers has become more ability based. This change in the female selection explains 63.27\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the observed convergence in the mean log wage gap between female regular workers and male workers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper examines how much the observed convergence in the gender wage gap in Japan from 1992 to 2002 is affected by changes in female labor participation behavior. The existing literature focuses on full-time workers, but the replacement of low-paid regular full-time workers by non-regular workers and the introduction of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law may have changed the selection of females in full-time work force. I consider a three choice framework for a woman based on the Roy model: a woman chooses either no work, non-regular work, or regular work. This framework shows that large (potential) wage inequality within a gender can draw high-earning people into the workforce and push low-earning people out. I apply Lee's (1983) method to the micro data from the Employment Social Surveys 1992 and 2002. The results show that female selection in regular workers became stricter in 2002 and women with low-earning ability tended to be pushed out from regular work force. The wage structure for female regular workers has become more ability based. This change in the female selection explains 63.27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the observed convergence in the mean log wage gap between female regular workers and male workers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26085,7 +30407,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {1451--1466},
   issn = {0142-5455},
   doi = {10.1108/ER-05-2018-0128},
-  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the perceptions of key stakeholders of the human resource management (HRM) practices and challenges in performing arts organisations in Victoria, Australia. Challenges include the precarious nature of employment in the industry; poor wages and conditions leading to financial insecurity and the domination of the industry by small- and medium-sized organisations. The passion and commitment of the performing arts workforce are both a strength and a weakness in that they \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebuy in\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to the expectations of long hours and unpaid work. These challenges impact on managers and administrators as well as performers and raise many challenges for the HRM function and places constraints on even basic HRM practices. Despite the claims of the stakeholders that the large companies have sophisticated HRM practices the early evidence suggests otherwise. Furthermore, many of these problems cannot be solved at the organisational level and need an industry and government response. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach is used to guide this study as it allows contextual evaluation of the data. Eight key stakeholders interviewed for this study included one official specialising in industrial relations from Live Performance Australia, one official from the Media and Entertainment and Arts Alliance, two government officials from the State government, one with responsibility for working with Performing Arts companies in relation to funding and resources, and the other with responsibility for government arts policy development; two chief executive officers - one from a small arts company and the other from a large arts company; one HR director from a large arts company; and one manager from a small-to-medium-size company. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were undertaken to provide an information-rich inquiry. Findings The study suggests that there are considerable barriers to the effective adoption and implementation of HRM in the performing arts. In particular, the research identified four major features that impact on HRM practices in the arts sector. These are: first, the precarious nature of employment, due to the short-term and project focussed work. Second, the reliance on often limited government funding, supplemented by philanthropy, sponsorship and box office takings, leading to short-term and long-term financial insecurity and limited capacity for long-term planning. Third, limited resources and high levels of casualisation which leads to low income, poor working conditions, lack of training and few opportunities for career development. Fourth, despite these difficult conditions, the sector appears to attract a highly motivated and committed workforce including not just performers but also managers and administrators and the sector appears to rely on their passion, commitment and shared endeavour. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of HRM systems and practices in the performing arts.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the perceptions of key stakeholders of the human resource management (HRM) practices and challenges in performing arts organisations in Victoria, Australia. Challenges include the precarious nature of employment in the industry; poor wages and conditions leading to financial insecurity and the domination of the industry by small- and medium-sized organisations. The passion and commitment of the performing arts workforce are both a strength and a weakness in that they {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebuy in{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to the expectations of long hours and unpaid work. These challenges impact on managers and administrators as well as performers and raise many challenges for the HRM function and places constraints on even basic HRM practices. Despite the claims of the stakeholders that the large companies have sophisticated HRM practices the early evidence suggests otherwise. Furthermore, many of these problems cannot be solved at the organisational level and need an industry and government response. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach is used to guide this study as it allows contextual evaluation of the data. Eight key stakeholders interviewed for this study included one official specialising in industrial relations from Live Performance Australia, one official from the Media and Entertainment and Arts Alliance, two government officials from the State government, one with responsibility for working with Performing Arts companies in relation to funding and resources, and the other with responsibility for government arts policy development; two chief executive officers - one from a small arts company and the other from a large arts company; one HR director from a large arts company; and one manager from a small-to-medium-size company. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were undertaken to provide an information-rich inquiry. Findings The study suggests that there are considerable barriers to the effective adoption and implementation of HRM in the performing arts. In particular, the research identified four major features that impact on HRM practices in the arts sector. These are: first, the precarious nature of employment, due to the short-term and project focussed work. Second, the reliance on often limited government funding, supplemented by philanthropy, sponsorship and box office takings, leading to short-term and long-term financial insecurity and limited capacity for long-term planning. Third, limited resources and high levels of casualisation which leads to low income, poor working conditions, lack of training and few opportunities for career development. Fourth, despite these difficult conditions, the sector appears to attract a highly motivated and committed workforce including not just performers but also managers and administrators and the sector appears to rely on their passion, commitment and shared endeavour. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of HRM systems and practices in the performing arts.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26128,7 +30450,21 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {918--930},
   issn = {0264-9993},
   doi = {10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.039},
-  abstract = {Increasing inequality cannot be a long-run steady state i.e. a trend that can continue indefinitely. Because the bottom 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% and top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the U.S. and Canada have had very different rates of growth of market income since the 1980s, consumption and savings flows have necessarily changed. If aggregate expenditure is to equal aggregate income, the added savings of the increasingly affluent must be loaned to balance total current expenditure but increasing indebtedness implies financial fragility, periodic financial crises, greater volatility of aggregate income and, as governments respond to mass unemployment with counter-cyclical fiscal policies, a compounding instability of public finances. In Canada and the United States, increasing economic instability is thus an implication of increasing inequality. Either an acceleration of the income growth rate of the bottom 99\textbackslash textbackslash\%, or a decline in income growth of the top 1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, could equalize income growth rates, and thereby stabilize market income shares and macro-economic flows. However, there is no evidence that purely economic forces will produce either outcome anytime soon in Canada or the U.S. any return to stability depends on political economy. The establishment of social transfer programs, rural out-migration, expansion of school enrolment, increased female employment and declining birth rates are large \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveone-time\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace social changes with big income impacts for working families. In Canada and the U.S. such trends helped stabilize inequality from 1940 to 1975, while in Mexico they have reduced inequality (albeit from a high level) in recent years. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Increasing inequality cannot be a long-run steady state i.e. a trend that can continue indefinitely. Because the bottom 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and top 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the U.S. and Canada have had very different rates of growth of market income since the 1980s, consumption and savings flows have necessarily changed. If aggregate expenditure is to equal aggregate income, the added savings of the increasingly affluent must be loaned to balance total current expenditure but increasing indebtedness implies financial fragility, periodic financial crises, greater volatility of aggregate income and, as governments respond to mass unemployment with counter-cyclical fiscal policies, a compounding instability of public finances. In Canada and the United States, increasing economic instability is thus an implication of increasing inequality. Either an acceleration of the income growth rate of the bottom 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, or a decline in income growth of the top 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, could equalize income growth rates, and thereby stabilize market income shares and macro-economic flows. However, there is no evidence that purely economic forces will produce either outcome anytime soon in Canada or the U.S. any return to stability depends on political economy. The establishment of social transfer programs, rural out-migration, expansion of school enrolment, increased female employment and declining birth rates are large {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveone-time{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace social changes with big income impacts for working families. In Canada and the U.S. such trends helped stabilize inequality from 1940 to 1975, while in Mexico they have reduced inequality (albeit from a high level) in recent years. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Oshio2019,
+  title = {Is a Positive Association between Female Employment and Fertility Still Spurious in Developed Countries?},
+  author = {Oshio, Takashi},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Demographic Research},
+  volume = {41},
+  pages = {1277--1288},
+  issn = {1435-9871},
+  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.45},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26185,11 +30521,11 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {Otsu, Yuki and Yuen, C. Y. Kelvin},
   year = {2022},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CONTROL},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CONTROL},
   volume = {144},
   issn = {0165-1889},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jedc.2022.104529},
-  abstract = {Better health improves labor market outcomes, and better labor market outcomes discourage individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. Therefore, health insurance policies would affect labor market outcomes and criminal behavior. To explain the mechanism and the impact, we build an equilibrium search model of health, crime, and the labor market. We then use the model to conduct policy experiments and quantify their impacts on the economy. The calibrated model shows that the Medicare-for-all and the Employer Mandate under the Affordable Care Act would increase the aggregate output by more than 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% . However, while Medicare-for-all reduces the crime rate and inequality, the Employer Mandate increases both. Furthermore, policy effects vary by individual's skill and health status. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Better health improves labor market outcomes, and better labor market outcomes discourage individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. Therefore, health insurance policies would affect labor market outcomes and criminal behavior. To explain the mechanism and the impact, we build an equilibrium search model of health, crime, and the labor market. We then use the model to conduct policy experiments and quantify their impacts on the economy. The calibrated model shows that the Medicare-for-all and the Employer Mandate under the Affordable Care Act would increase the aggregate output by more than 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% . However, while Medicare-for-all reduces the crime rate and inequality, the Employer Mandate increases both. Furthermore, policy effects vary by individual's skill and health status. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26231,7 +30567,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {34},
   pages = {115--147},
   issn = {0266-4658},
-  abstract = {High unemployment and regional inequalities are major concerns for European policy makers. but so far connections between policies dealing with unemployment and regional inequalities have been few and weak. We think that this should change. This paper documents a regional and transnational dimension to unemployment - i.e.. geographical unemployment clusters that do not respect national boundaries. Since the Mid 1980s, regions with high or low initial unemployment rates saw little change, while regions with intermediate unemployment moved towards extreme values. During,, this polarization, nearby regions tended to share similar outcomes due, we argue, to spatially related changes in labour demand. These spatially correlated demand shifts were due in part to initial clustering of low-skilled regions and badly performing industries but a significant neighbour effect remains even after controlling for these, and the effect is as strong within as it is between nations. We believe this reflects agglomeration effects of economic integration. The new economic geography literature shows how integration fosters employment clusters that need not respect national borders. If regional labour forces do not adjust, regional unemployment polarization with neighbour effects can result. To account for these \textbackslash textasciigraveneighbour efficiency a cross-regional and transnational dimension should be added to national policies. actions should consider policies that encourage regional wage setting, and short distance mobility, and the EU should consider including transnational considerations in its regional policy, since neighbour effects on unemployment mean that an anti-unemployment policy paid for by one region will benefit neighbouring regions. Since local politicians gain no votes or tax revenues from these \textbackslash textasciigravespillozeis', they are likely to underestimate the true benefit of the policy and thus tend to undertake too little of it.},
+  abstract = {High unemployment and regional inequalities are major concerns for European policy makers. but so far connections between policies dealing with unemployment and regional inequalities have been few and weak. We think that this should change. This paper documents a regional and transnational dimension to unemployment - i.e.. geographical unemployment clusters that do not respect national boundaries. Since the Mid 1980s, regions with high or low initial unemployment rates saw little change, while regions with intermediate unemployment moved towards extreme values. During,, this polarization, nearby regions tended to share similar outcomes due, we argue, to spatially related changes in labour demand. These spatially correlated demand shifts were due in part to initial clustering of low-skilled regions and badly performing industries but a significant neighbour effect remains even after controlling for these, and the effect is as strong within as it is between nations. We believe this reflects agglomeration effects of economic integration. The new economic geography literature shows how integration fosters employment clusters that need not respect national borders. If regional labour forces do not adjust, regional unemployment polarization with neighbour effects can result. To account for these {\textbackslash}textasciigraveneighbour efficiency a cross-regional and transnational dimension should be added to national policies. actions should consider policies that encourage regional wage setting, and short distance mobility, and the EU should consider including transnational considerations in its regional policy, since neighbour effects on unemployment mean that an anti-unemployment policy paid for by one region will benefit neighbouring regions. Since local politicians gain no votes or tax revenues from these {\textbackslash}textasciigravespillozeis', they are likely to underestimate the true benefit of the policy and thus tend to undertake too little of it.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26330,12 +30666,12 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {5525--5534},
   issn = {0264-410X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.081},
-  abstract = {Extending the benefits of vaccination to everyone who is eligible requires an understanding of which populations current vaccination efforts have struggled to reach. A clear definition of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehard-to-reach\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace populations - also known as high-risk or marginalized populations, or reaching the last mile - is essential for estimating the size of target groups, sharing lessons learned based on consistent definitions, and allocating resources appropriately. A literature review was conducted to determine what formal definitions of hard-to-reach populations exist and how they are being used, and to propose definitions to consider for future use. Overall, we found that (1) there is a need to distinguish populations that are hard to reach versus hard to vaccinate, and (2) the existing literature poorly defined these populations and clear criteria or thresholds for classifying them were missing. Based on this review, we propose that hard-to-reach populations be defined as those facing supply-side barriers to vaccination due to geography by distance or terrain, transient or nomadic movement, healthcare provider discrimination, lack of healthcare provider recommendations, inadequate vaccination systems, war and conflict, home births or other homebound mobility limitations, or legal restrictions. Although multiple mechanisms may apply to the same population, supply-side barriers should be distinguished from demand-side barriers. Hard-to-vaccinate populations are defined as those who are reachable but difficult to vaccinate due to distrust, religious beliefs, lack of awareness of vaccine benefits and recommendations, poverty or low socioeconomic status, lack of time to access available vaccination services, or gender-based discrimination. Further work is needed to better define hard-to-reach populations and delineate them from populations that may be hard to vaccinate due to complex refusal reasons, improve measurement of the size and importance of their impact, and examine interventions related to overcoming barriers for each mechanism. This will enable policy makers, governments, donors, and the vaccine community to better plan interventions and allocate necessary resources to remove existing barriers to vaccination. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Extending the benefits of vaccination to everyone who is eligible requires an understanding of which populations current vaccination efforts have struggled to reach. A clear definition of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehard-to-reach{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace populations - also known as high-risk or marginalized populations, or reaching the last mile - is essential for estimating the size of target groups, sharing lessons learned based on consistent definitions, and allocating resources appropriately. A literature review was conducted to determine what formal definitions of hard-to-reach populations exist and how they are being used, and to propose definitions to consider for future use. Overall, we found that (1) there is a need to distinguish populations that are hard to reach versus hard to vaccinate, and (2) the existing literature poorly defined these populations and clear criteria or thresholds for classifying them were missing. Based on this review, we propose that hard-to-reach populations be defined as those facing supply-side barriers to vaccination due to geography by distance or terrain, transient or nomadic movement, healthcare provider discrimination, lack of healthcare provider recommendations, inadequate vaccination systems, war and conflict, home births or other homebound mobility limitations, or legal restrictions. Although multiple mechanisms may apply to the same population, supply-side barriers should be distinguished from demand-side barriers. Hard-to-vaccinate populations are defined as those who are reachable but difficult to vaccinate due to distrust, religious beliefs, lack of awareness of vaccine benefits and recommendations, poverty or low socioeconomic status, lack of time to access available vaccination services, or gender-based discrimination. Further work is needed to better define hard-to-reach populations and delineate them from populations that may be hard to vaccinate due to complex refusal reasons, improve measurement of the size and importance of their impact, and examine interventions related to overcoming barriers for each mechanism. This will enable policy makers, governments, donors, and the vaccine community to better plan interventions and allocate necessary resources to remove existing barriers to vaccination. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Ozbilgin2004,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigravebelonging' and \textbackslash textasciigraveotherness': {{Sex}} Equality in Banking in {{Turkey}} and {{Britain}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigravebelonging' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveotherness': {{Sex}} Equality in Banking in {{Turkey}} and {{Britain}}},
   author = {Ozbilgin, {\relax MF} and Woodward, D},
   year = {2004},
   month = nov,
@@ -26345,7 +30681,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {668--688},
   issn = {0968-6673},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0432.2004.00254.x},
-  abstract = {The struggle for sex equality at work has largely been achieved in the developed world, it is claimed. The number of well-qualified young women entering white-collar employment and achieving promotion to first-line and middle management positions now matches or exceeds their male peers. Many young women have high career aspirations and argue that sex discrimination no longer exists. However, this perception is over-optimistic. Major sex inequalities persist at senior management level in the salaries and benefits offered to female and male staff and in access to certain favoured occupations and sectors of employment. Questionnaires, interviews and documentary evidence from three Turkish and six British banks and high street financial organizations showed that their claimed commitment to equal opportunities by sex was not matched by their practices. Members of managerial elites (who were almost exclusively male) held firm views about the characteristics of \textbackslash textasciigravethe ideal worker', which informed organizational ideologies, including human resource policies and practices concerning recruitment and promotion. They also permeated organizational cultures, which affected employees' working practices and experiences. The outcome of these internal negotiation processes was to differentiate between a favoured group of staff seen as fully committed to the companies' values, who were promoted and rewarded, and an \textbackslash textasciigraveout' group, whose members were denied these privileges. This distinction between \textbackslash textasciigravebelonging' and \textbackslash textasciigraveotherness' is gendered not only along the traditional lines of class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross-cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women staff seeking career development in the industry was remarkably similar.},
+  abstract = {The struggle for sex equality at work has largely been achieved in the developed world, it is claimed. The number of well-qualified young women entering white-collar employment and achieving promotion to first-line and middle management positions now matches or exceeds their male peers. Many young women have high career aspirations and argue that sex discrimination no longer exists. However, this perception is over-optimistic. Major sex inequalities persist at senior management level in the salaries and benefits offered to female and male staff and in access to certain favoured occupations and sectors of employment. Questionnaires, interviews and documentary evidence from three Turkish and six British banks and high street financial organizations showed that their claimed commitment to equal opportunities by sex was not matched by their practices. Members of managerial elites (who were almost exclusively male) held firm views about the characteristics of {\textbackslash}textasciigravethe ideal worker', which informed organizational ideologies, including human resource policies and practices concerning recruitment and promotion. They also permeated organizational cultures, which affected employees' working practices and experiences. The outcome of these internal negotiation processes was to differentiate between a favoured group of staff seen as fully committed to the companies' values, who were promoted and rewarded, and an {\textbackslash}textasciigraveout' group, whose members were denied these privileges. This distinction between {\textbackslash}textasciigravebelonging' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveotherness' is gendered not only along the traditional lines of class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross-cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women staff seeking career development in the industry was remarkably similar.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26387,7 +30723,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {142--154},
   issn = {0966-6923},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.004},
-  abstract = {Although the concept of social equity seems to be ubiquitous in most mobility plans of major Latin American cities, when evaluating transport projects for financing and prioritisation there are no specific or solid indicators to measure how they can contribute to promoting better access to opportunities, particularly for the most vulnerable segments of the population. In response, we designed a methodology that uses the concepts of accessibility and affordability as a complementary means for evaluating public transport investment, and identifying transport disadvantages and priorities for project generation. This is based on the calculation of accessibility levels to the labour market for different zones of a given city, by introducing a function of impedance composed by travel time budget and the percentage of income spent on transportation. The characteristics of time and percentage of income spent for accessing work obtained from transportation surveys define the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereal accessibility\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to employment for all the zones of a city. Then, a stated preference survey was applied in order to determine the desired expenditure in both variables, and the accessibility to jobs in this new situation was subsequently calculated. We calculated a third type of accessibility, using \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravestandard\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace values of travel time and expenditure budget. This methodology is therefore used to evaluate different policies in Bogota, corresponding to changes in the fare structure of the existing public transport system, by proposing the development of cross subsidies, and carrying out an appraised on the impact of the development of a new Bus Rapid Transit line. The results show that depending on the population, its location and purchasing power, the impact of a redistributive fare with respect to accessibility to the labour market can be greater than the expansion and improvement of the public transport network. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Although the concept of social equity seems to be ubiquitous in most mobility plans of major Latin American cities, when evaluating transport projects for financing and prioritisation there are no specific or solid indicators to measure how they can contribute to promoting better access to opportunities, particularly for the most vulnerable segments of the population. In response, we designed a methodology that uses the concepts of accessibility and affordability as a complementary means for evaluating public transport investment, and identifying transport disadvantages and priorities for project generation. This is based on the calculation of accessibility levels to the labour market for different zones of a given city, by introducing a function of impedance composed by travel time budget and the percentage of income spent on transportation. The characteristics of time and percentage of income spent for accessing work obtained from transportation surveys define the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravereal accessibility{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to employment for all the zones of a city. Then, a stated preference survey was applied in order to determine the desired expenditure in both variables, and the accessibility to jobs in this new situation was subsequently calculated. We calculated a third type of accessibility, using {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravestandard{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace values of travel time and expenditure budget. This methodology is therefore used to evaluate different policies in Bogota, corresponding to changes in the fare structure of the existing public transport system, by proposing the development of cross subsidies, and carrying out an appraised on the impact of the development of a new Bus Rapid Transit line. The results show that depending on the population, its location and purchasing power, the impact of a redistributive fare with respect to accessibility to the labour market can be greater than the expansion and improvement of the public transport network. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26414,7 +30750,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {6},
   pages = {1173--1196},
   issn = {0013-3035},
-  abstract = {The small and medium enterprise (SME) development is one of the assumes of favourable economic development in SR. It belongs, along with reclassification of the Slovak economy, to its main priorities. Despite favourable trends, the SME share of the most important indexes has been lower than in the EU countries. Due to barrier elimination on macro- and micro level, as well as, a significant state support and an effective support of the European Union and in context with other countries in the Middle and Eastern Europe, we can expect convergence towards the target values of SME in EU, considering this as a whole, as well as, within particular sector-branch segments of SME. Small and medium entrepreneurs achieve 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the GDP formation, over 62 employment share and 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% export share, however, SME in Slovakia have got many reserves despite the relatively good shares. The SME are worth in difficult conditions of a new economy too, supposing they are markedly active and the state creates adequate business environment for them. They cannot stagnate in the new economy. They can follow one of two strategies: offensive or defensive, where both of them have got their strengths. The SME support in the Slovak conditions is very actual. Revaluation of the present forms of the SME support leads to the need of redirection from the tools bringing only a short-term effect towards the use of long-term character tools with a striking motivational effect. We should consider SME in Slovakia from its perspective effect point of view within the united European market too. Identification of SME in Slovakia, as well as, in other countries, can be done by comparison with analogue SME partners in other countries which are interesting for us from a particular point of view. These are the countries of Middle and Eastern Europe and some developed countries (EU). But the simple fact faces big barriers related to the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesoft\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace market environment which is the result of present reform economic processes and their interpretation, as well as, with different objective index contents. The most of the legislative barriers within SME are represented by increased financial duties of the entrepreneurs which often have got a de-motivational character. It is necessary to support the creditor legal status, to apply the right of lien, to recover the capital market, to gain foreign investments, to support SME, to make the interest rates real and to reduce the tax duties of the entrepreneurs. The business environment problems mentioned above refer to tourism too, despite it has got its strengths, as follows: dynamics, low investment and import intensity (three times lower in tourism than in industry), a high share of direct labor there functions as the tool of unemployment reduction and the region development, minimized dead assets, exchange effect for the country etc. We can expect the principal changes after realization of the measures, as follows: working-out the Tourism Development Program for the sake of the region development, Tourism Fund formation, working-out and approval of the tourism legislative support, significant financial advertising support etc. The business success or failure reflects the financial situation of an enterprise in tourism. Thus the managers, as well as, the external subjects can discover many strengths or weaknesses of the enterprise, their causes and reasons by the analysis of the business financial situation,. of the company and, upon this, to make decisions or accept proper arrangements. We cannot be satisfied with the development results and trends of particular financial indexes in the analyzed tourism enterprises-travel agencies, hotels and restaurants in Slovakia. The failure of the financial health is seen in a low profitability, often negative, relatively low liquidity, high indebtedness and long liability maturity periods. The short-term resources of the net operating capital are missing and the long-term financial resources formation is complicated too. Prevention can be found by respecting the need of the financial planning, within the flow management of the company and by change of the approach of the financial managers towards the formation of the financial resources of the company capital.},
+  abstract = {The small and medium enterprise (SME) development is one of the assumes of favourable economic development in SR. It belongs, along with reclassification of the Slovak economy, to its main priorities. Despite favourable trends, the SME share of the most important indexes has been lower than in the EU countries. Due to barrier elimination on macro- and micro level, as well as, a significant state support and an effective support of the European Union and in context with other countries in the Middle and Eastern Europe, we can expect convergence towards the target values of SME in EU, considering this as a whole, as well as, within particular sector-branch segments of SME. Small and medium entrepreneurs achieve 51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the GDP formation, over 62 employment share and 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% export share, however, SME in Slovakia have got many reserves despite the relatively good shares. The SME are worth in difficult conditions of a new economy too, supposing they are markedly active and the state creates adequate business environment for them. They cannot stagnate in the new economy. They can follow one of two strategies: offensive or defensive, where both of them have got their strengths. The SME support in the Slovak conditions is very actual. Revaluation of the present forms of the SME support leads to the need of redirection from the tools bringing only a short-term effect towards the use of long-term character tools with a striking motivational effect. We should consider SME in Slovakia from its perspective effect point of view within the united European market too. Identification of SME in Slovakia, as well as, in other countries, can be done by comparison with analogue SME partners in other countries which are interesting for us from a particular point of view. These are the countries of Middle and Eastern Europe and some developed countries (EU). But the simple fact faces big barriers related to the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesoft{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace market environment which is the result of present reform economic processes and their interpretation, as well as, with different objective index contents. The most of the legislative barriers within SME are represented by increased financial duties of the entrepreneurs which often have got a de-motivational character. It is necessary to support the creditor legal status, to apply the right of lien, to recover the capital market, to gain foreign investments, to support SME, to make the interest rates real and to reduce the tax duties of the entrepreneurs. The business environment problems mentioned above refer to tourism too, despite it has got its strengths, as follows: dynamics, low investment and import intensity (three times lower in tourism than in industry), a high share of direct labor there functions as the tool of unemployment reduction and the region development, minimized dead assets, exchange effect for the country etc. We can expect the principal changes after realization of the measures, as follows: working-out the Tourism Development Program for the sake of the region development, Tourism Fund formation, working-out and approval of the tourism legislative support, significant financial advertising support etc. The business success or failure reflects the financial situation of an enterprise in tourism. Thus the managers, as well as, the external subjects can discover many strengths or weaknesses of the enterprise, their causes and reasons by the analysis of the business financial situation,. of the company and, upon this, to make decisions or accept proper arrangements. We cannot be satisfied with the development results and trends of particular financial indexes in the analyzed tourism enterprises-travel agencies, hotels and restaurants in Slovakia. The failure of the financial health is seen in a low profitability, often negative, relatively low liquidity, high indebtedness and long liability maturity periods. The short-term resources of the net operating capital are missing and the long-term financial resources formation is complicated too. Prevention can be found by respecting the need of the financial planning, within the flow management of the company and by change of the approach of the financial managers towards the formation of the financial resources of the company capital.},
   langid = {slovak}
 }
 
@@ -26444,12 +30780,12 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {557--572},
   issn = {1871-2584},
   doi = {10.1007/s11482-014-9333-3},
-  abstract = {This study analyses the effect of participating in leisure activities on the levels of life satisfaction reported by people with and without disabilities. Particular attention is paid to exploring how different types of leisure activities (e.g. social gatherings, cultural events, active sports, volunteer work, etc.) affect individuals' life satisfaction and which of them contribute most to improving it. Using longitudinal data at an individual level from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveProbit Adapted OLS (POLS)\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model which allows us to identity the determinants of life satisfaction by disability status and to control for the unobserved heterogeneity and thus determine cause and effect between the key variables. Although participation in leisure activities increases the life satisfaction scores reported by people with disabilities (except for the participation in public initiatives), this effect is quite different by leisure activity. The participation in leisure activities such as holidays, going out, or attending cultural events and church has a significant positive effect on the life satisfaction of people with disabilities. Event organizers, destination managers, business owners, professionals, governments, and the leisure industry in general must promote and facilitate full access and participation of people with disabilities in all leisure activities, especially in those that contribute more intensely to increasing their life satisfaction scores. The elimination of all disabling barriers, the understanding of their differential needs and the existence of inclusive leisure environments are key elements for improving the life satisfaction of people with disabilities.},
+  abstract = {This study analyses the effect of participating in leisure activities on the levels of life satisfaction reported by people with and without disabilities. Particular attention is paid to exploring how different types of leisure activities (e.g. social gatherings, cultural events, active sports, volunteer work, etc.) affect individuals' life satisfaction and which of them contribute most to improving it. Using longitudinal data at an individual level from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimate a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveProbit Adapted OLS (POLS){\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace model which allows us to identity the determinants of life satisfaction by disability status and to control for the unobserved heterogeneity and thus determine cause and effect between the key variables. Although participation in leisure activities increases the life satisfaction scores reported by people with disabilities (except for the participation in public initiatives), this effect is quite different by leisure activity. The participation in leisure activities such as holidays, going out, or attending cultural events and church has a significant positive effect on the life satisfaction of people with disabilities. Event organizers, destination managers, business owners, professionals, governments, and the leisure industry in general must promote and facilitate full access and participation of people with disabilities in all leisure activities, especially in those that contribute more intensely to increasing their life satisfaction scores. The elimination of all disabling barriers, the understanding of their differential needs and the existence of inclusive leisure environments are key elements for improving the life satisfaction of people with disabilities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Paget2017,
-  title = {Moving beyond \textbackslash textasciigravenot Enough Time': Factors Influencing Paediatric Clinicians' Participation in Research},
+  title = {Moving beyond {\textbackslash}textasciigravenot Enough Time': Factors Influencing Paediatric Clinicians' Participation in Research},
   author = {Paget, Simon P. and Caldwell, Patrina H. Y. and Murphy, Joyce and Lilischkis, Kimberley J. and Morrow, Angie M.},
   year = {2017},
   month = mar,
@@ -26482,13 +30818,13 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {Palacios, Josefa and Ramm, Alejandra and Olivi, Alessandra},
   year = {2021},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {29},
   number = {5},
   pages = {E107-E115},
   issn = {0966-0410},
   doi = {10.1111/hsc.13250},
-  abstract = {Providing care for older people who have support needs is mainly a familial and female responsibility in Chile. Despite Chile's development level, the participation of females in the workforce lags behind (at around 50\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and 72\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female carers of an older relative are not in the labour force. This paper explores the reasons why in Latin America adult children remain out of the labour force while caring for an older parent or parent-in-law who has support needs. It draws on 30 in-depth interviews of family carers from low- to high-income households. The interviews were carried out in Chile in 2017, and were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis to identify core themes related to the subjects' reasons for remaining out of the labour force. Four factors hinder the combination of paid work and caring for a parent or parent-in-law with support needs: (a) externalised care was too expensive; (b) finding non-precarious, flexible work was difficult; (c) their perception of femininity or womanhood conflicted with the idea of combining care and paid work; and (d) they experienced a lack of public and/or social support.},
+  abstract = {Providing care for older people who have support needs is mainly a familial and female responsibility in Chile. Despite Chile's development level, the participation of females in the workforce lags behind (at around 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of female carers of an older relative are not in the labour force. This paper explores the reasons why in Latin America adult children remain out of the labour force while caring for an older parent or parent-in-law who has support needs. It draws on 30 in-depth interviews of family carers from low- to high-income households. The interviews were carried out in Chile in 2017, and were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis to identify core themes related to the subjects' reasons for remaining out of the labour force. Four factors hinder the combination of paid work and caring for a parent or parent-in-law with support needs: (a) externalised care was too expensive; (b) finding non-precarious, flexible work was difficult; (c) their perception of femininity or womanhood conflicted with the idea of combining care and paid work; and (d) they experienced a lack of public and/or social support.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26515,7 +30851,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {153--163},
   issn = {1847-8344},
   doi = {10.2478/bsrj-2019-0011},
-  abstract = {Background: In recent years' income inequality has been an economic issue. The primary instrument for redistributing income is personal income tax. However, based on economic theory income inequality concerns indicators such as wages, transfer payments, taxes, social security contributions, and geographical mobility. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of certain labor market indicators on personal income taxation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB\textbackslash textbackslash\&H). Methods/Approach: Since personal income taxation consists of a very broad definition and for the purpose of this research only, income from dependent (employment) activity is observed. The econometric analysis is conducted using error correction modeling, as well as forecast errors variance decomposition. Results: The error correction model is estimated, and the cointegrating equation indicates that monthly wage and number of employees statistically significantly positively affect personal income taxes in FB\textbackslash textbackslash\&H in the long-run. After two years, the selected labor market indicators explain a considerable part of forecasting error variance of personal income tax revenues. Conclusions: The implementation of reforms in the labor market and tax policies of the FB\textbackslash textbackslash\&H is suggested. In order to achieve necessary reforms, efficient governance and general stable political environment are required.},
+  abstract = {Background: In recent years' income inequality has been an economic issue. The primary instrument for redistributing income is personal income tax. However, based on economic theory income inequality concerns indicators such as wages, transfer payments, taxes, social security contributions, and geographical mobility. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of certain labor market indicators on personal income taxation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&H). Methods/Approach: Since personal income taxation consists of a very broad definition and for the purpose of this research only, income from dependent (employment) activity is observed. The econometric analysis is conducted using error correction modeling, as well as forecast errors variance decomposition. Results: The error correction model is estimated, and the cointegrating equation indicates that monthly wage and number of employees statistically significantly positively affect personal income taxes in FB{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&H in the long-run. After two years, the selected labor market indicators explain a considerable part of forecasting error variance of personal income tax revenues. Conclusions: The implementation of reforms in the labor market and tax policies of the FB{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&H is suggested. In order to achieve necessary reforms, efficient governance and general stable political environment are required.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26548,6 +30884,37 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Pampel1986,
+  title = {Economic {{Development}} and {{Female Labor Force Participation}}: {{A Reconsideration}}},
+  shorttitle = {Economic {{Development}} and {{Female Labor Force Participation}}},
+  author = {Pampel, Fred C. and Tanaka, Kazuko},
+  year = {1986},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Social Forces},
+  volume = {64},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {599},
+  issn = {00377732},
+  doi = {10.2307/2578815},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Pang2008,
+  title = {Employment Status among Adult Survivors in the {{Childhood Cancer Survivor Study}}},
+  author = {Pang, Jenny W.Y. and Friedman, Debra L. and Whitton, John A. and Stovall, Marilyn and Mertens, Ann C. and Robison, Leslie L. and Weiss, Noel S.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Pediatric Blood \& Cancer},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {104--110},
+  issn = {1545-5009, 1545-5017},
+  doi = {10.1002/pbc.21226},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               With increased cure, childhood cancer survivors are reaching adulthood and seeking employment. Host, disease and treatment risk factors may contribute to inability to attain or maintain employment.                                         Procedure               The prevalence and risk factors for unemployment were evaluated using self-reported employment history in 10,399 childhood cancer survivors and 3,083 siblings\,{$\geq$}\,age 18 in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS).                                         Results                                Among survivors, 5.6\% reported unemployment, compared with 1.2\% of siblings (odds ratio [OR] 3.7; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 2.6, 5.1). Increased risks were observed within all cancer diagnoses. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumor (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.1, 2.1), bone cancer (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.0, 2.1), treatment with {$\geq$}30 Gy cranial radiotherapy (OR 4.0; 95\% CI 2.9, 5.5), female gender (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.2, 1.7) and age\,{$<$}\,4 years at diagnosis (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.1, 1.8) increased risk. Diagnosis of CNS or bone tumor or cranial radiotherapy {$\geq$}30 Gy remained significant after adjusting for treatment, medical late effects, age and gender. Risk of unemployment decreased with attained age (OR                 (year)                 0.89; 95\% CI 0.87, 0.91).                                                        Conclusions               Compared to siblings, adult childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for unemployment with highest risk defined by diagnosis, treatment and demographic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:104{\textendash}110. {\textcopyright} 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Panou2013,
   title = {Modeling {{Transportation Affordability}} with {{Cumulative Density Function}} of {{Mathematical Beta Distribution}}},
   author = {Panou, Konstantinos and Proios, George},
@@ -26572,7 +30939,38 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {144--155},
   issn = {0168-8510},
   doi = {10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.013},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To assess the risk of leaving employment for cancer survivors 2 years after diagnosis and the role of workplace discrimination in this risk. Methods: A representative sample of 4270 French individuals older than 17 and younger than 58 years when diagnosed with cancer in 2002 were interviewed 2 years later. Their occupational status was analyzed with the help of Probit and IV-Probit models. Results: Overall, 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the cancer survivors who were working at the time of diagnosis were still employed 2 years later. Age, education level, income at diagnosis, work contract, professional status, affective support, relative prognosis at diagnosis, tumor site and treatment have contrasting impacts upon the probability of job loss across gender. Even after having controlled for these variables, self-reported workplace discrimination increases the probability of job loss by 15\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Conclusions: Despite protective labor law and favorable health insurance arrangements, French cancer survivors continue to experience problems to stay in or to return to the labor force. Measures targeting only the employment protection of cancer survivors do not seem to be sufficient to end prior social inequalities in job attainment. Intervention for specific populations particularly exposed to job-loss risks would also be needed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To assess the risk of leaving employment for cancer survivors 2 years after diagnosis and the role of workplace discrimination in this risk. Methods: A representative sample of 4270 French individuals older than 17 and younger than 58 years when diagnosed with cancer in 2002 were interviewed 2 years later. Their occupational status was analyzed with the help of Probit and IV-Probit models. Results: Overall, 66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the cancer survivors who were working at the time of diagnosis were still employed 2 years later. Age, education level, income at diagnosis, work contract, professional status, affective support, relative prognosis at diagnosis, tumor site and treatment have contrasting impacts upon the probability of job loss across gender. Even after having controlled for these variables, self-reported workplace discrimination increases the probability of job loss by 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Conclusions: Despite protective labor law and favorable health insurance arrangements, French cancer survivors continue to experience problems to stay in or to return to the labor force. Measures targeting only the employment protection of cancer survivors do not seem to be sufficient to end prior social inequalities in job attainment. Intervention for specific populations particularly exposed to job-loss risks would also be needed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Parboteeah2008,
+  title = {Managers' Gender Role Attitudes: A Country Institutional Profile Approach},
+  shorttitle = {Managers' Gender Role Attitudes},
+  author = {Parboteeah, K Praveen and Hoegl, Martin and Cullen, John B},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Journal of International Business Studies},
+  volume = {39},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {795--813},
+  issn = {0047-2506, 1478-6990},
+  doi = {10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400384},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Park2007,
+  title = {Factors Affecting Employment among People with Mobility Disabilities in {{South Korea}}},
+  author = {Park, Soo-Kyung and Yoon, Jae-Young and Henderson, Terrence},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {International Journal of Rehabilitation Research},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {19--25},
+  issn = {0342-5282},
+  doi = {10.1097/MRR.0b013e328012c990},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26631,7 +31029,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {2447--2492},
   issn = {0167-5923},
   doi = {10.1007/s11113-022-09744-0},
-  abstract = {In many OECD countries, women are underrepresented in high status, high paying occupations and overrepresented in lower status work. One reason for this inequity is the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemotherhood penalty,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace where women with children face more roadblocks in hiring and promotions than women without children or men with children. This research focuses on divergent occupational outcomes between men and women with children and analyzes whether parental gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using data from the Luxembourg Cross-National Data Center, I compare changes in gendered occupational segregation from 2000 to 2016 in Germany and the USA among immigrant and native-born parents. Multinomial logistic regression models and predicted probabilities show that despite instituting policies intended to reduce parental gender inequality in the workforce, Germany fares worse than the USA in gendered occupational outcomes overall. While the gap between mothers' and fathers' probabilities of employment in high status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany's gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. Likewise, gender gaps in elementary/labor work participation are also larger in Germany, with immigrant mothers having a much higher likelihood of working in labor/elementary occupations than any other group-including US immigrant women. These findings suggest that work-family policies-at least those implemented in Germany-are not cure-all solutions for entrenched gender inequality. Results also demonstrate the importance of considering the interaction between gender and other demographic characteristics-like immigrant status-when determining the potential effectiveness of proposed work-family policies.},
+  abstract = {In many OECD countries, women are underrepresented in high status, high paying occupations and overrepresented in lower status work. One reason for this inequity is the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemotherhood penalty,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace where women with children face more roadblocks in hiring and promotions than women without children or men with children. This research focuses on divergent occupational outcomes between men and women with children and analyzes whether parental gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using data from the Luxembourg Cross-National Data Center, I compare changes in gendered occupational segregation from 2000 to 2016 in Germany and the USA among immigrant and native-born parents. Multinomial logistic regression models and predicted probabilities show that despite instituting policies intended to reduce parental gender inequality in the workforce, Germany fares worse than the USA in gendered occupational outcomes overall. While the gap between mothers' and fathers' probabilities of employment in high status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany's gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. Likewise, gender gaps in elementary/labor work participation are also larger in Germany, with immigrant mothers having a much higher likelihood of working in labor/elementary occupations than any other group-including US immigrant women. These findings suggest that work-family policies-at least those implemented in Germany-are not cure-all solutions for entrenched gender inequality. Results also demonstrate the importance of considering the interaction between gender and other demographic characteristics-like immigrant status-when determining the potential effectiveness of proposed work-family policies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26661,7 +31059,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {71--83},
   issn = {1937-1918},
   doi = {10.1080/19371918.2021.1974638},
-  abstract = {Providers of public health and social services (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceproviders\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) develop and deliver services by engaging in interprofessional collaboration (IPC), from seeking external advice to making referrals and linkages to various social and public health services. Providers collaborate with consumers of social and public health services (\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceconsumers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace) and student interns (e.g., social work, public health) to explore, determine, and deliver relevant services through a process referred to as co-production. Both IPC and co-production are widespread strategies with the potential to improve service accessibility and quality. However, the intersection of co-production and IPC remains understudied. This study examines factors that influence co-production in IPC among service providers, consumers, and student interns. We used cross-sectional survey data from an NIMH-funded study, including 379 providers in 36 HIV-service organizations in New York City. We examined the relationships between providers' perspectives on co-production in IPC and multiple provider- and organization-level variables using random-effects logistic regression. Most respondents said that consumers and students in their agency participate in IPC on the issues that concern them. Providers who perceive greater flexibility in the IPC process were more likely to agree that their organizations' providers co-produced IPC. Organizational service offerings (i.e., multilingual services, a comprehensive range of services), job positions, and full-time employment status were strong predictors of co-production. Our findings indicate that intentional and inclusive models of flexible IPC are needed. Fostering co-production in the HIV service field requires more institutional support and incentives for organizations, providers, and student interns. Implications for research and practice are discussed.},
+  abstract = {Providers of public health and social services ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceproviders{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) develop and deliver services by engaging in interprofessional collaboration (IPC), from seeking external advice to making referrals and linkages to various social and public health services. Providers collaborate with consumers of social and public health services ({\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceconsumers{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace) and student interns (e.g., social work, public health) to explore, determine, and deliver relevant services through a process referred to as co-production. Both IPC and co-production are widespread strategies with the potential to improve service accessibility and quality. However, the intersection of co-production and IPC remains understudied. This study examines factors that influence co-production in IPC among service providers, consumers, and student interns. We used cross-sectional survey data from an NIMH-funded study, including 379 providers in 36 HIV-service organizations in New York City. We examined the relationships between providers' perspectives on co-production in IPC and multiple provider- and organization-level variables using random-effects logistic regression. Most respondents said that consumers and students in their agency participate in IPC on the issues that concern them. Providers who perceive greater flexibility in the IPC process were more likely to agree that their organizations' providers co-produced IPC. Organizational service offerings (i.e., multilingual services, a comprehensive range of services), job positions, and full-time employment status were strong predictors of co-production. Our findings indicate that intentional and inclusive models of flexible IPC are needed. Fostering co-production in the HIV service field requires more institutional support and incentives for organizations, providers, and student interns. Implications for research and practice are discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26675,7 +31073,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {2},
   pages = {141--172},
   issn = {0013-0095},
-  abstract = {This study contributes to the debates on both spatial mismatch and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocial-network\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace mismatch by considering the independent effects of spatial and social accessibility on the unemployment of less-educated native-born black and immigrant women. These groups experience relatively high unemployment yet differ in the hypothesized capacities of their social networks. Using residential patterns and the by detailed geographic census data matched to travel data, I calculated an accessibility index to measure spatial job accessibility and used information on neighborhood characteristics and household composition to assess social accessibility. The results indicate that better spatial accessibility to jobs is associated with lower unemployment among native-born black and foreign-born Mexican and Vietnamese women; no association was detected among the remaining immigrant groups. The analysis yielded no empirical support for the advantages that residence in an enclave may provide female immigrant residents in the form of access to employment through social networks. In fact, the results point to detrimental effects of residence in an ethnic enclave for foreign-born Mexican and Vietnamese women. Finally, among all groups, living with other employed adults significantly and substantively decreased a woman's likelihood of unemployment, indicating the importance of household-based social accessibility for less-educated native-born black and immigrant women's employment outcomes.},
+  abstract = {This study contributes to the debates on both spatial mismatch and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial-network{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace mismatch by considering the independent effects of spatial and social accessibility on the unemployment of less-educated native-born black and immigrant women. These groups experience relatively high unemployment yet differ in the hypothesized capacities of their social networks. Using residential patterns and the by detailed geographic census data matched to travel data, I calculated an accessibility index to measure spatial job accessibility and used information on neighborhood characteristics and household composition to assess social accessibility. The results indicate that better spatial accessibility to jobs is associated with lower unemployment among native-born black and foreign-born Mexican and Vietnamese women; no association was detected among the remaining immigrant groups. The analysis yielded no empirical support for the advantages that residence in an enclave may provide female immigrant residents in the form of access to employment through social networks. In fact, the results point to detrimental effects of residence in an ethnic enclave for foreign-born Mexican and Vietnamese women. Finally, among all groups, living with other employed adults significantly and substantively decreased a woman's likelihood of unemployment, indicating the importance of household-based social accessibility for less-educated native-born black and immigrant women's employment outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26698,7 +31096,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {Parreiras Martins, Maria Auxiliadora and De Medeiros, Amanda Fonseca and {Carneiro de Almeida}, Claudmeire Dias and Moreira Reis, Adriano Max},
   year = {2020},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {DRUGS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& THERAPY PERSPECTIVES},
+  journal = {DRUGS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& THERAPY PERSPECTIVES},
   volume = {36},
   number = {10},
   pages = {455--462},
@@ -26716,7 +31114,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   journal = {OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS-NEW SERIES},
   issn = {0030-7653},
   doi = {10.1093/oep/gpac039},
-  abstract = {Using data from British cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, we used quantile regression to investigate the impact of \textbackslash textasciigravemild' and \textbackslash textasciigravesevere' teenage conduct problems on months spent in paid employment or paid employment, education, and training (EET) between ages 17 and 42. Those with conduct problems spent significantly less time in employment or EET by age 42. The penalty grows in one's 20s and tends to persist thereafter. Among men, the participation gap was greatest among those with \textbackslash textasciigravesevere' teenage conduct problems and among those in the lower half of the participation distribution. There was no participation penalty arising from teenage conduct problems among the older generation of men in the top quartile of the participation distribution. Among women, conduct problems were associated with less time in employment and EET across the whole distribution of the participation distribution, and these penalties were greatest for women in the younger 1970 cohort.},
+  abstract = {Using data from British cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, we used quantile regression to investigate the impact of {\textbackslash}textasciigravemild' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravesevere' teenage conduct problems on months spent in paid employment or paid employment, education, and training (EET) between ages 17 and 42. Those with conduct problems spent significantly less time in employment or EET by age 42. The penalty grows in one's 20s and tends to persist thereafter. Among men, the participation gap was greatest among those with {\textbackslash}textasciigravesevere' teenage conduct problems and among those in the lower half of the participation distribution. There was no participation penalty arising from teenage conduct problems among the older generation of men in the top quartile of the participation distribution. Among women, conduct problems were associated with less time in employment and EET across the whole distribution of the participation distribution, and these penalties were greatest for women in the younger 1970 cohort.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26797,7 +31195,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   author = {Patton, Dana and Costich, Julia F. and Lidstromer, Niklas},
   year = {2017},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
+  journal = {WORLD MEDICAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH POLICY},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {6--23},
@@ -26823,17 +31221,17 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
 }
 
 @article{Paudyal2020,
-  title = {\textbackslash{{textasciigraveIf I}} Die, {{I}} Die, {{I}} Don't Care about My Health': {{Perspectives}} on Self-Care of People Experiencing Homelessness},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveIf I}} Die, {{I}} Die, {{I}} Don't Care about My Health': {{Perspectives}} on Self-Care of People Experiencing Homelessness},
   author = {Paudyal, Vibhu and MacLure, Katie and {Forbes-McKay}, Katrina and McKenzie, Myra and MacLeod, Joan and Smith, Ann and Stewart, Derek},
   year = {2020},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {28},
   number = {1},
   pages = {160--172},
   issn = {0966-0410},
   doi = {10.1111/hsc.12850},
-  abstract = {Self-care, which refers to what people do to prevent disease and maintain good health, can alleviate negative health consequences of people experiencing homelessness. The aim of the study was to apply a theoretically informed approach in exploring engagement of people experiencing homelessness in self-care and to identify factors that can be targeted in future health and social care interventions. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 participants opportunistically recruited from a specialist homelessness healthcare centre of North East Scotland, the United Kingdom (UK). An interview schedule was developed based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Six aspects of self-care were explored, including (a) self-awareness of physical and mental health, (b) health literacy, including health seeking behaviour, (c) healthy eating, (d) risk avoidance or mitigation, (v) physical activity and sleep and (e) maintaining personal hygiene. Thematic analysis was conducted by two independent researchers following the Framework Approach. Participants described low engagement in self-care. Most of the barriers to engagement in self-care by participants were related to \textbackslash textasciigraveenvironmental context and resources' domain of TDF. Participants often resorted to stealing or begging for food. Many perceived having low health literacy to interpret health-related information. Visits to churches and charities to get a shower or to obtain free meals were commonplace. Participants expressed pessimism that there was \textbackslash textasciigravenothing' they could do to improve their health and described perceived barriers often too big for them to overcome. Alienation, lack of social support and the perception that they had done irreversible damage to their health prevented their involvement in self-care. The theme of \textbackslash textasciigravesocial circle' held examples of both enabler and barriers in participants' uptake of risky behaviours. Health and social services should work with persons experiencing homelessness in designing and delivering targeted interventions that address contextual barriers, multi-morbidity, health literacy and self-efficacy.},
+  abstract = {Self-care, which refers to what people do to prevent disease and maintain good health, can alleviate negative health consequences of people experiencing homelessness. The aim of the study was to apply a theoretically informed approach in exploring engagement of people experiencing homelessness in self-care and to identify factors that can be targeted in future health and social care interventions. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 participants opportunistically recruited from a specialist homelessness healthcare centre of North East Scotland, the United Kingdom (UK). An interview schedule was developed based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Six aspects of self-care were explored, including (a) self-awareness of physical and mental health, (b) health literacy, including health seeking behaviour, (c) healthy eating, (d) risk avoidance or mitigation, (v) physical activity and sleep and (e) maintaining personal hygiene. Thematic analysis was conducted by two independent researchers following the Framework Approach. Participants described low engagement in self-care. Most of the barriers to engagement in self-care by participants were related to {\textbackslash}textasciigraveenvironmental context and resources' domain of TDF. Participants often resorted to stealing or begging for food. Many perceived having low health literacy to interpret health-related information. Visits to churches and charities to get a shower or to obtain free meals were commonplace. Participants expressed pessimism that there was {\textbackslash}textasciigravenothing' they could do to improve their health and described perceived barriers often too big for them to overcome. Alienation, lack of social support and the perception that they had done irreversible damage to their health prevented their involvement in self-care. The theme of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesocial circle' held examples of both enabler and barriers in participants' uptake of risky behaviours. Health and social services should work with persons experiencing homelessness in designing and delivering targeted interventions that address contextual barriers, multi-morbidity, health literacy and self-efficacy.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26863,6 +31261,21 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{PaulSchultz2002,
+  title = {Why {{Governments Should Invest More}} to {{Educate Girls}}},
+  author = {Paul Schultz, T},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {World Development},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {207--225},
+  issn = {0305750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00107-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{PayaCastiblanque2020,
   title = {Inequalities and the {{Impact}} of {{Job Insecurity}} on {{Health Indicators}} in the {{Spanish Workforce}}},
   author = {Paya Castiblanque, Raul and Beneyto Calatayud, Pere J.},
@@ -26872,7 +31285,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {12},
   number = {16},
   doi = {10.3390/su12166425},
-  abstract = {In a context of high job insecurity resulting from social deregulation policies, this research aims to study health and substance abuse inequalities in the workplace from a gender perspective. To this end, a transversal study was carried out based on microdata from the National Health Survey in Spain-2017, selecting the active population and calculating the prevalence of the state of health and consumption, according to socio-occupational factors (work relationship, social occupational class, time and type of working day). Odds ratios adjusted by socio-demographic variables and their 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals were estimated by means of binary logistic regressions stratified by sex. The results obtained showed two differentiated patterns of health and consumption. On the one hand, unemployed people and those from more vulnerable social classes showed a higher prevalence of both chronic depression and anxiety and of hypnosedative and tobacco use. On the other hand, the better positioned social classes reported greater work stress and alcohol consumption. In addition, while unemployment affected men's health more intensely, women were more affected by the type of working day. The study can be used to design sustainable preventive occupational health policies, which should at least aim at improving the quantity and quality of employment.},
+  abstract = {In a context of high job insecurity resulting from social deregulation policies, this research aims to study health and substance abuse inequalities in the workplace from a gender perspective. To this end, a transversal study was carried out based on microdata from the National Health Survey in Spain-2017, selecting the active population and calculating the prevalence of the state of health and consumption, according to socio-occupational factors (work relationship, social occupational class, time and type of working day). Odds ratios adjusted by socio-demographic variables and their 90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence intervals were estimated by means of binary logistic regressions stratified by sex. The results obtained showed two differentiated patterns of health and consumption. On the one hand, unemployed people and those from more vulnerable social classes showed a higher prevalence of both chronic depression and anxiety and of hypnosedative and tobacco use. On the other hand, the better positioned social classes reported greater work stress and alcohol consumption. In addition, while unemployment affected men's health more intensely, women were more affected by the type of working day. The study can be used to design sustainable preventive occupational health policies, which should at least aim at improving the quantity and quality of employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26885,7 +31298,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   volume = {19},
   number = {18},
   doi = {10.3390/ijerph191811237},
-  abstract = {Compared to recent generations, workers today generally experience poorer quality employment across both contractual (e.g., wages, hours) and relational (e.g., participation in decision-making, power dynamics) dimensions within the worker-employer relationship. Recent research shows that women are more likely to experience poor-quality employment and that these conditions are associated with adverse health effects, suggesting employment relations may contribute to gender inequities in health. We analyzed data from the General Social Survey (2002-2018) to explore whether the multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ) mediates the relationship between gender and health among a representative, cross-sectional sample of U.S. wage earners. Using a counterfactually-based causal mediation framework, we found that EQ plays a meaningful role in a gender-health relationship, and that if the distribution of EQ among women was equal to that observed in men, the probability of reporting poor self-reported health and frequent mental distress among women would be lower by 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Confidence Interval: 0.5-2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and 2.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.6-4.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), respectively. Our use of a multidimensional, typological measure of EQ allowed our analysis to better account for substantial heterogeneity in the configuration of contemporary employment arrangements. Additionally, this study is one of the first mediation analyses with a nominal mediator within the epidemiologic literature. Our results highlight EQ as a potential target for intervention to reduce gender inequities in health.},
+  abstract = {Compared to recent generations, workers today generally experience poorer quality employment across both contractual (e.g., wages, hours) and relational (e.g., participation in decision-making, power dynamics) dimensions within the worker-employer relationship. Recent research shows that women are more likely to experience poor-quality employment and that these conditions are associated with adverse health effects, suggesting employment relations may contribute to gender inequities in health. We analyzed data from the General Social Survey (2002-2018) to explore whether the multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ) mediates the relationship between gender and health among a representative, cross-sectional sample of U.S. wage earners. Using a counterfactually-based causal mediation framework, we found that EQ plays a meaningful role in a gender-health relationship, and that if the distribution of EQ among women was equal to that observed in men, the probability of reporting poor self-reported health and frequent mental distress among women would be lower by 1.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Confidence Interval: 0.5-2.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and 2.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.6-4.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), respectively. Our use of a multidimensional, typological measure of EQ allowed our analysis to better account for substantial heterogeneity in the configuration of contemporary employment arrangements. Additionally, this study is one of the first mediation analyses with a nominal mediator within the epidemiologic literature. Our results highlight EQ as a potential target for intervention to reduce gender inequities in health.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26900,7 +31313,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {73--85},
   issn = {1932-2259},
   doi = {10.1007/s11764-021-01005-x},
-  abstract = {Purpose Work-related issues have become increasingly relevant for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, since the cancer is detected at an earlier age due to screening. The aim was to evaluate work participation up to 10 years after colon or rectal cancer diagnosis compared between diagnosis and to a matched cancer-free population. Methods In this national register-based cohort study, all first-time CRC patients in the period 2000-2015 with no previous cancer, between 20 and 60 years, were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. A control group with no previous cancer was matched on gender, age, education, and income. For each year a mean Work Participation Score (WPS) was calculated (a percentage of weeks working) for individuals part of the labour market. Results A total of 5625 colon cancer patients and 3856 rectal cancer patients and 25,341 and 17,256 matched controls were included in the study, respectively. The WPS increased for colon cancer patients from 45.69\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 1 year to 83.94\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 4 years, while rectal cancer patients had a score of 38.07\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 1 year and 80.07\textbackslash textbackslash\% after 4 years. The WPS was lower for cancer patients compared with controls, but the difference decreased after 4 years. Conclusion CRC patients had a lower work participation up to 10 years after diagnosis compared with controls, while rectal cancer patients had a lower participation the first 7 years after diagnosis compared with colon cancer patients. Implications for cancer survivors Work-related issues should be considered in the early stage of rehabilitation to increase work participation and thereby improve quality of life.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Work-related issues have become increasingly relevant for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, since the cancer is detected at an earlier age due to screening. The aim was to evaluate work participation up to 10 years after colon or rectal cancer diagnosis compared between diagnosis and to a matched cancer-free population. Methods In this national register-based cohort study, all first-time CRC patients in the period 2000-2015 with no previous cancer, between 20 and 60 years, were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. A control group with no previous cancer was matched on gender, age, education, and income. For each year a mean Work Participation Score (WPS) was calculated (a percentage of weeks working) for individuals part of the labour market. Results A total of 5625 colon cancer patients and 3856 rectal cancer patients and 25,341 and 17,256 matched controls were included in the study, respectively. The WPS increased for colon cancer patients from 45.69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% after 1 year to 83.94{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% after 4 years, while rectal cancer patients had a score of 38.07{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% after 1 year and 80.07{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% after 4 years. The WPS was lower for cancer patients compared with controls, but the difference decreased after 4 years. Conclusion CRC patients had a lower work participation up to 10 years after diagnosis compared with controls, while rectal cancer patients had a lower participation the first 7 years after diagnosis compared with colon cancer patients. Implications for cancer survivors Work-related issues should be considered in the early stage of rehabilitation to increase work participation and thereby improve quality of life.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26912,7 +31325,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {8},
   issn = {1469-493X},
   doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009963.pub2},
-  abstract = {Background By improving two social determinants of health (poverty and unemployment) in low-and middle-income families on or at risk of welfare, in-work tax credit for families (IWTC) interventions could impact health status and outcomes in adults. Objectives To assess the effects of IWTCs on health outcomes in working-age adults (18 to 64 years). Search methods We searched 16 electronic academic databases, including the Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 7), MEDLINE and EMBASE, as well as six grey literature databases between July and September 2012 for records published between January 1980 and July 2012. We also searched key organisational websites, handsearched reference lists of included records and relevant journals, and contacted academic experts. Selection criteria We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials and cohort, controlled before-and-after (CBA) and interrupted time series (ITS) studies of IWTCs in working-age adults. Included primary outcomes were: self rated general health; mental health/psychological distress; mental illness; overweight/obesity; alcohol use and tobacco use. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in included studies. We contacted study authors to obtain missing information. Main results Five studies (one CBA and four ITS) comprising a total of 5,677,383 participants (all women) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were synthesised narratively. The in-work tax credit intervention assessed in all included studies is the permanent Earned Income Tax Credit in the United States, established in 1975. This intervention distributed nearly USD 62 billion to over 27 million individuals in 2011, and its administration costs were less than one per cent of its total costs. All included studies carried a high risk of bias (especially from confounding and insufficient control for underlying time trends). Due to the small number of (observational) studies and their high risk of bias, we judged this body of evidence to have very low overall quality. One study found that IWTC had no detectable effect on self rated general health and mental health/psychological distress five years after its implementation (i.e. a considerable change in the generosity of the permanent IWTC) and on overweight/obesity eight years after implementation. One study found no effect of IWTC on tobacco use five years after implementation, one a moderate reduction in tobacco use one year after implementation (odds ratio 0.95, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 0.96), and one differential effects, with no effect in African-Americans and a large reduction in European-Americans two years after implementation (risk difference -11.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -20.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% to -1.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). No evidence was available for the effect of IWTC on mental illness and alcohol use. No adverse effects of IWTC were identified. One study also found no detectable effect of IWTC on the number of bad physical health days and of risky biomarkers for inflammation, cardiovascular disease and metabolic conditions eight years after implementation. One study found that IWTC had a large, positive effect on income from wages or salaries one year after implementation. Two studies found no effect on employment two and five years after implementation, whereas two found a moderate increase five and eight years after implementation and one a large increase in employment due to IWTC one year after implementation. No differences in outcomes between groups with different educational status were found for self rated health and mental health/psychological distress. In one study European-American women with lower levels of education were more likely to reduce tobacco use, while tobacco use did not change among African-American women with lower levels of education. However, no differences in tobacco use by educational status were observed in a second study. Two studies found that the intervention may have reduced inequity with respect to employment, where women with less education were more likely to move into employment (although one did not establish whether this difference was statistically significant), while two studies found no such difference and no studies found differences by ethnic group on employment rates. Authors' conclusions In summary, the small and methodologically limited existing body of evidence with a high risk of bias provides no evidence for an effect of in-work tax credit for families interventions on health status (except for mixed evidence for tobacco smoking) in adults.},
+  abstract = {Background By improving two social determinants of health (poverty and unemployment) in low-and middle-income families on or at risk of welfare, in-work tax credit for families (IWTC) interventions could impact health status and outcomes in adults. Objectives To assess the effects of IWTCs on health outcomes in working-age adults (18 to 64 years). Search methods We searched 16 electronic academic databases, including the Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 7), MEDLINE and EMBASE, as well as six grey literature databases between July and September 2012 for records published between January 1980 and July 2012. We also searched key organisational websites, handsearched reference lists of included records and relevant journals, and contacted academic experts. Selection criteria We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials and cohort, controlled before-and-after (CBA) and interrupted time series (ITS) studies of IWTCs in working-age adults. Included primary outcomes were: self rated general health; mental health/psychological distress; mental illness; overweight/obesity; alcohol use and tobacco use. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in included studies. We contacted study authors to obtain missing information. Main results Five studies (one CBA and four ITS) comprising a total of 5,677,383 participants (all women) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were synthesised narratively. The in-work tax credit intervention assessed in all included studies is the permanent Earned Income Tax Credit in the United States, established in 1975. This intervention distributed nearly USD 62 billion to over 27 million individuals in 2011, and its administration costs were less than one per cent of its total costs. All included studies carried a high risk of bias (especially from confounding and insufficient control for underlying time trends). Due to the small number of (observational) studies and their high risk of bias, we judged this body of evidence to have very low overall quality. One study found that IWTC had no detectable effect on self rated general health and mental health/psychological distress five years after its implementation (i.e. a considerable change in the generosity of the permanent IWTC) and on overweight/obesity eight years after implementation. One study found no effect of IWTC on tobacco use five years after implementation, one a moderate reduction in tobacco use one year after implementation (odds ratio 0.95, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 0.96), and one differential effects, with no effect in African-Americans and a large reduction in European-Americans two years after implementation (risk difference -11.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -20.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to -1.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). No evidence was available for the effect of IWTC on mental illness and alcohol use. No adverse effects of IWTC were identified. One study also found no detectable effect of IWTC on the number of bad physical health days and of risky biomarkers for inflammation, cardiovascular disease and metabolic conditions eight years after implementation. One study found that IWTC had a large, positive effect on income from wages or salaries one year after implementation. Two studies found no effect on employment two and five years after implementation, whereas two found a moderate increase five and eight years after implementation and one a large increase in employment due to IWTC one year after implementation. No differences in outcomes between groups with different educational status were found for self rated health and mental health/psychological distress. In one study European-American women with lower levels of education were more likely to reduce tobacco use, while tobacco use did not change among African-American women with lower levels of education. However, no differences in tobacco use by educational status were observed in a second study. Two studies found that the intervention may have reduced inequity with respect to employment, where women with less education were more likely to move into employment (although one did not establish whether this difference was statistically significant), while two studies found no such difference and no studies found differences by ethnic group on employment rates. Authors' conclusions In summary, the small and methodologically limited existing body of evidence with a high risk of bias provides no evidence for an effect of in-work tax credit for families interventions on health status (except for mixed evidence for tobacco smoking) in adults.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26927,7 +31340,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {1675--1689},
   issn = {1545-5955},
   doi = {10.1109/TASE.2022.3184324},
-  abstract = {The implementation of the autonomous unmanned aerial mobility is a game changer for the on-demand delivery service in the crowded urban setting. In this study, the first of its kind commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) urban delivery program in China is targeted. Different from the traditional ground pickup and delivery services, the aerial mode considers not only the time window constraints, but also the spatial conflicts incurred during the take-off and landing operations of UAVs. To obtain the optimal flying routes of the focused problem, a mixed integer programming model is formulated. Due to its inherent complexity, the optimal schedule cannot be attained within acceptable time via the off-the-shelf solvers. To help speed up the solving process, a branch-and-cut based exact algorithm is proposed, together with a series of customized valid inequalities. To further accelerate, a greedy insertion heuristic is designed to secure high-quality initial solutions. In the numerical section, it is observed that the algorithm proposed in this paper can help solve the real-life on-demand UAV delivery problem to near optimum (within 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% optimality gap) within reasonable computation time (in 5 minutes). Note to Practitioners-With the increase of labor cost, the distribution cost increases very rapidly. In the meantime, the employment of automated vehicles for logistics reshapes the landscape of the urban last-mile delivery. As an efficient courier carrier, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is trending the autonomous delivery endeavour. When integrating UAVs into the urban delivery program, practitioners need to pay special attention to the scheduling of UAVs at the operational level in addition to the hardware of the UAVs. To help solve the UAV dispatch problem, we propose an online scheduling scheme, considering the spatial conflict constraints in the actual UAV operations. And an exact algorithm is designed to accelerate the solving process. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve near optimal dispatch plan with 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% optimality gap in 5 minutes. Furthermore, it is discovered that the demand pooling is an essential decision to make for UAV-based delivery. Longer pooling time can increase the UAV efficiency with more realized demand information, but too much pooling could lead to prolonged customer waiting and a low service level.},
+  abstract = {The implementation of the autonomous unmanned aerial mobility is a game changer for the on-demand delivery service in the crowded urban setting. In this study, the first of its kind commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) urban delivery program in China is targeted. Different from the traditional ground pickup and delivery services, the aerial mode considers not only the time window constraints, but also the spatial conflicts incurred during the take-off and landing operations of UAVs. To obtain the optimal flying routes of the focused problem, a mixed integer programming model is formulated. Due to its inherent complexity, the optimal schedule cannot be attained within acceptable time via the off-the-shelf solvers. To help speed up the solving process, a branch-and-cut based exact algorithm is proposed, together with a series of customized valid inequalities. To further accelerate, a greedy insertion heuristic is designed to secure high-quality initial solutions. In the numerical section, it is observed that the algorithm proposed in this paper can help solve the real-life on-demand UAV delivery problem to near optimum (within 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% optimality gap) within reasonable computation time (in 5 minutes). Note to Practitioners-With the increase of labor cost, the distribution cost increases very rapidly. In the meantime, the employment of automated vehicles for logistics reshapes the landscape of the urban last-mile delivery. As an efficient courier carrier, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is trending the autonomous delivery endeavour. When integrating UAVs into the urban delivery program, practitioners need to pay special attention to the scheduling of UAVs at the operational level in addition to the hardware of the UAVs. To help solve the UAV dispatch problem, we propose an online scheduling scheme, considering the spatial conflict constraints in the actual UAV operations. And an exact algorithm is designed to accelerate the solving process. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve near optimal dispatch plan with 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% optimality gap in 5 minutes. Furthermore, it is discovered that the demand pooling is an essential decision to make for UAV-based delivery. Longer pooling time can increase the UAV efficiency with more realized demand information, but too much pooling could lead to prolonged customer waiting and a low service level.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -26952,7 +31365,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   number = {124},
   pages = {157--199},
   issn = {0213-7585},
-  abstract = {The general objective of this work is to study the level of socio-economic development of an economy as an explanatory factor for public health expenditure. To do so, this general objective will be broken down into three specific ones: firstly, the Spanish position in terms of health expenditure in the countries of the Economic and Monetary Union as a whole will be studied; secondly, the relationship between public health expenditure per capita and GDP per capita will be analysed; and thirdly, the level of convergence experienced by public health expenditure at a regional level in the Spanish economy will be studied. This analysis allows us to observe whether territorial public spending has evolved in a similar way in all Spanish regions, placing the country's inhabitants in the same situation in this respect, or if, on the contrary, the evolution of health spending has been more unequal in the period analysed. This would show whether disparities in health expenditure are occurring between people living in the same country, according to the region in which they reside, establishing a pattern which allows us to distinguish whether health expenditure is and has been greater in regions with a higher socio-economic level or the opposite. In this way, it will be possible to define the level of socio-economic development (measured by the GDP per capita) as a determining factor of health expenditure per capita in all the Spanish regions in the period analysed (in principle 2000-2018), since it covers the last two decades and there is sufficient data to carry out a serious and rigorous study. The availability of databases on health expenditure implies that several statistical sources can be used. The aim of this research was to have a variety of statistical sources to enable a sufficiently long period of time to be covered for the study to be focused on structural issues, and not just on purely conjunctural aspects. This undoubtedly favours the achievement of more rigorous and timely reflections in studies of this type. The statistical sources used in this paper are as follows: Satellite Accounts on Public Health Expenditure (Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of the Government of Spain); Satellite Accounts on Public Health Expenditure (Spanish Regional Accounts of the National Statistics Institute); Data on Health, Dependency and Pensions (Foundation for Applied Economic Studies); Public Health Expenditure (Valencian Institute of Economic Research); General State Budgets General Intervention of the State Administration (Ministry of Finance of the Government of Spain); and Health Accounts System (Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of the Government of Spain); and Macroeconomic Data (Expansion Edition). With regard to the methodology used to address the proposed objectives, in addition to the description of the data presented, based on a territorial approach, the evolution of these variables and the possible relationship between them will be analysed, based on the correlation between them. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to establish the link between territorial economic development and the level of regional health expenditure by means of an econometric estimate. Similarly, another attempt will be made to measure the evolution of existing territorial disparities on the basis of indicators such as sigma convergence, beta convergence, the Theil index, and other indices that will make it possible to examine whether regional differences have been reduced or, on the contrary, intensified in the period analysed. An analysis of the evolution of public health expenditure per inhabitant and its link with the level of socio-economic development of the Spanish regions shows that the levels of public health expenditure per capita and socio-economic development are closely linked in these regions. The conclusions drawn from the study are presented below. Public health expenditure is an aspect that has a relevant influence on the whole population, so it guarantees equal opportunities and its distribution undoubtedly allows for social and territorial cohesion. In general, the public administrations of the countries with the highest level of income in the Economic and Monetary Union tend to make a greater effort to invest in public health, which may reflect the fact that health expenditure is closely linked to the level of economic development of the countries. Public health expenditure in Spain has accounted for around 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of total public expenditure over the period analysed, and is, therefore, an element that can be used by territorial public administrations to try to stimulate the equalisation of opportunities for the population in each of the Autonomous Communities, as well as to promote the socio-economic cohesion of the Spanish regions. The distribution of public health expenditure among the Spanish geographical areas has been closely related to the territorial distribution of the population in the period analysed, but there are still strong regional differences in public health expenditure per inhabitant, which makes it somewhat difficult to achieve socio-economic equality among the Spanish Autonomous Communities. Furthermore, the growth of public health expenditure has been more positive than that of the Gross Domestic Product in the Spanish economy in the period studied, which has meant that public health expenditure per GDP has advanced positively not only at a national level, but also in all Spanish regions. However, it is necessary to point out that the intensity of growth at a regional level has not been equitable, but rather has been very uneven. It is also noted that the level of economic development is a determining factor in public health expenditure per capita. Logically, this has a fundamental impact on the process of territorial cohesion and equal opportunities that the Spanish economy is seeking. Regional disparities in public health expenditure per inhabitant have increased in the period 1995-2017 in the Spanish economy, as shown by the sigma convergence indicator, the Theil index and the applied inequality index. The breakdown of the Theil index shows how the increase in territorial differences in public health expenditure has been due to an increase of almost 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the regional investment effort in public health expenditure per GDP and almost 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the level of economic development of the Spanish regions. Moreover, according to the indicator of contribution to inequality, the regions with the highest share of inequality are Andalusia, the Basque Country and Madrid. The study shows that it would be desirable to reduce the range of dispersion between regions in the level of public health expenditure per inhabitant. Moreover, it is essential to identify the determinants of these interregional differences since they are a real obstacle to guarantee equal opportunities in the access to this type of services and to achieve higher levels of welfare in the population. Furthermore, it is crucial to establish a system that adequately protects the public health services provided by the territorial administrations in the face of the economic crisis and the fall in public revenue experienced in Spain over the last decade. Four key issues for the future are considered necessary: a) the sustainability of public health expenditure requires medium and long-term financial planning that is prudent and complemented by predictable funds provided in years of economic prosperity; b) the high territorial disparities in public health expenditure need to be carefully monitored and reviewed as they call into question equal opportunities policies; c) institutional loyalty must be adequately promoted so that territorial public administrations share the priority of these policies and can provide them with the corresponding funds; in this sense, a serious and rigorous debate on the level of sustainable public health expenditure must be addressed as soon as possible, taking into account the restrictions established by the high public deficit and the high public debt of the Spanish economy; and d) the regional financing systems must be adapted to the constitutional commitments to inter-territorial equity. In any case, it is suggested to maintain the economic growth that allows contracting the economic disparities of the Spanish regions, in order to reduce the current differences in the public health expenditure per inhabitant.},
+  abstract = {The general objective of this work is to study the level of socio-economic development of an economy as an explanatory factor for public health expenditure. To do so, this general objective will be broken down into three specific ones: firstly, the Spanish position in terms of health expenditure in the countries of the Economic and Monetary Union as a whole will be studied; secondly, the relationship between public health expenditure per capita and GDP per capita will be analysed; and thirdly, the level of convergence experienced by public health expenditure at a regional level in the Spanish economy will be studied. This analysis allows us to observe whether territorial public spending has evolved in a similar way in all Spanish regions, placing the country's inhabitants in the same situation in this respect, or if, on the contrary, the evolution of health spending has been more unequal in the period analysed. This would show whether disparities in health expenditure are occurring between people living in the same country, according to the region in which they reside, establishing a pattern which allows us to distinguish whether health expenditure is and has been greater in regions with a higher socio-economic level or the opposite. In this way, it will be possible to define the level of socio-economic development (measured by the GDP per capita) as a determining factor of health expenditure per capita in all the Spanish regions in the period analysed (in principle 2000-2018), since it covers the last two decades and there is sufficient data to carry out a serious and rigorous study. The availability of databases on health expenditure implies that several statistical sources can be used. The aim of this research was to have a variety of statistical sources to enable a sufficiently long period of time to be covered for the study to be focused on structural issues, and not just on purely conjunctural aspects. This undoubtedly favours the achievement of more rigorous and timely reflections in studies of this type. The statistical sources used in this paper are as follows: Satellite Accounts on Public Health Expenditure (Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of the Government of Spain); Satellite Accounts on Public Health Expenditure (Spanish Regional Accounts of the National Statistics Institute); Data on Health, Dependency and Pensions (Foundation for Applied Economic Studies); Public Health Expenditure (Valencian Institute of Economic Research); General State Budgets General Intervention of the State Administration (Ministry of Finance of the Government of Spain); and Health Accounts System (Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of the Government of Spain); and Macroeconomic Data (Expansion Edition). With regard to the methodology used to address the proposed objectives, in addition to the description of the data presented, based on a territorial approach, the evolution of these variables and the possible relationship between them will be analysed, based on the correlation between them. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to establish the link between territorial economic development and the level of regional health expenditure by means of an econometric estimate. Similarly, another attempt will be made to measure the evolution of existing territorial disparities on the basis of indicators such as sigma convergence, beta convergence, the Theil index, and other indices that will make it possible to examine whether regional differences have been reduced or, on the contrary, intensified in the period analysed. An analysis of the evolution of public health expenditure per inhabitant and its link with the level of socio-economic development of the Spanish regions shows that the levels of public health expenditure per capita and socio-economic development are closely linked in these regions. The conclusions drawn from the study are presented below. Public health expenditure is an aspect that has a relevant influence on the whole population, so it guarantees equal opportunities and its distribution undoubtedly allows for social and territorial cohesion. In general, the public administrations of the countries with the highest level of income in the Economic and Monetary Union tend to make a greater effort to invest in public health, which may reflect the fact that health expenditure is closely linked to the level of economic development of the countries. Public health expenditure in Spain has accounted for around 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of total public expenditure over the period analysed, and is, therefore, an element that can be used by territorial public administrations to try to stimulate the equalisation of opportunities for the population in each of the Autonomous Communities, as well as to promote the socio-economic cohesion of the Spanish regions. The distribution of public health expenditure among the Spanish geographical areas has been closely related to the territorial distribution of the population in the period analysed, but there are still strong regional differences in public health expenditure per inhabitant, which makes it somewhat difficult to achieve socio-economic equality among the Spanish Autonomous Communities. Furthermore, the growth of public health expenditure has been more positive than that of the Gross Domestic Product in the Spanish economy in the period studied, which has meant that public health expenditure per GDP has advanced positively not only at a national level, but also in all Spanish regions. However, it is necessary to point out that the intensity of growth at a regional level has not been equitable, but rather has been very uneven. It is also noted that the level of economic development is a determining factor in public health expenditure per capita. Logically, this has a fundamental impact on the process of territorial cohesion and equal opportunities that the Spanish economy is seeking. Regional disparities in public health expenditure per inhabitant have increased in the period 1995-2017 in the Spanish economy, as shown by the sigma convergence indicator, the Theil index and the applied inequality index. The breakdown of the Theil index shows how the increase in territorial differences in public health expenditure has been due to an increase of almost 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the regional investment effort in public health expenditure per GDP and almost 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the level of economic development of the Spanish regions. Moreover, according to the indicator of contribution to inequality, the regions with the highest share of inequality are Andalusia, the Basque Country and Madrid. The study shows that it would be desirable to reduce the range of dispersion between regions in the level of public health expenditure per inhabitant. Moreover, it is essential to identify the determinants of these interregional differences since they are a real obstacle to guarantee equal opportunities in the access to this type of services and to achieve higher levels of welfare in the population. Furthermore, it is crucial to establish a system that adequately protects the public health services provided by the territorial administrations in the face of the economic crisis and the fall in public revenue experienced in Spain over the last decade. Four key issues for the future are considered necessary: a) the sustainability of public health expenditure requires medium and long-term financial planning that is prudent and complemented by predictable funds provided in years of economic prosperity; b) the high territorial disparities in public health expenditure need to be carefully monitored and reviewed as they call into question equal opportunities policies; c) institutional loyalty must be adequately promoted so that territorial public administrations share the priority of these policies and can provide them with the corresponding funds; in this sense, a serious and rigorous debate on the level of sustainable public health expenditure must be addressed as soon as possible, taking into account the restrictions established by the high public deficit and the high public debt of the Spanish economy; and d) the regional financing systems must be adapted to the constitutional commitments to inter-territorial equity. In any case, it is suggested to maintain the economic growth that allows contracting the economic disparities of the Spanish regions, in order to reduce the current differences in the public health expenditure per inhabitant.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -26982,7 +31395,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   pages = {2506--2515},
   issn = {0008-543X},
   doi = {10.1002/cncr.30629},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rural US women experience disparities in breast cancer screening and outcomes. In 2006, a national rural health insurance provider, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), eliminated out-of-pocket costs for screening mammography. METHODS: This study evaluated the elimination of cost sharing as a natural experiment: it compared trends in screening before and after the policy change. NRECA insurance claims data were used to identify all women aged 40 to 64 years who were eligible for breast cancer screening, and mammography utilization from 1998 through 2011 was evaluated. Repeated measures regression models were used to evaluate changes in utilization over time and the association between screening and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: The analysis was based on 45,738 women enrolled in the NRECA membership database for an average of 6.1 years and included 279,940 person-years of enrollment. Between 1998 and 2011, the annual screening rate increased from 35\textbackslash textbackslash\% to a peak of 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women aged 40 to 49 years and from 49\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 58\textbackslash textbackslash\% among women aged 50 to 64 years. The biennial screening rate increased from 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% for women aged 40 to 49 years and from 68\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% for women aged 50 to 64 years. Screening rates increased significantly (P {$<$} .0001) after the elimination of cost sharing and then declined slightly after changes to government screening guidelines in 2009. Younger women experienced greater increases in both annual screening (6.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and biennial screening (5.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) after the elimination of cost sharing in comparison with older women (3.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 2.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, rural residence, lower population income, and lower population education were associated with modestly lower screening. CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample of predominantly rural working-age women, the elimination of cost sharing correlated with increased breast cancer screening. (C) 2017 American Cancer Society.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rural US women experience disparities in breast cancer screening and outcomes. In 2006, a national rural health insurance provider, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), eliminated out-of-pocket costs for screening mammography. METHODS: This study evaluated the elimination of cost sharing as a natural experiment: it compared trends in screening before and after the policy change. NRECA insurance claims data were used to identify all women aged 40 to 64 years who were eligible for breast cancer screening, and mammography utilization from 1998 through 2011 was evaluated. Repeated measures regression models were used to evaluate changes in utilization over time and the association between screening and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: The analysis was based on 45,738 women enrolled in the NRECA membership database for an average of 6.1 years and included 279,940 person-years of enrollment. Between 1998 and 2011, the annual screening rate increased from 35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to a peak of 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among women aged 40 to 49 years and from 49{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 58{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% among women aged 50 to 64 years. The biennial screening rate increased from 56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for women aged 40 to 49 years and from 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for women aged 50 to 64 years. Screening rates increased significantly (P {$<$} .0001) after the elimination of cost sharing and then declined slightly after changes to government screening guidelines in 2009. Younger women experienced greater increases in both annual screening (6.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and biennial screening (5.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) after the elimination of cost sharing in comparison with older women (3.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 2.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, rural residence, lower population income, and lower population education were associated with modestly lower screening. CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample of predominantly rural working-age women, the elimination of cost sharing correlated with increased breast cancer screening. (C) 2017 American Cancer Society.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27015,7 +31428,23 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257193},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Background                                The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 17                 th                 \textemdash May 11                 th                 2020) on violence against women in France.                                                        Methods                                A prospective survey was conducted online between April 2th 2020 and July 5                 th                 2020. Female respondents were recruited from social media networks using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected three times: during (2\textendash 19 April) and at the end (11\textendash 25 May) of the first lockdown, and following the first lockdown (20 June\textendash{} 05 July). Sociodemographic variables, lockdown living conditions, financial impact of COVID, and history of psychiatric disorder were evaluated, together with changes in psychological distress over the lockdown period, and the risk of being assaulted post lockdown.                                                        Results               Psychological distress was elevated and remained stable for most of the 1538 female respondents during lockdown. More than 7\% of women were affected by physical or sexual violence post lockdown. Unwanted sexual contact accounted for the majority of abuse, but physical and sexual assault were also prevalent. The risk of being abused was higher for participants who had changed anxiety/insomnia symptoms over the lockdown period, and a history of abuse.                                         Discussion               Women who experienced changes in anxiety/insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown were at higher risk than others of being assaulted post lockdown, especially when they were already socially vulnerable. While social and psychological factors accounting for these changes warrant further investigation, communication and preventive measures during pandemics should include initiatives tailored to women more vulnerable to violence.},
+  abstract = {Background                                The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 17                 th                 {\textemdash}May 11                 th                 2020) on violence against women in France.                                                        Methods                                A prospective survey was conducted online between April 2th 2020 and July 5                 th                 2020. Female respondents were recruited from social media networks using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected three times: during (2{\textendash}19 April) and at the end (11{\textendash}25 May) of the first lockdown, and following the first lockdown (20 June{\textendash} 05 July). Sociodemographic variables, lockdown living conditions, financial impact of COVID, and history of psychiatric disorder were evaluated, together with changes in psychological distress over the lockdown period, and the risk of being assaulted post lockdown.                                                        Results               Psychological distress was elevated and remained stable for most of the 1538 female respondents during lockdown. More than 7\% of women were affected by physical or sexual violence post lockdown. Unwanted sexual contact accounted for the majority of abuse, but physical and sexual assault were also prevalent. The risk of being abused was higher for participants who had changed anxiety/insomnia symptoms over the lockdown period, and a history of abuse.                                         Discussion               Women who experienced changes in anxiety/insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown were at higher risk than others of being assaulted post lockdown, especially when they were already socially vulnerable. While social and psychological factors accounting for these changes warrant further investigation, communication and preventive measures during pandemics should include initiatives tailored to women more vulnerable to violence.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Percival2018,
+  title = {Are Health Systems Interventions Gender Blind? Examining Health System Reconstruction in Conflict Affected States},
+  shorttitle = {Are Health Systems Interventions Gender Blind?},
+  author = {Percival, Valerie and {Dusabe-Richards}, Esther and Wurie, Haja and Namakula, Justine and Ssali, Sarah and Theobald, Sally},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Globalization and Health},
+  volume = {14},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {90},
+  issn = {1744-8603},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27092,7 +31521,7 @@ NOT looking at inequality; WoW; LM outcome}
   doi = {10.1080/19463138.2022.2082444},
   abstract = {We perform a systematic review of the literature on the association between income, employment, and urban poverty from a multidisciplinary perspective. Our results, derived from the analysis of 243 articles, confirm the significant role of employment in the urban poor's lives, highlighting several factors that constrain their ability to improve their labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, among others. Furthermore, the paper finds different strategies used by the poor to promote their inclusion in their city's economy. We found a major bias towards research focused on advanced economies, stressing the need for development studies dealing with the specific challenges of developing economies.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {integrated,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,integrated,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
   note = {summary: multi-disciplinary systematic review of association between income, employment, urban poverty. n=243 articles, academic focus on advanced economies; finds significant role of employment in life of urban poor;
 \par
 findings: most relevant barriers for improving labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, inadequate human capital
@@ -27190,7 +31619,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {642--651},
   issn = {1389-4986},
   doi = {10.1007/s11121-014-0518-7},
-  abstract = {Certain subgroups of youth are at high risk for depression and elevated depressive symptoms, and experience limited access to quality mental health care. Examples are socioeconomically disadvantaged, racial/ ethnic minority, and sexual minority youth. Research shows that there are efficacious interventions to prevent youth depression and depressive symptoms. These preventive interventions have the potential to play a key role in addressing these mental health disparities by reducing youth risk factors and enhancing protective factors. However, there are comparatively few preventive interventions directed specifically to these vulnerable subgroups, and sample sizes of diverse subgroups in general prevention trials are often too low to assess whether preventive interventions work equally well for vulnerable youth compared to other youth. In this paper, we describe the importance and need for \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravescientific equity,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace or equality and fairness in the amount of scientific knowledge produced to understand the potential solutions to such health disparities. We highlight possible strategies for promoting scientific equity, including the following: increasing the number of prevention research participants from vulnerable subgroups, conducting more data synthesis analyses and implementation science research, disseminating preventive interventions that are efficacious for vulnerable youth, and increasing the diversity of the prevention science research workforce. These strategies can increase the availability of research evidence to determine the degree to which preventive interventions can help address mental health disparities. Although this paper utilizes the prevention of youth depression as an illustrative case example, the concepts are applicable to other health outcomes for which there are disparities, such as substance use and obesity.},
+  abstract = {Certain subgroups of youth are at high risk for depression and elevated depressive symptoms, and experience limited access to quality mental health care. Examples are socioeconomically disadvantaged, racial/ ethnic minority, and sexual minority youth. Research shows that there are efficacious interventions to prevent youth depression and depressive symptoms. These preventive interventions have the potential to play a key role in addressing these mental health disparities by reducing youth risk factors and enhancing protective factors. However, there are comparatively few preventive interventions directed specifically to these vulnerable subgroups, and sample sizes of diverse subgroups in general prevention trials are often too low to assess whether preventive interventions work equally well for vulnerable youth compared to other youth. In this paper, we describe the importance and need for {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravescientific equity,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace or equality and fairness in the amount of scientific knowledge produced to understand the potential solutions to such health disparities. We highlight possible strategies for promoting scientific equity, including the following: increasing the number of prevention research participants from vulnerable subgroups, conducting more data synthesis analyses and implementation science research, disseminating preventive interventions that are efficacious for vulnerable youth, and increasing the diversity of the prevention science research workforce. These strategies can increase the availability of research evidence to determine the degree to which preventive interventions can help address mental health disparities. Although this paper utilizes the prevention of youth depression as an illustrative case example, the concepts are applicable to other health outcomes for which there are disparities, such as substance use and obesity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27220,7 +31649,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {283--310},
   issn = {0143-831X},
   doi = {10.1177/0143831X00213002},
-  abstract = {In many ways, contemporary labour market changes in the UK, the problems and their proposed solutions encapsulate many aspects of Ulrich Beck's risk society. Inequality and insecurity are increasing, leading to one-third of children growing up in poverty. Current labour market, income support and childcare policies tend to reinforce rather than challenge adverse aspects of the new partial and insecure forms of work. Remedial policies reflect individualization and are centred on the belief that the route out of poverty lies with \textbackslash textasciigravemaking work pay' and by increasing the employability of those not in work. New forms of flexible working potentially provide the material foundation for a more equal distribution of paid and unpaid work, but to be effective need to be situated within a framework which prioritizes greater equality, including gender equity, in paid and unpaid work.},
+  abstract = {In many ways, contemporary labour market changes in the UK, the problems and their proposed solutions encapsulate many aspects of Ulrich Beck's risk society. Inequality and insecurity are increasing, leading to one-third of children growing up in poverty. Current labour market, income support and childcare policies tend to reinforce rather than challenge adverse aspects of the new partial and insecure forms of work. Remedial policies reflect individualization and are centred on the belief that the route out of poverty lies with {\textbackslash}textasciigravemaking work pay' and by increasing the employability of those not in work. New forms of flexible working potentially provide the material foundation for a more equal distribution of paid and unpaid work, but to be effective need to be situated within a framework which prioritizes greater equality, including gender equity, in paid and unpaid work.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Workshop on Labour Market and Social Policy - Gender Relations in transition, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, MAY 31-JUN 02, 1999}
 }
@@ -27278,7 +31707,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {454--460},
   issn = {1368-8375},
   doi = {10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.023},
-  abstract = {Cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality today. It is estimated that around 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cancer deaths are due to tobacco use, unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, inactive lifestyles and infection. Low-income and disadvantaged groups are generally more exposed to avoidable risk factors such as environmental carcinogens, alcohol, infectious agents, and tobacco use. These groups also have less access to the health services and health education that would empower them to make decisions to protect and improve their own health. Oro-pharyngeal cancer is significant component of the global burden of cancer. Tobacco and alcohol are regarded as the major risk factors for oral cancer. The populationattributable risks of smoking and alcohol consumption have been estimated to 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% for males, 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% for females, and 74\textbackslash textbackslash\% overall. The evidence that smokeless tobacco causes oral cancer was confirmed recently by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Studies have shown that heavy intake of alcoholic beverages is associated with nutrient deficiency, which appears to contribute independently to oral carcinogenesis. Oral cancer is preventable through risk factors intervention. Prevention of HIV infection will also reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS-related cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma. The WHO Global Oral Health Programme is committed to work for country capacity building in oral cancer prevention, inter-country exchange of information and experiences from integrated approaches in prevention and health promotion, and the development of global surveillance systems for oral cancer and risk factors. The WHO Global Oral Health Programme has established a global surveillance system of oral cavity cancer in order to assess risk factors and to help the planning of effective national intervention programmes. Epidemiological data on oral cancer (ICD-10: C00-C08) incidence and mortality are stored in the Global Oral Health Data Bank. In 2007, the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution on oral health for the first time in 25 years, which also considers oral cancer prevention. The resolution WHA60 A16 URGES Member states-To take steps to ensure that prevention of oral cancer is an integral part of national cancer-control programmes, and to involve oral-health professionals or primary health care personnel with relevant training in oral health in detection, early diagnosis and treatment;The WHO Global Oral Health Programme will use this statement as the lead for its work for oral cancer control www.who.int/oral\textbackslash textbackslash\_health. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality today. It is estimated that around 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of cancer deaths are due to tobacco use, unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, inactive lifestyles and infection. Low-income and disadvantaged groups are generally more exposed to avoidable risk factors such as environmental carcinogens, alcohol, infectious agents, and tobacco use. These groups also have less access to the health services and health education that would empower them to make decisions to protect and improve their own health. Oro-pharyngeal cancer is significant component of the global burden of cancer. Tobacco and alcohol are regarded as the major risk factors for oral cancer. The populationattributable risks of smoking and alcohol consumption have been estimated to 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for males, 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for females, and 74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% overall. The evidence that smokeless tobacco causes oral cancer was confirmed recently by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Studies have shown that heavy intake of alcoholic beverages is associated with nutrient deficiency, which appears to contribute independently to oral carcinogenesis. Oral cancer is preventable through risk factors intervention. Prevention of HIV infection will also reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS-related cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma. The WHO Global Oral Health Programme is committed to work for country capacity building in oral cancer prevention, inter-country exchange of information and experiences from integrated approaches in prevention and health promotion, and the development of global surveillance systems for oral cancer and risk factors. The WHO Global Oral Health Programme has established a global surveillance system of oral cavity cancer in order to assess risk factors and to help the planning of effective national intervention programmes. Epidemiological data on oral cancer (ICD-10: C00-C08) incidence and mortality are stored in the Global Oral Health Data Bank. In 2007, the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution on oral health for the first time in 25 years, which also considers oral cancer prevention. The resolution WHA60 A16 URGES Member states-To take steps to ensure that prevention of oral cancer is an integral part of national cancer-control programmes, and to involve oral-health professionals or primary health care personnel with relevant training in oral health in detection, early diagnosis and treatment;The WHO Global Oral Health Programme will use this statement as the lead for its work for oral cancer control www.who.int/oral{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_health. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27291,7 +31720,7 @@ migration.},
   volume = {11},
   issn = {1976-5681},
   doi = {10.1186/s40723-017-0028-8},
-  abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that children's participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC), especially center-based services, is associated with positive outcomes, particularly for children over one year of age and children of low socioeconomic backgrounds. This signals an important opportunity for reducing socioeconomic disparities in young children's development. Many western countries have adopted policies to encourage maternal employment, facilitate ECEC service use, or both, often focusing on disadvantaged families. Yet few studies to date have tested the impact of these policies for reducing socioeconomic selection into ECEC. This study integrates data from five cohorts of children living in different western, high-income countries (UK, USA, Netherlands, Canada, and Norway; total N = 21,437). We compare participation rates and socioeconomic selection into ECEC across the different policy contexts in infancy (5-9 months) and early childhood (36-41 months). Policy environments where parents had access to at least 6 months of paid maternity/parental leave had lower ECEC participation in infancy but higher participation in early childhood. Higher participation rates were also associated with universal ECEC subsidies (i.e., not targeted to low-income families). In general, low income, low maternal education and having more than one child were associated with reduced use of ECEC. Selection effects related to low income and number of children were reduced in countries with universal ECEC subsidies when out-of-pocket fees were income-adjusted or reduced for subsequent children, respectively. Most socioeconomic selection effects were reduced in Norway, the only country to invest more than 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of its GDP into early childhood. Nevertheless, low maternal education was consistently associated with reduced use of ECEC services across all countries. Among families using services however, there were few selection effects for the type of ECEC setting (center-based vs. non-center-based), particularly in early childhood. In sum, this comparative study suggests wide variations in ECEC participation that can be linked to the policy context, and highlights key policy elements which may reduce socioeconomic disparities in ECEC use.},
+  abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that children's participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC), especially center-based services, is associated with positive outcomes, particularly for children over one year of age and children of low socioeconomic backgrounds. This signals an important opportunity for reducing socioeconomic disparities in young children's development. Many western countries have adopted policies to encourage maternal employment, facilitate ECEC service use, or both, often focusing on disadvantaged families. Yet few studies to date have tested the impact of these policies for reducing socioeconomic selection into ECEC. This study integrates data from five cohorts of children living in different western, high-income countries (UK, USA, Netherlands, Canada, and Norway; total N = 21,437). We compare participation rates and socioeconomic selection into ECEC across the different policy contexts in infancy (5-9 months) and early childhood (36-41 months). Policy environments where parents had access to at least 6 months of paid maternity/parental leave had lower ECEC participation in infancy but higher participation in early childhood. Higher participation rates were also associated with universal ECEC subsidies (i.e., not targeted to low-income families). In general, low income, low maternal education and having more than one child were associated with reduced use of ECEC. Selection effects related to low income and number of children were reduced in countries with universal ECEC subsidies when out-of-pocket fees were income-adjusted or reduced for subsequent children, respectively. Most socioeconomic selection effects were reduced in Norway, the only country to invest more than 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of its GDP into early childhood. Nevertheless, low maternal education was consistently associated with reduced use of ECEC services across all countries. Among families using services however, there were few selection effects for the type of ECEC setting (center-based vs. non-center-based), particularly in early childhood. In sum, this comparative study suggests wide variations in ECEC participation that can be linked to the policy context, and highlights key policy elements which may reduce socioeconomic disparities in ECEC use.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27315,13 +31744,13 @@ migration.},
   author = {Petrelli, Alessio and Di Napoli, Anteo and Rossi, Alessandra and Gargiulo, Lidia and Mirisola, Concetta and Costanzo, Gianfranco},
   year = {2017},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {EPIDEMIOLOGIA \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& PREVENZIONE},
+  journal = {EPIDEMIOLOGIA {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& PREVENZIONE},
   volume = {41},
   number = {3-4, 1},
   pages = {11--17},
   issn = {1120-9763},
   doi = {10.19191/EP17.3-4S1.P011.060},
-  abstract = {OBJECTIVES: to evaluate self-perceived health status of immigrants in Italy. DESIGN: cross-sectional study based on the representative national samples of the multipurpose surveys \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveHealth conditions and use of health services\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace conducted in 2005 and 2013 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: the study was conducted on the age group of 18-64: No. 80,661 in 2005, among which 3.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% were immigrants, and No. 72,476 in 2013, among which 7.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% were immigrants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: prevalence rate ratios (PRR) calculated through log-binomial regression models, stratified by survey edition and gender, by evaluating the association between the Physical Component Score (PCS), the Mental Component Component Score (MCS), and the overall health index and citizenship. Adjustment for the following confounding factors was performed: age, educational level, working condition, perceived economic resources, body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: in 2005, immigrants had a lower probability of poor-perceived physical health, both among men (PRR: 0.79; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.70-0.89) and women (PRR: 0.89; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.820.97), compared to Italians. In 2013, the perceived health advantage of immigrants was reduced for both genders (PRR males: 0.87; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%CI 0.80-0.95; PRR females: 0.94; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\%Cl 0.88-0.99). In the considered period, the prevalence of people with worse mental health conditions increases, with lower PRR among immigrants, compared to Italians. Higher probability of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveNOT good\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace overall perceived health was also observed among immigrants residing in Italy for at least 10 years (PRR men: 1.24; PRR women: 1.15) and among immigrants men from America (PRR: 1.35). CONCLUSIONS: from 2005 to 2013, immigrants seemed to maintain a better perception of health status than Italians. Nevertheless, study results show a decrease in self-perceived health, particularly mental health, in the considered period - apart from demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors - as well as a worse overall self-perceived health status among immigrants who stayed in Italy longer. Such results lead to suppose that the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehealthy migrant effect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace tends to disappear over time, maybe due to the world financial crisis. Unemployment increases and lower income also made the access to medical care more difficult, particularly among the most fragile population groups, including migrants. In this context it is essential to promote health policies supporting equity of access to healthy lifestyles and effective health services, which are fundamental to reduce health inequalities.},
+  abstract = {OBJECTIVES: to evaluate self-perceived health status of immigrants in Italy. DESIGN: cross-sectional study based on the representative national samples of the multipurpose surveys {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveHealth conditions and use of health services{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace conducted in 2005 and 2013 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: the study was conducted on the age group of 18-64: No. 80,661 in 2005, among which 3.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were immigrants, and No. 72,476 in 2013, among which 7.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were immigrants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: prevalence rate ratios (PRR) calculated through log-binomial regression models, stratified by survey edition and gender, by evaluating the association between the Physical Component Score (PCS), the Mental Component Component Score (MCS), and the overall health index and citizenship. Adjustment for the following confounding factors was performed: age, educational level, working condition, perceived economic resources, body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: in 2005, immigrants had a lower probability of poor-perceived physical health, both among men (PRR: 0.79; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI 0.70-0.89) and women (PRR: 0.89; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI 0.820.97), compared to Italians. In 2013, the perceived health advantage of immigrants was reduced for both genders (PRR males: 0.87; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%CI 0.80-0.95; PRR females: 0.94; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%Cl 0.88-0.99). In the considered period, the prevalence of people with worse mental health conditions increases, with lower PRR among immigrants, compared to Italians. Higher probability of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveNOT good{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace overall perceived health was also observed among immigrants residing in Italy for at least 10 years (PRR men: 1.24; PRR women: 1.15) and among immigrants men from America (PRR: 1.35). CONCLUSIONS: from 2005 to 2013, immigrants seemed to maintain a better perception of health status than Italians. Nevertheless, study results show a decrease in self-perceived health, particularly mental health, in the considered period - apart from demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors - as well as a worse overall self-perceived health status among immigrants who stayed in Italy longer. Such results lead to suppose that the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehealthy migrant effect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace tends to disappear over time, maybe due to the world financial crisis. Unemployment increases and lower income also made the access to medical care more difficult, particularly among the most fragile population groups, including migrants. In this context it is essential to promote health policies supporting equity of access to healthy lifestyles and effective health services, which are fundamental to reduce health inequalities.},
   langid = {italian}
 }
 
@@ -27374,7 +31803,7 @@ migration.},
   author = {Pfeiffer, Beth and Sell, Annalisa and Bevans, Katherine B.},
   year = {2020},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {16},
   issn = {2214-1405},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jth.2019.100813},
@@ -27390,7 +31819,7 @@ migration.},
   journal = {AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD},
   issn = {2573-9581},
   doi = {10.1089/aut.2022.0069},
-  abstract = {Community brief Why is this an important issue?Employment is important for income, quality of life, and the ability to get the supports or services a person needs. Autistic adults are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed when compared with neurotypical adults and people with other disabilities. There are many environmental barriers to participating in adult activities in the community, but issues with transportation are a primary barrier. In previous research, a high number of autistic adults (72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) reported that they had missed some of their desired activities due to lack of transportation. It is important to understand the relationship between transportation and employment to know how to overcome barriers and improve employment options for autistic adults who want to work. What was the purpose of this research?The purpose of this research was to look at transportation and employment status (i.e., employed or unemployed). Specifically, this study compared types of transportation used and perceived barriers to transportation between autistic adults who were employed and those who were unemployed. What did the researchers do?Information was collected from 1120 autistic adults through a large statewide survey, which included questions about employment and transportation. Information from autistic adults who were employed and those who were not employed was compared. What were the results of the study?Results of this comparison showed that participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves and less likely to take rides from other people or to use service transportation. Those who were employed also reported fewer barriers to public transportation. Barriers such as crime, planning a trip, treatment by fellow passengers, cost, knowledge on how to use public transportation, and sensory overload were identified by more people who were unemployed than by people who were employed. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?The study identified specific barriers to transportation for autistic adults who are unemployed. This information can help to guide supports and policies to reduce barriers for travel needed for employment. In addition, results of this study can help guide future research to develop or identify the transportation skills needed for travel to work for autistic adults. Background: Autistic adults are significantly unemployed or underemployed even compared with other disability groups. Employment is a social determinant that, when satisfied, closely influences health-related quality of life. For autistic adults, environmental barriers to transportation can impact the ability to get to employment resulting in limited employment opportunities. This study provides a closer examination of the association between transportation use and employment status.Objective: To examine the use of different types of transportation and barriers to public transit by employed and unemployed autistic adults.Method: The data were from a large statewide study conducted between May 2017 and June 2018 using the Pennsylvania Autism Needs Assessment (PANA), in which information about employment and transportation use was obtained from autistic adults who were residents of Pennsylvania. The study sample included 1120 autistic adults (M-age = 28.03 years, standard deviation = 9.84; 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% men; 82\textbackslash textbackslash\% non-Hispanic White).Results: Participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves than those who were unemployed (45\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), while they were less likely to take rides from others (62\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 75\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001) or use service transportation (11\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 18\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p = 0.001). For barriers to public transit, the results identified that employed participants reported fewer barriers to public transportation than unemployed participants with a small effect size (1.98 vs. 2.54, d = 0.22).Conclusion: Employed autistic adults exercise more transportation independence. Unemployed autistic adults report more barriers to participation and lower ability to independently use public transportation. Future transportation and employment studies are necessary.},
+  abstract = {Community brief Why is this an important issue?Employment is important for income, quality of life, and the ability to get the supports or services a person needs. Autistic adults are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed when compared with neurotypical adults and people with other disabilities. There are many environmental barriers to participating in adult activities in the community, but issues with transportation are a primary barrier. In previous research, a high number of autistic adults (72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) reported that they had missed some of their desired activities due to lack of transportation. It is important to understand the relationship between transportation and employment to know how to overcome barriers and improve employment options for autistic adults who want to work. What was the purpose of this research?The purpose of this research was to look at transportation and employment status (i.e., employed or unemployed). Specifically, this study compared types of transportation used and perceived barriers to transportation between autistic adults who were employed and those who were unemployed. What did the researchers do?Information was collected from 1120 autistic adults through a large statewide survey, which included questions about employment and transportation. Information from autistic adults who were employed and those who were not employed was compared. What were the results of the study?Results of this comparison showed that participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves and less likely to take rides from other people or to use service transportation. Those who were employed also reported fewer barriers to public transportation. Barriers such as crime, planning a trip, treatment by fellow passengers, cost, knowledge on how to use public transportation, and sensory overload were identified by more people who were unemployed than by people who were employed. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?The study identified specific barriers to transportation for autistic adults who are unemployed. This information can help to guide supports and policies to reduce barriers for travel needed for employment. In addition, results of this study can help guide future research to develop or identify the transportation skills needed for travel to work for autistic adults. Background: Autistic adults are significantly unemployed or underemployed even compared with other disability groups. Employment is a social determinant that, when satisfied, closely influences health-related quality of life. For autistic adults, environmental barriers to transportation can impact the ability to get to employment resulting in limited employment opportunities. This study provides a closer examination of the association between transportation use and employment status.Objective: To examine the use of different types of transportation and barriers to public transit by employed and unemployed autistic adults.Method: The data were from a large statewide study conducted between May 2017 and June 2018 using the Pennsylvania Autism Needs Assessment (PANA), in which information about employment and transportation use was obtained from autistic adults who were residents of Pennsylvania. The study sample included 1120 autistic adults (M-age = 28.03 years, standard deviation = 9.84; 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% men; 82{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% non-Hispanic White).Results: Participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves than those who were unemployed (45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), while they were less likely to take rides from others (62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001) or use service transportation (11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p = 0.001). For barriers to public transit, the results identified that employed participants reported fewer barriers to public transportation than unemployed participants with a small effect size (1.98 vs. 2.54, d = 0.22).Conclusion: Employed autistic adults exercise more transportation independence. Unemployed autistic adults report more barriers to participation and lower ability to independently use public transportation. Future transportation and employment studies are necessary.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27436,7 +31865,7 @@ migration.},
   volume = {9},
   number = {10},
   doi = {10.3390/healthcare9101285},
-  abstract = {This propensity-matched analysis utilized the publicly available Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2017-2019) data to compare the burden of disabilities among transgender/non-binary (TGNB) and cisgender groups. The groups were matched (1:1 ratio) on demographic variables using Nearest Neighborhood Matching. Categorical variables were compared among groups using a Chi-square analysis to test differences in the proportions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was fit to predict the likelihood of the physical and mental disabilities among the TGNB group compared with the cisgender group while controlling for healthcare access factors, income, and employment. Survey weights were included in the model to account for the complex survey design. In a weighted sample of 664,103 respondents, only 2827 (0.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) self-identified as TGNB. In the matched sample, a higher proportion of the TGNB group belonged to the low-income group (39.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 29.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), were unable to work (12.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 8.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), and delayed care due to cost barriers (19.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 12.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001). Compared with the cisgender group, the odds of having difficulty making decisions were 1.94 times higher (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.67-2.27) and odds of difficulty walking were 1.38 times higher (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.19, 1.59) among the TGNB group. Additionally, the TGNB group had 59.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (aOR 1.598, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Confidence interval (CI): 1.256, 2.034) of experiencing difficulty dressing and 83.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher odds (aOR 1.833, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.533, 2.191) in having difficulty doing things alone. The findings of this study advocate for developing policies and interventions to deliver culturally competent care to the TGNB population with disabilities.},
+  abstract = {This propensity-matched analysis utilized the publicly available Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2017-2019) data to compare the burden of disabilities among transgender/non-binary (TGNB) and cisgender groups. The groups were matched (1:1 ratio) on demographic variables using Nearest Neighborhood Matching. Categorical variables were compared among groups using a Chi-square analysis to test differences in the proportions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was fit to predict the likelihood of the physical and mental disabilities among the TGNB group compared with the cisgender group while controlling for healthcare access factors, income, and employment. Survey weights were included in the model to account for the complex survey design. In a weighted sample of 664,103 respondents, only 2827 (0.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) self-identified as TGNB. In the matched sample, a higher proportion of the TGNB group belonged to the low-income group (39.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 29.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), were unable to work (12.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 8.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001), and delayed care due to cost barriers (19.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 12.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p {$<$} 0.001). Compared with the cisgender group, the odds of having difficulty making decisions were 1.94 times higher (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.67-2.27) and odds of difficulty walking were 1.38 times higher (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.19, 1.59) among the TGNB group. Additionally, the TGNB group had 59.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (aOR 1.598, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Confidence interval (CI): 1.256, 2.034) of experiencing difficulty dressing and 83.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher odds (aOR 1.833, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.533, 2.191) in having difficulty doing things alone. The findings of this study advocate for developing policies and interventions to deliver culturally competent care to the TGNB population with disabilities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27445,13 +31874,13 @@ migration.},
   author = {Philbin, Morgan M. and Flake, Morgan and Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. and Hirsch, Jennifer S.},
   year = {2018},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {199},
   number = {SI},
   pages = {29--38},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.007},
-  abstract = {There has been a great deal of state-level legislative activity focused on immigration and immigrants over the past decade in the United States. Some policies aim to improve access to education, transportation, benefits, and additional services while others constrain such access. From a social determinants of health perspective, social and economic policies are intrinsically health policies, but research on the relationship between state-level immigration-related policies and Latino health remains scarce. This paper summarizes the existing evidence about the range of state-level immigration policies that affect Latino health, indicates conceptually plausible but under-explored relationships between policy domains and Latino health, traces the mechanisms through which immigration policies might shape Latino health, and points to key areas for future research. We examined peer-reviewed publications from 1986 to 2016 and assessed 838 based on inclusion criteria; 40 were included for final review. These 40 articles identified four pathways through which state-level immigration policies may influence Latino health: through stress related to structural racism; by affecting access to beneficial social institutions, particularly education; by affecting access to healthcare and related services; and through constraining access to material conditions such as food, wages, working conditions, and housing. Our review demonstrates that the field of immigration policy and health is currently dominated by a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveone-policy, one-level, one-outcome\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace approach. We argue that pursuing multi-sectoral, multi-level, and multi-outcome research will strengthen and advance the existing evidence base on immigration policy and Latino health. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {There has been a great deal of state-level legislative activity focused on immigration and immigrants over the past decade in the United States. Some policies aim to improve access to education, transportation, benefits, and additional services while others constrain such access. From a social determinants of health perspective, social and economic policies are intrinsically health policies, but research on the relationship between state-level immigration-related policies and Latino health remains scarce. This paper summarizes the existing evidence about the range of state-level immigration policies that affect Latino health, indicates conceptually plausible but under-explored relationships between policy domains and Latino health, traces the mechanisms through which immigration policies might shape Latino health, and points to key areas for future research. We examined peer-reviewed publications from 1986 to 2016 and assessed 838 based on inclusion criteria; 40 were included for final review. These 40 articles identified four pathways through which state-level immigration policies may influence Latino health: through stress related to structural racism; by affecting access to beneficial social institutions, particularly education; by affecting access to healthcare and related services; and through constraining access to material conditions such as food, wages, working conditions, and housing. Our review demonstrates that the field of immigration policy and health is currently dominated by a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveone-policy, one-level, one-outcome{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace approach. We argue that pursuing multi-sectoral, multi-level, and multi-outcome research will strengthen and advance the existing evidence base on immigration policy and Latino health. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27466,7 +31895,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {1321--1333},
   issn = {0962-9343},
   doi = {10.1007/s11136-021-03021-x},
-  abstract = {Purpose Physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is associated with adverse health outcomes, including hospitalizations and all-cause mortality. However, little is known about how physical HRQoL changes over time in older people and the predictors of this trajectory. This study (a) identified trajectories of physical HRQoL among older people and (b) explored whether economic factors, social health or stressful life events impact physical HRQoL trajectories. Method A cohort of 12,506 relatively \textbackslash textasciigravehealthy' community-dwelling Australians aged {$>$}= 70 years (54.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% females), enrolled in the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) study and was followed for six years. Economic factors, social health and life events in the last 12 months were assessed through a questionnaire at baseline. Physical HRQoL was measured by using the 12-item short form at baseline and annual follow-ups. Growth mixture and structural equation modelling were used to identify physical HRQoL trajectories and their predictors. Results Four physical HRQoL trajectories were identified-stable low (7.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%), declining (9.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), stable intermediate (17.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and stable high (66.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Living in more disadvantaged areas, having a lower household income, no paid work, no voluntary work, loneliness and stressful life events (i.e. spousal illness, friend/family illness, financial problem) were associated with a 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%-152\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher likelihood of being in the stable low or declining physical HRQoL trajectory than the stable high group. Conclusion Specific stressful life events had a greater impact on adverse physical HRQoL trajectories in older people than other factors. Volunteering may prevent physical HRQoL decline and requires further investigation.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is associated with adverse health outcomes, including hospitalizations and all-cause mortality. However, little is known about how physical HRQoL changes over time in older people and the predictors of this trajectory. This study (a) identified trajectories of physical HRQoL among older people and (b) explored whether economic factors, social health or stressful life events impact physical HRQoL trajectories. Method A cohort of 12,506 relatively {\textbackslash}textasciigravehealthy' community-dwelling Australians aged {$>$}= 70 years (54.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% females), enrolled in the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) study and was followed for six years. Economic factors, social health and life events in the last 12 months were assessed through a questionnaire at baseline. Physical HRQoL was measured by using the 12-item short form at baseline and annual follow-ups. Growth mixture and structural equation modelling were used to identify physical HRQoL trajectories and their predictors. Results Four physical HRQoL trajectories were identified-stable low (7.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), declining (9.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), stable intermediate (17.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and stable high (66.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Living in more disadvantaged areas, having a lower household income, no paid work, no voluntary work, loneliness and stressful life events (i.e. spousal illness, friend/family illness, financial problem) were associated with a 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-152{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher likelihood of being in the stable low or declining physical HRQoL trajectory than the stable high group. Conclusion Specific stressful life events had a greater impact on adverse physical HRQoL trajectories in older people than other factors. Volunteering may prevent physical HRQoL decline and requires further investigation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27495,7 +31924,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {169--190},
   issn = {2171-6080},
   doi = {10.5209/rev\textbackslash_INFE.2016.v7.n1.52067},
-  abstract = {Over the past ten years in Italy, Spain and France, the demographic pressure and the increasing women's participation in labour market have fuelled the expansion of the private provision of domestic and care services. In order to ensure the difficult balance between affordability, quality and job creation, each countries' response has been different. France has developed policies to sustain the demand side introducing instruments such as vouchers and fiscal schemes, since the mid of the 2000s. Massive public funding has contributed to foster a regular market of domestic and care services and France is often presented as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebest practices\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of those policies aimed at encouraging a regular private sector. Conversely in Italy and Spain, the development of a private domestic and care market has been mostly uncontrolled and without a coherent institutional design: the osmosis between a large informal market and the regular private care sector has been ensured on the supply side by migrant workers' regularizations or the introduction of new employment regulations. The analysis presented in this paper aims to describe the response of these different policies to the challenges imposed by the current economic crisis. In dealing with the retrenchment of public expenditure and the reduced households' purchasing power, Italy, Spain and France are experiencing greater difficulties in ensuring a regular private sector of domestic and care services. In light of that, the paper analyses the recent economic conjuncture presenting some assumptions about the future risk of deeper inequalities rising along with the increase of the process of marketization of domestic and care services in all the countries under analysis.},
+  abstract = {Over the past ten years in Italy, Spain and France, the demographic pressure and the increasing women's participation in labour market have fuelled the expansion of the private provision of domestic and care services. In order to ensure the difficult balance between affordability, quality and job creation, each countries' response has been different. France has developed policies to sustain the demand side introducing instruments such as vouchers and fiscal schemes, since the mid of the 2000s. Massive public funding has contributed to foster a regular market of domestic and care services and France is often presented as a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebest practices{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of those policies aimed at encouraging a regular private sector. Conversely in Italy and Spain, the development of a private domestic and care market has been mostly uncontrolled and without a coherent institutional design: the osmosis between a large informal market and the regular private care sector has been ensured on the supply side by migrant workers' regularizations or the introduction of new employment regulations. The analysis presented in this paper aims to describe the response of these different policies to the challenges imposed by the current economic crisis. In dealing with the retrenchment of public expenditure and the reduced households' purchasing power, Italy, Spain and France are experiencing greater difficulties in ensuring a regular private sector of domestic and care services. In light of that, the paper analyses the recent economic conjuncture presenting some assumptions about the future risk of deeper inequalities rising along with the increase of the process of marketization of domestic and care services in all the countries under analysis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27585,7 +32014,7 @@ migration.},
   abstract = {Purpose of the article Academic debates on TM generally portray GCC countries as less advanced. This paper seeks to understand why TM is not so well-known and is less systematically implemented in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methodology/methods Individual interviews were conducted with 84 people to explore TM in public and private sector organisations in the UAE. 15-16 interviews were held in each of four case study organizations (total 63 interviews) and 21 interviews with a range of TM stakeholders, such as government officials and known TM opinion leaders. 30 of the transcripts were selected for open and selective coding. All of the 21 TM stakeholders were analyzed along with a further 9 transcripts selected from the four case studies. The transcripts were open coded by the first author using NVIVO 10. This paper reports an interpretation of the 455 open codes and research memos developed at what is an advanced stage of the open and selective coding phases. Scientific aim TM theories are predominantly concerned with how employees' talents can be deployed to the competitive advantage of the employing organization with positive outcomes for employees. This paper is concerned with broadening the debates on to other stakeholders in TM processes, especially, countries, governments, education, and families. Findings TM as it is conceptualized and practiced in the UAE is inextricably linked to issues of employment localization, often known in the UAE as nationalization or Emiratization. TM has been organized and implemented differently for two labour markets across all sectors of employment; the country's nationals and the expatriate workforce. Conclusions The extent that TM develops in the UAE similar to Western countries depends on how much the implementation of policies for Emiratization and expatriate workforce development are found to be compatible.},
   isbn = {978-80-214-5413-2},
   langid = {english},
-  note = {21st International Scientific Conference on Smart and Efficient Economy - Preparation for the Future Innovative Economy, Brno Univ Technol, Fac Business \textbackslash textbackslash\& Management, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC, MAY 19-20, 2016}
+  note = {21st International Scientific Conference on Smart and Efficient Economy - Preparation for the Future Innovative Economy, Brno Univ Technol, Fac Business {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Management, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC, MAY 19-20, 2016}
 }
 
 @article{Pinto2015,
@@ -27614,7 +32043,7 @@ migration.},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2},
   abstract = {Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960-1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {integrated,intervention::basic\_income,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,integrated,intervention::basic\_income,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T2CM5X5B/Pinto et al_2021_Exploring different methods to evaluate the impact of basic income interventions.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -27631,7 +32060,7 @@ migration.},
   issn = {1475-9276},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation.                                         Methods               Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method.                                         Results               86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960\textendash 1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points.                                         Conclusions               Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods.                                         Registration               This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation.                                         Methods               Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method.                                         Results               86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960{\textendash}1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points.                                         Conclusions               Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods.                                         Registration               This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27676,7 +32105,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {572--581},
   issn = {2045-7634},
   doi = {10.1002/cam4.1017},
-  abstract = {Little is known about out-of-pocket (OOP) costs incurred for medical and health needs by rural breast cancer survivors and what factors may be associated with higher OOP costs and the associated economic burden. Data were examined for 432 survivors participating in the Rural Breast Cancer Survivor Intervention trial. OOP costs were collected using the Work and Finances Inventory survey at baseline and four assessments every 3 months. Mean and median OOP costs and burden (percent of monthly income spent on OOP costs) were reported and factors associated with OOP costs and burden identified with generalized linear models fitted with over-dispersed gamma distributions and logarithmic links (OOP costs) and with beta distributions with logit link (OOP burden). OOP costs per month since the end of treatment were on average \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar232.7 (median \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar95.6), declined at the next assessment point to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar186.5 (median \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar89.1), and thereafter remained at that level. Mean OOP burden was 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% at baseline and between 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% at the next assessments. Factors suggestive of contributing to higher OOP costs and OOP burden were the following: younger age, lower income, time in survivorship from diagnosis, and use of supportive services. OOP costs burden rural breast cancer survivors, particularly those who are younger and low income. Research should investigate the impact of OOP costs and interventions to reduce economic burden.},
+  abstract = {Little is known about out-of-pocket (OOP) costs incurred for medical and health needs by rural breast cancer survivors and what factors may be associated with higher OOP costs and the associated economic burden. Data were examined for 432 survivors participating in the Rural Breast Cancer Survivor Intervention trial. OOP costs were collected using the Work and Finances Inventory survey at baseline and four assessments every 3 months. Mean and median OOP costs and burden (percent of monthly income spent on OOP costs) were reported and factors associated with OOP costs and burden identified with generalized linear models fitted with over-dispersed gamma distributions and logarithmic links (OOP costs) and with beta distributions with logit link (OOP burden). OOP costs per month since the end of treatment were on average {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar232.7 (median {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar95.6), declined at the next assessment point to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar186.5 (median {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar89.1), and thereafter remained at that level. Mean OOP burden was 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at baseline and between 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% at the next assessments. Factors suggestive of contributing to higher OOP costs and OOP burden were the following: younger age, lower income, time in survivorship from diagnosis, and use of supportive services. OOP costs burden rural breast cancer survivors, particularly those who are younger and low income. Research should investigate the impact of OOP costs and interventions to reduce economic burden.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27691,7 +32120,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {273--280},
   issn = {1540-9996},
   doi = {10.1089/jwh.2011.2872},
-  abstract = {Background: Despite a reduction in income inequalities between men and women, there is still a large gap between income and retirement savings of Australian men and women. This is especially true for women who have health or disability problems. Mature age women are closest to retirement and, therefore, have less chance than younger women to build up enough retirement savings and may need to continue working to fund their older age. Continued workforce participation may be particularly difficult for women who are less healthy. Understanding which health problems lead to a decrease in workforce participation among mature age women is crucial. Therefore, this longitudinal study sought to identify which health problems are associated with employment among midage women over time. Methods: Data were analyzed from the midage cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), which involved 14,200 midage women (aged 45-50 years in 1996). The women have been surveyed four additional times, in 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2007. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to conduct nested multivariate longitudinal analyses. Results: The percentages of women who were employed in the years 2001, 2004, and 2007 were 77\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 72\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 68\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Results were adjusted for sociodemographic variables. Being employed decreased as physical and mental health deteriorated and with self-reported conditions: diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions. Back pain, arthritis, cancer, obesity, and being a current smoker are associated with employment but not when quality of life is added to the model. Conclusions: There were significant associations between health and employment. Understanding these relationships could inform policies and guidelines for preventing declines in employment in mature age women.},
+  abstract = {Background: Despite a reduction in income inequalities between men and women, there is still a large gap between income and retirement savings of Australian men and women. This is especially true for women who have health or disability problems. Mature age women are closest to retirement and, therefore, have less chance than younger women to build up enough retirement savings and may need to continue working to fund their older age. Continued workforce participation may be particularly difficult for women who are less healthy. Understanding which health problems lead to a decrease in workforce participation among mature age women is crucial. Therefore, this longitudinal study sought to identify which health problems are associated with employment among midage women over time. Methods: Data were analyzed from the midage cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), which involved 14,200 midage women (aged 45-50 years in 1996). The women have been surveyed four additional times, in 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2007. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to conduct nested multivariate longitudinal analyses. Results: The percentages of women who were employed in the years 2001, 2004, and 2007 were 77{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 68{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively. Results were adjusted for sociodemographic variables. Being employed decreased as physical and mental health deteriorated and with self-reported conditions: diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions. Back pain, arthritis, cancer, obesity, and being a current smoker are associated with employment but not when quality of life is added to the model. Conclusions: There were significant associations between health and employment. Understanding these relationships could inform policies and guidelines for preventing declines in employment in mature age women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27718,7 +32147,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {147--164},
   issn = {1699-3950},
   doi = {10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2020.44.008},
-  abstract = {Since the mid-twentieth century, the modern-colonial capitalist system has been consolidated by a Eurocentric logic that has aggravated the North-South gap. Thus the international economic relations that imposed the generation and racialization of labour were forged. In this sense, the assurance of the socio-economic rights of the working class of the Global North was the product of a process imbricated by the factors of modernity, (neo)colonialism and development. Therefore, the urgency of deconstructing the current ecocide and genocidal economic system is presented, for this new world order has profited from the overexploitation and death of thousands of women. This investigation implements a theoretical-methodological intersectional approach, that is to say, to understand the subordination of women there is a need to do so from a set of co-constitutional variables (gender, race, sexuality, spirituality, etc.) and from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesituated knowledges\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as Donna Haraway puts it.This perspective allows us to go beyond gender oppression, for which it will be essential to actively listen to the experiences of other women who have been marginalized and excluded by hegemonic and Eurocentric feminisms, only considered as objects of study never as political subjects. This work is implicated in the will to study and move towards an alternative reading of international relations. For this purpose, it is my proposal to begin in the feminist margins of decolonial feminisms, from the ideas of thinkers who are characterized by not seeking a consensus but a conversation from difference. Regarding the structure, the first part of the article will present a critique of mainstream international relations discourse from a decolonial perspective.Thus, the aim is to prove through a critique of the hegemonic paradigm that international relations serves the interests of the Global North as a consequence of Eurocentric thinking. Subsequently, the relegation of reproductive work to women linked to the colonial process will be studied. Furthermore, it will seek to demonstrate the effects of the international economic system on the subalternized, racialized, and colonized lives of workers, refugees, or migrants. In relation to this issue, the study and review of historical factors is fundamental because international relations cannot be understood without studying history; that is, the creation of the current international economic system as a consequence of the construction of the international and sexual division of labour and the processes of colonization and racialization. In turn, the above study has as an objective to demonstrate that the care economy is the backbone of the functioning of the international economic system. In other words, if women - traditionally responsible for maintaining lives - went on general strike, the world economy would come to a standstill. Likewise, the violence caused by the modern/colonial capitalist system on the bodies of the subalternized will be analyzed. In this sense, the epistemologies of the South become essential for the study of the neocolonial North-South economic relations where violence against women plays a key role. Examples of this are free-trade zones, extractivism, or in the worst of the cases: wars. Finally, a dialogue between decolonial feminisms and the feminist economy is presented to rethink and justify welfare as a path towards the protection of planetary life. In short, the global context is a system that has ceded the baton to a model that makes it impossible to guarantee the care of lives as a consequence of a nature that is Eurocentric, racist, colonial, heteropatriarchal, ecocidal and so forth.The proposal to urge an alternative is justified through a crisis of a systemic nature which, despite attempts to blur its permanence, is still present through political and socio-economic conflicts. Thus, the Global North is suffering from a process leading to areas that were once part of the centre are now peripheral - as a consequence of the globalised crisis and increased by austerity policies.This consolidates a political, economic, ecological and ethical crisis, which forces us to question the direction in which we are navigating and how we will manage this process, even if this seems inevitable with respect to environmental degradation and being immersed in a context of social hyper-segmentation, where growing inequalities seem to be naturalized and at the same time legitimized. For this reason, this article aims to establish a dialogue between descolonial feminisms and feminist economics to seek a consensus for the creation of a feminist, subversive and common agenda. For this sort of reflection and questioning the presence of international relations becomes indispensable. From the beginning, this discipline should go hand in hand with the transition phase aimed at replacing capital with the care economy and sustainability of life as the epicentre of the system. This research seeks to outline the nonconformity of accepting that history has already been written against those who prevent us from dreaming of the change we want and believe in. But why now? The present moment is decisive. In the face of the threat to planetary life from a destructive economic system, it is more necessary than ever to participate in the creation of another paradigm of international relations through other knowledges. Undoubtedly, the image of the Amazon in flames is further proof of the urgency of initiating a transformation of the global political and socio-economic system. From where and for what purpose is knowledge produced? What role does the economy play within international relations? Who benefits and who is harmed by the globalized capitalist model? Where do women stand within the economic system? Which lives are worth living? Is it possible to initiate an alternative to capitalism from Europe? These questions are not posed with the aim of giving a definitive answer, but with the intention of provoking dialogue and reflection.That is to say, against the logic of the ethics of war, it is manifested to promote the transition of the current international economic system towards a new model for which it will be essential to initiate an analysis of international relations from feminist genealogies and from decolonial thought.},
+  abstract = {Since the mid-twentieth century, the modern-colonial capitalist system has been consolidated by a Eurocentric logic that has aggravated the North-South gap. Thus the international economic relations that imposed the generation and racialization of labour were forged. In this sense, the assurance of the socio-economic rights of the working class of the Global North was the product of a process imbricated by the factors of modernity, (neo)colonialism and development. Therefore, the urgency of deconstructing the current ecocide and genocidal economic system is presented, for this new world order has profited from the overexploitation and death of thousands of women. This investigation implements a theoretical-methodological intersectional approach, that is to say, to understand the subordination of women there is a need to do so from a set of co-constitutional variables (gender, race, sexuality, spirituality, etc.) and from {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesituated knowledges{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace as Donna Haraway puts it.This perspective allows us to go beyond gender oppression, for which it will be essential to actively listen to the experiences of other women who have been marginalized and excluded by hegemonic and Eurocentric feminisms, only considered as objects of study never as political subjects. This work is implicated in the will to study and move towards an alternative reading of international relations. For this purpose, it is my proposal to begin in the feminist margins of decolonial feminisms, from the ideas of thinkers who are characterized by not seeking a consensus but a conversation from difference. Regarding the structure, the first part of the article will present a critique of mainstream international relations discourse from a decolonial perspective.Thus, the aim is to prove through a critique of the hegemonic paradigm that international relations serves the interests of the Global North as a consequence of Eurocentric thinking. Subsequently, the relegation of reproductive work to women linked to the colonial process will be studied. Furthermore, it will seek to demonstrate the effects of the international economic system on the subalternized, racialized, and colonized lives of workers, refugees, or migrants. In relation to this issue, the study and review of historical factors is fundamental because international relations cannot be understood without studying history; that is, the creation of the current international economic system as a consequence of the construction of the international and sexual division of labour and the processes of colonization and racialization. In turn, the above study has as an objective to demonstrate that the care economy is the backbone of the functioning of the international economic system. In other words, if women - traditionally responsible for maintaining lives - went on general strike, the world economy would come to a standstill. Likewise, the violence caused by the modern/colonial capitalist system on the bodies of the subalternized will be analyzed. In this sense, the epistemologies of the South become essential for the study of the neocolonial North-South economic relations where violence against women plays a key role. Examples of this are free-trade zones, extractivism, or in the worst of the cases: wars. Finally, a dialogue between decolonial feminisms and the feminist economy is presented to rethink and justify welfare as a path towards the protection of planetary life. In short, the global context is a system that has ceded the baton to a model that makes it impossible to guarantee the care of lives as a consequence of a nature that is Eurocentric, racist, colonial, heteropatriarchal, ecocidal and so forth.The proposal to urge an alternative is justified through a crisis of a systemic nature which, despite attempts to blur its permanence, is still present through political and socio-economic conflicts. Thus, the Global North is suffering from a process leading to areas that were once part of the centre are now peripheral - as a consequence of the globalised crisis and increased by austerity policies.This consolidates a political, economic, ecological and ethical crisis, which forces us to question the direction in which we are navigating and how we will manage this process, even if this seems inevitable with respect to environmental degradation and being immersed in a context of social hyper-segmentation, where growing inequalities seem to be naturalized and at the same time legitimized. For this reason, this article aims to establish a dialogue between descolonial feminisms and feminist economics to seek a consensus for the creation of a feminist, subversive and common agenda. For this sort of reflection and questioning the presence of international relations becomes indispensable. From the beginning, this discipline should go hand in hand with the transition phase aimed at replacing capital with the care economy and sustainability of life as the epicentre of the system. This research seeks to outline the nonconformity of accepting that history has already been written against those who prevent us from dreaming of the change we want and believe in. But why now? The present moment is decisive. In the face of the threat to planetary life from a destructive economic system, it is more necessary than ever to participate in the creation of another paradigm of international relations through other knowledges. Undoubtedly, the image of the Amazon in flames is further proof of the urgency of initiating a transformation of the global political and socio-economic system. From where and for what purpose is knowledge produced? What role does the economy play within international relations? Who benefits and who is harmed by the globalized capitalist model? Where do women stand within the economic system? Which lives are worth living? Is it possible to initiate an alternative to capitalism from Europe? These questions are not posed with the aim of giving a definitive answer, but with the intention of provoking dialogue and reflection.That is to say, against the logic of the ethics of war, it is manifested to promote the transition of the current international economic system towards a new model for which it will be essential to initiate an analysis of international relations from feminist genealogies and from decolonial thought.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -27730,12 +32159,28 @@ migration.},
   journal = {12TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE (INTED)},
   series = {{{INTED Proceedings}}},
   issn = {2340-1079},
-  abstract = {The lack of diversity in professions that have been dominated by one social group has created a crisis that calls for partnerships between government and civil society actors to create innovative models of workforce development and timely policy decisions to dismantle long-standing barriers of exclusion and income gaps based on race, gender, class, religion, sexual orientation, and other constructs. The field of early childhood education (ECE) has been impacted by long-run social problems such as gender-imbalance (Skelton, 2011; Rohrmann, 2012; Mottint, 2013), cultural barriers (Pruit, 2015; Drudy, 2008), stereotypes about male teachers' nurturing abilities (Sargent, 2004; Johnson, Middleton, Nicholson, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Sandrick, 2010), homophobic reactions (Pruit, 2015; King, 1998) and low-paying jobs (Whitebook et al., 2016; Cooney \textbackslash textbackslash\& Bittner, 2001), which have collectively deterred men from working with young children. Empirical research can provide much-needed data to help practitioners and policymakers make sentient decisions to take on these social challenges. This paper shares findings from a place-based study that uses mixed methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, and on-site observations) to examine strategic efforts toward increasing men's engagement in the ECE workforce. One of the study's key research question is: How can empirical data inform governmental agencies and civil society to garner more supports for augmenting male participation in the ECE field? Over a twelve-month period, the study has gleaned and analyzed empirical data from more than 60 culturally and linguistically diverse male educators and program administrators (both male and female) who work in a variety of early education and care programs operating in low, moderate, and high-resource neighborhoods throughout New York City. The research uses SPSS, NVivo and SurveyMonkey in its analysis to triangulate demographic information and employment-related themes that emerge from the data. This methodology has helped to uncover recurrent patterns in the analysis of factors that influence men's engagement in the ECE field. The paper concludes that gender-flexible policy and equitable salary will reinforce institutional efforts that aim to enhance men's involvement in the early childhood education workforce.},
+  abstract = {The lack of diversity in professions that have been dominated by one social group has created a crisis that calls for partnerships between government and civil society actors to create innovative models of workforce development and timely policy decisions to dismantle long-standing barriers of exclusion and income gaps based on race, gender, class, religion, sexual orientation, and other constructs. The field of early childhood education (ECE) has been impacted by long-run social problems such as gender-imbalance (Skelton, 2011; Rohrmann, 2012; Mottint, 2013), cultural barriers (Pruit, 2015; Drudy, 2008), stereotypes about male teachers' nurturing abilities (Sargent, 2004; Johnson, Middleton, Nicholson, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Sandrick, 2010), homophobic reactions (Pruit, 2015; King, 1998) and low-paying jobs (Whitebook et al., 2016; Cooney {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Bittner, 2001), which have collectively deterred men from working with young children. Empirical research can provide much-needed data to help practitioners and policymakers make sentient decisions to take on these social challenges. This paper shares findings from a place-based study that uses mixed methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, and on-site observations) to examine strategic efforts toward increasing men's engagement in the ECE workforce. One of the study's key research question is: How can empirical data inform governmental agencies and civil society to garner more supports for augmenting male participation in the ECE field? Over a twelve-month period, the study has gleaned and analyzed empirical data from more than 60 culturally and linguistically diverse male educators and program administrators (both male and female) who work in a variety of early education and care programs operating in low, moderate, and high-resource neighborhoods throughout New York City. The research uses SPSS, NVivo and SurveyMonkey in its analysis to triangulate demographic information and employment-related themes that emerge from the data. This methodology has helped to uncover recurrent patterns in the analysis of factors that influence men's engagement in the ECE field. The paper concludes that gender-flexible policy and equitable salary will reinforce institutional efforts that aim to enhance men's involvement in the early childhood education workforce.},
   isbn = {978-84-697-9480-7},
   langid = {english},
   note = {12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 05-07, 2018}
 }
 
+@article{Platts2015,
+  title = {Mid-Life Occupational Grade and Quality of Life Following Retirement: A 16-Year Follow-up of the {{French GAZEL}} Study},
+  shorttitle = {Mid-Life Occupational Grade and Quality of Life Following Retirement},
+  author = {Platts, Loretta G. and Webb, Elizabeth and Zins, Marie and Goldberg, Marcel and Netuveli, Gopalakrishnan},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Aging \& Mental Health},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {634--646},
+  issn = {1360-7863, 1364-6915},
+  doi = {10.1080/13607863.2014.955458},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Plotnick1982,
   title = {The Concept and Measurement of Horizontal Inequity},
   author = {Plotnick, Robert},
@@ -27756,7 +32201,7 @@ migration.},
   author = {Plum, Alexander},
   year = {2016},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {16},
   number = {4},
   issn = {1935-1682},
@@ -27804,7 +32249,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {483--486},
   issn = {1743-9191},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.01.021},
-  abstract = {The global burden of disease (GBD) has been measured primarily through the use of the DALY metric. Using this approach, preliminary estimates were that 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the GBD is surgical. However, prior work has questioned specific aspects of the GBD methodology as well as its practicality. This paper refines other conceptual approaches based on met and unmet population need for services by considering incident and prevalent need as well as backlogs for treatment that can inform effective coverage of services. Some of these methods are tested using the example of surgical repair of cleft lip and palate. Measurement of disability incurred by delays in care may also be estimated through these approaches and has not previously been estimated through a validated model. These concepts may provide more practical information for individuals and organizations to advocate for scaling up surgical programs. While many surgical conditions are unique, as a single intervention can lead to cure, these concepts may also prove useful for non-surgical diseases. Further exploration of these approaches is merited in resource-limited settings. (C) 2014 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {The global burden of disease (GBD) has been measured primarily through the use of the DALY metric. Using this approach, preliminary estimates were that 11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the GBD is surgical. However, prior work has questioned specific aspects of the GBD methodology as well as its practicality. This paper refines other conceptual approaches based on met and unmet population need for services by considering incident and prevalent need as well as backlogs for treatment that can inform effective coverage of services. Some of these methods are tested using the example of surgical repair of cleft lip and palate. Measurement of disability incurred by delays in care may also be estimated through these approaches and has not previously been estimated through a validated model. These concepts may provide more practical information for individuals and organizations to advocate for scaling up surgical programs. While many surgical conditions are unique, as a single intervention can lead to cure, these concepts may also prove useful for non-surgical diseases. Further exploration of these approaches is merited in resource-limited settings. (C) 2014 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27819,7 +32264,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {493--498},
   issn = {0143-005X},
   doi = {10.1136/jech.57.7.493},
-  abstract = {Study objective: To examine the effect of family welfare index ( FWI) and maternal education on the probability of infant death. Design: A population based multistage stratified clustered survey. Setting: Women of reproductive age in Indonesia between 1983 - 1997. Data sources: The 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Main results: Infant mortality was associated with FWI and maternal education. Relative to families of high FWI, the risk of infant death was almost twice among families of low FWI ( aOR= 1.7, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 0.9 to 3.3), and three times for families of medium FWI ( aOR= 3.3,95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.7 to 6.5). Also, the risk of infant death was threefold higher ( aOR= 3.4, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI= 1.6 to 7.1) among mothers who had fewer than seven years of formal education compared with mothers with more than seven years of education. Fertility related indicators such as young maternal age, absence from contraception, birth intervals, and prenatal care, seem to exert significant effect on the increased probability of infant death. Conclusions: The increased probability of infant mortality attributable to family income inequality and low maternal education seems to work through pathways of material deprivation and chronic psychological stress that affect a person's health damaging behaviours. The policies that are likely to significantly reduce the family's socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality are implicated.},
+  abstract = {Study objective: To examine the effect of family welfare index ( FWI) and maternal education on the probability of infant death. Design: A population based multistage stratified clustered survey. Setting: Women of reproductive age in Indonesia between 1983 - 1997. Data sources: The 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Main results: Infant mortality was associated with FWI and maternal education. Relative to families of high FWI, the risk of infant death was almost twice among families of low FWI ( aOR= 1.7, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI= 0.9 to 3.3), and three times for families of medium FWI ( aOR= 3.3,95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI= 1.7 to 6.5). Also, the risk of infant death was threefold higher ( aOR= 3.4, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI= 1.6 to 7.1) among mothers who had fewer than seven years of formal education compared with mothers with more than seven years of education. Fertility related indicators such as young maternal age, absence from contraception, birth intervals, and prenatal care, seem to exert significant effect on the increased probability of infant death. Conclusions: The increased probability of infant mortality attributable to family income inequality and low maternal education seems to work through pathways of material deprivation and chronic psychological stress that affect a person's health damaging behaviours. The policies that are likely to significantly reduce the family's socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality are implicated.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27834,7 +32279,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {S14-S22},
   issn = {0003-9993},
   doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.029},
-  abstract = {Objective: To identify any pilot and nonpilot site differences regarding current (1) provision of supported employment (SE) to veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI); (2) staffing and communication between the SE and polytrauma/TBI teams; and (3) provider perceptions on facilitators and barriers to providing, and suggestions for improving, SE. Design: Mixed methods cross-sectional survey study. Setting: Veterans Health Administration SE programs. Participants: Respondents (N=144) included 54 SE supervisors and 90 vocational rehabilitation specialists. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Web-based surveys of forced-choice and open-ended items included questions on SE team characteristics, communication with polytrauma/TBI teams, and experiences with providing SE to veterans with TBI history. Results: SE was provided to veterans with TBI at 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% of pilot and 59.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of nonpilot sites (P=.09). However, vocational rehabilitation specialists at pilot sites reported that communication with the polytrauma/TBI team about SE referrals was more frequent than at nonpilot sites (P=.003). In open-ended items, suggestions for improving SE were similar across pilot and nonpilot sites, and included increasing staffing for vocational rehabilitation specialists and case management, enhancing communication and education between SE and polytrauma/TBI teams, and expanding the scope of the SE program so that eligibility is based on employment support need, rather than diagnosis. Conclusions: These findings may contribute to an evidence base that informs SE research and clinical directions on service provision, resource allocation, team integration efforts, and outreach to veterans with TBI who have employment support needs. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
+  abstract = {Objective: To identify any pilot and nonpilot site differences regarding current (1) provision of supported employment (SE) to veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI); (2) staffing and communication between the SE and polytrauma/TBI teams; and (3) provider perceptions on facilitators and barriers to providing, and suggestions for improving, SE. Design: Mixed methods cross-sectional survey study. Setting: Veterans Health Administration SE programs. Participants: Respondents (N=144) included 54 SE supervisors and 90 vocational rehabilitation specialists. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Web-based surveys of forced-choice and open-ended items included questions on SE team characteristics, communication with polytrauma/TBI teams, and experiences with providing SE to veterans with TBI history. Results: SE was provided to veterans with TBI at 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of pilot and 59.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of nonpilot sites (P=.09). However, vocational rehabilitation specialists at pilot sites reported that communication with the polytrauma/TBI team about SE referrals was more frequent than at nonpilot sites (P=.003). In open-ended items, suggestions for improving SE were similar across pilot and nonpilot sites, and included increasing staffing for vocational rehabilitation specialists and case management, enhancing communication and education between SE and polytrauma/TBI teams, and expanding the scope of the SE program so that eligibility is based on employment support need, rather than diagnosis. Conclusions: These findings may contribute to an evidence base that informs SE research and clinical directions on service provision, resource allocation, team integration efforts, and outreach to veterans with TBI who have employment support needs. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Summit, Falls Church, VA, SEP 13, 2016}
 }
@@ -27894,7 +32339,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {E117-E122},
   issn = {1201-9712},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2238},
-  abstract = {Background: Soft tissue infections are common among injection drug users (IDUs), but information on correlates and treatment in this highly marginalized population is lacking. Methods: Six hundred twenty-three community-recruited IDUs in Tijuana, Mexico, completed a detailed interview on abscess history and treatment. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify factors independently associated with having an abscess in the prior 6 months. Results: Overall, 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% had ever had an abscess and 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% had had an abscess in the past 6 months. Only 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% had sought medical care for their most recent abscess; 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% treated the abscess themselves. The most common self-treatment method was to apply heated (24\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or unheated (23\textbackslash textbackslash\%) Aloe vera leaf. Other methods included draining the wound with a syringe (19\textbackslash textbackslash\%) or knife (11\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Factors independently associated with recent abscess were having income from sex work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.56, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 2.08-10.00), smoking methamphetamine (aOR 1.65, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.05-2.62), seeking someone to help with injection (aOR 2.06, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.18-3.61), and reporting that police affected where they used drugs (aOR 2.14, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.15-3.96). Conclusions: Abscesses are common among IDUs in this setting, but appropriate treatment is rare. Interventions to reduce barriers to medical care in this population are needed. Research on the effectiveness of Aloe vera application in this setting is also needed, as are interventions to provide IDU sex workers, methamphetamine smokers, and those who assist with injection with the information and equipment necessary to reduce abscess risk. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Soft tissue infections are common among injection drug users (IDUs), but information on correlates and treatment in this highly marginalized population is lacking. Methods: Six hundred twenty-three community-recruited IDUs in Tijuana, Mexico, completed a detailed interview on abscess history and treatment. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify factors independently associated with having an abscess in the prior 6 months. Results: Overall, 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had ever had an abscess and 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had had an abscess in the past 6 months. Only 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had sought medical care for their most recent abscess; 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% treated the abscess themselves. The most common self-treatment method was to apply heated (24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) or unheated (23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) Aloe vera leaf. Other methods included draining the wound with a syringe (19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) or knife (11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Factors independently associated with recent abscess were having income from sex work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.56, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 2.08-10.00), smoking methamphetamine (aOR 1.65, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.05-2.62), seeking someone to help with injection (aOR 2.06, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.18-3.61), and reporting that police affected where they used drugs (aOR 2.14, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.15-3.96). Conclusions: Abscesses are common among IDUs in this setting, but appropriate treatment is rare. Interventions to reduce barriers to medical care in this population are needed. Research on the effectiveness of Aloe vera application in this setting is also needed, as are interventions to provide IDU sex workers, methamphetamine smokers, and those who assist with injection with the information and equipment necessary to reduce abscess risk. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27920,7 +32365,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {591--613},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/01437720910988993},
-  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the hypothesis that those with a university qualification in science and technology (S\textbackslash textbackslash\&T) enjoy favourable labour market outcomes. Design/methodology/approach - Analysis is based on individual-level data detailing the labour market experiences of Irish university graduates upon entering employment. A Gini-Hirschman index is used to estimate the number of occupational options open to graduates of a particular educational background. Additionally, an ordered probit model of earnings is estimated, which is controlling other factors, measures the effect of S\textbackslash textbackslash\&T education on the distribution of earnings. Findings - S\textbackslash textbackslash\&T graduates have a wider occupational domain. Additionally, tabulations indicate that on the whole they tend to earn more. Application of an ordered probit model controlling for other factors suggests that engineering graduates enjoy a clear earnings advantage; however the opposite appears to be the case for science graduates. Originality/value - The paper presents original insights into the occupational outcomes of Irish technical graduates. The relatively lower earnings of science graduates bring into question the current preoccupation with the supply side and suggest that a closer look at the demand for such skills may be warranted. These findings may be interesting for policy seeking to influence skill structure and for further studies investigating the returns to components of skill.},
+  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the hypothesis that those with a university qualification in science and technology (S{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&T) enjoy favourable labour market outcomes. Design/methodology/approach - Analysis is based on individual-level data detailing the labour market experiences of Irish university graduates upon entering employment. A Gini-Hirschman index is used to estimate the number of occupational options open to graduates of a particular educational background. Additionally, an ordered probit model of earnings is estimated, which is controlling other factors, measures the effect of S{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&T education on the distribution of earnings. Findings - S{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&T graduates have a wider occupational domain. Additionally, tabulations indicate that on the whole they tend to earn more. Application of an ordered probit model controlling for other factors suggests that engineering graduates enjoy a clear earnings advantage; however the opposite appears to be the case for science graduates. Originality/value - The paper presents original insights into the occupational outcomes of Irish technical graduates. The relatively lower earnings of science graduates bring into question the current preoccupation with the supply side and suggest that a closer look at the demand for such skills may be warranted. These findings may be interesting for policy seeking to influence skill structure and for further studies investigating the returns to components of skill.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -27940,6 +32385,22 @@ migration.},
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{Poppen2017,
+  title = {Preparing Youth with Disabilities for Employment: {{An}} Analysis of Vocational Rehabilitation Case Services Data},
+  shorttitle = {Preparing Youth with Disabilities for Employment},
+  author = {Poppen, Marcus and Lindstrom, Lauren and Unruh, Deanne and Khurana, Atika and Bullis, Michael},
+  editor = {Sevak, Purvi and Stapleton, David C. and O'Neill, John},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {46},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {209--224},
+  issn = {10522263, 18786316},
+  doi = {10.3233/JVR-160857},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Posner2017,
   title = {Labour Market Flexibility, Employment and Inequality: Lessons from {{Chile}}},
   author = {Posner, Paul W.},
@@ -27965,7 +32426,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {50--70},
   issn = {1832-5912},
   doi = {10.1108/JAOC-09-2020-0127},
-  abstract = {Purpose Thailand is a developing economy underpinned by high levels of wealth inequality and an ingrained patronage culture. This research aims to examine how social enterprises (SEs) have been encouraged in Thailand in recent years as \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemicro-level challenges\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to capitalism and their potential impact in addressing inequality. Design/methodology/approach Through analysing policy documents and consultations, this paper traces the development of Thai policies intended to encourage SEs' development. Additionally, the paper uses case study interviews and documents to demonstrate how SEs tackle inequality. From these, a framework is developed, outlining SEs' roles and interventions to reduce inequality. Findings Thailand's new policy is in contrast to those countries where SEs face policy neglect. Nevertheless, government has been slow to embed processes to encourage new SEs. Despite SEs' \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechallenge\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to capitalism, listed companies are increasingly providing in-kind and financial support. The case study data shows SEs reduce inequality as they work with rural citizens to increase their employment and incomes. This work may also contribute to diminishing rural citizens' dependency on political patronage. Research limitations/implications While SEs can address inequality gaps, the research includes only existing SEs on specific lists. Nevertheless, the Thai experience will be useful to other developing countries, especially those beset by political patronage. Originality/value The research shows legislation is insufficient to support SE growth and inequality reduction. The framework highlights the need for both government policy attention and interventions from donors and companies to support SEs' efforts.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Thailand is a developing economy underpinned by high levels of wealth inequality and an ingrained patronage culture. This research aims to examine how social enterprises (SEs) have been encouraged in Thailand in recent years as {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemicro-level challenges{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to capitalism and their potential impact in addressing inequality. Design/methodology/approach Through analysing policy documents and consultations, this paper traces the development of Thai policies intended to encourage SEs' development. Additionally, the paper uses case study interviews and documents to demonstrate how SEs tackle inequality. From these, a framework is developed, outlining SEs' roles and interventions to reduce inequality. Findings Thailand's new policy is in contrast to those countries where SEs face policy neglect. Nevertheless, government has been slow to embed processes to encourage new SEs. Despite SEs' {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravechallenge{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to capitalism, listed companies are increasingly providing in-kind and financial support. The case study data shows SEs reduce inequality as they work with rural citizens to increase their employment and incomes. This work may also contribute to diminishing rural citizens' dependency on political patronage. Research limitations/implications While SEs can address inequality gaps, the research includes only existing SEs on specific lists. Nevertheless, the Thai experience will be useful to other developing countries, especially those beset by political patronage. Originality/value The research shows legislation is insufficient to support SE growth and inequality reduction. The framework highlights the need for both government policy attention and interventions from donors and companies to support SEs' efforts.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28002,6 +32463,23 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Powers2008,
+  title = {Gender Matters in Transition to Adulthood: {{A}} Survey Study of Adolescents with Disabilities and Their Families},
+  shorttitle = {Gender Matters in Transition to Adulthood},
+  author = {Powers, Kristin and Hogansen, Jennifer and Geenen, Sarah and Powers, Laurie E. and Gil-Kashiwabara, Eleanor},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Psychology in the Schools},
+  volume = {45},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {349--364},
+  issn = {0033-3085, 1520-6807},
+  doi = {10.1002/pits.20297},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            This survey study explored gender differences in transition imperatives and opportunities for youth with disabilities (               N               = 521). Results indicated that males and females differ in terms of the adult outcomes they hope to achieve, transition training opportunities they have received, and their access to teachers and other nonfamilial adults to assist them. Youth and parents who responded to the survey indicated that gender stereotypes continue to exist and that these stereotypes result in lowered expectations for girls. Gender stereotypes were found to vary by ethnicity. Access to health insurance and a good doctor were rated as top priorities for all youth transitioning to adulthood. Implications for educators, psychologists, and counselors are discussed. {\textcopyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Prakash2017,
   title = {Correlates of School Dropout and Absenteeism among Adolescent Girls from Marginalized Community in North {{Karnataka}}, South {{India}}},
   author = {Prakash, Ravi and Beattie, Tara and Javalkar, Prakash and Bhattacharjee, Parinita and Ramanaik, Satyanarayana and Thalinja, Raghavendra and Murthy, Srikanta and Davey, Calum and Blanchard, James and Watts, Charlotte and Collumbien, Martine and Moses, Stephen and Heise, Lori and Isac, Shajy},
@@ -28023,12 +32501,12 @@ migration.},
   author = {Prakash, Nishith},
   year = {2020},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ORGANIZATION},
   volume = {180},
   pages = {494--509},
   issn = {0167-2681},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.017},
-  abstract = {India has the world's biggest and arguably most aggressive employment-based affirmative action policy for minorities. This paper exploits the institutional features of a federally mandated employment quota policy to examine its causal impact on the economic lives of the two distinct minority groups (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes). My main finding is that a 1-percentage point increase in the employment quota for Scheduled Castes increases the likelihood of obtaining a salaried job by 0.6-percentage points for male Scheduled Caste members residing in the rural sector. The employment quota policy has no impact for Scheduled Tribes. Contrary to popular notion, I do not find evidence of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveelite-capture\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace among the Scheduled Castes - the impact is concentrated among members who have completed less than secondary education. Consistent with the employment results, I find that the policy improved the well-being of Scheduled Castes members in rural areas who have completed less than secondary education. Finally, the impact of the employment quota policy varies by state characteristics. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {India has the world's biggest and arguably most aggressive employment-based affirmative action policy for minorities. This paper exploits the institutional features of a federally mandated employment quota policy to examine its causal impact on the economic lives of the two distinct minority groups (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes). My main finding is that a 1-percentage point increase in the employment quota for Scheduled Castes increases the likelihood of obtaining a salaried job by 0.6-percentage points for male Scheduled Caste members residing in the rural sector. The employment quota policy has no impact for Scheduled Tribes. Contrary to popular notion, I do not find evidence of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveelite-capture{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace among the Scheduled Castes - the impact is concentrated among members who have completed less than secondary education. Consistent with the employment results, I find that the policy improved the well-being of Scheduled Castes members in rural areas who have completed less than secondary education. Finally, the impact of the employment quota policy varies by state characteristics. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28058,7 +32536,7 @@ migration.},
   issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00240.x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {We use the Philadelphia Survey of Child Care and Work to model the effect of child-care subsidies and other ecological demands and resources on the work hour, shift, and overtime problems of 191 low-income urban mothers. Comparing subsidy applicants who do and do not receive cash payments for child care, we find that mothers who receive subsidies are 21\% less likely to experience at least one work hour\textendash related problem on the job. Our results suggest that child-care subsidies do more than allow women to enter the labor force. Subsidies help make it easier for mothers in low-wage labor both to comply with employer demands for additional work hours and to earn the needed wages that accompany them.},
+  abstract = {We use the Philadelphia Survey of Child Care and Work to model the effect of child-care subsidies and other ecological demands and resources on the work hour, shift, and overtime problems of 191 low-income urban mothers. Comparing subsidy applicants who do and do not receive cash payments for child care, we find that mothers who receive subsidies are 21\% less likely to experience at least one work hour{\textendash}related problem on the job. Our results suggest that child-care subsidies do more than allow women to enter the labor force. Subsidies help make it easier for mothers in low-wage labor both to comply with employer demands for additional work hours and to earn the needed wages that accompany them.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28073,7 +32551,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {145--155},
   issn = {1070-5309},
   doi = {10.1093/swr/34.3.145},
-  abstract = {Low-income and ethnic minority women have been described as at risk for experiencing depression during and around the time of pregnancy, a finding complicated by low levels of mental health service use within this population. This study retrospectively examined data from a community-based perinatal depression project targeting low-income women in which many barriers to care were removed and a range of services could be elected from social work, specialty mental health, primary care, and peer support. The study focused on 206 women who self-referred to the project after community-based screening. In this sample, the mean age was 25.49 years, with 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants identified as women of color, and 76\textbackslash textbackslash\% had income at or below 185\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the poverty level. The characteristics within this sample most strongly associated with service use varied among sectors of care. Women of color and women with elevated psychosocial risk were significantly more likely to use social work home visiting, whereas current depressive symptom level predicted specialty mental health sector treatment but not other sectors of care. Findings from this study compel future research to consider the complex factors influencing women's use of mental health services among multiple sectors of care.},
+  abstract = {Low-income and ethnic minority women have been described as at risk for experiencing depression during and around the time of pregnancy, a finding complicated by low levels of mental health service use within this population. This study retrospectively examined data from a community-based perinatal depression project targeting low-income women in which many barriers to care were removed and a range of services could be elected from social work, specialty mental health, primary care, and peer support. The study focused on 206 women who self-referred to the project after community-based screening. In this sample, the mean age was 25.49 years, with 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants identified as women of color, and 76{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had income at or below 185{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the poverty level. The characteristics within this sample most strongly associated with service use varied among sectors of care. Women of color and women with elevated psychosocial risk were significantly more likely to use social work home visiting, whereas current depressive symptom level predicted specialty mental health sector treatment but not other sectors of care. Findings from this study compel future research to consider the complex factors influencing women's use of mental health services among multiple sectors of care.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28088,7 +32566,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {40--52},
   issn = {1095-158X},
   doi = {10.1037/prj0000388},
-  abstract = {Objective: To identify the factors that help and hinder the implementation of individual placement and support (IPS) practices in the Aotearoa/New Zealand (Aotearoa/NZ) context. Methods: An examination of the conceptual and empirical literature on IPS implementation in Aotearoa/NZ and a prospective cohort study of people with mental illnesses and/or methamphetamine addiction participating in a newly established IPS program. Results: IPS programs have been operating in Aotearoa/NZ for more than 10 years, but coverage across the country is patchy and access inequitable. Previous public policy, contracting, and funding systems limited the availability of IPS programs, and in some cases operated as a barrier to the provision of integrated health and employment services. There is an opportunity for change, with a greater focus in government policy on mental health and addiction and achieving equity, a plan for cross-government policy solutions, and a recently established technical assistance organization to support new and existing IPS implementation. Facilitating implementation conditions include technical assistance, service integration, supportive contracting, and attention to culture. In 1 program where these conditions were in place from the outset, IPS fidelity reached 107/125; 41.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants had commenced employment; and the program was achieving equity of engagement and outcomes for indigenous Maori people within 15 months of program establishment. Conclusions and implications for practice: Although IPS programs have been successfully implemented in Aotearoa/NZ, availability and access to them remains limited. Identifying the enablers and barriers to IPS implementation specific to the Aotearoa/NZ context could inform future IPS implementation and national program scale-up.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To identify the factors that help and hinder the implementation of individual placement and support (IPS) practices in the Aotearoa/New Zealand (Aotearoa/NZ) context. Methods: An examination of the conceptual and empirical literature on IPS implementation in Aotearoa/NZ and a prospective cohort study of people with mental illnesses and/or methamphetamine addiction participating in a newly established IPS program. Results: IPS programs have been operating in Aotearoa/NZ for more than 10 years, but coverage across the country is patchy and access inequitable. Previous public policy, contracting, and funding systems limited the availability of IPS programs, and in some cases operated as a barrier to the provision of integrated health and employment services. There is an opportunity for change, with a greater focus in government policy on mental health and addiction and achieving equity, a plan for cross-government policy solutions, and a recently established technical assistance organization to support new and existing IPS implementation. Facilitating implementation conditions include technical assistance, service integration, supportive contracting, and attention to culture. In 1 program where these conditions were in place from the outset, IPS fidelity reached 107/125; 41.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants had commenced employment; and the program was achieving equity of engagement and outcomes for indigenous Maori people within 15 months of program establishment. Conclusions and implications for practice: Although IPS programs have been successfully implemented in Aotearoa/NZ, availability and access to them remains limited. Identifying the enablers and barriers to IPS implementation specific to the Aotearoa/NZ context could inform future IPS implementation and national program scale-up.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28101,9 +32579,9 @@ migration.},
   volume = {94},
   number = {2},
   pages = {144--152},
-  issn = {\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash textbackslash\_\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace},
+  issn = {{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}textbackslash\_{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace},
   doi = {10.32641/andespediatr.v94i2.4041},
-  abstract = {In Chile, between 450 and 500 cases of cancer are diagnosed annually in children and adolescents. Treatment is financed by the state, but there are non-financial elements that could condition ad-herence to treatment. Objective: to explore family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors that could affect adherence to medical treatment in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Patients and Method: Descriptive observational study in pediatric oncology hospitals of a national cancer program. Through a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveSocial Care Form\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace applied to 104 caregivers of children and adolescents, between August 2019 and March 2020, socioeconomic data of children diagnosed with cancer were recorded in four dimensions: i) Individual/family/health; ii) Work/education/so-cioeconomic; iii) Housing/environment; and iv) Participation/support networks. Results: 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the children and adolescents were registered in the public health system; 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% belonged to the lowest income brackets. Care for children and adolescents was mainly provided by the mother (91\textbackslash textbackslash\%). 79\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported living in a house; 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% owned or were paying for their home. Housing quality was described as good (70\textbackslash textbackslash\%), with low levels of overcrowding. 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% of households had access to Wi-Fi internet con-nection, while 27\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported no access. The main support network reported was the family (84\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions: Family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors were observed in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer; socioeconomic and gender aspects highlight the social inequalities in these families. Descriptive baseline results were obtained, so it is suggested to re-observe its evolution and thus measure its impact on adherence to treatment.},
+  abstract = {In Chile, between 450 and 500 cases of cancer are diagnosed annually in children and adolescents. Treatment is financed by the state, but there are non-financial elements that could condition ad-herence to treatment. Objective: to explore family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors that could affect adherence to medical treatment in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Patients and Method: Descriptive observational study in pediatric oncology hospitals of a national cancer program. Through a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveSocial Care Form{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace applied to 104 caregivers of children and adolescents, between August 2019 and March 2020, socioeconomic data of children diagnosed with cancer were recorded in four dimensions: i) Individual/family/health; ii) Work/education/so-cioeconomic; iii) Housing/environment; and iv) Participation/support networks. Results: 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the children and adolescents were registered in the public health system; 69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% belonged to the lowest income brackets. Care for children and adolescents was mainly provided by the mother (91{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). 79{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported living in a house; 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% owned or were paying for their home. Housing quality was described as good (70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), with low levels of overcrowding. 56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of households had access to Wi-Fi internet con-nection, while 27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported no access. The main support network reported was the family (84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusions: Family, socioeconomic, housing, and support network risk factors were observed in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer; socioeconomic and gender aspects highlight the social inequalities in these families. Descriptive baseline results were obtained, so it is suggested to re-observe its evolution and thus measure its impact on adherence to treatment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28118,7 +32596,38 @@ migration.},
   pages = {446--462},
   issn = {2329-4965},
   doi = {10.1177/2329496521991578},
-  abstract = {In this study, I analyze the experiences of people leaving prison and jail, using the concept of urban neoliberal debt peonage. I define urban neoliberal debt peonage as the push of race-class subjugated (RCS) formerly incarcerated people into the low-wage labor market. I argue that urban neoliberal debt peonage is a social process of economic extraction from and racial control of RCS groups structured by state bureaucracies and corporate employers. I provide evidence for this argument using participant observation and interview methods in a large northeastern U.S. city at an employment-oriented prisoner reentry organization that I call \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveAfterward.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace People came to Afterward seeking employment, but were forwarded to work that was often unstable and unable to support subsistence living. Unstable low-wage work did not alter people's social and economic situations enough to preclude them from engaging in income-producing criminal activity that comes with the risk of reincarceration. Meanwhile, the criminal justice system extracted money from the formerly incarcerated via debt collection, and corporate employers benefited from neoliberal policies that give them tax breaks for hiring Afterward clients. While not identical, the social process of urban neoliberal debt peonage echoes that of post-Civil War debt peonage and convict leasing.},
+  abstract = {In this study, I analyze the experiences of people leaving prison and jail, using the concept of urban neoliberal debt peonage. I define urban neoliberal debt peonage as the push of race-class subjugated (RCS) formerly incarcerated people into the low-wage labor market. I argue that urban neoliberal debt peonage is a social process of economic extraction from and racial control of RCS groups structured by state bureaucracies and corporate employers. I provide evidence for this argument using participant observation and interview methods in a large northeastern U.S. city at an employment-oriented prisoner reentry organization that I call {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveAfterward.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace People came to Afterward seeking employment, but were forwarded to work that was often unstable and unable to support subsistence living. Unstable low-wage work did not alter people's social and economic situations enough to preclude them from engaging in income-producing criminal activity that comes with the risk of reincarceration. Meanwhile, the criminal justice system extracted money from the formerly incarcerated via debt collection, and corporate employers benefited from neoliberal policies that give them tax breaks for hiring Afterward clients. While not identical, the social process of urban neoliberal debt peonage echoes that of post-Civil War debt peonage and convict leasing.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Pritchett1994,
+  title = {Desired {{Fertility}} and the {{Impact}} of {{Population Policies}}},
+  author = {Pritchett, Lant H.},
+  year = {1994},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Population and Development Review},
+  volume = {20},
+  number = {1},
+  eprint = {2137629},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {1},
+  issn = {00987921},
+  doi = {10.2307/2137629},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Psacharopoulos1989,
+  title = {{{FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION}}: {{AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE}}},
+  shorttitle = {{{FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION}}},
+  author = {Psacharopoulos, George and Tzannatos, Zafiris},
+  year = {1989},
+  journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {187--201},
+  issn = {0257-3032, 1564-6971},
+  doi = {10.1093/wbro/4.2.187},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28148,7 +32657,22 @@ migration.},
   pages = {777--791},
   issn = {0047-2891},
   doi = {10.1007/s10964-012-9802-7},
-  abstract = {Planning and preparing for life after high school is a central developmental task of American adolescents, and may be even more critical for low-income youth who are less likely to attend a four year college. This study investigates factors that led to the effects of the New Hope Project, a work-based, anti-poverty program directed at parents on youths' career-related thoughts and planning. The New Hope project was implemented in Milwaukee, WI, during the mid-1990s. 745 families participated (52 \textbackslash textbackslash\% male children; 56 \textbackslash textbackslash\% African American; 30 \textbackslash textbackslash\% Latino, and 15 \textbackslash textbackslash\% White non-Hispanic) and half were randomly selected to receive New Hope benefits, which included earnings supplements, job search assistance, and child and health care subsidies for 3 years. Importantly, effects on youths' future orientation were found 8 years after the program began (5 years after benefits ended). The present study investigates what factors sustained these positive impacts over time. Results indicate that parental perceptions of reading performance mediate the effects of New Hope on youths' cynicism about work. Additionally, parental perceptions of reading performance and youths' educational expectations mediate the effects of New Hope on boys' pessimism about future employment. These findings highlight the importance of youths' educational development to their career-related thoughts and planning.},
+  abstract = {Planning and preparing for life after high school is a central developmental task of American adolescents, and may be even more critical for low-income youth who are less likely to attend a four year college. This study investigates factors that led to the effects of the New Hope Project, a work-based, anti-poverty program directed at parents on youths' career-related thoughts and planning. The New Hope project was implemented in Milwaukee, WI, during the mid-1990s. 745 families participated (52 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% male children; 56 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% African American; 30 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Latino, and 15 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% White non-Hispanic) and half were randomly selected to receive New Hope benefits, which included earnings supplements, job search assistance, and child and health care subsidies for 3 years. Importantly, effects on youths' future orientation were found 8 years after the program began (5 years after benefits ended). The present study investigates what factors sustained these positive impacts over time. Results indicate that parental perceptions of reading performance mediate the effects of New Hope on youths' cynicism about work. Additionally, parental perceptions of reading performance and youths' educational expectations mediate the effects of New Hope on boys' pessimism about future employment. These findings highlight the importance of youths' educational development to their career-related thoughts and planning.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@techreport{Qian2009,
+  title = {Quantity-{{Quality}} and the {{One Child Policy}}:{{The Only-Child Disadvantage}} in {{School Enrollment}} in {{Rural China}}},
+  shorttitle = {Quantity-{{Quality}} and the {{One Child Policy}}},
+  author = {Qian, Nancy},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = may,
+  number = {w14973},
+  pages = {w14973},
+  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
+  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
+  doi = {10.3386/w14973},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28160,7 +32684,7 @@ migration.},
   journal = {JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY},
   issn = {0022-2445},
   doi = {10.1111/jomf.12927},
-  abstract = {ObjectiveThis study examines the re-employment prospects and short-term career consequences for mothers and fathers who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic. BackgroundThe pandemic recession has been dubbed a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveshecession,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace but few studies have explored whether mothers paid a higher or lower price upon labor market re-entry than fathers. MethodThis study draws on March 2020-December 2022 Current Population Survey data and focuses on partnered parents with children under age 13 in the household. Exploiting four-month panels, we use multi-level discrete-time event history models to predict re-employment and linear regression models to predict job-level wage upon re-employment, while controlling for a wide array of factors. ResultsPartnered fathers were more likely than partnered mothers to find re-employment during the pandemic. The gender gap in re-employment was concentrated only among parents without a bachelor's degree and persisted when all controls were held constant. Moreover, upon re-employment, fathers had higher job-level wages than mothers, which was consistent across educational levels. Even with the same job-level wage before labor market exit, mothers were penalized on re-entry relative to fathers and this penalty was rooted in gendered job segregation. ConclusionThis study extends previous research by analyzing re-employment and a critical material outcome for parents (i.e., job-level wage upon re-employment) during the entire pandemic, including the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenew normal\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (late 2022). The results reveal the intersectional inequalities in family and work: Compared to fathers, mothers, particularly less-educated mothers, paid a higher price for their time out of work during the pandemic.},
+  abstract = {ObjectiveThis study examines the re-employment prospects and short-term career consequences for mothers and fathers who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic. BackgroundThe pandemic recession has been dubbed a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveshecession,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace but few studies have explored whether mothers paid a higher or lower price upon labor market re-entry than fathers. MethodThis study draws on March 2020-December 2022 Current Population Survey data and focuses on partnered parents with children under age 13 in the household. Exploiting four-month panels, we use multi-level discrete-time event history models to predict re-employment and linear regression models to predict job-level wage upon re-employment, while controlling for a wide array of factors. ResultsPartnered fathers were more likely than partnered mothers to find re-employment during the pandemic. The gender gap in re-employment was concentrated only among parents without a bachelor's degree and persisted when all controls were held constant. Moreover, upon re-employment, fathers had higher job-level wages than mothers, which was consistent across educational levels. Even with the same job-level wage before labor market exit, mothers were penalized on re-entry relative to fathers and this penalty was rooted in gendered job segregation. ConclusionThis study extends previous research by analyzing re-employment and a critical material outcome for parents (i.e., job-level wage upon re-employment) during the entire pandemic, including the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenew normal{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (late 2022). The results reveal the intersectional inequalities in family and work: Compared to fathers, mothers, particularly less-educated mothers, paid a higher price for their time out of work during the pandemic.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28173,7 +32697,7 @@ migration.},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {175--202},
   issn = {1435-9871},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND Recent trends show an unprecedented feminisation of migration in China, triggered by the increasing demand for cheap labour in big cities and the availability of women in the labour market. These trends corroborate the evidence that non-agricultural work and remittance from urban labour migrants have become the major sources of rural household income. OBJECTIVE This paper investigates the extent of gender inequalities in job participation and wage earning among internal labour migrants in China. We hypothesize that female migrants in cities are economically more disadvantaged than male migrants in the job market. METHODS We use data from the 2010 National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey conducted in 106 cities representing all 31 provinces and geographic regions. The study applies the standard Heckman two-step Probit-OLS method to model job participation and wage-earning, separately for 59,225 males and 41,546 females aged 16-59 years, adjusting for demographic and social characteristics and potential selection effects. RESULTS Female migrants have much lower job-participation and wage-earning potential than male migrants. Male migrants earn 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher hourly wages than their female counterparts. Decomposition analysis confirms potential gender discrimination, suggesting that 88\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the gender difference in wages (or 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of female migrant wage) is due to discriminatory treatment of female migrants in the Chinese job market. Migrants with rural hukou status have a smaller chance of participation in the job market and they earn lower wages than those with urban hukou, regardless of education advantage. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of significant female disadvantage among internal labour migrants in the job market in Chinese cities. Household registration by urban and rural areas, as controlled by the hukou status, partly explains the differing job participation and wage earning among female labour migrants in urban China.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND Recent trends show an unprecedented feminisation of migration in China, triggered by the increasing demand for cheap labour in big cities and the availability of women in the labour market. These trends corroborate the evidence that non-agricultural work and remittance from urban labour migrants have become the major sources of rural household income. OBJECTIVE This paper investigates the extent of gender inequalities in job participation and wage earning among internal labour migrants in China. We hypothesize that female migrants in cities are economically more disadvantaged than male migrants in the job market. METHODS We use data from the 2010 National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey conducted in 106 cities representing all 31 provinces and geographic regions. The study applies the standard Heckman two-step Probit-OLS method to model job participation and wage-earning, separately for 59,225 males and 41,546 females aged 16-59 years, adjusting for demographic and social characteristics and potential selection effects. RESULTS Female migrants have much lower job-participation and wage-earning potential than male migrants. Male migrants earn 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher hourly wages than their female counterparts. Decomposition analysis confirms potential gender discrimination, suggesting that 88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the gender difference in wages (or 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of female migrant wage) is due to discriminatory treatment of female migrants in the Chinese job market. Migrants with rural hukou status have a smaller chance of participation in the job market and they earn lower wages than those with urban hukou, regardless of education advantage. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of significant female disadvantage among internal labour migrants in the job market in Chinese cities. Household registration by urban and rural areas, as controlled by the hukou status, partly explains the differing job participation and wage earning among female labour migrants in urban China.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28201,7 +32725,23 @@ migration.},
   volume = {18},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-019-1044-9},
-  abstract = {Background Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is well established as an indicator of financial protection on which there is extensive literature. However, most works analyse mainly low to middle income countries and do not address the different distributional dimensions of CHE. We argue that, besides incidence, the latter are crucial to better grasp the scope and nature of financial protection problems. Our objectives are therefore to analyse the evolution of CHE in a high income country, considering both its incidence and distribution. Methods Data are taken from the last three waves of the Portuguese Household Budget Survey conducted in 2005/2006, 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. To identify CHE, the approach adopted is capacity to pay/normative food spending, at the 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% threshold. To analyse distribution, concentration curves and indices (CI) are used and adjusted odds ratios are calculated. Results The incidence of CHE was 2.57, 1.79 and 0.46\textbackslash textbackslash\%, in 2005, 2010 and 2015, respectively. CHE became highly concentrated among the poorest (the respective CI evolved from - 0.390 in 2005 to - 0.758 in 2015) and among families with elderly people (the absolute CI evolved from 0.520 in 2005 to 0.740 in 2015). Absolute CI in geographical context also increased over time (0.354 in 2015, 0.019 in 2005). Medicines represented by far the largest share of catastrophic payments, although, in this case concentration decreased (the median share of medicines diminished from 93 to 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% over the period analysed). Contrarily, the weight of expenses incurred with consultation fees has been growing (even for General Practitioners, despite the NHS coverage of primary care). Conclusions The incidence of CHE and inequality in its distribution might progress in the same direction or not, but most importantly policy makers should pay attention to the distributional dimensions of CHE as these might provide useful insight to target households at risk. Greater concentration of CHE can actually be regarded as an opportunity for policy making, because interventions to tackle CHE become more confined. Monitoring the distribution of payments across services can also contribute to early detection of emerging (and even, unexpected) drivers of catastrophic payments.},
+  abstract = {Background Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is well established as an indicator of financial protection on which there is extensive literature. However, most works analyse mainly low to middle income countries and do not address the different distributional dimensions of CHE. We argue that, besides incidence, the latter are crucial to better grasp the scope and nature of financial protection problems. Our objectives are therefore to analyse the evolution of CHE in a high income country, considering both its incidence and distribution. Methods Data are taken from the last three waves of the Portuguese Household Budget Survey conducted in 2005/2006, 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. To identify CHE, the approach adopted is capacity to pay/normative food spending, at the 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% threshold. To analyse distribution, concentration curves and indices (CI) are used and adjusted odds ratios are calculated. Results The incidence of CHE was 2.57, 1.79 and 0.46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, in 2005, 2010 and 2015, respectively. CHE became highly concentrated among the poorest (the respective CI evolved from - 0.390 in 2005 to - 0.758 in 2015) and among families with elderly people (the absolute CI evolved from 0.520 in 2005 to 0.740 in 2015). Absolute CI in geographical context also increased over time (0.354 in 2015, 0.019 in 2005). Medicines represented by far the largest share of catastrophic payments, although, in this case concentration decreased (the median share of medicines diminished from 93 to 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% over the period analysed). Contrarily, the weight of expenses incurred with consultation fees has been growing (even for General Practitioners, despite the NHS coverage of primary care). Conclusions The incidence of CHE and inequality in its distribution might progress in the same direction or not, but most importantly policy makers should pay attention to the distributional dimensions of CHE as these might provide useful insight to target households at risk. Greater concentration of CHE can actually be regarded as an opportunity for policy making, because interventions to tackle CHE become more confined. Monitoring the distribution of payments across services can also contribute to early detection of emerging (and even, unexpected) drivers of catastrophic payments.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Quisumbing2007,
+  title = {Maquiladoras and Market Mamas: {{Women}}'s Work and Childcare in {{Guatemala City}} and {{Accra}}},
+  shorttitle = {Maquiladoras and Market Mamas},
+  author = {Quisumbing, Agnes R. and Hallman, Kelly and Ruel, Marie T.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {The Journal of Development Studies},
+  volume = {43},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {420--455},
+  issn = {0022-0388, 1743-9140},
+  doi = {10.1080/00220380701204380},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28220,6 +32760,22 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Rabren2002,
+  title = {Predictors of {{Post-High School Employment Among Young Adults}} with {{Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Rabren, Karen and Dunn, Caroline and Chambers, Dalee},
+  year = {2002},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Career Development for Exceptional Individuals},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {25--40},
+  issn = {0885-7288, 1557-5047},
+  doi = {10.1177/088572880202500103},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This study examined the employment status of 1,393 former special education students who had exited from 37 of Alabama's 128 school systems between 1996-2000. These 37 school systems served as demonstration sites through the state's transition systems change grant. Follow-up telephone interviews revealed that 73\% (N=1,013) of these former students were employed one year after exit. Using a hierarchical logistic regression analysis, there was an 87\% probability that these students would be employed one year after high school if they held a job at the time they exited school. Other significant findings include the relationship between employment status and gender, disability, and urban or rural setting. The probability of the student having a job one year after high school, for example, was greater if the student was male, had a learning disability, was from an urban school, and had a job at the time of school exit. In contrast, the probability of employment was less likely for females with a disability other than a learning disability, from rural schools, and without a job at the end of high school. These findings suggest that students with disabilities can benefit from participating in paid work experiences during high school and that females in rural settings need better transition planning and programs.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Racine2012,
   title = {Putting the {{World}} as {{Classroom}}: {{An Application}} of the {{Inequalities Imagination Model}} in {{Nursing}} and {{Health Education}}},
   author = {Racine, Louise and Proctor, Peggy and Jewell, Lisa M.},
@@ -28235,6 +32791,22 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Radford2013,
+  title = {Return to Work after Traumatic Brain Injury: {{Cohort}} Comparison and Economic Evaluation},
+  shorttitle = {Return to Work after Traumatic Brain Injury},
+  author = {Radford, Kate and Phillips, Julie and Drummond, Avril and Sach, Tracey and Walker, Marion and Tyerman, Andy and Haboubi, Naseer and Jones, Trevor},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Brain Injury},
+  volume = {27},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {507--520},
+  issn = {0269-9052, 1362-301X},
+  doi = {10.3109/02699052.2013.766929},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Radford2020,
   title = {{{DESCRIBING RETURN TO WORK AFTER STROKE}}: {{A FEASIBILITY TRIAL OF}} 12-{{MONTH OUTCOMES}}},
   author = {Radford, Kathryn and Grant I, Mary and Sinclair, Emma J. and Kettlewell, Jade and Watkin, Connor},
@@ -28245,7 +32817,18 @@ migration.},
   number = {4},
   issn = {1650-1977},
   doi = {10.2340/16501977-2647},
-  abstract = {Objective: Stroke is the greatest cause of disability in adults. A quarter of strokes in the UK affect people of working age, yet under half of them return to work after stroke. There has been little investigation into what constitutes \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereturn to work\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace following stroke. The aim of this study is to describe the work metrics of stroke survivor participants in a feasibility randomized controlled trial of an early stroke-specific vocational rehabilitation intervention. Methods: Retrospective analysis of trial data. Metrics on work status, working hours, workplace accommodations and costs were extracted from trial outcomes gathered by postal questionnaire at 3, 6, and 12 months' post-randomization for 46 stroke participants in a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to receive vocational rehabilitation (intervention) or usual care (control). Results: Two-thirds (n = 29; 63\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of participants returned to work at some point in the 12 months following stroke. Participants took a mean of 90 days to return to work. Most returned to the same role with an existing employer. Only one-third of participants who were employed full-time at stroke onset were working full-time at 12 months post-stroke. Most participants experienced a reduction in pre-stroke earnings. Workplace accommodations were more common among intervention group participants. More intervention participants than control participants reported satisfaction with work at both 6 and 12 months post-randomization. Conclusion: This study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of return to work and the dramatic impact of stroke on work status, working hours and income. Longitudinal research should explore the socioeconomic legacy of stroke and include clear definitions of work and accurate measures of working hours and income from all sources.},
+  abstract = {Objective: Stroke is the greatest cause of disability in adults. A quarter of strokes in the UK affect people of working age, yet under half of them return to work after stroke. There has been little investigation into what constitutes {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravereturn to work{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace following stroke. The aim of this study is to describe the work metrics of stroke survivor participants in a feasibility randomized controlled trial of an early stroke-specific vocational rehabilitation intervention. Methods: Retrospective analysis of trial data. Metrics on work status, working hours, workplace accommodations and costs were extracted from trial outcomes gathered by postal questionnaire at 3, 6, and 12 months' post-randomization for 46 stroke participants in a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to receive vocational rehabilitation (intervention) or usual care (control). Results: Two-thirds (n = 29; 63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of participants returned to work at some point in the 12 months following stroke. Participants took a mean of 90 days to return to work. Most returned to the same role with an existing employer. Only one-third of participants who were employed full-time at stroke onset were working full-time at 12 months post-stroke. Most participants experienced a reduction in pre-stroke earnings. Workplace accommodations were more common among intervention group participants. More intervention participants than control participants reported satisfaction with work at both 6 and 12 months post-randomization. Conclusion: This study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of return to work and the dramatic impact of stroke on work status, working hours and income. Longitudinal research should explore the socioeconomic legacy of stroke and include clear definitions of work and accurate measures of working hours and income from all sources.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Radhakrishnan2010,
+  title = {A {{Dynamic Structural Model}} of {{Contraceptive Use}} and {{Employment Sector Choice}} for {{Women}} in {{Indonesia}}},
+  author = {Radhakrishnan, Uma},
+  year = {2010},
+  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
+  issn = {1556-5068},
+  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1688337},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28260,7 +32843,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {219--231},
   issn = {0737-0016},
   doi = {10.1080/07370016.2023.2168124},
-  abstract = {This article examines how Community Health Workers (CHWs) build trust with low-income women of color who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system, and are at risk for maternal-child health disparities. This qualitative study used a grounded theory methodology guided by Charmaz's inductive social constructivist approach. Data were collected using open-ended semi-structured interviews and focus groups with CHWs who worked in community-based and hospital-based programs in California, Oregon, Illinois, Texas, South Carolina, New York, and Maine. Thirty-two CHWs participated, with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% of participants being of Latinx and African American ethnicity. They served women from Latinx, African American, and Migrant communities. The CHW communication strategies represent aspects of respect and client-centered care and are applied in the development of a theoretical framework. CHWs were able to build and sustain trust at the initial encounter through these specific strategies: 1) addressing immediate needs related to social determinants of health; 2) embodying mannerisms and dress; 3) speaking appropriately to the client's age, culture, and knowledge; 4) easing client's fears through locus of control, and 5) allowing for time flexibility. These findings have implications for practice through interventions to train healthcare providers to build trust with low-income women of color who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system and who are at risk for maternal-child health disparities. Future research is recommended to explore how the communication trust-building constructs also benefit all other groups at similar risk, including those with mental health disorders and infectious diseases. The findings indicate specific communication strategies through which trust can be built, beginning at the initial encounter with low-income women at risk for maternal-child health disparities and who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system.},
+  abstract = {This article examines how Community Health Workers (CHWs) build trust with low-income women of color who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system, and are at risk for maternal-child health disparities. This qualitative study used a grounded theory methodology guided by Charmaz's inductive social constructivist approach. Data were collected using open-ended semi-structured interviews and focus groups with CHWs who worked in community-based and hospital-based programs in California, Oregon, Illinois, Texas, South Carolina, New York, and Maine. Thirty-two CHWs participated, with 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of participants being of Latinx and African American ethnicity. They served women from Latinx, African American, and Migrant communities. The CHW communication strategies represent aspects of respect and client-centered care and are applied in the development of a theoretical framework. CHWs were able to build and sustain trust at the initial encounter through these specific strategies: 1) addressing immediate needs related to social determinants of health; 2) embodying mannerisms and dress; 3) speaking appropriately to the client's age, culture, and knowledge; 4) easing client's fears through locus of control, and 5) allowing for time flexibility. These findings have implications for practice through interventions to train healthcare providers to build trust with low-income women of color who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system and who are at risk for maternal-child health disparities. Future research is recommended to explore how the communication trust-building constructs also benefit all other groups at similar risk, including those with mental health disorders and infectious diseases. The findings indicate specific communication strategies through which trust can be built, beginning at the initial encounter with low-income women at risk for maternal-child health disparities and who have a historical distrust of the healthcare system.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28299,13 +32882,13 @@ migration.},
   author = {Rahman, Motiur and Howard, George and Qian, Jingjing and Garza, Kimberly and Abebe, Ash and Hansen, Richard},
   year = {2020},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
+  journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATIVE PHARMACY},
   volume = {16},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1702--1710},
   issn = {1551-7411},
   doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.008},
-  abstract = {Background: Prior work has identified disparities in the quality and outcomes of healthcare across socioeconomic subgroups. Medication use may be subject to similar disparities. Objective: To assess the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors (gender, age, race, income, education, and rural or urban residence) and appropriateness of medication use. Methods: US adults aged {$>$}= 45 years (n = 26,798) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study were included in the analyses, of which 13,623 participants aged {$>$}= 65 years (recruited 2003-2007). Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were identified through 2015 Beers Criteria and clinically significant drug interactions list by Ament et al., respectively as measures of medication appropriateness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of disparity parameters with PIM use and DDIs. Interactions between race and other disparity variables were investigated. Results: Approximately 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the participants aged {$>$}= 65 years used at least one drug listed in the Beers Criteria, and 3.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all participants used two or more drugs with DDIs. Significant gender-race interaction across prescription-only drug users revealed that white females compared with white males (OR = 1.33, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.20-1.48) and black males compared with white males (OR = 1.60, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.41-1.82) were more likely to receive PIM. Individuals with lower income and education also were more likely to use PIM in this sub-group. Females were less likely than males (female vs. male: OR = 0.55, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.48-0.63) and individuals resided in small rural areas as opposed to urban areas (small rural vs. urban: OR = 1.37, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.07-1.76) were more likely to have DDIs. Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in PIM use and DDIs exist. Future studies should seek to better understand factors contributing to the disparities in order to guide development of interventions.},
+  abstract = {Background: Prior work has identified disparities in the quality and outcomes of healthcare across socioeconomic subgroups. Medication use may be subject to similar disparities. Objective: To assess the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors (gender, age, race, income, education, and rural or urban residence) and appropriateness of medication use. Methods: US adults aged {$>$}= 45 years (n = 26,798) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study were included in the analyses, of which 13,623 participants aged {$>$}= 65 years (recruited 2003-2007). Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were identified through 2015 Beers Criteria and clinically significant drug interactions list by Ament et al., respectively as measures of medication appropriateness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of disparity parameters with PIM use and DDIs. Interactions between race and other disparity variables were investigated. Results: Approximately 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the participants aged {$>$}= 65 years used at least one drug listed in the Beers Criteria, and 3.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all participants used two or more drugs with DDIs. Significant gender-race interaction across prescription-only drug users revealed that white females compared with white males (OR = 1.33, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.20-1.48) and black males compared with white males (OR = 1.60, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.41-1.82) were more likely to receive PIM. Individuals with lower income and education also were more likely to use PIM in this sub-group. Females were less likely than males (female vs. male: OR = 0.55, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.48-0.63) and individuals resided in small rural areas as opposed to urban areas (small rural vs. urban: OR = 1.37, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.07-1.76) were more likely to have DDIs. Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in PIM use and DDIs exist. Future studies should seek to better understand factors contributing to the disparities in order to guide development of interventions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28321,7 +32904,7 @@ migration.},
   issn = {1471-244X},
   doi = {10.1186/s12888-021-03629-w},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               The impact of the unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic had triggered new challenges for mental health. This quick survey aimed to identify the mental health status of physicians who served the people during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.                                         Methodology               The cross sectional survey was conducted adopting a quantitative approach and using an online questionnaire through Facebook Platform Group. Data was collected from August-October, 2020, on socio-demographic status, information on COVID-19 and questionnaires about Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 395 participants were enrolled from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh.                                         Result               Our study reported a higher prevalence of depression (55.3\%), anxiety (35.2\%), and stress (48.4\%) among 347 participants. Female physicians were found to have more stress (OR\,=\,2.16, 95\% CI: 1.09 \textendash{} 4.30) compared to the male. Physicians who were previously diagnosed as mentally ill were found to be significantly more depressed (OR\,=\,3.45, 95\% CI: 1.07 \textendash{} 11.10) and stressed (OR\,=\,4.22, 95\% CI: 1.48 \textendash{} 12.02) compared to them who did not. Along with that, having a chronic disease, working in non-government and COVID hospitals significantly contributed to poor mental health outcomes.                                         Conclusion               The study findings denoted that, the mental health of physicians was deeply affected by the pandemic situation. The availability of appropriate mental health support will help foster resilience by giving them the ability and confidence to manage crisis moments like the COVID-19 pandemic.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background               The impact of the unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic had triggered new challenges for mental health. This quick survey aimed to identify the mental health status of physicians who served the people during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.                                         Methodology               The cross sectional survey was conducted adopting a quantitative approach and using an online questionnaire through Facebook Platform Group. Data was collected from August-October, 2020, on socio-demographic status, information on COVID-19 and questionnaires about Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 395 participants were enrolled from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh.                                         Result               Our study reported a higher prevalence of depression (55.3\%), anxiety (35.2\%), and stress (48.4\%) among 347 participants. Female physicians were found to have more stress (OR\,=\,2.16, 95\% CI: 1.09 {\textendash} 4.30) compared to the male. Physicians who were previously diagnosed as mentally ill were found to be significantly more depressed (OR\,=\,3.45, 95\% CI: 1.07 {\textendash} 11.10) and stressed (OR\,=\,4.22, 95\% CI: 1.48 {\textendash} 12.02) compared to them who did not. Along with that, having a chronic disease, working in non-government and COVID hospitals significantly contributed to poor mental health outcomes.                                         Conclusion               The study findings denoted that, the mental health of physicians was deeply affected by the pandemic situation. The availability of appropriate mental health support will help foster resilience by giving them the ability and confidence to manage crisis moments like the COVID-19 pandemic.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28365,7 +32948,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {57--78},
   issn = {1986-8499},
   doi = {10.14706/JECOSS16619},
-  abstract = {The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county's aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29\textbackslash textbackslash\% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment. The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc.},
+  abstract = {The Republic of Macedonia has since its independence made great progress in terms of economic reform and social development; prompted often by the county's aspiration to become part of the European Union. However, in spite of these advances, weak labour market indicators in particular among females remains a great concern and a persisting challenge for the country. Based on official data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the State Statistical Office (SSO) for the case of the Republic of Macedonia, the aim of this study is to examine the development of female unemployment in the past decade (2004-2013) in the Republic of Macedonia from a multi-dimensional perspective. This while comparing national trends with other Balkan countries already in the EU using LFS data provided by Eurostat. Findings show that the female unemployment rate in the R. Macedonia is moving in the right direction with a decreasing trend throughout the observed period with drop of 8.8 percent point from 2004 to 2013 (observed at 29{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in 2013). Compared to Balkan countries in the EU, findings show that the R. Macedonia has been performing relatively better than these countries, who have all experienced negative fluctuations in female unemployment rates in the observed period with rates at higher levels compared to 2004. Furthermore, the findings show no evidence of inequality between male and female unemployment rates in the country, however notable disparities are evident when observing unemployment among various age groups and the level of education attainment. The paper concludes with clear policy recommendations for boosting female employment to include increasing female access to education and entrepreneurial programs, increased access to childcare, etc.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28423,7 +33006,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {111--120},
   issn = {0016-9013},
   doi = {10.1093/geront/gnx091},
-  abstract = {This article evaluates the influence of local district conditions on subjective quality of life of older South African adults. Policymakers increasingly recognize that \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesuccessful\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace aging policies must not only address physical health needs but also factors that influence subjective well-being. To investigate the influence of area-level distribution of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepublic goods\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on well-being in a low- and middle-income setting, nationally representative WHO-Study of Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE) survey data is combined with district-level data that captures built resources and health system distribution. Multilevel regression modeling is utilized to explore how community context, including built resources and health infrastructure quality, influence older persons' quality of life and how chronic health conditions may moderate this relationship while controlling for important individual characteristics. While controlling for individual and district level factors, it is found community level provision of built resources of basic services (i.e., water, sanitation, electricity, housing) has a modest but significant impact on older persons' subjective well-being. Further, this effect on older persons' perceptions of quality of life is moderated by individual chronic health status; individuals with a chronic health condition do not receive an equivalent benefit from district built condition like those without an illness do. This work adds to the literature concerning the effect of environments in low- and middle-income countries on older adults' subjective well-being. It also adds to the growing literature on the complex relationship between subjective well-being and health in diverse contexts.},
+  abstract = {This article evaluates the influence of local district conditions on subjective quality of life of older South African adults. Policymakers increasingly recognize that {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesuccessful{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace aging policies must not only address physical health needs but also factors that influence subjective well-being. To investigate the influence of area-level distribution of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepublic goods{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace on well-being in a low- and middle-income setting, nationally representative WHO-Study of Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO-SAGE) survey data is combined with district-level data that captures built resources and health system distribution. Multilevel regression modeling is utilized to explore how community context, including built resources and health infrastructure quality, influence older persons' quality of life and how chronic health conditions may moderate this relationship while controlling for important individual characteristics. While controlling for individual and district level factors, it is found community level provision of built resources of basic services (i.e., water, sanitation, electricity, housing) has a modest but significant impact on older persons' subjective well-being. Further, this effect on older persons' perceptions of quality of life is moderated by individual chronic health status; individuals with a chronic health condition do not receive an equivalent benefit from district built condition like those without an illness do. This work adds to the literature concerning the effect of environments in low- and middle-income countries on older adults' subjective well-being. It also adds to the growing literature on the complex relationship between subjective well-being and health in diverse contexts.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28433,7 +33016,7 @@ migration.},
   editor = {Soliman, {\relax KS}},
   year = {2017},
   journal = {VISION 2020: SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, AND GLOBAL GROWTH, VOLS I-IX, 2017},
-  abstract = {The paper titled \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThe What, Why and How of Performance-Driven Funding in Sports Industry Economics and Management of Sports Industry's Competitive Strategy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace focuses on the economic and managerial opportunities, challenges and future perspectives of the spectacular ascension of the spurts industry. First of all, the work focuses on emphasising three key elements, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewhat\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravewhy\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehow\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace that defines and supports this industry's role, with a clear focus on performance-driven and performance enhancing factors that arise in today's society. Second of all, the work relies on the sports industry's economic and managerial attributes capable to generate competition, and to enable and enhance its benefits on the long run. Third of all, the work bases its structure on the idea that the sports industry focuses itself, like any other type of industry, on key triggers such as profit, net worth, growth, market quota, investments, recent results and potential opportunities, importance of brand, fierce fully competition, and sports marketing, being in essence a segmented market largely based on enhanced revenues, strongly dependent on governmental and investors' money infusions, eager to attract new customers and willing to attract more and more attention, even though its major trends and challenges come from the fact that it is an industry \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefull of passion\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. In addition, the research paper stresses the connections that exist between elements such as, for example, gross domestic product (G.D.P.) and sports' investments, governmental influence and policy in sports, advertising and media and sports' investments, health and tourism sectors and sports industry. However, specialists believe that particularly due to the sports industry's diversity and segmentation, it was not sufficiently enough explored and not profoundly enough valued at its true capacity and potential in numerous countries, such as India, China and Turkey, for example, where the sports market represents a huge untapped opportunity. In general lines, the sports industry confronts itself with numerous moral and ethical issues, mainly because it is not an independent sector; on the contrary, being a mass market, the activities that take place in this industry closely affect other sectors of the society, such as marketing, health and tourism, being interesting and aggressive enough to constantly attract customers and investors.},
+  abstract = {The paper titled {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveThe What, Why and How of Performance-Driven Funding in Sports Industry Economics and Management of Sports Industry's Competitive Strategy{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace focuses on the economic and managerial opportunities, challenges and future perspectives of the spectacular ascension of the spurts industry. First of all, the work focuses on emphasising three key elements, the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewhat{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravewhy{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehow{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace that defines and supports this industry's role, with a clear focus on performance-driven and performance enhancing factors that arise in today's society. Second of all, the work relies on the sports industry's economic and managerial attributes capable to generate competition, and to enable and enhance its benefits on the long run. Third of all, the work bases its structure on the idea that the sports industry focuses itself, like any other type of industry, on key triggers such as profit, net worth, growth, market quota, investments, recent results and potential opportunities, importance of brand, fierce fully competition, and sports marketing, being in essence a segmented market largely based on enhanced revenues, strongly dependent on governmental and investors' money infusions, eager to attract new customers and willing to attract more and more attention, even though its major trends and challenges come from the fact that it is an industry {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefull of passion{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. In addition, the research paper stresses the connections that exist between elements such as, for example, gross domestic product (G.D.P.) and sports' investments, governmental influence and policy in sports, advertising and media and sports' investments, health and tourism sectors and sports industry. However, specialists believe that particularly due to the sports industry's diversity and segmentation, it was not sufficiently enough explored and not profoundly enough valued at its true capacity and potential in numerous countries, such as India, China and Turkey, for example, where the sports market represents a huge untapped opportunity. In general lines, the sports industry confronts itself with numerous moral and ethical issues, mainly because it is not an independent sector; on the contrary, being a mass market, the activities that take place in this industry closely affect other sectors of the society, such as marketing, health and tourism, being interesting and aggressive enough to constantly attract customers and investors.},
   isbn = {978-0-9860419-9-0},
   langid = {english},
   note = {30th International Business-Information-Management-Association Conference, Madrid, SPAIN, NOV 08-09, 2017}
@@ -28479,7 +33062,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {1013--1030},
   issn = {1618-7598},
   doi = {10.1007/s10198-016-0846-6},
-  abstract = {There are nowadays over 1 million Portuguese who lack a primary care physician. By applying a discrete choice experiment to a large representative sample of Portuguese junior doctors (N = 503) in 2014, we provide an indication that this shortage may be addressed with a careful policy design that mixes pecuniary and non-pecuniary incentives for these junior physicians. According to our simulations, a policy that includes such incentives may increase uptake of general practitioners (GPs) in rural areas from 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 30\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Marginal wages estimated from our model are realistic and close to market prices: an extra hour of work would require an hourly wage of 16.5a,notsign; moving to an inland rural setting would involve an increase in monthly income of 1.150a,notsign (almost doubling residents' current income); a shift to a GP career would imply an 849a,notsign increase in monthly income. Additional opportunities to work outside the National Health Service overcome an income reduction of 433a,notsign. Our simulation predicts that an income increase of 350a,notsign would lead to a 3 percentage point increase in choice probability, which implies an income elasticity of 3.37, a higher estimation compared to previous studies.},
+  abstract = {There are nowadays over 1 million Portuguese who lack a primary care physician. By applying a discrete choice experiment to a large representative sample of Portuguese junior doctors (N = 503) in 2014, we provide an indication that this shortage may be addressed with a careful policy design that mixes pecuniary and non-pecuniary incentives for these junior physicians. According to our simulations, a policy that includes such incentives may increase uptake of general practitioners (GPs) in rural areas from 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Marginal wages estimated from our model are realistic and close to market prices: an extra hour of work would require an hourly wage of 16.5a,notsign; moving to an inland rural setting would involve an increase in monthly income of 1.150a,notsign (almost doubling residents' current income); a shift to a GP career would imply an 849a,notsign increase in monthly income. Additional opportunities to work outside the National Health Service overcome an income reduction of 433a,notsign. Our simulation predicts that an income increase of 350a,notsign would lead to a 3 percentage point increase in choice probability, which implies an income elasticity of 3.37, a higher estimation compared to previous studies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28497,7 +33080,7 @@ migration.},
 }
 
 @article{Randles2020,
-  title = {The {{Means}} to and {{Meaning}} of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBeing There}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' in {{Responsible Fatherhood Programming}} with {{Low-Income Fathers}}},
+  title = {The {{Means}} to and {{Meaning}} of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveBeing There}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' in {{Responsible Fatherhood Programming}} with {{Low-Income Fathers}}},
   author = {Randles, Jennifer},
   year = {2020},
   month = feb,
@@ -28507,7 +33090,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {7--20},
   issn = {0197-6664},
   doi = {10.1111/fare.12376},
-  abstract = {Objective To understand how low-income men's views of paternal responsibility shape their engagement with fatherhood program messages and services. Background Research on the situated contexts of fathering has found that the social and symbolic dimensions of fathering spaces influence how men construct and enact fatherhood scripts. Qualitative studies of fatherhood programs have mostly investigated parenting education and job assistance programs, revealing how fathering interventions allow disadvantaged men to shape positive paternal identities. Method In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a nonrandom sample of 64 primarily Black and Latino low-income fathers who participated in a federally funded responsible fatherhood program. An inductive coding technique was used to identify reasons men enrolled, the alignment of program messages with fathers' views, and how the program allowed fathers to negotiate obstacles to sustained involvement. Results Fathers overwhelmingly found the program valuable because it offered the social and economic means they needed to enact varied meanings of paternal responsibility-or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebeing there.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Most fathers reported that the program allowed them to realize their involvement goals, thereby enabling them to better align their paternal identities and behaviors. Conclusion Fatherhood programming that promotes a broader idea of paternal provision to include money and care aligns with how disadvantaged fathers tailor their understandings of paternal involvement to account for socioeconomic constraints, including poverty and racism. Implications Fatherhood interventions can influence disadvantaged men's abilities to claim and enact responsible parent identities, but programs must address the importance of resources and opportunities, including and especially access to well-paid work, for shaping paternal involvement.},
+  abstract = {Objective To understand how low-income men's views of paternal responsibility shape their engagement with fatherhood program messages and services. Background Research on the situated contexts of fathering has found that the social and symbolic dimensions of fathering spaces influence how men construct and enact fatherhood scripts. Qualitative studies of fatherhood programs have mostly investigated parenting education and job assistance programs, revealing how fathering interventions allow disadvantaged men to shape positive paternal identities. Method In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a nonrandom sample of 64 primarily Black and Latino low-income fathers who participated in a federally funded responsible fatherhood program. An inductive coding technique was used to identify reasons men enrolled, the alignment of program messages with fathers' views, and how the program allowed fathers to negotiate obstacles to sustained involvement. Results Fathers overwhelmingly found the program valuable because it offered the social and economic means they needed to enact varied meanings of paternal responsibility-or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebeing there.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Most fathers reported that the program allowed them to realize their involvement goals, thereby enabling them to better align their paternal identities and behaviors. Conclusion Fatherhood programming that promotes a broader idea of paternal provision to include money and care aligns with how disadvantaged fathers tailor their understandings of paternal involvement to account for socioeconomic constraints, including poverty and racism. Implications Fatherhood interventions can influence disadvantaged men's abilities to claim and enact responsible parent identities, but programs must address the importance of resources and opportunities, including and especially access to well-paid work, for shaping paternal involvement.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28578,6 +33161,21 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Ratzon2011,
+  title = {Are Young Adults with Special Needs Ready for the Physical Work Demands?},
+  author = {Ratzon, N. and Schejter, T. and Alon, E. and Schreuer, N.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Research in Developmental Disabilities},
+  volume = {32},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {371--376},
+  issn = {08914222},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.ridd.2010.10.018},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Raub2023,
   title = {Assessing National Action through Emergency Paid Leave to Mitigate the Impact of {{COVID-19-related}} School Closures on Working Families in 182 Countries},
   author = {Raub, Amy and Heymann, Jody},
@@ -28604,7 +33202,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {620--642},
   publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
   doi = {10.1257/jel.20171419},
-  abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books\textemdash that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}},
+  abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books{\textemdash}that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}},
   langid = {english},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/46HPABAW/Ravallion_2018_Inequality and Globalization.pdf}
 }
@@ -28620,7 +33218,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {620--628},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-022-10031-0},
-  abstract = {Purpose Heterogeneity in work participation (WP) outcomes measurements hampers large scale evidence synthesis in systematic reviews of trials. In this survey we explore authors' reasons for choosing specific WP outcomes and their measurement methods, including employment status, absence from work, at-work productivity loss, and employability. Methods We contacted authors of 260 trials and 69 systematic reviews and asked closed and open-ended questions about previously used WP outcomes and measurement methods as well as their opinion on the best way to measure WP. Results In total, 91 authors from a wide range of professional backgrounds completed the survey. The majority of authors (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%) chose WP outcomes based on their use in previous similar studies. In most studies (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%), patients had not been involved in the process of selecting the WP outcome. Authors judged feasibility to be an important factor for choosing a measurement instrument (67\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Additionally, valid measurement tools should be available, easy to administer and not too time consuming. Although authors preferred registry data for long term follow-up, the availability and validity of registries was seen as a barrier. Most of the reviewers (72\textbackslash textbackslash\%) struggled to pool data because of variation in follow-up times and cut off points and varying definitions of work outcomes. Almost all (92\textbackslash textbackslash\%) respondents support the use of a Core Outcome Set for Work. Conclusions There is strong support from authors of trials and systematic reviews to develop a core outcome set on work participation outcomes for the evaluation of interventions.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Heterogeneity in work participation (WP) outcomes measurements hampers large scale evidence synthesis in systematic reviews of trials. In this survey we explore authors' reasons for choosing specific WP outcomes and their measurement methods, including employment status, absence from work, at-work productivity loss, and employability. Methods We contacted authors of 260 trials and 69 systematic reviews and asked closed and open-ended questions about previously used WP outcomes and measurement methods as well as their opinion on the best way to measure WP. Results In total, 91 authors from a wide range of professional backgrounds completed the survey. The majority of authors (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) chose WP outcomes based on their use in previous similar studies. In most studies (88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), patients had not been involved in the process of selecting the WP outcome. Authors judged feasibility to be an important factor for choosing a measurement instrument (67{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Additionally, valid measurement tools should be available, easy to administer and not too time consuming. Although authors preferred registry data for long term follow-up, the availability and validity of registries was seen as a barrier. Most of the reviewers (72{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) struggled to pool data because of variation in follow-up times and cut off points and varying definitions of work outcomes. Almost all (92{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) respondents support the use of a Core Outcome Set for Work. Conclusions There is strong support from authors of trials and systematic reviews to develop a core outcome set on work participation outcomes for the evaluation of interventions.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::title}
 }
@@ -28661,7 +33259,7 @@ migration.},
   journal = {GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION},
   issn = {0968-6673},
   doi = {10.1111/gwao.12961},
-  abstract = {A non-trivial number of mothers in Japan do not work despite being in poverty, a pattern of behavior that is inconsistent with both the predictions of conventional models of labor supply and the articulations of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravegender revolution.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace This is particularly puzzling given that well-documented barriers to employment for low-income mothers in the United States and elsewhere appear to be of limited relevance in Japan. In this paper, we seek to better understand this pattern of behavior by describing the reasons that these mothers give for not working and by examining how the correlates of maternal employment differ for those whose husbands' employment income is above and below half of the median household income. We show that a majority of these mothers report that their desire to focus on childrearing is a main reason for not working outside the home. Importantly, this prioritization of childrearing is unrelated to husband's income level and the family's economic need. We also show that the presence of an infant, attitudinal endorsement of the primacy of the mother role, and clear gender division of labor are particularly strong predictors of non-employment among all mothers, including those married to low-earning men. We discuss these findings in the context of theories of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravediverging destinies,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace focusing on their potential implications for children's resources and the process of social and economic stratification within and across generations.},
+  abstract = {A non-trivial number of mothers in Japan do not work despite being in poverty, a pattern of behavior that is inconsistent with both the predictions of conventional models of labor supply and the articulations of a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravegender revolution.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace This is particularly puzzling given that well-documented barriers to employment for low-income mothers in the United States and elsewhere appear to be of limited relevance in Japan. In this paper, we seek to better understand this pattern of behavior by describing the reasons that these mothers give for not working and by examining how the correlates of maternal employment differ for those whose husbands' employment income is above and below half of the median household income. We show that a majority of these mothers report that their desire to focus on childrearing is a main reason for not working outside the home. Importantly, this prioritization of childrearing is unrelated to husband's income level and the family's economic need. We also show that the presence of an infant, attitudinal endorsement of the primacy of the mother role, and clear gender division of labor are particularly strong predictors of non-employment among all mothers, including those married to low-earning men. We discuss these findings in the context of theories of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravediverging destinies,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace focusing on their potential implications for children's resources and the process of social and economic stratification within and across generations.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28691,7 +33289,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {377--400},
   issn = {0012-155X},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00416.x},
-  abstract = {The failure of orthodox economic policies to generate growth and eradicate poverty has led to renewed interest in social policies. The return to \textbackslash textasciigravethe social' has seen contending conceptualizations of social policy, premised on different values, priorities and understandings of state responsibility, vying for influence. This article argues that the currently dominant agenda of social sector restructuring is likely to entrench gender inequalities in access to social services and income supports because of its failure to recognize the structures that underpin those inequalities, which are pervasive across labour markets and the unpaid care economy. Despite the \textbackslash textasciigravepro-poor' and occasionally \textbackslash textasciigravepro-women' rhetoric, the design of social policies remains largely blind to these gender structures. Addressing them would require a major rethinking of dominant approaches, placing redistribution more firmly at the heart of policy design, valuing and supporting unpaid care, and providing incentives for it to be shared more equally between women and men, and between families/houscholds and society more broadly.},
+  abstract = {The failure of orthodox economic policies to generate growth and eradicate poverty has led to renewed interest in social policies. The return to {\textbackslash}textasciigravethe social' has seen contending conceptualizations of social policy, premised on different values, priorities and understandings of state responsibility, vying for influence. This article argues that the currently dominant agenda of social sector restructuring is likely to entrench gender inequalities in access to social services and income supports because of its failure to recognize the structures that underpin those inequalities, which are pervasive across labour markets and the unpaid care economy. Despite the {\textbackslash}textasciigravepro-poor' and occasionally {\textbackslash}textasciigravepro-women' rhetoric, the design of social policies remains largely blind to these gender structures. Addressing them would require a major rethinking of dominant approaches, placing redistribution more firmly at the heart of policy design, valuing and supporting unpaid care, and providing incentives for it to be shared more equally between women and men, and between families/houscholds and society more broadly.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Global Conference on Unpaid Work and the Economy, Levy Econ Inst Bard Coll, Annandale on Hudson, NY, OCT 01-03, 2005}
 }
@@ -28711,6 +33309,21 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Rechel2013,
+  title = {Ageing in the {{European Union}}},
+  author = {Rechel, Bernd and Grundy, Emily and Robine, Jean-Marie and Cylus, Jonathan and Mackenbach, Johan P and Knai, Cecile and McKee, Martin},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {381},
+  number = {9874},
+  pages = {1312--1322},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62087-X},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Reddy2021,
   title = {Time {{Allocation}} between {{Paid}} and {{Unpaid Work}} among {{Men}} and {{Women}}: {{An Empirical Study}} of {{Indian Villages}}},
   author = {Reddy, A. Amarender and Mittal, Surabhi and Singha Roy, Namrata and {Kanjilal-Bhaduri}, Sanghamitra},
@@ -28729,12 +33342,12 @@ migration.},
   author = {Reeves, Aaron and Karanikolos, Marina and Mackenbach, Johan and McKee, Martin and Stuckler, David},
   year = {2014},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {121},
   pages = {98--108},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.034},
-  abstract = {Unhealthy persons are more likely to lose their jobs than those who are healthy but whether this is affected by recession is unclear. We asked how healthy and unhealthy persons fared in labour markets during Europe's 2008-2010 recessions and whether national differences in employment protection helped mitigate any relative disadvantage experienced by those in poor health. Two retrospective cohorts of persons employed at baseline were constructed from the European Statistics of Income and Living Conditions in 26 EU countries. The first comprised individuals followed between 2006 and 2008, n = 46,085 (pre-recession) and the second between 2008 and 2010, n = 85,786 (during recession). We used multi-level (individual- and country-fixed effects) logistic regression models to assess the relationship (overall and disaggregated by gender) between recessions, unemployment, and health status, as well as any modifying effect of OECD employment protection indices measuring the strength of policies against dismissal and redundancy. Those with chronic illnesses and health limitations were disproportionately affected by the recession, respectively with a 1.5- and 2.5-fold greater risk of unemployment than healthy people during 2008-2010. During severe recessions ({$>$}7\textbackslash textbackslash\% fall in GDP), employment protections did not mitigate the risk of job loss (OR = 1.06, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.94-1.21). However, in countries experiencing milder recessions ({$<$}7\textbackslash textbackslash\% fall in GDP), each additional unit of employment protection reduced job loss risk (OR = 0.72, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.58 -0.90). Before the recession, women with severe health limitations especially benefited, with additional reductions of 22\textbackslash textbackslash\% for each unit of employment protection (AOR(female) = 0.78, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.62 -0.97), such that at high levels the difference in the risk of job loss between healthy and unhealthy women disappeared. Employment protection policies may counteract labour market inequalities between healthy and unhealthy people, but additional programmes are likely needed to protect vulnerable groups during severe recessions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Unhealthy persons are more likely to lose their jobs than those who are healthy but whether this is affected by recession is unclear. We asked how healthy and unhealthy persons fared in labour markets during Europe's 2008-2010 recessions and whether national differences in employment protection helped mitigate any relative disadvantage experienced by those in poor health. Two retrospective cohorts of persons employed at baseline were constructed from the European Statistics of Income and Living Conditions in 26 EU countries. The first comprised individuals followed between 2006 and 2008, n = 46,085 (pre-recession) and the second between 2008 and 2010, n = 85,786 (during recession). We used multi-level (individual- and country-fixed effects) logistic regression models to assess the relationship (overall and disaggregated by gender) between recessions, unemployment, and health status, as well as any modifying effect of OECD employment protection indices measuring the strength of policies against dismissal and redundancy. Those with chronic illnesses and health limitations were disproportionately affected by the recession, respectively with a 1.5- and 2.5-fold greater risk of unemployment than healthy people during 2008-2010. During severe recessions ({$>$}7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% fall in GDP), employment protections did not mitigate the risk of job loss (OR = 1.06, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.94-1.21). However, in countries experiencing milder recessions ({$<$}7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% fall in GDP), each additional unit of employment protection reduced job loss risk (OR = 0.72, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.58 -0.90). Before the recession, women with severe health limitations especially benefited, with additional reductions of 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for each unit of employment protection (AOR(female) = 0.78, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.62 -0.97), such that at high levels the difference in the risk of job loss between healthy and unhealthy women disappeared. Employment protection policies may counteract labour market inequalities between healthy and unhealthy people, but additional programmes are likely needed to protect vulnerable groups during severe recessions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28827,7 +33440,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {1137--1148},
   issn = {1434-1816},
   doi = {10.1007/s00737-022-01277-x},
-  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and related public health restrictions have impacted the mental health and coping strategies of many population groups, including people who are pregnant. Our study sought to explore the ways that pregnant people described coping with stressors associated with the pandemic. N = 5879 pregnant individuals completed the pan-Canadian Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Survey between April and December 2020. We used descriptive statistics to quantify sociodemographic characteristics and thematic analysis (Braun \textbackslash textbackslash\& Clarke, 2006, 2019) to analyze n = 3316 open-ended text responses to the question \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCan you tell us what things you are doing to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic?\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The average age of participants was 32 years (SD = 4.4), with the majority identifying as White (83.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%), female (99.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), married (61.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%), having completed post-secondary education (90.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and working full-time (75.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%). We categorized participant responses into two overarching thematic dimensions: (1) ways of coping and (2) coping challenges. Ways of coping included the following main themes: (1) taking care of oneself, (2) connecting socially, (3) engaging in pandemic-specific coping strategies, (4) keeping busy, (5) taking care of others, (6) creating a sense of normalcy, (7) changing perspectives, and (8) practicing spirituality. Coping challenges included the following: (1) the perception of coping poorly, (2) loss of coping methods, (3) managing frontline or essential work, and (4) worries about the future. Findings highlight important implications for targeted prenatal supports delivered remotely, including opportunities for social support, prenatal care, and mental health strategies.},
+  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and related public health restrictions have impacted the mental health and coping strategies of many population groups, including people who are pregnant. Our study sought to explore the ways that pregnant people described coping with stressors associated with the pandemic. N = 5879 pregnant individuals completed the pan-Canadian Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Survey between April and December 2020. We used descriptive statistics to quantify sociodemographic characteristics and thematic analysis (Braun {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Clarke, 2006, 2019) to analyze n = 3316 open-ended text responses to the question {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCan you tell us what things you are doing to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic?{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace The average age of participants was 32 years (SD = 4.4), with the majority identifying as White (83.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), female (99.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), married (61.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), having completed post-secondary education (90.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and working full-time (75.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). We categorized participant responses into two overarching thematic dimensions: (1) ways of coping and (2) coping challenges. Ways of coping included the following main themes: (1) taking care of oneself, (2) connecting socially, (3) engaging in pandemic-specific coping strategies, (4) keeping busy, (5) taking care of others, (6) creating a sense of normalcy, (7) changing perspectives, and (8) practicing spirituality. Coping challenges included the following: (1) the perception of coping poorly, (2) loss of coping methods, (3) managing frontline or essential work, and (4) worries about the future. Findings highlight important implications for targeted prenatal supports delivered remotely, including opportunities for social support, prenatal care, and mental health strategies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28842,7 +33455,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {1530--1546},
   issn = {0308-518X},
   doi = {10.1068/a4374},
-  abstract = {The concept of citizenship, originally coined by Marshall, and synonymous with social rights and equality, is pivotal in understanding and overcoming the social injustices that many migrants experience. Marshall's notion of social rights, however, does not elaborate on economic rights. Feminist authors argue that women's equal access to sources of income outside family relations is key to their citizenship. Access to spaces of paid work is a significant aspect of migrant women's citizenship because their residence status and naturalization is often contingent on their employment. The author thus argues that economic rights should be central to debates on migration and citizenship. The proposed term \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomic citizenship' is used to examine experiences and strategies of fifty-seven skilled migrant women from Latin America, the Middle East, and South East Europe when trying to access positions in the Swiss labour market corresponding to their professional qualifications. The feminist and postcolonial perspectives of intersectionality' and participatory research are used to understand how and why inequalities in the labour market occur. It is found that traditional ideas about gender roles, discourses about ethnic difference, and discriminatory migration policies intersect to create boundaries for skilled migrant women in accessing upper segments of the Swiss labour market. Migration, therefore, does not always imply empowerment and emancipation, but also generates new forms of social inequality.},
+  abstract = {The concept of citizenship, originally coined by Marshall, and synonymous with social rights and equality, is pivotal in understanding and overcoming the social injustices that many migrants experience. Marshall's notion of social rights, however, does not elaborate on economic rights. Feminist authors argue that women's equal access to sources of income outside family relations is key to their citizenship. Access to spaces of paid work is a significant aspect of migrant women's citizenship because their residence status and naturalization is often contingent on their employment. The author thus argues that economic rights should be central to debates on migration and citizenship. The proposed term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomic citizenship' is used to examine experiences and strategies of fifty-seven skilled migrant women from Latin America, the Middle East, and South East Europe when trying to access positions in the Swiss labour market corresponding to their professional qualifications. The feminist and postcolonial perspectives of intersectionality' and participatory research are used to understand how and why inequalities in the labour market occur. It is found that traditional ideas about gender roles, discourses about ethnic difference, and discriminatory migration policies intersect to create boundaries for skilled migrant women in accessing upper segments of the Swiss labour market. Migration, therefore, does not always imply empowerment and emancipation, but also generates new forms of social inequality.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28859,6 +33472,21 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Ribar1999,
+  title = {The Socioeconomic Consequences of Young Women's Childbearing: {{Reconciling}} Disparate Evidence},
+  shorttitle = {The Socioeconomic Consequences of Young Women's Childbearing},
+  author = {Ribar, David C.},
+  year = {1999},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Journal of Population Economics},
+  volume = {12},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {547--565},
+  issn = {0933-1433, 1432-1475},
+  doi = {10.1007/s001480050113},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Richards2019,
   title = {The Intersection of Disability and In-Work Poverty in an Advanced Industrial Nation: {{The}} Lived Experience of Multiple Disadvantage in a Post-Financial Crisis {{UK}}},
   author = {Richards, James and Sang, Kate},
@@ -28884,7 +33512,7 @@ migration.},
   number = {1},
   issn = {2193-9004},
   doi = {10.2478/izajolp-2021-0001},
-  abstract = {Many European countries have implemented policies to revive their domestic service sectors. A common goal of these reforms has been to create employment for disadvantaged groups on the domestic labor market. I evaluate a Swedish policy where domestic service firms receive a 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% tax deduction on labor costs. Detailed data from tax records identify all formal workers and owners of firms that receive deductions. I describe the composition of workers and owners in these firms with respect to three groups targeted by Swedish policymakers: refugees, people with low education, and people who enter the workforce from long-term unemployment. I find that the shares of refugees and long-term unemployed in the subsidized sector barely exceed the shares in the full private labor force, and fall far below the shares in industrial sectors with a predominance of elementary jobs. The share of people with low education is higher than in the full private sector and on par with other low-skilled sectors. I conclude that the tax subsidy largely failed to improve employment opportunities among the target groups. An extended analysis suggests that labor immigration from other EU countries may be a partial explanation for this. EU immigrants operate half of all subsidized firms in Sweden's largest cities and nearly exclusively employ other EU immigrants.},
+  abstract = {Many European countries have implemented policies to revive their domestic service sectors. A common goal of these reforms has been to create employment for disadvantaged groups on the domestic labor market. I evaluate a Swedish policy where domestic service firms receive a 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% tax deduction on labor costs. Detailed data from tax records identify all formal workers and owners of firms that receive deductions. I describe the composition of workers and owners in these firms with respect to three groups targeted by Swedish policymakers: refugees, people with low education, and people who enter the workforce from long-term unemployment. I find that the shares of refugees and long-term unemployed in the subsidized sector barely exceed the shares in the full private labor force, and fall far below the shares in industrial sectors with a predominance of elementary jobs. The share of people with low education is higher than in the full private sector and on par with other low-skilled sectors. I conclude that the tax subsidy largely failed to improve employment opportunities among the target groups. An extended analysis suggests that labor immigration from other EU countries may be a partial explanation for this. EU immigrants operate half of all subsidized firms in Sweden's largest cities and nearly exclusively employ other EU immigrants.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -28903,12 +33531,28 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Rijs2012,
+  title = {The Effect of Retirement and Age at Retirement on Self-Perceived Health after Three Years of Follow-up in {{Dutch}} 55{\textendash}64-Year-Olds},
+  author = {Rijs, Kelly J. and Cozijnsen, Rabina and Deeg, Dorly J. H.},
+  year = {2012},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Ageing and Society},
+  volume = {32},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {281--306},
+  issn = {0144-686X, 1469-1779},
+  doi = {10.1017/S0144686X11000237},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {ABSTRACT             Health consequences of retirement have not been included in the current public debate about increasing the age at retirement, which might be due to the fact that studies aimed at health consequences of retirement show ambiguous results. The literature indicates that various contextual characteristics might explain conflicting results. The current study examines the effect of retirement and age at retirement (55{\textendash}64 years) on self-perceived health. Characteristics tested for confounding and effect modification were: demographic, health, psychological, job, and retirement characteristics. Subjects were 506 participants in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). After three years, 216 retired and 290 remained employed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show no main effect for retirement compared to continued employment. Modal (59{\textendash}60) retirees were more likely to attain excellent or good self-perceived health (less than good self-perceived health as the reference category). Early (55{\textendash}58) and late (61{\textendash}64) retirees were unaffected by retirement if they did not receive a disability pension. Early and late retirees who received a disability pension were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement. Higher educated were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement, especially at late retirement age, although health selection might explain this result. Finally, mastery possibly acts as an adjustment resource. The paper concludes with a discussion on explanations for the effect of retirement and age at retirement.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Rind2014,
   title = {Declining {{Physical Activity}} and the {{Socio-Cultural Context}} of the {{Geography}} of {{Industrial Restructuring}}: {{A Novel Conceptual Framework}}},
   author = {Rind, Esther and Jones, Andy},
   year = {2014},
   month = may,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {11},
   number = {4},
   pages = {683--692},
@@ -28923,7 +33567,7 @@ migration.},
   author = {Rind, Esther and Jones, Andy and Southall, Humphrey},
   year = {2014},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {104},
   pages = {88--97},
   issn = {0277-9536},
@@ -28962,6 +33606,22 @@ migration.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Rivilis2008,
+  title = {Effectiveness of Participatory Ergonomic Interventions on Health Outcomes: {{A}} Systematic Review},
+  shorttitle = {Effectiveness of Participatory Ergonomic Interventions on Health Outcomes},
+  author = {Rivilis, Irina and Van Eerd, Dwayne and Cullen, Kimberley and Cole, Donald C. and Irvin, Emma and Tyson, Jonathan and Mahood, Quenby},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
+  volume = {39},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {342--358},
+  issn = {00036870},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2007.08.006},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Robert2013,
   title = {Global Health Actors No Longer in Favor of User Fees: A Documentary Study},
   author = {Robert, Emilie and Ridde, Valery},
@@ -28970,7 +33630,7 @@ migration.},
   journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH},
   volume = {9},
   doi = {10.1186/1744-8603-9-29},
-  abstract = {Background: Since the advent of health user fees in low- and middle-income countries in the 1980s, the discourse of global health actors (GHAs) has changed to the disadvantage of this type of healthcare financing mechanism. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the stance of GHAs in the debate on user fees. Methods: We conducted documentary research using public documents published by and officially attributed to GHAs from 2005 to 2011. We categorized GHAs into four groups: intergovernmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and working groups and networks. We then classified the GHAs according to their stance relative to the abolition of user fees, and conducted a thematic analysis of their discourse to understand the arguments used by each GHA to justify its stance. Results: We identified 56 GHAs, for which we analyzed 140 documents. Among them, 55\textbackslash textbackslash\% were in favor of the abolition of user fees or in favor of free care at the point of delivery. None of the GHAs stated that they were in favor of user fees; however, 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not take a stand. Only the World Bank declares that it is both in favor of user fees and in favor of free care at point of service. GHAs generally circumscribe their stance to specific populations (pregnant women, children under 5 years, etc.) or to specific health services (primary, basic, essential). Three types of arguments are used by GHAs to justify their stance: economic, moral and ethical, and pragmatic. Conclusions: The principle of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveuser pays\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace seems to have fizzled. Production and dissemination of evidence, as well as certain advocacy networks, may have contributed to this change in discourse. However, GHAs should go a step further and translate their words into action, so that free healthcare at the point of delivery becomes a reality in low- and middle-income countries. They should provide technical and financial support to those countries that have chosen to implement user fee exemption policies, sometimes influenced by a GHA.},
+  abstract = {Background: Since the advent of health user fees in low- and middle-income countries in the 1980s, the discourse of global health actors (GHAs) has changed to the disadvantage of this type of healthcare financing mechanism. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the stance of GHAs in the debate on user fees. Methods: We conducted documentary research using public documents published by and officially attributed to GHAs from 2005 to 2011. We categorized GHAs into four groups: intergovernmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and working groups and networks. We then classified the GHAs according to their stance relative to the abolition of user fees, and conducted a thematic analysis of their discourse to understand the arguments used by each GHA to justify its stance. Results: We identified 56 GHAs, for which we analyzed 140 documents. Among them, 55{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were in favor of the abolition of user fees or in favor of free care at the point of delivery. None of the GHAs stated that they were in favor of user fees; however, 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% did not take a stand. Only the World Bank declares that it is both in favor of user fees and in favor of free care at point of service. GHAs generally circumscribe their stance to specific populations (pregnant women, children under 5 years, etc.) or to specific health services (primary, basic, essential). Three types of arguments are used by GHAs to justify their stance: economic, moral and ethical, and pragmatic. Conclusions: The principle of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveuser pays{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace seems to have fizzled. Production and dissemination of evidence, as well as certain advocacy networks, may have contributed to this change in discourse. However, GHAs should go a step further and translate their words into action, so that free healthcare at the point of delivery becomes a reality in low- and middle-income countries. They should provide technical and financial support to those countries that have chosen to implement user fee exemption policies, sometimes influenced by a GHA.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29013,7 +33673,7 @@ migration.},
   volume = {23},
   issn = {2452-2929},
   doi = {10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100348},
-  abstract = {This paper investigates gender-based segregation in education, jobs and earnings among African women in South Africa. By investigating these linkages, we aim to identify potential policy interventions that could affect some degree of de-segregation in the labour market and thereby reduce the gender wage gap. Using large, nationally representative labour force data samples of African workers, our findings confirm the existence of an earnings hierarchy reflecting a male dominance premium. Specifically, our results show that women working in male dominated self-employment experience the highest returns, followed by women employed in male dominated wage employment while working in female dominated wage employment and self-employment is associated with a wage penalty. However, trying to address wage inequality in the labour market through labour legislation is not likely to be effective if the wage gap is mainly driven by horizontal segregation. Our findings show that gender-based horizontal segregation of jobs is strongly correlated with gender-based segregation in the choices of post-secondary education. Based on our findings, we conclude that targeted training interventions for vocational qualifications of women in male dominated fields of study is likely to be the most plausible policy response that could reduce some of the differences in the earnings between African men and women. The negative economic effects of COVID 19 pandemic, which in South Africa affected women more severely in terms of labour market outcomes (Casale \textbackslash textbackslash\& Posel, 2020), may provide policymakers with a catalyst to challenge the constraints women face crossing over into male dominated jobs.},
+  abstract = {This paper investigates gender-based segregation in education, jobs and earnings among African women in South Africa. By investigating these linkages, we aim to identify potential policy interventions that could affect some degree of de-segregation in the labour market and thereby reduce the gender wage gap. Using large, nationally representative labour force data samples of African workers, our findings confirm the existence of an earnings hierarchy reflecting a male dominance premium. Specifically, our results show that women working in male dominated self-employment experience the highest returns, followed by women employed in male dominated wage employment while working in female dominated wage employment and self-employment is associated with a wage penalty. However, trying to address wage inequality in the labour market through labour legislation is not likely to be effective if the wage gap is mainly driven by horizontal segregation. Our findings show that gender-based horizontal segregation of jobs is strongly correlated with gender-based segregation in the choices of post-secondary education. Based on our findings, we conclude that targeted training interventions for vocational qualifications of women in male dominated fields of study is likely to be the most plausible policy response that could reduce some of the differences in the earnings between African men and women. The negative economic effects of COVID 19 pandemic, which in South Africa affected women more severely in terms of labour market outcomes (Casale {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Posel, 2020), may provide policymakers with a catalyst to challenge the constraints women face crossing over into male dominated jobs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29069,7 +33729,7 @@ migration.},
   year = {2014},
   journal = {FOUNDATIONS FOR YOUTH JUSTICE: POSITIVE APPROACHES TO PRACTICE},
   pages = {69--84},
-  abstract = {Chapter One outlined the notion of transitions - the social transformations that young people make on their journey to independence and \textbackslash textasciigraveadult' responsibilities. There has always been some variation, but transitions today are even less likely to take a straightforward and linear course. Young people's plans and aspirations are shaped by the labour market and, specifically in the UK, the move from manufacturing and industry to more flexible employment, for example, in the service and retail sectors. So there are now more choices, but involving greater insecurity and risks. Tony Blair described his early priorities as Prime Minster as \textbackslash textasciigraveeducation, education, education'. In this he signalled the primacy of education and training under New Labour as a means of tackling social marginalisation and exclusion. Their initial focus was on young adults through the New Deal for Young People (NDYP) and, related to this, the New Deal for Lone Parents. However, the younger age group quickly came under the spotlight with initiatives on truancy, school exclusions and training provision for 16- and 17-year-olds, as well as a reshaping of the 14-19 Curriculum. At the same time, new forms of guidance and support - both targeted and universal - became available through the Connexions Service. New Labour policy had two main facets: it concentrated on increasing employability rather than job creation itself and it worked to provide equality of opportunity rather than reducing social inequalities. In this respect, responsibility was again placed on the individual to actively make choices, to pursue opportunities and so to reap the benefits, particularly the benefits that were seen to accrue in terms of social inclusion. But inclusion is not inevitable: for some young people the available employment excludes even further when it is insecure, exploitative or isolating due to long or unsocial hours. The coalition government is following in much the same vein but is working in worse economic circumstances and in a climate of increased animosity towards benefit claimants, heightening geographical and social disparities. This chapter explores aspects of the school to work transition in the present social and economic context, evaluating the impact of the New Labour and now the coalition government's responses to the changing world of work and the extension of periods in training and education.},
+  abstract = {Chapter One outlined the notion of transitions - the social transformations that young people make on their journey to independence and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveadult' responsibilities. There has always been some variation, but transitions today are even less likely to take a straightforward and linear course. Young people's plans and aspirations are shaped by the labour market and, specifically in the UK, the move from manufacturing and industry to more flexible employment, for example, in the service and retail sectors. So there are now more choices, but involving greater insecurity and risks. Tony Blair described his early priorities as Prime Minster as {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeducation, education, education'. In this he signalled the primacy of education and training under New Labour as a means of tackling social marginalisation and exclusion. Their initial focus was on young adults through the New Deal for Young People (NDYP) and, related to this, the New Deal for Lone Parents. However, the younger age group quickly came under the spotlight with initiatives on truancy, school exclusions and training provision for 16- and 17-year-olds, as well as a reshaping of the 14-19 Curriculum. At the same time, new forms of guidance and support - both targeted and universal - became available through the Connexions Service. New Labour policy had two main facets: it concentrated on increasing employability rather than job creation itself and it worked to provide equality of opportunity rather than reducing social inequalities. In this respect, responsibility was again placed on the individual to actively make choices, to pursue opportunities and so to reap the benefits, particularly the benefits that were seen to accrue in terms of social inclusion. But inclusion is not inevitable: for some young people the available employment excludes even further when it is insecure, exploitative or isolating due to long or unsocial hours. The coalition government is following in much the same vein but is working in worse economic circumstances and in a climate of increased animosity towards benefit claimants, heightening geographical and social disparities. This chapter explores aspects of the school to work transition in the present social and economic context, evaluating the impact of the New Labour and now the coalition government's responses to the changing world of work and the extension of periods in training and education.},
   isbn = {978-1-4473-0698-6; 978-1-4473-1928-3; 978-1-4473-0699-3},
   langid = {english}
 }
@@ -29134,14 +33794,14 @@ migration.},
 }
 
 @book{Roddin2012,
-  title = {{{POVERTY ERADICATION THROUGH}} \textbackslash{{textasciigravePRO-POOR TOURISM}}' ({{PPT}}) {{APPROACH AMONG ORANG ASLI COMMUNITIES IN MALAYSIA}}},
+  title = {{{POVERTY ERADICATION THROUGH}} {\textbackslash}{{textasciigravePRO-POOR TOURISM}}' ({{PPT}}) {{APPROACH AMONG ORANG ASLI COMMUNITIES IN MALAYSIA}}},
   author = {Roddin, R. and Sidi, N. S. Sultan and Ab Hadi, M. Y. and Yusof, Y.},
   editor = {Chova, {\relax LG} and Torres, {\relax IC} and Martinez, {\relax AL}},
   year = {2012},
   journal = {EDULEARN12: 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION AND NEW LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES},
   series = {{{EDULEARN Proceedings}}},
   issn = {2340-1117},
-  abstract = {The term App is a short way to name the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveapplication\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in singular and plural. The following paper based upon a teachers log, summarizes some of the most important experiences a group of teachers faced previous, during and while using iPad applications to stimulate kids, from 45 days to 4 years old. Based on a timeline we introduce both the enthusiastic experience and the scientific perspective, only with the objectivity and the theoretical frame to support the paper, but in a storytelling way, to take the readers with us in a journey that helps them visualize the experience, closer to the feelings but not so far from the objectivity of the science. From Apps designed to provide infants with essential stimulation during early stages of development to Apps that help teachers to facilitate the reading and writing process at the time they enjoy and explore the technology in a friendly and natural way. As a result of our research project, we found that some apps are based on decades of research and beautifully designed, they were planned to provide as much stimulation as possible, some of them use bold, high-contrast symbols, shapes, patterns, and captivating sounds, proven to be preferred by infants. We decided to use apps as teaching aids and we chose those with a higher level of stimulation in the areas of cognitive and motor development, but with impressive potential to provide with significant visual tracking, scanning, and object permanence, the aim was considered in two main ways, using English as a communication channel and technology that speeds myelination of brain cells. On the other hand, the term \textbackslash textasciigraveearly intervention' designates educational and neuro-protection strategies aimed at enhancing brain development. Using technology as one of these strategies increases both the teaching experience for the teachers in charge of the early stimulation, as well as the learning experience for babies. Early educational strategies seek to take advantage of cerebral plasticity, according to the experts, from the born day to the age of seven, represent the most adequate and important period to generate as much neuro-connections as possible. In our experience we have observed that kids respond naturally and friendly to the chosen apps as teaching aids to present vocabulary, to practice hand writing, to read stories and to have fun at the time they practice math, sciences and other skills. Early stimulation programs were first devised in the United States for vulnerable children in low-income families; positive effects were recorded regarding school failure rates and social problems. In the language learning area, we decided to put in practice a stimulation program in the University of Colima's Baby Day Care Department BDCD (Estancias Infantiles in Spanish). The institution attends the kids of every woman that works for the University. It is organized in rooms that keep the kids in periods of 6 months, the first three years and twelve months for the last year they spend at the BDCD. The class took place two days a week for each room in sessions of 30 minutes a day. The results so far shows positive results, from the day we began to now we had a great amount of significant experiences we would like to share in a full paper, as well as in the presentation.},
+  abstract = {The term App is a short way to name the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveapplication{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in singular and plural. The following paper based upon a teachers log, summarizes some of the most important experiences a group of teachers faced previous, during and while using iPad applications to stimulate kids, from 45 days to 4 years old. Based on a timeline we introduce both the enthusiastic experience and the scientific perspective, only with the objectivity and the theoretical frame to support the paper, but in a storytelling way, to take the readers with us in a journey that helps them visualize the experience, closer to the feelings but not so far from the objectivity of the science. From Apps designed to provide infants with essential stimulation during early stages of development to Apps that help teachers to facilitate the reading and writing process at the time they enjoy and explore the technology in a friendly and natural way. As a result of our research project, we found that some apps are based on decades of research and beautifully designed, they were planned to provide as much stimulation as possible, some of them use bold, high-contrast symbols, shapes, patterns, and captivating sounds, proven to be preferred by infants. We decided to use apps as teaching aids and we chose those with a higher level of stimulation in the areas of cognitive and motor development, but with impressive potential to provide with significant visual tracking, scanning, and object permanence, the aim was considered in two main ways, using English as a communication channel and technology that speeds myelination of brain cells. On the other hand, the term {\textbackslash}textasciigraveearly intervention' designates educational and neuro-protection strategies aimed at enhancing brain development. Using technology as one of these strategies increases both the teaching experience for the teachers in charge of the early stimulation, as well as the learning experience for babies. Early educational strategies seek to take advantage of cerebral plasticity, according to the experts, from the born day to the age of seven, represent the most adequate and important period to generate as much neuro-connections as possible. In our experience we have observed that kids respond naturally and friendly to the chosen apps as teaching aids to present vocabulary, to practice hand writing, to read stories and to have fun at the time they practice math, sciences and other skills. Early stimulation programs were first devised in the United States for vulnerable children in low-income families; positive effects were recorded regarding school failure rates and social problems. In the language learning area, we decided to put in practice a stimulation program in the University of Colima's Baby Day Care Department BDCD (Estancias Infantiles in Spanish). The institution attends the kids of every woman that works for the University. It is organized in rooms that keep the kids in periods of 6 months, the first three years and twelve months for the last year they spend at the BDCD. The class took place two days a week for each room in sessions of 30 minutes a day. The results so far shows positive results, from the day we began to now we had a great amount of significant experiences we would like to share in a full paper, as well as in the presentation.},
   isbn = {978-84-695-3491-5},
   langid = {english},
   note = {4th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), Barcelona, SPAIN, JUL 02-04, 2012
@@ -29174,7 +33834,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {220--233},
   issn = {1747-9894},
   doi = {10.1108/IJMHSC-11-2014-0043},
-  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveKorta Vagen\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (The short cut), a targeted language program for qualified migrants in Sweden, in self-maintaining, well-being and perspectives for socio-economic integration for foreigners with academic diploma. Design/methodology/approach - In-class observations, individual semi-structured interviews, focus-group interviews and written essays were used for data collection. A thematic analysis was applied as a method of data analysis. Amartya Sen's capability approach constituted a theoretical framework of the research discussion. Findings - Korta Vagen provides various resources for the participants, some of which (language training and internship) can become real advantages for employment. Others (IT, interview training and CV writing) are less translatable into concrete outcomes. The study suggests that satisfaction with the program is modulated by commitment to one's professional identity, initial language proficiency, scope of cultural knowledge, the participants' goals and the flexibility of the training offered. The acculturation frame of the program does not necessarily correspond with the objective need of many participants for quick entry into the labor market. Originality/value - Insights into the social-psychological aspects of targeted language training as a measure for socio-economic integration can serve to enhance educational and institutional policies and professional practice.},
+  abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveKorta Vagen{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (The short cut), a targeted language program for qualified migrants in Sweden, in self-maintaining, well-being and perspectives for socio-economic integration for foreigners with academic diploma. Design/methodology/approach - In-class observations, individual semi-structured interviews, focus-group interviews and written essays were used for data collection. A thematic analysis was applied as a method of data analysis. Amartya Sen's capability approach constituted a theoretical framework of the research discussion. Findings - Korta Vagen provides various resources for the participants, some of which (language training and internship) can become real advantages for employment. Others (IT, interview training and CV writing) are less translatable into concrete outcomes. The study suggests that satisfaction with the program is modulated by commitment to one's professional identity, initial language proficiency, scope of cultural knowledge, the participants' goals and the flexibility of the training offered. The acculturation frame of the program does not necessarily correspond with the objective need of many participants for quick entry into the labor market. Originality/value - Insights into the social-psychological aspects of targeted language training as a measure for socio-economic integration can serve to enhance educational and institutional policies and professional practice.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29196,7 +33856,7 @@ migration.},
   author = {{Rodriguez-Sanchez}, Beatriz and {Cantarero-Prieto}, David},
   year = {2017},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HUMAN BIOLOGY},
+  journal = {ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HUMAN BIOLOGY},
   volume = {27},
   number = {A},
   pages = {102--113},
@@ -29217,7 +33877,23 @@ migration.},
   pages = {52--75},
   issn = {0739-9863},
   doi = {10.1177/07399863920141003},
-  abstract = {This study focuses on the impact of household composition, educational attainment, and employment characteristics on household income for Puerto Rican householders in New York and other areas of the United States, from 1970 to 1980. New York householders had lower levels of education in particular fewer college graduates, and lower labor force participation. and a higher proportion of female-headed households. Although average household income declined for both groups. New York householders had significantly lower incomes relative to those residing elsewhere. Regression standardization showed that. in 1980, the average compositional characteristics of New York Puerto Ricans were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveless favorable \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave to household income. Further they received less income for their average characteristics. when compared to householders not residing in New York. It is suggested that the deteriorating economic conditions of Puerto Ricans is a result of joblessness and low-skilled, low-wage jobs among those employed. Industrial restructuring, low levels of education, and the dramatic growth of female-headed households also accounts for their depressed economic status and explains some of the differences in economic well-being between New York and non-New York householders. Further, the problems of mainland Puerto Ricans have been exacerbated by racial and ethnic discrimination.},
+  abstract = {This study focuses on the impact of household composition, educational attainment, and employment characteristics on household income for Puerto Rican householders in New York and other areas of the United States, from 1970 to 1980. New York householders had lower levels of education in particular fewer college graduates, and lower labor force participation. and a higher proportion of female-headed households. Although average household income declined for both groups. New York householders had significantly lower incomes relative to those residing elsewhere. Regression standardization showed that. in 1980, the average compositional characteristics of New York Puerto Ricans were {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveless favorable {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave to household income. Further they received less income for their average characteristics. when compared to householders not residing in New York. It is suggested that the deteriorating economic conditions of Puerto Ricans is a result of joblessness and low-skilled, low-wage jobs among those employed. Industrial restructuring, low levels of education, and the dramatic growth of female-headed households also accounts for their depressed economic status and explains some of the differences in economic well-being between New York and non-New York householders. Further, the problems of mainland Puerto Ricans have been exacerbated by racial and ethnic discrimination.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Roebroeck2009,
+  title = {Adult Outcomes and Lifespan Issues for People with Childhood-onset Physical Disability},
+  author = {Roebroeck, Marij E and Jahnsen, Reidun and Carona, Carlos and Kent, Ruth M and Chamberlain, M Anne},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Developmental Medicine \& Child Neurology},
+  volume = {51},
+  number = {8},
+  pages = {670--678},
+  issn = {0012-1622, 1469-8749},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03322.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {This paper aimed to discuss functioning, quality of life, (QoL) and lifespan care issues of adolescents and young adults with childhood-onset physical disability from a clinical, scientific, and personal perspective. We present a r{\'e}sum{\'e} of results of recently performed studies in rehabilitation-based samples of (young) adults with childhood-onset conditions such as cerebral palsy (CP) and spina bifida (SB), and different models of transition and lifespan care. The studies showed that many young adults with a childhood-onset disability experience health-related problems such as functional deterioration, pain or fatigue, and an inactive lifestyle. A significant number are restricted in participation in work, housing, and intimate relationships. They perceive a lower health-related and global QoL compared with a reference group. In some centres in the UK and the Netherlands specialized outpatient services are available or being developed. In conclusion, transition to adulthood is a critical phase for reaching autonomous participation in adult life. There is an international challenge to incorporate a lifespan perspective in paediatric, transition, and adult health care services for persons with a childhood-onset disability.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29231,7 +33907,23 @@ migration.},
   pages = {21--35},
   issn = {1082-0744},
   doi = {10.1310/sci2601-21},
-  abstract = {Background: Employment rates among people with spinal cord injury or spinal cord disease (SCI/D) show considerable variation across countries. One factor to explain this variation is differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) systems. International comparative studies on VR however are nonexistent. Objectives: To describe and compare VR systems and practices and barriers for return to work in the rehabilitation of persons with SCI/D in multiple countries. Methods: A survey including clinical case examples was developed and completed by medical and VR experts from SCI/D rehabilitation centers in seven countries between April and August 2017. Results: Location (rehabilitation center vs community), timing (around admission, toward discharge, or after discharge from clinical rehabilitation), and funding (eg, insurance, rehabilitation center, employer, or community) of VR practices differ. Social security services vary greatly. The age and preinjury occupation of the patient influences the content of VR in some countries. Barriers encountered during VR were similar. No participant mentioned lack of interest in VR among team members as a barrier, but all mentioned lack of education of the team on VR as a barrier. Other frequently mentioned barriers were fatigue of the patient (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%), lack of confidence of the patient in his/her ability to work (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%), a gap in the team's knowledge of business/legal aspects (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and inadequate transportation/accessibility (86\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusion: VR systems and practices, but not barriers, differ among centers. The variability in VR systems and social security services should be considered when comparing VR study results.},
+  abstract = {Background: Employment rates among people with spinal cord injury or spinal cord disease (SCI/D) show considerable variation across countries. One factor to explain this variation is differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) systems. International comparative studies on VR however are nonexistent. Objectives: To describe and compare VR systems and practices and barriers for return to work in the rehabilitation of persons with SCI/D in multiple countries. Methods: A survey including clinical case examples was developed and completed by medical and VR experts from SCI/D rehabilitation centers in seven countries between April and August 2017. Results: Location (rehabilitation center vs community), timing (around admission, toward discharge, or after discharge from clinical rehabilitation), and funding (eg, insurance, rehabilitation center, employer, or community) of VR practices differ. Social security services vary greatly. The age and preinjury occupation of the patient influences the content of VR in some countries. Barriers encountered during VR were similar. No participant mentioned lack of interest in VR among team members as a barrier, but all mentioned lack of education of the team on VR as a barrier. Other frequently mentioned barriers were fatigue of the patient (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), lack of confidence of the patient in his/her ability to work (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), a gap in the team's knowledge of business/legal aspects (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and inadequate transportation/accessibility (86{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusion: VR systems and practices, but not barriers, differ among centers. The variability in VR systems and social security services should be considered when comparing VR study results.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Roessler2007,
+  title = {Workplace {{Discrimination Outcomes}} and {{Their Predictive Factors}} for {{Adults With Multiple Sclerosis}}},
+  author = {Roessler, Richard T. and Neath, Jeanne and McMahon, Brian T. and Rumrill, Phillip D.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {139--152},
+  issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853},
+  doi = {10.1177/00343552070500030201},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Because employment is a significant predictor of the quality of life of people with disabilities (Rumrill, Roessler, \& Fitzgerald, 2004; Viermo \& Krause, 1998), discrimination in the workplace that interferes with successful job acquisition or retention is a serious matter. Unfortunately, this type of discrimination is all too prevalent. In a survey conducted by the National Organization on Disability (National Organization on Disability, 2004), one in five employed individuals with disabilities reported that they experienced discrimination in their efforts to work. This finding of one in five workers with disabilities translates into substantial numbers of Americans who do not have fair access to employment opportunities. For example, estimates based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau (Head \& Baker, 2005) indicate that approximately 50 million Americans of workforce age have disabilities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29261,7 +33953,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {91--102},
   issn = {1013-0950},
   doi = {10.1080/10130950.2019.1676163},
-  abstract = {In the early part of the post-apartheid period in South Africa, a \textbackslash textasciigravefeminisation of the labour force' coincided with an increasing concentration of women in unemployment as well as in informal and low-paid work. In other words, and as observed at the time, an improvement in female labour participation did not seem to \textbackslash textasciigravebuy' much for South African women. Accordingly, the overrepresentation of women in informal employment has been identified as a key source of gender inequality in the labour market. However, a source of gender disadvantage that has received considerably less attention is the gendered structure of earnings and occupations within the informal economy. In this paper, we examine sources of gender inequality within the South African informal economy through an analysis of a recent labour force survey and by drawing on a multi-dimensional approach to understanding risks to income security.},
+  abstract = {In the early part of the post-apartheid period in South Africa, a {\textbackslash}textasciigravefeminisation of the labour force' coincided with an increasing concentration of women in unemployment as well as in informal and low-paid work. In other words, and as observed at the time, an improvement in female labour participation did not seem to {\textbackslash}textasciigravebuy' much for South African women. Accordingly, the overrepresentation of women in informal employment has been identified as a key source of gender inequality in the labour market. However, a source of gender disadvantage that has received considerably less attention is the gendered structure of earnings and occupations within the informal economy. In this paper, we examine sources of gender inequality within the South African informal economy through an analysis of a recent labour force survey and by drawing on a multi-dimensional approach to understanding risks to income security.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29321,7 +34013,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {E217-E226},
   issn = {0885-3924},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.07.004},
-  abstract = {Evidence-based advocacy underpins the sustainable delivery of quality, publicly guaranteed, and universally available palliative care. More than 60 million people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have no or extremely limited access to either palliative care services or essential palliative care medicines (e.g., opioids) on the World Health Organization Model List. Indeed, only 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global palliative care need is currently being met. Palliative care advocacy works to bring this global public health inequity to light. Despite their expertise, palliative care practitioners in LMICs are rarely invited to health policymaking tables - even in their own countries - and are underrepresented in the academic literature produced largely in the high-income world. In this paper, palliative care experts from Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia affiliated with the International Association for Hospice \textbackslash textbackslash\& Palliative Care Advocacy Focal Point Program articulate the urgent need for evidence-based advocacy, focusing on significant barriers such as urban/rural divides, cancer-centeredness, service delivery gaps, opioid formulary limitations, public policy, and education deficits. Their advocacy is situated in the context of an emerging global health narrative that stipulates palliative care provision as an ethical obligation of all health systems. To support advocacy efforts, palliative care evaluation and indicator data should assess the extent to which LMIC practitioners lead and participate in global and regional advocacy. This goal entails investment in transnational advocacy initiatives, research investments in palliative care access and cost-effective models in LMICs, and capacity building for a global community of practice to capture the attention of policymakers at all levels of health system governance. (c) 2022 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Evidence-based advocacy underpins the sustainable delivery of quality, publicly guaranteed, and universally available palliative care. More than 60 million people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have no or extremely limited access to either palliative care services or essential palliative care medicines (e.g., opioids) on the World Health Organization Model List. Indeed, only 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the global palliative care need is currently being met. Palliative care advocacy works to bring this global public health inequity to light. Despite their expertise, palliative care practitioners in LMICs are rarely invited to health policymaking tables - even in their own countries - and are underrepresented in the academic literature produced largely in the high-income world. In this paper, palliative care experts from Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia affiliated with the International Association for Hospice {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Palliative Care Advocacy Focal Point Program articulate the urgent need for evidence-based advocacy, focusing on significant barriers such as urban/rural divides, cancer-centeredness, service delivery gaps, opioid formulary limitations, public policy, and education deficits. Their advocacy is situated in the context of an emerging global health narrative that stipulates palliative care provision as an ethical obligation of all health systems. To support advocacy efforts, palliative care evaluation and indicator data should assess the extent to which LMIC practitioners lead and participate in global and regional advocacy. This goal entails investment in transnational advocacy initiatives, research investments in palliative care access and cost-effective models in LMICs, and capacity building for a global community of practice to capture the attention of policymakers at all levels of health system governance. (c) 2022 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29335,7 +34027,7 @@ migration.},
   number = {8},
   pages = {903--912},
   issn = {1470-2045},
-  abstract = {Background The demand for radiotherapy in Brazil is unfulfilled, and the scarcity of data on the national network hampers the development of effective policies. We aimed to evaluate the current situation, estimate demands and requirements, and provide an action plan to ensure access to radiotherapy for those in need by 2030.Methods The Brazilian Society for Radiation Oncology created a task force (RT2030) including physicians, medical physicists, policy makers, patient advocates, and suppliers, all of whom were major stakeholders involved in Brazilian radiotherapy care. The group was further divided into seven working groups to address themes associated with radiotherapy care in Brazil. From March 1, 2019, to Aug 3, 2020, there were monthly meetings between the group's leaders and the Central Committee and six general meetings. First, a comprehensive search of all different national databases was done to identify all radiotherapy centres. Questionnaires evaluating radiotherapy infrastructure and human resources and assing the availability, distribution, capacity, and workload of resources were created and sent to the radioprotection supervisor of each centre. Results were analysed nationally and across the country's regions and health-care systems. A pre-planned review of available databases was done to gather data on active radiation oncology centres and the distribution of radiotherapy machines (linear accelerators \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceLINACs]) across Brazil. We used national population and cancer incidence projections, recommended radiotherapy usage from the medical literature, and national working patterns to project radiotherapy demands in 2030. An action plan was established with suggestions to address the gaps and meet the demands.Findings The database search yielded 279 centres with an active radiotherapy registry. After applying predefined exclusion criteria, 263 centres were identified that provided external beam radiotherapy machines with or without brachytherapy. All 263 operational centres answered the questionnaires sent on Dec 9, 2019, which were then returned between Jan 1 and June 30, 2020. There were 409 therapy machines, 646 radiation oncologists, 533 physicists, and 230 989 patients undergoing radiotherapy (150 628 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace65 \textbackslash textbackslash\& BULL;2\textbackslash textbackslash\%] in the public health-care system and 80 937 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace35 \textbackslash textbackslash\& BULL;0\textbackslash textbackslash\%] in private). The mean annual occupation rate was 566 patients per treatment machine (SD 250). The number of residents per treatment machine ranged from 258 333 to 1 800 000. Technology availability varied considerably among regions and systems. In 2030, 639 994 new cancer cases are expected, which will require 332 797 radiotherapy courses. Therefore, 530 LINACs, 1079 radiation oncologists, and 1060 medical physicists will be needed. Interpretation The expected increase in cancer incidence in the coming years will probably increase the disparities in cancer care and the burden for Brazilian patients. We provide a roadmap of the current situation and the particularities of the Brazilian radiotherapy network, which can serve as a starting point for cancer policy planning to improve this scenario.Copyright \textbackslash textbackslash\& COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background The demand for radiotherapy in Brazil is unfulfilled, and the scarcity of data on the national network hampers the development of effective policies. We aimed to evaluate the current situation, estimate demands and requirements, and provide an action plan to ensure access to radiotherapy for those in need by 2030.Methods The Brazilian Society for Radiation Oncology created a task force (RT2030) including physicians, medical physicists, policy makers, patient advocates, and suppliers, all of whom were major stakeholders involved in Brazilian radiotherapy care. The group was further divided into seven working groups to address themes associated with radiotherapy care in Brazil. From March 1, 2019, to Aug 3, 2020, there were monthly meetings between the group's leaders and the Central Committee and six general meetings. First, a comprehensive search of all different national databases was done to identify all radiotherapy centres. Questionnaires evaluating radiotherapy infrastructure and human resources and assing the availability, distribution, capacity, and workload of resources were created and sent to the radioprotection supervisor of each centre. Results were analysed nationally and across the country's regions and health-care systems. A pre-planned review of available databases was done to gather data on active radiation oncology centres and the distribution of radiotherapy machines (linear accelerators {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceLINACs]) across Brazil. We used national population and cancer incidence projections, recommended radiotherapy usage from the medical literature, and national working patterns to project radiotherapy demands in 2030. An action plan was established with suggestions to address the gaps and meet the demands.Findings The database search yielded 279 centres with an active radiotherapy registry. After applying predefined exclusion criteria, 263 centres were identified that provided external beam radiotherapy machines with or without brachytherapy. All 263 operational centres answered the questionnaires sent on Dec 9, 2019, which were then returned between Jan 1 and June 30, 2020. There were 409 therapy machines, 646 radiation oncologists, 533 physicists, and 230 989 patients undergoing radiotherapy (150 628 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace65 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& BULL;2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] in the public health-care system and 80 937 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace35 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& BULL;0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] in private). The mean annual occupation rate was 566 patients per treatment machine (SD 250). The number of residents per treatment machine ranged from 258 333 to 1 800 000. Technology availability varied considerably among regions and systems. In 2030, 639 994 new cancer cases are expected, which will require 332 797 radiotherapy courses. Therefore, 530 LINACs, 1079 radiation oncologists, and 1060 medical physicists will be needed. Interpretation The expected increase in cancer incidence in the coming years will probably increase the disparities in cancer care and the burden for Brazilian patients. We provide a roadmap of the current situation and the particularities of the Brazilian radiotherapy network, which can serve as a starting point for cancer policy planning to improve this scenario.Copyright {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29374,11 +34066,11 @@ migration.},
   title = {Family Expenditures on Child Care},
   author = {Rosenbaum, Dan T. and Ruhm, Christopher J.},
   year = {2007},
-  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {7},
   number = {1},
   issn = {1935-1682},
-  abstract = {This study examines the child care \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveexpenditure share,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace defined as child care expenses divided by after-tax income. We estimate that the average child under six years of age lives in a family that spends 4.9 percent of after-tax income on child care. However, this conceals wide variation: 63 percent of such children reside in families with no child care expenses and 10 percent are in families where the expenditure share exceeds 16 percent. The proportion of income devoted to child care is typically greater in single-parent than married-couple families but is not systematically related to a constructed measure of socioeconomic status. One reason for this is that disadvantaged families use lower cost modes and pay less per hour for given types of care. The expenditure share would be much less equal without low cost (presumably subsidized) formal care focused on needy families, as well as government tax and transfer policies that redistribute income towards them.},
+  abstract = {This study examines the child care {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveexpenditure share,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace defined as child care expenses divided by after-tax income. We estimate that the average child under six years of age lives in a family that spends 4.9 percent of after-tax income on child care. However, this conceals wide variation: 63 percent of such children reside in families with no child care expenses and 10 percent are in families where the expenditure share exceeds 16 percent. The proportion of income devoted to child care is typically greater in single-parent than married-couple families but is not systematically related to a constructed measure of socioeconomic status. One reason for this is that disadvantaged families use lower cost modes and pay less per hour for given types of care. The expenditure share would be much less equal without low cost (presumably subsidized) formal care focused on needy families, as well as government tax and transfer policies that redistribute income towards them.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29393,10 +34085,43 @@ migration.},
   pages = {1042--1049},
   issn = {0098-7484},
   doi = {10.1001/jama.295.9.1042},
-  abstract = {Context The US government is expanding the capacity of community health centers (CHCs) to provide care to underserved populations. Objective To examine the status of workforce shortages that may limit CHC expansion. Design and Setting Survey questionnaire of all 846 federally funded US CHCs that directly provide clinical services and are within the 50 states and the District of Columbia, conducted between May and September 2004. Questionnaires were completed by the chief executive officer of each grantee. Information was supplemented by data from the 2003 Bureau of Primary Health Care Uniform Data System and weighted to be nationally representative. Main Outcome Measures Staffing patterns and vacancies for major clinical disciplines by rural and urban location, use of federal and state recruitment programs, and perceived barriers to recruitment. Results Overall response rate was 79.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Primary care physicians made up 89.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of physicians working in the CHCs, the majority of whom are family physicians. In rural CHCs, 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the direct clinical providers of care were nonphysician clinicians compared with 38.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% in urban CHCs. There were 428 vacant funded full-time equivalents (FTEs) for family physicians and 376 vacant FTEs for registered nurses. There were vacancies for 13.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of family physician positions, 20.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of obstetrician/ gynecologist positions, and 22.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of psychiatrist positions. Rural CHCs had a higher proportion of vacancies and longer-term vacancies and reported greater difficulty filling positions compared with urban CHCs. Physician recruitment in CHCs was heavily dependent on National Health Service Corps scholarships, loan repayment programs, and international medical graduates with J-1 visa waivers. Major perceived barriers to recruitment included low salaries and, in rural CHCs, cultural isolation, poor-quality schools and housing, and lack of spousal job opportunities. Conclusions CHCs face substantial challenges in recruitment of clinical staff, particularly in rural areas. The largest numbers of unfilled positions were for family physicians at a time of declining interest in family medicine among graduating US medical students. The success of the current US national policy to expand CHCs may be challenged by these workforce issues.},
+  abstract = {Context The US government is expanding the capacity of community health centers (CHCs) to provide care to underserved populations. Objective To examine the status of workforce shortages that may limit CHC expansion. Design and Setting Survey questionnaire of all 846 federally funded US CHCs that directly provide clinical services and are within the 50 states and the District of Columbia, conducted between May and September 2004. Questionnaires were completed by the chief executive officer of each grantee. Information was supplemented by data from the 2003 Bureau of Primary Health Care Uniform Data System and weighted to be nationally representative. Main Outcome Measures Staffing patterns and vacancies for major clinical disciplines by rural and urban location, use of federal and state recruitment programs, and perceived barriers to recruitment. Results Overall response rate was 79.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Primary care physicians made up 89.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of physicians working in the CHCs, the majority of whom are family physicians. In rural CHCs, 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the direct clinical providers of care were nonphysician clinicians compared with 38.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in urban CHCs. There were 428 vacant funded full-time equivalents (FTEs) for family physicians and 376 vacant FTEs for registered nurses. There were vacancies for 13.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of family physician positions, 20.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of obstetrician/ gynecologist positions, and 22.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of psychiatrist positions. Rural CHCs had a higher proportion of vacancies and longer-term vacancies and reported greater difficulty filling positions compared with urban CHCs. Physician recruitment in CHCs was heavily dependent on National Health Service Corps scholarships, loan repayment programs, and international medical graduates with J-1 visa waivers. Major perceived barriers to recruitment included low salaries and, in rural CHCs, cultural isolation, poor-quality schools and housing, and lack of spousal job opportunities. Conclusions CHCs face substantial challenges in recruitment of clinical staff, particularly in rural areas. The largest numbers of unfilled positions were for family physicians at a time of declining interest in family medicine among graduating US medical students. The success of the current US national policy to expand CHCs may be challenged by these workforce issues.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Rosenzweig1980,
+  title = {Life-{{Cycle Labor Supply}} and {{Fertility}}: {{Causal Inferences}} from {{Household Models}}},
+  shorttitle = {Life-{{Cycle Labor Supply}} and {{Fertility}}},
+  author = {Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Wolpin, Kenneth I.},
+  year = {1980},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+  volume = {88},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {328--348},
+  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
+  doi = {10.1086/260868},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Rosenzweig1980a,
+  title = {Testing the {{Quantity-Quality Fertility Model}}: {{The Use}} of {{Twins}} as a {{Natural Experiment}}},
+  shorttitle = {Testing the {{Quantity-Quality Fertility Model}}},
+  author = {Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Wolpin, Kenneth I.},
+  year = {1980},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Econometrica},
+  volume = {48},
+  number = {1},
+  eprint = {1912026},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {227},
+  issn = {00129682},
+  doi = {10.2307/1912026},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Rositch2020,
   title = {The Role of Dissemination and Implementation Science in Global Breast Cancer Control Programs: {{Frameworks}}, Methods, and Examples},
   author = {Rositch, Anne F. and {Unger-Saldana}, Karla and DeBoer, Rebecca J. and Ng'ang'a, Anne and Weiner, Bryan J.},
@@ -29408,7 +34133,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {2394--2404},
   issn = {0008-543X},
   doi = {10.1002/cncr.32877},
-  abstract = {Global disparities in breast cancer outcomes are attributable to a sizable gap between evidence and practice in breast cancer control and management. Dissemination and implementation science (D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS) seeks to understand how to promote the systematic uptake of evidence-based interventions and/or practices into real-world contexts. D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS methods are useful for selecting strategies to implement evidence-based interventions, adapting their implementation to new settings, and evaluating the implementation process as well as its outcomes to determine success and failure, and adjust accordingly. Process models, explanatory theories, and evaluation frameworks are used in D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS to develop implementation strategies, identify implementation outcomes, and design studies to evaluate these outcomes. In breast cancer control and management, research has been translated into evidence-based, resource-stratified guidelines by the Breast Health Global Initiative and others. D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS should be leveraged to optimize the implementation of these guidelines, and other evidence-based interventions, into practice across the breast cancer care continuum, from optimizing public education to promoting early detection, increasing guideline-concordant clinical practice among providers, and analyzing and addressing barriers and facilitators in health care systems. Stakeholder engagement through processes such as co-creation is critical. In this article, the authors have provided a primer on the contribution of D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS to phased implementation of global breast cancer control programs, provided 2 case examples of ongoing D\textbackslash textbackslash\&IS research projects in Tanzania, and concluded with recommendations for best practices for researchers undertaking this work.},
+  abstract = {Global disparities in breast cancer outcomes are attributable to a sizable gap between evidence and practice in breast cancer control and management. Dissemination and implementation science (D{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&IS) seeks to understand how to promote the systematic uptake of evidence-based interventions and/or practices into real-world contexts. D{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&IS methods are useful for selecting strategies to implement evidence-based interventions, adapting their implementation to new settings, and evaluating the implementation process as well as its outcomes to determine success and failure, and adjust accordingly. Process models, explanatory theories, and evaluation frameworks are used in D{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&IS to develop implementation strategies, identify implementation outcomes, and design studies to evaluate these outcomes. In breast cancer control and management, research has been translated into evidence-based, resource-stratified guidelines by the Breast Health Global Initiative and others. D{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&IS should be leveraged to optimize the implementation of these guidelines, and other evidence-based interventions, into practice across the breast cancer care continuum, from optimizing public education to promoting early detection, increasing guideline-concordant clinical practice among providers, and analyzing and addressing barriers and facilitators in health care systems. Stakeholder engagement through processes such as co-creation is critical. In this article, the authors have provided a primer on the contribution of D{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&IS to phased implementation of global breast cancer control programs, provided 2 case examples of ongoing D{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&IS research projects in Tanzania, and concluded with recommendations for best practices for researchers undertaking this work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29459,11 +34184,11 @@ migration.},
   author = {Rotheram, Suzanne and Cooper, Jessie and Barr, Ben and Whitehead, Margaret},
   year = {2021},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {282},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114131},
-  abstract = {Gastrointestinal infections are an important global public health issue. In the UK, one in four people experience a gastrointestinal infection each year and epidemiological research highlights inequalities in the burden of disease. Specifically, poorer children are at greater risk of infection and the consequences of illness, such as symptom severity and time off work/school, are greater for less privileged groups of all ages. Gastrointestinal infections are, however, largely \textbackslash textasciigravehidden' within the home and little is known about the lived experience and practices surrounding these illnesses, how they vary across contrasting socioeconomic contexts, or how inequalities in the disease burden across socioeconomic groups might come about. This paper presents data from an ethnographic study which illuminate how socioeconomic inequalities in the physical and material management and consequences of gastrointestinal infections are generated in families with young children. The study shows how the \textbackslash textasciigravework' needed to manage gastrointestinal infections is more laborious for people living in more \textbackslash textasciigravedisadvantaged' conditions, exacerbated by: more overcrowded homes with fewer washing and toilet facilities; inflexible employment; low household incomes; and higher likelihood of co-morbidities which can be made worse by having a gastrointestinal infection. Our findings call into question the current approach to prevention of gastrointestinal infections which tend to focus almost exclusively on individual behaviours, which are not adapted to reflect differences in socioeconomic context. Public health agencies should also consider how wider social, economic and policy contexts shape inequalities in the management and consequences of illness. Our findings are also pertinent to the COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK. They highlight how research and policy approaches to acute infectious diseases need to take into consideration the differing lived experiences of contrasting households if they wish to address (and avoid exacerbating) inequalities in the future.},
+  abstract = {Gastrointestinal infections are an important global public health issue. In the UK, one in four people experience a gastrointestinal infection each year and epidemiological research highlights inequalities in the burden of disease. Specifically, poorer children are at greater risk of infection and the consequences of illness, such as symptom severity and time off work/school, are greater for less privileged groups of all ages. Gastrointestinal infections are, however, largely {\textbackslash}textasciigravehidden' within the home and little is known about the lived experience and practices surrounding these illnesses, how they vary across contrasting socioeconomic contexts, or how inequalities in the disease burden across socioeconomic groups might come about. This paper presents data from an ethnographic study which illuminate how socioeconomic inequalities in the physical and material management and consequences of gastrointestinal infections are generated in families with young children. The study shows how the {\textbackslash}textasciigravework' needed to manage gastrointestinal infections is more laborious for people living in more {\textbackslash}textasciigravedisadvantaged' conditions, exacerbated by: more overcrowded homes with fewer washing and toilet facilities; inflexible employment; low household incomes; and higher likelihood of co-morbidities which can be made worse by having a gastrointestinal infection. Our findings call into question the current approach to prevention of gastrointestinal infections which tend to focus almost exclusively on individual behaviours, which are not adapted to reflect differences in socioeconomic context. Public health agencies should also consider how wider social, economic and policy contexts shape inequalities in the management and consequences of illness. Our findings are also pertinent to the COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK. They highlight how research and policy approaches to acute infectious diseases need to take into consideration the differing lived experiences of contrasting households if they wish to address (and avoid exacerbating) inequalities in the future.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29472,13 +34197,13 @@ migration.},
   author = {Rothman, Laurel},
   year = {2007},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {PAEDIATRICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CHILD HEALTH},
+  journal = {PAEDIATRICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CHILD HEALTH},
   volume = {12},
   number = {8},
   pages = {661--665},
   issn = {1205-7088},
   doi = {10.1093/pch/12.8.661},
-  abstract = {Despite continued economic growth, Canada's record on child poverty is worse than it was in 1989, when the House of Commons unanimously resolved to end child poverty by the year 2000. Most recent data indicate that nearly 1.2 million children - almost one of every six children - live in low-income households. Campaign 2000 contends that poverty and income inequality are major barriers to the healthy development of children, the cohesion Of Our Communities and, ultimately, to the social and economic well,being of Canada. Canada needs to adopt a poverty-reduction strategy that responds to the UNICEF challenge to establish credible targets and timetables to bring the child poverty rate well below 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%, as other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations have done. Campaign 2000 calls on the federal government to develop a cross-Canada poverty-reduction strategy in conjunction with the provinces, territories and First Nations, and in consultation with low-income people. This strategy needs to include good jobs at living wages that ensure that full-time work is a pathway out of poverty; an effective child benefit of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar5,100 that is indexed; a system of affordable, universally accessible early learning and child care services available to all families irrespective of employment status; an affordable housing program that creates more affordable housing and helps to sustain existing stock; and affordable and accessible postsecondary education and training programs that prepare youth and adults for employment leading to economic independence.},
+  abstract = {Despite continued economic growth, Canada's record on child poverty is worse than it was in 1989, when the House of Commons unanimously resolved to end child poverty by the year 2000. Most recent data indicate that nearly 1.2 million children - almost one of every six children - live in low-income households. Campaign 2000 contends that poverty and income inequality are major barriers to the healthy development of children, the cohesion Of Our Communities and, ultimately, to the social and economic well,being of Canada. Canada needs to adopt a poverty-reduction strategy that responds to the UNICEF challenge to establish credible targets and timetables to bring the child poverty rate well below 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, as other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations have done. Campaign 2000 calls on the federal government to develop a cross-Canada poverty-reduction strategy in conjunction with the provinces, territories and First Nations, and in consultation with low-income people. This strategy needs to include good jobs at living wages that ensure that full-time work is a pathway out of poverty; an effective child benefit of {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar5,100 that is indexed; a system of affordable, universally accessible early learning and child care services available to all families irrespective of employment status; an affordable housing program that creates more affordable housing and helps to sustain existing stock; and affordable and accessible postsecondary education and training programs that prepare youth and adults for employment leading to economic independence.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29493,7 +34218,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {41+},
   issn = {0043-8871},
   doi = {10.1353/wp.2006.0022},
-  abstract = {The importance of social trust has become widely accepted in the social sciences. A number of explanations have been put forward for the stark variation in social trust among countries. Among these, participation in voluntary associations received most attention. Yet there is scant evidence that participation can lead to trust. In this article, the authors examine a variable that has not gotten the attention it deserves in the discussion about the sources of generalized trust, namely, equality. They conceptualize equality along two dimensions: economic equality and equality of opportunity. The omission of both these dimensions of equality in the social capital literature is peculiar for several reasons. First, it is obvious that the countries that score highest on social trust also rank highest on economic equality, namely, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and Canada. Second, these countries have put a lot of effort in creating equality of opportunity, not least in regard to their policies for public education, health care, labor market opportunities, and (more recently) gender equality The argument for increasing social trust by reducing inequality has largely been ignored in the policy debates about social trust. Social capital research has to a large extent been used by several governments and policy organizations to send a message to people that the bad things in their society are caused by too little volunteering. The policy implications that follow from the authors' research is that the low levels of trust and social capital that plague many countries are caused by too little government action to reduce inequality. However, many countries with low levels of social trust and social capital may be stuck in what is known as a social trap. The logic of such a situation is the following. Social trust will not increase because massive social inequality, prevails, but the public policies that could remedy this situation cannot be established precisely because there is a genuine lack of trust. This lack of trust concerns both \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveother people\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and the government institutions that are needed to implement universal policies.},
+  abstract = {The importance of social trust has become widely accepted in the social sciences. A number of explanations have been put forward for the stark variation in social trust among countries. Among these, participation in voluntary associations received most attention. Yet there is scant evidence that participation can lead to trust. In this article, the authors examine a variable that has not gotten the attention it deserves in the discussion about the sources of generalized trust, namely, equality. They conceptualize equality along two dimensions: economic equality and equality of opportunity. The omission of both these dimensions of equality in the social capital literature is peculiar for several reasons. First, it is obvious that the countries that score highest on social trust also rank highest on economic equality, namely, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and Canada. Second, these countries have put a lot of effort in creating equality of opportunity, not least in regard to their policies for public education, health care, labor market opportunities, and (more recently) gender equality The argument for increasing social trust by reducing inequality has largely been ignored in the policy debates about social trust. Social capital research has to a large extent been used by several governments and policy organizations to send a message to people that the bad things in their society are caused by too little volunteering. The policy implications that follow from the authors' research is that the low levels of trust and social capital that plague many countries are caused by too little government action to reduce inequality. However, many countries with low levels of social trust and social capital may be stuck in what is known as a social trap. The logic of such a situation is the following. Social trust will not increase because massive social inequality, prevails, but the public policies that could remedy this situation cannot be established precisely because there is a genuine lack of trust. This lack of trust concerns both {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveother people{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and the government institutions that are needed to implement universal policies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29598,7 +34323,7 @@ migration.},
   pages = {513--538},
   issn = {1072-4745},
   doi = {10.1093/sp/jxv036},
-  abstract = {Twenty years on this article reengages with Fraser's call for feminist \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesystematic reconstructive thinking\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on how to reform welfare and employment systems. It complements Fraser's vision of a universal caregiver world by identifying reforms to promote and support a gender-equal society, including delinking social protection from employment, delivering a new reproductive bargain and developing policies to reverse flexibilisation and extend employer obligations. The aim is to reduce gender inequality in all aspects of reproductive and wage work (time, opportunities, resources, respect, security, etc.). To avoid any inadvertent support for neoliberalism, the consequences for social equity and human productive potential are also considered.},
+  abstract = {Twenty years on this article reengages with Fraser's call for feminist {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesystematic reconstructive thinking{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace on how to reform welfare and employment systems. It complements Fraser's vision of a universal caregiver world by identifying reforms to promote and support a gender-equal society, including delinking social protection from employment, delivering a new reproductive bargain and developing policies to reverse flexibilisation and extend employer obligations. The aim is to reduce gender inequality in all aspects of reproductive and wage work (time, opportunities, resources, respect, security, etc.). To avoid any inadvertent support for neoliberalism, the consequences for social equity and human productive potential are also considered.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Conference on Revisioning Gender: Complex Inequalities and Global Dimensions, Stockholm, SWEDEN, 2014}
 }
@@ -29627,7 +34352,7 @@ migration.},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER},
   issn = {0143-7720},
   doi = {10.1108/IJM-03-2021-0206},
-  abstract = {Purpose The aim of the research is to estimate the level of the early career gender wage gap in Russia, its evolution during the early stages of a career, gender segregation and discrimination among university graduates, and to identify factors which explain early career gender differences in pay. Special emphasis is placed on assessing the contribution of horizontal segregation (inequal gender distribution in fields of studies and industries of employment) to early-career gender inequality. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university graduates, carried out by Russian Federal State Statistics Service in 2016 (VTR Rosstat). The authors use Mincer OLS regressions for the analysis of the determinants of gender differences in pay. To explain the factors which form the gender gap, the authors use the Oaxaca-Blinder and Neumark gender gap decompositions, including detailed wage gap decompositions and decompositions by fields of study. For the analysis of differences in gender gap across wage distribution, quantile regressions and quantile decompositions based on recentered influence functions (RIFs) are used. Findings The study found significant gender differences in the early-career salaries of university graduates. Regression analysis confirms the presence of a 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% early-career gender wage gap. This gender wage gap is to a great extent can be explained by horizontal segregation: women are concentrated in fields of study and industries which are relatively low paid. More than half of the gender gap remains unexplained. The analysis of the evolution of the gender wage gap shows that it appears right after graduation and increases over time. A quantile decomposition reveals that, in low paid jobs, females experience less gender inequality than in better paid jobs. Social implications The analysis has some important policy implications. Previously, gender equality policies were mainly related to the elimination of gender discrimination at work, including positive discrimination programs in a selection of candidates to job openings and programs of promotion; programs which ease women labour force participation through flexible jobs; programs of human capital accumulation, which implied gender equality in access to higher education and encouraged women to get higher education, which was especially relevant for many developing countries. The analysis of Russia, a country with gender equality in access to higher education, shows that the early career gender gap exists right after graduation, and the main explanatory factor is gender segregation by field of study and industry, in other words, the gender wage gap to a high extent is related to self-selection of women in low-paid fields of study. To address this, new policies related to gender inequality in choice of fields of studies are needed. Originality/value It has been frequently stated that gender inequality appears either due to inequality in access to higher education or after maternity leave. Using large nationally representative dataset on university graduates, we show that gender equality in education does not necessarily lead to gender equality in the labour market. Unlike many studies, we show that the gender gap in Russia appears not after maternity leave and due to marital decisions of women, but in the earliest stages of their career, right after graduation, due to horizontal segregation (selection of women in relatively low-paid fields of study and consequently industries).},
+  abstract = {Purpose The aim of the research is to estimate the level of the early career gender wage gap in Russia, its evolution during the early stages of a career, gender segregation and discrimination among university graduates, and to identify factors which explain early career gender differences in pay. Special emphasis is placed on assessing the contribution of horizontal segregation (inequal gender distribution in fields of studies and industries of employment) to early-career gender inequality. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university graduates, carried out by Russian Federal State Statistics Service in 2016 (VTR Rosstat). The authors use Mincer OLS regressions for the analysis of the determinants of gender differences in pay. To explain the factors which form the gender gap, the authors use the Oaxaca-Blinder and Neumark gender gap decompositions, including detailed wage gap decompositions and decompositions by fields of study. For the analysis of differences in gender gap across wage distribution, quantile regressions and quantile decompositions based on recentered influence functions (RIFs) are used. Findings The study found significant gender differences in the early-career salaries of university graduates. Regression analysis confirms the presence of a 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% early-career gender wage gap. This gender wage gap is to a great extent can be explained by horizontal segregation: women are concentrated in fields of study and industries which are relatively low paid. More than half of the gender gap remains unexplained. The analysis of the evolution of the gender wage gap shows that it appears right after graduation and increases over time. A quantile decomposition reveals that, in low paid jobs, females experience less gender inequality than in better paid jobs. Social implications The analysis has some important policy implications. Previously, gender equality policies were mainly related to the elimination of gender discrimination at work, including positive discrimination programs in a selection of candidates to job openings and programs of promotion; programs which ease women labour force participation through flexible jobs; programs of human capital accumulation, which implied gender equality in access to higher education and encouraged women to get higher education, which was especially relevant for many developing countries. The analysis of Russia, a country with gender equality in access to higher education, shows that the early career gender gap exists right after graduation, and the main explanatory factor is gender segregation by field of study and industry, in other words, the gender wage gap to a high extent is related to self-selection of women in low-paid fields of study. To address this, new policies related to gender inequality in choice of fields of studies are needed. Originality/value It has been frequently stated that gender inequality appears either due to inequality in access to higher education or after maternity leave. Using large nationally representative dataset on university graduates, we show that gender equality in education does not necessarily lead to gender equality in the labour market. Unlike many studies, we show that the gender gap in Russia appears not after maternity leave and due to marital decisions of women, but in the earliest stages of their career, right after graduation, due to horizontal segregation (selection of women in relatively low-paid fields of study and consequently industries).},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29657,7 +34382,7 @@ migration.},
   doi = {10.36251/josi.99},
   abstract = {People with disabilities are generally not considered as able participants in the workforce (paid or volunteer work) and therefore, they often experience exclusion from participating in mainstream employment opportunities. People with disabilities experience various barriers to employment, such as discrimination in the workplace, stigma, prejudice and stereotypes. However, some people with disabilities participate in the workforce and make valuable contributions towards economic development, social capital and wider society. This literature review summarises published research findings about the challenges that people with disabilities experience in pursuing employment opportunities, including volunteering and paid positions; and in undertaking these roles. Furthermore, it explores possible interventions to improve employment outcomes that are effective from the perspectives of people with disabilities. Findings indicate that effective practice takes an inclusive approach and allows clients to take ownership of solutions in relation to addressing the challenges they experience in the employment sector. For this reason, two different community development projects, which particularly focused on employment challenges for people with disabilities, as well as outlining strategies and solutions that promote client ownership were reviewed. Additionally, employment support techniques and strategies, as well as human rights' principles on work and employment for people with disabilities will be debated. Finally, implications for research and practice for the rehabilitation counselling profession and the disability employment services sector are discussed.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::narrative,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::disability,outcome::employment,outcome::job\_quality,relevant,review::narrative,snowball\_source,TODO},
   note = {(narrative) review of barriers to workforce inclusion (paid/volunteer work) for people with disabilities; summary of findings
 \par
 main findings:
@@ -29685,17 +34410,30 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Rumrill2013,
+  title = {Employment and Workplace Accommodation Outcomes among Participants in a Vocational Consultation Service for People with Multiple Sclerosis},
+  author = {Rumrill, Phillip D. and Fraser, Robert T. and Johnson, Kurt L.},
+  year = {2013},
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {39},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {85--90},
+  issn = {10522263},
+  doi = {10.3233/JVR-130646},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Rumrill2020,
   title = {Personal, Health and Function, and Career Maintenance Factors as Determinants of Quality of Life among Employed People with Multiple Sclerosis},
   author = {Rumrill, Phillip and Li, Jian and Strauser, David and Roessler, Richard T. and Bishop, Malachy and Chan, Fong and Adams, Chithra and Leslie, Mykal},
   year = {2020},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {67},
   number = {1},
   pages = {81--94},
   issn = {1051-9815},
   doi = {10.3233/WOR-203254},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an intrusive disease that significantly affects labor force participation. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the extent to which factors at the personal, health and function, and environmental/career maintenance levels contribute to the predictability power for quality of life among employed people with MS. METHOD: Participants consisted of 523 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. These individuals were employed at the time of the survey, and they were primarily middle age (average age of 48 years) and Caucasian (74\textbackslash textbackslash\%). RESULTS: The final hierarchical multiple regression model explained 54 percent of the variability in participants' quality of life scores, although none of the hypothesized personal/demographic predictors were significant. Participants who perceived better overall health and lower levels of stress, who experienced less severe cognitive and mobility-related MS symptoms, and who expressed stronger job-person matches and higher levels of job satisfaction reported higher quality of life scores than did other participants. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting perceived quality of life among employed people with MS. Implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice are discussed.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an intrusive disease that significantly affects labor force participation. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the extent to which factors at the personal, health and function, and environmental/career maintenance levels contribute to the predictability power for quality of life among employed people with MS. METHOD: Participants consisted of 523 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. These individuals were employed at the time of the survey, and they were primarily middle age (average age of 48 years) and Caucasian (74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). RESULTS: The final hierarchical multiple regression model explained 54 percent of the variability in participants' quality of life scores, although none of the hypothesized personal/demographic predictors were significant. Participants who perceived better overall health and lower levels of stress, who experienced less severe cognitive and mobility-related MS symptoms, and who expressed stronger job-person matches and higher levels of job satisfaction reported higher quality of life scores than did other participants. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting perceived quality of life among employed people with MS. Implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice are discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29752,7 +34490,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {213--229},
   issn = {1233-5835},
   doi = {10.15611/aoe.2020.2.09},
-  abstract = {Making use of EU-Labour Force Survey data, the authors estimated logistic regressions with a maximum likelihood method and found that gender unemployment risk was largely explained by human capital, marital status, receiving financial support, job experience and gender discrimination in both Poland and the Czech Republic. The gender unemployment risk gap amounted to 8\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% in Poland and the Czech Republic, respectively. Although the impact of marital status was significant and considerable, married women in the Czech Republic benefited from their marital status on average three times less than men in the Czech Republic, and men and women in Poland. In both countries only women aged below 30 were \textbackslash textasciigraverewarded', while women beyond 50 years of age were penalized in terms of unemployment risk. As opposed to that, men up to 60 years old have their unemployment risk reduced all else equalled. The authors argue that this form of possible discrimination in some respects is a better measure of injustice than the commonly used pay gap and it constitutes an alternative dimension of \textbackslash textasciigravegender inequality'. The results can contribute to better targeted policies against discriminatory practices by enhancing the career paths demanded in the labour market and by breaking the stereotypes rooted in the cultures of Polish and Czech societies.},
+  abstract = {Making use of EU-Labour Force Survey data, the authors estimated logistic regressions with a maximum likelihood method and found that gender unemployment risk was largely explained by human capital, marital status, receiving financial support, job experience and gender discrimination in both Poland and the Czech Republic. The gender unemployment risk gap amounted to 8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in Poland and the Czech Republic, respectively. Although the impact of marital status was significant and considerable, married women in the Czech Republic benefited from their marital status on average three times less than men in the Czech Republic, and men and women in Poland. In both countries only women aged below 30 were {\textbackslash}textasciigraverewarded', while women beyond 50 years of age were penalized in terms of unemployment risk. As opposed to that, men up to 60 years old have their unemployment risk reduced all else equalled. The authors argue that this form of possible discrimination in some respects is a better measure of injustice than the commonly used pay gap and it constitutes an alternative dimension of {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender inequality'. The results can contribute to better targeted policies against discriminatory practices by enhancing the career paths demanded in the labour market and by breaking the stereotypes rooted in the cultures of Polish and Czech societies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29851,7 +34589,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {7},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s40878-018-0111-5},
-  abstract = {Belgium had a long tradition of direct informal employment in paid domestic work, which has undergone formalisation through the introduction of the \textbackslash textasciigraveservice voucher system'. This policy triangulates the employment relationship between workers and clients through introducing third-party employing agencies, and guarantees workers' access to labour and social security rights. Up until now, most international studies of paid domestic work have focused on direct and privatized worker-employer relationships (Anderson, Doing the dirty work?: The global politics of domestic labour, 2000); Hondagneu-Sotelo, Domestica: Immigrant workers cleaning and caring in the shadows of affluence, 2001); (Lutz, The New Maids: Transnational women and the care economy, 2011); Moras (Sociology Mind, 3(3), 248-256, 2013); (Romero, Maid in the U.S.A., 1992). This literature has shown that paid domestic work often features \textbackslash textasciigravepersonalised' (emotionally-loaded) worker-employer relationships. The goal of this article is to analyse the impact of the introduction of the service voucher system on personalisation processes affecting paid domestic work in Belgium. Is personalisation bound to disappear with the sector's formalisation or is it intrinsic to paid domestic work?We show that personalisation is not threatened by formalisation policies which do not challenge the structural inequalities underpinning paid domestic work (and to which personalisation develops as a remedy). In the Belgian case, the service voucher policy did not challenge the crucial role of personalisation for finding and keeping jobs, as well as improving working conditions. The article shows that personalisation is an informal social protection strategy which developed in the exploitative conditions of informality, but is likely to survive formalising policies. Indeed, formalisation did not eliminate the need for personalisation, as it did not substantially improve working conditions in the sector, failed to recognise workers' qualifications and to challenge the gendered and migrantized character of domestic work employment.},
+  abstract = {Belgium had a long tradition of direct informal employment in paid domestic work, which has undergone formalisation through the introduction of the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveservice voucher system'. This policy triangulates the employment relationship between workers and clients through introducing third-party employing agencies, and guarantees workers' access to labour and social security rights. Up until now, most international studies of paid domestic work have focused on direct and privatized worker-employer relationships (Anderson, Doing the dirty work?: The global politics of domestic labour, 2000); Hondagneu-Sotelo, Domestica: Immigrant workers cleaning and caring in the shadows of affluence, 2001); (Lutz, The New Maids: Transnational women and the care economy, 2011); Moras (Sociology Mind, 3(3), 248-256, 2013); (Romero, Maid in the U.S.A., 1992). This literature has shown that paid domestic work often features {\textbackslash}textasciigravepersonalised' (emotionally-loaded) worker-employer relationships. The goal of this article is to analyse the impact of the introduction of the service voucher system on personalisation processes affecting paid domestic work in Belgium. Is personalisation bound to disappear with the sector's formalisation or is it intrinsic to paid domestic work?We show that personalisation is not threatened by formalisation policies which do not challenge the structural inequalities underpinning paid domestic work (and to which personalisation develops as a remedy). In the Belgian case, the service voucher policy did not challenge the crucial role of personalisation for finding and keeping jobs, as well as improving working conditions. The article shows that personalisation is an informal social protection strategy which developed in the exploitative conditions of informality, but is likely to survive formalising policies. Indeed, formalisation did not eliminate the need for personalisation, as it did not substantially improve working conditions in the sector, failed to recognise workers' qualifications and to challenge the gendered and migrantized character of domestic work employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29909,7 +34647,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {3},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0194919},
-  abstract = {Aim Long-term care systems may alleviate caregiver burdens, particularly for those with fewer resources. However, it remains unclear whether socioeconomic disparity in caregiver burdens exists under a public, universal long-term care insurance (LTCI) system. This study examined income-based inequalities in caregiving time and depressive symptoms in Japanese older family caregivers. We further compared inequality in depressive symptoms with that of non-caregivers to evaluate whether family caregiving exacerbates this disparity. Methods Data were obtained from a cross-sectional, nationwide survey conducted by the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2013. Participants were functionally independent older adults aged {$>$}= 65 years (N=21,584). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatrics Depression Scale (GDS); caregiving hours per week, household income, and other covariates were also assessed. Results Family caregivers occupied 8.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the total. A Poisson regression model revealed that caregivers in lower income groups (compared to those in the highest) were 1.32 to 1.95 and 1.63 to 2.68 times more likely to engage in {$>$}= 36 and {$>$}= 72 hours/week of caregiving, respectively. As for the GDS ({$>$}= 5), an excess risk was found in the caregivers in lower (compared to higher) income groups (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.57-3.10). However, an interaction effect of income by caregiving role indicated no significant difference in inequality between caregivers and non-caregivers (p = .603). The excess risk for GDS ({$>$}= 5) in the caregivers compared to non-caregivers was observed across income groups. Conclusions Our findings revealed a possible disparity in family caregivers under the public LTCI system. Further studies should examine factors associated with longer caregiving hours in lower income households. Our findings also suggest the necessity for more efforts to alleviate depressive symptoms in family caregivers under the LTCI system regardless of income level, rather than exclusively supporting those with a low income.},
+  abstract = {Aim Long-term care systems may alleviate caregiver burdens, particularly for those with fewer resources. However, it remains unclear whether socioeconomic disparity in caregiver burdens exists under a public, universal long-term care insurance (LTCI) system. This study examined income-based inequalities in caregiving time and depressive symptoms in Japanese older family caregivers. We further compared inequality in depressive symptoms with that of non-caregivers to evaluate whether family caregiving exacerbates this disparity. Methods Data were obtained from a cross-sectional, nationwide survey conducted by the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2013. Participants were functionally independent older adults aged {$>$}= 65 years (N=21,584). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatrics Depression Scale (GDS); caregiving hours per week, household income, and other covariates were also assessed. Results Family caregivers occupied 8.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the total. A Poisson regression model revealed that caregivers in lower income groups (compared to those in the highest) were 1.32 to 1.95 and 1.63 to 2.68 times more likely to engage in {$>$}= 36 and {$>$}= 72 hours/week of caregiving, respectively. As for the GDS ({$>$}= 5), an excess risk was found in the caregivers in lower (compared to higher) income groups (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.57-3.10). However, an interaction effect of income by caregiving role indicated no significant difference in inequality between caregivers and non-caregivers (p = .603). The excess risk for GDS ({$>$}= 5) in the caregivers compared to non-caregivers was observed across income groups. Conclusions Our findings revealed a possible disparity in family caregivers under the public LTCI system. Further studies should examine factors associated with longer caregiving hours in lower income households. Our findings also suggest the necessity for more efforts to alleviate depressive symptoms in family caregivers under the LTCI system regardless of income level, rather than exclusively supporting those with a low income.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29978,7 +34716,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {19},
   number = {3},
   doi = {10.3390/ijerph19031629},
-  abstract = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease requiring lifelong insulin treatment. T1DM patients require care given not only by themselves but also by their family members, particularly in childhood-onset cases. This study aims to identify the relationship between health expenditure, HbA1c and other health outcomes and the socio-economic status of patients and their families, with a focus on family employment status, i.e., whether the caregiver is employed or is a homemaker. To clarify the relationship between the level of health, such as expenditure on health care and HbA1c, and the socioeconomic status of patients and their families, we focus on whether they are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepotential full-time caregivers\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Using this analysis, we estimated the hypothetical health care expenditure and HbA1c and showed that male patients have higher expenditure and lower HbA1c when their caregiver is a potential full-time caregiver, whereas younger female patients have higher health care expenditure and lower HbA1c when their caregiver is employed. This finding is not meant to serve as criticism of health care policy in this area; rather, the aim is to contribute to economic policy in Japan for T1DM patients 20 years and older.},
+  abstract = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease requiring lifelong insulin treatment. T1DM patients require care given not only by themselves but also by their family members, particularly in childhood-onset cases. This study aims to identify the relationship between health expenditure, HbA1c and other health outcomes and the socio-economic status of patients and their families, with a focus on family employment status, i.e., whether the caregiver is employed or is a homemaker. To clarify the relationship between the level of health, such as expenditure on health care and HbA1c, and the socioeconomic status of patients and their families, we focus on whether they are {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepotential full-time caregivers{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Using this analysis, we estimated the hypothetical health care expenditure and HbA1c and showed that male patients have higher expenditure and lower HbA1c when their caregiver is a potential full-time caregiver, whereas younger female patients have higher health care expenditure and lower HbA1c when their caregiver is employed. This finding is not meant to serve as criticism of health care policy in this area; rather, the aim is to contribute to economic policy in Japan for T1DM patients 20 years and older.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -29994,7 +34732,7 @@ policy recc:
   issn = {1341-9145, 1348-9585},
   doi = {10.1002/1348-9585.12339},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Objectives               Although gender stereotypes regarding paid work and unpaid work are changing, most wives are responsible for taking care of the family and home in Japan. It is unclear how time spent on housework and childcare has changed between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate how working men and women's responsibilities for housework and childcare changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan depending on work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, and frequency of telecommuting.                                         Methods                                A cross-sectional analysis (                 N                 ~=~14,454) was conducted using data from an Internet monitoring study (CORoNa Work Project), which was conducted in December 2020. A multilevel logistic model with nested prefectures of residence was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for change in time devoted to housework and childcare among men and women adjusting for age, household income, presence of spouse who work, work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, frequency of telecommuting, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture.                                                        Results                                More women tended to perceive that their time of housework and/or childcare had been changed (increased housework: OR 1.92, 95\% CI [1.71\textendash 2.16],                 P                 ~{$<~$}.001; decreased workhours: 1.66 (1.25\textendash 2.19),                 P                 ~{$<~$}.001: increased childcare: OR 1.58, 95\% CI [1.29\textendash 1.92],                 P                 ~{$<~$}.001; decreased childcare: 1.11 (0.62\textendash 2.00),                 P                 ~=~.719).                                                        Conclusions               The time spent by women on housework and childcare changed significantly compared to men during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objectives               Although gender stereotypes regarding paid work and unpaid work are changing, most wives are responsible for taking care of the family and home in Japan. It is unclear how time spent on housework and childcare has changed between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate how working men and women's responsibilities for housework and childcare changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan depending on work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, and frequency of telecommuting.                                         Methods                                A cross-sectional analysis (                 N                 ~=~14,454) was conducted using data from an Internet monitoring study (CORoNa Work Project), which was conducted in December 2020. A multilevel logistic model with nested prefectures of residence was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for change in time devoted to housework and childcare among men and women adjusting for age, household income, presence of spouse who work, work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, frequency of telecommuting, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture.                                                        Results                                More women tended to perceive that their time of housework and/or childcare had been changed (increased housework: OR 1.92, 95\% CI [1.71{\textendash}2.16],                 P                 ~{$<~$}.001; decreased workhours: 1.66 (1.25{\textendash}2.19),                 P                 ~{$<~$}.001: increased childcare: OR 1.58, 95\% CI [1.29{\textendash}1.92],                 P                 ~{$<~$}.001; decreased childcare: 1.11 (0.62{\textendash}2.00),                 P                 ~=~.719).                                                        Conclusions               The time spent by women on housework and childcare changed significantly compared to men during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30021,7 +34759,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {2},
   pages = {75--90},
   issn = {1091-4358},
-  abstract = {Background: Persons with severe and persistent mental disorders (SPMD) have extremely low earnings levels and account for 29.1 percent of all U.S. Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) disabled worker beneficiaries under age 50. Social insurance and disability policy experts pointed to several factors that may contribute to this situation, including disincentives and obstacles in the SSDI program, as well as lack of access to evidence-based behavioral-health interventions. In response, the Social Security Administration (SSA) funded the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS) demonstration that included 2,238 beneficiaries of SSDI whose primary reason for disability is SPMD. The demonstration, implemented in 23 different localities, consisted of two evidence-based services (individual placement and support supported employment (IPS-SE), systematic medication management (SMM)), and provision or coverage of additional behavioral-health services (OBH). Study Aims: This study focused on estimating MHTS intervention effects on earnings in the intervention period (two-years). The main outcome variable was self-reported average monthly earnings. Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Data were drawn from the baseline survey, seven follow-up quarterly surveys, a final follow-up survey, and SSA administrative data. In all surveys, respondents were asked about earnings prior to the interview. Dependent variables were average past-30-days earnings reported in all follow-up surveys, similar averages for the first four follow-ups and for the last four follow-ups, fraction of surveys with prior earnings above SSA's substantial gainful activity (SGA) threshold, and final-follow-up earnings for the past 90 days. Regression analyses compared earnings of intervention vs. control group subjects. Covariates included baseline values of: (i) beneficiary demographic and social characteristics; (ii) beneficiary physical and mental health indicators; (iii) beneficiary recipiency history; (iv) beneficiary pre-recruitment and baseline earnings; and (v) local labor-market unemployment rates. Results: Results show significant positive MITTS earnings impacts. Estimated annual increases of earnings range from \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar791 (based on the 2-year average) to \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1,131 (based on the final quarter of Year 2). Effects on the fraction of quarters with earnings exceeding SGA are positive and significant but very small in magnitude. Discussion: The consistent increase in earnings impacts over the study period suggests the possibility of even larger impacts with longer-term interventions. The moderate size of the intervention impacts may partly be explained by a study population that already had an average of 9 years on SSDI, and whose labor-supply decisions continued to be affected by concerns about possible loss of benefits. Limitations are that (i) earnings effects of specific intervention components cannot be estimated since all treatment subjects received the same package of services, and (ii) study results may not generalize to the majority of the beneficiary population due to selection effects in beneficiaries' participation decisions. Implications: Replication of the MHTS on a broader scale should show similar positive earnings impacts for a substantial number of beneficiaries with characteristics similar to the study population. Future studies should consider reducing policy barriers to labor supply of persons with SPMD. Future studies should consider longer-term interventions, or at least measuring impacts for follow-up periods greater than two years.},
+  abstract = {Background: Persons with severe and persistent mental disorders (SPMD) have extremely low earnings levels and account for 29.1 percent of all U.S. Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) disabled worker beneficiaries under age 50. Social insurance and disability policy experts pointed to several factors that may contribute to this situation, including disincentives and obstacles in the SSDI program, as well as lack of access to evidence-based behavioral-health interventions. In response, the Social Security Administration (SSA) funded the Mental Health Treatment Study (MHTS) demonstration that included 2,238 beneficiaries of SSDI whose primary reason for disability is SPMD. The demonstration, implemented in 23 different localities, consisted of two evidence-based services (individual placement and support supported employment (IPS-SE), systematic medication management (SMM)), and provision or coverage of additional behavioral-health services (OBH). Study Aims: This study focused on estimating MHTS intervention effects on earnings in the intervention period (two-years). The main outcome variable was self-reported average monthly earnings. Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Data were drawn from the baseline survey, seven follow-up quarterly surveys, a final follow-up survey, and SSA administrative data. In all surveys, respondents were asked about earnings prior to the interview. Dependent variables were average past-30-days earnings reported in all follow-up surveys, similar averages for the first four follow-ups and for the last four follow-ups, fraction of surveys with prior earnings above SSA's substantial gainful activity (SGA) threshold, and final-follow-up earnings for the past 90 days. Regression analyses compared earnings of intervention vs. control group subjects. Covariates included baseline values of: (i) beneficiary demographic and social characteristics; (ii) beneficiary physical and mental health indicators; (iii) beneficiary recipiency history; (iv) beneficiary pre-recruitment and baseline earnings; and (v) local labor-market unemployment rates. Results: Results show significant positive MITTS earnings impacts. Estimated annual increases of earnings range from {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar791 (based on the 2-year average) to {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1,131 (based on the final quarter of Year 2). Effects on the fraction of quarters with earnings exceeding SGA are positive and significant but very small in magnitude. Discussion: The consistent increase in earnings impacts over the study period suggests the possibility of even larger impacts with longer-term interventions. The moderate size of the intervention impacts may partly be explained by a study population that already had an average of 9 years on SSDI, and whose labor-supply decisions continued to be affected by concerns about possible loss of benefits. Limitations are that (i) earnings effects of specific intervention components cannot be estimated since all treatment subjects received the same package of services, and (ii) study results may not generalize to the majority of the beneficiary population due to selection effects in beneficiaries' participation decisions. Implications: Replication of the MHTS on a broader scale should show similar positive earnings impacts for a substantial number of beneficiaries with characteristics similar to the study population. Future studies should consider reducing policy barriers to labor supply of persons with SPMD. Future studies should consider longer-term interventions, or at least measuring impacts for follow-up periods greater than two years.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30042,6 +34780,37 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Salm2009,
+  title = {Does Job Loss Cause Ill Health?},
+  author = {Salm, Martin},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Health Economics},
+  volume = {18},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {1075--1089},
+  issn = {1057-9230, 1099-1050},
+  doi = {10.1002/hec.1537},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             This study estimates the effect of job loss on health for near elderly employees based on longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study. Previous studies find a strong negative correlation between unemployment and health. To control for possible reverse causality, this study focuses on people who were laid off for an exogenous reason {\textendash} the closure of their previous employers' business. I find no causal effect of exogenous job loss on various measures of physical and mental health. This suggests that the inferior health of the unemployed compared to the employed could be explained by reverse causality. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Salminen2009,
+  title = {Mobility Devices to Promote Activity and Participation: {{A}} Systematic Review},
+  shorttitle = {Mobility Devices to Promote Activity and Participation},
+  author = {Salminen, Al and Brandt, {\dbend} and Samuelsson, K and T{\"o}yt{\"a}ri, O and Malmivaara, A},
+  year = {2009},
+  journal = {Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine},
+  volume = {41},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {697--706},
+  issn = {1650-1977},
+  doi = {10.2340/16501977-0427},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Salway2005,
   title = {Women's {{Employment}} in {{Urban Bangladesh}}: {{A Challenge}} to {{Gender Identity}}?},
   shorttitle = {Women's {{Employment}} in {{Urban Bangladesh}}},
@@ -30095,7 +34864,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {10},
   number = {7},
   doi = {10.3390/jcm10071463},
-  abstract = {Background: the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent recession had a strong impact on employment and certain health indicators, such as mental health. Many studies carried out with diverse samples attest to the negative influence of stress on health. However, few studies focus on stress and self-rated health among the Spanish workforce, or analyse which variables can act as a buffer against the negative effects of stress on self-perceived health. Aim: to analyse the mediator role of social support and job satisfaction in the relationship between work-related stress and self-rated health among the Spanish working population between 2006 and 2017. Method: repeated cross-sectional study using Spanish Surveys from 2006 to 2017, a total of 32.105 participants (47.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% women) aged 16 years and over (M = 42.3, SD = 10.7) answered a series of questions about work-related stress (PV), self-rated health (CV), job satisfaction, and social support (mediator variables) through the National Health Survey (NHS) prevalences of work-related stress, self-rated health, job satisfaction, and social support were calculated (standardised by age). We performed mediation/moderation analysis with Macro Process for SPSS to analyse the role of social support and job satisfaction in the relationship between self-rated health and work-related stress among the Spanish working population. Results: three mediation analyses were conducted, one for each time point in the study period. The results revealed a significant direct association between stress and job satisfaction. In the 2006 model, both job satisfaction and social support acted as mediators between stress and self-rated health, while in the 2011 and 2017 models, only job satisfaction acted as a mediator. The data reveal that the working population in Spain has a good capacity for resilience, since no drop in health indicators was observed. Conclusion: following the economic recession, employment has partially recovered. However, social and employment policies are required to help the population face the recent situation triggered by the Coronavirus crisis.},
+  abstract = {Background: the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent recession had a strong impact on employment and certain health indicators, such as mental health. Many studies carried out with diverse samples attest to the negative influence of stress on health. However, few studies focus on stress and self-rated health among the Spanish workforce, or analyse which variables can act as a buffer against the negative effects of stress on self-perceived health. Aim: to analyse the mediator role of social support and job satisfaction in the relationship between work-related stress and self-rated health among the Spanish working population between 2006 and 2017. Method: repeated cross-sectional study using Spanish Surveys from 2006 to 2017, a total of 32.105 participants (47.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% women) aged 16 years and over (M = 42.3, SD = 10.7) answered a series of questions about work-related stress (PV), self-rated health (CV), job satisfaction, and social support (mediator variables) through the National Health Survey (NHS) prevalences of work-related stress, self-rated health, job satisfaction, and social support were calculated (standardised by age). We performed mediation/moderation analysis with Macro Process for SPSS to analyse the role of social support and job satisfaction in the relationship between self-rated health and work-related stress among the Spanish working population. Results: three mediation analyses were conducted, one for each time point in the study period. The results revealed a significant direct association between stress and job satisfaction. In the 2006 model, both job satisfaction and social support acted as mediators between stress and self-rated health, while in the 2011 and 2017 models, only job satisfaction acted as a mediator. The data reveal that the working population in Spain has a good capacity for resilience, since no drop in health indicators was observed. Conclusion: following the economic recession, employment has partially recovered. However, social and employment policies are required to help the population face the recent situation triggered by the Coronavirus crisis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30111,7 +34880,7 @@ policy recc:
   issn = {0042-0980, 1360-063X},
   doi = {10.1080/0042098042000214815},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {While policy-makers assert that increased public transit mobility can positively affect employment status for low-income persons, there is little empirical evidence to support this theory. It is generally assumed that public transit can effectively link unemployed, car-less, persons with appropriate job locations\textemdash hence the call for more public transit services to assist moving welfare recipients to gainful employment. Thus far, the available evidence is anecdotal, while general patterns of transit access in relationship to labour participation remain relatively unexplored. This analysis examines whether increased transit access is associated with the case status (employment status) of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in the Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and Portland, Oregon metropolitan areas. Individual TANF recipient location data, transit route/stop data and employment location data were used in limited dependent variable regression analyses to predict the employment status of TANF recipients. The results of this analysis indicate that access to fixed-route transit and employment concentrations had virtually no association with the employment outcomes of TANF recipients in the six selected metropolitan areas.},
+  abstract = {While policy-makers assert that increased public transit mobility can positively affect employment status for low-income persons, there is little empirical evidence to support this theory. It is generally assumed that public transit can effectively link unemployed, car-less, persons with appropriate job locations{\textemdash}hence the call for more public transit services to assist moving welfare recipients to gainful employment. Thus far, the available evidence is anecdotal, while general patterns of transit access in relationship to labour participation remain relatively unexplored. This analysis examines whether increased transit access is associated with the case status (employment status) of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in the Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and Portland, Oregon metropolitan areas. Individual TANF recipient location data, transit route/stop data and employment location data were used in limited dependent variable regression analyses to predict the employment status of TANF recipients. The results of this analysis indicate that access to fixed-route transit and employment concentrations had virtually no association with the employment outcomes of TANF recipients in the six selected metropolitan areas.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30124,7 +34893,7 @@ policy recc:
   series = {Routledge {{Studies}} in {{Development Economics}}},
   volume = {50},
   pages = {204--230},
-  abstract = {Costa Rica also adopted the Washington Consensus type of reforms, but in a much more gradual and less \textbackslash textasciigraveorthodox' way than the other countries in the region. It has combined import liberalization with active export promotion. By the 1980s, Costa Rica already had relatively few restrictions on capital inflows. Nonetheless, further liberalization of the capital account and legislative changes easing the entry of maquila industries and establishment of firms in export-processing free zones led to a boom in foreign direct investment in the 1990s. Despite the inflow of foreign capital, the government managed to stop the exchange rate from appreciating, keeping it competitive during most of the 1990s with a managed floating exchange regime. Economic growth has been volatile but on average the economy expanded at an annual growth rate of 4.3 per cent during 1985-2001. Exports have been the engine of Costa Rica's growth performance, especially non-traditional exports supported by export promotion policies (tax credit certificates, export-processing free zones and maquilas) and, since the late 1990s, exports by the Intel plant in the country. Growth in employment lagged behind gross domestic product growth, but was still substantially higher than growth of the labour force. Most new jobs were created in the formal sector. Real labour income increased, but due to growing demand for skilled workers, labour income inequality increased significantly. Income inequality also increased at the household level. The incidence of absolute poverty has remained stable, however, since the mid-1990s, thanks to an increase in employment and average income. Simulations with the computable general equilibrium model for Costa Rica indicate that trade liberalization tends to lead to increasing inequality of income, given the combined effect of significantly higher labour income in the most dynamic economic sectors, especially those intensive in the use of skilled workers, and a reduction in labour incomes in agriculture. Simulations also show, however, that because of the generally positive outcomes for employment, trade liberalization seems to have generated positive, though small, effects towards poverty reduction. Poverty also falls under the scenario of further trade integration through the Free Trade Area of the Americas and a worldwide World Trade Organization agreement. Not all workers will benefit from trade integration, however. Those in agriculture, in particular, would face falling employment and real incomes.},
+  abstract = {Costa Rica also adopted the Washington Consensus type of reforms, but in a much more gradual and less {\textbackslash}textasciigraveorthodox' way than the other countries in the region. It has combined import liberalization with active export promotion. By the 1980s, Costa Rica already had relatively few restrictions on capital inflows. Nonetheless, further liberalization of the capital account and legislative changes easing the entry of maquila industries and establishment of firms in export-processing free zones led to a boom in foreign direct investment in the 1990s. Despite the inflow of foreign capital, the government managed to stop the exchange rate from appreciating, keeping it competitive during most of the 1990s with a managed floating exchange regime. Economic growth has been volatile but on average the economy expanded at an annual growth rate of 4.3 per cent during 1985-2001. Exports have been the engine of Costa Rica's growth performance, especially non-traditional exports supported by export promotion policies (tax credit certificates, export-processing free zones and maquilas) and, since the late 1990s, exports by the Intel plant in the country. Growth in employment lagged behind gross domestic product growth, but was still substantially higher than growth of the labour force. Most new jobs were created in the formal sector. Real labour income increased, but due to growing demand for skilled workers, labour income inequality increased significantly. Income inequality also increased at the household level. The incidence of absolute poverty has remained stable, however, since the mid-1990s, thanks to an increase in employment and average income. Simulations with the computable general equilibrium model for Costa Rica indicate that trade liberalization tends to lead to increasing inequality of income, given the combined effect of significantly higher labour income in the most dynamic economic sectors, especially those intensive in the use of skilled workers, and a reduction in labour incomes in agriculture. Simulations also show, however, that because of the generally positive outcomes for employment, trade liberalization seems to have generated positive, though small, effects towards poverty reduction. Poverty also falls under the scenario of further trade integration through the Free Trade Area of the Americas and a worldwide World Trade Organization agreement. Not all workers will benefit from trade integration, however. Those in agriculture, in particular, would face falling employment and real incomes.},
   isbn = {978-0-203-96583-2},
   langid = {english}
 }
@@ -30142,6 +34911,22 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Sanghi2015,
+  title = {Decline in {{Rural Female Labour Force Participation}} in {{India}}: {{A Relook}} into the {{Causes}}},
+  shorttitle = {Decline in {{Rural Female Labour Force Participation}} in {{India}}},
+  author = {Sanghi, Sunita and Srija, A and Vijay, Shirke Shrinivas},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers},
+  volume = {40},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {255--268},
+  issn = {0256-0909, 2395-3799},
+  doi = {10.1177/0256090915598264},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Santero-Sanchez2015,
   title = {Gender Differences in the Hospitality Industry: {{A Job}} Quality Index},
   author = {{Santero-Sanchez}, Rosa and {Segovia-Perez}, Monica and {Castro-Nunez}, Belen and {Figueroa-Domecq}, Cristina and {Talon-Ballestero}, Pilar},
@@ -30178,7 +34963,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {88},
   pages = {29--59},
   issn = {0213-8093},
-  abstract = {Effective and full integration of people with disability into society is deeply related to their integration into the labour market. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted in 2006 triggered a change in the conception of disability towards a social approach, especially in terms of their human rights and their integration in society. One of the key elements of this integration is the participation of persons with disabilities in the different spheres of society with equal opportunities. In particular, their integration in the labour market is a mayor challenge not only from the personal development perspective, but also in terms of their autonomy and independence. Irrespective of the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies aimed at integrating persons with disability into the labour market, further research is necessary on the factors that encourage that integration and highlight entry into an ordinary labour market, which should be the ultimate objective of integration policies for persons with a disability. The values shared by Social Economy enterprises generate a differentiated behaviour in relation to their staff composition, the work conditions, their productive specialisation and their geographical location. This differentiated behaviour constitutes, at the same time, an important contribution to social and territorial cohesion. In particular, the contribution to social cohesion comprises the occupation of groups with difficulties of access to employment, employment quality, improvement in equal opportunities and the offer of social services. The goal of this work is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the contribution of Social Economy to social cohesion in terms of the employment of people with disabilities and in particular the compliance with the quota requirement. Secondly, to detect the enablers and barriers to work in the design of labour policies for higher and better integration in workplaces. This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the key aspects related to the perceptions, behaviour and culture of Social Economy entities in relation to the integration of workers with disabilities in their staffs, adding useful and relevant information for the design and implementation of active labour policies. In order to achieve these objectives, an ad-hoc survey has been designed to analyze the compliance of quota legislation for people with disabilities and conducted among Medium and Large Social Economy entities (50 employees or more) in Spain. Quota legislation in Spain establishes an obligation for companies with more than a certain number of employees (50 or more) to employ a minimum percentage of people with disabilities (2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). The technical characteristics of the survey are as follows: i. The Universe of the survey is composed of all Social Economy entities (except Special Employment Centres), located in Spain, from all economic sectors with 50 or more employees. Universe size (according to the National Statistics Institute of Spain and Social Economy statistics) is composed by, approximately, 3.000 entities. ii. Sampling used in this research is proportional, stratified by economic sector, region and company size. Selection of interviewee units is random. Sampling size is composed of 329 units, distributed to assure representativeness by geographical region, sector and business size. Sampling error is +/- 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%. (Confidence level 95.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% and probability p=q=0.5 -2 sigma). iii. Content of the survey refers to several topics such as: identification data, business size, economic sector, employment size, annual turnover; data about presence and job position of workers with disabilities and information about integration process: how diversity, especially related to people with disabilities, is incorporated into the selection, hiring and promotion policies of the company. Main results of the analyses show that the majority of Social Economy entities are in compliance with the quota requirement (84.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%). However, there are some remarkable differences attending companies' characteristics. Thus, the percentage of Social Economy entities complying with the quota requirement is higher among large companies, companies in social services and dependency sectors and, by geographical area, among companies located in Andalusia or Catalonia. On the other hand, medium-sized companies, industrial ones and Social Economy entities located in Navarra or Basque Country show lower percentages of compliance with the quota requirement. This survey offers as well some qualitative information, divided into two different sections. Firstly, the analysis is focused on some aspects related to the perceptions, behaviour and culture of Social Economy entities in relation to the integration of workers with disabilities in their staffs. The aim of this section is to identify potential differences between companies who are in compliance with the quota requirement and those who do not. Some of the main results of this section are: i. Legal obligation and fiscal benefits are the main reason to hire people with disabilities for both, companies that do and do not comply with the quota requirement. ii. Companies who comply with the quota requirement recruit personnel by using employment agencies, acquaintances and relatives and online job portals more frequently than those who do not comply with the quota requirement. iii. Companies or entities who integrate inclusion and diversity (gender, cultural, racial, socio-economic, etc.) in their programmes, policies and regulations are those with a higher percentage of people with disabilities in their staff. iv. Previous experiences related to the presence of workers with disabilities seem to be the main and more important boost for Social Economy entities and companies. v. The appointment of a colleague as a support-buddy is the most important intervention to facilitate the integration of the worker with disability in the company vi. The majority of Social Economy entities do not find any difficulty related to the integration process. However, companies in compliance with the quota find more obstacles than those who do not. Among those who have faced any obstacle, main barriers are related to the adaptation to the job; emotional barriers and physical space/accommodations obstacles. Secondly, the analysis focuses on the main reasons and obstacles found by those companies and entities that do not have any employees with disabilities in their staff, aiming to get to know their reasons to not hire this collective. The main two reasons why these companies declare that they do not have any person with disability in their staff are the lack of candidates with disabilities and the lack of matching between the candidates and job positions available. Thus, results from this research highlight some key aspects that are important to bear in mind. Firstly, values shared by Social Economy entities do generate a differentiated behavior in relation to their staff composition that contributes to the social cohesion. Secondly, the implementation of instruments and active policies have a positive impact over the integration of persons with disabilities in the ordinary labour market; quota policies and fiscal incentives are named as the main facilitators. In this sense, compliance with quota legislation is not a dichotomous decision for Social Economy entities but a gradual and continuous process that starts when hiring the first worker with disability in their staffs. Thus, previous experiences related to the presence of workers with disabilities seem to be the main boost for Social Economy entities and companies. In third term, an inclusive business culture that appreciates and accepts diversity (not only related to disabilities) displays characteristics of general awareness and inclusion of workers with disabilities in Social Economy entities. The inclusion of specific measures related to disability in the diversity policies is a challenge that firms, including Social Economy ones, still has to confront. Finally, the study and dissemination of best practices among employers is also important to surpass stereotypes and prejudices, contributing to the integration of people with disabilities into the ordinary labour market. As we have seen through this study, Social Economy companies and entities that have hired people with disabilities would recommend it to other ones. And this does not only have a positive effect in terms of equity and ethical reasons, but it can also have a great impact on the image connected to the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Social Economy, also in terms of benefits related to more diverse workplaces. Further research is needed in terms of the design of policies to foster deeper integration of persons with disabilities into ordinary labour market. As observed in the results, the matching process between candidates and job positions shows some weaknesses and the existence of workers with disabilities is one of the main facilitator to increase the number of these workers in firms. Besides design and implementation of active policies towards the integration of workers with disabilities, especial attention must be given to the business culture regarding disability. The study of enablers and obstacles in all kind of firms might show different results from the ones obtained in this paper as it would include small firms, which have no quota requirements, and entities outside Social Economy, in which social cohesion might not be among their principles.},
+  abstract = {Effective and full integration of people with disability into society is deeply related to their integration into the labour market. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted in 2006 triggered a change in the conception of disability towards a social approach, especially in terms of their human rights and their integration in society. One of the key elements of this integration is the participation of persons with disabilities in the different spheres of society with equal opportunities. In particular, their integration in the labour market is a mayor challenge not only from the personal development perspective, but also in terms of their autonomy and independence. Irrespective of the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies aimed at integrating persons with disability into the labour market, further research is necessary on the factors that encourage that integration and highlight entry into an ordinary labour market, which should be the ultimate objective of integration policies for persons with a disability. The values shared by Social Economy enterprises generate a differentiated behaviour in relation to their staff composition, the work conditions, their productive specialisation and their geographical location. This differentiated behaviour constitutes, at the same time, an important contribution to social and territorial cohesion. In particular, the contribution to social cohesion comprises the occupation of groups with difficulties of access to employment, employment quality, improvement in equal opportunities and the offer of social services. The goal of this work is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the contribution of Social Economy to social cohesion in terms of the employment of people with disabilities and in particular the compliance with the quota requirement. Secondly, to detect the enablers and barriers to work in the design of labour policies for higher and better integration in workplaces. This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the key aspects related to the perceptions, behaviour and culture of Social Economy entities in relation to the integration of workers with disabilities in their staffs, adding useful and relevant information for the design and implementation of active labour policies. In order to achieve these objectives, an ad-hoc survey has been designed to analyze the compliance of quota legislation for people with disabilities and conducted among Medium and Large Social Economy entities (50 employees or more) in Spain. Quota legislation in Spain establishes an obligation for companies with more than a certain number of employees (50 or more) to employ a minimum percentage of people with disabilities (2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). The technical characteristics of the survey are as follows: i. The Universe of the survey is composed of all Social Economy entities (except Special Employment Centres), located in Spain, from all economic sectors with 50 or more employees. Universe size (according to the National Statistics Institute of Spain and Social Economy statistics) is composed by, approximately, 3.000 entities. ii. Sampling used in this research is proportional, stratified by economic sector, region and company size. Selection of interviewee units is random. Sampling size is composed of 329 units, distributed to assure representativeness by geographical region, sector and business size. Sampling error is +/- 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. (Confidence level 95.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and probability p=q=0.5 -2 sigma). iii. Content of the survey refers to several topics such as: identification data, business size, economic sector, employment size, annual turnover; data about presence and job position of workers with disabilities and information about integration process: how diversity, especially related to people with disabilities, is incorporated into the selection, hiring and promotion policies of the company. Main results of the analyses show that the majority of Social Economy entities are in compliance with the quota requirement (84.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). However, there are some remarkable differences attending companies' characteristics. Thus, the percentage of Social Economy entities complying with the quota requirement is higher among large companies, companies in social services and dependency sectors and, by geographical area, among companies located in Andalusia or Catalonia. On the other hand, medium-sized companies, industrial ones and Social Economy entities located in Navarra or Basque Country show lower percentages of compliance with the quota requirement. This survey offers as well some qualitative information, divided into two different sections. Firstly, the analysis is focused on some aspects related to the perceptions, behaviour and culture of Social Economy entities in relation to the integration of workers with disabilities in their staffs. The aim of this section is to identify potential differences between companies who are in compliance with the quota requirement and those who do not. Some of the main results of this section are: i. Legal obligation and fiscal benefits are the main reason to hire people with disabilities for both, companies that do and do not comply with the quota requirement. ii. Companies who comply with the quota requirement recruit personnel by using employment agencies, acquaintances and relatives and online job portals more frequently than those who do not comply with the quota requirement. iii. Companies or entities who integrate inclusion and diversity (gender, cultural, racial, socio-economic, etc.) in their programmes, policies and regulations are those with a higher percentage of people with disabilities in their staff. iv. Previous experiences related to the presence of workers with disabilities seem to be the main and more important boost for Social Economy entities and companies. v. The appointment of a colleague as a support-buddy is the most important intervention to facilitate the integration of the worker with disability in the company vi. The majority of Social Economy entities do not find any difficulty related to the integration process. However, companies in compliance with the quota find more obstacles than those who do not. Among those who have faced any obstacle, main barriers are related to the adaptation to the job; emotional barriers and physical space/accommodations obstacles. Secondly, the analysis focuses on the main reasons and obstacles found by those companies and entities that do not have any employees with disabilities in their staff, aiming to get to know their reasons to not hire this collective. The main two reasons why these companies declare that they do not have any person with disability in their staff are the lack of candidates with disabilities and the lack of matching between the candidates and job positions available. Thus, results from this research highlight some key aspects that are important to bear in mind. Firstly, values shared by Social Economy entities do generate a differentiated behavior in relation to their staff composition that contributes to the social cohesion. Secondly, the implementation of instruments and active policies have a positive impact over the integration of persons with disabilities in the ordinary labour market; quota policies and fiscal incentives are named as the main facilitators. In this sense, compliance with quota legislation is not a dichotomous decision for Social Economy entities but a gradual and continuous process that starts when hiring the first worker with disability in their staffs. Thus, previous experiences related to the presence of workers with disabilities seem to be the main boost for Social Economy entities and companies. In third term, an inclusive business culture that appreciates and accepts diversity (not only related to disabilities) displays characteristics of general awareness and inclusion of workers with disabilities in Social Economy entities. The inclusion of specific measures related to disability in the diversity policies is a challenge that firms, including Social Economy ones, still has to confront. Finally, the study and dissemination of best practices among employers is also important to surpass stereotypes and prejudices, contributing to the integration of people with disabilities into the ordinary labour market. As we have seen through this study, Social Economy companies and entities that have hired people with disabilities would recommend it to other ones. And this does not only have a positive effect in terms of equity and ethical reasons, but it can also have a great impact on the image connected to the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Social Economy, also in terms of benefits related to more diverse workplaces. Further research is needed in terms of the design of policies to foster deeper integration of persons with disabilities into ordinary labour market. As observed in the results, the matching process between candidates and job positions shows some weaknesses and the existence of workers with disabilities is one of the main facilitator to increase the number of these workers in firms. Besides design and implementation of active policies towards the integration of workers with disabilities, especial attention must be given to the business culture regarding disability. The study of enablers and obstacles in all kind of firms might show different results from the ones obtained in this paper as it would include small firms, which have no quota requirements, and entities outside Social Economy, in which social cohesion might not be among their principles.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -30206,7 +34991,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {15},
   number = {13},
   doi = {10.3390/su151310329},
-  abstract = {Measuring social sustainability performance involves assessing firms' implementation of social goals, including working conditions, health and safety, employee relationships, diversity, human rights, community engagement, and philanthropy. The concept of social sustainability is closely linked to the notion of decent work, which emphasizes productive work opportunities with fair income, secure workplaces, personal development prospects, freedom of expression and association, and equal treatment for both genders. However, the tourism sector, known for its significant share of informal labor-intensive work, faces challenges that hinder the achievement of decent work, such as extended working hours, low wages, limited social protection, and gender discrimination. This study assesses the social sustainability of the Portuguese tourism industry. The study collected data from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveQuadros do Pessoal\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace statistical tables for the years 2010 to 2020 to analyze the performance of Portuguese firms in the tourism sector and compare them with one another and with the overall national performance. The study focused on indicators such as employment, wages, and work accidents. The findings reveal fluctuations in employment and remuneration within the tourism sector and high growth rates in the tourism sector compared to the national average. A persistent gender pay gap is identified, which emphasizes the need to address this issue within the tourism industry. Despite some limitations, such as the lack of comparable data on work quality globally, incomplete coverage of sustainability issues, and challenges in defining and measuring social sustainability indicators, the findings have implications for policy interventions to enhance social sustainability in the tourism industry. By prioritizing decent work, safe working conditions, and equitable pay practices, stakeholders can promote social sustainability, stakeholder relationships, and sustainable competitive advantage. Policymakers are urged to support these principles to ensure the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry and foster a more inclusive and equitable society. This study provides insights for Tourism Management, sustainable Human Resource Management, Development Studies, and organizational research, guiding industry stakeholders in promoting corporate social sustainability, firm survival, and economic growth.},
+  abstract = {Measuring social sustainability performance involves assessing firms' implementation of social goals, including working conditions, health and safety, employee relationships, diversity, human rights, community engagement, and philanthropy. The concept of social sustainability is closely linked to the notion of decent work, which emphasizes productive work opportunities with fair income, secure workplaces, personal development prospects, freedom of expression and association, and equal treatment for both genders. However, the tourism sector, known for its significant share of informal labor-intensive work, faces challenges that hinder the achievement of decent work, such as extended working hours, low wages, limited social protection, and gender discrimination. This study assesses the social sustainability of the Portuguese tourism industry. The study collected data from the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveQuadros do Pessoal{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace statistical tables for the years 2010 to 2020 to analyze the performance of Portuguese firms in the tourism sector and compare them with one another and with the overall national performance. The study focused on indicators such as employment, wages, and work accidents. The findings reveal fluctuations in employment and remuneration within the tourism sector and high growth rates in the tourism sector compared to the national average. A persistent gender pay gap is identified, which emphasizes the need to address this issue within the tourism industry. Despite some limitations, such as the lack of comparable data on work quality globally, incomplete coverage of sustainability issues, and challenges in defining and measuring social sustainability indicators, the findings have implications for policy interventions to enhance social sustainability in the tourism industry. By prioritizing decent work, safe working conditions, and equitable pay practices, stakeholders can promote social sustainability, stakeholder relationships, and sustainable competitive advantage. Policymakers are urged to support these principles to ensure the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry and foster a more inclusive and equitable society. This study provides insights for Tourism Management, sustainable Human Resource Management, Development Studies, and organizational research, guiding industry stakeholders in promoting corporate social sustainability, firm survival, and economic growth.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30295,7 +35080,7 @@ policy recc:
   doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13773},
   abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected women and threatens to overturn four decades of progress in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment. To better grasp the key areas of concern that gender inequality exists, gender studies and sex-disaggregated evidence are required. Using the PRISMA technique, this review paper is the first attempt to present a comprehensive and current picture of the gendered di-mensions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh regarding economic well-being, resource endowments, and agency. This study found that women were more likely to face hardship as widows, mothers, or sole breadwinners after the loss of husbands and male household members because of the pandemic. The evidence suggests that the advancement of women during this pandemic was hampered by poor reproductive health outcomes; girls' dropping out of school; job loss; less income; a comparable wage gap; a lack of social security; unpaid work burnout; increased emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; an increase in child marriages; and less participation in leadership and decision-making. Our study found inadequate sex-disaggregated data and gender studies on COVID-19 in Bangladesh. However, our research concludes that policies must account for gender disparities and male and female vulnerability across multiple dimensions to achieve inclusive and effective pandemic prevention and recovery.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {country::Bangladesh,region::AP,review::systematic,TODO},
+  keywords = {country::Bangladesh,integrated,out::review,region::AP,review::systematic},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2V8PME47/Sarker et al_2023_Systems thinking on the gendered impacts of COVID-19 in Bangladesh.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -30310,7 +35095,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1081--1085},
   issn = {1047-9511},
   doi = {10.1017/S1047951120001572},
-  abstract = {Background: Adults with CHD have reduced work participation rates compared to adults without CHD. We aimed to quantify employment rate among adult CHD patients in a population-based registry and to describe factors and barriers associated with work participation. Methods: We retrospectively identified adults with employment information in the North Carolina Congenital Heart Defects Surveillance Network. Employment was defined as any paid work in a given year. Logistic regression was used to examine patients' employment status during each year. Results: The registry included 1,208 adult CHD patients with a health care encounter between 2009 and 2013, of whom 1,078 had {$>$}= 1 year of data with known employment status. Overall, 401 patients (37\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were employed in their most recent registry year. On multivariable analysis, the odds of employment decreased with older age and were lower for Black as compared to White patients (odds ratio = 0.78; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.98; p = 0.030), and single as compared to married patients (odds ratio = 0.50; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.63; p {$<$} 0.001). Conclusion: In a registry where employment status was routinely captured, only 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of adult CHD patients aged 18-64 years were employed, with older patients, Black patients, and single patients being less likely to be employed. Further work is needed to consider how enhancing cardiology follow-up for adults with CHD can integrate support for employment.},
+  abstract = {Background: Adults with CHD have reduced work participation rates compared to adults without CHD. We aimed to quantify employment rate among adult CHD patients in a population-based registry and to describe factors and barriers associated with work participation. Methods: We retrospectively identified adults with employment information in the North Carolina Congenital Heart Defects Surveillance Network. Employment was defined as any paid work in a given year. Logistic regression was used to examine patients' employment status during each year. Results: The registry included 1,208 adult CHD patients with a health care encounter between 2009 and 2013, of whom 1,078 had {$>$}= 1 year of data with known employment status. Overall, 401 patients (37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were employed in their most recent registry year. On multivariable analysis, the odds of employment decreased with older age and were lower for Black as compared to White patients (odds ratio = 0.78; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.98; p = 0.030), and single as compared to married patients (odds ratio = 0.50; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.63; p {$<$} 0.001). Conclusion: In a registry where employment status was routinely captured, only 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of adult CHD patients aged 18-64 years were employed, with older patients, Black patients, and single patients being less likely to be employed. Further work is needed to consider how enhancing cardiology follow-up for adults with CHD can integrate support for employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30328,6 +35113,22 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Satink2013,
+  title = {Patients' {{Views}} on the {{Impact}} of {{Stroke}} on {{Their Roles}} and {{Self}}: {{A Thematic Synthesis}} of {{Qualitative Studies}}},
+  shorttitle = {Patients' {{Views}} on the {{Impact}} of {{Stroke}} on {{Their Roles}} and {{Self}}},
+  author = {Satink, Ton and Cup, Edith H. and Ilott, Irene and Prins, Judith and De Swart, Bert J. and {Nijhuis-van Der Sanden}, Maria W.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {94},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {1171--1183},
+  issn = {00039993},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2013.01.011},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Satoh2021,
   title = {Relationship of Attitudes toward Uncertainty and Preventive Health Behaviors with Breast Cancer Screening Participation},
   author = {Satoh, Miho and Sato, Naoko},
@@ -30337,7 +35138,23 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {21},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12905-021-01317-1},
-  abstract = {BackgroundcxsEarly detection of breast cancer is effective for prolonging survival, but the participation rate in breast cancer screening among target Japanese women remains low. This study examined the relationships between tendencies in decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, health behaviors, demographics, and breast cancer screening participation in Japanese women.MethodsSecondary analysis was performed using data from the 2017 Keio Household Panel Survey (KHPS). The study population consisted of 2945 households. Data were obtained from the KHPS for women aged 40 years or older. Breast cancer screening participation in the past year, risk aversion, time preference, health behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and medical treatment received in the past year), and demographic variables were analyzed.ResultsData from 708 women were analyzed. Among the respondents, 28.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% had attended breast cancer screening in the past year. Factors found to significantly contribute to breast cancer screening participation included higher risk aversion (odds ratio \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR], 2.34; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceCI]=1.03-5.32; p=0.043), medical treatment received in the past year (OR, 1.56; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.06-2.30; p=0.026), higher self-rated health (OR, 1.47; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.18-1.83; p=0.001), living above the poverty line (OR, 2.31; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.13-4.72; p=0.022), and having children (OR, 1.57; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.02-2.42; p=0.042). Factors significantly associated with non-participation in breast cancer screening were smoking (OR, 0.20; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.10-0.42; p{$<$}0.000), alcohol consumption (OR, 0.56; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.37-0.86; p=0.007), being self-employed (OR, 0.22; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.10-0.46; p{$<$}0.000), and being unemployed (OR, 0.48; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=0.26-0.90; p=0.022). No significant relationship was observed between time preference and screening participation.ConclusionsThe results indicate that women who recognize the actual risk of developing breast cancer or have high awareness of breast cancer prevention tend to participate in breast cancer screening. Barriers to screening participation are not working for an organization that encourages screening and low income.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundcxsEarly detection of breast cancer is effective for prolonging survival, but the participation rate in breast cancer screening among target Japanese women remains low. This study examined the relationships between tendencies in decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, health behaviors, demographics, and breast cancer screening participation in Japanese women.MethodsSecondary analysis was performed using data from the 2017 Keio Household Panel Survey (KHPS). The study population consisted of 2945 households. Data were obtained from the KHPS for women aged 40 years or older. Breast cancer screening participation in the past year, risk aversion, time preference, health behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and medical treatment received in the past year), and demographic variables were analyzed.ResultsData from 708 women were analyzed. Among the respondents, 28.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had attended breast cancer screening in the past year. Factors found to significantly contribute to breast cancer screening participation included higher risk aversion (odds ratio {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR], 2.34; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceCI]=1.03-5.32; p=0.043), medical treatment received in the past year (OR, 1.56; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.06-2.30; p=0.026), higher self-rated health (OR, 1.47; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.18-1.83; p=0.001), living above the poverty line (OR, 2.31; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.13-4.72; p=0.022), and having children (OR, 1.57; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.02-2.42; p=0.042). Factors significantly associated with non-participation in breast cancer screening were smoking (OR, 0.20; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.10-0.42; p{$<$}0.000), alcohol consumption (OR, 0.56; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.37-0.86; p=0.007), being self-employed (OR, 0.22; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.10-0.46; p{$<$}0.000), and being unemployed (OR, 0.48; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=0.26-0.90; p=0.022). No significant relationship was observed between time preference and screening participation.ConclusionsThe results indicate that women who recognize the actual risk of developing breast cancer or have high awareness of breast cancer prevention tend to participate in breast cancer screening. Barriers to screening participation are not working for an organization that encourages screening and low income.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Sauer2010,
+  title = {Assistive Technology Effects on the Employment Outcomes for People with Cognitive Disabilities: {{A}} Systematic Review},
+  shorttitle = {Assistive Technology Effects on the Employment Outcomes for People with Cognitive Disabilities},
+  author = {Sauer, Angela L. and Parks, Andra and Heyn, Patricia C.},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology},
+  volume = {5},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {377--391},
+  issn = {1748-3107, 1748-3115},
+  doi = {10.3109/17483101003746360},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30392,7 +35209,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {S23-S28},
   issn = {2211-419X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.003},
-  abstract = {Background: The burden of trauma in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is disproportionately high: LMICs account for nearly 90\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global trauma deaths. Lack of trauma data has been identified as one of the major challenges in addressing the quality of trauma care and informing injury-preventing strategies in LMICs. This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of current trauma documentation practices towards the development of a national trauma registry (TR). Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted at five regional hospitals between August 2018 and December 2018. Five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 49 participants from five regional hospitals. Participants included specialists, medical doctors, assistant medical officers, clinical officers, nurses, health clerks and information communication and technology officers. Participants came from the emergency units, surgical and orthopaedic inpatient units, and they had permanent placement to work in these units as nonrotating staff. We analysed the gathered information using a hybrid thematic analysis. Results: Inconsistent documentation and archiving system, the disparity in knowledge and experience of trauma documentation, attitudes towards documentation and limitations of human and infrastructural resources in facilities we found as major barriers to the implementation of trauma registry. Health facilities commitment to standardising care, Ministry of Health and medicolegal data reporting requirements, and insurance reimbursements criteria of documentation were found as major facilitators to implementing trauma registry. Conclusions: Implementation of a trauma registry in regional hospitals is impacted by multiple barriers related to providers, the volume of documentation, resource availability for care, and facility care flow processes. However, financial, legal and administrative data reporting requirements exist as important facilitators in implementing the trauma registry at these hospitals. Capitalizing in the identified facilitators and investing to address the revealed barriers through contextualized interventions in Tanzania and other LMICs is recommended by this study.},
+  abstract = {Background: The burden of trauma in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is disproportionately high: LMICs account for nearly 90{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the global trauma deaths. Lack of trauma data has been identified as one of the major challenges in addressing the quality of trauma care and informing injury-preventing strategies in LMICs. This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of current trauma documentation practices towards the development of a national trauma registry (TR). Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted at five regional hospitals between August 2018 and December 2018. Five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 49 participants from five regional hospitals. Participants included specialists, medical doctors, assistant medical officers, clinical officers, nurses, health clerks and information communication and technology officers. Participants came from the emergency units, surgical and orthopaedic inpatient units, and they had permanent placement to work in these units as nonrotating staff. We analysed the gathered information using a hybrid thematic analysis. Results: Inconsistent documentation and archiving system, the disparity in knowledge and experience of trauma documentation, attitudes towards documentation and limitations of human and infrastructural resources in facilities we found as major barriers to the implementation of trauma registry. Health facilities commitment to standardising care, Ministry of Health and medicolegal data reporting requirements, and insurance reimbursements criteria of documentation were found as major facilitators to implementing trauma registry. Conclusions: Implementation of a trauma registry in regional hospitals is impacted by multiple barriers related to providers, the volume of documentation, resource availability for care, and facility care flow processes. However, financial, legal and administrative data reporting requirements exist as important facilitators in implementing the trauma registry at these hospitals. Capitalizing in the identified facilitators and investing to address the revealed barriers through contextualized interventions in Tanzania and other LMICs is recommended by this study.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30405,7 +35222,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {232},
   issn = {0376-8716},
   doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109268},
-  abstract = {Background: Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) populations have current cigarette/e-cigarette/cigar use rates ranging from 32.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 39.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Importantly, while some studies have reported tobacco use as significantly higher among TGD versus cisgender individuals in multivariate analyses, others have reported no significant differences. The present study used data from wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a large, nationally representative U.S. study, to examine relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, internal and external factors, and tobacco use behaviors, with a focus on TGD individuals. Methods: Data were from 33,628 adults from the PATH study's wave 4 (collected December 2016-January 2018). Multivariable logistic regression models examined differences in current tobacco use (cigarettes, electronic nicotine products, and cigars) between TGD and cisgender individuals through the replication of previous work using PATH data, as well as evaluating the role of other internal and external factors. Results: TGD individuals were 2-3 times more likely than cisgender individuals to report current nicotine/tobacco use, even after adjustment for potential confounders. TGD individuals tended to have lower income and education and be more likely to endorse a sexual minority identity than their cisgender counterparts; meanwhile, lower income, less education, and lesbian/gay and bisexual identities were significant predictors of nicotine/tobacco use, independent of TGD identity. Conclusions: Present findings underscore the high rates of nicotine/tobacco use in the TGNC community and emphasize the necessity of TGD-focused research methods and measures, access to quality medical care, and policy aimed at minimizing marginalization and nicotine/tobacco use disparities experienced by TGD communities.},
+  abstract = {Background: Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) populations have current cigarette/e-cigarette/cigar use rates ranging from 32.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 39.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Importantly, while some studies have reported tobacco use as significantly higher among TGD versus cisgender individuals in multivariate analyses, others have reported no significant differences. The present study used data from wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a large, nationally representative U.S. study, to examine relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, internal and external factors, and tobacco use behaviors, with a focus on TGD individuals. Methods: Data were from 33,628 adults from the PATH study's wave 4 (collected December 2016-January 2018). Multivariable logistic regression models examined differences in current tobacco use (cigarettes, electronic nicotine products, and cigars) between TGD and cisgender individuals through the replication of previous work using PATH data, as well as evaluating the role of other internal and external factors. Results: TGD individuals were 2-3 times more likely than cisgender individuals to report current nicotine/tobacco use, even after adjustment for potential confounders. TGD individuals tended to have lower income and education and be more likely to endorse a sexual minority identity than their cisgender counterparts; meanwhile, lower income, less education, and lesbian/gay and bisexual identities were significant predictors of nicotine/tobacco use, independent of TGD identity. Conclusions: Present findings underscore the high rates of nicotine/tobacco use in the TGNC community and emphasize the necessity of TGD-focused research methods and measures, access to quality medical care, and policy aimed at minimizing marginalization and nicotine/tobacco use disparities experienced by TGD communities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30434,7 +35251,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {209--217},
   issn = {0003-4932},
   doi = {10.1097/SLA.0000000000004771},
-  abstract = {Objective: We aimed to determine whether gentrification predicts the movement of shooting victims over time and if this process has decreased access to care. Background: Trauma centers remain fixed in space, but the populations they serve do not. Nationally, gentrification has displaced disadvantaged communities most at risk for violent injury, potentially decreasing access to care. This process has not been studied, but an increase of only 1 mile from a trauma center increases shooting mortality up to 22\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study utilizing Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) and Pennsylvania trauma systems outcome (PTOS) data 2006-2018. Shootings were mapped and grouped into census tracts. They were then cross-mapped with gentrification data and hospital location. PPD and PTOS shooting data were compared to ensure patients requiring trauma care were captured. Census tracts with {$>$}= 500 residents with income and median home values in the bottom 40th percentile of the metropolitan area were eligible to gentrify. Tracts were gentrified if residents {$>$}= 25 with a bachelor's degree increased and home price increased to the top third in the metropolitan area. Change in distribution of shootings and its relation to gentrification was our primary outcome while proximity of shootings to a trauma center was our secondary outcome. Results: Thirty-two percent (123/379) of eligible tracts gentrified and 31,165 shootings were captured in the PPD database. 9090 (29.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) patients meeting trauma criteria were captured in PTOS with an increasing proportion over time. The proportion of shootings within gentrifying tracts significantly dropped 2006-2018 (40\textbackslash textbackslash\%-35\textbackslash textbackslash\%, P {$<$} 0.001) and increased in non-gentrifying tracts (52\textbackslash textbackslash\%-57\textbackslash textbackslash\%, P {$<$} 0.001). In evaluation of shooting densities, a predictable redistribution occurred 2006-2018 with incident density decreasing in gentrified areas and increasing in non-gentrified areas. Shootings within 1 mile of a trauma center increased overall, but proportional access decreased in gentrified areas. Conclusions: Shootings in Philadelphia predictably moved out of gentrified areas and concentrated in non-gentrified ones. In this case study of a national crisis, the pattern of change paradoxically resulted in an increased clustering of shootings around trauma centers in non-gentrified areas. Repetition of this work in other cities can guide future resource allocation and be used to improve access to trauma care.},
+  abstract = {Objective: We aimed to determine whether gentrification predicts the movement of shooting victims over time and if this process has decreased access to care. Background: Trauma centers remain fixed in space, but the populations they serve do not. Nationally, gentrification has displaced disadvantaged communities most at risk for violent injury, potentially decreasing access to care. This process has not been studied, but an increase of only 1 mile from a trauma center increases shooting mortality up to 22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study utilizing Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) and Pennsylvania trauma systems outcome (PTOS) data 2006-2018. Shootings were mapped and grouped into census tracts. They were then cross-mapped with gentrification data and hospital location. PPD and PTOS shooting data were compared to ensure patients requiring trauma care were captured. Census tracts with {$>$}= 500 residents with income and median home values in the bottom 40th percentile of the metropolitan area were eligible to gentrify. Tracts were gentrified if residents {$>$}= 25 with a bachelor's degree increased and home price increased to the top third in the metropolitan area. Change in distribution of shootings and its relation to gentrification was our primary outcome while proximity of shootings to a trauma center was our secondary outcome. Results: Thirty-two percent (123/379) of eligible tracts gentrified and 31,165 shootings were captured in the PPD database. 9090 (29.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) patients meeting trauma criteria were captured in PTOS with an increasing proportion over time. The proportion of shootings within gentrifying tracts significantly dropped 2006-2018 (40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, P {$<$} 0.001) and increased in non-gentrifying tracts (52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, P {$<$} 0.001). In evaluation of shooting densities, a predictable redistribution occurred 2006-2018 with incident density decreasing in gentrified areas and increasing in non-gentrified areas. Shootings within 1 mile of a trauma center increased overall, but proportional access decreased in gentrified areas. Conclusions: Shootings in Philadelphia predictably moved out of gentrified areas and concentrated in non-gentrified ones. In this case study of a national crisis, the pattern of change paradoxically resulted in an increased clustering of shootings around trauma centers in non-gentrified areas. Repetition of this work in other cities can guide future resource allocation and be used to improve access to trauma care.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30443,17 +35260,34 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Schaap, Rosanne and {de Wind}, Astrid and Coenen, Pieter and Proper, Karin and Boot, Cecile},
   year = {2018},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {198},
   pages = {36--45},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.015},
   abstract = {Exit from work leads to different effects on health, partially depending on the socioeconomic status (SES) of people in the work exit. Several studies on the effects of exit from work on health across socioeconomic groups have been performed, but results are conflicting. The aim of this review is to systematically review the available evidence regarding the effects of exit from work on health in high and low socioeconomic groups. A systematic literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Search terms related to exit from work, health, SES and design (prospective or retrospective). Articles were included if they focused on: exit from work (early/statutory retirement, unemployment or disability pension); health (general, physical or mental health and/or health behaviour); SES (educational, occupational and/or income level); and inclusion of stratified or interaction analyses to determine differences across socioeconomic groups. This search strategy resulted in 22 studies. For general, physical or mental health and health behaviour, 13 studies found more positive effects of exit from work on health among employees with a higher SES compared to employees with a lower SES. These effects were mainly found after early/statutory retirement. In conclusion, the effects of exit from work, or more specific the effects of early/statutory retirement on health are different across socioeconomic groups. However, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution as the studies used heterogeneous health outcomes and on each health outcome a limited number of studies was included. Yet, the positive effects of exit from work on health are mainly present in higher socioeconomic groups. Therefore, public health policies should focus on improving health of employees with a lower SES, in particular after exit from work to decrease health inequalities.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::income,outcome::health,review::systematic,TODO},
+  keywords = {inequality::income,integrated,outcome::health,review::systematic},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NP4ZY5D2/Schaap et al_2018_The effects of exit from work on health across different socioeconomic groups.pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Schaller2006,
+  title = {Transition-{{Age Adults}} with {{ADHD}}: {{Gender}} and {{Predictors}} of {{Vocational Rehabilitation Outcomes}}},
+  shorttitle = {Transition-{{Age Adults}} with {{ADHD}}},
+  author = {Schaller, James and Yang, Nancy K. and Trainor, Audrey},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling},
+  volume = {37},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {3--12},
+  issn = {0047-2220, 2639-7641},
+  doi = {10.1891/0047-2220.37.1.3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Differences in rates of case closure, case service cost, hours worked per week, and weekly wage between White males and females with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder were examined using the Rehabilitation Service Administration national data base of 2002. Females had statistically significantly higher case service costs than males. Using logistic regression, the customer demographic variable related to successful competitive employment for males was age. Case service variables related to successful competitive employment for males were vocational rehabilitation counseling, job search assistance, and job placement. The customer case service variable related to successful competitive employment for females was job search assistance. Implications for rehabilitation professionals and for future research on vocational rehabilitation outcomes with consumers with ADHD are provided.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @book{Scharr2014,
   title = {{{YOUTH LIVING IN SOCIAL HOUSING AREAS ACHIEVING EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL ENTERPRISES}}},
   author = {Scharr, Salote and Bartlett, Brendan},
@@ -30462,7 +35296,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {ICERI2014: 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION},
   series = {{{ICERI Proceedings}}},
   issn = {2340-1095},
-  abstract = {The rates of disengagement from school and youth unemployment rates continue to rise in Australia and internationally. Social enterprises, that is, intermediate labour market programs guided by a social mission, are one method that is successfully addressing these issues and assisting young people to obtain employment in the open labour market or to re-engage with education. BoysTown is a not-for-profit organisation that operates social enterprises for marginalised young people in lower socioeconomic areas which contain high concentration of social housing estates. The social housing in Australia is managed by State Government who view the type of housing as welfare accommodation for low income earners or people with support need. Griffith University collaborated with BoysTown on an Australian Research Council linkage project to assess the personal development outcomes as well as the employment and education outcomes achieved by young people in the social enterprises. Of the 542 participants in the study, 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% (n = 126) were living in social housing. The focus of this paper will be on this cohort and the social enterprise work that they do in social housing areas. These participants were dealing with barriers such as intergenerational unemployment, limited work history, early school leaving, and low qualifications. Surveys implemented with young people at their entry and exit points of the social enterprises indicated statistically significant improvements in a range of psycho-social and cultural as well as cognitive-motivational outcomes for participant. Furthermore, a high number of these young people achieved employment and education outcomes. The findings of this study support the use of social enterprises in engaging young people from social housing and assisting them to obtain employment and education outcomes.},
+  abstract = {The rates of disengagement from school and youth unemployment rates continue to rise in Australia and internationally. Social enterprises, that is, intermediate labour market programs guided by a social mission, are one method that is successfully addressing these issues and assisting young people to obtain employment in the open labour market or to re-engage with education. BoysTown is a not-for-profit organisation that operates social enterprises for marginalised young people in lower socioeconomic areas which contain high concentration of social housing estates. The social housing in Australia is managed by State Government who view the type of housing as welfare accommodation for low income earners or people with support need. Griffith University collaborated with BoysTown on an Australian Research Council linkage project to assess the personal development outcomes as well as the employment and education outcomes achieved by young people in the social enterprises. Of the 542 participants in the study, 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (n = 126) were living in social housing. The focus of this paper will be on this cohort and the social enterprise work that they do in social housing areas. These participants were dealing with barriers such as intergenerational unemployment, limited work history, early school leaving, and low qualifications. Surveys implemented with young people at their entry and exit points of the social enterprises indicated statistically significant improvements in a range of psycho-social and cultural as well as cognitive-motivational outcomes for participant. Furthermore, a high number of these young people achieved employment and education outcomes. The findings of this study support the use of social enterprises in engaging young people from social housing and assisting them to obtain employment and education outcomes.},
   isbn = {978-84-617-2484-0},
   langid = {english},
   note = {7th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, SPAIN, NOV 17-19, 2014}
@@ -30479,7 +35313,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {843--860},
   issn = {0011-3921},
   doi = {10.1177/0011392120969763},
-  abstract = {Domestic labour has been historically undervalued. This article focuses on organizations of women who perform this activity - housewives and paid domestic workers - and their demands for recognition and rights, arguing that despite their shared interests, there are differences that interrupt their common experiences and add tension to their interactions. Drawing on interviews and participant observations, this article analyses the relationship between paid domestic workers' and housewives' organizations in Uruguay and Paraguay, highlighting social divisions around the distribution of domestic labour and discussing how the articulation of differences can lead either to further reproducing inequalities between these groups, or to contesting and overcoming them. The contrast between the cases shows how \textbackslash textasciigraveracialized' contexts use ethnic differences to naturalize the undervaluing of domestic workers, overlooking similarities and hindering collaboration between groups.},
+  abstract = {Domestic labour has been historically undervalued. This article focuses on organizations of women who perform this activity - housewives and paid domestic workers - and their demands for recognition and rights, arguing that despite their shared interests, there are differences that interrupt their common experiences and add tension to their interactions. Drawing on interviews and participant observations, this article analyses the relationship between paid domestic workers' and housewives' organizations in Uruguay and Paraguay, highlighting social divisions around the distribution of domestic labour and discussing how the articulation of differences can lead either to further reproducing inequalities between these groups, or to contesting and overcoming them. The contrast between the cases shows how {\textbackslash}textasciigraveracialized' contexts use ethnic differences to naturalize the undervaluing of domestic workers, overlooking similarities and hindering collaboration between groups.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30494,7 +35328,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {36--55},
   issn = {0041-4751},
   doi = {10.17159/2224-7912/2018/v58n1a3},
-  abstract = {The concepts social fabric and social cohesion refer to complex and interdependent systems that exist in a community. Social cohesion includes aspects such as the level of respect people have for each other, people's experiences of belonging, identification with the community, identity, their experiences of social justice, and participation. Social cohesion is further evident in the extent that people are accepting each other, taking responsibility for themselves and others and providing safety and security. South Africa's political and racially-based history and the current high poverty and inequality do not provide a conducive context for a cohesive society. This is evident in the high prevalence of poverty, unemployment, crime, substance dependency and the neglect and abuse of women and children. Facilitating a socially cohesive society is high on the agenda of the current government, but the current policy frameworks and institutional structures cannot create a socially cohesive society. Failing to create a socially cohesive South African society is evident in the more than 50 000 day labourers who are standing on the street corners of our cities and towns daily, with the hope to access a job and an income for the day. Day labourers are unemployed people, mostly men, making a living by selling their labour and skills on the street corners of South African cities and towns. The growing number of day labourers who make a living in the informal economy is a clear indication that South Africa cannot absorb the unemployed in the formal economy. In particular, South Africa is unable to accommodate the low-skilled and uneducated labourers in the formal labour market. To make a living and survive in the informal economy imply an insecure existence. The aim of the article is to describe the socio-economic profile of the 3 830 day labourers interviewed during the first national study in South Africa as a case study that illustrates the vulnerability of the social cohesion and social fabric of poor families and communities surviving in the informal economy. The national study was implemented in two phases. The first phase lasted approximately two years, which were spent travelling throughout South Africa to determine on which street corners and open spaces the day labourers are standing in the cities and towns of South Africa. This reconnaissance phase of the study resulted in the estimation that there are at least 50 000 day labourers occupying street corners of South African towns and cities daily. The second, or fieldwork, phase of the research consisted of the completion of 3 830 interviews with day labourers throughout South Africa during 2007 and 2008. In this phase, the authors developed the survey instrument, recruited field workers, provided appropriate training and tested the questionnaire. This was followed by the sampling, where a combination of cluster and snowball sampling was used to proportionally represent the research population. A representative sample of approximately 9\textbackslash textbackslash\% enabled meaningful statistical analysis. All ethical principles were adhered to. The questionnaires were completed with the assistance of well-trained fieldworkers who were fluent in the languages spoken by the day labourers. The results of the study show that, given the high unemployment rate and slow economic growth in South Africa, the informal economy and day labouring are here to stay and should be supported with relevant facilitating policies and institutions/structures. Day labouring is furthermore a survivalist strategy and it implies an irregular income. It became clear that the day labourers in general have very low education and skills levels and will not be able to access formal labour in the current economic climate. Day labourers are the result of a vulnerable socially exclusive society. It will remain in an increasingly vulnerable exclusive society if not addressed through the implementation of policies and practices that will enhance social cohesion and strengthen the social fabric of the South African society.},
+  abstract = {The concepts social fabric and social cohesion refer to complex and interdependent systems that exist in a community. Social cohesion includes aspects such as the level of respect people have for each other, people's experiences of belonging, identification with the community, identity, their experiences of social justice, and participation. Social cohesion is further evident in the extent that people are accepting each other, taking responsibility for themselves and others and providing safety and security. South Africa's political and racially-based history and the current high poverty and inequality do not provide a conducive context for a cohesive society. This is evident in the high prevalence of poverty, unemployment, crime, substance dependency and the neglect and abuse of women and children. Facilitating a socially cohesive society is high on the agenda of the current government, but the current policy frameworks and institutional structures cannot create a socially cohesive society. Failing to create a socially cohesive South African society is evident in the more than 50 000 day labourers who are standing on the street corners of our cities and towns daily, with the hope to access a job and an income for the day. Day labourers are unemployed people, mostly men, making a living by selling their labour and skills on the street corners of South African cities and towns. The growing number of day labourers who make a living in the informal economy is a clear indication that South Africa cannot absorb the unemployed in the formal economy. In particular, South Africa is unable to accommodate the low-skilled and uneducated labourers in the formal labour market. To make a living and survive in the informal economy imply an insecure existence. The aim of the article is to describe the socio-economic profile of the 3 830 day labourers interviewed during the first national study in South Africa as a case study that illustrates the vulnerability of the social cohesion and social fabric of poor families and communities surviving in the informal economy. The national study was implemented in two phases. The first phase lasted approximately two years, which were spent travelling throughout South Africa to determine on which street corners and open spaces the day labourers are standing in the cities and towns of South Africa. This reconnaissance phase of the study resulted in the estimation that there are at least 50 000 day labourers occupying street corners of South African towns and cities daily. The second, or fieldwork, phase of the research consisted of the completion of 3 830 interviews with day labourers throughout South Africa during 2007 and 2008. In this phase, the authors developed the survey instrument, recruited field workers, provided appropriate training and tested the questionnaire. This was followed by the sampling, where a combination of cluster and snowball sampling was used to proportionally represent the research population. A representative sample of approximately 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% enabled meaningful statistical analysis. All ethical principles were adhered to. The questionnaires were completed with the assistance of well-trained fieldworkers who were fluent in the languages spoken by the day labourers. The results of the study show that, given the high unemployment rate and slow economic growth in South Africa, the informal economy and day labouring are here to stay and should be supported with relevant facilitating policies and institutions/structures. Day labouring is furthermore a survivalist strategy and it implies an irregular income. It became clear that the day labourers in general have very low education and skills levels and will not be able to access formal labour in the current economic climate. Day labourers are the result of a vulnerable socially exclusive society. It will remain in an increasingly vulnerable exclusive society if not addressed through the implementation of policies and practices that will enhance social cohesion and strengthen the social fabric of the South African society.},
   langid = {afrikaans}
 }
 
@@ -30508,7 +35342,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {1},
   pages = {78--154},
   issn = {0044-0094},
-  abstract = {America has become a nation of homebodies. Rates of interstate mobility, by most estimates, have been falling for decades. Interstate mobility rates are particularly low and stagnant among disadvantaged groups despite a growing connection between mobility and economic opportunity. Perhaps most importantly, mobility is declining in regions where it is needed most. Americans are not leaving places hit by economic crises, resulting in unemployment rates and low wages that linger in these areas for decades. And people are not moving to rich regions where the highest wages are available. This Article advances two central claims. First, declining interstate mobility rates create problems for federal macroeconomic policymaking. Low rates of interstate mobility make it harder for the Federal Reserve to meet both sides of its \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedual mandate\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace: ensuring both stable prices and maximum employment. Low interstate mobility rates also impair the efficacy and affordability of federal safety net programs that rely on state and local participation, and reduce wealth and growth by inhibiting agglomeration economies. While determining an optimal rate of interstate mobility is difficult, policies that unnaturally inhibit interstate moves worsen national economic problems. Second, the Article argues that governments, mostly at the state and local levels, have created a huge number of legal barriers to interstate mobility. Land-use laws and occupational licensing regimes limit entry into local and state labor markets. Different eligibility standards for public benefits, public employee pension policies, homeownership subsidies, state and local tax regimes, and even basic property law rules inhibit exit from low-opportunity states and cities. Furthermore, building codes, mobile home bans, federal location-based subsidies, legal constraints on knocking down houses, and the problematic structure of Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy all limit the capacity of failing cities to \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveshrink\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace gracefully, directly reducing exit among some populations and increasing the economic and social costs of entry limits elsewhere. Combining these two insights, the Article shows that big questions of macroeconomic policy and performance turn on the content of state and local policies usually analyzed using microeconomic tools. Many of the legal barriers to interstate mobility emerged or became stricter during the period in which interstate mobility declined. While causation is difficult to determine, public policies developed by state and local governments more interested in guaranteeing local population stability than ensuring successful macroeconomic conditions either generated or failed to stymie falling mobility rates. The Article concludes by suggesting how the federal government could address stagnation in interstate mobility.},
+  abstract = {America has become a nation of homebodies. Rates of interstate mobility, by most estimates, have been falling for decades. Interstate mobility rates are particularly low and stagnant among disadvantaged groups despite a growing connection between mobility and economic opportunity. Perhaps most importantly, mobility is declining in regions where it is needed most. Americans are not leaving places hit by economic crises, resulting in unemployment rates and low wages that linger in these areas for decades. And people are not moving to rich regions where the highest wages are available. This Article advances two central claims. First, declining interstate mobility rates create problems for federal macroeconomic policymaking. Low rates of interstate mobility make it harder for the Federal Reserve to meet both sides of its {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedual mandate{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace: ensuring both stable prices and maximum employment. Low interstate mobility rates also impair the efficacy and affordability of federal safety net programs that rely on state and local participation, and reduce wealth and growth by inhibiting agglomeration economies. While determining an optimal rate of interstate mobility is difficult, policies that unnaturally inhibit interstate moves worsen national economic problems. Second, the Article argues that governments, mostly at the state and local levels, have created a huge number of legal barriers to interstate mobility. Land-use laws and occupational licensing regimes limit entry into local and state labor markets. Different eligibility standards for public benefits, public employee pension policies, homeownership subsidies, state and local tax regimes, and even basic property law rules inhibit exit from low-opportunity states and cities. Furthermore, building codes, mobile home bans, federal location-based subsidies, legal constraints on knocking down houses, and the problematic structure of Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy all limit the capacity of failing cities to {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveshrink{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace gracefully, directly reducing exit among some populations and increasing the economic and social costs of entry limits elsewhere. Combining these two insights, the Article shows that big questions of macroeconomic policy and performance turn on the content of state and local policies usually analyzed using microeconomic tools. Many of the legal barriers to interstate mobility emerged or became stricter during the period in which interstate mobility declined. While causation is difficult to determine, public policies developed by state and local governments more interested in guaranteeing local population stability than ensuring successful macroeconomic conditions either generated or failed to stymie falling mobility rates. The Article concludes by suggesting how the federal government could address stagnation in interstate mobility.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30533,7 +35367,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Schmidt, Andrea E.},
   year = {2017},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {25},
   number = {2},
   pages = {514--526},
@@ -30567,7 +35401,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {S86-S91},
   issn = {0003-9993},
   doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.022},
-  abstract = {Objective: To examine differences in long-term social reintegration outcomes for burn survivors with and without work-related injuries. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Community-dwelling burn survivors. Participants: Burn survivors (N=601) aged {$>$}= 18 years with injuries to {$>$}= 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% total body surface area or burns to critical areas (hands, feet, face, or genitals). Interventions: Not applicable. Main outcome measures: The Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile was used to examine the following previously validated 6 scale scores of social participation: Family and Friends, Social Interactions, Social Activities, Work and Employment, Romantic Relationships, and Sexual Relationships. Results: Older participants, those who were married, and men were more likely to be burned at work (P{$<$}.01). Burn survivors who were injured at work scored significantly lower on the Work and Employment scale score after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (P=.01). All other domain scale scores demonstrated no significant differences between groups. Individuals with work-related injuries scored significantly worse on 6 of the 19 items within the Work and Employment scale (P{$<$}.05). These individuals were more likely to report that they were afraid to go to work and felt limited in their ability to perform at work. Conclusions: Burn survivors with work-related injuries report worse work reintegration outcomes than those without work-related injuries. Identification of those at higher risk for work reintegration challenges after burn injury may enable survivors, providers, employers, and insurers to better use appropriate resources to promote and target optimal employment outcomes. (C) 2017 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To examine differences in long-term social reintegration outcomes for burn survivors with and without work-related injuries. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Community-dwelling burn survivors. Participants: Burn survivors (N=601) aged {$>$}= 18 years with injuries to {$>$}= 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% total body surface area or burns to critical areas (hands, feet, face, or genitals). Interventions: Not applicable. Main outcome measures: The Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation Profile was used to examine the following previously validated 6 scale scores of social participation: Family and Friends, Social Interactions, Social Activities, Work and Employment, Romantic Relationships, and Sexual Relationships. Results: Older participants, those who were married, and men were more likely to be burned at work (P{$<$}.01). Burn survivors who were injured at work scored significantly lower on the Work and Employment scale score after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (P=.01). All other domain scale scores demonstrated no significant differences between groups. Individuals with work-related injuries scored significantly worse on 6 of the 19 items within the Work and Employment scale (P{$<$}.05). These individuals were more likely to report that they were afraid to go to work and felt limited in their ability to perform at work. Conclusions: Burn survivors with work-related injuries report worse work reintegration outcomes than those without work-related injuries. Identification of those at higher risk for work reintegration challenges after burn injury may enable survivors, providers, employers, and insurers to better use appropriate resources to promote and target optimal employment outcomes. (C) 2017 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {48th Annual Meeting of the American-Burn-Association, Las Vegas, NV, MAY 03-07, 2016}
 }
@@ -30613,7 +35447,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {533--555},
   issn = {1056-263X},
   doi = {10.1007/s10882-015-9435-3},
-  abstract = {Effective self-advocacy skills have been shown to positively influence lifetime outcomes of d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals. The literature suggests that many DHH individuals may be underprepared to effectively self-advocate in post-secondary settings due to a lack of effective training and opportunity. Vocational rehabilitation counselors (VRCs) who work with and serve DHH consumers are in a unique position to support their clients' self-advocacy skill building, especially during the transition into the workforce and other post-secondary settings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how VRC's promote the self-advocacy knowledge and skills of their DHH consumers within post-secondary employment and educational contexts. Additionally, this study explored how VRC's facilitated self-advocacy opportunities for their clients at broader systems-levels. Utilizing a grounded theory approach, data from semi-structured interviews with 10 VRCs working specifically with DHH clients was analyzed. Selective coding procedures revealed sixteen thematic strategies used by VRCs at both the individual and systems level, including defining of necessary self-advocacy skills, linguistic skill building, provision of full communication access, comprehension monitoring, both informal and formal self-advocacy assessments, direct modeling of advocacy skill, self-advocacy skills programming and counseling, an overall gauging of client \textbackslash textasciigravereadiness to advocate', identification of advocacy opportunity at the system-level, and employer education. Implications and future directions are discussed.},
+  abstract = {Effective self-advocacy skills have been shown to positively influence lifetime outcomes of d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals. The literature suggests that many DHH individuals may be underprepared to effectively self-advocate in post-secondary settings due to a lack of effective training and opportunity. Vocational rehabilitation counselors (VRCs) who work with and serve DHH consumers are in a unique position to support their clients' self-advocacy skill building, especially during the transition into the workforce and other post-secondary settings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how VRC's promote the self-advocacy knowledge and skills of their DHH consumers within post-secondary employment and educational contexts. Additionally, this study explored how VRC's facilitated self-advocacy opportunities for their clients at broader systems-levels. Utilizing a grounded theory approach, data from semi-structured interviews with 10 VRCs working specifically with DHH clients was analyzed. Selective coding procedures revealed sixteen thematic strategies used by VRCs at both the individual and systems level, including defining of necessary self-advocacy skills, linguistic skill building, provision of full communication access, comprehension monitoring, both informal and formal self-advocacy assessments, direct modeling of advocacy skill, self-advocacy skills programming and counseling, an overall gauging of client {\textbackslash}textasciigravereadiness to advocate', identification of advocacy opportunity at the system-level, and employer education. Implications and future directions are discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30627,7 +35461,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {5},
   issn = {2044-6055},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024823},
-  abstract = {Objective The study investigates the trends in health-related inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions. Design Individual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data (2005-2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Setting 26 European countries in 5 European regions. Participants 1 844 915 individuals aged 30-59 years were selected with information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age and gender. Outcome measures Absolute differences were expressed by absolute differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment, using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to examine the trends of inequalities. Results Participants with a chronic illness had consistently lower labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within lower educated (men 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%-35\textbackslash textbackslash\%, women 10\textbackslash textbackslash\%-31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than within higher educated (men 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%-13\textbackslash textbackslash\%, women 6\textbackslash textbackslash\%-16\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Relative differences showed that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4-1.9 times (women 1.3-1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1-1.2 among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons. Conclusions Men and women with a chronic illness have considerable less access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will increase health inequalities.},
+  abstract = {Objective The study investigates the trends in health-related inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions. Design Individual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data (2005-2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Setting 26 European countries in 5 European regions. Participants 1 844 915 individuals aged 30-59 years were selected with information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age and gender. Outcome measures Absolute differences were expressed by absolute differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment, using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to examine the trends of inequalities. Results Participants with a chronic illness had consistently lower labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within lower educated (men 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, women 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) than within higher educated (men 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, women 6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Relative differences showed that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4-1.9 times (women 1.3-1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1-1.2 among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons. Conclusions Men and women with a chronic illness have considerable less access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will increase health inequalities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30646,6 +35480,20 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Schreuer2009,
+  title = {Workplace Accommodations: {{Occupational}} Therapists as Mediators in the Interactive Process},
+  shorttitle = {Workplace Accommodations},
+  author = {Schreuer, Naomi and Myhill, William N. and {Aratan-Bergman}, Tal and Samant, Deepti and Blanck, Peter},
+  year = {2009},
+  journal = {Work},
+  volume = {34},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {149--160},
+  issn = {10519815},
+  doi = {10.3233/WOR-2009-0913},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Schroeder2000,
   title = {Spatial {{Constraints}} on {{Women}}'s {{Work}} in {{Tarija}}, {{Bolivia}}},
   author = {Schroeder, Kathleen},
@@ -30662,6 +35510,22 @@ policy recc:
   urldate = {2023-11-20}
 }
 
+@article{Schultz1990,
+  title = {Women's {{Changing Participation}} in the {{Labor Force}}: {{A World Perspective}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women's {{Changing Participation}} in the {{Labor Force}}},
+  author = {Schultz, T. Paul},
+  year = {1990},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
+  volume = {38},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {457--488},
+  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
+  doi = {10.1086/451811},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Schur2017,
   title = {Disability at {{Work}}: {{A Look Back}} and {{Forward}}},
   author = {Schur, Lisa and Han, Kyongji and Kim, Andrea and Ameri, Mason and Blanck, Peter and Kruse, Douglas},
@@ -30677,17 +35541,32 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Schuring2015,
+  title = {Educational Differences in Trajectories of Self-Rated Health before, during, and after Entering or Leaving Paid Employment in the {{European}} Workforce},
+  author = {Schuring, Merel and Robroek, Suzan J W and Lingsma, Hester F and Burdorf, Alex},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment \& Health},
+  volume = {41},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {441--450},
+  issn = {0355-3140, 1795-990X},
+  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3514},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Schuring2019,
   title = {The Contribution of Health to Educational Inequalities in Exit from Paid Employment in Five {{European}} Regions},
   author = {Schuring, Merel and Schram, Jolinda L. D. and Robroek, Suzan J. W. and Burdorf, Alex},
   year = {2019},
-  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {45},
   number = {4},
   pages = {346--355},
   issn = {0355-3140},
   doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3796},
-  abstract = {Objectives The primary aim of this study was to investigate educational inequalities in health-related exit from paid employment through different pathways in five European regions. A secondary objective was to estimate the proportion of different routes out of paid employment that can be attributed to poor health across educational groups in five European regions. Methods Longitudinal data from 2005 up to 2014 were obtained from the four-year rotating panel of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), including 337 444 persons with 1 056 779 observations from 25 countries. Cox proportional hazards models with censoring for competing events were used to examine associations between health problems and exit from paid employment. The population attributable fraction was calculated to quantify the impact of health problems on labor force exit. Results In all European regions, lower-educated workers had higher risks of leaving paid employment due to disability benefits \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracerelative inequality (RI) 3.3-6.2] and unemployment (RI 1.9-4.5) than those with higher education. The fraction of exit from paid employment that could be attributed to poor health varied between the five European regions among lower-educated persons from 0.06-0.21 and among higher-educated workers from 0.03-0.09. The disadvantaged position of lower-educated persons on the labor market was primarily due to a higher prevalence of poor health. Conclusion In all European regions, educational inequalities exist in health-related exclusion from paid employment. Policy measures are needed to reduce educational inequalities in exit from paid employment due to poor health.},
+  abstract = {Objectives The primary aim of this study was to investigate educational inequalities in health-related exit from paid employment through different pathways in five European regions. A secondary objective was to estimate the proportion of different routes out of paid employment that can be attributed to poor health across educational groups in five European regions. Methods Longitudinal data from 2005 up to 2014 were obtained from the four-year rotating panel of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), including 337 444 persons with 1 056 779 observations from 25 countries. Cox proportional hazards models with censoring for competing events were used to examine associations between health problems and exit from paid employment. The population attributable fraction was calculated to quantify the impact of health problems on labor force exit. Results In all European regions, lower-educated workers had higher risks of leaving paid employment due to disability benefits {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracerelative inequality (RI) 3.3-6.2] and unemployment (RI 1.9-4.5) than those with higher education. The fraction of exit from paid employment that could be attributed to poor health varied between the five European regions among lower-educated persons from 0.06-0.21 and among higher-educated workers from 0.03-0.09. The disadvantaged position of lower-educated persons on the labor market was primarily due to a higher prevalence of poor health. Conclusion In all European regions, educational inequalities exist in health-related exclusion from paid employment. Policy measures are needed to reduce educational inequalities in exit from paid employment due to poor health.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30702,7 +35581,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {993--1026},
   issn = {1488-3473},
   doi = {10.1007/s12134-019-00682-z},
-  abstract = {This study uses information about the legal status upon arrival to study long-term labor market effects of residency status. I find that immigrants who arrived with a job commitment in Germany gain a long-term income advantage of 18.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% compared with other migration groups. The results underline the importance of initial conditions at arrival for the labor market integration of immigrants. In fact, the residency status at arrival affects employment status and labor market income after decades, while selective out-migration and observable selection are taken into account. Further examinations demonstrate that the effects are driven by occupational choice and education. In particular, immigrants with middle or high education and immigrants employed in white-collar or public service jobs benefit from a job commitment at arrival. The income penalty of asylum seekers is found in each education group.},
+  abstract = {This study uses information about the legal status upon arrival to study long-term labor market effects of residency status. I find that immigrants who arrived with a job commitment in Germany gain a long-term income advantage of 18.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% compared with other migration groups. The results underline the importance of initial conditions at arrival for the labor market integration of immigrants. In fact, the residency status at arrival affects employment status and labor market income after decades, while selective out-migration and observable selection are taken into account. Further examinations demonstrate that the effects are driven by occupational choice and education. In particular, immigrants with middle or high education and immigrants employed in white-collar or public service jobs benefit from a job commitment at arrival. The income penalty of asylum seekers is found in each education group.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30717,7 +35596,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1524--1557},
   issn = {0002-9602},
   doi = {10.1086/651373},
-  abstract = {Increases in the association between spouses' earnings have the potential to increase inequality as marriages increasingly consist of two high-earning or two low-earning partners. This article uses log-linear models and data from the March Current Population Survey to describe trends in the association between spouses' earnings and estimate their contribution to growing earnings inequality among married couples from 1967 to 2005. The results indicate that increases in earnings inequality would have been about 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%-30\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower than observed in the absence of changes in the association, depending on the inequality measure used. Three components of these changes and how they vary across the earnings distribution are explored.},
+  abstract = {Increases in the association between spouses' earnings have the potential to increase inequality as marriages increasingly consist of two high-earning or two low-earning partners. This article uses log-linear models and data from the March Current Population Survey to describe trends in the association between spouses' earnings and estimate their contribution to growing earnings inequality among married couples from 1967 to 2005. The results indicate that increases in earnings inequality would have been about 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%-30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower than observed in the absence of changes in the association, depending on the inequality measure used. Three components of these changes and how they vary across the earnings distribution are explored.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30747,7 +35626,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1292--1310},
   issn = {1369-183X},
   doi = {10.1080/1369183X.2021.1987206},
-  abstract = {EU labour migrants enjoy comprehensive social rights while migrating within the block. However, research from various member states documents the presence of EU migrants who lack access to welfare support despite having lived and worked in these countries for years. This article explores why some EU migrants are excluded from welfare support despite a history of labour market participation in the host country. The phenomenon is studied through the lens of precarity, focusing on the nexus between precarious working conditions and migrants' social rights. Based on participant observation and interviews with Polish labour migrants who struggled to access welfare benefits in Norway, the article shows, how precarious working conditions, including unstable employment, and work exploitation, such as wage theft, tax evasion and other breaches of Norwegian labour laws, function as barriers to successful benefit claims. Previous research has highlighted a divide in EU citizenship between labour migrants, who enjoy comprehensive social rights, and \textbackslash textasciigraveeconomically inactive' migrants, who have no or very limited social rights. This article argues that the divide runs through the working migrant population, protecting migrants in secure and stable employment while failing those in precarious work.},
+  abstract = {EU labour migrants enjoy comprehensive social rights while migrating within the block. However, research from various member states documents the presence of EU migrants who lack access to welfare support despite having lived and worked in these countries for years. This article explores why some EU migrants are excluded from welfare support despite a history of labour market participation in the host country. The phenomenon is studied through the lens of precarity, focusing on the nexus between precarious working conditions and migrants' social rights. Based on participant observation and interviews with Polish labour migrants who struggled to access welfare benefits in Norway, the article shows, how precarious working conditions, including unstable employment, and work exploitation, such as wage theft, tax evasion and other breaches of Norwegian labour laws, function as barriers to successful benefit claims. Previous research has highlighted a divide in EU citizenship between labour migrants, who enjoy comprehensive social rights, and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeconomically inactive' migrants, who have no or very limited social rights. This article argues that the divide runs through the working migrant population, protecting migrants in secure and stable employment while failing those in precarious work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30776,7 +35655,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {195--215},
   issn = {0738-0577},
   doi = {10.1080/07380577.2018.1491083},
-  abstract = {This descriptive study, consisting of a survey followed by semi-structured interviews, sought to describe the practice patterns and perceived competencies of occupational therapy practitioners in the provision of return to work (RTW) services for stroke survivors. Respondents (n = 119) were mostly occupational therapists (95\textbackslash textbackslash\%) working in outpatient settings (61\textbackslash textbackslash\%); 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported a caseload of mostly stroke survivors; and most addressing RTW (60\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Respondents focused predominantly on remediation of cognitive and physical skills and less on actual work performance and supports. Respondents assert occupational therapy's role in RTW for stroke survivors but generally reported limited competencies and low utilization of evidence-based approaches and theoretical models when addressing RTW. Systems, organizational support, and practitioner factors emerged as barriers and facilitators to RTW service provision. This study suggests there may be a critical gap in practitioners' RTW competencies with profound implications for entry-level education, professional development, advocacy, and research.},
+  abstract = {This descriptive study, consisting of a survey followed by semi-structured interviews, sought to describe the practice patterns and perceived competencies of occupational therapy practitioners in the provision of return to work (RTW) services for stroke survivors. Respondents (n = 119) were mostly occupational therapists (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) working in outpatient settings (61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); 47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported a caseload of mostly stroke survivors; and most addressing RTW (60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Respondents focused predominantly on remediation of cognitive and physical skills and less on actual work performance and supports. Respondents assert occupational therapy's role in RTW for stroke survivors but generally reported limited competencies and low utilization of evidence-based approaches and theoretical models when addressing RTW. Systems, organizational support, and practitioner factors emerged as barriers and facilitators to RTW service provision. This study suggests there may be a critical gap in practitioners' RTW competencies with profound implications for entry-level education, professional development, advocacy, and research.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30791,16 +35670,16 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {861--893},
   issn = {0167-5923},
   doi = {10.1007/s11113-021-09652-9},
-  abstract = {An estimated 7.8 million people live and work in the United States without authorized status. We examined the extent to which legal status makes them vulnerable to employment discrimination despite technically being protected under labor laws. We used three decades of data from the nationally representative National Agricultural Workers Survey, which provides four categories of self-reported legal status. We first investigated how legal status affected the wages and income of Mexican immigrant farmworkers using linear regression analyses. Then, we used Blinder-Oaxaca models to decompose the wage and income gap across the 1989 to 2016 period, categorized into five eras. Unauthorized farmworkers earned significantly lower wages and income compared to those with citizen status, though the gap narrowed over time. Approximately 57\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the wage gap across the entire period was unexplained by compositional characteristics. While the unauthorized/citizen wage gap narrowed across eras, the unexplained proportion increased substantially-from approximately 52\textbackslash textbackslash\% to 93\textbackslash textbackslash\%. That the unexplained proportion expanded during eras with increased immigration enforcement and greater migrant selectivity supports claims that unauthorized status functions as a defining social position. This evidence points to the need for immigration reform that better supports fair labor practices for immigrants.},
+  abstract = {An estimated 7.8 million people live and work in the United States without authorized status. We examined the extent to which legal status makes them vulnerable to employment discrimination despite technically being protected under labor laws. We used three decades of data from the nationally representative National Agricultural Workers Survey, which provides four categories of self-reported legal status. We first investigated how legal status affected the wages and income of Mexican immigrant farmworkers using linear regression analyses. Then, we used Blinder-Oaxaca models to decompose the wage and income gap across the 1989 to 2016 period, categorized into five eras. Unauthorized farmworkers earned significantly lower wages and income compared to those with citizen status, though the gap narrowed over time. Approximately 57{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the wage gap across the entire period was unexplained by compositional characteristics. While the unauthorized/citizen wage gap narrowed across eras, the unexplained proportion increased substantially-from approximately 52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 93{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. That the unexplained proportion expanded during eras with increased immigration enforcement and greater migrant selectivity supports claims that unauthorized status functions as a defining social position. This evidence points to the need for immigration reform that better supports fair labor practices for immigrants.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Scott2023,
-  title = {From \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigravePin Money}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' to {{Careers}}: {{Britain}}'s {{Late Move}} to {{Equal Pay}}, {{Its Consequences}}, and {{Broader Implications}}},
+  title = {From {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigravePin Money}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' to {{Careers}}: {{Britain}}'s {{Late Move}} to {{Equal Pay}}, {{Its Consequences}}, and {{Broader Implications}}},
   author = {Scott, Peter},
   year = {2023},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {ENTERPRISE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {ENTERPRISE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   issn = {1467-2227},
   doi = {10.1017/eso.2022.44},
   abstract = {Despite its importance to gender inequality, household incomes, and labor markets, the reasons behind Britain being one of the last major Western nations to introduce equal pay have been relatively neglected. This article first examines the campaign for equal pay from the late Victorian era to its eventual introduction in 1970. Economists predicted that equal pay would produce substantial female unemployment, but policy makers correctly doubted this-as data collected from early adopters in West Europe and North America showed no significant rise in female unemployment. Female employment rose substantially during Britain's equal pay implementation-while, in contrast to broadly static earnings differentials from 1950 to 1970, there was a significant reduction in the gender pay gap, followed by a longer-term trend of narrowing differentials. This article explores why equal pay expanded female employment, given the absence of any sudden rise in women workers productivity or substantial acceleration of structural change in favor of female-employing sectors. The article finds that equal pay compelled employers to reevaluate the real worth of female workers based on their substantial relative human capital growth since 1945. This had not hitherto been reflected in relative earnings, owing to barriers such as segmented labor markets, monopsonistic employers, and collective bargaining procedures that fossilized traditional gender pay differentials.},
@@ -30818,7 +35697,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {719--740},
   issn = {0971-7927},
   doi = {10.1007/s41027-020-00242-5},
-  abstract = {This paper investigates the factors influencing poverty transitions among rural households. There is a higher likelihood for the poor rural household in escaping poverty and lower likelihood for non-poor households to fall into poverty over time, with the increase in average completed years of education and mean labor hours supplied by female members in the household. However, the contribution of female labor supply and education toward changes in poverty risks is low due to the low-wage cycle prevalent among women. Further, higher maximum educational attainment of households and a higher level of assets ensures a higher probability of escaping poverty and a lower probability of falling into poverty over time. However, there is a higher likelihood for a non-poor household to enter poverty over time and a lower likelihood for a poor household in escaping poverty over time with an increase in dependency ratio and household size. Efforts need to be made to transform a woman's role from an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveincome buffering\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace to an \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveincome generation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace role. Women's economic participation and empowerment are powerful tools for poverty reduction at the household level.},
+  abstract = {This paper investigates the factors influencing poverty transitions among rural households. There is a higher likelihood for the poor rural household in escaping poverty and lower likelihood for non-poor households to fall into poverty over time, with the increase in average completed years of education and mean labor hours supplied by female members in the household. However, the contribution of female labor supply and education toward changes in poverty risks is low due to the low-wage cycle prevalent among women. Further, higher maximum educational attainment of households and a higher level of assets ensures a higher probability of escaping poverty and a lower probability of falling into poverty over time. However, there is a higher likelihood for a non-poor household to enter poverty over time and a lower likelihood for a poor household in escaping poverty over time with an increase in dependency ratio and household size. Efforts need to be made to transform a woman's role from an {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveincome buffering{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace to an {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveincome generation{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace role. Women's economic participation and empowerment are powerful tools for poverty reduction at the household level.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30864,7 +35743,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {8},
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0271914},
-  abstract = {Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Bhutan, and early detection of hypertension is critical for preventing cardiovascular disease. However, health-seeking behavior, including blood pressure measurement, is infrequently investigated in Bhutan. Therefore, this study investigated factors related to blood pressure measurement in Bhutan. We performed a secondary data analysis of a target population of 1,962 individuals using data from the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave2014 Bhutan STEPS survey data\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbraceas a cross-sectional study. Approximately 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those with hypertension who were detected during the STEPS survey had never had their blood pressure measured. Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with age and working status in men (self-employed \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceodds ratio (OR): 0.219, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.133-0.361], non-working \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 0.114, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.050-0.263], employee \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 1.000]). Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with higher income in women (Quartile-2 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 1.984, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.209-3.255], Quartile-1 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 2.161, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.415-3.299], Quartile-4 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR: 1.000]). A family history of hypertension (OR: 2.019, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.549-2.243) increased the likelihood of having experienced a blood pressure measurement in both men and women. Multivariate logistic regression showed that people with unhealthy lifestyles (high salt intake \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceadjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.247, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI): 0.068-0.893], tobacco use \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAOR: 0.538, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.380-0.761]) had a decreased likelihood of previous blood pressure measurement. To promote the early detection of hypertension in Bhutan, we suggest that more attention be paid to low-income women, non-working, self-employed, and low-income men, and a reduction of barriers to blood pressure measurement. Before the STEPS survey, a substantial number of hypertensive people had never had their blood pressure measured or were unconcerned about their health. As a result, we propose that early blood pressure monitoring and treatment for people with hypertension or at higher risk of hypertension be given increased emphasis.},
+  abstract = {Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Bhutan, and early detection of hypertension is critical for preventing cardiovascular disease. However, health-seeking behavior, including blood pressure measurement, is infrequently investigated in Bhutan. Therefore, this study investigated factors related to blood pressure measurement in Bhutan. We performed a secondary data analysis of a target population of 1,962 individuals using data from the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave2014 Bhutan STEPS survey data{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbraceas a cross-sectional study. Approximately 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those with hypertension who were detected during the STEPS survey had never had their blood pressure measured. Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with age and working status in men (self-employed {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceodds ratio (OR): 0.219, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.133-0.361], non-working {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR: 0.114, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.050-0.263], employee {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR: 1.000]). Previous blood pressure measurement was significantly associated with higher income in women (Quartile-2 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR: 1.984, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.209-3.255], Quartile-1 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR: 2.161, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.415-3.299], Quartile-4 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR: 1.000]). A family history of hypertension (OR: 2.019, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.549-2.243) increased the likelihood of having experienced a blood pressure measurement in both men and women. Multivariate logistic regression showed that people with unhealthy lifestyles (high salt intake {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceadjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.247, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI): 0.068-0.893], tobacco use {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceAOR: 0.538, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.380-0.761]) had a decreased likelihood of previous blood pressure measurement. To promote the early detection of hypertension in Bhutan, we suggest that more attention be paid to low-income women, non-working, self-employed, and low-income men, and a reduction of barriers to blood pressure measurement. Before the STEPS survey, a substantial number of hypertensive people had never had their blood pressure measured or were unconcerned about their health. As a result, we propose that early blood pressure monitoring and treatment for people with hypertension or at higher risk of hypertension be given increased emphasis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -30913,6 +35792,21 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@incollection{Sen1990,
+  title = {Development as {{Capability Expansion}}},
+  booktitle = {Human {{Development}} and the {{International Development Strategy}} for the 1990s},
+  author = {Sen, Amartya},
+  editor = {Griffin, Keith and Knight, John},
+  year = {1990},
+  pages = {41--58},
+  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan UK}},
+  address = {{London}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-1-349-21136-4_3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-0-333-53513-4 978-1-349-21136-4},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Seneviratne2020,
   title = {Gender Wage Inequality during {{Sri Lanka}}'s Post-Reform Growth: {{A}} Distributional Analysis},
   author = {Seneviratne, Prathi},
@@ -30927,7 +35821,7 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Senthanar2020,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveCan Someone Help Me}}?\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Refugee Women}}'s {{Experiences}} of {{Using Settlement Agencies}} to {{Find Work}} in {{Canada}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveCan Someone Help Me}}?{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Refugee Women}}'s {{Experiences}} of {{Using Settlement Agencies}} to {{Find Work}} in {{Canada}}},
   author = {Senthanar, Sonja and MacEachen, Ellen and Premji, Stephanie and Bigelow, Philip},
   year = {2020},
   month = mar,
@@ -30961,7 +35855,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Setty, Suma and Skinner, Curtis and {Wilson-Simmons}, Renee},
   year = {2020},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FAMILY},
+  journal = {COMMUNITY WORK {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FAMILY},
   volume = {23},
   number = {2},
   pages = {141--161},
@@ -30979,7 +35873,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {10},
   pages = {202--228},
   issn = {2311-8970},
-  abstract = {According to the World Bank (WB), the Federal Republic of Somalia population is estimated in 2020 at a total of 15 893.13 inhabitants. According to the 2020-2023 roadmap of the Ministry of the Promotion of Women and Human Rights, the percentage of people with disabilities in Somalia is over 15 per cent of the total population. The Federal Republic of Somalia does not provide information on common forms of disability; there are still no databases due to the lack of a census. Somalia signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 2 October 2018 and 6 August 2019 respectively. It did not sign and ratify the Optional Protocol, however. The Federal Republic of Somalia has not submitted any report, although it was due in September 2021. The reasons for the delay may be related to the Covid-19 pandemic. According to article 35 of the 2012 Constitution of Somalia, international agreements apply directly in domestic courts, which is the monist approach to international laws. The ratification of the CRPD meant its incorporation into the legislation of Somalia; the Law N degrees 134 creating the National Disability Agency (NDA) was promulgated in December 2018 and the Disability Bill drafted in 2019. The Constitution of Somalia contains provisions directly relating to persons with disabilities. According article 11 there is an equality between all citizens independently of their gender, religion (.) disability. No person shall be discriminated against based on (.) disability. In addition, the Constitution indirectly addresses disabilities through its article 12 which states that it is the State's responsibility to ensure that it does not violate rights through its actions, and makes reasonable decisions to protect the rights of any person from abuse by others. Furthermore, article 13 states that everyone has the right to life, and article 27 provides for socioeconomic rights such as a right to care. No one can be deprived of urgent care whatever the reason, including the lack of economic means. Somalia has numerous pieces of legislation that directly addresses disability. The key ones are: center dot Law 134 of 31 December 2018 creating the National Agency for Persons with Disabilities which is \textbackslash textasciigravemandated under paragraph 5(2)(e) to oversee the delivery of services, including social services for persons with disabilities'. center dot Article 2 of the Provisional Constitution sets out 14 grounds of discrimination including disability. center dot Article 27(5) recognises that persons with disabilities who have long suffered from discrimination must have the necessary support to realise their socio-economic rights. center dot The Ministry of Women and Human Rights drafted a disability law. This law is in its final phase of public consultation. Participants in this consultation process included persons with disabilities, representatives of civil society organisations and the Somali Bar Association. We did not find any case law in Somalia. However, the policies that directly address persons with disabilities are: center dot Roadmap 2020-2023 - Persons with disabilities and disability rights in Somalia. Following an audit on the implementation of a first roadmap, 2017-2019, this programme develops new issues, not foreseen in the previous one. center dot Development of a national social protection policy by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (18 July 2019). Its implementation (17 September 2019) aimed at establishing an inclusive social protection system that meets the needs of employable people with disabilities, to combat poverty and social exclusion. Social service programmes are thus planned and will consider existing policies, rights stipulated in the Constitution and laws. center dot Better protection and management of people with mental and mental disabilities: a) In response to allegations of mistreatment of these persons, the Government launches criminal investigations into the private institutions in charge of these persons with disabilities. The National Disability Agency will now be responsible for monitoring their living conditions. b) Creation of a toll-free telephone number for reporting abuse of persons with disabilities. c) Provision of legal defense for persons with mental and mental disabilities, by the Penal Code. Other than ordinary courts or tribunals, the Federal Republic of Somalia has an official body that specifically addresses the violation of the rights of persons with disabilities; the National Disability Agency whose role is to file a criminal complaint against any public and private entity that violates the rights of people with disabilities. Somalia has a National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). Its mandate includes the protection of disability rights. The NHRC has a broad mandate that includes monitoring the human rights situation in Somalia, investigating human rights violations, including torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, and an advisory mission to the Government on the integration of human rights into legislation and policies. There are numerous organisations that represent and advocate for the rights and welfare of persons with disabilities in Somalia. These include Somali Union for the Blind (SUB), Somali Disability Empowerment Organization (SODEN), SAFDI Somalia Association Female Disability, Somali Women Development Centre (SWDC), Somali National Association for the Deaf (SONAD). These organisations contribute to the promotion of disability rights through awareness-raising. To improve their efficiency, they need to organise themselves in a national federation and improve their capacity through training including on disability and financial subventions. In the Federal Republic of Somalia, the Ministry of the Promotion of Women and Human Rights is initiated a comprehensive process to allow Somalia to overcome its delay in reporting to conventional bodies, due to the country's protracted civil war. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women and Human Rights and other line ministries are working on comprehensive legislation and policies for the protection of people with mental disabilities. The NDA (Law 134 of 31 December 2018) is responsible for removing barriers faced by persons with disabilities, holding the Government accountable for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities, and ensuring the effective participation of persons with disabilities in all aspects of society; notably in the areas of governance and development. People with mental disabilities are very often victims of ill-treatment in private and public institutions. In view of the increasing number of allegations of ill-treatment, the State has launched criminal investigations against these institutions. The NDA is now responsible for monitoring the living conditions of these people with disabilities. In addition, a free telephone number has been created to report any mistreatment against them. Finally, persons with a mental disability now have a specific legal defense under the Criminal Code. A person who \textbackslash textasciigravedoes not possess the capacity for understanding and willpower' at the time of the commission of an offence should not be punished for an act constituting a crime. As a result, these individuals are not detained for offences committed because they are not found guilty. Although there are some good laws to foster disability rights, it is imperative that they are implemented if they are to make a difference in the protection of disability rights. A special attention should be called for women, girls, children as well as elderly people with disabilities. Moreover, the Federal Republic of Somalia has a duty to carry out a census of its population in general and of the population with disabilities in order to obtain precise data broken down by age, sex, region, and category of disability.},
+  abstract = {According to the World Bank (WB), the Federal Republic of Somalia population is estimated in 2020 at a total of 15 893.13 inhabitants. According to the 2020-2023 roadmap of the Ministry of the Promotion of Women and Human Rights, the percentage of people with disabilities in Somalia is over 15 per cent of the total population. The Federal Republic of Somalia does not provide information on common forms of disability; there are still no databases due to the lack of a census. Somalia signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 2 October 2018 and 6 August 2019 respectively. It did not sign and ratify the Optional Protocol, however. The Federal Republic of Somalia has not submitted any report, although it was due in September 2021. The reasons for the delay may be related to the Covid-19 pandemic. According to article 35 of the 2012 Constitution of Somalia, international agreements apply directly in domestic courts, which is the monist approach to international laws. The ratification of the CRPD meant its incorporation into the legislation of Somalia; the Law N degrees 134 creating the National Disability Agency (NDA) was promulgated in December 2018 and the Disability Bill drafted in 2019. The Constitution of Somalia contains provisions directly relating to persons with disabilities. According article 11 there is an equality between all citizens independently of their gender, religion (.) disability. No person shall be discriminated against based on (.) disability. In addition, the Constitution indirectly addresses disabilities through its article 12 which states that it is the State's responsibility to ensure that it does not violate rights through its actions, and makes reasonable decisions to protect the rights of any person from abuse by others. Furthermore, article 13 states that everyone has the right to life, and article 27 provides for socioeconomic rights such as a right to care. No one can be deprived of urgent care whatever the reason, including the lack of economic means. Somalia has numerous pieces of legislation that directly addresses disability. The key ones are: center dot Law 134 of 31 December 2018 creating the National Agency for Persons with Disabilities which is {\textbackslash}textasciigravemandated under paragraph 5(2)(e) to oversee the delivery of services, including social services for persons with disabilities'. center dot Article 2 of the Provisional Constitution sets out 14 grounds of discrimination including disability. center dot Article 27(5) recognises that persons with disabilities who have long suffered from discrimination must have the necessary support to realise their socio-economic rights. center dot The Ministry of Women and Human Rights drafted a disability law. This law is in its final phase of public consultation. Participants in this consultation process included persons with disabilities, representatives of civil society organisations and the Somali Bar Association. We did not find any case law in Somalia. However, the policies that directly address persons with disabilities are: center dot Roadmap 2020-2023 - Persons with disabilities and disability rights in Somalia. Following an audit on the implementation of a first roadmap, 2017-2019, this programme develops new issues, not foreseen in the previous one. center dot Development of a national social protection policy by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (18 July 2019). Its implementation (17 September 2019) aimed at establishing an inclusive social protection system that meets the needs of employable people with disabilities, to combat poverty and social exclusion. Social service programmes are thus planned and will consider existing policies, rights stipulated in the Constitution and laws. center dot Better protection and management of people with mental and mental disabilities: a) In response to allegations of mistreatment of these persons, the Government launches criminal investigations into the private institutions in charge of these persons with disabilities. The National Disability Agency will now be responsible for monitoring their living conditions. b) Creation of a toll-free telephone number for reporting abuse of persons with disabilities. c) Provision of legal defense for persons with mental and mental disabilities, by the Penal Code. Other than ordinary courts or tribunals, the Federal Republic of Somalia has an official body that specifically addresses the violation of the rights of persons with disabilities; the National Disability Agency whose role is to file a criminal complaint against any public and private entity that violates the rights of people with disabilities. Somalia has a National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). Its mandate includes the protection of disability rights. The NHRC has a broad mandate that includes monitoring the human rights situation in Somalia, investigating human rights violations, including torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, and an advisory mission to the Government on the integration of human rights into legislation and policies. There are numerous organisations that represent and advocate for the rights and welfare of persons with disabilities in Somalia. These include Somali Union for the Blind (SUB), Somali Disability Empowerment Organization (SODEN), SAFDI Somalia Association Female Disability, Somali Women Development Centre (SWDC), Somali National Association for the Deaf (SONAD). These organisations contribute to the promotion of disability rights through awareness-raising. To improve their efficiency, they need to organise themselves in a national federation and improve their capacity through training including on disability and financial subventions. In the Federal Republic of Somalia, the Ministry of the Promotion of Women and Human Rights is initiated a comprehensive process to allow Somalia to overcome its delay in reporting to conventional bodies, due to the country's protracted civil war. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women and Human Rights and other line ministries are working on comprehensive legislation and policies for the protection of people with mental disabilities. The NDA (Law 134 of 31 December 2018) is responsible for removing barriers faced by persons with disabilities, holding the Government accountable for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities, and ensuring the effective participation of persons with disabilities in all aspects of society; notably in the areas of governance and development. People with mental disabilities are very often victims of ill-treatment in private and public institutions. In view of the increasing number of allegations of ill-treatment, the State has launched criminal investigations against these institutions. The NDA is now responsible for monitoring the living conditions of these people with disabilities. In addition, a free telephone number has been created to report any mistreatment against them. Finally, persons with a mental disability now have a specific legal defense under the Criminal Code. A person who {\textbackslash}textasciigravedoes not possess the capacity for understanding and willpower' at the time of the commission of an offence should not be punished for an act constituting a crime. As a result, these individuals are not detained for offences committed because they are not found guilty. Although there are some good laws to foster disability rights, it is imperative that they are implemented if they are to make a difference in the protection of disability rights. A special attention should be called for women, girls, children as well as elderly people with disabilities. Moreover, the Federal Republic of Somalia has a duty to carry out a census of its population in general and of the population with disabilities in order to obtain precise data broken down by age, sex, region, and category of disability.},
   langid = {french}
 }
 
@@ -31006,7 +35900,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {2},
   pages = {22--47},
   issn = {2307-0331},
-  abstract = {The article considers theoretical aspects of a scientific research \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveThe Mechanisms for Overcoming Mental Barriers of Inclusion of Socially Vulnerable Categories of the Population for the Purpose of Intensifying Modernization in the Regional Community\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (RSF grant No. 16-18-00078). The authors analyze the essence of the category of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesocially vulnerable groups\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace from the legal, economic and sociological perspectives. The paper shows that the economic approach that uses the criterion \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe level of income and accumulated assets\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace when defining vulnerable population groups prevails in public administration practice. The legal field of the category based on the economic approach is defined by the concept of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravethe poor and socially unprotected categories of citizens\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. With the help of the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of this issue, the authors show that these criteria are a necessary but not sufficient condition for classifying the population as being socially vulnerable. Foreign literature associates the phenomenon of vulnerability with the concept of risks, with the possibility of households responding to them and with the likelihood of losing the well-being (poverty theory; research areas related to the means of subsistence, etc.). The asset-based approaches relate vulnerability to the poverty that arises due to lack of access to tangible and intangible assets. Sociological theories presented by the concept of social exclusion pay much attention to the breakdown of social ties as a source of vulnerability. The essence of social exclusion consists in the inability of people to participate in important aspects of social life (in politics, labor markets, education and healthcare, cultural life, etc.) though they have all the rights to do so. The difference between the concepts of exclusion and poverty is manifested in the displacement of emphasis from income inequality to limited access to rights. Social exclusion is characterized by the situation and state of exception that is linked to social status and self-perception of human rights and expressed through the senses of inferiority, anger, fear, despair, depression, shame. The status of social exclusion has many criteria: poverty, limited opportunities for employment and education, lack of access to social and community networks and activities, inability to plan one's own life. The explanatory concept of social exclusion is based on the construction of the attitude toward socially vulnerable layers as the devalued social status. The barrier of social inclusion consists in the formation of a negative image of a representative of this category of the population in the eyes of more secure population groups; and the reason for this phenomenon lies in individual characteristics of an individual: lack of purpose, apathy, laziness, low motivation to labor and training, and bad habits. The prevailing social stereotype contributes to the stratification of entire families, including children, who are in advance deprived of the most important economic, political and cultural resources of society, and have no opportunities for the upward mobility. If no measures are taken to overcome social exclusion, it can lead to the fact that part of the population will fall out of social development and slip into a state of stagnation and complete social dependence. The concept of social inclusion shifts the priorities of state social policy from the allocation of social transfers to actively changing the mindset in society.},
+  abstract = {The article considers theoretical aspects of a scientific research {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveThe Mechanisms for Overcoming Mental Barriers of Inclusion of Socially Vulnerable Categories of the Population for the Purpose of Intensifying Modernization in the Regional Community{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (RSF grant No. 16-18-00078). The authors analyze the essence of the category of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesocially vulnerable groups{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace from the legal, economic and sociological perspectives. The paper shows that the economic approach that uses the criterion {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethe level of income and accumulated assets{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace when defining vulnerable population groups prevails in public administration practice. The legal field of the category based on the economic approach is defined by the concept of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravethe poor and socially unprotected categories of citizens{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. With the help of the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of this issue, the authors show that these criteria are a necessary but not sufficient condition for classifying the population as being socially vulnerable. Foreign literature associates the phenomenon of vulnerability with the concept of risks, with the possibility of households responding to them and with the likelihood of losing the well-being (poverty theory; research areas related to the means of subsistence, etc.). The asset-based approaches relate vulnerability to the poverty that arises due to lack of access to tangible and intangible assets. Sociological theories presented by the concept of social exclusion pay much attention to the breakdown of social ties as a source of vulnerability. The essence of social exclusion consists in the inability of people to participate in important aspects of social life (in politics, labor markets, education and healthcare, cultural life, etc.) though they have all the rights to do so. The difference between the concepts of exclusion and poverty is manifested in the displacement of emphasis from income inequality to limited access to rights. Social exclusion is characterized by the situation and state of exception that is linked to social status and self-perception of human rights and expressed through the senses of inferiority, anger, fear, despair, depression, shame. The status of social exclusion has many criteria: poverty, limited opportunities for employment and education, lack of access to social and community networks and activities, inability to plan one's own life. The explanatory concept of social exclusion is based on the construction of the attitude toward socially vulnerable layers as the devalued social status. The barrier of social inclusion consists in the formation of a negative image of a representative of this category of the population in the eyes of more secure population groups; and the reason for this phenomenon lies in individual characteristics of an individual: lack of purpose, apathy, laziness, low motivation to labor and training, and bad habits. The prevailing social stereotype contributes to the stratification of entire families, including children, who are in advance deprived of the most important economic, political and cultural resources of society, and have no opportunities for the upward mobility. If no measures are taken to overcome social exclusion, it can lead to the fact that part of the population will fall out of social development and slip into a state of stagnation and complete social dependence. The concept of social inclusion shifts the priorities of state social policy from the allocation of social transfers to actively changing the mindset in society.},
   langid = {russian}
 }
 
@@ -31034,7 +35928,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {606--612},
   issn = {0196-206X},
   doi = {10.1097/DBP.0000000000000708},
-  abstract = {Objective: Parents' perceived benefits and barriers to participation in cognitively stimulating activities may help explain why income-related discrepancies in early and frequent participation in such activities exist. We sought to develop an improved understanding of attitudes and beliefs surrounding play among families who live in predominantly low-income urban communities. Methods: Using qualitative methods, focus groups were conducted with parents of children 2 weeks to 24 months of age who attended a primary care clinic serving predominantly low-income urban communities. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-five parents participated in 6 focus groups. Participants were 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% female and 94\textbackslash textbackslash\% nonwhite; 71\textbackslash textbackslash\% had children who received public health insurance. Analyses revealed 7 major themes that mapped onto the Health Belief Model's core domains of perceived need, barriers, and cues to action: (1) play as important for developing parent-child relationships, (2) toy- and media-focused play as important for developmental and educational benefit, (3) lack of time due to household and work demands, (4) lack of knowledge regarding the importance of play, (5) media-related barriers, (6) need for reminders, and (7) need for ideas for play. Conclusion: Caregivers of young children describe many important benefits of play, yet they have misconceptions regarding use of toys and media in promoting development as well as notable barriers to participating in play, which may be opportunities for intervention. Public health programs may be more effectively implemented if they consider these attitudes to develop new or refine existing strategies for promoting parent-child learning activities.},
+  abstract = {Objective: Parents' perceived benefits and barriers to participation in cognitively stimulating activities may help explain why income-related discrepancies in early and frequent participation in such activities exist. We sought to develop an improved understanding of attitudes and beliefs surrounding play among families who live in predominantly low-income urban communities. Methods: Using qualitative methods, focus groups were conducted with parents of children 2 weeks to 24 months of age who attended a primary care clinic serving predominantly low-income urban communities. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-five parents participated in 6 focus groups. Participants were 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% female and 94{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% nonwhite; 71{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had children who received public health insurance. Analyses revealed 7 major themes that mapped onto the Health Belief Model's core domains of perceived need, barriers, and cues to action: (1) play as important for developing parent-child relationships, (2) toy- and media-focused play as important for developmental and educational benefit, (3) lack of time due to household and work demands, (4) lack of knowledge regarding the importance of play, (5) media-related barriers, (6) need for reminders, and (7) need for ideas for play. Conclusion: Caregivers of young children describe many important benefits of play, yet they have misconceptions regarding use of toys and media in promoting development as well as notable barriers to participating in play, which may be opportunities for intervention. Public health programs may be more effectively implemented if they consider these attitudes to develop new or refine existing strategies for promoting parent-child learning activities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31061,7 +35955,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-023-10113-7},
-  abstract = {PurposeLabour market integration is a widely accepted strategy for promoting the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities. But what kinds of jobs do persons with disabilities obtain following their integration into the labour market? In this study, we use a novel survey of workers to describe and compare the employment quality of persons with and without disabilities in Canada.MethodsWe administered an online, cross-sectional survey to a heterogeneous sample of workers in Canada (n = 2,794). We collected data on sixteen different employment conditions (e.g., temporary contract, job security, flexible work schedule, job lock, skill match, training opportunities, and union membership). We used latent class cluster analysis to construct a novel typology of employment quality describing four distinct \textbackslash textasciigravetypes' of employment: standard, portfolio, instrumental, and precarious. We examined associations between disability status, disability type, and employment quality.ResultsPersons with disabilities reported consistently lower employment quality than their counterparts without disabilities. Persons with disabilities were nearly twice as likely to report low-quality employment in the form of either instrumental (i.e., secure but trapped) or precarious (i.e., insecure and unrewarding) employment. This gap in employment quality was particularly pronounced for those who reported living with both a physical and mental/cognitive condition.ConclusionThere are widespread inequalities in the employment quality of persons with and without disabilities in Canada. Policies and programs aiming to improve the labour market situation of persons with disabilities should emphasize the importance of high-quality employment as a key facet of social and economic inclusion.},
+  abstract = {PurposeLabour market integration is a widely accepted strategy for promoting the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities. But what kinds of jobs do persons with disabilities obtain following their integration into the labour market? In this study, we use a novel survey of workers to describe and compare the employment quality of persons with and without disabilities in Canada.MethodsWe administered an online, cross-sectional survey to a heterogeneous sample of workers in Canada (n = 2,794). We collected data on sixteen different employment conditions (e.g., temporary contract, job security, flexible work schedule, job lock, skill match, training opportunities, and union membership). We used latent class cluster analysis to construct a novel typology of employment quality describing four distinct {\textbackslash}textasciigravetypes' of employment: standard, portfolio, instrumental, and precarious. We examined associations between disability status, disability type, and employment quality.ResultsPersons with disabilities reported consistently lower employment quality than their counterparts without disabilities. Persons with disabilities were nearly twice as likely to report low-quality employment in the form of either instrumental (i.e., secure but trapped) or precarious (i.e., insecure and unrewarding) employment. This gap in employment quality was particularly pronounced for those who reported living with both a physical and mental/cognitive condition.ConclusionThere are widespread inequalities in the employment quality of persons with and without disabilities in Canada. Policies and programs aiming to improve the labour market situation of persons with disabilities should emphasize the importance of high-quality employment as a key facet of social and economic inclusion.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31102,7 +35996,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE},
   issn = {0884-8734},
   doi = {10.1007/s11606-023-08360-8},
-  abstract = {BackgroundFood insecurity (FI) often co-exists with other social risk factors, which makes addressing it particularly challenging. The degree of association between FI and other social risk factors across different levels of income and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently unknown, impeding the ability to design effective interventions for addressing these co-existing social risk factors.ObjectiveTo determine the association between FI and other social risk factors overall and across different levels of income-poverty ratios and before (2019) and during (2020-2021) the pandemic.DesignWe used nationally representative data from the 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey for our cross-sectional analysis. Social risk factors available in NHIS included difficulties paying for medical bills, difficulties paying for medications, receiving income assistance, receiving rental assistance, and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenot working last week\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace.Subjects93,047 adults (\textbackslash textbackslash\& GE;18 years old).Key ResultsIndividuals with other social risk factors (except receiving income assistance) were more likely to report FI, even after adjusting for income and education inequalities. While poverty leads to a higher prevalence of FI, associations between FI and other social risk factors were stronger among people with higher incomes, which may be related to their ineligibility for social safety net programs. Associations were similar before and during the pandemic, perhaps due to the extensive provision of social safety net programs during the pandemic.ConclusionsFuture research should explore how access to a variety of social safety net programs may impact the association between social risk factors. With the expiration of most pandemic-related social supports, further research and monitoring are also needed to examine FI in the context of increasing food and housing costs. Our findings may also have implications for the expansion of income-based program eligibility criteria and screening for social risk factors across all patients and not only low-income people.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundFood insecurity (FI) often co-exists with other social risk factors, which makes addressing it particularly challenging. The degree of association between FI and other social risk factors across different levels of income and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently unknown, impeding the ability to design effective interventions for addressing these co-existing social risk factors.ObjectiveTo determine the association between FI and other social risk factors overall and across different levels of income-poverty ratios and before (2019) and during (2020-2021) the pandemic.DesignWe used nationally representative data from the 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey for our cross-sectional analysis. Social risk factors available in NHIS included difficulties paying for medical bills, difficulties paying for medications, receiving income assistance, receiving rental assistance, and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenot working last week{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace.Subjects93,047 adults ({\textbackslash}textbackslash\& GE;18 years old).Key ResultsIndividuals with other social risk factors (except receiving income assistance) were more likely to report FI, even after adjusting for income and education inequalities. While poverty leads to a higher prevalence of FI, associations between FI and other social risk factors were stronger among people with higher incomes, which may be related to their ineligibility for social safety net programs. Associations were similar before and during the pandemic, perhaps due to the extensive provision of social safety net programs during the pandemic.ConclusionsFuture research should explore how access to a variety of social safety net programs may impact the association between social risk factors. With the expiration of most pandemic-related social supports, further research and monitoring are also needed to examine FI in the context of increasing food and housing costs. Our findings may also have implications for the expansion of income-based program eligibility criteria and screening for social risk factors across all patients and not only low-income people.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31132,7 +36026,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1213--1222},
   issn = {1479-6694},
   doi = {10.2217/FON.11.101},
-  abstract = {Cancer is a global problem accounting for almost 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all deaths worldwide. This equates to over 7 million people a year, more than is caused by HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria combined. Now is the time to strengthen the health systems of developing countries to deal with cancer, to avoid a future crisis similar to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In this article we discuss the current state of cancer in the developing world, how we need to advocate for a change in cancer control policy with the governments of developing nations/transnational governmental bodies (e. g., the UN and WHO etc) and how we think cancer care could be improved in developing countries. We feel the only way to overcome the growing burden of cancer in the developing world is working in partnership with, nongovernmental organizations, international nongovernmental organizations, transnational governmental bodies and governmental bodies.},
+  abstract = {Cancer is a global problem accounting for almost 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all deaths worldwide. This equates to over 7 million people a year, more than is caused by HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria combined. Now is the time to strengthen the health systems of developing countries to deal with cancer, to avoid a future crisis similar to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In this article we discuss the current state of cancer in the developing world, how we need to advocate for a change in cancer control policy with the governments of developing nations/transnational governmental bodies (e. g., the UN and WHO etc) and how we think cancer care could be improved in developing countries. We feel the only way to overcome the growing burden of cancer in the developing world is working in partnership with, nongovernmental organizations, international nongovernmental organizations, transnational governmental bodies and governmental bodies.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31147,7 +36041,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {479--503},
   issn = {0303-8300},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-017-1676-3},
-  abstract = {The affirmative action policy for socially and economically backward communities in employment has been a debated issue in India. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the level of inequality by distinguishing between \textbackslash textasciigravecircumstance' and \textbackslash textasciigraveeffort' factors in the Roemer's framework on equality of opportunity. We measure inequality of opportunities due to two circumstances: caste and religion. Our empirical analysis, at state-level, utilizes a recent household survey data, which provides information related to efforts as well as circumstances of workers. The paper estimated inequality in the labour market and then decomposed it to know the circumstances that cause income inequality. Our estimates indicated that inequality and inequality of opportunity is substantially higher in India. Specifically, the outcome of our analysis evidently indicated that the socially backward communities do have economically disadvantageous position in some of the Indian states. However, the degree of circumstances based on inequality varies to a great extent among the states. Therefore, we suggest that the country does not need a nation-level affirmative action policy instead a state-level policy could be more appropriate as the intensity of the problem differ significantly among the Indian states.},
+  abstract = {The affirmative action policy for socially and economically backward communities in employment has been a debated issue in India. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the level of inequality by distinguishing between {\textbackslash}textasciigravecircumstance' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeffort' factors in the Roemer's framework on equality of opportunity. We measure inequality of opportunities due to two circumstances: caste and religion. Our empirical analysis, at state-level, utilizes a recent household survey data, which provides information related to efforts as well as circumstances of workers. The paper estimated inequality in the labour market and then decomposed it to know the circumstances that cause income inequality. Our estimates indicated that inequality and inequality of opportunity is substantially higher in India. Specifically, the outcome of our analysis evidently indicated that the socially backward communities do have economically disadvantageous position in some of the Indian states. However, the degree of circumstances based on inequality varies to a great extent among the states. Therefore, we suggest that the country does not need a nation-level affirmative action policy instead a state-level policy could be more appropriate as the intensity of the problem differ significantly among the Indian states.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31211,7 +36105,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {3464--3469},
   issn = {2249-4863},
   doi = {10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc\textbackslash_871\textbackslash_21},
-  abstract = {Background: Well-baby clinic (WBC) service is implemented in all primary health care centers and is provided based on international standards to all children under 5 years in Saudi Arabia. It is a comprehensive package of health promotion and curative care to improve and maintain the health status and well-being of this age group. Aim: The main aim is to assess parents' awareness and perception regarding WBC in primary health care centers in Abha sector, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used in the current study. The study targeted all babies' caregivers attending WBCs in primary health care centers in Abha city. The children's parents were included using three stages cluster sample technique. The questionnaire included participants' demographic data such as age, gender, relation to the baby, educational level, work, and monthly income. Awareness regarding the WBC was assessed using two main items covering hearing about the clinic provided services. Results: The study included 1593 participants whose ages ranged from 19 to 55 years old with a mean age of 34.6 +/- 11.8 years. About 64\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents knew about the WBC, which was significantly higher among the females than males (P = .003). Also, 71.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents aged 25-34 years knew about well-baby clinic (WBC) compared to 35\textbackslash textbackslash\% of parents aged less than 25 years (P = .001). Exact 57.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents went to the nearest governmental health office at vaccination times. About 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the respondents reported that the clinic nurse was the main person who dealt with them. Regarding services provided by a nurse at the vaccination clinic, registering child vaccination was the most reported (66.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), followed by helping the mother make the child calm (56.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that proper care is vital for a child's survival as well as optimal physical and mental development. Adequately cared child has proper well-being and happiness. Mothers and children caregivers had adequate awareness and acceptable attitude towards WBCs and provided services. Some barriers were declared including lack of available WBCs within the residence range, not all WBCs usually working, and more information should be provided about WBCs.},
+  abstract = {Background: Well-baby clinic (WBC) service is implemented in all primary health care centers and is provided based on international standards to all children under 5 years in Saudi Arabia. It is a comprehensive package of health promotion and curative care to improve and maintain the health status and well-being of this age group. Aim: The main aim is to assess parents' awareness and perception regarding WBC in primary health care centers in Abha sector, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used in the current study. The study targeted all babies' caregivers attending WBCs in primary health care centers in Abha city. The children's parents were included using three stages cluster sample technique. The questionnaire included participants' demographic data such as age, gender, relation to the baby, educational level, work, and monthly income. Awareness regarding the WBC was assessed using two main items covering hearing about the clinic provided services. Results: The study included 1593 participants whose ages ranged from 19 to 55 years old with a mean age of 34.6 +/- 11.8 years. About 64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the respondents knew about the WBC, which was significantly higher among the females than males (P = .003). Also, 71.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents aged 25-34 years knew about well-baby clinic (WBC) compared to 35{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of parents aged less than 25 years (P = .001). Exact 57.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the respondents went to the nearest governmental health office at vaccination times. About 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the respondents reported that the clinic nurse was the main person who dealt with them. Regarding services provided by a nurse at the vaccination clinic, registering child vaccination was the most reported (66.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), followed by helping the mother make the child calm (56.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that proper care is vital for a child's survival as well as optimal physical and mental development. Adequately cared child has proper well-being and happiness. Mothers and children caregivers had adequate awareness and acceptable attitude towards WBCs and provided services. Some barriers were declared including lack of available WBCs within the residence range, not all WBCs usually working, and more information should be provided about WBCs.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31226,7 +36120,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {307--344},
   issn = {0081-1750},
   doi = {10.1177/0081175017723397},
-  abstract = {The authors investigate the accuracy of young women's retrospective reporting on their first substantial employment in three major, nationally representative U.S. surveys, examining hypotheses that longer recall duration, employment histories with lower salience and higher complexity, and an absence of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveanchoring\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace biographical details will adversely affect reporting accuracy. The authors compare retrospective reports to benchmark panel survey estimates for the same cohorts. Sociodemographic groups-notably non-Hispanic white women and women with college-educated mothers-whose early employment histories at these ages are in aggregate more complex (multiple jobs) and lower in salience (more part-time jobs) are more likely to omit the occurrence of their first substantial job or employment and to misreport their first job or employment as occurring at an older age. Also, retrospective reports are skewed toward overreporting longer, therefore more salient, later jobs over shorter, earlier jobs. The relatively small magnitudes of differences, however, indicate that the retrospective questions nevertheless capture these summary indicators of first substantial employment reasonably accurately. Moreover, these differences are especially small for groups of women who are more likely to experience labor-market disadvantage and for women with early births.},
+  abstract = {The authors investigate the accuracy of young women's retrospective reporting on their first substantial employment in three major, nationally representative U.S. surveys, examining hypotheses that longer recall duration, employment histories with lower salience and higher complexity, and an absence of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveanchoring{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace biographical details will adversely affect reporting accuracy. The authors compare retrospective reports to benchmark panel survey estimates for the same cohorts. Sociodemographic groups-notably non-Hispanic white women and women with college-educated mothers-whose early employment histories at these ages are in aggregate more complex (multiple jobs) and lower in salience (more part-time jobs) are more likely to omit the occurrence of their first substantial job or employment and to misreport their first job or employment as occurring at an older age. Also, retrospective reports are skewed toward overreporting longer, therefore more salient, later jobs over shorter, earlier jobs. The relatively small magnitudes of differences, however, indicate that the retrospective questions nevertheless capture these summary indicators of first substantial employment reasonably accurately. Moreover, these differences are especially small for groups of women who are more likely to experience labor-market disadvantage and for women with early births.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31241,7 +36135,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1081--1092},
   issn = {1540-9996},
   doi = {10.1089/jwh.2007.0596},
-  abstract = {Background: For women, who are more likely to live in poverty, defining the clinical and economic impact of socioeconomic factors may aid in defining redistributive policies to improve healthcare quality. Methods. The NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) enrolled 819 women referred for clinically indicated coronary angiography. This study's primary end point was to evaluate the independent contribution of socioeconomic factors on the estimation of time to cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction (MI) (n = 79) using Cox proportional hazards models. Secondary aims included an examination of cardiovascular costs and quality of life within socioeconomic subsets of women. Results: In univariable models, socioeconomic factors associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular death or MI included an annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20,000 (p = 0.0001), {$<$}9th grade education (p = 0.002), being African American, Hispanic, Asian, or American Indian (p = 0.016), on Medicaid, Medicare, or other public health insurance (p {$<$} 0.0001), unmarried (p = 0.001.), unemployed or employed part-time (p {$<$} 0.0001), and working in a service job (p = 0.003). Of these socioeconomic factors, income (p = 0.006) remained a significant predictor of cardiovascular death or MI in risk-adjusted models that controlled for angiographic coronary disease, chest pain symptoms, and cardiac risk factors. Low-income women, with an annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20,000, were more often uninsured or on public insurance (p {$<$} 0.0001) yet had the highest 5-year hospitalization and drug treatment costs (p {$<$} 0.0001). Only 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% of low-income women had prescription drug coverage (vs. {$>$}= 50\textbackslash textbackslash\% of higher-income households, p {$<$} 0.0001), and 64\textbackslash textbackslash\% required {$>$}= 2 anti-ischemic medications during follow-up (compared with 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those earning {$>$}=\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000, p {$<$} 0.0001). Conclusions: Economic disadvantage prominently affects cardiovascular disease outcomes for women with chest pain symptoms. These results further support a profound intertwining between poverty and poor health. Cardiovascular disease management strategies should focus on policies that track unmet healthcare needs and worsening clinical status for low-income women.},
+  abstract = {Background: For women, who are more likely to live in poverty, defining the clinical and economic impact of socioeconomic factors may aid in defining redistributive policies to improve healthcare quality. Methods. The NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) enrolled 819 women referred for clinically indicated coronary angiography. This study's primary end point was to evaluate the independent contribution of socioeconomic factors on the estimation of time to cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction (MI) (n = 79) using Cox proportional hazards models. Secondary aims included an examination of cardiovascular costs and quality of life within socioeconomic subsets of women. Results: In univariable models, socioeconomic factors associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular death or MI included an annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar20,000 (p = 0.0001), {$<$}9th grade education (p = 0.002), being African American, Hispanic, Asian, or American Indian (p = 0.016), on Medicaid, Medicare, or other public health insurance (p {$<$} 0.0001), unmarried (p = 0.001.), unemployed or employed part-time (p {$<$} 0.0001), and working in a service job (p = 0.003). Of these socioeconomic factors, income (p = 0.006) remained a significant predictor of cardiovascular death or MI in risk-adjusted models that controlled for angiographic coronary disease, chest pain symptoms, and cardiac risk factors. Low-income women, with an annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar20,000, were more often uninsured or on public insurance (p {$<$} 0.0001) yet had the highest 5-year hospitalization and drug treatment costs (p {$<$} 0.0001). Only 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of low-income women had prescription drug coverage (vs. {$>$}= 50{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of higher-income households, p {$<$} 0.0001), and 64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% required {$>$}= 2 anti-ischemic medications during follow-up (compared with 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those earning {$>$}={\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar50,000, p {$<$} 0.0001). Conclusions: Economic disadvantage prominently affects cardiovascular disease outcomes for women with chest pain symptoms. These results further support a profound intertwining between poverty and poor health. Cardiovascular disease management strategies should focus on policies that track unmet healthcare needs and worsening clinical status for low-income women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31298,7 +36192,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {286--295},
   issn = {1092-7875},
   doi = {10.1007/s10995-013-1264-3},
-  abstract = {To describe a range of employment benefits, including maternity and other paid leave, afforded to working women with infants; and to examine the geographic, socio-demographic correlates of such benefits to inform the workplace policy agenda in the US. Using data from the Listening to Mothers II Survey, a national sample of English-speaking women who gave birth in 2005, we conducted multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between socio-demographic factors and employment leave variables (paid maternity, sick and personal leave). Forty-one percent of women received paid maternity leave for an average of 3.3 weeks with 31 \textbackslash textbackslash\% wage replacement. On average women took 10 weeks of maternity leave and received 10.4 days of paid sick leave and 11.6 days of paid personal time per year. Women who were non-Hispanic Black, privately insured, working full-time, and from higher income families were more likely to receive paid maternity leave, for more time, and at higher levels of wage replacement, when controlling for the other socio-demographic characteristics. Race/ethnicity, family income and employment status were associated with the number of paid personal days. Currently, the majority of female employees with young children in the US do not receive financial compensation for maternity leave and women receive limited paid leave every year to manage health-related family issues. Further, women from disadvantaged backgrounds generally receive less generous benefits. Federal policy that supports paid leave may be one avenue to address such disparities and should be modified to reflect accepted international standards.},
+  abstract = {To describe a range of employment benefits, including maternity and other paid leave, afforded to working women with infants; and to examine the geographic, socio-demographic correlates of such benefits to inform the workplace policy agenda in the US. Using data from the Listening to Mothers II Survey, a national sample of English-speaking women who gave birth in 2005, we conducted multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between socio-demographic factors and employment leave variables (paid maternity, sick and personal leave). Forty-one percent of women received paid maternity leave for an average of 3.3 weeks with 31 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% wage replacement. On average women took 10 weeks of maternity leave and received 10.4 days of paid sick leave and 11.6 days of paid personal time per year. Women who were non-Hispanic Black, privately insured, working full-time, and from higher income families were more likely to receive paid maternity leave, for more time, and at higher levels of wage replacement, when controlling for the other socio-demographic characteristics. Race/ethnicity, family income and employment status were associated with the number of paid personal days. Currently, the majority of female employees with young children in the US do not receive financial compensation for maternity leave and women receive limited paid leave every year to manage health-related family issues. Further, women from disadvantaged backgrounds generally receive less generous benefits. Federal policy that supports paid leave may be one avenue to address such disparities and should be modified to reflect accepted international standards.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31327,7 +36221,23 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {783--798},
   issn = {0038-0261},
   doi = {10.1177/0038026118777424},
-  abstract = {The Grenfell Tower fire that took place in a council owned high-rise housing block in the early hours of 14 June 2017 in the London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea represented the worst fire in Britain for many decades. This article draws, in part, on the example of Grenfell Tower to interrogate some of the most pressing issues of our time around poverty, inequality and austerity. After a period of quiet, poverty now features more regularly in popular and political conversations. This is, in part, due to the proliferation of foodbanks that in many ways have become the public face of poverty in contemporary Britain. Additionally the increased popularity of so-called \textbackslash textasciigravepoverty porn' exemplified by programmes such as Benefit Street have provoked public and political debate about the realities of poverty and its causes and consequences. Punitive policies towards out of work benefits claimants, austerity measures and the proliferation of low paid and insecure work mean poverty has been extended to more and more people, yet at the same time it is a condition that is frequently stigmatised, misrepresented and misunderstood. Whilst evidence shows increased stereotyping and stigmatisation of those experiencing poverty and other related disadvantages, there is also evidence that the British general public on the whole tend to care about fairness, equality of opportunity and that they dislike extremes of income and wealth, although importantly they also generally underestimate the realities of both. It was these extremes of inequality that Grenfell thrust so violently into the public imagination with many newspapers visually capturing the gulf between rich and \textbackslash textasciigravepoor' in their pictures of the burnt out shell of Grenfell set against a typical block of luxury apartments of the sort that are proliferating in London and other cities in Britain and that, particularly in London, often cost in excess of a million pounds or more. This article looks at examples of how critical work is being done by those in power to manipulate and frame the terms of the discussion around poverty, inequality and economic insecurity and its causes and its consequences.},
+  abstract = {The Grenfell Tower fire that took place in a council owned high-rise housing block in the early hours of 14 June 2017 in the London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea represented the worst fire in Britain for many decades. This article draws, in part, on the example of Grenfell Tower to interrogate some of the most pressing issues of our time around poverty, inequality and austerity. After a period of quiet, poverty now features more regularly in popular and political conversations. This is, in part, due to the proliferation of foodbanks that in many ways have become the public face of poverty in contemporary Britain. Additionally the increased popularity of so-called {\textbackslash}textasciigravepoverty porn' exemplified by programmes such as Benefit Street have provoked public and political debate about the realities of poverty and its causes and consequences. Punitive policies towards out of work benefits claimants, austerity measures and the proliferation of low paid and insecure work mean poverty has been extended to more and more people, yet at the same time it is a condition that is frequently stigmatised, misrepresented and misunderstood. Whilst evidence shows increased stereotyping and stigmatisation of those experiencing poverty and other related disadvantages, there is also evidence that the British general public on the whole tend to care about fairness, equality of opportunity and that they dislike extremes of income and wealth, although importantly they also generally underestimate the realities of both. It was these extremes of inequality that Grenfell thrust so violently into the public imagination with many newspapers visually capturing the gulf between rich and {\textbackslash}textasciigravepoor' in their pictures of the burnt out shell of Grenfell set against a typical block of luxury apartments of the sort that are proliferating in London and other cities in Britain and that, particularly in London, often cost in excess of a million pounds or more. This article looks at examples of how critical work is being done by those in power to manipulate and frame the terms of the discussion around poverty, inequality and economic insecurity and its causes and its consequences.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Shin2006,
+  title = {Fertility, Relative Wages, and Labor Market Decisions: {{A}} Case of Female Teachers},
+  shorttitle = {Fertility, Relative Wages, and Labor Market Decisions},
+  author = {Shin, Jaeun and Moon, Sangho},
+  year = {2006},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Economics of Education Review},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {591--604},
+  issn = {02727757},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31384,7 +36294,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {551--560},
   issn = {1869-6716},
   doi = {10.1093/tbm/ibad007},
-  abstract = {Lay Summary Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) simplifies and streamlines the process of asking patients about their smoking status, advising smokers to quit, and connecting patients through the electronic health record with free, evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment offered by state Quitlines. This study is the first to evaluate perceptions of AAC among clinic leadership and staff. After an 18-month implementation of AAC at a clinic serving mostly low-income Latinos and Latinas, clinic staff (e.g., medical assistants) and leaders were interviewed. Respondents reported that AAC streamlined their efforts to get patients to quit smoking, was easy to carry out, and fit well into the clinic flow. Staff wanted to keep AAC as the standard of care and made suggestions to improve how AAC works. They reported positive feedback from patients. In addition, a similar proportion of smokers enrolled in Quitline treatment as in other AAC trials. Thus, AAC worked well for patients and clinic staff. Having AAC in other clinics could improve enrollment in evidence-based smoking cessation treatment, facilitate successful smoking cessation among low-income primary care patients, and reduce burden on healthcare providers. This study is the first to evaluate clinic staff and leadership perceptions of Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC), which seamlessly connects smokers in healthcare settings with evidence-based tobacco treatment using the EHR. Clinic staff and leadership reported enthusiasm for AAC implementation, as the procedure streamlined the clinic's smoking cessation efforts, fit well into clinic flow, and was beneficial to patients. Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) efficiently links smokers in healthcare settings with evidence-based Quitline-delivered tobacco treatment through training clinic staff to systematically ask patients about smoking status, advise smokers to quit, and connect patients with state Quitlines using the electronic health record. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach, guided by the RE-AIM framework, to evaluate the implementation of AAC in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). AAC was implemented for 18 months at a FQHC serving primarily low-socioeconomic status (SES) Latinos and Latinas. Results are presented within the RE-AIM conceptual framework which includes dimensions of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Quantitative patient-level outcomes of reach, effectiveness, and Impact were calculated. Post-implementation, in-depth interviews were conducted with clinic leadership and staff (N = 9) to gather perceptions and inform future implementation efforts. During the implementation period, 12.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GNHC patients who reported current smoking both agreed to have their information sent to the Quitline and were successfully contacted by the Quitline (Reach), 94.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients who spoke with the Quitline enrolled in treatment (Effectiveness), and 11.4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all identified smokers enrolled in Quitline treatment (Impact). In post-implementation interviews assessing RE-AIM dimensions, clinic staff and leadership identified facilitators and advantages of AAC and reported that AAC was easy to learn and implement, streamlined existing procedures, and had a positive impact on patients. Staff and leadership reported enthusiasm about AAC implementation and believed AAC fit well in the clinic. Staff were interested in AAC becoming the standard of care and made suggestions for future implementation. Clinic staff at a FQHC serving primarily low-SES Latinos and Latinas viewed the ACC implementation process positively. Findings have implications for streamlining clinical smoking cessation procedures and the potential to reduce tobacco-related disparities.},
+  abstract = {Lay Summary Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) simplifies and streamlines the process of asking patients about their smoking status, advising smokers to quit, and connecting patients through the electronic health record with free, evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment offered by state Quitlines. This study is the first to evaluate perceptions of AAC among clinic leadership and staff. After an 18-month implementation of AAC at a clinic serving mostly low-income Latinos and Latinas, clinic staff (e.g., medical assistants) and leaders were interviewed. Respondents reported that AAC streamlined their efforts to get patients to quit smoking, was easy to carry out, and fit well into the clinic flow. Staff wanted to keep AAC as the standard of care and made suggestions to improve how AAC works. They reported positive feedback from patients. In addition, a similar proportion of smokers enrolled in Quitline treatment as in other AAC trials. Thus, AAC worked well for patients and clinic staff. Having AAC in other clinics could improve enrollment in evidence-based smoking cessation treatment, facilitate successful smoking cessation among low-income primary care patients, and reduce burden on healthcare providers. This study is the first to evaluate clinic staff and leadership perceptions of Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC), which seamlessly connects smokers in healthcare settings with evidence-based tobacco treatment using the EHR. Clinic staff and leadership reported enthusiasm for AAC implementation, as the procedure streamlined the clinic's smoking cessation efforts, fit well into clinic flow, and was beneficial to patients. Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) efficiently links smokers in healthcare settings with evidence-based Quitline-delivered tobacco treatment through training clinic staff to systematically ask patients about smoking status, advise smokers to quit, and connect patients with state Quitlines using the electronic health record. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach, guided by the RE-AIM framework, to evaluate the implementation of AAC in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). AAC was implemented for 18 months at a FQHC serving primarily low-socioeconomic status (SES) Latinos and Latinas. Results are presented within the RE-AIM conceptual framework which includes dimensions of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Quantitative patient-level outcomes of reach, effectiveness, and Impact were calculated. Post-implementation, in-depth interviews were conducted with clinic leadership and staff (N = 9) to gather perceptions and inform future implementation efforts. During the implementation period, 12.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of GNHC patients who reported current smoking both agreed to have their information sent to the Quitline and were successfully contacted by the Quitline (Reach), 94.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients who spoke with the Quitline enrolled in treatment (Effectiveness), and 11.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all identified smokers enrolled in Quitline treatment (Impact). In post-implementation interviews assessing RE-AIM dimensions, clinic staff and leadership identified facilitators and advantages of AAC and reported that AAC was easy to learn and implement, streamlined existing procedures, and had a positive impact on patients. Staff and leadership reported enthusiasm about AAC implementation and believed AAC fit well in the clinic. Staff were interested in AAC becoming the standard of care and made suggestions for future implementation. Clinic staff at a FQHC serving primarily low-SES Latinos and Latinas viewed the ACC implementation process positively. Findings have implications for streamlining clinical smoking cessation procedures and the potential to reduce tobacco-related disparities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31417,12 +36327,43 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Shultz1998,
+  title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Push}} and {{Pull Factors}} on {{Voluntary}} and {{Involuntary Early Retirees}}' {{Retirement Decision}} and {{Adjustment}}},
+  author = {Shultz, Kenneth S. and Morton, Kelly R. and Weckerle, Joelle R.},
+  year = {1998},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Journal of Vocational Behavior},
+  volume = {53},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {45--57},
+  issn = {00018791},
+  doi = {10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Shung-King2018,
+  title = {Leadership Experiences and Practices of {{South African}} Health Managers: What Is the Influence of Gender? -A Qualitative, Exploratory Study},
+  shorttitle = {Leadership Experiences and Practices of {{South African}} Health Managers},
+  author = {{Shung-King}, Maylene and Gilson, Lucy and Mbachu, Chinyere and Molyneux, Sassy and Muraya, Kelly W. and Uguru, Nkoli and Govender, Veloshnee},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {148},
+  issn = {1475-9276},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Shutes2014,
   title = {Conditionality and the {{Financing}} of {{Employment Services}} - {{Implications}} for the {{Social Divisions}} of {{Work}} and {{Welfare}}},
   author = {Shutes, Isabel and Taylor, Rebecca},
   year = {2014},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
+  journal = {SOCIAL POLICY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ADMINISTRATION},
   volume = {48},
   number = {2, SI},
   pages = {204--220},
@@ -31443,7 +36384,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {571--577},
   issn = {1326-0200},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01539.x},
-  abstract = {Objective: To investigate the relationship between social integration and mortality at the aggregate level of analysis. Method: The data were compiled from several Australian Bureau of Statistics documents. The unit of analysis was State (Territory)-year. The multivariate regression analysis included data from all States and the Australian Capital Territory for 1990-96. Five indicators of social integration percentage of people living alone; divorce rate; unemployment rate; proportion of people who are discouraged job seekers; and unionisation rate - were used as predictors of nine measures of mortality. Results: Higher levels of social integration, as measured by all indicators except unionisation, were associated with lower mortality rates. In the case of unionisation, higher levels were associated with increased mortality rates. Conclusion: Studies concerning the relationship between social integration and health should investigate the \textbackslash textasciigravetype' and \textbackslash textasciigravelevel' of social integration that is conducive to better health. Implications: To help reduce disparities in health and mortality across communities, public health researchers and policy makers need to closely monitor geographic and temporal trends in social integration measures. Social policies that emphasise investment in social integration or social capital through job creation and training, provision of gainful employment and social services for discouraged and marginalised workers, improved work conditions and social support may lower mortality directly or through their beneficial effects on health-promoting behaviours such as reduced levels of smelting, drinking and physical inactivity.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To investigate the relationship between social integration and mortality at the aggregate level of analysis. Method: The data were compiled from several Australian Bureau of Statistics documents. The unit of analysis was State (Territory)-year. The multivariate regression analysis included data from all States and the Australian Capital Territory for 1990-96. Five indicators of social integration percentage of people living alone; divorce rate; unemployment rate; proportion of people who are discouraged job seekers; and unionisation rate - were used as predictors of nine measures of mortality. Results: Higher levels of social integration, as measured by all indicators except unionisation, were associated with lower mortality rates. In the case of unionisation, higher levels were associated with increased mortality rates. Conclusion: Studies concerning the relationship between social integration and health should investigate the {\textbackslash}textasciigravetype' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravelevel' of social integration that is conducive to better health. Implications: To help reduce disparities in health and mortality across communities, public health researchers and policy makers need to closely monitor geographic and temporal trends in social integration measures. Social policies that emphasise investment in social integration or social capital through job creation and training, provision of gainful employment and social services for discouraged and marginalised workers, improved work conditions and social support may lower mortality directly or through their beneficial effects on health-promoting behaviours such as reduced levels of smelting, drinking and physical inactivity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31461,12 +36402,28 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Sibbald1998,
+  title = {Understanding Controlled Trials: {{Why}} Are Randomised Controlled Trials Important?},
+  shorttitle = {Understanding Controlled Trials},
+  author = {Sibbald, B. and Roland, M.},
+  year = {1998},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {BMJ},
+  volume = {316},
+  number = {7126},
+  pages = {201--201},
+  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
+  doi = {10.1136/bmj.316.7126.201},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Siddiqi2007,
   title = {Towards an Epidemiological Understanding of the Effects of Long-Term Institutional Changes on Population Health: {{A}} Case Study of {{Canada}} versus the {{USA}}},
   author = {Siddiqi, Arjumand and Hertzman, Clyde},
   year = {2007},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {64},
   number = {3},
   pages = {589--603},
@@ -31577,7 +36534,7 @@ policy recc:
   doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2020.571191},
   abstract = {Brain tumors (BT) are between the eight most common cancers among persons aged 40 years, with an average survival time of 10 years for patients affected by non-malignant brain tumor. Some patients continue to work, reporting difficulties in work-related activities, or even job loss. The purpose of the present study was to review the existing information about the ability people with BT to return to work and to identify factors associated with job loss. We performed a systematic review on SCOPUS and EMBASE for peer-reviewed papers that reported studies assessing work ability in patients with BT that were published in the period from January 2010 to January 2020. Out of 800 identified records, 7 articles were selected for analysis, in which 1,507 participants with BT were enrolled overall. Three main themes emerged: the impact of neuropsychological functioning on work productivity, the change of employment status for long-term survivors and issues related to return to work processes. Based on the results of selected studies, it can be concluded that the impact of BT on workforce participation is determined by depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits, as well as by high short-term mortality but also on environmental barriers. Vocational Rehabilitation programs should be implemented to help patients wishing to return to or maintain their current work, as much as possible.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::disability,integrated,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,relevant,review::systematic},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::disability,outcome::employment,outcome::rtw,relevant,review::systematic},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HY4XHJF5/Silvaggi et al_2020_Employment and Work Ability of Persons With Brain Tumors.pdf}
 }
 
@@ -31623,7 +36580,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1225--1233},
   issn = {0364-2313},
   doi = {10.1007/s00268-016-3851-0},
-  abstract = {Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is first-line treatment for uncomplicated gallstone disease in high-income countries due to benefits such as shorter hospital stays, reduced morbidity, more rapid return to work, and lower mortality as well-being considered cost-effective. However, there persists a lack of uptake in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, there is a need to evaluate laparoscopic cholecystectomy in comparison with an open approach in these settings. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies at Rwanda Military Hospital (RMH), a tertiary care referral hospital in Rwanda. Sensitivity and threshold analyses were performed to determine the robustness of the results. Results The laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy costs and effectiveness values were \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2664.47 with 0.87 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2058.72 with 0.75 QALYs, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for laparoscopic over open cholecystectomy was \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar4946.18. Results are sensitive to the initial laparoscopic equipment investment and number of cases performed annually but robust to other parameters. The laparoscopic intervention is more cost-effective with investment costs less than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar91,979, greater than 65 cases annually, or at willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds greater than \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar3975/QALY. Conclusions At RMH, while laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be a more effective approach, it is also more expensive given the low caseload and high investment costs. At commonly accepted WTP thresholds, it is not cost-effective. However, as investment costs decrease and/or case volume increases, the laparoscopic approach may become favorable. Countries and hospitals should aspire to develop innovative, low-cost options in high volume to combat these barriers and provide laparoscopic surgery.},
+  abstract = {Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is first-line treatment for uncomplicated gallstone disease in high-income countries due to benefits such as shorter hospital stays, reduced morbidity, more rapid return to work, and lower mortality as well-being considered cost-effective. However, there persists a lack of uptake in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, there is a need to evaluate laparoscopic cholecystectomy in comparison with an open approach in these settings. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies at Rwanda Military Hospital (RMH), a tertiary care referral hospital in Rwanda. Sensitivity and threshold analyses were performed to determine the robustness of the results. Results The laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy costs and effectiveness values were {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar2664.47 with 0.87 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar2058.72 with 0.75 QALYs, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for laparoscopic over open cholecystectomy was {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar4946.18. Results are sensitive to the initial laparoscopic equipment investment and number of cases performed annually but robust to other parameters. The laparoscopic intervention is more cost-effective with investment costs less than {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar91,979, greater than 65 cases annually, or at willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds greater than {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar3975/QALY. Conclusions At RMH, while laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be a more effective approach, it is also more expensive given the low caseload and high investment costs. At commonly accepted WTP thresholds, it is not cost-effective. However, as investment costs decrease and/or case volume increases, the laparoscopic approach may become favorable. Countries and hospitals should aspire to develop innovative, low-cost options in high volume to combat these barriers and provide laparoscopic surgery.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31632,7 +36589,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Simmons, Cassandra and Rodrigues, Ricardo and Szebehely, Marta},
   year = {2022},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {HEALTH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
+  journal = {HEALTH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY},
   volume = {30},
   number = {5},
   pages = {E2191-E2202},
@@ -31667,7 +36624,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1287--1304},
   issn = {0921-030X},
   doi = {10.1007/s11069-018-3250-y},
-  abstract = {Climate change adds another dimension of challenges to the growth and sustainability of Indian agriculture. The growing exposure to livelihood shocks from climate variability/change and limited resource base of the rural community to adapt has reinforced the need to mainstream climate adaptation planning into developmental landscape. However, a better understanding of micro-level perceptions is imperative for effective and informed planning at the macro-level. In this paper, the grass-root level perspectives on climate change impacts and adaptation decisions were elicited at farm level in the Moga district of Punjab and Mahbubnagar district of Telangana, India. The farmers opined that the climatic variability impacts more than the long-term climate change. They observed change in the quantum, onset and distribution of rainfall, rise in minimum as well as maximum temperature levels, decline in crop yield and ground water depletion. The key socio-economic effects of climate change included decline in farm income, farm unemployment, rural migration and increased indebtedness among farmers. In order to cope with climate variability and change thereon, farmers resorted to adaptation strategies such as use of crop varieties of suitable duration, water conservation techniques, crop insurance and participation in non-farm activities and employment guarantee schemes. Farmers' adaptation to changing climate was constrained by several technological, socio-economic and institutional barriers. These include limited knowledge on the costs-benefits of adaptation, lack of access to and knowledge of adaptation technologies, lack of financial resources and limited information on weather. Besides, lack of access to input markets, inadequate farm labour and smaller farm size were the other constraints. Further, on the basis of the grass-root elicitation a \textbackslash textasciigraveNeed-Based Adaptation' planning incorporating farmers' perceptions on climate change impacts, constraints in the adoption of adaptation strategies and plausible adaptation options were linked with the most suitable ongoing programmatic interventions of the Government of India. The study concluded that micro-level needs and constraints for various adaptation strategies and interventions should be an integral part of the programme development, implementation and evaluation in the entire developmental paradigm.},
+  abstract = {Climate change adds another dimension of challenges to the growth and sustainability of Indian agriculture. The growing exposure to livelihood shocks from climate variability/change and limited resource base of the rural community to adapt has reinforced the need to mainstream climate adaptation planning into developmental landscape. However, a better understanding of micro-level perceptions is imperative for effective and informed planning at the macro-level. In this paper, the grass-root level perspectives on climate change impacts and adaptation decisions were elicited at farm level in the Moga district of Punjab and Mahbubnagar district of Telangana, India. The farmers opined that the climatic variability impacts more than the long-term climate change. They observed change in the quantum, onset and distribution of rainfall, rise in minimum as well as maximum temperature levels, decline in crop yield and ground water depletion. The key socio-economic effects of climate change included decline in farm income, farm unemployment, rural migration and increased indebtedness among farmers. In order to cope with climate variability and change thereon, farmers resorted to adaptation strategies such as use of crop varieties of suitable duration, water conservation techniques, crop insurance and participation in non-farm activities and employment guarantee schemes. Farmers' adaptation to changing climate was constrained by several technological, socio-economic and institutional barriers. These include limited knowledge on the costs-benefits of adaptation, lack of access to and knowledge of adaptation technologies, lack of financial resources and limited information on weather. Besides, lack of access to input markets, inadequate farm labour and smaller farm size were the other constraints. Further, on the basis of the grass-root elicitation a {\textbackslash}textasciigraveNeed-Based Adaptation' planning incorporating farmers' perceptions on climate change impacts, constraints in the adoption of adaptation strategies and plausible adaptation options were linked with the most suitable ongoing programmatic interventions of the Government of India. The study concluded that micro-level needs and constraints for various adaptation strategies and interventions should be an integral part of the programme development, implementation and evaluation in the entire developmental paradigm.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31719,7 +36676,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Sites, William and Parks, Virginia},
   year = {2011},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {POLITICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {39},
   number = {1},
   pages = {40--73},
@@ -31755,10 +36712,25 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {14--59},
   issn = {1726-3247},
   doi = {10.17323/1726-3247-2017-4-14-59},
-  abstract = {The issue of social inequality has always been a focus of sociological knowledge. Meanwhile, extensive discussions about new forms of inequality and social participation were driven by changes in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. As a result, the topic of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveprecarity\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace has become more relevant in recent times. The reasons for this interest are the growing tensions in labor markets and problems of employment systems in various countries. The purpose of this article is to study the precarious opportunities for employees in the context of an analysis of their self-assessments of the risks of job losses and future labor incomes, as well as to compare this self-perception between those employed in Russia and Germany. The aim of the comparative analysis is the identification of social factors of the precarious employment in market economies, and to achieve an understanding of the degree of social inequality from the point of employment participation in Russia. The article starts with an examination of the theoretical foundations. These foundations are a modern interpretation of the sociological theory of the social structure of society, the development of resources, and actor theories. The model of the subjective perception of inequality A. Hense is under consideration. In the model, the conceptual provisions of methodological individualism of S. Lindenberg and P. Burdieu's methodological relativism are integrated. The data of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) and German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) were used for multivariate analysis. Determinants (production, legal, contextual) were studied using generalized ordered probit models with random effects. As a result, the authors conclude that the precariousness of employment and incomes in Russia captures a large proportion of wage earners and is fixed throughout the observation period. A higher level of education weakens anxiety, although in Russia it should be more significant than in Germany. Workers are a risk group in the self-perception of precarity, but the situation in Russia is changing if differentiated professional groups are evaluated. Working conditions depend on the system of social support for workers and on the social capital of workers (family support and the origin of the worker). The self-perception of precariousness among workers increases if the number of dependents is high. The size of the enterprise has a different impact on self-perception of the precariousness for workers in Russia and Germany. In Russia, women are most susceptible to the perception of precarity, whereas in Germany, such effects are not recorded. In general, the study shows that the reduction of inequality in the involvement of citizens in the labor market in the modern market economy is directly related to the proactive role of the state in the social protection of workers.},
+  abstract = {The issue of social inequality has always been a focus of sociological knowledge. Meanwhile, extensive discussions about new forms of inequality and social participation were driven by changes in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. As a result, the topic of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveprecarity{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace has become more relevant in recent times. The reasons for this interest are the growing tensions in labor markets and problems of employment systems in various countries. The purpose of this article is to study the precarious opportunities for employees in the context of an analysis of their self-assessments of the risks of job losses and future labor incomes, as well as to compare this self-perception between those employed in Russia and Germany. The aim of the comparative analysis is the identification of social factors of the precarious employment in market economies, and to achieve an understanding of the degree of social inequality from the point of employment participation in Russia. The article starts with an examination of the theoretical foundations. These foundations are a modern interpretation of the sociological theory of the social structure of society, the development of resources, and actor theories. The model of the subjective perception of inequality A. Hense is under consideration. In the model, the conceptual provisions of methodological individualism of S. Lindenberg and P. Burdieu's methodological relativism are integrated. The data of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) and German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) were used for multivariate analysis. Determinants (production, legal, contextual) were studied using generalized ordered probit models with random effects. As a result, the authors conclude that the precariousness of employment and incomes in Russia captures a large proportion of wage earners and is fixed throughout the observation period. A higher level of education weakens anxiety, although in Russia it should be more significant than in Germany. Workers are a risk group in the self-perception of precarity, but the situation in Russia is changing if differentiated professional groups are evaluated. Working conditions depend on the system of social support for workers and on the social capital of workers (family support and the origin of the worker). The self-perception of precariousness among workers increases if the number of dependents is high. The size of the enterprise has a different impact on self-perception of the precariousness for workers in Russia and Germany. In Russia, women are most susceptible to the perception of precarity, whereas in Germany, such effects are not recorded. In general, the study shows that the reduction of inequality in the involvement of citizens in the labor market in the modern market economy is directly related to the proactive role of the state in the social protection of workers.},
   langid = {russian}
 }
 
+@article{Sjosten2012,
+  title = {Change in Physical Activity and Weight in Relation to Retirement: The {{French GAZEL Cohort Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Change in Physical Activity and Weight in Relation to Retirement},
+  author = {Sj{\"o}sten, Noora and Kivim{\"a}ki, Mika and {Singh-Manoux}, Archana and Ferrie, Jane E and Goldberg, Marcel and Zins, Marie and Pentti, Jaana and Westerlund, Hugo and Vahtera, Jussi},
+  year = {2012},
+  journal = {BMJ Open},
+  volume = {2},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {e000522},
+  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
+  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000522},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Skidmore1974,
   title = {Availability of {{Data}} from the {{Graduated Work Incentive Experiment}}},
   author = {Skidmore, Felicity M.},
@@ -31779,13 +36751,13 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Skolarus, Lesli E. and Wing, Jeffrey J. and Morgenstern, Lewis B. and Brown, Devin L. and Lisabeth, Lynda D.},
   year = {2016},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF STROKE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF STROKE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES},
   volume = {25},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1851--1855},
   issn = {1052-3057},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.015},
-  abstract = {Background: Greater poststroke disability and U.S. employment policies may disadvantage minority stroke survivors from returning to work. We explored ethnic differences in return to work among Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) working at the time of their stroke. Methods: Stroke patients were identified from the population-based BASIC (Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi) study from August 2011 to December 2013. Employment status was obtained at baseline and 90-day interviews. Sequential logistic regression models were built to assess ethnic differences in return to work after accounting for the following: (1) age ({$<$}65 versus {$>$}= 65); (2) sex; (3) 90-day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); and (4) education (lower than high school versus high school or higher). Results: Of the 729 MA and NHW stroke survivors who completed the baseline interview, 197 (27\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were working at the time of their stroke, of which 125 (63\textbackslash textbackslash\%) completed the 90-day outcome interview. Forty-nine (40\textbackslash textbackslash\%) stroke survivors returned to work by 90 days. MAs were less likely to return to work (OR = .45, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI .22-. 94) than NHWs. The ethnic difference became nonsignificant after adjusting for NIHSS (OR = .59, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI .24-1.44) and further attenuated after adjusting for education (OR = .85, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI .32-2.22). Conclusions: The majority of stroke survivors did not return to work within 90 days of their stroke. MA stroke survivors were less likely to return to work after stroke than NHW stroke survivors which was due to their greater neurological deficits and lower educational attainment compared with that of NHW stroke survivors. Future work should focus on clinical and policy efforts to reduce ethnic disparities in return to work.},
+  abstract = {Background: Greater poststroke disability and U.S. employment policies may disadvantage minority stroke survivors from returning to work. We explored ethnic differences in return to work among Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) working at the time of their stroke. Methods: Stroke patients were identified from the population-based BASIC (Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi) study from August 2011 to December 2013. Employment status was obtained at baseline and 90-day interviews. Sequential logistic regression models were built to assess ethnic differences in return to work after accounting for the following: (1) age ({$<$}65 versus {$>$}= 65); (2) sex; (3) 90-day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); and (4) education (lower than high school versus high school or higher). Results: Of the 729 MA and NHW stroke survivors who completed the baseline interview, 197 (27{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were working at the time of their stroke, of which 125 (63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) completed the 90-day outcome interview. Forty-nine (40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) stroke survivors returned to work by 90 days. MAs were less likely to return to work (OR = .45, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI .22-. 94) than NHWs. The ethnic difference became nonsignificant after adjusting for NIHSS (OR = .59, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI .24-1.44) and further attenuated after adjusting for education (OR = .85, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI .32-2.22). Conclusions: The majority of stroke survivors did not return to work within 90 days of their stroke. MA stroke survivors were less likely to return to work after stroke than NHW stroke survivors which was due to their greater neurological deficits and lower educational attainment compared with that of NHW stroke survivors. Future work should focus on clinical and policy efforts to reduce ethnic disparities in return to work.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31814,7 +36786,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {5},
   pages = {439--450},
   issn = {0013-3035},
-  abstract = {The author of the paper analyzes human capital issues in two levels. From the theoretical point of view human capital is defined as the acquired knowledge, habits, motives and energy disposed of by people and applicable in production of goods and services during a certain period of time. The owner of human capital receives an adequate compensation in income. The second level of the analysis is that of an application character taking account of the problems of the transformation process. The use of human capital in the state economic policy is analyzed, the interconnection between education, employment and wages policy and the barriers arising in the transformation process are studied. Business activities as a special form of human capital are paid attention to. Modern business assumes that a successful application of high technologies depends not only upon the technical level, on the changes in organizational structures but also upon the change in the \textbackslash textasciigrave'spirit'' of business principles. That is the reason why the author analyzes the ethic business criteria that are actual for the nowaday economic transformation especially. In the conclusion of the paper the author points out the necessity of the close cooperation between state economic policy and the business strategy in finding a new position of a human being within the creation of market relationships that cannot remain just in the level of comparative advantages of a cheap labour force. Depreciation of human capital stock, undervaluation of human investments may have, from the longterm point of view, huge negative consequences upon the prosperity of the transforming economies.},
+  abstract = {The author of the paper analyzes human capital issues in two levels. From the theoretical point of view human capital is defined as the acquired knowledge, habits, motives and energy disposed of by people and applicable in production of goods and services during a certain period of time. The owner of human capital receives an adequate compensation in income. The second level of the analysis is that of an application character taking account of the problems of the transformation process. The use of human capital in the state economic policy is analyzed, the interconnection between education, employment and wages policy and the barriers arising in the transformation process are studied. Business activities as a special form of human capital are paid attention to. Modern business assumes that a successful application of high technologies depends not only upon the technical level, on the changes in organizational structures but also upon the change in the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave'spirit'' of business principles. That is the reason why the author analyzes the ethic business criteria that are actual for the nowaday economic transformation especially. In the conclusion of the paper the author points out the necessity of the close cooperation between state economic policy and the business strategy in finding a new position of a human being within the creation of market relationships that cannot remain just in the level of comparative advantages of a cheap labour force. Depreciation of human capital stock, undervaluation of human investments may have, from the longterm point of view, huge negative consequences upon the prosperity of the transforming economies.},
   langid = {czech}
 }
 
@@ -31845,6 +36817,22 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Slingerland2007,
+  title = {Aging, {{Retirement}}, and {{Changes}} in {{Physical Activity}}: {{Prospective Cohort Findings}} from the {{GLOBE Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Aging, {{Retirement}}, and {{Changes}} in {{Physical Activity}}},
+  author = {Slingerland, A. S. and Van Lenthe, F. J. and Jukema, J. W. and Kamphuis, C. B. M. and Looman, C. and Giskes, K. and Huisman, M. and Narayan, K. M. V. and Mackenbach, J. P. and Brug, J.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology},
+  volume = {165},
+  number = {12},
+  pages = {1356--1363},
+  issn = {0002-9262, 1476-6256},
+  doi = {10.1093/aje/kwm053},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Sly2012,
   title = {Challenges to {{Replicating Evidence-Based Research}} in {{Real-World Settings}}: {{Training African-American}} Peers as {{Patient Navigators}} for {{Colon Cancer Screening}}},
   author = {Sly, Jamilia R. and Jandorf, Lina and Dhulkifl, Rayhana and Hall, Diana and Edwards, Tiffany and Goodman, Adam J. and Maysonet, Elithea and Azeez, Sulaiman},
@@ -31888,7 +36876,7 @@ policy recc:
   issn = {0066-4812, 1467-8330},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00592.x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em}               This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Krak\'ow, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor-quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in-work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post-socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.},
+  abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em}               This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Krak{\'o}w, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor-quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in-work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post-socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31903,7 +36891,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {715--738},
   issn = {0305-4985},
   doi = {10.1080/03054985.2014.981436},
-  abstract = {Focusing on data and policies from England, trends in educational disadvantage by area are traced from the late 1960s when the first pilot projects were established in the UK, to the present. The origins of these developments and the subsequent rises and falls of such area-based policies in England are reviewed. Specially collected data for the pilot areas from the 1960s and national data for England from 2000 are used to draw out some striking patterns of changes over the period. Though many of the areas remain highly disadvantaged, educational measures at age 16 and at entry to higher education (HE) indicate some important changes. Thus the settled, white working-class pilot area in the 1960s with just below average results had fallen back very substantially by 2013, particularly in entry to HE. By contrast the newly settled Asian immigrant area in Birmingham where educational performance was exceptionally poor in the 1960s had moved above average despite remaining highly disadvantaged. Analysis of the national results since 2000 using local area data showed that these trends were widespread across England. Disadvantaged \textbackslash textasciigravemulticultural urban areas' were doing markedly better than the disadvantaged white working-class urban areas, where in many cases traditional industries had closed. This was especially marked at entry to HE where multicultural areas had rates close to the national average of 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% while white working-class urban areas had rates of entry to HE of between 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the age group and this gap has widened rapidly in recent years. These trends are likely to be the source of major resentment, with one group finding itself increasingly excluded from higher level employment opportunities, and the other failing to find opportunities that match their expectations once they leave education.},
+  abstract = {Focusing on data and policies from England, trends in educational disadvantage by area are traced from the late 1960s when the first pilot projects were established in the UK, to the present. The origins of these developments and the subsequent rises and falls of such area-based policies in England are reviewed. Specially collected data for the pilot areas from the 1960s and national data for England from 2000 are used to draw out some striking patterns of changes over the period. Though many of the areas remain highly disadvantaged, educational measures at age 16 and at entry to higher education (HE) indicate some important changes. Thus the settled, white working-class pilot area in the 1960s with just below average results had fallen back very substantially by 2013, particularly in entry to HE. By contrast the newly settled Asian immigrant area in Birmingham where educational performance was exceptionally poor in the 1960s had moved above average despite remaining highly disadvantaged. Analysis of the national results since 2000 using local area data showed that these trends were widespread across England. Disadvantaged {\textbackslash}textasciigravemulticultural urban areas' were doing markedly better than the disadvantaged white working-class urban areas, where in many cases traditional industries had closed. This was especially marked at entry to HE where multicultural areas had rates close to the national average of 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% while white working-class urban areas had rates of entry to HE of between 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the age group and this gap has widened rapidly in recent years. These trends are likely to be the source of major resentment, with one group finding itself increasingly excluded from higher level employment opportunities, and the other failing to find opportunities that match their expectations once they leave education.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31918,7 +36906,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {659--667},
   issn = {0022-3018},
   doi = {10.1097/NMD.0000000000000187},
-  abstract = {Services are available to help support existing employment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities; however, there is a gap in services targeting job interview skills that can help obtain employment. We assessed the feasibility and efficacy of Virtual Reality Job Interview Training (VR-JIT) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to VR-JIT (n = 25) or treatment-as-usual (TAU) (n = 12) groups. VR-JIT consisted of 10 hours of simulated job interviews with a virtual character and didactic online training. The participants attended 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% of laboratory-based training sessions and found VR-JIT easy to use and felt prepared for future interviews. The VR-JIT group improved their job interview role-play performance (p {$<$}= 0.05) and self-confidence (p {$<$}= 0.05) between baseline and follow-up as compared with the TAU group. VR-JIT performance scores increased over time (R-2 = 0.65). VR-JIT demonstrated initial feasibility and efficacy at improving job interview skills and self-confidence. Future research may help clarify whether this intervention is efficacious in community-based settings.},
+  abstract = {Services are available to help support existing employment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities; however, there is a gap in services targeting job interview skills that can help obtain employment. We assessed the feasibility and efficacy of Virtual Reality Job Interview Training (VR-JIT) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to VR-JIT (n = 25) or treatment-as-usual (TAU) (n = 12) groups. VR-JIT consisted of 10 hours of simulated job interviews with a virtual character and didactic online training. The participants attended 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of laboratory-based training sessions and found VR-JIT easy to use and felt prepared for future interviews. The VR-JIT group improved their job interview role-play performance (p {$<$}= 0.05) and self-confidence (p {$<$}= 0.05) between baseline and follow-up as compared with the TAU group. VR-JIT performance scores increased over time (R-2 = 0.65). VR-JIT demonstrated initial feasibility and efficacy at improving job interview skills and self-confidence. Future research may help clarify whether this intervention is efficacious in community-based settings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31961,7 +36949,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1144--1173},
   issn = {0022-0337},
   doi = {10.1002/jdd.13059},
-  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the significant role that women play in providing global health care, barriers encountered to achieving gender equality in global health leadership, and to propose key recommendations for advancing gender equality in global health decision-making through the integration of gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative leadership (GTL) approaches. Method Data were evaluated to determine the participation rate of women in global health care and social sector roles in comparison to men. Gender equality data from the United Nations, World Health Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Labour Organization, and other resources were analyzed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on gender equality with an emphasis on women in global health leadership positions, the health care and social sector, and gender equality measures for girls and women throughout the world. The literature was examined to identify persistent barriers to gender equality in global health leadership positions. Additionally, a review of the literature was conducted to identify key strategies and recommendations for achieving gender equality in global health decision-making; integrating gender mainstreaming; conducting gender-based analysis; and adopting GTL programs, incentives, and policies to advance gender equality in global health organizations. Findings Women represent 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the health and social care sector global workforce but only 25\textbackslash textbackslash\% of senior global health leadership roles. Since 2018, there has been a lack of meaningful change in the gender equality policy arenas at global health organizations that has led to significant increases in women serving in global leadership decision-making senior positions. During the pandemic in 2020, there were nearly 100 open vacancies-one-quarter of CEO and board chair positions-at global health organizations, but none were filled by women. Women disproportionately provide caregiving and unpaid care work, and the pandemic has increased this burden with women spending 15 hours a week more on domestic labor than men. A lack of uniform, state-sponsored paid parental leave and support for childcare, eldercare, and caregiving, which is overwhelmingly assumed by women, serve as major barriers to gender parity in global health leadership and the career advancement of women. Conclusion The pandemic has adversely impacted women in global health care and social sector roles. During the pandemic, there has been a widening of the gender pay gap, a lack of gains for women in global health leadership positions, an increase in caregiving responsibilities for women, and more women and girls have been pushed back into extreme poverty than men and boys. Globally, there is still resistance to women serving in senior leadership roles, and social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, and restrictions on women's rights are deeply intertwined with barriers that reinforce gender inequality in global health leadership. To ensure comprehensive human rights and that equitable workforce opportunities are available, the concept of gender equality must be expanded within the global health community to consistently include not only women and girls and men and boys, but also persons who identify as nonbinary and gender nonconforming. Efforts to eliminate remnants of systemic and structural gender discrimination must also incorporate gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative approaches to achieve gender equality throughout global health systems and organizations.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the significant role that women play in providing global health care, barriers encountered to achieving gender equality in global health leadership, and to propose key recommendations for advancing gender equality in global health decision-making through the integration of gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative leadership (GTL) approaches. Method Data were evaluated to determine the participation rate of women in global health care and social sector roles in comparison to men. Gender equality data from the United Nations, World Health Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Labour Organization, and other resources were analyzed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on gender equality with an emphasis on women in global health leadership positions, the health care and social sector, and gender equality measures for girls and women throughout the world. The literature was examined to identify persistent barriers to gender equality in global health leadership positions. Additionally, a review of the literature was conducted to identify key strategies and recommendations for achieving gender equality in global health decision-making; integrating gender mainstreaming; conducting gender-based analysis; and adopting GTL programs, incentives, and policies to advance gender equality in global health organizations. Findings Women represent 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the health and social care sector global workforce but only 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of senior global health leadership roles. Since 2018, there has been a lack of meaningful change in the gender equality policy arenas at global health organizations that has led to significant increases in women serving in global leadership decision-making senior positions. During the pandemic in 2020, there were nearly 100 open vacancies-one-quarter of CEO and board chair positions-at global health organizations, but none were filled by women. Women disproportionately provide caregiving and unpaid care work, and the pandemic has increased this burden with women spending 15 hours a week more on domestic labor than men. A lack of uniform, state-sponsored paid parental leave and support for childcare, eldercare, and caregiving, which is overwhelmingly assumed by women, serve as major barriers to gender parity in global health leadership and the career advancement of women. Conclusion The pandemic has adversely impacted women in global health care and social sector roles. During the pandemic, there has been a widening of the gender pay gap, a lack of gains for women in global health leadership positions, an increase in caregiving responsibilities for women, and more women and girls have been pushed back into extreme poverty than men and boys. Globally, there is still resistance to women serving in senior leadership roles, and social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, and restrictions on women's rights are deeply intertwined with barriers that reinforce gender inequality in global health leadership. To ensure comprehensive human rights and that equitable workforce opportunities are available, the concept of gender equality must be expanded within the global health community to consistently include not only women and girls and men and boys, but also persons who identify as nonbinary and gender nonconforming. Efforts to eliminate remnants of systemic and structural gender discrimination must also incorporate gender mainstreaming, gender-based analysis, and gender transformative approaches to achieve gender equality throughout global health systems and organizations.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -31983,12 +36971,12 @@ policy recc:
   title = {{LABOUR MARKET DISTORTIONS VIA TAXATION SYSTEM OF NATURAL PERSON}},
   author = {Sojkova, Lenka},
   year = {2011},
-  journal = {E \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& M EKONOMIE A MANAGEMENT},
+  journal = {E {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& M EKONOMIE A MANAGEMENT},
   volume = {14},
   number = {3},
   pages = {6--15},
   issn = {1212-3609},
-  abstract = {Any preferential treatment of income of certain population groups at setting their share on state costs results in harmful disproportions in consequence. Valid taxing conditions of traders and self-employed persons for the last three years in the Czech Republic, lead to labour market distortions. This paper gives evidence of extreme differences in tax burden of various income groups of self-employed persons compared to wage and capital yield taxation. Remarkable disparities are apparent both at lower and medium-high incomes and at peak incomes exceeding CZK 10 million per year. Presented calculations and figures confirm that particularly freelance occupations, consulting services as well as other trading professions are groundlessly favoured. Their bearers can transmit real costs on their clients and yet they are eligible to apply lump sum expenses ranging from 40 \textbackslash textbackslash\% to 60 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of income. Thus, they reduce their taxable income as well as basis of assessment for obligatory payments into insurance system in this way. Unlike them, some traders and people in position of employees cannot use such an optimization from practical reasons. This systemic distortion constitutes a groundless differentiation in a share of different citizens on financing of state expenditures. In a broader sense, it might even contradict constitutional order of the Czech Republic. At least, this situation harms significantly a willingness of citizens to take a share in solidarity system of financing state operation and its social system voluntarily. Diverse tax burden imposes a pressure on the labour market or more precisely leads to crowding-out of wage earners out of the labour market into the sphere of so called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravesvarzsystem\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (evasion of labour law provisions by a conclusion of a commercial-contractual relationship). Secondary, but fundamental result is a distortion of macroeconomic statistics that provide documentary evidence for labour market development.},
+  abstract = {Any preferential treatment of income of certain population groups at setting their share on state costs results in harmful disproportions in consequence. Valid taxing conditions of traders and self-employed persons for the last three years in the Czech Republic, lead to labour market distortions. This paper gives evidence of extreme differences in tax burden of various income groups of self-employed persons compared to wage and capital yield taxation. Remarkable disparities are apparent both at lower and medium-high incomes and at peak incomes exceeding CZK 10 million per year. Presented calculations and figures confirm that particularly freelance occupations, consulting services as well as other trading professions are groundlessly favoured. Their bearers can transmit real costs on their clients and yet they are eligible to apply lump sum expenses ranging from 40 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% to 60 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of income. Thus, they reduce their taxable income as well as basis of assessment for obligatory payments into insurance system in this way. Unlike them, some traders and people in position of employees cannot use such an optimization from practical reasons. This systemic distortion constitutes a groundless differentiation in a share of different citizens on financing of state expenditures. In a broader sense, it might even contradict constitutional order of the Czech Republic. At least, this situation harms significantly a willingness of citizens to take a share in solidarity system of financing state operation and its social system voluntarily. Diverse tax burden imposes a pressure on the labour market or more precisely leads to crowding-out of wage earners out of the labour market into the sphere of so called {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravesvarzsystem{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (evasion of labour law provisions by a conclusion of a commercial-contractual relationship). Secondary, but fundamental result is a distortion of macroeconomic statistics that provide documentary evidence for labour market development.},
   langid = {czech}
 }
 
@@ -32003,7 +36991,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {932--939},
   issn = {1877-1297},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cptl.2020.04.017},
-  abstract = {Introduction: To prepare community pharmacists for the provision of clinical and patient-focused services, a novel postgraduate course for community pharmacists in the United Kingdom was developed. The program incorporated personal development planning against a personal development framework, workplace mentoring, employment of work-based assessment tools, activities that encouraged increased inter-professional working, reflection, and opportunities for peer support. Objectives were to identify course components that support development, describe the effect on practice, and explore the perceived advantages and disadvantages of this model of postgraduate education. Methods: Interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 15 community pharmacists after they had completed approximately one year of the three-year course. A topic guide covering approaches to learning, rationale for course selection, course experiences to date, and impact on practice was used. Interview recordings were thematically analyzed. Results: Two themes were identified. \textbackslash textasciigraveSupport for learning' describes the components of the course that provided support for learning, including opportunities to learn with and from others, workplace mentoring, and facilitated access to general practitioners. \textbackslash textasciigraveOutcomes of learning' encompasses how the course was a way of effecting change within existing roles and the increase in confidence and motivation to change practice. Conclusions: The model has merit in supporting community pharmacists to develop the confidence and competence required for extended clinical and patient-focused roles. While this model of learning seems to provide educational value, further research is required to determine whether the additional resources required to provide workplace mentoring, use work-based assessment tools, and encourage inter-professional working are justified.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: To prepare community pharmacists for the provision of clinical and patient-focused services, a novel postgraduate course for community pharmacists in the United Kingdom was developed. The program incorporated personal development planning against a personal development framework, workplace mentoring, employment of work-based assessment tools, activities that encouraged increased inter-professional working, reflection, and opportunities for peer support. Objectives were to identify course components that support development, describe the effect on practice, and explore the perceived advantages and disadvantages of this model of postgraduate education. Methods: Interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 15 community pharmacists after they had completed approximately one year of the three-year course. A topic guide covering approaches to learning, rationale for course selection, course experiences to date, and impact on practice was used. Interview recordings were thematically analyzed. Results: Two themes were identified. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveSupport for learning' describes the components of the course that provided support for learning, including opportunities to learn with and from others, workplace mentoring, and facilitated access to general practitioners. {\textbackslash}textasciigraveOutcomes of learning' encompasses how the course was a way of effecting change within existing roles and the increase in confidence and motivation to change practice. Conclusions: The model has merit in supporting community pharmacists to develop the confidence and competence required for extended clinical and patient-focused roles. While this model of learning seems to provide educational value, further research is required to determine whether the additional resources required to provide workplace mentoring, use work-based assessment tools, and encourage inter-professional working are justified.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32015,7 +37003,7 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE},
   volume = {7},
   doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.617965},
-  abstract = {The contributions of women to fisheries are often invisible, ignored, and unrecognized even though they represent 47\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the global fisheries workforce, especially in pre- and post-production activities. Poor data systems lead to incorrect assumptions about the gender division of labor in fisheries. This causes the role of women in fisheries to be overlooked. To evaluate the contribution of women in the value chain, a participatory methodology was implemented in three small-scale, fisheries in Mexico: California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) fishery from the northern Mexican Pacific, penshell (Atrina maura) fishery from the Gulf of California, and Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery from the Mesoamerican Reef region. This study shows an unequal inclusion of men and women as members of the fishing cooperatives where only 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 5\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% are women in spiny lobster, red lobster, and penshell, respectively, and in the distribution of direct jobs (1 out of 6.7 jobs was held by a woman). These results indicate limited opportunities for women to access leadership positions. However, the participation percentages increased dramatically when we considered the fishery system (i.e., both direct and indirect jobs), with women accounting for 43\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 37\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the California spiny lobster, penshell, and Caribbean spiny lobster fishery workforce, respectively. Women represented 39\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the workforce in pre-production activities, 2\textbackslash textbackslash\% in production, 29\textbackslash textbackslash\% in post-production, and 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% in complementary to production. Women tended to participate in two or more activities at the same time, generally combining work, household, and community activities. The participation of women in fisheries could be equivalent to a second working day, and even when this effort is present in similarly in three fisheries, their contribution is yet to be acknowledged in order to incorporate women in decision-making. The analysis of the value chain and the fishery system provided a more realistic picture of the contribution of women to fisheries than an analysis focused solely on extraction. This work further analyzed the importance and degree of participation of women in fishing cooperatives and the decision-making process. Strategies to reduce gender disparity are needed to encourage inclusion of women in fisheries decision-making.},
+  abstract = {The contributions of women to fisheries are often invisible, ignored, and unrecognized even though they represent 47{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the global fisheries workforce, especially in pre- and post-production activities. Poor data systems lead to incorrect assumptions about the gender division of labor in fisheries. This causes the role of women in fisheries to be overlooked. To evaluate the contribution of women in the value chain, a participatory methodology was implemented in three small-scale, fisheries in Mexico: California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) fishery from the northern Mexican Pacific, penshell (Atrina maura) fishery from the Gulf of California, and Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery from the Mesoamerican Reef region. This study shows an unequal inclusion of men and women as members of the fishing cooperatives where only 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% are women in spiny lobster, red lobster, and penshell, respectively, and in the distribution of direct jobs (1 out of 6.7 jobs was held by a woman). These results indicate limited opportunities for women to access leadership positions. However, the participation percentages increased dramatically when we considered the fishery system (i.e., both direct and indirect jobs), with women accounting for 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 37{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the California spiny lobster, penshell, and Caribbean spiny lobster fishery workforce, respectively. Women represented 39{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the workforce in pre-production activities, 2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in production, 29{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in post-production, and 56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in complementary to production. Women tended to participate in two or more activities at the same time, generally combining work, household, and community activities. The participation of women in fisheries could be equivalent to a second working day, and even when this effort is present in similarly in three fisheries, their contribution is yet to be acknowledged in order to incorporate women in decision-making. The analysis of the value chain and the fishery system provided a more realistic picture of the contribution of women to fisheries than an analysis focused solely on extraction. This work further analyzed the importance and degree of participation of women in fishing cooperatives and the decision-making process. Strategies to reduce gender disparity are needed to encourage inclusion of women in fisheries decision-making.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32029,7 +37017,55 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {197+},
   issn = {1501-7419},
   doi = {10.16993/sjdr.322},
-  abstract = {Two research questions are addressed: 1) What predicts employment among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Norway? 2) How do the employed compare with the non-employed in their job motivation, labour discrimination, quality of life, everyday coping, health and pain suffering? We use a cross-sectional survey from 2012. With a 51\textbackslash textbackslash\% response rate, 320 Norwegians aged 21-66 years with SCI participated. After injury, 69.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% were employed, and 44.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% remained employed at the time of the interview. There was no gender difference in employment. Among men and women, age at onset of SCI, ability to continue working in the same organisation and education was associated with employment. For men paraplegia and vocational rehabilitation were also significant. Occupational class was non-significant among both men and women. Job motivation and work ability could have affected past employment, and both the employed and non-employed supported the statement that employers discriminate against wheelchair users.},
+  abstract = {Two research questions are addressed: 1) What predicts employment among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Norway? 2) How do the employed compare with the non-employed in their job motivation, labour discrimination, quality of life, everyday coping, health and pain suffering? We use a cross-sectional survey from 2012. With a 51{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% response rate, 320 Norwegians aged 21-66 years with SCI participated. After injury, 69.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were employed, and 44.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% remained employed at the time of the interview. There was no gender difference in employment. Among men and women, age at onset of SCI, ability to continue working in the same organisation and education was associated with employment. For men paraplegia and vocational rehabilitation were also significant. Occupational class was non-significant among both men and women. Job motivation and work ability could have affected past employment, and both the employed and non-employed supported the statement that employers discriminate against wheelchair users.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Solovieva2009,
+  title = {Cost of Workplace Accommodations for Individuals with Disabilities: With or without Personal Assistance Services},
+  shorttitle = {Cost of Workplace Accommodations for Individuals with Disabilities},
+  author = {Solovieva, Tatiana I. and Walls, Richard T. and Hendricks, Deborah J. and Dowler, Denetta L.},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Disability and Health Journal},
+  volume = {2},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {196--205},
+  issn = {19366574},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.04.002},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Solovieva2011,
+  title = {Employer Benefits from Making Workplace Accommodations},
+  author = {Solovieva, Tatiana I. and Dowler, Denetta L. and Walls, Richard T.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Health Journal},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {39--45},
+  issn = {19366574},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.dhjo.2010.03.001},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{SolstadVedeler2011,
+  title = {Policy in {{Action}}: {{Stories}} on the {{Workplace Accommodation Process}}},
+  shorttitle = {Policy in {{Action}}},
+  author = {Solstad Vedeler, Janikke and Schreuer, Naomi},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {Journal of Disability Policy Studies},
+  volume = {22},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {95--105},
+  issn = {1044-2073, 1538-4802},
+  doi = {10.1177/1044207310395942},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Workplace accommodation is an important measure to ensure equal employment opportunities for people with disabilities. Substantial research has investigated workplace accommodations in the United States. This article represents a first step in exploring the complexities of workplace accommodation from a cross-national perspective. Drawing on 29 qualitative interviews with employed Americans and Norwegians with mobility disabilities, we investigated similarities and differences in experiences with accommodation provision. Two main similarities emerged: Many of the American and Norwegian interviewees made use of accommodations, and the employer played an important role in the provision process in both countries. Concerning the particular role of the employer, two main differences emerged: American interviewees' accounts of obstacles to a smooth accommodation process were related to the redistribution agent (i.e., the employer). In Norway, employers can either provide the accommodation themselves or make use of subsidized public services. When the employer chose to make use of public services, Norwegian interviewees reported a slow process and obstacles that were related to the recognition of eligibility, which rests on medical assessment. The article reveals a common vulnerability among people with disabilities when dependent on the recognition of their needs and effective provision of workplace accommodation to be competitive employees.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32042,7 +37078,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {138},
   issn = {0305-750X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182},
-  abstract = {Even though there is growing social support for higher minimum wages as anti-poverty policy tools, very little is known about their effectiveness in reducing poverty or inequality in the developing world. Latin America's largest economy offers a fertile setting for shedding light on the issue, in being a large and data-rich country where frequent increases in the minimum wage can allow for direct estimation of influence on the distribution of income. Using a difference-in-difference estimator that takes advantage of substantial regional income variation and 21 increases in the Brazilian national wage floor, the study finds that within three months of these minimum wage hikes, poverty and inequality declined by 2.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 2.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Influence waned over time, particularly with respect to bottom-sensitive distribution measures, a development that is consistent with resulting job loses that fell more heavily among poorer households. The fact that the following annual hike in the minimum wage led to a renewed decline in poverty and inequality, suggests that potential unemployment costs were again overwhelmed by benefits in the form of higher wages among working individuals. However, evidence also establishes an inelastic relationship between wage floor hikes and changes in the incidence of poverty, as well as diminishing returns to the strategy when the legal minimum is high relative to median earnings. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Even though there is growing social support for higher minimum wages as anti-poverty policy tools, very little is known about their effectiveness in reducing poverty or inequality in the developing world. Latin America's largest economy offers a fertile setting for shedding light on the issue, in being a large and data-rich country where frequent increases in the minimum wage can allow for direct estimation of influence on the distribution of income. Using a difference-in-difference estimator that takes advantage of substantial regional income variation and 21 increases in the Brazilian national wage floor, the study finds that within three months of these minimum wage hikes, poverty and inequality declined by 2.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 2.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively. Influence waned over time, particularly with respect to bottom-sensitive distribution measures, a development that is consistent with resulting job loses that fell more heavily among poorer households. The fact that the following annual hike in the minimum wage led to a renewed decline in poverty and inequality, suggests that potential unemployment costs were again overwhelmed by benefits in the form of higher wages among working individuals. However, evidence also establishes an inelastic relationship between wage floor hikes and changes in the incidence of poverty, as well as diminishing returns to the strategy when the legal minimum is high relative to median earnings. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32075,7 +37111,7 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Spagnolo2018,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Find What We Look for, and We Look for What We Know\textbackslash ensuremath'': Factors Interacting with a Mental Health Training Program to Influence Its Expected Outcomes in {{Tunisia}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWe}} Find What We Look for, and We Look for What We Know{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': Factors Interacting with a Mental Health Training Program to Influence Its Expected Outcomes in {{Tunisia}}},
   author = {Spagnolo, Jessica and Champagne, Francois and Leduc, Nicole and Melki, Wahid and Piat, Myra and Laporta, Marc and Bram, Nesrine and Guesmi, Imen and Charfi, Fatma},
   year = {2018},
   month = dec,
@@ -32124,7 +37160,23 @@ policy recc:
   journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS},
   issn = {0033-3549},
   doi = {10.1177/00333549231151661},
-  abstract = {Objective: Parental leave and breastfeeding breaks influence the ability to initiate and continue breastfeeding. We investigated how eligibility criteria in the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Affordable Care Act (ACA) affect access to unpaid parental leave and breastfeeding breaks and assessed affordability and alternative policy models. Methods: We used family income data to assess the affordability of unpaid leave by race and ethnicity. We used 2017-2018 US Current Population Survey data to determine the percentage of private sector workers aged 18-44 years who met the minimum hour (1250 hours of work during a 12-month period), tenure (12 months), and firm size ({$>$}= 50 employees) requirements of FMLA and ACA. We analyzed eligibility by gender, race and ethnicity, and age. We also examined parental leave and breastfeeding break policies in 193 countries. Results: Most Latinx (66.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%), Black (60.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and White (55.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) workers were ineligible and/or unlikely to be able to afford to take unpaid FMLA leave. Of 69 534 workers, more women (16.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) than men (10.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) did not meet the minimum hour requirement. Minimum tenure excluded 23.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all workers and 42.2\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women aged 18-24 years. Minimum firm size excluded 30.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% of all workers and 37.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Latinx workers. Of 27 520 women, 28.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% (including 32.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% of Latina women) were excluded from ACA breastfeeding breaks because of firm size. Nearly all other countries guaranteed mothers paid leave regardless of firm size or minimum hours and guaranteed {$>$}= 6 months of paid leave or breastfeeding breaks. Conclusions: Adopting a comprehensive, inclusive paid parental leave policy and closing gaps in breastfeeding break legislation would remove work-related barriers to breastfeeding; reduce racial, ethnic, and gender inequities; and align US national policies with global norms.},
+  abstract = {Objective: Parental leave and breastfeeding breaks influence the ability to initiate and continue breastfeeding. We investigated how eligibility criteria in the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Affordable Care Act (ACA) affect access to unpaid parental leave and breastfeeding breaks and assessed affordability and alternative policy models. Methods: We used family income data to assess the affordability of unpaid leave by race and ethnicity. We used 2017-2018 US Current Population Survey data to determine the percentage of private sector workers aged 18-44 years who met the minimum hour (1250 hours of work during a 12-month period), tenure (12 months), and firm size ({$>$}= 50 employees) requirements of FMLA and ACA. We analyzed eligibility by gender, race and ethnicity, and age. We also examined parental leave and breastfeeding break policies in 193 countries. Results: Most Latinx (66.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), Black (60.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and White (55.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) workers were ineligible and/or unlikely to be able to afford to take unpaid FMLA leave. Of 69 534 workers, more women (16.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) than men (10.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) did not meet the minimum hour requirement. Minimum tenure excluded 23.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all workers and 42.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women aged 18-24 years. Minimum firm size excluded 30.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of all workers and 37.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of Latinx workers. Of 27 520 women, 28.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (including 32.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of Latina women) were excluded from ACA breastfeeding breaks because of firm size. Nearly all other countries guaranteed mothers paid leave regardless of firm size or minimum hours and guaranteed {$>$}= 6 months of paid leave or breastfeeding breaks. Conclusions: Adopting a comprehensive, inclusive paid parental leave policy and closing gaps in breastfeeding break legislation would remove work-related barriers to breastfeeding; reduce racial, ethnic, and gender inequities; and align US national policies with global norms.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Springer1996,
+  title = {Position Controlled Input Device for Handicapped: {{Experimental}} Studies with a Footmouse},
+  shorttitle = {Position Controlled Input Device for Handicapped},
+  author = {Springer, Johannes and Siebes, Christa},
+  year = {1996},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {135--152},
+  issn = {01698141},
+  doi = {10.1016/0169-8141(95)00045-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32138,7 +37190,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {4},
   pages = {42--49},
   issn = {0022-4154},
-  abstract = {Participation in competitive employment and other meaningful work activities is considered a fundamental human right and crucial to the health and well-being of people with and without disabilities. Approximately less than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the persons with a disability aged 16 to 64 were employed in 2017, which is a striking disparity given that 73.5 \textbackslash textbackslash\% of people in this age group without disabilities were employed. Several 2 x 2 Factorial Designs were used to determine how a job applicant's disability status (disability disclosed, disability not disclosed) and gender (female, male) impacted how Human Resource Managers' (N = 392) evaluated the job applicant in three areas, including (a) how likely are they to hire this job applicant, (b) how qualified do they view this job applicant, and (c) what would they recommend as a starting salary if the applicant was hired. Furthermore, there was an interest in investigating how knowledge of Title 1 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) influenced the Human Resource Managers' hiring-related decisions. Findings revealed that the starting salary was significantly lower for the applicant with a disability. Knowledge of the ADA did not control for any hiring-related decisions. Discussion and implications are provided.},
+  abstract = {Participation in competitive employment and other meaningful work activities is considered a fundamental human right and crucial to the health and well-being of people with and without disabilities. Approximately less than 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the persons with a disability aged 16 to 64 were employed in 2017, which is a striking disparity given that 73.5 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of people in this age group without disabilities were employed. Several 2 x 2 Factorial Designs were used to determine how a job applicant's disability status (disability disclosed, disability not disclosed) and gender (female, male) impacted how Human Resource Managers' (N = 392) evaluated the job applicant in three areas, including (a) how likely are they to hire this job applicant, (b) how qualified do they view this job applicant, and (c) what would they recommend as a starting salary if the applicant was hired. Furthermore, there was an interest in investigating how knowledge of Title 1 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) influenced the Human Resource Managers' hiring-related decisions. Findings revealed that the starting salary was significantly lower for the applicant with a disability. Knowledge of the ADA did not control for any hiring-related decisions. Discussion and implications are provided.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32151,7 +37203,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {14},
   issn = {1664-0640},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200450},
-  abstract = {IntroductionThe purpose of the study was to investigate factors that influence vocational rehabilitation program enrollment and employment at discharge of veterans with psychiatric and co-occurring alcohol and other substance use disorders enrolled at a veteran health administration (VHA) medical center. MethodsA sample of 2,550 veteran patients referred for VHA vocational rehabilitation between 2016 and 2021 were examined for the current study. The current study was classified as quality improvement/assurance, thus resulting in exempt research by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Institutional Review Board. ResultsVeterans with active alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and co-occurring depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, or bipolar disorders were less likely to be enrolled for vocational rehabilitation program services compared to those without these co-occurring diagnoses. Veterans with AUD (active \textbackslash textbackslash\& in-remission status combined into one category) and a diagnosis of anxiety were less likely to be employed at discharge compared to veterans with AUDs and no anxiety diagnosis (anxiety diagnosis - 3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. no anxiety diagnosis - 5.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). DiscussionVHA vocational rehabilitation can be an effective intervention to assist veterans in reintegrating back into the community. Yet, there appears to be some disparities in the program enrollment and employment at discharge, depending on the nature of the psychiatric diagnosis. Investigating the factors contributing (mediating or moderating) to these discrepancies are needed. Although it appears access is not the issue in being referred for vocational rehabilitation services, other factors are likely contributing to program entry.},
+  abstract = {IntroductionThe purpose of the study was to investigate factors that influence vocational rehabilitation program enrollment and employment at discharge of veterans with psychiatric and co-occurring alcohol and other substance use disorders enrolled at a veteran health administration (VHA) medical center. MethodsA sample of 2,550 veteran patients referred for VHA vocational rehabilitation between 2016 and 2021 were examined for the current study. The current study was classified as quality improvement/assurance, thus resulting in exempt research by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Institutional Review Board. ResultsVeterans with active alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and co-occurring depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, or bipolar disorders were less likely to be enrolled for vocational rehabilitation program services compared to those without these co-occurring diagnoses. Veterans with AUD (active {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& in-remission status combined into one category) and a diagnosis of anxiety were less likely to be employed at discharge compared to veterans with AUDs and no anxiety diagnosis (anxiety diagnosis - 3.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. no anxiety diagnosis - 5.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). DiscussionVHA vocational rehabilitation can be an effective intervention to assist veterans in reintegrating back into the community. Yet, there appears to be some disparities in the program enrollment and employment at discharge, depending on the nature of the psychiatric diagnosis. Investigating the factors contributing (mediating or moderating) to these discrepancies are needed. Although it appears access is not the issue in being referred for vocational rehabilitation services, other factors are likely contributing to program entry.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32202,14 +37254,14 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Staines2022,
-  title = {Work and Wellbeing in Remote {{Australia}}: {{Moving}} beyond Punitive \textbackslash textasciigraveworkfare'},
+  title = {Work and Wellbeing in Remote {{Australia}}: {{Moving}} beyond Punitive {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworkfare'},
   author = {Staines, Zoe},
   year = {2022},
   month = jul,
   journal = {JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY},
   issn = {1440-7833},
   doi = {10.1177/14407833221114669},
-  abstract = {Australia's remote-focused \textbackslash textasciigraveworkfare' program (Community Development Program, CDP) has produced overwhelmingly negative impacts, most of which have been borne by its similar to 80\textbackslash textbackslash\% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants. The Australian government has announced that CDP will end in 2023, though a replacement policy/program is not yet decided. Here, I bring three public proposals for replacement policies (wage subsidy, Job Guarantee, Liveable Income Guarantee) into conversation with one another, and compare these to the possibilities offered by a basic income. Drawing on documentary evidence, I discuss potential advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives, asking whether they might improve wellbeing and alleviate the harms experienced under CDP-style workfare.},
+  abstract = {Australia's remote-focused {\textbackslash}textasciigraveworkfare' program (Community Development Program, CDP) has produced overwhelmingly negative impacts, most of which have been borne by its similar to 80{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants. The Australian government has announced that CDP will end in 2023, though a replacement policy/program is not yet decided. Here, I bring three public proposals for replacement policies (wage subsidy, Job Guarantee, Liveable Income Guarantee) into conversation with one another, and compare these to the possibilities offered by a basic income. Drawing on documentary evidence, I discuss potential advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives, asking whether they might improve wellbeing and alleviate the harms experienced under CDP-style workfare.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32217,7 +37269,7 @@ policy recc:
   title = {The Relationship between Hearing Status and the Participation in Different Categories of Work: {{Demographics}}},
   author = {Stam, M. and Kostense, P. J. and Festen, J. M. and Kramer, S. E.},
   year = {2013},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {46},
   number = {2},
   pages = {207--219},
@@ -32237,7 +37289,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {27--45},
   issn = {0803-9410},
   doi = {10.1080/08039410.2015.1134642},
-  abstract = {Electricity provides a range of desirable services such as the electric light and the use of mobile phones and is regarded as a conditional factor for economic growth. Gender equality and women's empowerment are also promoted as a key to development on the international agenda. However, relatively little is known about how the advent of electricity in new contexts affects gender relations. The present analysis of electricity's impact on gender relations engages with the concepts of care work and empowerment. Based on two ethnographic case studies in rural communities in Uttar Pradesh, India, and Bamiyan, Afghanistan, we examine how and to what extent the introduction of electricity affected women's care work practices and empowerment - and potentially transformed gender relations. We also draw on our own empirical material from other parts of India (West Bengal and Jharkhand). We find that electricity affected everyday life in terms of providing important resources and enhancing women's opportunities to perform their expected role as care workers more efficiently and in a qualitatively better way. The women appreciated this positive effect of electricity in their everyday lives. However, we argue that in India, electricity at the same time reinforced structures of gender inequality such as patriarchy and dowry practices, and we trace this tendency to the conceptualisation of women as care workers in combination with conventional, gender \textbackslash textasciigraveneutral' electricity interventions. In contrast, there are signs that women's status increased in the Afghanistan case, which we link to the unusual inclusion of women engineers in the electricity supply.},
+  abstract = {Electricity provides a range of desirable services such as the electric light and the use of mobile phones and is regarded as a conditional factor for economic growth. Gender equality and women's empowerment are also promoted as a key to development on the international agenda. However, relatively little is known about how the advent of electricity in new contexts affects gender relations. The present analysis of electricity's impact on gender relations engages with the concepts of care work and empowerment. Based on two ethnographic case studies in rural communities in Uttar Pradesh, India, and Bamiyan, Afghanistan, we examine how and to what extent the introduction of electricity affected women's care work practices and empowerment - and potentially transformed gender relations. We also draw on our own empirical material from other parts of India (West Bengal and Jharkhand). We find that electricity affected everyday life in terms of providing important resources and enhancing women's opportunities to perform their expected role as care workers more efficiently and in a qualitatively better way. The women appreciated this positive effect of electricity in their everyday lives. However, we argue that in India, electricity at the same time reinforced structures of gender inequality such as patriarchy and dowry practices, and we trace this tendency to the conceptualisation of women as care workers in combination with conventional, gender {\textbackslash}textasciigraveneutral' electricity interventions. In contrast, there are signs that women's status increased in the Afghanistan case, which we link to the unusual inclusion of women engineers in the electricity supply.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32266,7 +37318,22 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {296--302},
   issn = {0884-8734},
   doi = {10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00094.x},
-  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term impact of headache on labor force participation among primary care patients with headache. DESIGN: A 2-year cohort study comparing employment status of primary care patients with headache and that of patients with back pain. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with headache (n = 662) or back gain (n = 1,024) sampled from persons visiting a primary care physician who completed baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up interviews. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentage of subjects unemployed at baseline, I year or 2 years was determined, excluding the retired and homemakers. Among all patients, the percentage unable to obtain or keep full-time work in the year prior to each interview because of headache or back pain was also assessed. Over the 3-year period covered by the study interviews, 13\textbackslash textbackslash\% of headache and 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of back pain patients were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of their pain condition. Among those in the labor farce, 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of headache patients and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% of back pain patients were unemployed for any reason at one or more interviews. Among the one in five headache patients with a poor long-term outcome, 36\textbackslash textbackslash\% were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of;headache at same time compared with 4\textbackslash textbackslash\% of headache patients with a good outcome. Among headache patients, women, persons aged 18 to 24 years, those with lower levels of education, persons with depressive symptoms, and migraineurs were more likely to have reduced labor force participation owing to headache, CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of reduced labor force participation among primary care patients with headache was considerable and concentrated among the one in five patients with a poor long-term outcome. Headache patients at a social disadvantage in attaining occupational role stability (e.g., younger women or poorly educated patients) were more likely to report reduced labor force participation.},
+  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term impact of headache on labor force participation among primary care patients with headache. DESIGN: A 2-year cohort study comparing employment status of primary care patients with headache and that of patients with back pain. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with headache (n = 662) or back gain (n = 1,024) sampled from persons visiting a primary care physician who completed baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up interviews. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentage of subjects unemployed at baseline, I year or 2 years was determined, excluding the retired and homemakers. Among all patients, the percentage unable to obtain or keep full-time work in the year prior to each interview because of headache or back pain was also assessed. Over the 3-year period covered by the study interviews, 13{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of headache and 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of back pain patients were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of their pain condition. Among those in the labor farce, 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of headache patients and 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of back pain patients were unemployed for any reason at one or more interviews. Among the one in five headache patients with a poor long-term outcome, 36{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were unable to obtain or keep full-time work because of;headache at same time compared with 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of headache patients with a good outcome. Among headache patients, women, persons aged 18 to 24 years, those with lower levels of education, persons with depressive symptoms, and migraineurs were more likely to have reduced labor force participation owing to headache, CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of reduced labor force participation among primary care patients with headache was considerable and concentrated among the one in five patients with a poor long-term outcome. Headache patients at a social disadvantage in attaining occupational role stability (e.g., younger women or poorly educated patients) were more likely to report reduced labor force participation.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Stang2010,
+  title = {Critical Evaluation of the {{Newcastle-Ottawa}} Scale for the Assessment of the Quality of Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-Analyses},
+  author = {Stang, Andreas},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology},
+  volume = {25},
+  number = {9},
+  pages = {603--605},
+  issn = {0393-2990, 1573-7284},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32282,6 +37349,39 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Stark2018,
+  title = {Poverty, {{Consent}}, and {{Choice}} in {{Early Marriage}}: {{Ethnographic Perspectives}} from {{Urban Tanzania}}},
+  shorttitle = {Poverty, {{Consent}}, and {{Choice}} in {{Early Marriage}}},
+  author = {Stark, Laura},
+  year = {2018},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Marriage \& Family Review},
+  volume = {54},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {565--581},
+  issn = {0149-4929, 1540-9635},
+  doi = {10.1080/01494929.2017.1403998},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Stedham2004,
+  title = {Measuring National Culture: Does Gender Matter?},
+  shorttitle = {Measuring National Culture},
+  author = {Stedham, Yvonne E. and Yamamura, Jeanne H.},
+  year = {2004},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Women in Management Review},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {233--243},
+  issn = {0964-9425},
+  doi = {10.1108/09649420410545953},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Understanding cultural differences is critical to international business success. Hofstede's (1980) model of national culture is widely used to identify such differences. The cultural dimensions identified in Hofstede's model, however, are not gender-specific, with one exception, masculinity/femininity. Hofstede's data were gathered in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Considerable change has taken place since that time, particularly in the areas of education, legislation, and workforce composition. It is proposed that these changes, among others, may have resulted in gender differences in dimensions of national culture. This study provides an exploratory examination of gender differences in cultural characteristics in two industrialised countries with distinctly different cultures, Japan and the USA. Results indicate that gender differences exist in the power distance dimension for Japan and in the individualism/collectivism dimension for Japan and the USA. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Steinke2018,
   title = {An Examination of Advanced Practice Nurses' Job Satisfaction Internationally},
   author = {Steinke, M. K. and Rogers, M. and Lehwaldt, D. and Lamarche, K.},
@@ -32306,7 +37406,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {6},
   number = {4},
   doi = {10.21037/mhealth-19-249},
-  abstract = {Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) where NCDs cause 4:5 deaths, disproportionately affect poorer populations, and carry a large economic burden. Digital interventions can improve NCD management for these hard-to-reach populations with inadequate health systems and high cell-phone coverage; however, there is limited research on whether digital health is reaching this potential. We conducted a process evaluation to understand challenges and successes from a digital health intervention trial to support Cambodians living with NCDs in a peer educator (PE) program. Methods: MoPoTsyo, a Cambodian non-governmental organization (NGO), trains people living with diabetes and/or hypertension as PEs to provide self-management education, support, and healthcare linkages for better care management among underserved populations. We partnered with MoPoTsyo and InSTEDD in 2016-2018 to test tailored and targeted mHealth mobile voice messages and eHealth tablets to facilitate NCD management and clinical-community linkages. This cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) engaged 3,948 people and 75 PEs across rural and urban areas. Our mixed methods process evaluation was guided by RE-AIM to understand impact and real-world implications of digital health. Data included patient (20) and PE interviews (6), meeting notes, and administrative datasets. We triangulated and analyzed data using thematic analysis, and descriptive and complier average causal effects statistics (CACE). Results: Reach: intervention participants were more urban (66\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 44\textbackslash textbackslash\%), had more PE visits (39 vs. 29), and lower uncontrolled hypertension \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace12\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)]. Adoption: patients were sent mean \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracestandard deviation (SD)] 30 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace14] and received 14 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace8] messages; 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% received no messages due to frequent phone number changes. Effectiveness: CACE found clinically but not statistically significant improvements in blood pressure and sugar for mHealth participants who received at least one message vs. no messages. Implementation: main barriers were limited cellular access and that mHealth/eHealth could not solve structural barriers to NCD control faced by people in poverty. Maintenance: had the intervention been universally effective, it could be paid for from additional revolving drug fund revenue, new agreements with mobile networks, or the government. Conclusions: Evidence for digital health to improve NCD outcomes in LMICs are limited. This study suggests digital health alone is insufficient in countries with low resource health systems and that high cell phone coverage did not translate to access. Adding digital health to an NCD peer network may not significantly benefit an already effective program; mHealth may be better for hard-to-reach populations not connected to other supports. As long as mHealth remains an individual-level intervention, it will not address social determinants of health that drive outcomes. Future digital health research and practice to improve NCD management in LMICs requires engaging government, NGOs, and technology providers to work together to address barriers.},
+  abstract = {Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) where NCDs cause 4:5 deaths, disproportionately affect poorer populations, and carry a large economic burden. Digital interventions can improve NCD management for these hard-to-reach populations with inadequate health systems and high cell-phone coverage; however, there is limited research on whether digital health is reaching this potential. We conducted a process evaluation to understand challenges and successes from a digital health intervention trial to support Cambodians living with NCDs in a peer educator (PE) program. Methods: MoPoTsyo, a Cambodian non-governmental organization (NGO), trains people living with diabetes and/or hypertension as PEs to provide self-management education, support, and healthcare linkages for better care management among underserved populations. We partnered with MoPoTsyo and InSTEDD in 2016-2018 to test tailored and targeted mHealth mobile voice messages and eHealth tablets to facilitate NCD management and clinical-community linkages. This cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) engaged 3,948 people and 75 PEs across rural and urban areas. Our mixed methods process evaluation was guided by RE-AIM to understand impact and real-world implications of digital health. Data included patient (20) and PE interviews (6), meeting notes, and administrative datasets. We triangulated and analyzed data using thematic analysis, and descriptive and complier average causal effects statistics (CACE). Results: Reach: intervention participants were more urban (66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 44{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), had more PE visits (39 vs. 29), and lower uncontrolled hypertension {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)]. Adoption: patients were sent mean {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracestandard deviation (SD)] 30 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace14] and received 14 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace8] messages; 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% received no messages due to frequent phone number changes. Effectiveness: CACE found clinically but not statistically significant improvements in blood pressure and sugar for mHealth participants who received at least one message vs. no messages. Implementation: main barriers were limited cellular access and that mHealth/eHealth could not solve structural barriers to NCD control faced by people in poverty. Maintenance: had the intervention been universally effective, it could be paid for from additional revolving drug fund revenue, new agreements with mobile networks, or the government. Conclusions: Evidence for digital health to improve NCD outcomes in LMICs are limited. This study suggests digital health alone is insufficient in countries with low resource health systems and that high cell phone coverage did not translate to access. Adding digital health to an NCD peer network may not significantly benefit an already effective program; mHealth may be better for hard-to-reach populations not connected to other supports. As long as mHealth remains an individual-level intervention, it will not address social determinants of health that drive outcomes. Future digital health research and practice to improve NCD management in LMICs requires engaging government, NGOs, and technology providers to work together to address barriers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32321,7 +37421,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {374--380},
   issn = {0038-4348},
   doi = {10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001407},
-  abstract = {Objectives Educational attainment, income, and race play significant roles in managing and treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of these socioeconomic factors and others on the physical and mental distress reported by patients with COPD living in Alabama. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was completed of Alabama Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2015-2019 data collected from 4123 respondents who reported that a health professional told them they had COPD, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Univariate analyses examined descriptive differences in physical and mental distress among racial groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess physical and mental distress as a function of race and demographic variables (age, sex, employment status, household income, education level), controlling for dichotomous healthcare access variables (enrollment in a health insurance plan, having a usual source of care, routine check-up in the past 2 years). Results Most Alabama adults with COPD from 2015 to 2019 were female (64\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and older than 45 years (88\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Annual incomes were low, with {$>$}40\textbackslash textbackslash\% of respondents (43.84\textbackslash textbackslash\%) earning {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar20,000/year; adults making between \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar35,000 and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar49,999 were less likely (odds ratio 0.60, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.38-0.96) to experience mental distress. Younger Alabama adults with COPD (25-64 years) were approximately two times more likely than respondents ages 65 and older to report mental distress. African Americans were less likely to report physical distress as compared with Whites (odds ratio 0.61, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.44-0.83). Alabama adults who could not work were more likely than those with COPD who were employed/self-employed, out of work, retired, or identified as homemakers to report physical distress. Conclusions Public health and healthcare practitioners across Alabama should use these analyses to direct more targeted, high-yield interventions that will address existing health disparities among state residents living with COPD.},
+  abstract = {Objectives Educational attainment, income, and race play significant roles in managing and treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of these socioeconomic factors and others on the physical and mental distress reported by patients with COPD living in Alabama. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was completed of Alabama Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2015-2019 data collected from 4123 respondents who reported that a health professional told them they had COPD, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Univariate analyses examined descriptive differences in physical and mental distress among racial groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess physical and mental distress as a function of race and demographic variables (age, sex, employment status, household income, education level), controlling for dichotomous healthcare access variables (enrollment in a health insurance plan, having a usual source of care, routine check-up in the past 2 years). Results Most Alabama adults with COPD from 2015 to 2019 were female (64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and older than 45 years (88{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Annual incomes were low, with {$>$}40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of respondents (43.84{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) earning {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar20,000/year; adults making between {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar35,000 and {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar49,999 were less likely (odds ratio 0.60, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.38-0.96) to experience mental distress. Younger Alabama adults with COPD (25-64 years) were approximately two times more likely than respondents ages 65 and older to report mental distress. African Americans were less likely to report physical distress as compared with Whites (odds ratio 0.61, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval 0.44-0.83). Alabama adults who could not work were more likely than those with COPD who were employed/self-employed, out of work, retired, or identified as homemakers to report physical distress. Conclusions Public health and healthcare practitioners across Alabama should use these analyses to direct more targeted, high-yield interventions that will address existing health disparities among state residents living with COPD.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32375,13 +37475,13 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Stevens, Trenton T. and Hartline, Jacob T. and Ojo, Oluwatosin and Grear, Benjamin J. and Richardson, David R. and Murphy, G. Andrew and Bettin, Clayton C.},
   year = {2021},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {FOOT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ANKLE INTERNATIONAL},
+  journal = {FOOT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ANKLE INTERNATIONAL},
   volume = {42},
   number = {7},
   pages = {894--901},
   issn = {1071-1007},
   doi = {10.1177/1071100721990343},
-  abstract = {Background: This study looked at the effect of patient demographics, insurance status, education, and patient opinion on whether various orthotic footwear prescribed for a variety of diagnoses were received by the patient. The study also assessed the effect of the orthoses on relief of symptoms. Methods: Chart review documented patient demographics, diagnoses, and medical comorbidities. Eligible patients completed a survey either while in the clinic or by phone after their clinic visit. Results: Of the 382 patients prescribed orthoses, 235 (61.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) received their orthoses; 186 (48.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%) filled out the survey. Race and whether or not the patient received the orthosis were found to be significant predictors of survey completion. Race, type of insurance, and amount of orthotic cost covered by insurance were significant predictors of whether or not patients received their prescribed orthoses. Type of orthosis, diabetes as a comorbidity, education, income, sex, and diagnosis were not significant predictors of whether the patient received the orthosis. Qualitative results from the survey revealed that among those receiving their orthoses, 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% experienced improvement in symptoms: 21\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt completely relieved, 66\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt better, 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt no different, and 3\textbackslash textbackslash\% felt worse. Conclusion: We found that white patients had almost 3 times the odds of receiving prescribed orthoses as black patients, even after controlling for type of insurance, suggesting race to be the primary driver of discrepancies, raising the question of what can be done to address these inequalities. While large, systematic change will be necessary, some strategies can be employed by those working directly in patient care, such as informing primary care practices of their ability to see patients with limited insurance, limiting blanket refusal policies for government insurance, and educating office staff on how to efficiently work with Medicare and Medicaid.},
+  abstract = {Background: This study looked at the effect of patient demographics, insurance status, education, and patient opinion on whether various orthotic footwear prescribed for a variety of diagnoses were received by the patient. The study also assessed the effect of the orthoses on relief of symptoms. Methods: Chart review documented patient demographics, diagnoses, and medical comorbidities. Eligible patients completed a survey either while in the clinic or by phone after their clinic visit. Results: Of the 382 patients prescribed orthoses, 235 (61.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) received their orthoses; 186 (48.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) filled out the survey. Race and whether or not the patient received the orthosis were found to be significant predictors of survey completion. Race, type of insurance, and amount of orthotic cost covered by insurance were significant predictors of whether or not patients received their prescribed orthoses. Type of orthosis, diabetes as a comorbidity, education, income, sex, and diagnosis were not significant predictors of whether the patient received the orthosis. Qualitative results from the survey revealed that among those receiving their orthoses, 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% experienced improvement in symptoms: 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% felt completely relieved, 66{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% felt better, 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% felt no different, and 3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% felt worse. Conclusion: We found that white patients had almost 3 times the odds of receiving prescribed orthoses as black patients, even after controlling for type of insurance, suggesting race to be the primary driver of discrepancies, raising the question of what can be done to address these inequalities. While large, systematic change will be necessary, some strategies can be employed by those working directly in patient care, such as informing primary care practices of their ability to see patients with limited insurance, limiting blanket refusal policies for government insurance, and educating office staff on how to efficiently work with Medicare and Medicaid.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32395,7 +37495,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {111--114},
   issn = {1743-9191},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.12.003},
-  abstract = {Background: Herniorrhaphy is one of the most frequently performed general surgical operations worldwide. However, most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are unable to provide this essential surgery to the general public, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, barriers to care and disability of untreated hernias in Nepal. Methods: Nepal is a low-income country in South Asia with rugged terrain, infrastructure deficiencies and a severely under-resourced healthcare system resulting in substantial unmet surgical need. A cluster randomized, cross-sectional household survey was performed using the validated Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical (SOSAS) tool. Fifteen randomized clusters consisting of 30 households with two randomly selected respondents each were sampled to estimate surgical need. The prevalence of and disability from groin hernias and barriers to herniorrhaphy were assessed. Results: The survey sampled 1350 households, totaling 2695 individuals (97\textbackslash textbackslash\% response rate). There were 1434 males (53\textbackslash textbackslash\%) with 1.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% having a mass or swelling in the groin at time of survey (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.8-4.0). The age-standardized rate for inguinal hernias in men ranged from 1144 per 100,000 persons between age 5 and 49 years and 2941 per 100,000 persons age {$>$}= 50 years. Extrapolating nationally, there are nearly 310,000 individuals with groin masses and 66,000 males with soft/reducible groin masses in need of evaluation in Nepal. Twenty-nine respondents were not able to have surgery due to lack of surgical services (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%), fear or mistrust of the surgical system (31\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and inability to afford care (21\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Twenty percent were unable to work as previous or perform self-care due to their hernia. Conclusions: Despite the lower than expected prevalence of inguinal hernias, hundreds of thousands of people in Nepal are currently in need of surgical evaluation. Given that essential surgery is a necessary component in health systems, the prevalence of inguinal hernias and the cost-effectiveness of herniorrhaphy, this disease is an important target for LMICs planning surgical capacity improvements. (C) 2014 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background: Herniorrhaphy is one of the most frequently performed general surgical operations worldwide. However, most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are unable to provide this essential surgery to the general public, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, barriers to care and disability of untreated hernias in Nepal. Methods: Nepal is a low-income country in South Asia with rugged terrain, infrastructure deficiencies and a severely under-resourced healthcare system resulting in substantial unmet surgical need. A cluster randomized, cross-sectional household survey was performed using the validated Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical (SOSAS) tool. Fifteen randomized clusters consisting of 30 households with two randomly selected respondents each were sampled to estimate surgical need. The prevalence of and disability from groin hernias and barriers to herniorrhaphy were assessed. Results: The survey sampled 1350 households, totaling 2695 individuals (97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% response rate). There were 1434 males (53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) with 1.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% having a mass or swelling in the groin at time of survey (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.8-4.0). The age-standardized rate for inguinal hernias in men ranged from 1144 per 100,000 persons between age 5 and 49 years and 2941 per 100,000 persons age {$>$}= 50 years. Extrapolating nationally, there are nearly 310,000 individuals with groin masses and 66,000 males with soft/reducible groin masses in need of evaluation in Nepal. Twenty-nine respondents were not able to have surgery due to lack of surgical services (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), fear or mistrust of the surgical system (31{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and inability to afford care (21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Twenty percent were unable to work as previous or perform self-care due to their hernia. Conclusions: Despite the lower than expected prevalence of inguinal hernias, hundreds of thousands of people in Nepal are currently in need of surgical evaluation. Given that essential surgery is a necessary component in health systems, the prevalence of inguinal hernias and the cost-effectiveness of herniorrhaphy, this disease is an important target for LMICs planning surgical capacity improvements. (C) 2014 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32413,7 +37513,7 @@ policy recc:
 }
 
 @article{Stock2021,
-  title = {Bright as Night: {{Illuminating}} the Antinomies of \textbackslash textasciigravegender Positive' Solar Development},
+  title = {Bright as Night: {{Illuminating}} the Antinomies of {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender Positive' Solar Development},
   author = {Stock, Ryan},
   year = {2021},
   month = feb,
@@ -32421,7 +37521,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {138},
   issn = {0305-750X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196},
-  abstract = {India is undergoing a rapid transition to renewable energy; the Gujarat Solar Park typifies this transition. In addition to mitigating climate change, the Gujarat Solar Park boasts female empowerment through social development schemes. This manuscript is inspired by the following research question: To what extent are gender positive' processes and projects associated with solar development in India realized on the ground? Utilizing mixed methods fieldwork and drawing on literature from feminist political ecology, this paper demonstrates how the modalities of solar park development represent an antinomy of a nature-society relation. New configurations of labor under the political economy of solar have produced a gendered surplus population of landless peasants who are not absorbed into wage-labor employment in the solar park. Further, associated social development schemes actually disempower women, despite mandates of \textbackslash textasciigravegender positive' outcomes by UN-based climate treaties to which this project is beholden. The opportunity to participate in one such scheme for female empowerment was reserved for only women of middle-to-high class status and those of dominant castes, thereby reproducing class and caste-based social power asymmetries. Female (dis)empowerment eclipses \textbackslash textasciigravegender positive' guarantees of the solar park. This study highlights some unintended consequences of sustainable energy transitions in the Global South at the local scale. Designing development interventions related to climate change mitigation that boast \textbackslash textasciigravegender positive' outcomes must be careful not to exacerbate gender disparities and economic exclusion in rural areas. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {India is undergoing a rapid transition to renewable energy; the Gujarat Solar Park typifies this transition. In addition to mitigating climate change, the Gujarat Solar Park boasts female empowerment through social development schemes. This manuscript is inspired by the following research question: To what extent are gender positive' processes and projects associated with solar development in India realized on the ground? Utilizing mixed methods fieldwork and drawing on literature from feminist political ecology, this paper demonstrates how the modalities of solar park development represent an antinomy of a nature-society relation. New configurations of labor under the political economy of solar have produced a gendered surplus population of landless peasants who are not absorbed into wage-labor employment in the solar park. Further, associated social development schemes actually disempower women, despite mandates of {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender positive' outcomes by UN-based climate treaties to which this project is beholden. The opportunity to participate in one such scheme for female empowerment was reserved for only women of middle-to-high class status and those of dominant castes, thereby reproducing class and caste-based social power asymmetries. Female (dis)empowerment eclipses {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender positive' guarantees of the solar park. This study highlights some unintended consequences of sustainable energy transitions in the Global South at the local scale. Designing development interventions related to climate change mitigation that boast {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender positive' outcomes must be careful not to exacerbate gender disparities and economic exclusion in rural areas. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32482,6 +37582,21 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Strauser2010,
+  title = {Vocational Services Associated with Competitive Employment in 18{\textendash}25 Year Old Cancer Survivors},
+  author = {Strauser, David and Feuerstein, Michael and Chan, Fong and Arango, Juan and Da Silva Cardoso, Elizabeth and Chiu, Chung-Yi},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Journal of Cancer Survivorship},
+  volume = {4},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {179--186},
+  issn = {1932-2259, 1932-2267},
+  doi = {10.1007/s11764-010-0119-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Straut-Eppsteiner2021,
   title = {Undocumented {{Mothers}} and {{Work-Family Conflict}} in {{Restrictive Policy Contexts}}},
   author = {{Straut-Eppsteiner}, Holly},
@@ -32535,7 +37650,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {13--46},
   issn = {0038-0253},
   doi = {10.1525/tsq.2001.42.1.13},
-  abstract = {Bringing sociological theory and research to bear on the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequota debates\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace dogging discussion of federal civil rights legislation in the early 1990s, this article highlights sociology's role in shaping employment law and shows how apparently technical legal arguments about allocating burdens of proof affect labor market resource allocation among the classes, races, and genders. Contrasting institutional-sociological with liberal-legal concepts of discrimination, the article shows why disparate impact theory has been the most sociological approach to Title VII enforcement. It also shows how disparate impact-a theory and method for establishing legally cognizable employment discrimination injurious to women and minorities-is, and is not, related to affirmative action-a policy encompassing a broad range of procedures intended to provide positive consideration to members of groups discriminated against in the past. Finally, a competing incentive framework is used to show that, although disparate impact creates some incentives for employers to adopt quota hiring, such incentives are counter-balanced by major incentives working against race- and gender-based quotas. Major counterincentives stem from disparate impact itself, from other aspects of equal employment law, and from organizational goals shaping business response to the legal environment.},
+  abstract = {Bringing sociological theory and research to bear on the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravequota debates{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace dogging discussion of federal civil rights legislation in the early 1990s, this article highlights sociology's role in shaping employment law and shows how apparently technical legal arguments about allocating burdens of proof affect labor market resource allocation among the classes, races, and genders. Contrasting institutional-sociological with liberal-legal concepts of discrimination, the article shows why disparate impact theory has been the most sociological approach to Title VII enforcement. It also shows how disparate impact-a theory and method for establishing legally cognizable employment discrimination injurious to women and minorities-is, and is not, related to affirmative action-a policy encompassing a broad range of procedures intended to provide positive consideration to members of groups discriminated against in the past. Finally, a competing incentive framework is used to show that, although disparate impact creates some incentives for employers to adopt quota hiring, such incentives are counter-balanced by major incentives working against race- and gender-based quotas. Major counterincentives stem from disparate impact itself, from other aspects of equal employment law, and from organizational goals shaping business response to the legal environment.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {Annual Meeting of the American-Sociological-Association, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, AUG 16-20, 1996}
 }
@@ -32551,7 +37666,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {123--130},
   issn = {0890-8567},
   doi = {10.1097/00004583-200202000-00005},
-  abstract = {Objective: To assess the career paths and work perceptions of early-career child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States. Method: Analysis of survey data of 392/797 (49.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of all U.S. child and adolescent psychiatrists graduating from training in 1996-1998 and on the mailing list of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Results: Slightly more than half of those surveyed were women, and most were in their late thirties, white, married, and living in the geographic area in which they trained, with a median income for full-time workers between \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar121,000 and \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar150,000. Those with educational debt owed an average of \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar69,741. The sample was generally very satisfied with their work. They identified clinical work, variety, autonomy, and making a difference as the best aspects, and managed care, paperwork, and overwork as the least desirable aspects. The bulk of hours worked were in solo private practice, public sector, and group practice, with children and adolescents making up 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% of patients treated. The most common treatment modality was medication management. Conclusions: The present study uses a database approach to defining current practice and workforce issues among early-career child and adolescent psychiatrists. These data may facilitate objective discussion about public policies concerning workforce priorities, barriers, and facilitators to recruitment in this understaffed field.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To assess the career paths and work perceptions of early-career child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States. Method: Analysis of survey data of 392/797 (49.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of all U.S. child and adolescent psychiatrists graduating from training in 1996-1998 and on the mailing list of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Results: Slightly more than half of those surveyed were women, and most were in their late thirties, white, married, and living in the geographic area in which they trained, with a median income for full-time workers between {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar121,000 and {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar150,000. Those with educational debt owed an average of {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar69,741. The sample was generally very satisfied with their work. They identified clinical work, variety, autonomy, and making a difference as the best aspects, and managed care, paperwork, and overwork as the least desirable aspects. The bulk of hours worked were in solo private practice, public sector, and group practice, with children and adolescents making up 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of patients treated. The most common treatment modality was medication management. Conclusions: The present study uses a database approach to defining current practice and workforce issues among early-career child and adolescent psychiatrists. These data may facilitate objective discussion about public policies concerning workforce priorities, barriers, and facilitators to recruitment in this understaffed field.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32581,7 +37696,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {2033--2043},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.1080/09638288.2020.1822932},
-  abstract = {Purpose The current study was undertaken to understand and describe the meaning of work as well as the barriers and facilitators perceived by young people with mental health conditions for gaining and maintaining employment. Materials and Methods Employing a purposive and maximum variation sampling, 30 young people were recruited and interviewed. The respondents were Singapore residents with a mean age of 26.8 years (SD = 4.5, range 20-34 years); the majority were males (56.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), of Chinese ethnicity (63.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and employed (73.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), at the time of the interview. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Three global themes emerged from the analyses of the narratives, which included (i) the meaning of employment, (ii) barriers to employment comprising individual, interpersonal and systemic difficulties and challenges participants faced while seeking and sustaining employment and (iii) facilitators of employment that consisted of individual and interpersonal factors that had helped the young persons to gain and maintain employment. Conclusions Stigma and discrimination emerged as one of the most frequently mentioned employment barriers. These barriers are not insurmountable and can be overcome both through legislation as well as through the training and support of young people with mental health conditions.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The current study was undertaken to understand and describe the meaning of work as well as the barriers and facilitators perceived by young people with mental health conditions for gaining and maintaining employment. Materials and Methods Employing a purposive and maximum variation sampling, 30 young people were recruited and interviewed. The respondents were Singapore residents with a mean age of 26.8 years (SD = 4.5, range 20-34 years); the majority were males (56.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), of Chinese ethnicity (63.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and employed (73.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), at the time of the interview. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Three global themes emerged from the analyses of the narratives, which included (i) the meaning of employment, (ii) barriers to employment comprising individual, interpersonal and systemic difficulties and challenges participants faced while seeking and sustaining employment and (iii) facilitators of employment that consisted of individual and interpersonal factors that had helped the young persons to gain and maintain employment. Conclusions Stigma and discrimination emerged as one of the most frequently mentioned employment barriers. These barriers are not insurmountable and can be overcome both through legislation as well as through the training and support of young people with mental health conditions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32640,7 +37755,7 @@ policy recc:
   issn = {0019-4662, 2631-617X},
   doi = {10.1177/00194662211023845},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left severe impact on livelihood, security and health of informal sector workers, especially domestic workers, majority of whom are women. Being least organised and lacking institutional support, domestic workers are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and human rights violations, and the pandemic has aggravated the situation. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 260 domestic workers from three cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai and Kochi with focus on working conditions, livelihood and household dynamics, health scenario and state support during the pandemic. The data was substantiated with qualitative inputs from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 domestic workers across the cities. In the results, widespread job loss is reported among domestic workers during March\textendash June 2020 along with drastically reduced income and increased workload. About 57\% domestic workers reported stigma and discrimination at workplace, and 40\% worked without any safety measures. Incidence of domestic violence at home, increased work burden at home, issues in access to health care, etc., were reported. The study findings point out the urgent need to have a national-level policy and state support specifically targeting women domestic workers, without which the situation of poverty, health hazards and social exclusion will continue to exist.             JEL Code: J4, J46},
+  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left severe impact on livelihood, security and health of informal sector workers, especially domestic workers, majority of whom are women. Being least organised and lacking institutional support, domestic workers are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and human rights violations, and the pandemic has aggravated the situation. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 260 domestic workers from three cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai and Kochi with focus on working conditions, livelihood and household dynamics, health scenario and state support during the pandemic. The data was substantiated with qualitative inputs from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 domestic workers across the cities. In the results, widespread job loss is reported among domestic workers during March{\textendash}June 2020 along with drastically reduced income and increased workload. About 57\% domestic workers reported stigma and discrimination at workplace, and 40\% worked without any safety measures. Incidence of domestic violence at home, increased work burden at home, issues in access to health care, etc., were reported. The study findings point out the urgent need to have a national-level policy and state support specifically targeting women domestic workers, without which the situation of poverty, health hazards and social exclusion will continue to exist.             JEL Code: J4, J46},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32668,7 +37783,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {1},
   issn = {2666-9579},
   doi = {10.1016/j.annale.2022.100046},
-  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the vulnerability of tourism workers, but no detailed job loss figures are available that links tourism vulnerability with income inequality. This study evaluates how reduced international tourism consumption affects tourism employment and their income loss potential for 132 countries. This analysis shows that higher proportions of female (9.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and youth (10.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%) experienced unemployment whilst they were paid significantly less because they worked in tourism (-5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and if they were women (-23\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Variations in policy support and pre-existing economic condition further created significant disparities on lost-income subsidies across countries. With the unequal financial burden across groups, income and regions, the collapse of international travel exacerbates short-term income inequality within and between countries.},
+  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the vulnerability of tourism workers, but no detailed job loss figures are available that links tourism vulnerability with income inequality. This study evaluates how reduced international tourism consumption affects tourism employment and their income loss potential for 132 countries. This analysis shows that higher proportions of female (9.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and youth (10.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) experienced unemployment whilst they were paid significantly less because they worked in tourism (-5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and if they were women (-23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Variations in policy support and pre-existing economic condition further created significant disparities on lost-income subsidies across countries. With the unequal financial burden across groups, income and regions, the collapse of international travel exacerbates short-term income inequality within and between countries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32683,7 +37798,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {541--558},
   issn = {1757-7802},
   doi = {10.1111/rsp3.12598},
-  abstract = {Mobility interventions in communities play a critical role in containing a pandemic at an early stage. The real-world practice of social distancing can enlighten policymakers and help them implement more efficient and effective control measures. A lack of such research using real-world observations initiates this article. We analyzed the social distancing performance of 66,149 census tracts from 3,142 counties in the United States with a specific focus on income profile. Six daily mobility metrics, including a social distancing index, stay-at-home percentage, miles traveled per person, trip rate, work trip rate, and non-work trip rate, were produced for each census tract using the location data from over 100 million anonymous devices on a monthly basis. Each mobility metric was further tabulated by three perspectives of social distancing performance: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebest performance,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveeffort,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveconsistency.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace We found that for all 18 indicators, high-income communities demonstrated better social distancing performance. Such disparities between communities of different income levels are presented in detail in this article. The comparisons across scenarios also raise other concerns for low-income communities, such as employment status, working conditions, and accessibility to basic needs. This article lays out a series of facts extracted from real-world data and offers compelling perspectives for future discussions.},
+  abstract = {Mobility interventions in communities play a critical role in containing a pandemic at an early stage. The real-world practice of social distancing can enlighten policymakers and help them implement more efficient and effective control measures. A lack of such research using real-world observations initiates this article. We analyzed the social distancing performance of 66,149 census tracts from 3,142 counties in the United States with a specific focus on income profile. Six daily mobility metrics, including a social distancing index, stay-at-home percentage, miles traveled per person, trip rate, work trip rate, and non-work trip rate, were produced for each census tract using the location data from over 100 million anonymous devices on a monthly basis. Each mobility metric was further tabulated by three perspectives of social distancing performance: {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebest performance,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveeffort,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveconsistency.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace We found that for all 18 indicators, high-income communities demonstrated better social distancing performance. Such disparities between communities of different income levels are presented in detail in this article. The comparisons across scenarios also raise other concerns for low-income communities, such as employment status, working conditions, and accessibility to basic needs. This article lays out a series of facts extracted from real-world data and offers compelling perspectives for future discussions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32701,6 +37816,36 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Sundstrom1992,
+  title = {Female Labour Force Participation, Fertility and Public Policy in {{Sweden}}},
+  author = {Sundstr{\"o}m, Marianne and Stafford, Frank P.},
+  year = {1992},
+  month = sep,
+  journal = {European Journal of Population},
+  volume = {8},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {199--215},
+  issn = {0168-6577, 1572-9885},
+  doi = {10.1007/BF01797210},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Sung2015,
+  title = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{Vocational Rehabilitation Service Predictors}} of {{Successful Competitive Employment}} for {{Transition-Aged Individuals}} with {{Autism}}},
+  author = {Sung, Connie and S{\'a}nchez, Jennifer and Kuo, Hung-Jen and Wang, Chia-Chiang and Leahy, Michael J.},
+  year = {2015},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders},
+  volume = {45},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {3204--3218},
+  issn = {0162-3257, 1573-3432},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10803-015-2480-z},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Sung2022,
   title = {Genderad Families: States and Societies in Transition},
   author = {Sung, Sirin and Smyth, Lisa},
@@ -32721,7 +37866,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {{Sunikka-Blank}, Minna and Bardhan, Ronita and Haque, Anika Nasra},
   year = {2019},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {ENERGY RESEARCH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIAL SCIENCE},
+  journal = {ENERGY RESEARCH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIAL SCIENCE},
   volume = {49},
   pages = {53--67},
   issn = {2214-6296},
@@ -32740,7 +37885,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {1, SI},
   pages = {67--79},
   doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2021.85},
-  abstract = {Background: Despite governments striving for responsive health systems and the implementation of mechanisms to foster better citizen feedback and strengthen accountability and stewardship, these mechanisms do not always function in effective, equitable, or efficient ways. There is also limited evidence that maps the diverse array of responsiveness mechanisms coherently across a particular health system, especially in low-and middle-income country (LMIC) contexts. Methods: This scoping review presents a cross-sectional \textbackslash textasciigravemap' of types of health system responsiveness mechanisms; the regulatory environment; and evidence available about these; and assesses what is known about their functionality in a particular local South African health system; the Western Cape (WC) province. Multiple forms of indexed and grey literature were synthesized to provide a contextualized understanding of current \textbackslash textasciigraveformal' responsiveness mechanisms mandated in national and provincial policies and guidelines (n = 379). Various forms of secondary analysis were applied across quantitative and qualitative data, including thematic and time-series analyses. An expert checking process was conducted, with three local field experts, as a final step to check the veracity of the analytics and conclusions made. Results: National, provincial and district policies make provision for health system responsiveness, including varied mechanisms intended to foster public feedback. However, while some are shown to be functioning and effective, there are major barriers faced by all, such as resource and capacity constraints, and a lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities. Most mechanisms exist in isolation, failing to feed into an overarching strategy for improved responsiveness. Conclusion: The lack of synergy between mechanisms or analysis of varied forms of feedback is a missed opportunity. Decision-makers are unable to see trends or gaps in the flow of feedback, check whether all voices are heard or fully understand whether/how systemic response occurs. Urgent health system work lies in the research of macro \textbackslash textasciigravewhole' systems responsiveness (levels, development, trends).},
+  abstract = {Background: Despite governments striving for responsive health systems and the implementation of mechanisms to foster better citizen feedback and strengthen accountability and stewardship, these mechanisms do not always function in effective, equitable, or efficient ways. There is also limited evidence that maps the diverse array of responsiveness mechanisms coherently across a particular health system, especially in low-and middle-income country (LMIC) contexts. Methods: This scoping review presents a cross-sectional {\textbackslash}textasciigravemap' of types of health system responsiveness mechanisms; the regulatory environment; and evidence available about these; and assesses what is known about their functionality in a particular local South African health system; the Western Cape (WC) province. Multiple forms of indexed and grey literature were synthesized to provide a contextualized understanding of current {\textbackslash}textasciigraveformal' responsiveness mechanisms mandated in national and provincial policies and guidelines (n = 379). Various forms of secondary analysis were applied across quantitative and qualitative data, including thematic and time-series analyses. An expert checking process was conducted, with three local field experts, as a final step to check the veracity of the analytics and conclusions made. Results: National, provincial and district policies make provision for health system responsiveness, including varied mechanisms intended to foster public feedback. However, while some are shown to be functioning and effective, there are major barriers faced by all, such as resource and capacity constraints, and a lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities. Most mechanisms exist in isolation, failing to feed into an overarching strategy for improved responsiveness. Conclusion: The lack of synergy between mechanisms or analysis of varied forms of feedback is a missed opportunity. Decision-makers are unable to see trends or gaps in the flow of feedback, check whether all voices are heard or fully understand whether/how systemic response occurs. Urgent health system work lies in the research of macro {\textbackslash}textasciigravewhole' systems responsiveness (levels, development, trends).},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::scoping},
   note = {does NOT look at WoW; LM outcomes}
@@ -32768,7 +37913,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Swendeman, Dallas and Basu, Ishika and Das, Sankari and Jana, Smarajit and {Rotheram-Borus}, Mary Jane},
   year = {2009},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {69},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1157--1166},
@@ -32814,7 +37959,7 @@ policy recc:
   author = {Tak, Hyo Jung and Hougham, Gavin W. and Ruhnke, Atsuko and Ruhnke, Gregory W.},
   year = {2014},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {118},
   pages = {43--51},
   issn = {0277-9536},
@@ -32834,7 +37979,23 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {414--427},
   issn = {1092-7875},
   doi = {10.1007/s10995-020-03083-2},
-  abstract = {Objectives Globally, unintentional injuries are one of the leading causes of infant death. Established risk factors for injuries during infancy include single parent households, socioeconomic disadvantage and maternal postpartum depression. We sought to examine whether maternal working status is associated with unintentional injury among infants in Japan. Methods We used data from an original questionnaire targeting mothers who participated in a 3 or 4-month health check-up program in Aichi prefecture, Japan. Experience of any type of unintentional injury was used as the primary outcome, and we also examined the experience of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefalls\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenear-drowning\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as secondary outcomes. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for covariates. We also performed propensity score matching in order to balance covariates between paid employment and unpaid employment groups. Results Among 6,465 valid responses (response rate, 67\textbackslash textbackslash\%), 9.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of infants experienced unintentional injuries. After matching on propensity for maternal employment (based on 26 covariates), we found that infants of mothers in paid employment were 1.35 times (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.74) more likely to experience injures, including 1.60 times higher likelihood of falls (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.14-2.24). Near-drowning was not significantly associated with maternal employment. We also found that father's employment status was positively associated with risk of falls. Conclusion Both multivariable logistic analysis and propensity score matching analysis revealed that maternal paid employment status was associated with unintentional injuries among Japanese infants. To prevent infant injuries, comprehensive support for working families should be considered.},
+  abstract = {Objectives Globally, unintentional injuries are one of the leading causes of infant death. Established risk factors for injuries during infancy include single parent households, socioeconomic disadvantage and maternal postpartum depression. We sought to examine whether maternal working status is associated with unintentional injury among infants in Japan. Methods We used data from an original questionnaire targeting mothers who participated in a 3 or 4-month health check-up program in Aichi prefecture, Japan. Experience of any type of unintentional injury was used as the primary outcome, and we also examined the experience of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefalls{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenear-drowning{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace as secondary outcomes. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusting for covariates. We also performed propensity score matching in order to balance covariates between paid employment and unpaid employment groups. Results Among 6,465 valid responses (response rate, 67{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), 9.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of infants experienced unintentional injuries. After matching on propensity for maternal employment (based on 26 covariates), we found that infants of mothers in paid employment were 1.35 times (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.04-1.74) more likely to experience injures, including 1.60 times higher likelihood of falls (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.14-2.24). Near-drowning was not significantly associated with maternal employment. We also found that father's employment status was positively associated with risk of falls. Conclusion Both multivariable logistic analysis and propensity score matching analysis revealed that maternal paid employment status was associated with unintentional injuries among Japanese infants. To prevent infant injuries, comprehensive support for working families should be considered.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Tam2011,
+  title = {U-Shaped Female Labor Participation with Economic Development: {{Some}} Panel Data Evidence},
+  shorttitle = {U-Shaped Female Labor Participation with Economic Development},
+  author = {Tam, Henry},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Economics Letters},
+  volume = {110},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {140--142},
+  issn = {01651765},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.003},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32842,13 +38003,30 @@ policy recc:
   title = {Long-Term Employment Status and Quality of Life after Cancer: {{A}} Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study from Diagnosis up to and Including 5 Years Post Diagnosis},
   author = {Tamminga, Sietske J. and Jansen, Lyanne P. and {Frings-Dresen}, Monique H. W. and {de Boer}, Angela G. E. M.},
   year = {2020},
-  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
+  journal = {WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& REHABILITATION},
   volume = {66},
   number = {4},
   pages = {901--907},
   issn = {1051-9815},
   doi = {10.3233/WOR-203234},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer survivors are able to return to work. However, little is known about their work situation 5 years after diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore fluctuations in employment status and its association with quality of life 2, 3, and 5 years after cancer diagnosis of 65 cancer survivors employed at diagnosis. METHODS: In association with a randomised controlled trial (RCT), questionnaires were administrated to eligible cancer survivors at diagnosis, 2, 3, and 5 years thereafter comprising of validated questionnaires related to work (i.e. Work Ability Index (WAI), cancer, and quality of life (QOL) (i.e. SF-36, VAS QOL). The RCT studied a hospital-based work support intervention in female breast and gynaecological cancer survivors who were treated with curative intent and had paid work at diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and longitudinal multi-level analysis were employed. RESULTS: Sixty-five of the 102 eligible cancer survivors participated, who were primarily diagnosed with breast cancer (63\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Two and 5 years after cancer diagnosis respectively 63 (97\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and 48 (81\textbackslash textbackslash\%) participants were employed. Reasons for not being employed after 5 years included receiving unemployment benefits (7\textbackslash textbackslash\%), voluntary unemployment (3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), receiving disability benefits (3\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and early retirement (3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Longitudinal multi-level analysis showed that employed cancer survivors reported in general statistically significant better quality of life outcomes at 5 years follow-up compared to those not being employed. CONCLUSIONS: We found high employment rates and few fluctuations in employment status. The steepest decline in employment rate occurs after the first two years of diagnosis. Employed participants reported better quality of life outcomes. Survivorship care should therefore focus on the population at risk possibly within the first two years after diagnosis.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer survivors are able to return to work. However, little is known about their work situation 5 years after diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore fluctuations in employment status and its association with quality of life 2, 3, and 5 years after cancer diagnosis of 65 cancer survivors employed at diagnosis. METHODS: In association with a randomised controlled trial (RCT), questionnaires were administrated to eligible cancer survivors at diagnosis, 2, 3, and 5 years thereafter comprising of validated questionnaires related to work (i.e. Work Ability Index (WAI), cancer, and quality of life (QOL) (i.e. SF-36, VAS QOL). The RCT studied a hospital-based work support intervention in female breast and gynaecological cancer survivors who were treated with curative intent and had paid work at diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and longitudinal multi-level analysis were employed. RESULTS: Sixty-five of the 102 eligible cancer survivors participated, who were primarily diagnosed with breast cancer (63{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Two and 5 years after cancer diagnosis respectively 63 (97{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and 48 (81{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) participants were employed. Reasons for not being employed after 5 years included receiving unemployment benefits (7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), voluntary unemployment (3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), receiving disability benefits (3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and early retirement (3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Longitudinal multi-level analysis showed that employed cancer survivors reported in general statistically significant better quality of life outcomes at 5 years follow-up compared to those not being employed. CONCLUSIONS: We found high employment rates and few fluctuations in employment status. The steepest decline in employment rate occurs after the first two years of diagnosis. Employed participants reported better quality of life outcomes. Survivorship care should therefore focus on the population at risk possibly within the first two years after diagnosis.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Tandrayen-Ragoobur2016,
+  title = {Gender Wage Differential in Private and Public Sector Employment: {{A}} Distributional Analysis for {{Mauritius}}},
+  shorttitle = {Gender Wage Differential in Private and Public Sector Employment},
+  author = {{Tandrayen-Ragoobur}, Verena and Pydayya, Rajeev},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journal},
+  volume = {31},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {222--248},
+  issn = {1754-2413},
+  doi = {10.1108/GM-08-2014-0071},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Purpose               This paper aims to analyse the magnitude of the gender wage disparity in the public and private sectors in Mauritius across both mean differentials and overall wage distribution. The paper then decomposed the gender wage differential using the Oaxaca and Blinder (1973) decomposition technique.                                         Design/methodology/approach               The study uses cross-sectional data from the Continuous Multi-Purpose Household Budget Survey (CMPHS), from 2006 to 2013. The sample size on average is around 12,000 households surveyed per year.                                         Findings               The results reveal that that gender wage differentials are prevalent in both economic sectors; however, the disparity is more pronounced in the private sector. In addition, the differences in wages are larger at the bottom compared to the top end of the wage distribution, suggesting the presence of sticky floors. Lastly, it was observed that the unexplained wage gap (discrimination) is higher in the private sector than in public sector across the years.                                         Originality/value               The literature on the gender wage gap in Africa is limited. This paper adds to the existing literature on gender wage differential with an analysis of the gender wage disparity across the public and private sectors in Mauritius.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32862,7 +38040,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {187--201},
   issn = {1729-0376},
   doi = {10.1080/17290376.2014.976250},
-  abstract = {Economic empowerment brings with it a wide range of consequences, both positive and negative. The objective of this paper was to examine the relationship between economic empowerment and the sexual behaviour and practices of migrant workers within the context of HIV and AIDS in the Lesotho textile industry. Data for this paper were extracted from the findings of a larger study which had been conducted concerning HIV and AIDS in the textile industry in Lesotho. Using in-depth interviews, data were collected from 40 participants who were purposively selected from five factories which had been chosen randomly. Empowerment theory was used as a lens to provide meanings for the experiences of the participants. The findings show that the participants were empowered only in certain respects in terms of Kabeer's empowerment model of \textbackslash textasciigravepower to' and \textbackslash textasciigravepower within', on one hand, and in terms of Malhotra's comprehensive empowerment framework at the household level, on the other, as being employed in the industry enabled them to participate in the economy. Employment in the sector provided the participants with the means to be able to acquire basic needs and the ability to participate in household decision-making: for the female participants, the ability to make independent sexual decisions was also enhanced. These improvements were greeted enthusiastically, particularly by the female participants, given their previously disadvantaged status as a result of coming from rural patriarchal villages with gender-defined hegemonic notions of respectability. The findings also indicate that environmental factors and others, such as meagre salaries, encouraged some of the female workers to engage in transactional sex, while some of the male participants tended to increase their sexual relationships as a result of acquiring employment and income from the industry. It is the contention of the authors of this study that true empowerment requires both vital resources and individual and collective participation, particularly for the women, who are more vulnerable than men. Finally, we conclude that the opportunities provided by economic empowerment have given the participants a new social meaning for their situation and an awareness about their place in power relations.},
+  abstract = {Economic empowerment brings with it a wide range of consequences, both positive and negative. The objective of this paper was to examine the relationship between economic empowerment and the sexual behaviour and practices of migrant workers within the context of HIV and AIDS in the Lesotho textile industry. Data for this paper were extracted from the findings of a larger study which had been conducted concerning HIV and AIDS in the textile industry in Lesotho. Using in-depth interviews, data were collected from 40 participants who were purposively selected from five factories which had been chosen randomly. Empowerment theory was used as a lens to provide meanings for the experiences of the participants. The findings show that the participants were empowered only in certain respects in terms of Kabeer's empowerment model of {\textbackslash}textasciigravepower to' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravepower within', on one hand, and in terms of Malhotra's comprehensive empowerment framework at the household level, on the other, as being employed in the industry enabled them to participate in the economy. Employment in the sector provided the participants with the means to be able to acquire basic needs and the ability to participate in household decision-making: for the female participants, the ability to make independent sexual decisions was also enhanced. These improvements were greeted enthusiastically, particularly by the female participants, given their previously disadvantaged status as a result of coming from rural patriarchal villages with gender-defined hegemonic notions of respectability. The findings also indicate that environmental factors and others, such as meagre salaries, encouraged some of the female workers to engage in transactional sex, while some of the male participants tended to increase their sexual relationships as a result of acquiring employment and income from the industry. It is the contention of the authors of this study that true empowerment requires both vital resources and individual and collective participation, particularly for the women, who are more vulnerable than men. Finally, we conclude that the opportunities provided by economic empowerment have given the participants a new social meaning for their situation and an awareness about their place in power relations.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32876,7 +38054,7 @@ policy recc:
   number = {1},
   pages = {54--72},
   issn = {1906-8107},
-  abstract = {Promoting exclusive breastfeeding among urban employed mothers is a complex phenomenon. Understanding the multiple level factors related to this and how they influence employed mothers' regarding exclusive breastfeeding could help identify strategies to support mothers continuing exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to identify maternal, social, and workplace level factors and the interaction effects among those factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding for six months among urban employed mothers. This case-control study investigated among 57 cases (exclusive breastfeeding for six months) and 228 controls (non-exclusive breastfeeding for six months) in six purposively-selected hospital settings in Bangkok, Thailand between September 2015 and June 2016. Data were collected through six self-administered questionnaires; Demographic Questionnaire, Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, Perceived Self-efficacy in Breastfeeding Questionnaire, Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire, Perceived Breastfeeding Support Assessment Tool, and Infant Feeding Form, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results revealed that maternal factors (family income, attitudes, intention, confidence, and knowledge) and workplace factors (maternity leave and working times) co-predicted exclusive breastfeeding six months. In the interaction effect model, the interaction effect between workplace policy on maternity leave and attitudes toward breastfeeding also exerted significant influence. The findings suggest that multiple level interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding in employed women are needed. In clinical practice, nurses and midwives should implement antepartum interventions including assessment of maternal attitudes and intentions to breastfeed, providing breastfeeding knowledge to increase mothers' confidence, and advice about planning to combine breastfeeding and employment. Of great concern was a finding that more than 75\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the non-EBF mothers reported not having sufficient breastfeeding facility support in the workplace. Workplace policies should be reviewed in terms of sufficient paid maternity leave, workplace breastfeeding support, and an appropriate number of working hours, and this has implications for governments and multiple workplaces across the country. Nurses have a significant role to play in advocating for and contributing to such policies to increase the numbers of women successfully breastfeeding longer whilst employed.},
+  abstract = {Promoting exclusive breastfeeding among urban employed mothers is a complex phenomenon. Understanding the multiple level factors related to this and how they influence employed mothers' regarding exclusive breastfeeding could help identify strategies to support mothers continuing exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to identify maternal, social, and workplace level factors and the interaction effects among those factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding for six months among urban employed mothers. This case-control study investigated among 57 cases (exclusive breastfeeding for six months) and 228 controls (non-exclusive breastfeeding for six months) in six purposively-selected hospital settings in Bangkok, Thailand between September 2015 and June 2016. Data were collected through six self-administered questionnaires; Demographic Questionnaire, Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, Perceived Self-efficacy in Breastfeeding Questionnaire, Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire, Perceived Breastfeeding Support Assessment Tool, and Infant Feeding Form, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results revealed that maternal factors (family income, attitudes, intention, confidence, and knowledge) and workplace factors (maternity leave and working times) co-predicted exclusive breastfeeding six months. In the interaction effect model, the interaction effect between workplace policy on maternity leave and attitudes toward breastfeeding also exerted significant influence. The findings suggest that multiple level interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding in employed women are needed. In clinical practice, nurses and midwives should implement antepartum interventions including assessment of maternal attitudes and intentions to breastfeed, providing breastfeeding knowledge to increase mothers' confidence, and advice about planning to combine breastfeeding and employment. Of great concern was a finding that more than 75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the non-EBF mothers reported not having sufficient breastfeeding facility support in the workplace. Workplace policies should be reviewed in terms of sufficient paid maternity leave, workplace breastfeeding support, and an appropriate number of working hours, and this has implications for governments and multiple workplaces across the country. Nurses have a significant role to play in advocating for and contributing to such policies to increase the numbers of women successfully breastfeeding longer whilst employed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32895,6 +38073,33 @@ policy recc:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Tannenbaum2016,
+  title = {Why Sex and Gender Matter in Implementation Research},
+  author = {Tannenbaum, Cara and Greaves, Lorraine and Graham, Ian D.},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {BMC Medical Research Methodology},
+  volume = {16},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {145, s12874-016-0247-7},
+  issn = {1471-2288},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12874-016-0247-7},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Tansel2002,
+  title = {Economic {{Development}} and {{Female Labor Force Participation}} in {{Turkey}}: {{Time-Series Evidence}} and {{Cross-Section Estimates}}},
+  shorttitle = {Economic {{Development}} and {{Female Labor Force Participation}} in {{Turkey}}},
+  author = {Tansel, Aysit},
+  year = {2002},
+  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
+  issn = {1556-5068},
+  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.301946},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Tanser2015,
   title = {{{HIV}} Treatment Cascade in Migrants and Mobile Populations},
   author = {Tanser, Frank and Baernighausen, Till and Vandormael, Alain and Dobra, Adrian},
@@ -32906,7 +38111,7 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {430--438},
   issn = {1746-630X},
   doi = {10.1097/COH.0000000000000192},
-  abstract = {Purpose of review Health policy makers aspire to achieve an HIV treatment \textbackslash textasciigravecascade' in which diagnostic and treatment services are accessed early and routinely by HIV-infected individuals. However, migrants and highly mobile individuals are likely to interact with HIV treatment programs and the healthcare system in ways that reflect their movement through time and place, affecting their successful progression through the HIV treatment cascade. We review recent research that has examined the challenges in effective and sustained HIV treatment for migrants and mobile populations. Recent findings Mobility is associated with increased risk of antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence, lost to follow-up, deterioration in CD4 count, HIV-related death, development of drug resistance and general noncontinuity of HIV care. Migrants' slow progression through the HIV treatment cascade can be attributed to feelings of confusion, helplessness; an inability to effectively communicate in the native language; poor knowledge about administrative or logistical requirements of the healthcare system; the possibility of deportation or expulsion based on the legal status of the undocumented migrant; fear of disclosure and social isolation from the exile or compatriot group. Travel or transition to the host country commonly makes it difficult for migrants to remain enrolled in ART programs and to maintain adherence to treatment. Summary Existing public health systems fail to properly account for migration, and actionable knowledge of the health requirements of migrants is still lacking. A large body of research has shown that migrants are more likely to enter into the healthcare system late and are less likely to be retained at successive stages of the HIV treatment cascade. HIV-infected migrants are especially vulnerable to a wide range of social, economic and political factors that include a lack of direct access to healthcare services; exposure to difficult or oppressive work environments; the separation from family, friends and a familiar sociocultural environment. Realizing the full treatment and preventive benefits of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy will require reaching all marginalized subpopulations of which migrants are a particularly large and important group.},
+  abstract = {Purpose of review Health policy makers aspire to achieve an HIV treatment {\textbackslash}textasciigravecascade' in which diagnostic and treatment services are accessed early and routinely by HIV-infected individuals. However, migrants and highly mobile individuals are likely to interact with HIV treatment programs and the healthcare system in ways that reflect their movement through time and place, affecting their successful progression through the HIV treatment cascade. We review recent research that has examined the challenges in effective and sustained HIV treatment for migrants and mobile populations. Recent findings Mobility is associated with increased risk of antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence, lost to follow-up, deterioration in CD4 count, HIV-related death, development of drug resistance and general noncontinuity of HIV care. Migrants' slow progression through the HIV treatment cascade can be attributed to feelings of confusion, helplessness; an inability to effectively communicate in the native language; poor knowledge about administrative or logistical requirements of the healthcare system; the possibility of deportation or expulsion based on the legal status of the undocumented migrant; fear of disclosure and social isolation from the exile or compatriot group. Travel or transition to the host country commonly makes it difficult for migrants to remain enrolled in ART programs and to maintain adherence to treatment. Summary Existing public health systems fail to properly account for migration, and actionable knowledge of the health requirements of migrants is still lacking. A large body of research has shown that migrants are more likely to enter into the healthcare system late and are less likely to be retained at successive stages of the HIV treatment cascade. HIV-infected migrants are especially vulnerable to a wide range of social, economic and political factors that include a lack of direct access to healthcare services; exposure to difficult or oppressive work environments; the separation from family, friends and a familiar sociocultural environment. Realizing the full treatment and preventive benefits of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy will require reaching all marginalized subpopulations of which migrants are a particularly large and important group.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -32930,7 +38135,7 @@ policy recc:
   title = {Breaking the Silicon Ceiling: {{Gender}} Equality and Information Technology in {{Pakistan}}},
   author = {Tanwir, Maryam and Khemka, Nitya},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {GENDER TECHNOLOGY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& DEVELOPMENT},
+  journal = {GENDER TECHNOLOGY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& DEVELOPMENT},
   volume = {22},
   number = {2},
   pages = {109--129},
@@ -32949,7 +38154,7 @@ policy recc:
   volume = {8},
   issn = {2234-943X},
   doi = {10.3389/fonc.2018.00187},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Health system delays in diagnosis of cancer contribute to the glaring disparities in cancer mortality between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. In Botswana, approximately 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cancers are diagnosed at late stage and median time from first health facility visit for cancer-related symptoms to specialty cancer care was 160 days (IQR 59-653). We describe the implementation and early outcomes of training targeting primary care providers, which is a part of a multi-component implementation study in Kweneng-East district aiming to enhance timely diagnosis of cancers. Methods: Health-care providers from all public facilities within the district were invited to participate in an 8-h intensive short-course program developed by a multidisciplinary team and adapted to the Botswana health system context. Participants' performance was assessed using a 25-multiple choice question tool, with pre- and post assessments paired by anonymous identifier. Statistical analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare performance at the two time points across eight sub-domains (pathophysiology, epidemiology, social context, symptoms, evaluation, treatment, documentation, follow-up). Linear regression and negative binomial modeling were used to determine change in performance. Participants' satisfaction with the program was measured on a separate survey using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: 176 participants attended the training over 5 days in April 2016. Pooled linear regression controlling for test version showed an overall performance increase of 16.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% after participation (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% 01 15.2-18.4). Statistically significant improvement was observed for seven out of eight subdomains on test A and all eight subdomains on test B. Overall, 71 (40.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%) trainees achieved a score greater than 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% on the pretest, and 161 (91.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%) did so on the posttest. Participants reported a high degree of satisfaction with the training program's content and its relevance to their daily work. Conclusion: We describe a successfully implemented primary health care provider focused training component of an innovative intervention aiming to reduce health systems delays in cancer diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa. The training achieved district-wide participation, and improvement in the knowledge of primary health-care providers in this setting.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Health system delays in diagnosis of cancer contribute to the glaring disparities in cancer mortality between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. In Botswana, approximately 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of cancers are diagnosed at late stage and median time from first health facility visit for cancer-related symptoms to specialty cancer care was 160 days (IQR 59-653). We describe the implementation and early outcomes of training targeting primary care providers, which is a part of a multi-component implementation study in Kweneng-East district aiming to enhance timely diagnosis of cancers. Methods: Health-care providers from all public facilities within the district were invited to participate in an 8-h intensive short-course program developed by a multidisciplinary team and adapted to the Botswana health system context. Participants' performance was assessed using a 25-multiple choice question tool, with pre- and post assessments paired by anonymous identifier. Statistical analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare performance at the two time points across eight sub-domains (pathophysiology, epidemiology, social context, symptoms, evaluation, treatment, documentation, follow-up). Linear regression and negative binomial modeling were used to determine change in performance. Participants' satisfaction with the program was measured on a separate survey using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: 176 participants attended the training over 5 days in April 2016. Pooled linear regression controlling for test version showed an overall performance increase of 16.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% after participation (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% 01 15.2-18.4). Statistically significant improvement was observed for seven out of eight subdomains on test A and all eight subdomains on test B. Overall, 71 (40.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) trainees achieved a score greater than 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% on the pretest, and 161 (91.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) did so on the posttest. Participants reported a high degree of satisfaction with the training program's content and its relevance to their daily work. Conclusion: We describe a successfully implemented primary health care provider focused training component of an innovative intervention aiming to reduce health systems delays in cancer diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa. The training achieved district-wide participation, and improvement in the knowledge of primary health-care providers in this setting.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33005,9 +38210,9 @@ policy recc:
   pages = {1492--1514},
   issn = {0268-1080},
   doi = {10.1093/heapol/czw074},
-  abstract = {This article presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that promoting gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment (GEWE) leads to better health and development outcomes. We reviewed the literature across six sectors-family planning (FP); maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); nutrition; agriculture; water, sanitation and hygiene; and financial services for the poor-and found 76 studies from low and middle-income countries that met our inclusion criteria. Across these studies, we identified common GEWE variables that emerged repeatedly as significant predictors of sector outcomes. We grouped these variables into 10 thematic categories, which we termed \textbackslash textasciigravegender-related levers'. These levers were then classified by the strength of evidence into Wedges, Foundations and Facilitators. Wedges are gender-related levers that had strong associations with improved outcomes across multiple sectors. They include: \textbackslash textasciigravecontrol over income/assets/resources', \textbackslash textasciigravedecision-making power' and \textbackslash textasciigraveeducation'. Elements of these levers overlap, but combined, they encapsulate agency. Increasing female agency promotes equality and broadly improves health and development for women, their families and their communities. The second classification, Foundations, displayed strong, positive associations across FP, MNCH and nutrition. Foundations have a more proximal relationship with sector outcomes and include: \textbackslash textasciigraveequitable interpersonal relationships', \textbackslash textasciigravemobility' and \textbackslash textasciigravepersonal safety'. Finally, the third group of levers, Facilitators, was associated with improved outcomes in two to three sectors and include: \textbackslash textasciigraveaccess to information', \textbackslash textasciigravecommunity groups', \textbackslash textasciigravepaid labour' and \textbackslash textasciigraverights'. These levers make it easier for women and girls to achieve their goals and are more traditional elements of development programmes. Overall, gender-related levers were associated with improvements in a variety of health and development outcomes. Furthermore, these associations were cross-sectoral, suggesting that to fully realize the benefits of promoting GEWE, the development community must collaborate in co-ordinated and integrated ways across multiple sectors. More research is needed to identify the mechanisms by which gendered interventions work and under what circumstances.},
+  abstract = {This article presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that promoting gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment (GEWE) leads to better health and development outcomes. We reviewed the literature across six sectors-family planning (FP); maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); nutrition; agriculture; water, sanitation and hygiene; and financial services for the poor-and found 76 studies from low and middle-income countries that met our inclusion criteria. Across these studies, we identified common GEWE variables that emerged repeatedly as significant predictors of sector outcomes. We grouped these variables into 10 thematic categories, which we termed {\textbackslash}textasciigravegender-related levers'. These levers were then classified by the strength of evidence into Wedges, Foundations and Facilitators. Wedges are gender-related levers that had strong associations with improved outcomes across multiple sectors. They include: {\textbackslash}textasciigravecontrol over income/assets/resources', {\textbackslash}textasciigravedecision-making power' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveeducation'. Elements of these levers overlap, but combined, they encapsulate agency. Increasing female agency promotes equality and broadly improves health and development for women, their families and their communities. The second classification, Foundations, displayed strong, positive associations across FP, MNCH and nutrition. Foundations have a more proximal relationship with sector outcomes and include: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveequitable interpersonal relationships', {\textbackslash}textasciigravemobility' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravepersonal safety'. Finally, the third group of levers, Facilitators, was associated with improved outcomes in two to three sectors and include: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveaccess to information', {\textbackslash}textasciigravecommunity groups', {\textbackslash}textasciigravepaid labour' and {\textbackslash}textasciigraverights'. These levers make it easier for women and girls to achieve their goals and are more traditional elements of development programmes. Overall, gender-related levers were associated with improvements in a variety of health and development outcomes. Furthermore, these associations were cross-sectoral, suggesting that to fully realize the benefits of promoting GEWE, the development community must collaborate in co-ordinated and integrated ways across multiple sectors. More research is needed to identify the mechanisms by which gendered interventions work and under what circumstances.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::gender,integrated,outcome::health,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::gender,outcome::health,review::narrative,snowball\_source},
   note = {(narrative?) review of effects of dimensions of female 'empowerment' on health outcomes and development outcomes, such as access to and use of financial services
 \par
 main findings:
@@ -33034,7 +38239,7 @@ main findings:
 }
 
 @article{Taylor-Gooby2015,
-  title = {Can \textbackslash{{textasciigraveNew Welfare}}' {{Address Poverty}} through {{More}} and {{Better Jobs}}?},
+  title = {Can {\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveNew Welfare}}' {{Address Poverty}} through {{More}} and {{Better Jobs}}?},
   author = {{Taylor-Gooby}, Peter and Gumy, Julia M. and Otto, Adeline},
   year = {2015},
   month = jan,
@@ -33044,7 +38249,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {83--104},
   issn = {0047-2794},
   doi = {10.1017/S0047279414000403},
-  abstract = {New welfare has been prominent in recent European social policy debates. It involves mobilising more people into paid work, improving human capital and ensuring fairer access to opportunities. This programme is attractive to business (more workers, better human capital and reduced social conflict to enhance productivity and profitability) and to citizens (more widely accessible job-opportunities with better rewards): a relatively low-cost approach to the difficulties governments face in maintaining support and meeting social goals as inequalities widen. The generalmove towards \textbackslash textasciigravenewwelfare' gathered momentum during the past two decades, given extra impetus by the 2007-09 recession and subsequent stagnation. While employment rates rose during the prosperous years before the crisis, there was no commensurate reduction in poverty. Over the same period the share of economic growth returned to labour fell, labour markets were increasingly de-regulated and inequality increased. This raises the question of whether new welfare's economic goals (higher employment, improved human capital) and social goals (better job quality and incomes) may come into conflict. This paper examines data for seventeen European countries over the period 2001 to 2007. It shows that new welfare is much more successful at achieving higher employment than at reducing poverty, even during prosperity, and that the approach pays insufficient attention to structural factors, such as the falling wage share, and to institutional issues, such as labour market deregulation.},
+  abstract = {New welfare has been prominent in recent European social policy debates. It involves mobilising more people into paid work, improving human capital and ensuring fairer access to opportunities. This programme is attractive to business (more workers, better human capital and reduced social conflict to enhance productivity and profitability) and to citizens (more widely accessible job-opportunities with better rewards): a relatively low-cost approach to the difficulties governments face in maintaining support and meeting social goals as inequalities widen. The generalmove towards {\textbackslash}textasciigravenewwelfare' gathered momentum during the past two decades, given extra impetus by the 2007-09 recession and subsequent stagnation. While employment rates rose during the prosperous years before the crisis, there was no commensurate reduction in poverty. Over the same period the share of economic growth returned to labour fell, labour markets were increasingly de-regulated and inequality increased. This raises the question of whether new welfare's economic goals (higher employment, improved human capital) and social goals (better job quality and incomes) may come into conflict. This paper examines data for seventeen European countries over the period 2001 to 2007. It shows that new welfare is much more successful at achieving higher employment than at reducing poverty, even during prosperity, and that the approach pays insufficient attention to structural factors, such as the falling wage share, and to institutional issues, such as labour market deregulation.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33067,13 +38272,28 @@ main findings:
   author = {Tchitchoua, Jean and Tsomb Tsomb, Etienne Inedit Blaise and Madomo, Johny},
   year = {2023},
   month = apr,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT},
   issn = {0963-8199},
   doi = {10.1080/09638199.2023.2203785},
   abstract = {This paper analyses the effect of export diversification on income inequality in Central Africa through the employment channel. The sample consists of 9 countries over the period 2000-2019. A quadratic regression is applied to a panel data model using the random effect and the two stages least squares methods. The results show that export diversification increases income inequality in Central Africa. However, this effect is non-linear with the form of an inverted U. Increasing the number of wage workers reduces the marginal effect of export diversification on income inequality while increasing the number of unpaid workers increases this effect. Moreover, diversification is less likely to reduce income inequality when it increases male employment than when it increases female employment. The effect of diversification on income inequality remains non-linear in an inverted U-shape for CEMAC countries' members (CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States) and oil-producing countries, while it is non-linear in a U-shape for non-CEMAC countries and non-oil-producing countries. We recommend that Central African countries promote the diversification of exports while encouraging new productive activities to generate more paid jobs and to favor female employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Tekin2005,
+  title = {Child Care Subsidy Receipt, Employment, and Child Care Choices of Single Mothers},
+  author = {Tekin, Erdal},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Economics Letters},
+  volume = {89},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1--6},
+  issn = {01651765},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2005.03.005},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{TekkasKerman2022,
   title = {The Effect of the {{COVID}}-19 Social Distancing Measures on {{Turkish}} Women's Mental Well-being and Burnout Levels: {{A}} Cross-sectional Study},
   shorttitle = {The Effect of the {{COVID}}-19 Social Distancing Measures on {{Turkish}} Women's Mental Well-being and Burnout Levels},
@@ -33102,7 +38322,37 @@ main findings:
   pages = {1307--1337},
   issn = {0038-4038},
   doi = {10.1002/soej.12426},
-  abstract = {While many studies have quantified the impact of Chinese import competition on U.S. wages, to my knowledge this is the first study to also estimate the effect on fringe benefits. This is important because in the United States, fringe benefits are now more than 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of compensation. I first argue that if trade affects the share of benefits in compensation, focusing on wages and ignoring fringe benefits may give us misleading estimates of the effect of trade on workers' total compensation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I track the subsequent outcomes of workers who were working in manufacturing in 1996. Similar to Autor et al. (2014), I find that exposure to Chinese competition negatively affects wage income. As to fringe benefits, the effect on participation in a defined benefit retirement plan and the availability of vacation days is negative and significant. The effects on other benefits are usually negative but imprecisely estimated. The effect on the overall dollar value of benefits is negative and significant. However, in percentage terms, the effect on benefits is smaller than the effect on wages. This suggests that, in percentage terms, the impact of Chinese import competition on overall compensation is less severe than the one found in Autor et al. (2014) for wages.},
+  abstract = {While many studies have quantified the impact of Chinese import competition on U.S. wages, to my knowledge this is the first study to also estimate the effect on fringe benefits. This is important because in the United States, fringe benefits are now more than 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of compensation. I first argue that if trade affects the share of benefits in compensation, focusing on wages and ignoring fringe benefits may give us misleading estimates of the effect of trade on workers' total compensation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I track the subsequent outcomes of workers who were working in manufacturing in 1996. Similar to Autor et al. (2014), I find that exposure to Chinese competition negatively affects wage income. As to fringe benefits, the effect on participation in a defined benefit retirement plan and the availability of vacation days is negative and significant. The effects on other benefits are usually negative but imprecisely estimated. The effect on the overall dollar value of benefits is negative and significant. However, in percentage terms, the effect on benefits is smaller than the effect on wages. This suggests that, in percentage terms, the impact of Chinese import competition on overall compensation is less severe than the one found in Autor et al. (2014) for wages.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Teng2014,
+  title = {A Systematic Review of Air Pollution and Incidence of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest},
+  author = {Teng, Tiew-Hwa Katherine and Williams, Teresa A and Bremner, Alexandra and Tohira, Hideo and Franklin, Peter and Tonkin, Andrew and Jacobs, Ian and Finn, Judith},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health},
+  volume = {68},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {37--43},
+  issn = {0143-005X, 1470-2738},
+  doi = {10.1136/jech-2013-203116},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{TenKaten2011,
+  title = {Overcoming Barriers to Work Participation for Patients with Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome},
+  author = {Ten Katen, Kim and Beelen, Anita and Nollet, Frans and {Frings-Dresen}, Monique H. W. and Sluiter, Judith K.},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {33},
+  number = {6},
+  pages = {522--529},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.3109/09638288.2010.503257},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33149,7 +38399,38 @@ main findings:
   issn = {0020-7292, 1879-3479},
   doi = {10.1002/ijgo.13566},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               To assess the incidence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.                                         Methods               This cross-sectional study was conducted at the prenatal care clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, among pregnant women from 31 August to 2 November 2020. Participants were interviewed using Open Data Kit. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors.                                         Results               Among the 464 pregnant women, 33 (7.1\%) reported IPV during pregnancy, and among these 24 (72.7\%) reported emotional violence, 16 (48.5\%) reported sexual violence, and 10 (30.3\%) reported physical violence. Among the study participants, only 8 (1.7\%) were screened for IPV. IPV was reported 3.27 times more often by women who reported that their partner chewed Khat compared with those women whose partner did not (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.45\textendash 7.38), and 1.52 times more often women who reported that their partner drank alcohol compared with those women whose partner did not (aOR 1.52; 95\% CI 1.01\textendash 2.28).                                         Conclusion               Very few women were screened for IPV. Partners drinking alcohol and chewing Khat are significantly positively associated with IPV during pregnancy. IPV screening should be included in the national management protocol of obstetric cases of Ethiopia.                        ,              Very few women were screened for intimate partner violence during pregnancy, a finding that has implications for policy moving forward.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objective               To assess the incidence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.                                         Methods               This cross-sectional study was conducted at the prenatal care clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, among pregnant women from 31 August to 2 November 2020. Participants were interviewed using Open Data Kit. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors.                                         Results               Among the 464 pregnant women, 33 (7.1\%) reported IPV during pregnancy, and among these 24 (72.7\%) reported emotional violence, 16 (48.5\%) reported sexual violence, and 10 (30.3\%) reported physical violence. Among the study participants, only 8 (1.7\%) were screened for IPV. IPV was reported 3.27 times more often by women who reported that their partner chewed Khat compared with those women whose partner did not (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.45{\textendash}7.38), and 1.52 times more often women who reported that their partner drank alcohol compared with those women whose partner did not (aOR 1.52; 95\% CI 1.01{\textendash}2.28).                                         Conclusion               Very few women were screened for IPV. Partners drinking alcohol and chewing Khat are significantly positively associated with IPV during pregnancy. IPV screening should be included in the national management protocol of obstetric cases of Ethiopia.                        ,              Very few women were screened for intimate partner violence during pregnancy, a finding that has implications for policy moving forward.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Thackwell2016,
+  title = {Race Trouble: Experiences of {{Black}} Medical Specialist Trainees in {{South Africa}}},
+  shorttitle = {Race Trouble},
+  author = {Thackwell, Nicola and Swartz, Leslie and Dlamini, Sipho and Phahladira, Lebogang and Muloiwa, Rudzani and Chiliza, Bonginkosi},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {BMC International Health and Human Rights},
+  volume = {16},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {31},
+  issn = {1472-698X},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12914-016-0108-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{TheLancet2019,
+  title = {Feminism Is for Everybody},
+  author = {{The Lancet}},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {393},
+  number = {10171},
+  pages = {493},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30239-9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33164,7 +38445,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {855--882},
   issn = {0167-5923},
   doi = {10.1007/s11113-012-9254-5},
-  abstract = {This paper discusses the potential of family policies to reconcile the multiple objectives that they are expected to serve, over and above their role in offsetting the economic cost of children. We start by emphasizing the need to consider the multiple challenges that family policies in European Union-and/or OECD-countries have to address through a broadening of the standard economic approach to the cost of children. Policies indeed aim to reduce the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedirect\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace monetary cost of raising children, but they also aim to minimise the indirect cost arising from the incidence of children on the parents' work-life balance and on the aggregate level of employment. Moreover, motives for policy intervention such as concerns about child development, gender equity or aggregate fertility levels are not fully captured by cost measurements. We thus analyse how, and to what extent, family policies can successfully reconcile these multidimensional objectives. We offer a holistic approach, pointing out that a coherent family policy mix supporting working parents with preschool children is the only way to reconcile or limit the conflicts between work, family and child outcomes. Three main dichotomies are identified to explain cross-country differences in family policy packages: the emphasis on poverty alleviation; the supposed antagonism between fertility and female employment; and the potential conflict between this latter and child development. Ways to reconcile these objectives and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of family policies are further discussed.},
+  abstract = {This paper discusses the potential of family policies to reconcile the multiple objectives that they are expected to serve, over and above their role in offsetting the economic cost of children. We start by emphasizing the need to consider the multiple challenges that family policies in European Union-and/or OECD-countries have to address through a broadening of the standard economic approach to the cost of children. Policies indeed aim to reduce the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedirect{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace monetary cost of raising children, but they also aim to minimise the indirect cost arising from the incidence of children on the parents' work-life balance and on the aggregate level of employment. Moreover, motives for policy intervention such as concerns about child development, gender equity or aggregate fertility levels are not fully captured by cost measurements. We thus analyse how, and to what extent, family policies can successfully reconcile these multidimensional objectives. We offer a holistic approach, pointing out that a coherent family policy mix supporting working parents with preschool children is the only way to reconcile or limit the conflicts between work, family and child outcomes. Three main dichotomies are identified to explain cross-country differences in family policy packages: the emphasis on poverty alleviation; the supposed antagonism between fertility and female employment; and the potential conflict between this latter and child development. Ways to reconcile these objectives and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of family policies are further discussed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33178,7 +38459,7 @@ main findings:
   number = {12},
   pages = {E736-E746},
   issn = {2352-3018},
-  abstract = {Background HIV self-testing can overcome barriers to HIV testing, but its potential as an HIV prevention strategy for women in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We examined whether sustained provision of self-tests to women promotes testing among sexual partners and reduces HIV incidence. Methods We conducted a pair-matched cluster-randomised trial in 66 community clusters in Siaya County, Kenya. Clusters were communities with a high prevalence of transactional sex, including beach communities along Lake Victoria and inland communities with hotspots for transactional sex such as bars and hotels. Within clusters, we recruited HIV-negative women aged 18 years or older with two or more sexual partners within the past 4 weeks. In each of the 33 cluster pairs, we randomly assigned clusters to an intervention and comparison group. In intervention clusters, we provided participants with multiple self-tests at regular intervals and encouraged secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners. In comparison clusters, we provided participants referral cards for facility-based testing. Follow-up visits and HIV testing occurred at 6-month intervals for up to 24 months. The primary outcome of HIV incidence among all participants who contributed at least one HIV test was analysed using discrete-time mixed effects models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03135067. Findings Between June 4, 2017, and Aug 31, 2018, we enrolled 2090 participants (1033 in the 33 intervention clusters and 1057 in the 33 comparison clusters). Participants' median age was 25 years (IQR 22-31) and 1390 (66.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) of 2086 participants reported sex work as an income source. 1840 participants completed the 18-month follow-up and 570 participants completed the 24-month follow up, which ended on March 25, 2020, with a median follow-up duration of 17.6 months. HIV incidence was not significantly different between the intervention and comparison groups (1.2 vs 1.0 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio 12, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.6-2.3, p=0.64). Social harms related to study participation occurred in three participants (two in the intervention group and one in the comparison group). Interpretation Sustained provision of multiple self-tests to women at high risk of HIV infection in Kenya enabled secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners but did not affect HIV incidence. Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Background HIV self-testing can overcome barriers to HIV testing, but its potential as an HIV prevention strategy for women in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We examined whether sustained provision of self-tests to women promotes testing among sexual partners and reduces HIV incidence. Methods We conducted a pair-matched cluster-randomised trial in 66 community clusters in Siaya County, Kenya. Clusters were communities with a high prevalence of transactional sex, including beach communities along Lake Victoria and inland communities with hotspots for transactional sex such as bars and hotels. Within clusters, we recruited HIV-negative women aged 18 years or older with two or more sexual partners within the past 4 weeks. In each of the 33 cluster pairs, we randomly assigned clusters to an intervention and comparison group. In intervention clusters, we provided participants with multiple self-tests at regular intervals and encouraged secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners. In comparison clusters, we provided participants referral cards for facility-based testing. Follow-up visits and HIV testing occurred at 6-month intervals for up to 24 months. The primary outcome of HIV incidence among all participants who contributed at least one HIV test was analysed using discrete-time mixed effects models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03135067. Findings Between June 4, 2017, and Aug 31, 2018, we enrolled 2090 participants (1033 in the 33 intervention clusters and 1057 in the 33 comparison clusters). Participants' median age was 25 years (IQR 22-31) and 1390 (66.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) of 2086 participants reported sex work as an income source. 1840 participants completed the 18-month follow-up and 570 participants completed the 24-month follow up, which ended on March 25, 2020, with a median follow-up duration of 17.6 months. HIV incidence was not significantly different between the intervention and comparison groups (1.2 vs 1.0 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio 12, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.6-2.3, p=0.64). Social harms related to study participation occurred in three participants (two in the intervention group and one in the comparison group). Interpretation Sustained provision of multiple self-tests to women at high risk of HIV infection in Kenya enabled secondary distribution of self-tests to sexual partners but did not affect HIV incidence. Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33191,7 +38472,7 @@ main findings:
   volume = {19},
   number = {18},
   doi = {10.3390/ijerph191811536},
-  abstract = {Re-entering the labour market after a period of unemployment can be challenging for seniors. This study investigates personal as well as circumstantial barriers and facilitators of re-employment. Unemployed seniors in Denmark ({$>$}= 50 years, n = 1636) from the first wave (mid-2018) of the SeniorWorkingLife study were prospectively followed until March 2020 in national registers on labour market participation. Using weighted logistic-regression-modelled odds ratios (ORs), we estimated the association between personal and circumstantial factors at baseline and re-employment during follow-up. During follow-up, 28\textbackslash textbackslash\% re-entered paid employment. The desire to have a job (reference: not having the desire to have a job) increased the likelihood of re-employment (OR 2.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.14-4.85). Contrastingly, a higher age (60-63 vs. 50-54 years; OR 0.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.16-0.79) and poor health (OR 0.32, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.16-0.61) decreased the likelihood of re-employment. Sex, education and belief that age constitutes a barrier to re-employment were not associated with the likelihood of re-employment. Unemployed seniors desiring to have a job are more likely to get a job. However, a higher age and poor health are important barriers that should be taken into account, e.g., by ensuring employment opportunities for these groups in society.},
+  abstract = {Re-entering the labour market after a period of unemployment can be challenging for seniors. This study investigates personal as well as circumstantial barriers and facilitators of re-employment. Unemployed seniors in Denmark ({$>$}= 50 years, n = 1636) from the first wave (mid-2018) of the SeniorWorkingLife study were prospectively followed until March 2020 in national registers on labour market participation. Using weighted logistic-regression-modelled odds ratios (ORs), we estimated the association between personal and circumstantial factors at baseline and re-employment during follow-up. During follow-up, 28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% re-entered paid employment. The desire to have a job (reference: not having the desire to have a job) increased the likelihood of re-employment (OR 2.35, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.14-4.85). Contrastingly, a higher age (60-63 vs. 50-54 years; OR 0.36, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.16-0.79) and poor health (OR 0.32, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.16-0.61) decreased the likelihood of re-employment. Sex, education and belief that age constitutes a barrier to re-employment were not associated with the likelihood of re-employment. Unemployed seniors desiring to have a job are more likely to get a job. However, a higher age and poor health are important barriers that should be taken into account, e.g., by ensuring employment opportunities for these groups in society.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33266,7 +38547,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {1235--1242},
   issn = {0031-4005},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.103.6.1235},
-  abstract = {Objective. This study examines 1) the way that children with chronic conditions are cared for at home and assisted by technology affects maternal employment and child care; 2) the social and clinical factors associated with the decision of a mother to quit employment to care for a child at home; and 3) the way in which care at home and the decision of a mother to quit a job affects maternal mental health. Design. The 6-month postdischarge status of 70 mothers of children assisted by technology (study group) was compared with the 6-month postdischarge status of 58 mothers of children (matched for age and gender) hospitalized for acute illnesses (comparison group). Between January and December 1993, we gathered information on sociodemographic status, employment status and changes in employment, severity of the child's condition, child care and nursing services at home, family support, and maternal mental health. Results. One third of mothers in the study group reported that they quit employment to take fare of a child at home with only 37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% remaining employed outside the home, compared with 69.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% of comparison group mothers. Single caretakers were 15 times more likely to quit employment compared with mothers in two-parent families. Availability of child care had an independent effect on a mother's decision to quit a job, whereas the severity of the child's condition did not. Child care hours were significantly lower in study group families and were provided mostly by relatives compared with daycare facilities and regular babysitters in comparison families. Family support was highest among employed mothers in both the study and the comparison groups and lowest in study group mothers who were neither employed currently nor before the child's illness or who had quit employment to care for the child. Family income was significantly lower in families with a child assisted by technology. Families in the study group had 20-fold higher uncompensated health care costs than did the comparison group. Mothers caring for a child assisted by technology reported less good mental health than did comparison group mothers, and employment seems to mediate this relationship. Conclusions. Caring for a child assisted by technology seems to create barriers to maternal employment diminishing family resources at a time when financial needs actually may increase. Lack of family support and child care services increase the likelihood that mothers of children assisted by technology will stay out of the labor force. Remaining employed buffers the negative effects of care at home on maternal mental health. Health policies for children with chronic health problems should address issues of financial burdens and the labor force participation of their caretakers.},
+  abstract = {Objective. This study examines 1) the way that children with chronic conditions are cared for at home and assisted by technology affects maternal employment and child care; 2) the social and clinical factors associated with the decision of a mother to quit employment to care for a child at home; and 3) the way in which care at home and the decision of a mother to quit a job affects maternal mental health. Design. The 6-month postdischarge status of 70 mothers of children assisted by technology (study group) was compared with the 6-month postdischarge status of 58 mothers of children (matched for age and gender) hospitalized for acute illnesses (comparison group). Between January and December 1993, we gathered information on sociodemographic status, employment status and changes in employment, severity of the child's condition, child care and nursing services at home, family support, and maternal mental health. Results. One third of mothers in the study group reported that they quit employment to take fare of a child at home with only 37.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% remaining employed outside the home, compared with 69.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of comparison group mothers. Single caretakers were 15 times more likely to quit employment compared with mothers in two-parent families. Availability of child care had an independent effect on a mother's decision to quit a job, whereas the severity of the child's condition did not. Child care hours were significantly lower in study group families and were provided mostly by relatives compared with daycare facilities and regular babysitters in comparison families. Family support was highest among employed mothers in both the study and the comparison groups and lowest in study group mothers who were neither employed currently nor before the child's illness or who had quit employment to care for the child. Family income was significantly lower in families with a child assisted by technology. Families in the study group had 20-fold higher uncompensated health care costs than did the comparison group. Mothers caring for a child assisted by technology reported less good mental health than did comparison group mothers, and employment seems to mediate this relationship. Conclusions. Caring for a child assisted by technology seems to create barriers to maternal employment diminishing family resources at a time when financial needs actually may increase. Lack of family support and child care services increase the likelihood that mothers of children assisted by technology will stay out of the labor force. Remaining employed buffers the negative effects of care at home on maternal mental health. Health policies for children with chronic health problems should address issues of financial burdens and the labor force participation of their caretakers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33308,7 +38589,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {253--260},
   issn = {1095-158X},
   doi = {10.1037/prj0000391},
-  abstract = {Objective: This paper examines how formerly homeless adults with serious mental illness living in Housing First (HF) and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravetreatment first\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (TF) supportive housing programs experience employment. Research questions include: How do these individuals experience employment in the context of their mental health recovery? What do they perceive as the benefits of and obstacles to attaining employment? Are there programmatic differences in their employment experiences? Method: Case study analyses of data from a federally funded qualitative study were conducted of 40 individuals purposively sampled from HF and TF programs. Data were independently analyzed and consensually discussed to develop crass-case themes. Results: Three themes emerged: (a) the meaning of work, (b) working within the system, and (c) balancing treatment requirements and work. While none of the study participants had full-time jobs, more HF program clients had part-time employment than their TF counterparts. Of the 12 employed participants. all but 2 worked within their respective programs. Participants in both groups described similar benefits of obtaining employment. but TF program requirements inhibited job-seeking. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: These findings provide insight into the challenges of obtaining employment for formerly homeless individuals with serious mental illness residing in supportive housing. Despite the motivation to work, individual, structural. and organizational factors impeded employment. To address this problem. factors at each of these levels will need to be considered. Interventions such as supported employment offer promise to supportive housing programs committed to employment as a contributor to recovery.},
+  abstract = {Objective: This paper examines how formerly homeless adults with serious mental illness living in Housing First (HF) and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravetreatment first{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (TF) supportive housing programs experience employment. Research questions include: How do these individuals experience employment in the context of their mental health recovery? What do they perceive as the benefits of and obstacles to attaining employment? Are there programmatic differences in their employment experiences? Method: Case study analyses of data from a federally funded qualitative study were conducted of 40 individuals purposively sampled from HF and TF programs. Data were independently analyzed and consensually discussed to develop crass-case themes. Results: Three themes emerged: (a) the meaning of work, (b) working within the system, and (c) balancing treatment requirements and work. While none of the study participants had full-time jobs, more HF program clients had part-time employment than their TF counterparts. Of the 12 employed participants. all but 2 worked within their respective programs. Participants in both groups described similar benefits of obtaining employment. but TF program requirements inhibited job-seeking. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: These findings provide insight into the challenges of obtaining employment for formerly homeless individuals with serious mental illness residing in supportive housing. Despite the motivation to work, individual, structural. and organizational factors impeded employment. To address this problem. factors at each of these levels will need to be considered. Interventions such as supported employment offer promise to supportive housing programs committed to employment as a contributor to recovery.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33347,7 +38628,7 @@ main findings:
   author = {Timmons, Jeffrey F. and Nickelsburg, Jerry},
   year = {2014},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLITICS},
+  journal = {ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLITICS},
   volume = {26},
   number = {3},
   pages = {457--482},
@@ -33383,7 +38664,22 @@ main findings:
   pages = {2493--2529},
   issn = {0167-5923},
   doi = {10.1007/s11113-022-09730-6},
-  abstract = {We use nationally representative data from two waves of the Indian Human Development Survey to examine the role of inter-temporal changes in fertility behavior in influencing female labor market outcomes. Our multivariate regression estimates show that an increase in the number of children reduces labor force participation and earnings. We further investigated the impact of fertility changes on transitions from the labor market. The results show that women who had more than three children in both rounds of the survey had a 3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% points higher probability of exiting from the labor market than their counterparts with two or fewer children net of other socio-demographic factors. Disaggregated analyses by caste, economic, educational status, and region show that the probability of dropping out of the labor market due to fertility changes varies by region and is greater for non-poor and primary to secondary schooling women and those from socially disadvantaged castes than poor, non-educated, and socially advantageous women.},
+  abstract = {We use nationally representative data from two waves of the Indian Human Development Survey to examine the role of inter-temporal changes in fertility behavior in influencing female labor market outcomes. Our multivariate regression estimates show that an increase in the number of children reduces labor force participation and earnings. We further investigated the impact of fertility changes on transitions from the labor market. The results show that women who had more than three children in both rounds of the survey had a 3.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% points higher probability of exiting from the labor market than their counterparts with two or fewer children net of other socio-demographic factors. Disaggregated analyses by caste, economic, educational status, and region show that the probability of dropping out of the labor market due to fertility changes varies by region and is greater for non-poor and primary to secondary schooling women and those from socially disadvantaged castes than poor, non-educated, and socially advantageous women.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Tlaiss2013,
+  title = {Women in {{Healthcare}}: {{Barriers}} and {{Enablers}} from a {{Developing Country Perspective}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women in {{Healthcare}}},
+  author = {Tlaiss, Hayfaa A.},
+  year = {2013},
+  journal = {International Journal of Health Policy and Management},
+  volume = {1},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {23--33},
+  issn = {2322-5939},
+  doi = {10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33396,7 +38692,7 @@ main findings:
   series = {{{EU}} and {{Comparative Law Issues}} and {{Challenges Series}} - {{ECLIC}}},
   volume = {4},
   issn = {2459-9425},
-  abstract = {Work-life balance is the term used to describe practices in achieving a balance between the demands of employees' family (life) and work lifes. Employers today strive to augment job satisfaction in the workforce for it is conducive to lower employee turnover, higher engagement, and greater productivity. Besides the feminists, who discuss women's inequality with men in the family and the separation of the family responsibilities, the term \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework-life balance\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, addressing the aspects of achieving this balance, starts to be more commonly used in employment policies. The dramatic increase in female labor force participation in the labor market, as a result of the collapse of the so-called \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemale breadwinner\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace model, often results in a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedouble burden\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for paid women. On the other hand, there is a tendency among employers to increase workforce satisfaction because it has been shown to reduce employee turnover and produce higher engagement and increased productivity. Policies for the harmonization of work and private life are covered by social legislation and labor legislation. The International Labor Organization defines the work-life balance as one of the greatest challenges of our time. One of the aims of the European Social Rights Pillar is the Work-life balance Initiative which addresses the challenges of work-family balance faced by working parents and carers. Therefore, a directive on the balance between the working and professional life of parents and carers have recently been adopted in the European Union. It sets several new or higher standards for absent parents, paternity and guardianship and enforces a greater use of flexible employment contracts. Its aim is to increase the inclusion of women in the labor market and to promote greater use of parental leave by male workers. Motivated by this, a comparative analysis and critical overview is made between the policies existing in the member states of the European Union and the Republic of North Macedonia which are directly related to the promotion of family-work balance. The purpose of this paper is to see how the Macedonian labor and the legal system is prepared to respond to the challenge posed by this Directive and to provide suggestions and guidance that would improve the situation in the domestic labor market.},
+  abstract = {Work-life balance is the term used to describe practices in achieving a balance between the demands of employees' family (life) and work lifes. Employers today strive to augment job satisfaction in the workforce for it is conducive to lower employee turnover, higher engagement, and greater productivity. Besides the feminists, who discuss women's inequality with men in the family and the separation of the family responsibilities, the term {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravework-life balance{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, addressing the aspects of achieving this balance, starts to be more commonly used in employment policies. The dramatic increase in female labor force participation in the labor market, as a result of the collapse of the so-called {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemale breadwinner{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace model, often results in a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedouble burden{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for paid women. On the other hand, there is a tendency among employers to increase workforce satisfaction because it has been shown to reduce employee turnover and produce higher engagement and increased productivity. Policies for the harmonization of work and private life are covered by social legislation and labor legislation. The International Labor Organization defines the work-life balance as one of the greatest challenges of our time. One of the aims of the European Social Rights Pillar is the Work-life balance Initiative which addresses the challenges of work-family balance faced by working parents and carers. Therefore, a directive on the balance between the working and professional life of parents and carers have recently been adopted in the European Union. It sets several new or higher standards for absent parents, paternity and guardianship and enforces a greater use of flexible employment contracts. Its aim is to increase the inclusion of women in the labor market and to promote greater use of parental leave by male workers. Motivated by this, a comparative analysis and critical overview is made between the policies existing in the member states of the European Union and the Republic of North Macedonia which are directly related to the promotion of family-work balance. The purpose of this paper is to see how the Macedonian labor and the legal system is prepared to respond to the challenge posed by this Directive and to provide suggestions and guidance that would improve the situation in the domestic labor market.},
   isbn = {978-953-8109-33-1},
   langid = {english},
   note = {International Scientific Conference on Lessons from the Past and Solutions for the Future (EU), Josip Juraj Strossmayer Univ Osijek, Faculty of Law, Osijek, CROATIA, SEP 10-11, 2020}
@@ -33426,7 +38722,7 @@ main findings:
   number = {3},
   issn = {0102-311X},
   doi = {10.1590/0102-311X00195815},
-  abstract = {The aim of this study was to describe quality indicators for prenatal care in Brazil as part of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB). The study analyzed number of prenatal visits, vaccination status, prescription of ferrous sulfate, physical examination, orientation, and laboratory tests, based on which a summary quality indicator was constructed. Data were collected in 2012-2013 during interviews conducted by External Evaluators of the PMAQ-AB, with 6,125 users who had done their last prenatal follow-up in Family Health units. During prenatal follow-up, 89\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported six or more visits, more than 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% received a tetanus booster and prescription of ferrous sulfate, 24\textbackslash textbackslash\% reported having received all the procedures in the physical examination, 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% received all the orientation, and 69\textbackslash textbackslash\% had all the recommended laboratory tests. Only 15\textbackslash textbackslash\% of interviewees had received adequate prenatal care, including all the recommended measures, and there was a significantly higher proportion of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecomplete\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace care in pregnant women that were older, with higher income, in the Southeast region of Brazil, in municipalities with more than 300,000 inhabitants, and in those with HDI in the upper quartile. There are persist social and individual inequalities that can be targeted by measures to upgrade the teams' work processes.},
+  abstract = {The aim of this study was to describe quality indicators for prenatal care in Brazil as part of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB). The study analyzed number of prenatal visits, vaccination status, prescription of ferrous sulfate, physical examination, orientation, and laboratory tests, based on which a summary quality indicator was constructed. Data were collected in 2012-2013 during interviews conducted by External Evaluators of the PMAQ-AB, with 6,125 users who had done their last prenatal follow-up in Family Health units. During prenatal follow-up, 89{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported six or more visits, more than 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% received a tetanus booster and prescription of ferrous sulfate, 24{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reported having received all the procedures in the physical examination, 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% received all the orientation, and 69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had all the recommended laboratory tests. Only 15{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of interviewees had received adequate prenatal care, including all the recommended measures, and there was a significantly higher proportion of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecomplete{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace care in pregnant women that were older, with higher income, in the Southeast region of Brazil, in municipalities with more than 300,000 inhabitants, and in those with HDI in the upper quartile. There are persist social and individual inequalities that can be targeted by measures to upgrade the teams' work processes.},
   langid = {portuguese}
 }
 
@@ -33445,18 +38741,34 @@ main findings:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Tominc2017,
+  title = {Perceived {{Gender Equality}} in {{Managerial Positions}} in {{Organizations}}},
+  author = {Tominc, Polona and {\v S}ebjan, Urban and {\v S}irec, Karin},
+  year = {2017},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Organizacija},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {132--149},
+  issn = {1581-1832},
+  doi = {10.1515/orga-2017-0009},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Background and Purpose:               This research aims to achieve two main objectives: to investigate differences between male and female managers regarding the perceived gender equality in organizations and to analyze the gender differences in relationships among the perceived gender equality, the perceived satisfaction with employment position and career, the perceived satisfaction with work, and the perceived work-family conflict.                                         Design/Methodology/Approach:               The sample of research includes 82 managers in Slovenian organizations. In first stage, we analyzed with t-test differences between male and female regarding perceived gender equality in decision-making positions. In the next step we developed the conceptual models and used structural equational modeling (SEM), and analyzed differences between constructs in two conceptual models.                                         Results:               The research results show that female managers perceive gender equality in organizations in general to be significantly lower than males; furthermore, perceived gender equality is positively related to the perceived satisfaction with employment position and career as well as to the perceived satisfaction with work, but both relationships are significantly stronger for female managers. On the other hand female managers seems to cope more efficiently with the perceived work-family conflict since it has significantly different impact on female managers' perceived satisfaction with work, as compared to the male managers.                                         Conclusion:               To achieve more gender equality within organizations and a reduction of the gender gap, the legislative initiatives cannot be successful without appropriate corporate strategy sets, which presents the framework for doing business and determines the internal working culture. The findings offer several policy, as well as business practice-oriented implications.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Tong2021,
   title = {Determinants of Transcultural Self-Efficacy among Nurses in {{China}}: {{A}} Cross-Sectional Study},
   author = {Tong, Ling and Tong, Tong and Wang, Jingping and Li, Yao and Noji, Ariko},
   year = {2021},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {NURSING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH SCIENCES},
+  journal = {NURSING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH SCIENCES},
   volume = {23},
   number = {4},
   pages = {880--887},
   issn = {1441-0745},
   doi = {10.1111/nhs.12876},
-  abstract = {In this cross-sectional study, we explored the current status and the correlates of self-perceived transcultural self-efficacy among nurses working in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, China. A total of 336 nurses (age range, 24-50 years) completed the Chinese version of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool. The majority of respondents were female (94.64\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and 67.26\textbackslash textbackslash\% were government employees. Between group differences were assessed using the rank sum test. Most nurses had a below-moderate level of self-perceived transcultural self-efficacy in all subscales (Cognitive \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace67.69\textbackslash textbackslash\%]; Practical \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace71.65\textbackslash textbackslash\%], Affective \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace66.75\textbackslash textbackslash\%]). Age, professional title, employment type, and income level had a significant influence on all three subscale scores of the survey instrument. Our findings highlight the need for inclusion of transcultural nursing in the continuing education curricula for nurses. Nursing managers should target continuing education based on the demographic characteristics of nurses. Hospital managers should consider minimizing the pay disparity between government-employed and temporary nurses. These initiatives can help improve the quality of nursing care in a cross-cultural milieu.},
+  abstract = {In this cross-sectional study, we explored the current status and the correlates of self-perceived transcultural self-efficacy among nurses working in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, China. A total of 336 nurses (age range, 24-50 years) completed the Chinese version of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool. The majority of respondents were female (94.64{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and 67.26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were government employees. Between group differences were assessed using the rank sum test. Most nurses had a below-moderate level of self-perceived transcultural self-efficacy in all subscales (Cognitive {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace67.69{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]; Practical {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace71.65{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%], Affective {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace66.75{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]). Age, professional title, employment type, and income level had a significant influence on all three subscale scores of the survey instrument. Our findings highlight the need for inclusion of transcultural nursing in the continuing education curricula for nurses. Nursing managers should target continuing education based on the demographic characteristics of nurses. Hospital managers should consider minimizing the pay disparity between government-employed and temporary nurses. These initiatives can help improve the quality of nursing care in a cross-cultural milieu.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33498,7 +38810,7 @@ main findings:
   journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
   volume = {19},
   doi = {10.1186/s12884-019-2353-0},
-  abstract = {BackgroundImproved understanding of vegetable intake changes between pregnancy and postpartum may inform future intervention targets to establish healthy home food environments. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the changes in vegetable intake between pregnancy and the postnatal period and explore maternal and sociodemographic factors that are associated with these changes.MethodsWe examined sociodemographic, dietary, and health characteristics of healthy mothers 18-43y from the prospective Infant Feeding Practices II cohort (n=847) (2005-2012). Mothers completed a modified version of the diet history questionnaire, a food-frequency measure, developed by the National Cancer Institute. We created four categories of mothers, those that were: meeting vegetablerecommendations post- but not prenatally (n=121; improved intake), not meeting vegetable recommendations during pregnancy and postnatally (n=370; stable inadequate), meeting recommendations pre- but not postnatally (n=123; reduced intake), and meeting recommendations at both time points (n=233; stable adequate). To make our results more relevant to public health recommendations, we were interested in comparing the improved vegetable intake group vs. stable inadequate vegetable intake group, as well as those that reduced their vegetable intake compared to the stable adequate vegetable intake group. Separate multivariable-adjusted logistic regression were used to examine sociodemographic predictors of improved vs. stable inadequate and reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake.ResultsWomen with improved vegetable intake vs. stable inadequate smoked fewercigarettes while women with reduced vegetable intake vs. stable adequate were more likely to experience less pregnancy weight gain. In adjusted models, employed women had greater odds of reduced vegetable intake (OR=1.64 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.14-2.36). In exploratory analyses, employment was associated with greater odds of reduced vegetable intake among low-income (OR=1.79; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.03-3.1), but not higher income women (OR=1.31; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.94-1.84). After further adjustment for paid maternity leave, employment was no longer associated with vegetable intake among lower income women (OR: 1.53; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.76-3.05).ConclusionsMore women with reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake were lower income and worked full time. Improved access to paid maternity leave may help reduce disparities in vegetable quality between lower and higher income women.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundImproved understanding of vegetable intake changes between pregnancy and postpartum may inform future intervention targets to establish healthy home food environments. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the changes in vegetable intake between pregnancy and the postnatal period and explore maternal and sociodemographic factors that are associated with these changes.MethodsWe examined sociodemographic, dietary, and health characteristics of healthy mothers 18-43y from the prospective Infant Feeding Practices II cohort (n=847) (2005-2012). Mothers completed a modified version of the diet history questionnaire, a food-frequency measure, developed by the National Cancer Institute. We created four categories of mothers, those that were: meeting vegetablerecommendations post- but not prenatally (n=121; improved intake), not meeting vegetable recommendations during pregnancy and postnatally (n=370; stable inadequate), meeting recommendations pre- but not postnatally (n=123; reduced intake), and meeting recommendations at both time points (n=233; stable adequate). To make our results more relevant to public health recommendations, we were interested in comparing the improved vegetable intake group vs. stable inadequate vegetable intake group, as well as those that reduced their vegetable intake compared to the stable adequate vegetable intake group. Separate multivariable-adjusted logistic regression were used to examine sociodemographic predictors of improved vs. stable inadequate and reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake.ResultsWomen with improved vegetable intake vs. stable inadequate smoked fewercigarettes while women with reduced vegetable intake vs. stable adequate were more likely to experience less pregnancy weight gain. In adjusted models, employed women had greater odds of reduced vegetable intake (OR=1.64 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.14-2.36). In exploratory analyses, employment was associated with greater odds of reduced vegetable intake among low-income (OR=1.79; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.03-3.1), but not higher income women (OR=1.31; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.94-1.84). After further adjustment for paid maternity leave, employment was no longer associated with vegetable intake among lower income women (OR: 1.53; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.76-3.05).ConclusionsMore women with reduced vs. stable adequate vegetable intake were lower income and worked full time. Improved access to paid maternity leave may help reduce disparities in vegetable quality between lower and higher income women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33507,12 +38819,12 @@ main findings:
   author = {Towne, Samuel D. and Probst, Janice C. and Hardin, James W. and Bell, Bethany A. and Glover, Saundra},
   year = {2017},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {182},
   pages = {30--44},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.005},
-  abstract = {In the United States (US) and elsewhere, residents of low resource areas face health-related disparities, and may experience different outcomes throughout times of severe economic flux. We aimed to identify individual (e.g. sociodemographic) and environmental (e.g. region, rurality) factors associated with self reported health and forgone medical care due to the cost of treatment in the US across the Great Recession (2008-2009). We analyzed nationally representative data (2004-2010) using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in the US. Individual and geospatial factors (rurality, census region) were used to identify differences in self-reported health and forgone medical care due to the cost. Adjusted-analyses taking into account individual and geospatial factors among those with incomes {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar50,000 identified multiple differences across time, sex, education, disability, rurality and Census Region for health. Similar analyses for forgone medical care found that those in the Recovery and the Recession were more likely to report forgone care than before the Recession. Having insurance and/or being employed (versus unemployed) was a protective factor in terms of reporting fair/poor health and having to forgo health care due to cost. Policies affecting improvements in health and access for vulnerable populations (e.g., low-income minority adults) are critical. Monitoring trends related to Social Determinants of Health, including the relationship between health and place (e.g. Census region, rurality), is necessary in efforts targeted towards ameliorating disparities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {In the United States (US) and elsewhere, residents of low resource areas face health-related disparities, and may experience different outcomes throughout times of severe economic flux. We aimed to identify individual (e.g. sociodemographic) and environmental (e.g. region, rurality) factors associated with self reported health and forgone medical care due to the cost of treatment in the US across the Great Recession (2008-2009). We analyzed nationally representative data (2004-2010) using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in the US. Individual and geospatial factors (rurality, census region) were used to identify differences in self-reported health and forgone medical care due to the cost. Adjusted-analyses taking into account individual and geospatial factors among those with incomes {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar50,000 identified multiple differences across time, sex, education, disability, rurality and Census Region for health. Similar analyses for forgone medical care found that those in the Recovery and the Recession were more likely to report forgone care than before the Recession. Having insurance and/or being employed (versus unemployed) was a protective factor in terms of reporting fair/poor health and having to forgo health care due to cost. Policies affecting improvements in health and access for vulnerable populations (e.g., low-income minority adults) are critical. Monitoring trends related to Social Determinants of Health, including the relationship between health and place (e.g. Census region, rurality), is necessary in efforts targeted towards ameliorating disparities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33527,7 +38839,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {171--199},
   issn = {1744-1331},
   doi = {10.1017/S1744133109990181},
-  abstract = {Although there has been substantial debate and research concerning the economic impact of neo-liberal practices, there is a paucity of research about the potential relation between neo-liberal economic practices and population health. We assessed the extent to which neo-liberal policies and practices are associated with population health at the national level. We collected data on 119 countries between 1980 and 2004. We measured neo-liberalism using the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) Index, which gives an overall score as well as a score for each of five different aspects of neo-liberal economic practices: (1) size of government, (2) legal structure and security of property rights, (3) access to sound money, (4) freedom to exchange with foreigners and (5) regulation of credit, labor and business. Our measure of population health was under-five mortality. We controlled for potential mediators (income distribution, social capital and openness of political institutions) and confounders (female literacy, total population, rural population, fertility, gross domestic product per capita and time period). In longitudinal multivariable analyses, we found that the EFW index did not have an effect on child mortality but that two of its components: improved security of property rights and access to sound money were associated with lower under-five mortality (p = 0.017 and p = 0.024, respectively). When stratifying the countries by level of income, less regulation of credit, labor and business was associated with lower under-five mortality in high-income countries (p = 0.001). None of the EFW components were significantly associated with under-five mortality in low-income countries. This analysis suggests that the concept of \textbackslash textasciigraveneo-liberalism' is not a monolithic entity in its relation to health and that some \textbackslash textasciigraveneo-liberal' policies are consistent with improved population health. Further work is needed to corroborate or refute these findings.},
+  abstract = {Although there has been substantial debate and research concerning the economic impact of neo-liberal practices, there is a paucity of research about the potential relation between neo-liberal economic practices and population health. We assessed the extent to which neo-liberal policies and practices are associated with population health at the national level. We collected data on 119 countries between 1980 and 2004. We measured neo-liberalism using the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) Index, which gives an overall score as well as a score for each of five different aspects of neo-liberal economic practices: (1) size of government, (2) legal structure and security of property rights, (3) access to sound money, (4) freedom to exchange with foreigners and (5) regulation of credit, labor and business. Our measure of population health was under-five mortality. We controlled for potential mediators (income distribution, social capital and openness of political institutions) and confounders (female literacy, total population, rural population, fertility, gross domestic product per capita and time period). In longitudinal multivariable analyses, we found that the EFW index did not have an effect on child mortality but that two of its components: improved security of property rights and access to sound money were associated with lower under-five mortality (p = 0.017 and p = 0.024, respectively). When stratifying the countries by level of income, less regulation of credit, labor and business was associated with lower under-five mortality in high-income countries (p = 0.001). None of the EFW components were significantly associated with under-five mortality in low-income countries. This analysis suggests that the concept of {\textbackslash}textasciigraveneo-liberalism' is not a monolithic entity in its relation to health and that some {\textbackslash}textasciigraveneo-liberal' policies are consistent with improved population health. Further work is needed to corroborate or refute these findings.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33601,7 +38913,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {195--203},
   issn = {1052-2263},
   doi = {10.3233/JVR-180965},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Resource Facilitation (RF) is an intervention developed to improve return to work (RTW) following brain injury. RF is an individualized treatment specializing in connecting patients and caregivers with community-based resources and services to mitigate barriers to return to work. OBJECTIVES: Examine the effectiveness of the RHI RF program for a clinical prospective cohort of participants referred to this program from the State Vocational Rehabilitation agency. METHODS: Participants were 243 participants with data drawn from the two sources: 33 from previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) control groups who did not receive RF and 210 from clinical patients discharged from the RHI RF program. RESULTS: At discharge from RF, a greater proportion of the treatment group obtained employment than the control group \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceX-(1)(2) = 5.39,p = 0.018]. When controlling for baseline level of disability, treatment group significantly predicted employment outcome (Wald = 4.52, p = 0.033) and participants in the treatment group were 2.3 times more likely to return to work than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Previous RCTs have studied the RHI RF model and demonstrated significant efficacy. The findings from the present study are consistent with the employment rates found in the previous RCT's following RF, and also provide initial support for the clinical effectiveness of RF.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Resource Facilitation (RF) is an intervention developed to improve return to work (RTW) following brain injury. RF is an individualized treatment specializing in connecting patients and caregivers with community-based resources and services to mitigate barriers to return to work. OBJECTIVES: Examine the effectiveness of the RHI RF program for a clinical prospective cohort of participants referred to this program from the State Vocational Rehabilitation agency. METHODS: Participants were 243 participants with data drawn from the two sources: 33 from previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) control groups who did not receive RF and 210 from clinical patients discharged from the RHI RF program. RESULTS: At discharge from RF, a greater proportion of the treatment group obtained employment than the control group {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceX-(1)(2) = 5.39,p = 0.018]. When controlling for baseline level of disability, treatment group significantly predicted employment outcome (Wald = 4.52, p = 0.033) and participants in the treatment group were 2.3 times more likely to return to work than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Previous RCTs have studied the RHI RF model and demonstrated significant efficacy. The findings from the present study are consistent with the employment rates found in the previous RCT's following RF, and also provide initial support for the clinical effectiveness of RF.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33610,7 +38922,7 @@ main findings:
   author = {Trezzini, Bruno and Schuller, Victoria and Schupbach, Sabrina and Bickenbach, Jerome},
   year = {2021},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {DISABILITY \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {DISABILITY {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {36},
   number = {6},
   pages = {925--951},
@@ -33646,7 +38958,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {376--395},
   issn = {0958-9287},
   doi = {10.1177/0958928718805870},
-  abstract = {One of the core dilemmas of current welfare politics is the question of how to ensure social protection while providing incentives to seek employment at the same time. A way to address this dilemma is to base policies and policy models on the principle notion that \textbackslash textasciigravework must pay'; in other words, income from employment should be higher than the social support of the unemployed. However, how accurately do these approaches and models represent the reality of benefit recipients, particularly in the context of increased employment precariousness? In this article, we use the cases of two disadvantaged regions in Czech Republic in order to contrast the presumptions of \textbackslash textasciigravemaking work pay' policies with the everyday experience of welfare recipients. As we show, their situations are strongly shaped by current changes in the labour market, particularly the precarious character of accessible employment and high levels of indebtedness. The modelling of financial employment incentives and the public policies based on these calculations often do not correspond with the reality of welfare recipients that are often cycling in and out of precarious forms of employment. However, the authors' main claim is that the very idea of the \textbackslash textasciigravework must pay' approach focuses on the wrong question. A truly functioning financial incentive would need to focus not solely on the difference in income between those who work and those who do not work, but rather should analyse what type of arrangements allow working households to rise permanently above the poverty line.},
+  abstract = {One of the core dilemmas of current welfare politics is the question of how to ensure social protection while providing incentives to seek employment at the same time. A way to address this dilemma is to base policies and policy models on the principle notion that {\textbackslash}textasciigravework must pay'; in other words, income from employment should be higher than the social support of the unemployed. However, how accurately do these approaches and models represent the reality of benefit recipients, particularly in the context of increased employment precariousness? In this article, we use the cases of two disadvantaged regions in Czech Republic in order to contrast the presumptions of {\textbackslash}textasciigravemaking work pay' policies with the everyday experience of welfare recipients. As we show, their situations are strongly shaped by current changes in the labour market, particularly the precarious character of accessible employment and high levels of indebtedness. The modelling of financial employment incentives and the public policies based on these calculations often do not correspond with the reality of welfare recipients that are often cycling in and out of precarious forms of employment. However, the authors' main claim is that the very idea of the {\textbackslash}textasciigravework must pay' approach focuses on the wrong question. A truly functioning financial incentive would need to focus not solely on the difference in income between those who work and those who do not work, but rather should analyse what type of arrangements allow working households to rise permanently above the poverty line.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33674,7 +38986,7 @@ main findings:
   volume = {6},
   number = {3},
   doi = {10.1136/wjps-2022-000534},
-  abstract = {ObjectiveIn this study, we assess the delivery of congenital pediatric surgical care under Brazil's system of universal health coverage and evaluate differences in delivery between public and private sectors. MethodsA cross-sectional national survey of pediatric surgeons in Brazil was conducted. Participants were asked which of 23 interventions identified through the Disease Control Priorities 3 (Surgical Interventions for Congenital Anomalies) they perform and to report barriers faced while providing surgical care. Responses were weighted by state and stratified by sector (public vs private). ResultsA sample of 352 responses was obtained and weighted to represent 1378 practicing pediatric surgeons registered in Brazil during the survey time. 73\textbackslash textbackslash\% spend the majority of their time working in the public sector ('Sistema unico de Saude' and Foundation hospitals), and most of them also work in the private sector. Generally, Brazilian pediatric surgeons have the expertise to provide thoracic, abdominal, and urologic procedures. Surgeons working mostly in the public sector were more likely to report a lack of access to essential medications (25\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.01) and a lack of access to hospital beds for surgical patients (52\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs 32\textbackslash textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.01). ConclusionsBrazilian pediatric surgeons routinely perform thoracic, abdominal, and urologic surgery. Those working in government-financed hospitals face barriers related to infrastructure, which may impact Brazilians who rely on Brazil's universal health coverage system. Policies that support pediatric surgeons working in the public sector may promote the workforce available to provide congenital pediatric surgical care.},
+  abstract = {ObjectiveIn this study, we assess the delivery of congenital pediatric surgical care under Brazil's system of universal health coverage and evaluate differences in delivery between public and private sectors. MethodsA cross-sectional national survey of pediatric surgeons in Brazil was conducted. Participants were asked which of 23 interventions identified through the Disease Control Priorities 3 (Surgical Interventions for Congenital Anomalies) they perform and to report barriers faced while providing surgical care. Responses were weighted by state and stratified by sector (public vs private). ResultsA sample of 352 responses was obtained and weighted to represent 1378 practicing pediatric surgeons registered in Brazil during the survey time. 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% spend the majority of their time working in the public sector ('Sistema unico de Saude' and Foundation hospitals), and most of them also work in the private sector. Generally, Brazilian pediatric surgeons have the expertise to provide thoracic, abdominal, and urologic procedures. Surgeons working mostly in the public sector were more likely to report a lack of access to essential medications (25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.01) and a lack of access to hospital beds for surgical patients (52{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs 32{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, p{$<$}0.01). ConclusionsBrazilian pediatric surgeons routinely perform thoracic, abdominal, and urologic surgery. Those working in government-financed hospitals face barriers related to infrastructure, which may impact Brazilians who rely on Brazil's universal health coverage system. Policies that support pediatric surgeons working in the public sector may promote the workforce available to provide congenital pediatric surgical care.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33683,12 +38995,27 @@ main findings:
   author = {Trujillo, Matthew D. and Plough, Alonzo},
   year = {2016},
   month = sep,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {165},
   pages = {206--213},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.043},
-  abstract = {For generations, Americans' health has been unequally influenced by income, education, ethnicity, and geography. Health care systems have operated largely apart from each other and from community life. The definition of health has been the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveabsence of illness,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace rather than the recognition that all aspects of our lives should support health. Today, a growing number of communities, regions, and states are working to redefine what it means to get and stay healthy by addressing the multiple determinants of health. The requirements of federal health care reform are changing who has access to care, how care is paid for and delivered, and how patients and providers interact. Coordinated efforts to promote wellness and prevent diseases are proliferating among a diverse set of stakeholders. These developments in health and in society present a window of opportunity for real societal transformation-a chance to catalyze a national movement that demands and supports a widely shared, multifaceted vision for a Culture of Health. To address this challenge, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has embarked on a strategic direction to use the tools of a large national philanthropy to catalyze a social movement which we are calling Building a Culture of Health. This article presents the Foundation's new model for a Culture of Health, the trans-disciplinary research that developed a set of metrics that tie to the model, and the community engagement activities undertaken in the development of both the model and metrics. The model and associated metrics and extensive communication, in addition to partnership, and grant funding strategies, represent a culture change strategy being implemented over 20 years. Addressing underlying inequities in health affirming life conditions and improving social cohesion across diverse groups to take action to improve theses condition lay at the heart of this strategy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {For generations, Americans' health has been unequally influenced by income, education, ethnicity, and geography. Health care systems have operated largely apart from each other and from community life. The definition of health has been the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveabsence of illness,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace rather than the recognition that all aspects of our lives should support health. Today, a growing number of communities, regions, and states are working to redefine what it means to get and stay healthy by addressing the multiple determinants of health. The requirements of federal health care reform are changing who has access to care, how care is paid for and delivered, and how patients and providers interact. Coordinated efforts to promote wellness and prevent diseases are proliferating among a diverse set of stakeholders. These developments in health and in society present a window of opportunity for real societal transformation-a chance to catalyze a national movement that demands and supports a widely shared, multifaceted vision for a Culture of Health. To address this challenge, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has embarked on a strategic direction to use the tools of a large national philanthropy to catalyze a social movement which we are calling Building a Culture of Health. This article presents the Foundation's new model for a Culture of Health, the trans-disciplinary research that developed a set of metrics that tie to the model, and the community engagement activities undertaken in the development of both the model and metrics. The model and associated metrics and extensive communication, in addition to partnership, and grant funding strategies, represent a culture change strategy being implemented over 20 years. Addressing underlying inequities in health affirming life conditions and improving social cohesion across diverse groups to take action to improve theses condition lay at the heart of this strategy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Tsani2013,
+  title = {Female Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth in the {{South Mediterranean}} Countries},
+  author = {Tsani, Stella and Paroussos, Leonidas and Fragiadakis, Costas and Charalambidis, Ioannis and Capros, Pantelis},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = aug,
+  journal = {Economics Letters},
+  volume = {120},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {323--328},
+  issn = {01651765},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2013.04.043},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33732,7 +39059,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {575--586},
   issn = {0268-1080},
   doi = {10.1093/heapol/czac022},
-  abstract = {Public-sector healthcare providers are on the frontline of family planning service delivery in low- and middle-income countries like Kenya, yet research suggests public-sector providers are frequently absent. The current prevalence of absenteeism in Western Kenya, as well as the impact on family planning clients, is unknown. The objective of this paper is to quantify the prevalence of public-sector healthcare provider absenteeism in this region of Kenya, to describe the potential impact on family planning uptake and to source locally-grounded solutions to provider absenteeism. We used multiple data collection methods including unannounced visits to a random sample of 60 public-sector healthcare facilities in Western Kenya, focus group discussions with current and former family planning users, key informant interviews with senior staff from healthcare facilities and both governmental and non-governmental organizations, and journey mapping activities with current family planning providers and clients. We found healthcare providers were absent in nearly 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of unannounced visits and, among those present, 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% were not working at the time of the visit. In 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% of unannounced visits, the facility had no providers present. Provider absenteeism took many forms including providers arriving late to work, taking an extended lunch break, not returning from lunch, or being absent for the entire day. While 56\textbackslash textbackslash\% of provider absences resulted from sanctioned activities such as planned vacation, sick leave, or off-site work responsibilities, nearly half of the absences were unsanctioned, meaning providers were reportedly running personal errands, intending to arrive later, or no one at the facility could explain the absence. Key informants and focus group participants reported high provider absence is a substantial barrier to contraceptive use, but solutions for resolving this problem remain elusive. Identification and rigorous evaluation of interventions designed to redress provider absenteeism are needed.},
+  abstract = {Public-sector healthcare providers are on the frontline of family planning service delivery in low- and middle-income countries like Kenya, yet research suggests public-sector providers are frequently absent. The current prevalence of absenteeism in Western Kenya, as well as the impact on family planning clients, is unknown. The objective of this paper is to quantify the prevalence of public-sector healthcare provider absenteeism in this region of Kenya, to describe the potential impact on family planning uptake and to source locally-grounded solutions to provider absenteeism. We used multiple data collection methods including unannounced visits to a random sample of 60 public-sector healthcare facilities in Western Kenya, focus group discussions with current and former family planning users, key informant interviews with senior staff from healthcare facilities and both governmental and non-governmental organizations, and journey mapping activities with current family planning providers and clients. We found healthcare providers were absent in nearly 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of unannounced visits and, among those present, 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% were not working at the time of the visit. In 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of unannounced visits, the facility had no providers present. Provider absenteeism took many forms including providers arriving late to work, taking an extended lunch break, not returning from lunch, or being absent for the entire day. While 56{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of provider absences resulted from sanctioned activities such as planned vacation, sick leave, or off-site work responsibilities, nearly half of the absences were unsanctioned, meaning providers were reportedly running personal errands, intending to arrive later, or no one at the facility could explain the absence. Key informants and focus group participants reported high provider absence is a substantial barrier to contraceptive use, but solutions for resolving this problem remain elusive. Identification and rigorous evaluation of interventions designed to redress provider absenteeism are needed.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33744,7 +39071,7 @@ main findings:
   number = {1},
   issn = {1469-493X},
   doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD010067.pub2},
-  abstract = {Background Slums are densely populated, neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are exceptionally poor. In situ slum upgrading, at its basic level, involves improving the physical environment of the existing area, such as improving and installing basic infrastructure like water, sanitation, solid waste collection, electricity, storm water drainage, access roads and footpaths, and street lighting, as well as home improvements and securing land tenure. Objectives To explore the effects of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of urban slum dwellers in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Where reported, data were collected on the perspectives of slum dwellers regarding their needs, preferences for and satisfaction with interventions received. Search methods We searched for published and unpublished studies in 28 bibliographic databases including multidisciplinary (for example Scopus) and specialist databases covering health, social science, urban planning, environment and LMIC topics. Snowballing techniques included searching websites, journal handsearching, contacting authors and reference list checking. Searches were not restricted by language or publication date. Selection criteria We included studies examining the impact of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment or infrastructure improvements (with or without additional co-interventions) on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of LMIC urban slum dwellers. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) were eligible for the main analysis. Controlled studies with only post-intervention data (CPI) and uncontrolled before and after (UBA) studies were included in a separate narrative to examine consistency of results and to supplement evidence gaps in the main analysis. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias for each study. Differences between the included study interventions and outcomes precluded meta-analysis so the results were presented in a narrative summary with illustrative harvest plots. The body of evidence for outcomes within the main analysis was assessed according to GRADE as very low, low, moderate or high quality. Main results We identified 10,488 unique records, with 323 screened as full text. Five studies were included for the main analysis: one RCT with a low risk, two CBAs with a moderate risk and two CBAs with a high risk of bias. Three CBAs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. Road paving only was evaluated in one RCT and water supply in one CBA. A total of 3453 households or observations were included within the four studies reporting sample sizes. Most health outcomes in the main studies related to communicable diseases, for which the body of evidence was judged to be low quality. One CBA with a moderate risk of bias found that diarrhoeal incidence was reduced in households which received water connections from a private water company (risk ratio (RR) 0.53; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 1.04) and the severity of diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.48; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.19 to 1.22). There was no effect for duration of diarrhoea. Road paving did not result in changes in parasitic infections or sickness in one RCT. After multicomponent slum upgrading, claims for a waterborne disease as opposed to a non-waterborne disease reduced (RR 0.64; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.27 to 0.98) in one CBA with a high risk of bias but there was no change in sanitation-related mortality in a CBA with a moderate risk of bias. The majority of socio-economic outcomes reported within the main studies related to financial poverty, for which the body of evidence was of very low quality. Results were mixed amongst the main studies; one RCT and two CBAs reported no effect on the income of slum dwellers following slum upgrading. One further CBA found significant reduction in monthly water expenditure (mean difference (MD) -17.11 pesos; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -32.6 to -1.62). One RCT also showed mixed results for employment variables, finding no effect on unemployment levels but increased weekly worked hours (MD 4.68; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI -0.46 to 9.82) and lower risk of residents intending to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.60 to 1.01). There was no evidence available to assess the impact of slum upgrading on non-communicable diseases or social capital. Maternal and perinatal conditions, infant mortality, nutritional deficiencies, injuries, self-reported quality of life, education and crime were evaluated in one study each. Nine supporting studies were included that measured varying outcomes (6794 households or observations within eight studies reporting sample sizes). One CPI evaluated cement flooring only while three UBAs and five CPIs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. All studies but one had a high risk of bias. The studies reinforced main study findings for diarrhoea incidence and water-related expenditure. Findings for parasitic infections and financial poverty were inconsistent with the main studies. In addition, supporting studies reported a number of disparate outcomes that were not evaluated in the main studies. Five supporting studies included some limited information on slum dweller perspectives. They indicated the importance of appropriate siting of facilities, preference for private facilities, delivering synergistic interventions together, and ensuring that infrastructure was fit for purpose and systems were provided for cleaning, maintenance and repair. Authors' conclusions A high risk of bias within the included studies, heterogeneity and evidence gaps prevent firm conclusions on the effect of slum upgrading strategies on health and socio-economic wellbeing. The most common health and socio-economic outcomes reported were communicable diseases and indicators of financial poverty. There was a limited but consistent body of evidence to suggest that slum upgrading may reduce the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases and water-related expenditure. The information available on slum dwellers' perspectives provided some insight to barriers and facilitators for successful implementation and maintenance of interventions. The availability and use of reliable, comparable outcome measures to determine the effect of slum upgrading on health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing would make a useful contribution to new research in this important area. Given the complexity in delivering slum upgrading, evaluations should look to incorporate process and qualitative information alongside quantitative effectiveness data to determine which particular interventions work (or don't work) and for whom.},
+  abstract = {Background Slums are densely populated, neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are exceptionally poor. In situ slum upgrading, at its basic level, involves improving the physical environment of the existing area, such as improving and installing basic infrastructure like water, sanitation, solid waste collection, electricity, storm water drainage, access roads and footpaths, and street lighting, as well as home improvements and securing land tenure. Objectives To explore the effects of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of urban slum dwellers in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Where reported, data were collected on the perspectives of slum dwellers regarding their needs, preferences for and satisfaction with interventions received. Search methods We searched for published and unpublished studies in 28 bibliographic databases including multidisciplinary (for example Scopus) and specialist databases covering health, social science, urban planning, environment and LMIC topics. Snowballing techniques included searching websites, journal handsearching, contacting authors and reference list checking. Searches were not restricted by language or publication date. Selection criteria We included studies examining the impact of slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment or infrastructure improvements (with or without additional co-interventions) on the health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing of LMIC urban slum dwellers. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) were eligible for the main analysis. Controlled studies with only post-intervention data (CPI) and uncontrolled before and after (UBA) studies were included in a separate narrative to examine consistency of results and to supplement evidence gaps in the main analysis. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias for each study. Differences between the included study interventions and outcomes precluded meta-analysis so the results were presented in a narrative summary with illustrative harvest plots. The body of evidence for outcomes within the main analysis was assessed according to GRADE as very low, low, moderate or high quality. Main results We identified 10,488 unique records, with 323 screened as full text. Five studies were included for the main analysis: one RCT with a low risk, two CBAs with a moderate risk and two CBAs with a high risk of bias. Three CBAs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. Road paving only was evaluated in one RCT and water supply in one CBA. A total of 3453 households or observations were included within the four studies reporting sample sizes. Most health outcomes in the main studies related to communicable diseases, for which the body of evidence was judged to be low quality. One CBA with a moderate risk of bias found that diarrhoeal incidence was reduced in households which received water connections from a private water company (risk ratio (RR) 0.53; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 1.04) and the severity of diarrhoeal episodes (RR 0.48; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.19 to 1.22). There was no effect for duration of diarrhoea. Road paving did not result in changes in parasitic infections or sickness in one RCT. After multicomponent slum upgrading, claims for a waterborne disease as opposed to a non-waterborne disease reduced (RR 0.64; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.27 to 0.98) in one CBA with a high risk of bias but there was no change in sanitation-related mortality in a CBA with a moderate risk of bias. The majority of socio-economic outcomes reported within the main studies related to financial poverty, for which the body of evidence was of very low quality. Results were mixed amongst the main studies; one RCT and two CBAs reported no effect on the income of slum dwellers following slum upgrading. One further CBA found significant reduction in monthly water expenditure (mean difference (MD) -17.11 pesos; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -32.6 to -1.62). One RCT also showed mixed results for employment variables, finding no effect on unemployment levels but increased weekly worked hours (MD 4.68; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI -0.46 to 9.82) and lower risk of residents intending to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.60 to 1.01). There was no evidence available to assess the impact of slum upgrading on non-communicable diseases or social capital. Maternal and perinatal conditions, infant mortality, nutritional deficiencies, injuries, self-reported quality of life, education and crime were evaluated in one study each. Nine supporting studies were included that measured varying outcomes (6794 households or observations within eight studies reporting sample sizes). One CPI evaluated cement flooring only while three UBAs and five CPIs evaluated multicomponent slum upgrading strategies. All studies but one had a high risk of bias. The studies reinforced main study findings for diarrhoea incidence and water-related expenditure. Findings for parasitic infections and financial poverty were inconsistent with the main studies. In addition, supporting studies reported a number of disparate outcomes that were not evaluated in the main studies. Five supporting studies included some limited information on slum dweller perspectives. They indicated the importance of appropriate siting of facilities, preference for private facilities, delivering synergistic interventions together, and ensuring that infrastructure was fit for purpose and systems were provided for cleaning, maintenance and repair. Authors' conclusions A high risk of bias within the included studies, heterogeneity and evidence gaps prevent firm conclusions on the effect of slum upgrading strategies on health and socio-economic wellbeing. The most common health and socio-economic outcomes reported were communicable diseases and indicators of financial poverty. There was a limited but consistent body of evidence to suggest that slum upgrading may reduce the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases and water-related expenditure. The information available on slum dwellers' perspectives provided some insight to barriers and facilitators for successful implementation and maintenance of interventions. The availability and use of reliable, comparable outcome measures to determine the effect of slum upgrading on health, quality of life and socio-economic wellbeing would make a useful contribution to new research in this important area. Given the complexity in delivering slum upgrading, evaluations should look to incorporate process and qualitative information alongside quantitative effectiveness data to determine which particular interventions work (or don't work) and for whom.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BJIJKMC5/Turley et al_2013_Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure.pdf}
@@ -33761,7 +39088,7 @@ main findings:
   pages = {227--249},
   issn = {0038-4941},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00378.x},
-  abstract = {Objectives. Although employment among welfare mothers increased substantially following the 1996 welfare reform, some former welfare recipients failed to find stable employment. We review the extent to which low-income mothers are without work and cash welfare for long periods of time and seek to understand the correlates of becoming chronically disconnected. Methods. We analyze data from a 1997-2003 panel study of single mothers who received cash welfare in an urban county in Michigan in February 1997. We develop a new measure of the extent to which former recipients are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravechronically disconnected\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace from both employment and cash welfare and estimate regression models of the correlates of this economic outcome. Results. About 9 percent of respondents became chronically disconnected, defined as being without employment and cash welfare during at least one-quarter of the months during the 79-month study period. Important correlates of becoming chronically disconnected include having a physical limitation, having a learning disability, using illegal drugs or meeting the diagnostic screening criteria for alcohol dependence, and having no car or driver license. The chronically disconnected are more likely to have lost a job than to have lost welfare benefits and are more economically disadvantaged than those with regular sources of economic support. Conclusions. To reduce the number of women who fail to make a successful transition from welfare to work, more attention should be given to programs and policies that attempt to reconnect disconnected women to regular sources of economic support.},
+  abstract = {Objectives. Although employment among welfare mothers increased substantially following the 1996 welfare reform, some former welfare recipients failed to find stable employment. We review the extent to which low-income mothers are without work and cash welfare for long periods of time and seek to understand the correlates of becoming chronically disconnected. Methods. We analyze data from a 1997-2003 panel study of single mothers who received cash welfare in an urban county in Michigan in February 1997. We develop a new measure of the extent to which former recipients are {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravechronically disconnected{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace from both employment and cash welfare and estimate regression models of the correlates of this economic outcome. Results. About 9 percent of respondents became chronically disconnected, defined as being without employment and cash welfare during at least one-quarter of the months during the 79-month study period. Important correlates of becoming chronically disconnected include having a physical limitation, having a learning disability, using illegal drugs or meeting the diagnostic screening criteria for alcohol dependence, and having no car or driver license. The chronically disconnected are more likely to have lost a job than to have lost welfare benefits and are more economically disadvantaged than those with regular sources of economic support. Conclusions. To reduce the number of women who fail to make a successful transition from welfare to work, more attention should be given to programs and policies that attempt to reconnect disconnected women to regular sources of economic support.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33821,7 +39148,7 @@ main findings:
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.015},
   abstract = {The implications of technology adoption for productivity, income, and welfare have been studied widely in the context of less developed countries (LDCs). In contrast, the relationship between technology adoption and employment has attracted less interest. This systematic review evaluates the diverse yet sizeable evidence base that has remained below the radars of both reviewers and policy makers. We map the qualitative and empirical evidence and report that the effect of technology adoption on employment is skill biased and more likely to be observed when technology adoption favors product innovation as opposed to process innovation. Technology adoption is also less likely to be associated with employment creation when: (i) the evidence is related to farm employment as opposed to firm/industry employment; (ii) the evidence is related to low-income countries as opposed to lower middle-income or mixed countries; and (iii) the evidence is based on post-2001 data as opposed to pre-2001 data. There is also qualitative evidence indicating that international trade, weak forward and backward linkages, and weaknesses in governance and labor-market institutions tend to weaken the job creating effects of technology adoption. We conclude by calling for compilation of better quality survey data and further attention to sources of heterogeneity in modeling the relationship between technology adoption and employment in LDCs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::income,integrated,intervention::technology\_adoption,outcome::employment,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::income,intervention::technology\_adoption,outcome::employment,relevant,review::systematic,snowball\_source,TODO},
   note = {systematic review of effects of technology adoption on employment (in LMIC/LIC 'less developed countries')
 \par
 main findings: positive effect more likely when technology adoption favours product innovation not process innovation and when it is is skill based
@@ -33880,22 +39207,22 @@ inequality:
   pages = {843--854},
   issn = {0941-4355},
   doi = {10.1007/s00520-021-06376-6},
-  abstract = {Purpose This study aimed at (1) investigating the work status of men treated by radical prostatectomy due to diagnosis of localized prostate cancer (LPCa) three years after having attended a cancer rehabilitation program and (2) identifying prospective risk factors for not working at this time point. Methods In a longitudinal, questionnaire-based multicenter study, 519 working-age LPCa survivors reported on their work status 12 and 36 months following rehabilitation. Chi-square tests/t tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify prospective factors associated with not working at 36 months follow-up. Results Nearly three quarter of LPCa survivors (N = 377, 73\textbackslash textbackslash\%) worked 3 years after post-acute rehabilitation. Most participants (N = 365, 71\textbackslash textbackslash\%) showed continuous return-to-work (RTW) patterns as they worked both 1 and 3 years following rehabilitation. Multivariable regression analysis revealed older age, low or middle socio-economic status as well as resigned and unambitious work behavior and fatigue at the time of attending the rehabilitation program to be prospective factors for not working at 36 months follow-up. Low socio-economic status \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOdds ratio (OR) 4.81, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 2.07-11.16] and unambitious work behavior \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceOR 4.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.16-9.31] were the strongest predictors. Conclusion Long-term work retention is a realistic goal among LPCa survivors. The results contribute to the identification of at-risk LPCa survivors early in the RTW process. Special attention should be paid to social inequality. Further, interventions related to the management of fatigue and work-related coping styles could improve long-term RTW, as these were relevant, but potentially modifiable factors impeding work retention.},
+  abstract = {Purpose This study aimed at (1) investigating the work status of men treated by radical prostatectomy due to diagnosis of localized prostate cancer (LPCa) three years after having attended a cancer rehabilitation program and (2) identifying prospective risk factors for not working at this time point. Methods In a longitudinal, questionnaire-based multicenter study, 519 working-age LPCa survivors reported on their work status 12 and 36 months following rehabilitation. Chi-square tests/t tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify prospective factors associated with not working at 36 months follow-up. Results Nearly three quarter of LPCa survivors (N = 377, 73{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) worked 3 years after post-acute rehabilitation. Most participants (N = 365, 71{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) showed continuous return-to-work (RTW) patterns as they worked both 1 and 3 years following rehabilitation. Multivariable regression analysis revealed older age, low or middle socio-economic status as well as resigned and unambitious work behavior and fatigue at the time of attending the rehabilitation program to be prospective factors for not working at 36 months follow-up. Low socio-economic status {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOdds ratio (OR) 4.81, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval (CI) 2.07-11.16] and unambitious work behavior {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceOR 4.48, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 2.16-9.31] were the strongest predictors. Conclusion Long-term work retention is a realistic goal among LPCa survivors. The results contribute to the identification of at-risk LPCa survivors early in the RTW process. Special attention should be paid to social inequality. Further, interventions related to the management of fatigue and work-related coping styles could improve long-term RTW, as these were relevant, but potentially modifiable factors impeding work retention.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Ungerson2004,
-  title = {Whose Empowerment and Independence? {{A}} Cross-National Perspective on \textbackslash textasciigravecash for Care' Schemes},
+  title = {Whose Empowerment and Independence? {{A}} Cross-National Perspective on {\textbackslash}textasciigravecash for Care' Schemes},
   author = {Ungerson, C},
   year = {2004},
   month = mar,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {24},
   number = {2},
   pages = {189--212},
   issn = {0144-686X},
   doi = {10.1017/S0144686X03001508},
-  abstract = {This paper uses qualitative data from a cross-national study of \textbackslash textasciigravecash for care' schemes in five European countries (Austria, France, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom) to consider the concepts of empowerment and independence in relation to both care-users and care-givers. The paper locates the schemes along two axes, one of regulation/non-regulation, the other whether relatives can be paid or not. Each of the schemes has a different impact both on the care relationship and on the labour market for care. In The Netherlands where relatives can be paid, for example, a fully commodified form of informal care emerges; but in Austria and Italy with low regulation, a mix of informal and formal care-givers/workers has emerged with many international migrant workers. In the UK, direct payments allow care-users to employ local care-workers who deliver care for various lengths of time; while in France a credentialised system means that care-work is delivered by qualified workers but for very short intervals. The main conclusion is that none of these schemes have a simple outcome or advantage, and that the contexts in which they occur and the nature of their regulation has to be understood before drawing conclusions about their impact on empowerment and independence on both sides of the care relationship.},
+  abstract = {This paper uses qualitative data from a cross-national study of {\textbackslash}textasciigravecash for care' schemes in five European countries (Austria, France, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom) to consider the concepts of empowerment and independence in relation to both care-users and care-givers. The paper locates the schemes along two axes, one of regulation/non-regulation, the other whether relatives can be paid or not. Each of the schemes has a different impact both on the care relationship and on the labour market for care. In The Netherlands where relatives can be paid, for example, a fully commodified form of informal care emerges; but in Austria and Italy with low regulation, a mix of informal and formal care-givers/workers has emerged with many international migrant workers. In the UK, direct payments allow care-users to employ local care-workers who deliver care for various lengths of time; while in France a credentialised system means that care-work is delivered by qualified workers but for very short intervals. The main conclusion is that none of these schemes have a simple outcome or advantage, and that the contexts in which they occur and the nature of their regulation has to be understood before drawing conclusions about their impact on empowerment and independence on both sides of the care relationship.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33908,7 +39235,22 @@ inequality:
   volume = {151},
   issn = {0305-750X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105732},
-  abstract = {This paper assesses the impact of an integrated skills training program given to youth aged 17-25-year old living under the \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar2/day poverty line in the cocoa belt region of Ghana. Despite being a leading producer of cocoa and having a burgeoning youth population, it is estimated that the average age of a cocoa farmer in Ghana is greater than 50 years. To introduce young people to cocoa farming and address the potential barriers they face in order to do that; a multi-faceted skills training programme was designed with the ultimate aim of improving and diversifying youth livelihoods. The training had three key components: i) cocoa academies (which includes agricultural practices; life skills and financial literacy); ii) business incubators (including entrepreneurial training, networks, mentoring) and iii) supporting enabling environment (access to land and finance). Combining quasi-experimental methods Propensity Score Matching with Difference in Differences, we estimate the causal effect of the programme on agricultural outcomes (farming, agricultural practices), financial behaviour outcomes (saving practices, mobile banking) and livelihood outcomes (employment, income, poverty likelihood) one year after the completion of training. The results of the impact evaluation suggest that compared to the control group (youth nonparticipants), youths who participated in the training adopt better agricultural practices (26 percentage points (pp)), cultivate cocoa (24 pp), and are more likely to engage in farming (22 pp). We also find a 28.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in income in the last seven days and hours worked by 12.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Youth also increase the use of banks for saving (16 pp), save using mobile money (6.7 pp), the use of Village Savings and Loan Associations (1.7 pp) and, in general, the use of mobile money for both sending and receiving transfers (10.6 pp). The sex-disaggregated sub-sample analysis provides other valuable insights on the intervention.(c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {This paper assesses the impact of an integrated skills training program given to youth aged 17-25-year old living under the {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar2/day poverty line in the cocoa belt region of Ghana. Despite being a leading producer of cocoa and having a burgeoning youth population, it is estimated that the average age of a cocoa farmer in Ghana is greater than 50 years. To introduce young people to cocoa farming and address the potential barriers they face in order to do that; a multi-faceted skills training programme was designed with the ultimate aim of improving and diversifying youth livelihoods. The training had three key components: i) cocoa academies (which includes agricultural practices; life skills and financial literacy); ii) business incubators (including entrepreneurial training, networks, mentoring) and iii) supporting enabling environment (access to land and finance). Combining quasi-experimental methods Propensity Score Matching with Difference in Differences, we estimate the causal effect of the programme on agricultural outcomes (farming, agricultural practices), financial behaviour outcomes (saving practices, mobile banking) and livelihood outcomes (employment, income, poverty likelihood) one year after the completion of training. The results of the impact evaluation suggest that compared to the control group (youth nonparticipants), youths who participated in the training adopt better agricultural practices (26 percentage points (pp)), cultivate cocoa (24 pp), and are more likely to engage in farming (22 pp). We also find a 28.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increase in income in the last seven days and hours worked by 12.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Youth also increase the use of banks for saving (16 pp), save using mobile money (6.7 pp), the use of Village Savings and Loan Associations (1.7 pp) and, in general, the use of mobile money for both sending and receiving transfers (10.6 pp). The sex-disaggregated sub-sample analysis provides other valuable insights on the intervention.(c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Uribe2019,
+  title = {Unintended Consequences of Maternity Leave Legislation: {{The}} Case of {{Colombia}}},
+  shorttitle = {Unintended Consequences of Maternity Leave Legislation},
+  author = {Uribe, Ana Maria Tribin and Vargas, Carmi{\~n}a O. and Bustamante, Natalia Ram{\'i}rez},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {World Development},
+  volume = {122},
+  pages = {218--232},
+  issn = {0305750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.007},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33923,7 +39265,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {24--32},
   issn = {0973-0826},
   doi = {10.1016/j.esd.2009.01.002},
-  abstract = {Numerous renewable energy electrification programs that have been implemented in developing countries over the past decade have met with relatively limited success. Much of the effort that has been invested in attempting to understand the causes of lack of success has focused on the identification of barriers. This narrow focus on only barriers, however, fails to consider other important factors that may contribute to the success or lack of success of programs. An email survey was used to obtain the views of those with responsibility for the implementation of solar PV home system programs in Asia and the Pacific region on their programs. The purpose of the survey was to better understand the factors that implementing agencies consider to be important in the designing and implementation of SHS programs. The survey results indicated that program objectives tend to be couched in very broad and administrative terms rather than in terms of the outcomes for system users, weakening the ability to make meaningful assessments of program success. Although best practice program guidelines were infrequently used, even where program implementers were aware of their existence, even more fundamental problems were found to beset some programs. Adequate funding support and the use of appropriate financing mechanisms were considered to be the most critical factors for program success and a variety of financing mechanisms were used, including micro-credit and a novel mechanism which indicated a maturation of program design. System maintenance and monitoring were considered important by most program implementers, although training was reported to be provided to both technicians and system users in a minority of cases and some program implementers expressed concerns over the timeliness of program monitoring and maintenance where this had been outsourced. Unit system cost varied from US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar7.20/Wp to US\textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar14.58/Wp between programs and was determined by factors such as remoteness, number of system program users and reliance on imported equipment. The program outcomes commonly regarded to be achieved were increased gender equity, increased social activities, increased access to information and increased working hours. The majority of program implementers, however, did not regard their programs as having resulted in increased employment or household income. Factors seen as instrumental in limiting program success were lack of adequate government policy and funding support, lack of involvement of local communities in program design, and a lack of in-house technical know-how, and a lack of availability of components in locations proximate to users. The main conclusions from results of the survey are that the reasons behind program success or lack of success are complex, but that program success could be improved in many instances by following best practice guidelines, specifying program objectives in terms of outcomes for users, ensuring that adequate funding and policy support is available and that program implementers have adequate training in program management. The results were used to develop a comprehensive set of criteria that could be applied in the development of future programs. (C) 2009 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Numerous renewable energy electrification programs that have been implemented in developing countries over the past decade have met with relatively limited success. Much of the effort that has been invested in attempting to understand the causes of lack of success has focused on the identification of barriers. This narrow focus on only barriers, however, fails to consider other important factors that may contribute to the success or lack of success of programs. An email survey was used to obtain the views of those with responsibility for the implementation of solar PV home system programs in Asia and the Pacific region on their programs. The purpose of the survey was to better understand the factors that implementing agencies consider to be important in the designing and implementation of SHS programs. The survey results indicated that program objectives tend to be couched in very broad and administrative terms rather than in terms of the outcomes for system users, weakening the ability to make meaningful assessments of program success. Although best practice program guidelines were infrequently used, even where program implementers were aware of their existence, even more fundamental problems were found to beset some programs. Adequate funding support and the use of appropriate financing mechanisms were considered to be the most critical factors for program success and a variety of financing mechanisms were used, including micro-credit and a novel mechanism which indicated a maturation of program design. System maintenance and monitoring were considered important by most program implementers, although training was reported to be provided to both technicians and system users in a minority of cases and some program implementers expressed concerns over the timeliness of program monitoring and maintenance where this had been outsourced. Unit system cost varied from US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar7.20/Wp to US{\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar14.58/Wp between programs and was determined by factors such as remoteness, number of system program users and reliance on imported equipment. The program outcomes commonly regarded to be achieved were increased gender equity, increased social activities, increased access to information and increased working hours. The majority of program implementers, however, did not regard their programs as having resulted in increased employment or household income. Factors seen as instrumental in limiting program success were lack of adequate government policy and funding support, lack of involvement of local communities in program design, and a lack of in-house technical know-how, and a lack of availability of components in locations proximate to users. The main conclusions from results of the survey are that the reasons behind program success or lack of success are complex, but that program success could be improved in many instances by following best practice guidelines, specifying program objectives in terms of outcomes for users, ensuring that adequate funding and policy support is available and that program implementers have adequate training in program management. The results were used to develop a comprehensive set of criteria that could be applied in the development of future programs. (C) 2009 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -33983,6 +39325,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Vahtera2009,
+  title = {Effect of {{Retirement}} on {{Sleep Disturbances}}: The {{GAZEL Prospective Cohort Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Effect of {{Retirement}} on {{Sleep Disturbances}}},
+  author = {Vahtera, Jussi and Westerlund, Hugo and Hall, Martica and Sj{\"o}sten, Noora and Kivim{\"a}ki, Mika and Salo, Paula and Ferrie, Jane E. and Jokela, Markus and Pentti, Jaana and {Singh-Manoux}, Archana and Goldberg, Marcel and Zins, Marie},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Sleep},
+  volume = {32},
+  number = {11},
+  pages = {1459--1466},
+  issn = {0161-8105, 1550-9109},
+  doi = {10.1093/sleep/32.11.1459},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Vail2018,
   title = {The Power of Practice: Simulation Training Improving the Quality of Neonatal Resuscitation Skills in {{Bihar}}, {{India}}},
   author = {Vail, Brennan and Morgan, Melissa C. and Spindler, Hilary and Christmas, Amelia and Cohen, Susanna R. and Walker, Dilys M.},
@@ -33991,7 +39349,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {BMC PEDIATRICS},
   volume = {18},
   doi = {10.1186/s12887-018-1254-0},
-  abstract = {Background: Globally, neonatal mortality accounts for nearly half of under-five mortality, and intrapartum related events are a leading cause. Despite the rise in neonatal resuscitation (NR) training programs in low-and middle-income countries, their impact on the quality of NR skills amongst providers with limited formal medical education, particularly those working in rural primary health centers (PHCs), remains incompletely understood. Methods: This study evaluates the impact of PRONTO International simulation training on the quality of NR skills in simulated resuscitations and live deliveries in rural PHCs throughout Bihar, India. Further, it explores barriers to performance of key NR skills. PRONTO training was conducted within CARE India's AMANAT intervention, a maternal and child health quality improvement project. Performance in simulations was evaluated using video-recorded assessment simulations at weeks 4 and 8 of training. Performance in live deliveries was evaluated in real time using a mobile-phone application. Barriers were explored through semi-structured interviews with simulation facilitators. Results: In total, 1342 nurses participated in PRONTO training and 226 NR assessment simulations were matched by PHC and evaluated. From week 4 to 8 of training, proper neck extension, positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with chest rise, and assessment of heart rate increased by 14\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 19\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 12\textbackslash textbackslash\% respectively (all p {$<$}= 0.01). No difference was noted in stimulation, suction, proper PPV rate, or time to completion of key steps. In 252 live deliveries, identification of non-vigorous neonates, use of suction, and use of PPV increased by 21\textbackslash textbackslash\%, 25\textbackslash textbackslash\%, and 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% respectively (all p {$<$} 0.01) between weeks 1-3 and 4-8. Eighteen interviews revealed individual, logistical, and cultural barriers to key NR skills. Conclusion: PRONTO simulation training had a positive impact on the quality of key skills in simulated and live resuscitations throughout Bihar. Nevertheless, there is need for ongoing improvement that will likely require both further clinical training and addressing barriers that go beyond the scope of such training. In settings where clinical outcome data is unreliable, data triangulation, the process of synthesizing multiple data sources to generate a better-informed evaluation, offers a powerful tool for guiding this process.},
+  abstract = {Background: Globally, neonatal mortality accounts for nearly half of under-five mortality, and intrapartum related events are a leading cause. Despite the rise in neonatal resuscitation (NR) training programs in low-and middle-income countries, their impact on the quality of NR skills amongst providers with limited formal medical education, particularly those working in rural primary health centers (PHCs), remains incompletely understood. Methods: This study evaluates the impact of PRONTO International simulation training on the quality of NR skills in simulated resuscitations and live deliveries in rural PHCs throughout Bihar, India. Further, it explores barriers to performance of key NR skills. PRONTO training was conducted within CARE India's AMANAT intervention, a maternal and child health quality improvement project. Performance in simulations was evaluated using video-recorded assessment simulations at weeks 4 and 8 of training. Performance in live deliveries was evaluated in real time using a mobile-phone application. Barriers were explored through semi-structured interviews with simulation facilitators. Results: In total, 1342 nurses participated in PRONTO training and 226 NR assessment simulations were matched by PHC and evaluated. From week 4 to 8 of training, proper neck extension, positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with chest rise, and assessment of heart rate increased by 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 12{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% respectively (all p {$<$}= 0.01). No difference was noted in stimulation, suction, proper PPV rate, or time to completion of key steps. In 252 live deliveries, identification of non-vigorous neonates, use of suction, and use of PPV increased by 21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, 25{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, and 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% respectively (all p {$<$} 0.01) between weeks 1-3 and 4-8. Eighteen interviews revealed individual, logistical, and cultural barriers to key NR skills. Conclusion: PRONTO simulation training had a positive impact on the quality of key skills in simulated and live resuscitations throughout Bihar. Nevertheless, there is need for ongoing improvement that will likely require both further clinical training and addressing barriers that go beyond the scope of such training. In settings where clinical outcome data is unreliable, data triangulation, the process of synthesizing multiple data sources to generate a better-informed evaluation, offers a powerful tool for guiding this process.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34018,7 +39376,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS},
   issn = {0936-9937},
   doi = {10.1007/s00191-023-00819-5},
-  abstract = {This work correlates the impact of robotization on employment and households' income at the regional scale with the level of investment in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and education policies. This kind of policy, by raising the qualitative and quantitative levels of human capital, contributes to improving the complementarity effect between humans and robots, thus mitigating the substitution effect. To this end, we compute the Adjusted Penetration of Robots (APR) (a metric used to measure the extent to which robots are being used in a particular industry or sector) at the sectoral level, combining the International Federation of Robotics database for the stock of robots, EUROSTAT Regional database, and the STructural ANalysis database on 150 NUTS-2 regions of the Euro area. We then perform a spatial stacked-panel analysis on the investment in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and education level. Results supports the idea that regions that invest more in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and have higher levels of human capital can turn the risk of robotization into an increase in both income and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequantity of work,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace by enhancing complementarity between robots and the labor force. On the contrary, regions investing less in R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and having lower levels of human capital may suffer a reduction in households' disposable income.},
+  abstract = {This work correlates the impact of robotization on employment and households' income at the regional scale with the level of investment in R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D and education policies. This kind of policy, by raising the qualitative and quantitative levels of human capital, contributes to improving the complementarity effect between humans and robots, thus mitigating the substitution effect. To this end, we compute the Adjusted Penetration of Robots (APR) (a metric used to measure the extent to which robots are being used in a particular industry or sector) at the sectoral level, combining the International Federation of Robotics database for the stock of robots, EUROSTAT Regional database, and the STructural ANalysis database on 150 NUTS-2 regions of the Euro area. We then perform a spatial stacked-panel analysis on the investment in R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D and education level. Results supports the idea that regions that invest more in R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D and have higher levels of human capital can turn the risk of robotization into an increase in both income and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravequantity of work,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace by enhancing complementarity between robots and the labor force. On the contrary, regions investing less in R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D and having lower levels of human capital may suffer a reduction in households' disposable income.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34061,7 +39419,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {49--74},
   issn = {0213-8093},
   doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.97.13046},
-  abstract = {Rationale and current interest in topic Rural areas in Andalusia present clear disadvantages as compared to urban areas, such as lack of infrastructure, scarcity of basic services or lack of economic dynamics, causing a rural exodus and thus giving rise to territorial imbalances in the region. This rural exodus, in turn, has a limiting influence on the generation of economic dynamics, resulting in an increasingly ageing population and reducing opportunities for territorial development. In the face of this problem, cooperatives -societies of the social economy- may play a significant role in terms of their capacity for attaching a population to its territory, due to the existence of a relationship with the surroundings in which they operate, as demonstrated by the available literature on this topic (Garcia-Gutierrez, 1999; Buendia and Garcia, 2003; Coque, 2005; Mozas and Bernal, 2006; Cunat and Coll, 2007; Puentes and Velasco, 2009; Calvo and Gonzalez, 2011; Demoustier, 2011; Draperi, 2014; Guzman, Santos and Barroso, 2016; Perez and Valiente, 2017). Moreover, there is significant cooperativism in this region (with 19\textbackslash textbackslash\% of cooperatives and 18\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the employment these generate nationwide located in Andalusia) as well as consolidated institutional recognition of these organisations (as evinced by the laws which regulate them, as well as by the Pactos Andaluces por la Economia Social \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceAndalusia Agreements for the Social Economy] or by the various support programs for cooperative organisations).This represents an opportunity for the creation of economic dynamics and for attaching the population to its territory through the promotion of social economy societies. Objectives The main objective of this work consists in determining whether cooperative societies in Andalusia may be contributing to the maintenance of the region's population, especially in rural areas, to a greater extent than mercantile businesses. In addition to confirming whether this occurs throughout the entire population, we have separated out the populations of women and young people, due to the difficulties currently faced by these groups in joining the labour market (the main reason for emigration, especially in rural areas) and to their strategic interest in terms of consolidating the region's population, passing the inter-generational torch in local economic activities. A comparison of cooperative societies with mercantile businesses is carried out in order to lay the foundations for the establishment of strategies and policies for the specific promotion of cooperativism, in the event that the behaviour seen in these social economy organisations differs from that of mercantile businesses. Methodology In working towards the stated objective, and after an exploratory analysis of the variables used, spatial econometrics techniques were applied which take into account the location of the data in a given geographic space for the variables under study: spatial distribution and autocorrelation analysis graph-sand the application of spatial regression. Calculation of the models was carried out with GeoDa software. With respect to the variables used, these were the following: percentage of total emigration, percentage of emigration of young people and percentage of emigration of women were considered as dependent, proxy variables for the attachment of population to territory; the number of cooperatives out of the total number of businesses was established, as well as the number of mercantile businesses (public limited companies and limited liability companies) out of the total number of businesses, expressed as percentages, served as explanatory variables. These variables were obtained for the various Andalusian municipalities (a total of 770) for 2015. In addition, for the purpose of determining whether differences exist in emigration between rural and non-rural municipalities, a dummy variable was added, termed rural municipality or territory. Results, practical conclusions and research limitations The results obtained provide indications that cooperativism may be contributing to an attachment of the population to its territory (as compared to mercantile businesses, where a significant relationship was not seen), since the regression analyses demonstrated that the variable for percentage of cooperative societies is significant in explaining the variability seen in emigration. Moreover, both show an inverse relationship. The same was obtained when the said dependent variables used were percentage of emigration of women and young people. In other words, the proportion of cooperatives inversely influence these emigration rates, which is not the case for mercantile businesses. Based on the aforementioned and given that, on the one hand, difficulties in attaching a population to its territory are further complicated in rural Andalusian municipalities, especially for women and young people and, on the other hand, cooperativism inversely influences emigration from rural municipalities, the creation of quality, sustainable employment through cooperatives societies of social economy- may represent an opportunity for reducing problems of depopulation in these areas. Another result obtained is that the cooperative business culture may be spread to neighbouring regions to a lesser extent than that of the conventional business sector. If cooperativism can contribute to an attachment of population to territory, the application of specific policies and strategies for reducing emigration from rural areas -promoting the development of cooperative societies for the creation of quality, sustainable employment and thus spreading cooperative culture to a greater extent-becomes at once a challenge and an opportunity for Andalusia. From another perspective, business synergies between cooperativism and conventional businesses may be encouraged, making the most of the opportunity offered by the latter for spreading their culture to neighbouring regions to a greater degree than cooperativism. In this way, spreading the principles and values of cooperativism in the Andalusian region can be achieved at the same time as contributing to an attachment of population to territory, through a potential business inter-cooperation. Among the conclusions drawn, one also finds the need to carry out specific strategies and policies for promoting cooperativism in Andalusia, derived from results showing more heterogeneous behaviour in the region than seen in the conventional business sector. With regard to the limitations of this work, it should be noted that, in the first place, the analysis carried out is static in nature, based on specific moment in time (the year 2015), which represents a limitation for analysing the evolutionary dynamic followed by both cooperatives societies and emigration in Andalusia. In the second place, percentage of emigration was taken as a proxy or indicative variable, with respect to the difficulty in attaching a population to its territory. However, the presence of other factors must be taken into account: it may be that the percentage of emigration is low or null as a result of considerable ageing in the population, such that depopulation or difficulty in attaching population to territory would be caused, rather, by a lack of demographic growth. This work has established a number of future lines of research stemming in part from the very limitations indicated above, among which are the analysis of the evolutionary dynamic between cooperativism and emigration for the purpose of identifying the relationship these have followed over time; as well as consideration of other factors indicating capacity for attaching population to territory, such as the previously mentioned rate of demographic growth.},
+  abstract = {Rationale and current interest in topic Rural areas in Andalusia present clear disadvantages as compared to urban areas, such as lack of infrastructure, scarcity of basic services or lack of economic dynamics, causing a rural exodus and thus giving rise to territorial imbalances in the region. This rural exodus, in turn, has a limiting influence on the generation of economic dynamics, resulting in an increasingly ageing population and reducing opportunities for territorial development. In the face of this problem, cooperatives -societies of the social economy- may play a significant role in terms of their capacity for attaching a population to its territory, due to the existence of a relationship with the surroundings in which they operate, as demonstrated by the available literature on this topic (Garcia-Gutierrez, 1999; Buendia and Garcia, 2003; Coque, 2005; Mozas and Bernal, 2006; Cunat and Coll, 2007; Puentes and Velasco, 2009; Calvo and Gonzalez, 2011; Demoustier, 2011; Draperi, 2014; Guzman, Santos and Barroso, 2016; Perez and Valiente, 2017). Moreover, there is significant cooperativism in this region (with 19{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of cooperatives and 18{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the employment these generate nationwide located in Andalusia) as well as consolidated institutional recognition of these organisations (as evinced by the laws which regulate them, as well as by the Pactos Andaluces por la Economia Social {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceAndalusia Agreements for the Social Economy] or by the various support programs for cooperative organisations).This represents an opportunity for the creation of economic dynamics and for attaching the population to its territory through the promotion of social economy societies. Objectives The main objective of this work consists in determining whether cooperative societies in Andalusia may be contributing to the maintenance of the region's population, especially in rural areas, to a greater extent than mercantile businesses. In addition to confirming whether this occurs throughout the entire population, we have separated out the populations of women and young people, due to the difficulties currently faced by these groups in joining the labour market (the main reason for emigration, especially in rural areas) and to their strategic interest in terms of consolidating the region's population, passing the inter-generational torch in local economic activities. A comparison of cooperative societies with mercantile businesses is carried out in order to lay the foundations for the establishment of strategies and policies for the specific promotion of cooperativism, in the event that the behaviour seen in these social economy organisations differs from that of mercantile businesses. Methodology In working towards the stated objective, and after an exploratory analysis of the variables used, spatial econometrics techniques were applied which take into account the location of the data in a given geographic space for the variables under study: spatial distribution and autocorrelation analysis graph-sand the application of spatial regression. Calculation of the models was carried out with GeoDa software. With respect to the variables used, these were the following: percentage of total emigration, percentage of emigration of young people and percentage of emigration of women were considered as dependent, proxy variables for the attachment of population to territory; the number of cooperatives out of the total number of businesses was established, as well as the number of mercantile businesses (public limited companies and limited liability companies) out of the total number of businesses, expressed as percentages, served as explanatory variables. These variables were obtained for the various Andalusian municipalities (a total of 770) for 2015. In addition, for the purpose of determining whether differences exist in emigration between rural and non-rural municipalities, a dummy variable was added, termed rural municipality or territory. Results, practical conclusions and research limitations The results obtained provide indications that cooperativism may be contributing to an attachment of the population to its territory (as compared to mercantile businesses, where a significant relationship was not seen), since the regression analyses demonstrated that the variable for percentage of cooperative societies is significant in explaining the variability seen in emigration. Moreover, both show an inverse relationship. The same was obtained when the said dependent variables used were percentage of emigration of women and young people. In other words, the proportion of cooperatives inversely influence these emigration rates, which is not the case for mercantile businesses. Based on the aforementioned and given that, on the one hand, difficulties in attaching a population to its territory are further complicated in rural Andalusian municipalities, especially for women and young people and, on the other hand, cooperativism inversely influences emigration from rural municipalities, the creation of quality, sustainable employment through cooperatives societies of social economy- may represent an opportunity for reducing problems of depopulation in these areas. Another result obtained is that the cooperative business culture may be spread to neighbouring regions to a lesser extent than that of the conventional business sector. If cooperativism can contribute to an attachment of population to territory, the application of specific policies and strategies for reducing emigration from rural areas -promoting the development of cooperative societies for the creation of quality, sustainable employment and thus spreading cooperative culture to a greater extent-becomes at once a challenge and an opportunity for Andalusia. From another perspective, business synergies between cooperativism and conventional businesses may be encouraged, making the most of the opportunity offered by the latter for spreading their culture to neighbouring regions to a greater degree than cooperativism. In this way, spreading the principles and values of cooperativism in the Andalusian region can be achieved at the same time as contributing to an attachment of population to territory, through a potential business inter-cooperation. Among the conclusions drawn, one also finds the need to carry out specific strategies and policies for promoting cooperativism in Andalusia, derived from results showing more heterogeneous behaviour in the region than seen in the conventional business sector. With regard to the limitations of this work, it should be noted that, in the first place, the analysis carried out is static in nature, based on specific moment in time (the year 2015), which represents a limitation for analysing the evolutionary dynamic followed by both cooperatives societies and emigration in Andalusia. In the second place, percentage of emigration was taken as a proxy or indicative variable, with respect to the difficulty in attaching a population to its territory. However, the presence of other factors must be taken into account: it may be that the percentage of emigration is low or null as a result of considerable ageing in the population, such that depopulation or difficulty in attaching population to territory would be caused, rather, by a lack of demographic growth. This work has established a number of future lines of research stemming in part from the very limitations indicated above, among which are the analysis of the evolutionary dynamic between cooperativism and emigration for the purpose of identifying the relationship these have followed over time; as well as consideration of other factors indicating capacity for attaching population to territory, such as the previously mentioned rate of demographic growth.},
   langid = {spanish}
 }
 
@@ -34091,7 +39449,7 @@ inequality:
   issn = {0004-0894, 1475-4762},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00799.x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural\textendash urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.},
+  abstract = {Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural{\textendash}urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34100,13 +39458,29 @@ inequality:
   author = {{van Campen}, Cretien and Cardol, Mieke},
   year = {2009},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {69},
   number = {1},
   pages = {56--60},
   issn = {0277-9536},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.014},
-  abstract = {People with chronic physical disabilities participate less in both paid and voluntary work and are less satisfied with their lives than people without health problems. Governments and scientists have suggested that participation in employment is the main road to well-being. We analysed national survey data on the participation in work and satisfaction with life, comparing people with a chronic illness and a physical disability (n = 603) to people with a chronic illness but without a physical disability (n = 1199) and the general population (n = 6128) in the Netherlands. The results show that the relationship between happiness and work is different for people with a chronic illness and a physical disability, as compared to the other two populations. Fewer people with a chronic illness and disability were categorized as \textbackslash textasciigravesatisfied people with work' (i.e. participating in work and satisfied with their life), while most people belonged to a group of \textbackslash textasciigravesatisfied people without work' and, surprisingly, not to the expected group of \textbackslash textasciigravedissatisfied people without work'. In order to explain this exceptional distribution we modelled satisfied participation in work as an outcome of a balance between personal resources and barriers. By means of discriminant regression analysis, we identified the severity of motor disability as the main barrier, and education level and age, as the main resource factors that distinguish between \textbackslash textasciigravesatisfied people with work' and others among the group of people with a chronic illness and a physical disability. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {People with chronic physical disabilities participate less in both paid and voluntary work and are less satisfied with their lives than people without health problems. Governments and scientists have suggested that participation in employment is the main road to well-being. We analysed national survey data on the participation in work and satisfaction with life, comparing people with a chronic illness and a physical disability (n = 603) to people with a chronic illness but without a physical disability (n = 1199) and the general population (n = 6128) in the Netherlands. The results show that the relationship between happiness and work is different for people with a chronic illness and a physical disability, as compared to the other two populations. Fewer people with a chronic illness and disability were categorized as {\textbackslash}textasciigravesatisfied people with work' (i.e. participating in work and satisfied with their life), while most people belonged to a group of {\textbackslash}textasciigravesatisfied people without work' and, surprisingly, not to the expected group of {\textbackslash}textasciigravedissatisfied people without work'. In order to explain this exceptional distribution we modelled satisfied participation in work as an outcome of a balance between personal resources and barriers. By means of discriminant regression analysis, we identified the severity of motor disability as the main barrier, and education level and age, as the main resource factors that distinguish between {\textbackslash}textasciigravesatisfied people with work' and others among the group of people with a chronic illness and a physical disability. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{VanDaalen2020,
+  title = {Symptoms of a Broken System: The Gender Gaps in {{COVID-19}} Decision-Making},
+  shorttitle = {Symptoms of a Broken System},
+  author = {Van Daalen, Kim Robin and Bajnoczki, Csongor and Chowdhury, Maisoon and Dada, Sara and Khorsand, Parnian and Socha, Anna and Lal, Arush and Jung, Laura and Alqodmani, Lujain and Torres, Irene and Ouedraogo, Samiratou and Mahmud, Amina Jama and Dhatt, Roopa and Phelan, Alexandra and Rajan, Dheepa},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {BMJ Global Health},
+  volume = {5},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {e003549},
+  issn = {2059-7908},
+  doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003549},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34167,6 +39541,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{VanDerHeide2013,
+  title = {Is Retirement Good for Your Health? {{A}} Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies},
+  shorttitle = {Is Retirement Good for Your Health?},
+  author = {Van Der Heide, Iris and Van Rijn, Rogier M and Robroek, Suzan Jw and Burdorf, Alex and Proper, Karin I},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {BMC Public Health},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {1180},
+  issn = {1471-2458},
+  doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-13-1180},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{vanderHoeven2010,
   title = {Income {{Inequality}} and {{Employment Revisited}}: {{Can One Make Sense}} of {{Economic Policy}}?},
   author = {{van der Hoeven}, Rolph},
@@ -34210,7 +39600,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {780--792},
   issn = {0272-6386},
   doi = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.04.008},
-  abstract = {Rationale \textbackslash textbackslash\& Objective: Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for work disability and loss of employment, not all experience work disruption. We aimed to describe the barriers to and facilitators of sustained employment experienced by Dutch patients with CKD. Study Design: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Setting \textbackslash textbackslash\& Participants: 27 patients with CKD glomerular filtration rate categories 3b-5 (G3b-G5) from 4 nephrology outpatient clinics in The Netherlands. Analytical Approach: Content analyses with constant comparison of interview data based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Results: Participants were 6 patients with CKD G3b-G4, 8 patients receiving maintenance dialysis, and 13 patients with functioning kidney transplants. We identified health-related barriers (symptoms, physical toll of dialysis/transplantation, limited work capacity) and facilitators (few physical symptoms, successful posttransplantation recovery, absence of comorbidities, good physical condition), personal barriers (psychological impact, limited work experience) and facilitators (positive disposition, job satisfaction, work attitude, person-job fit), and environmental barriers and facilitators. Environmental barriers were related to nephrology care (waiting time, use of a hemodialysis catheter) and work context (reorganization, temporary contract, working hours, physical demands); environmental facilitators were related to nephrology care (personalized dialysis, preemptive transplant), work context (large employer, social climate, job requiring mental rather than physical labor, flexible working hours, adjustment of work tasks, reduced hours, remote working, support at work, peritoneal dialysis exchange facility), and support at home. Occupational health services and social security could be barriers or facilitators. Limitations: The study sample of Dutch patients may limit the transferability of these findings to other countries. Conclusions: The wide range of barriers and facilitators in all International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components suggests great diversity among patients and their circumstances. These findings underline the importance of personalized nephrology and occupational health care as well as the importance of individually tailored workplace accommodations to promote sustained employment for patients with CKD.},
+  abstract = {Rationale {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Objective: Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for work disability and loss of employment, not all experience work disruption. We aimed to describe the barriers to and facilitators of sustained employment experienced by Dutch patients with CKD. Study Design: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Setting {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Participants: 27 patients with CKD glomerular filtration rate categories 3b-5 (G3b-G5) from 4 nephrology outpatient clinics in The Netherlands. Analytical Approach: Content analyses with constant comparison of interview data based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Results: Participants were 6 patients with CKD G3b-G4, 8 patients receiving maintenance dialysis, and 13 patients with functioning kidney transplants. We identified health-related barriers (symptoms, physical toll of dialysis/transplantation, limited work capacity) and facilitators (few physical symptoms, successful posttransplantation recovery, absence of comorbidities, good physical condition), personal barriers (psychological impact, limited work experience) and facilitators (positive disposition, job satisfaction, work attitude, person-job fit), and environmental barriers and facilitators. Environmental barriers were related to nephrology care (waiting time, use of a hemodialysis catheter) and work context (reorganization, temporary contract, working hours, physical demands); environmental facilitators were related to nephrology care (personalized dialysis, preemptive transplant), work context (large employer, social climate, job requiring mental rather than physical labor, flexible working hours, adjustment of work tasks, reduced hours, remote working, support at work, peritoneal dialysis exchange facility), and support at home. Occupational health services and social security could be barriers or facilitators. Limitations: The study sample of Dutch patients may limit the transferability of these findings to other countries. Conclusions: The wide range of barriers and facilitators in all International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components suggests great diversity among patients and their circumstances. These findings underline the importance of personalized nephrology and occupational health care as well as the importance of individually tailored workplace accommodations to promote sustained employment for patients with CKD.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34239,7 +39629,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {115--122},
   issn = {0920-9964},
   doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.025},
-  abstract = {Background: After a first episode of psychosis, cognitive impairments present an important barrier to successful (re-)entry into work and education. We assessed whether cognitive remediation (CR) as an add-on to Individual Placement and Support (IPS) can improve participation in regular employment and education. Method: Participants with early psychosis (N = 73) were randomly assigned to receive IPS supplemented with computerized CR, or IPS plus an active control intervention (computer games). The primary outcome was the number of hours spent in competitive employment or regular education, which was assessed every month during the 18-month study period. Secondary outcomes included employment rate, cognitive functioning, mental health (assessed at baseline, 6 and 18 months), and job duration (assessed after 18 months). Both patients and assessors were blind to treatment. Results: Participants receiving IPS + CR showed greater improvement of competitive employment over time in terms of hours worked (during follow-up period: 38.5 vs. 19.6 h, B = 2.94; Wald chi(2) = 5.39; P = .02) and employment rate (at T2: 62.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 25.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, chi 2 = 7.39; df = 1; P = .008), compared with the IPS + control group, particularly in the longer term. The number of hours spent in regular education was lower in the IPS + CR group, with more participants having ended education for a positive reason. There was a significant beneficial effect of adjunctive CR for executive functioning, subjective cognitive functioning, and empowerment. Conclusions: Augmenting IPS with CR has a significant impact on competitive employment in people with early psychosis, with beneficial effects being more pronounced after 18 months.},
+  abstract = {Background: After a first episode of psychosis, cognitive impairments present an important barrier to successful (re-)entry into work and education. We assessed whether cognitive remediation (CR) as an add-on to Individual Placement and Support (IPS) can improve participation in regular employment and education. Method: Participants with early psychosis (N = 73) were randomly assigned to receive IPS supplemented with computerized CR, or IPS plus an active control intervention (computer games). The primary outcome was the number of hours spent in competitive employment or regular education, which was assessed every month during the 18-month study period. Secondary outcomes included employment rate, cognitive functioning, mental health (assessed at baseline, 6 and 18 months), and job duration (assessed after 18 months). Both patients and assessors were blind to treatment. Results: Participants receiving IPS + CR showed greater improvement of competitive employment over time in terms of hours worked (during follow-up period: 38.5 vs. 19.6 h, B = 2.94; Wald chi(2) = 5.39; P = .02) and employment rate (at T2: 62.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 25.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, chi 2 = 7.39; df = 1; P = .008), compared with the IPS + control group, particularly in the longer term. The number of hours spent in regular education was lower in the IPS + CR group, with more participants having ended education for a positive reason. There was a significant beneficial effect of adjunctive CR for executive functioning, subjective cognitive functioning, and empowerment. Conclusions: Augmenting IPS with CR has a significant impact on competitive employment in people with early psychosis, with beneficial effects being more pronounced after 18 months.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34272,6 +39662,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{VanMechelen2008,
+  title = {Work Participation among Young Adults with Spina Bifida in the {{Netherlands}}},
+  author = {Van Mechelen, M C and Verhoef, M and Van Asbeck, F W A and Post, M W M},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Developmental Medicine \& Child Neurology},
+  volume = {50},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {772--777},
+  issn = {0012-1622, 1469-8749},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03020.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {The aim of this study was to: (1) assess work participation among young adults with spina bifida, (2) identify problems perceived in finding employment, and (3) examine which determinants are related to work participation. This cross-sectional study was a follow-up study to the Adolescents with SPina bifida In the Netherlands (ASPINE) study. Data regarding work participation and problems finding employment were collected with questionnaire developed by the authors. Data on disease characteristics were taken from the ASPINE database. Responses of 136 participants were analyzed (77 females, 59 males; mean age 26 years 1 month [SD 3y1mo], range 21{\textendash}32y). Twenty participants had spina bifida occulta and 116 had spina bifida aperta, 96 of whom also had hydrocephalus. Work participation rate was 62.5\%, of which 22.4\% was in a sheltered workplace. Significant determinants of having paid work for at least 1 hour a week were: level of education, level of lesion, hydrocephalus, IQ, functional independence, and ambulation. Significant determinants of full-time employment were the same, plus sex and type of spina bifida. In a multivariate backward logistic regression analysis, however, only level of education remained a significant predictor of work participation. Sex, level of education, and self-care independence were significant predictors of full-time employment. This study shows the importance of educational support and self-care independence training for children with spina bifida.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Vanni2020,
   title = {Breast {{Cancer}} and {{COVID-19}}: {{The Effect}} of {{Fear}} on {{Patients}}' {{Decision-making Process}}},
   shorttitle = {Breast {{Cancer}} and {{COVID-19}}},
@@ -34302,6 +39708,21 @@ inequality:
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::scoping}
 }
 
+@article{VanRensburg2014,
+  title = {South {{Africa}}'s Protracted Struggle for Equal Distribution and Equitable Access {\textendash} Still Not There},
+  author = {Van Rensburg, Hendrik Cj},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Human Resources for Health},
+  volume = {12},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {26},
+  issn = {1478-4491},
+  doi = {10.1186/1478-4491-12-26},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{vanStiphout2015,
   title = {{{MEDUCATE}} Trial: Effectiveness of an Intensive {{EDUCATional}} Intervention for {{IT-mediated MEDication}} Management in the Outpatient Clinic - Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial},
   author = {{van Stiphout}, F. and {Zwart-van Rijkom}, J. E. F. and Aarts, J. E. C. M. and Koffijberg, H. and {Klarenbeek-deJonge}, E. and Krulder, M. and Roes, K. C. B. and Egberts, A. C. G. and {ter Braak}, E. W. M. T.},
@@ -34310,7 +39731,38 @@ inequality:
   journal = {TRIALS},
   volume = {16},
   doi = {10.1186/s13063-015-0744-8},
-  abstract = {Background: Using information technology for medication management is an opportunity to help physicians to improve the quality of their documentation and communication and ultimately to improve patient care and patient safety. Physician education is necessary to take full advantage of information technology systems. In this trial, we seek to determine the effectiveness of an intensive educational intervention compared with the standard approach in improving information technology-mediated medication management and in reducing potential adverse drug events in the outpatient clinic. Methods/Design: We are conducting a multicenter, cluster randomized controlled trial. The participants are specialists and residents working in the outpatient clinic of internal medicine, cardiology, pulmonology, geriatrics, gastroenterology and rheumatology. The intensive educational intervention is composed of a small-group session and e-learning. The primary outcome is discrepancies between registered medication (by physicians) and actually used medication (by patients). The key secondary outcomes are potential adverse events caused by missed drug-drug interactions. The primary and key secondary endpoints are being assessed shortly after the educational intervention is completed. Sample size will be calculated to ensure sufficient power. A sample size of 40 physicians per group and 20 patients per physician will ensure a power of {$>$}90 \textbackslash textbackslash\%, which means we will need a total of 80 physicians and 1,600 patients. Discussion: We performed an exploratory trial wherein we tested the recruitment process, e-learning, time schedule, and methods for data collection, data management and data analysis. Accordingly, we refined the processes and content: the recruitment strategy was intensified, extra measures were taken to facilitate smooth conductance of the e-learning and parts were made optional. First versions of the procedures for data collection were determined. Data entry and analysis was further standardized by using the G-standard database in the telephone questionnaire.},
+  abstract = {Background: Using information technology for medication management is an opportunity to help physicians to improve the quality of their documentation and communication and ultimately to improve patient care and patient safety. Physician education is necessary to take full advantage of information technology systems. In this trial, we seek to determine the effectiveness of an intensive educational intervention compared with the standard approach in improving information technology-mediated medication management and in reducing potential adverse drug events in the outpatient clinic. Methods/Design: We are conducting a multicenter, cluster randomized controlled trial. The participants are specialists and residents working in the outpatient clinic of internal medicine, cardiology, pulmonology, geriatrics, gastroenterology and rheumatology. The intensive educational intervention is composed of a small-group session and e-learning. The primary outcome is discrepancies between registered medication (by physicians) and actually used medication (by patients). The key secondary outcomes are potential adverse events caused by missed drug-drug interactions. The primary and key secondary endpoints are being assessed shortly after the educational intervention is completed. Sample size will be calculated to ensure sufficient power. A sample size of 40 physicians per group and 20 patients per physician will ensure a power of {$>$}90 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, which means we will need a total of 80 physicians and 1,600 patients. Discussion: We performed an exploratory trial wherein we tested the recruitment process, e-learning, time schedule, and methods for data collection, data management and data analysis. Accordingly, we refined the processes and content: the recruitment strategy was intensified, extra measures were taken to facilitate smooth conductance of the e-learning and parts were made optional. First versions of the procedures for data collection were determined. Data entry and analysis was further standardized by using the G-standard database in the telephone questionnaire.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{VanTulder2003,
+  title = {Updated {{Method Guidelines}} for {{Systematic Reviews}} in the {{Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group}}:},
+  shorttitle = {Updated {{Method Guidelines}} for {{Systematic Reviews}} in the {{Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group}}},
+  author = {Van Tulder, Maurits and Furlan, Andrea and Bombardier, Claire and Bouter, Lex},
+  year = {2003},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Spine},
+  volume = {28},
+  number = {12},
+  pages = {1290--1299},
+  issn = {0362-2436},
+  doi = {10.1097/01.BRS.0000065484.95996.AF},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{VanZon2016,
+  title = {Functional Health Decline before and after Retirement: {{A}} Longitudinal Analysis of the {{Health}} and {{Retirement Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Functional Health Decline before and after Retirement},
+  author = {Van Zon, Sander K.R. and B{\"u}ltmann, Ute and Reijneveld, Sijmen A. and De Leon, Carlos F. Mendes},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
+  volume = {170},
+  pages = {26--34},
+  issn = {02779536},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.10.002},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34319,13 +39771,28 @@ inequality:
   author = {Varekamp, Inge and Verbeek, Jos H. and {de Boer}, Angela and {van Dijk}, Frank J. H.},
   year = {2011},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {37},
   number = {4},
   pages = {288--297},
   issn = {0355-3140},
   doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3149},
-  abstract = {Objective Employees with a chronic physical condition may be hampered in job performance due to physical or cognitive limitations, pain, fatigue, psychosocial barriers, or because medical treatment interferes with work. This study investigates the effect of a group-training program aimed at job maintenance. Essential elements of the program are exploration of work-related problems, communication at the workplace, and the development and implementation of solutions. Methods Participants with chronic physical diseases were randomly assigned to the intervention (N=64) or control group (N=58). Participants were eligible for the study if they had a chronic physical disease, paid employment, experienced work-related problems, and were not on long-term 100\textbackslash textbackslash\% sick leave. Primary outcome measures were self-efficacy in solving work- and disease-related problems (14-70), job dissatisfaction (0-100), fatigue (20-140) and job maintenance measured at 4-, 8-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. We used GLM repeated measures for the analysis. Results After 24 months, loss to follow-up was 5.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% (7/122). Self-efficacy increased and fatigue decreased significantly more in the experimental than the control group \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace10 versus 4 points (P=0.000) and 19 versus 8 points (P=0.032), respectively]. Job satisfaction increased more in the experimental group but not significantly \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace6 versus 0 points (P=0.698)]. Job maintenance was 87\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the experimental and 91\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the control group, which was not a significant difference. Many participants in the control group also undertook actions to solve work-related problems. Conclusions Empowerment training increases self-efficacy and helps to reduce fatigue complaints, which in the long term could lead to more job maintenance. Better understanding of ways to deal with work-related problems is needed to develop more efficient support for employees with a chronic disease.},
+  abstract = {Objective Employees with a chronic physical condition may be hampered in job performance due to physical or cognitive limitations, pain, fatigue, psychosocial barriers, or because medical treatment interferes with work. This study investigates the effect of a group-training program aimed at job maintenance. Essential elements of the program are exploration of work-related problems, communication at the workplace, and the development and implementation of solutions. Methods Participants with chronic physical diseases were randomly assigned to the intervention (N=64) or control group (N=58). Participants were eligible for the study if they had a chronic physical disease, paid employment, experienced work-related problems, and were not on long-term 100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% sick leave. Primary outcome measures were self-efficacy in solving work- and disease-related problems (14-70), job dissatisfaction (0-100), fatigue (20-140) and job maintenance measured at 4-, 8-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. We used GLM repeated measures for the analysis. Results After 24 months, loss to follow-up was 5.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (7/122). Self-efficacy increased and fatigue decreased significantly more in the experimental than the control group {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace10 versus 4 points (P=0.000) and 19 versus 8 points (P=0.032), respectively]. Job satisfaction increased more in the experimental group but not significantly {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace6 versus 0 points (P=0.698)]. Job maintenance was 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the experimental and 91{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the control group, which was not a significant difference. Many participants in the control group also undertook actions to solve work-related problems. Conclusions Empowerment training increases self-efficacy and helps to reduce fatigue complaints, which in the long term could lead to more job maintenance. Better understanding of ways to deal with work-related problems is needed to develop more efficient support for employees with a chronic disease.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Varekamp2011a,
+  title = {Effect of Job Maintenance Training Program for Employees with Chronic Disease {\textendash} a Randomized Controlled Trial on Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Fatigue},
+  author = {Varekamp, Inge and Verbeek, Jos H and De Boer, Angela and Van Dijk, Frank Jh},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment \& Health},
+  volume = {37},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {288--297},
+  issn = {0355-3140, 1795-990X},
+  doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3149},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34354,7 +39821,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {243--252},
   issn = {0025-7818},
   doi = {10.23749/mdl.v109i4.7226},
-  abstract = {Background: Paid maternity leave (ML) has been associated with better health outcomes in mothers and new-borns. However, its protective role in mothers' employment after childbirth remains unclear. Objective: To assess the association between paid ML and being employed 1-year after childbirth. Methods: As part of the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) cohort study, 507 Spanish women employed at 12th week of pregnancy, were asked about their employment status and job characteristics at 32nd week of pregnancy. One year after childbirth, they were re-interviewed about their employment status and if they had taken paid ML. Incidence of maternal employment 1-year after childbirth was estimated. Crude and adjusted associations with paid ML were assessed by logistic regression, and characterized by odds ratios (ORs) with associated 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CIs. Results: Information was obtained from 398 women. Of those, 290 (72.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) were employed 1-year after childbirth. Incidence of maternal employment was lower for those who: i) didn't take paid ML, ii) were younger than 27 years; iii) had temporary contract, iv) had part-time jobs, v) reported less-favoured familiar social class, and vi) left the job before 32 weeks of pregnancy. Being employed 1-year after childbirth was more common in those who took paid ML (OR 2.7, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.6-4.5), also after adjusting for staying at work until advanced stages of pregnancy (OR 1.8, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.0-3.1). Conclusions: Taking paid ML seems to be associated with higher maternal employment rates 1-year after childbirth. Therefore, our findings suggest that protection of maternity might positively influence women's labour market participation after childbirth.},
+  abstract = {Background: Paid maternity leave (ML) has been associated with better health outcomes in mothers and new-borns. However, its protective role in mothers' employment after childbirth remains unclear. Objective: To assess the association between paid ML and being employed 1-year after childbirth. Methods: As part of the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) cohort study, 507 Spanish women employed at 12th week of pregnancy, were asked about their employment status and job characteristics at 32nd week of pregnancy. One year after childbirth, they were re-interviewed about their employment status and if they had taken paid ML. Incidence of maternal employment 1-year after childbirth was estimated. Crude and adjusted associations with paid ML were assessed by logistic regression, and characterized by odds ratios (ORs) with associated 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CIs. Results: Information was obtained from 398 women. Of those, 290 (72.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) were employed 1-year after childbirth. Incidence of maternal employment was lower for those who: i) didn't take paid ML, ii) were younger than 27 years; iii) had temporary contract, iv) had part-time jobs, v) reported less-favoured familiar social class, and vi) left the job before 32 weeks of pregnancy. Being employed 1-year after childbirth was more common in those who took paid ML (OR 2.7, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.6-4.5), also after adjusting for staying at work until advanced stages of pregnancy (OR 1.8, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.0-3.1). Conclusions: Taking paid ML seems to be associated with higher maternal employment rates 1-year after childbirth. Therefore, our findings suggest that protection of maternity might positively influence women's labour market participation after childbirth.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34369,7 +39836,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {69--90},
   issn = {1874-7884},
   doi = {10.1007/s12062-020-09277-4},
-  abstract = {This paper is aimed at the development of a tool analysing the AAI results for the Russian older citizens from different population groups, as well as at identifying factors underlying the inequalities in active ageing outcomes by calculation the AAI on the national and individual levels. The adaptation of the methodology of the AAI to the individual-level data and the limitations of the approach are explicitly explained. The older generations of Russia show relatively high levels of education, financial security and engagement in family care, especially in the care to children. The most significant potential for development have employment, volunteering, political engagement, physical activity, lifelong learning and use of the Internet. The calculation of the AAI at the individual level has revealed significant inequalities in the degree of realisation of potential in different areas of active ageing. The results of the project provide scientific evidence for the implementation of policy measures in the target groups. The high correlation of the index values with human capital indicators (health and education) underlines the importance of the early interventions aimed at promoting and supporting human capital at the earlier stages of the life course till the old age. The substantial positive connection of employment with other forms of activity stresses the necessity of developing a package of activation policy measures aimed at the retention of older adults in the labour market. At the same time, the statistical analysis showed the absence of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedilemma of choice\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace between certain types of activity of the older generation, for example, between caring for grandchildren and employment, or employment and volunteering - the potential in different areas may be increased simultaneously.},
+  abstract = {This paper is aimed at the development of a tool analysing the AAI results for the Russian older citizens from different population groups, as well as at identifying factors underlying the inequalities in active ageing outcomes by calculation the AAI on the national and individual levels. The adaptation of the methodology of the AAI to the individual-level data and the limitations of the approach are explicitly explained. The older generations of Russia show relatively high levels of education, financial security and engagement in family care, especially in the care to children. The most significant potential for development have employment, volunteering, political engagement, physical activity, lifelong learning and use of the Internet. The calculation of the AAI at the individual level has revealed significant inequalities in the degree of realisation of potential in different areas of active ageing. The results of the project provide scientific evidence for the implementation of policy measures in the target groups. The high correlation of the index values with human capital indicators (health and education) underlines the importance of the early interventions aimed at promoting and supporting human capital at the earlier stages of the life course till the old age. The substantial positive connection of employment with other forms of activity stresses the necessity of developing a package of activation policy measures aimed at the retention of older adults in the labour market. At the same time, the statistical analysis showed the absence of a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedilemma of choice{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace between certain types of activity of the older generation, for example, between caring for grandchildren and employment, or employment and volunteering - the potential in different areas may be increased simultaneously.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34378,12 +39845,12 @@ inequality:
   author = {Vasile, Valentina},
   editor = {Luminita, C and Constantin, C and Valeriu, {\relax IF}},
   year = {2014},
-  journal = {1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE \textbackslash textasciigraveECONOMIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - THEORETICAL, EMPIRICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES', ESPERA 2013},
+  journal = {1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE {\textbackslash}textasciigraveECONOMIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - THEORETICAL, EMPIRICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES', ESPERA 2013},
   series = {Procedia {{Economics}} and {{Finance}}},
   volume = {8},
   issn = {2212-5671},
   doi = {10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00152-X},
-  abstract = {Free movement of workers is one of the four freedoms of EU law and and labour force relocation through temporary migration is a form of efficient distribution of resources on the EU labour market. Although it is estimated that the net effects labour mobility leads to win-win for both countries involved, the higher demand for qualified workforce and extending the average duration of temporary mobility increases win-win imbalance to the detriment of the country of origin. In sending countries, labour migration may lead to mitigation of the labour market by reducing unemployment and wage growth, but may also emphasize imbalances directly, or through spillover effects. As EU Romanians mobile workers are over 2.25 million (2011, WB) and the trend of growth continues, though more moderate in the crisis, the effects on the Romanian economy grow and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveadvantages of mobility\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace are significantly lower. In this paper we have estimated the main effects of the free movement of Romanian workers in the EU and identified appropriate policy measures to manage outflows. We used labour force survey data and estimates of BM and determined the impact on socio -economic variables such as GDP, the level and structure of employment, on state budget incomes, investment potential. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
+  abstract = {Free movement of workers is one of the four freedoms of EU law and and labour force relocation through temporary migration is a form of efficient distribution of resources on the EU labour market. Although it is estimated that the net effects labour mobility leads to win-win for both countries involved, the higher demand for qualified workforce and extending the average duration of temporary mobility increases win-win imbalance to the detriment of the country of origin. In sending countries, labour migration may lead to mitigation of the labour market by reducing unemployment and wage growth, but may also emphasize imbalances directly, or through spillover effects. As EU Romanians mobile workers are over 2.25 million (2011, WB) and the trend of growth continues, though more moderate in the crisis, the effects on the Romanian economy grow and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveadvantages of mobility{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace are significantly lower. In this paper we have estimated the main effects of the free movement of Romanian workers in the EU and identified appropriate policy measures to manage outflows. We used labour force survey data and estimates of BM and determined the impact on socio -economic variables such as GDP, the level and structure of employment, on state budget incomes, investment potential. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
   langid = {english},
   note = {1st International Conference on Economic Scientific Research - Theoretical, Empirical and Practical Approaches (ESPERA), Bucharest, ROMANIA, DEC 11-12, 2013}
 }
@@ -34397,7 +39864,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {1-2, SI},
   pages = {15--29},
   issn = {0013-9998},
-  abstract = {The research presented in this paper emerges from the Immigrant Work Strategies and Networks Project. The project focused on the experiences of Ghanaian, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish and British-born respondents (both male and female) in London, between 2004 and 2006, using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. In this article, our goal is to explore the role of imperfect information in the immigrant settlement process and destination society policies. More specifically, we examine the nature of information used in two interlinked processes: 1) information used by the destination society to debate, design, and implement policy; 2) information used by immigrants to develop work strategies. We aim to demonstrate that a great deal of information immigrants and the destination society utilise, in making their decisions, is often based on the generation, circulation and reproduction of myths. Although migration myths of destination society members and immigrants are often conflicting, they seem to be reproduced within a shared regime of myth-making. In an attempt to analyse the dynamics and inter-linkages of the myth-making regime, we offer two new concepts, i.e. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravehegemonic myths\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveopportunity myths\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Our discussion on the construction and circulation of myths presents new opportunities to reinterpret the immigrant settlement process. We conclude that while hegemonic myths about migrants in the public arena are rarely affirmative, opportunity myths constructed by immigrants are far more complex. They can both reproduce inequalities or provide a basis for immigrant empowerment. Hegemonic myths, for example, have the potential to focus the debate on specific groups, or immigrants in general, where they can become either heroes or, more likely, villains. We argue that opportunity myths do play a major role in the perpetuation of migration to the UK. The inequalities and exploitation experienced by immigrants are essential in the circulation of opportunity myths as immigrants attempt to maintain impressions of the good life in the UK. Ironically, immigration myths, the erosion of social rights and ongoing discrimination contribute to the continual flow of incoming migrants. In other words, the more rights are eroded and the more difficult it becomes for immigrants to succeed, the more immigrants feel compelled to construct narratives of success. Unless migration policies deal with the right to work, social rights of immigrants and with the elimination of discrimination and racism, policy and public discourse are likely to lead to unintended results.},
+  abstract = {The research presented in this paper emerges from the Immigrant Work Strategies and Networks Project. The project focused on the experiences of Ghanaian, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish and British-born respondents (both male and female) in London, between 2004 and 2006, using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. In this article, our goal is to explore the role of imperfect information in the immigrant settlement process and destination society policies. More specifically, we examine the nature of information used in two interlinked processes: 1) information used by the destination society to debate, design, and implement policy; 2) information used by immigrants to develop work strategies. We aim to demonstrate that a great deal of information immigrants and the destination society utilise, in making their decisions, is often based on the generation, circulation and reproduction of myths. Although migration myths of destination society members and immigrants are often conflicting, they seem to be reproduced within a shared regime of myth-making. In an attempt to analyse the dynamics and inter-linkages of the myth-making regime, we offer two new concepts, i.e. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravehegemonic myths{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveopportunity myths{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Our discussion on the construction and circulation of myths presents new opportunities to reinterpret the immigrant settlement process. We conclude that while hegemonic myths about migrants in the public arena are rarely affirmative, opportunity myths constructed by immigrants are far more complex. They can both reproduce inequalities or provide a basis for immigrant empowerment. Hegemonic myths, for example, have the potential to focus the debate on specific groups, or immigrants in general, where they can become either heroes or, more likely, villains. We argue that opportunity myths do play a major role in the perpetuation of migration to the UK. The inequalities and exploitation experienced by immigrants are essential in the circulation of opportunity myths as immigrants attempt to maintain impressions of the good life in the UK. Ironically, immigration myths, the erosion of social rights and ongoing discrimination contribute to the continual flow of incoming migrants. In other words, the more rights are eroded and the more difficult it becomes for immigrants to succeed, the more immigrants feel compelled to construct narratives of success. Unless migration policies deal with the right to work, social rights of immigrants and with the elimination of discrimination and racism, policy and public discourse are likely to lead to unintended results.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34411,12 +39878,27 @@ inequality:
   pages = {50--58},
   issn = {2256-0742},
   doi = {10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-50-58},
-  abstract = {Unresolved problems of social and economic development of Ukraine, exacerbated by critical negative consequences of military aggression and political instability, are accompanied by deep socio-economic contradictions and aggravation of large-scale social problems. At the same time, the qualitative system of social security, characteristic of the EU, is not formed. As a result, negative phenomena and trends are accumulated in social sphere there that manifest themselves in the critical deformations of social development, with the formation of threats of degradation and depopulation, the increase of environmental problems, deterioration of social structure, weakening of social guarantees of human rights that are evidenced and confirmed by mass and active labour migration of the Ukrainians abroad. Ensuring Ukraine's social security objectively requires an in-depth study based on a systematic approach, applying EU principles, provisions, practices, and standards. The purpose is to substantiate approaches and means of convergence of social security of Ukraine and the EU and develop recommendations for the improvement of migration policy. Methodology. As the methodological basis of the study, theories of socio-economic growth, modern concepts of institutional and structural economic reforms have been worked out, methods of statistical, structural-functional, and system analysis, grouping have been applied. Results. The imbalances of social security of Ukraine and the EU have been determined according to the following components: labour market and employment of population; reproduction of population and labour potential of the state; migration and food security. Areas of accelerated asymmetry increase in the social development of Ukraine and the EU, which serve as a key factor in \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepushing out\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbracethe population and high rates of labour migration from Ukraine to the EU Member States, have been identified. Strategic approaches and means of equalizing critical deformations and convergence of the system of social security of Ukraine in the process of integration into the EU have been determined; tools for improving the state migration policy have been developed, which implementation would result in improvement of the systemic and structural characteristics of labour potential migration. Conclusion. The study results obtained represent the existence of significant disparities in key indicators and components of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU. Low level of living standards and social protection of population serves as a factor in increasing the scope of external labour migration and, correspondingly, a critical weakening of human and labour potential of the state. Tools and means of the state policy of convergence of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU should focus on achieving the goal of systemic development of human capital and be implemented in the following directions: ensuring demographic security, upgrading health care system, renovating the quality of education, preserving cultural values, establishing a competitive labour market, improving housing affordability, social infrastructure development, systemic social insurance of population.},
+  abstract = {Unresolved problems of social and economic development of Ukraine, exacerbated by critical negative consequences of military aggression and political instability, are accompanied by deep socio-economic contradictions and aggravation of large-scale social problems. At the same time, the qualitative system of social security, characteristic of the EU, is not formed. As a result, negative phenomena and trends are accumulated in social sphere there that manifest themselves in the critical deformations of social development, with the formation of threats of degradation and depopulation, the increase of environmental problems, deterioration of social structure, weakening of social guarantees of human rights that are evidenced and confirmed by mass and active labour migration of the Ukrainians abroad. Ensuring Ukraine's social security objectively requires an in-depth study based on a systematic approach, applying EU principles, provisions, practices, and standards. The purpose is to substantiate approaches and means of convergence of social security of Ukraine and the EU and develop recommendations for the improvement of migration policy. Methodology. As the methodological basis of the study, theories of socio-economic growth, modern concepts of institutional and structural economic reforms have been worked out, methods of statistical, structural-functional, and system analysis, grouping have been applied. Results. The imbalances of social security of Ukraine and the EU have been determined according to the following components: labour market and employment of population; reproduction of population and labour potential of the state; migration and food security. Areas of accelerated asymmetry increase in the social development of Ukraine and the EU, which serve as a key factor in {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepushing out{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbracethe population and high rates of labour migration from Ukraine to the EU Member States, have been identified. Strategic approaches and means of equalizing critical deformations and convergence of the system of social security of Ukraine in the process of integration into the EU have been determined; tools for improving the state migration policy have been developed, which implementation would result in improvement of the systemic and structural characteristics of labour potential migration. Conclusion. The study results obtained represent the existence of significant disparities in key indicators and components of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU. Low level of living standards and social protection of population serves as a factor in increasing the scope of external labour migration and, correspondingly, a critical weakening of human and labour potential of the state. Tools and means of the state policy of convergence of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU should focus on achieving the goal of systemic development of human capital and be implemented in the following directions: ensuring demographic security, upgrading health care system, renovating the quality of education, preserving cultural values, establishing a competitive labour market, improving housing affordability, social infrastructure development, systemic social insurance of population.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Vaupel2010,
+  title = {Biodemography of Human Ageing},
+  author = {Vaupel, James W.},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Nature},
+  volume = {464},
+  number = {7288},
+  pages = {536--542},
+  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
+  doi = {10.1038/nature08984},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Vazquez2016,
-  title = {The Stigma of Making a Living from Garbage: {{Meta}}-sterotypes of Trash-pickers in {{Le\'on}} ({{Nicaragua}})},
+  title = {The Stigma of Making a Living from Garbage: {{Meta}}-sterotypes of Trash-pickers in {{Le{\'o}n}} ({{Nicaragua}})},
   shorttitle = {The Stigma of Making a Living from Garbage},
   author = {V{\'a}zquez, Jos{\'e} Juan},
   year = {2016},
@@ -34428,7 +39910,7 @@ inequality:
   issn = {0036-5564, 1467-9450},
   doi = {10.1111/sjop.12268},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {The article analyzes various aspects related to the meta-stereotype of 99 trash pickers who made their living from the garbage dumps in Le\'on (Nicaragua). This group is difficult to access, heavily stigmatized, and lives in extreme poverty. All the pickers in the city were interviewed using a heteroapplied structured interview. The results show that people who obtained their livelihood from garbage in the city of Le\'on had a mainly negative meta-stereotype, albeit one to which was some extent indulgent, which could have a negative impact on their processes of social inclusion. The content of the meta-stereotype had a high degree of uniformity, with few variations between the respondents. However, some differences were observed in the use of some attributes in the meta-stereotype according to age, cohabitation with a partner and/or with parents, income level, engagement in paid work apart from picking garbage and the respondents' expectations for the future.},
+  abstract = {The article analyzes various aspects related to the meta-stereotype of 99 trash pickers who made their living from the garbage dumps in Le{\'o}n (Nicaragua). This group is difficult to access, heavily stigmatized, and lives in extreme poverty. All the pickers in the city were interviewed using a heteroapplied structured interview. The results show that people who obtained their livelihood from garbage in the city of Le{\'o}n had a mainly negative meta-stereotype, albeit one to which was some extent indulgent, which could have a negative impact on their processes of social inclusion. The content of the meta-stereotype had a high degree of uniformity, with few variations between the respondents. However, some differences were observed in the use of some attributes in the meta-stereotype according to age, cohabitation with a partner and/or with parents, income level, engagement in paid work apart from picking garbage and the respondents' expectations for the future.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34441,7 +39923,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {152},
   issn = {0305-750X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105802},
-  abstract = {India's disappointing performance in creating productive employment for women, in spite of its increased integration with the world markets, contrasts with the experience of several countries in Asia. A number of studies have analysed the supply and demand side factors responsible for this situation. However, no study has examined the gender differences in job flows - job creation, destruction and reallocation. Net employment changes may conceal large changes in gross job flows and the associated adjustment costs. Using plant level panel data from India's formal manufacturing sector for the period 1998-2014, this paper estimates the magnitude of job flows and analyses the impact of industry-level changes in exchange rates on job flow dynamics of men and women across state-industries. Even as net employment grew sluggishly for women, we find that, the labour market was characterised by a simultaneous process of job destruction and creation. Our analysis provides evidence for an asymmetric impact of exchange rates on job flows, with depreciation (appreciation) resulting in higher (lower) gross job creation rates with no effect on job destruction rates. Exchange rate depreciation results in higher gross and net job creation rates for both men and women in states with flexible labour laws. In states with inflexible labour laws, however, depreciation causes an increase in gross job creation for women (but not for men) with no effect on net job creation. Exchange rate depreciation also causes women to face higher job reallocation than men, particularly in states with inflexible labour laws. Participation in global value chains and output tariff reductions are found to exacerbate the effects of exchange rate changes on women's job flows. Firms operating under rigid labour market conditions tend to employ female workers as a \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer' to adjust the workforce in response to short term fluctuations in export competitiveness. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {India's disappointing performance in creating productive employment for women, in spite of its increased integration with the world markets, contrasts with the experience of several countries in Asia. A number of studies have analysed the supply and demand side factors responsible for this situation. However, no study has examined the gender differences in job flows - job creation, destruction and reallocation. Net employment changes may conceal large changes in gross job flows and the associated adjustment costs. Using plant level panel data from India's formal manufacturing sector for the period 1998-2014, this paper estimates the magnitude of job flows and analyses the impact of industry-level changes in exchange rates on job flow dynamics of men and women across state-industries. Even as net employment grew sluggishly for women, we find that, the labour market was characterised by a simultaneous process of job destruction and creation. Our analysis provides evidence for an asymmetric impact of exchange rates on job flows, with depreciation (appreciation) resulting in higher (lower) gross job creation rates with no effect on job destruction rates. Exchange rate depreciation results in higher gross and net job creation rates for both men and women in states with flexible labour laws. In states with inflexible labour laws, however, depreciation causes an increase in gross job creation for women (but not for men) with no effect on net job creation. Exchange rate depreciation also causes women to face higher job reallocation than men, particularly in states with inflexible labour laws. Participation in global value chains and output tariff reductions are found to exacerbate the effects of exchange rate changes on women's job flows. Firms operating under rigid labour market conditions tend to employ female workers as a {\textbackslash}textasciigravebuffer' to adjust the workforce in response to short term fluctuations in export competitiveness. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34465,7 +39947,7 @@ inequality:
   author = {{Veira-Ramos}, Alberto and Schmelzer, Paul},
   year = {2023},
   month = feb,
-  journal = {AGEING \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
+  journal = {AGEING {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& SOCIETY},
   volume = {43},
   number = {2},
   pages = {393--420},
@@ -34507,6 +39989,43 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Vere2007,
+  title = {``{{Having}} It All'' No Longer: {{Fertility}}, {{Female Labor}} Supply, and the New Life Choices of {{Generation}} x},
+  shorttitle = {``{{Having}} It All'' No Longer},
+  author = {Vere, James P.},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {Demography},
+  volume = {44},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {821--828},
+  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
+  doi = {10.1353/dem.2007.0035},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract             This study uses data from the U.S. Current Population Surveys and Natality Detail Files to examine cohort-level changes in fertility and female labor supply. Although only at the start of their careers, college-educated women from more-recent cohorts are having more children and supplying less market labor than their counterparts born toward the end of the baby boom. Pronounced differences across cohorts suggest that recent increases in fertility and declines in female labor supply have structural underpinnings and may continue for some time.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Verick2014,
+  title = {Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries},
+  author = {Verick, Sher},
+  year = {2014},
+  journal = {IZA World of Labor},
+  issn = {20549571},
+  doi = {10.15185/izawol.87},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
+@article{Verick2014a,
+  title = {Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries},
+  author = {Verick, Sher},
+  year = {2014},
+  journal = {IZA World of Labor},
+  issn = {20549571},
+  doi = {10.15185/izawol.87},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Verma2020,
   title = {Depression, Anxiety, and Stress and Socio-Demographic Correlates among General {{Indian}} Public during {{COVID-19}}},
   author = {Verma, Shankey and Mishra, Aditi},
@@ -34519,7 +40038,7 @@ inequality:
   issn = {0020-7640, 1741-2854},
   doi = {10.1177/0020764020934508},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Background:               The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians.                                         Aim:               The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19.                                         Methods:               A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire.                                         Results:               In total, 25\%, 28\% and 11.6\% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.91; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.072\textendash 3.418) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.03; 95\% CI: 1.045\textendash 3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR\,=\,2.17; 95\% CI: 1.317\textendash 3.589), employment status (OR\,=\,1.77; 95\% CI: 1.002\textendash 3.141) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.62; 95\% CI: 1.361\textendash 5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR\,=\,3.42; 95\% CI: 1.544\textendash 7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms.                                         Conclusion:               Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.},
+  abstract = {Background:               The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians.                                         Aim:               The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19.                                         Methods:               A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire.                                         Results:               In total, 25\%, 28\% and 11.6\% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.91; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.072{\textendash}3.418) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.03; 95\% CI: 1.045{\textendash}3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR\,=\,2.17; 95\% CI: 1.317{\textendash}3.589), employment status (OR\,=\,1.77; 95\% CI: 1.002{\textendash}3.141) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.62; 95\% CI: 1.361{\textendash}5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR\,=\,3.42; 95\% CI: 1.544{\textendash}7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms.                                         Conclusion:               Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34549,7 +40068,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {313--324},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-011-9291-7},
-  abstract = {Introduction Within the labour force workers without an employment contract represent a vulnerable group. In most cases, when sick-listed, these workers have no workplace/employer to return to. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness on return-to-work of a participatory return-to-work program compared to usual care for unemployed workers and temporary agency workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders. Methods The workers, sick-listed for 2-8 weeks due to musculoskeletal disorders, were randomly allocated to the participatory return-to-work program (n = 79) or to usual care (n = 84). The new program is a stepwise procedure aimed at making a consensus-based return-to-work plan, with the possibility of a temporary (therapeutic) workplace. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome measure was time to sustainable first return-to-work. Secondary outcome measures were duration of sickness benefit, functional status, pain intensity, and perceived health. Results The median duration until sustainable first return-to-work was 161 days in the intervention group, compared to 299 days in the usual care group. The new return-to-work program resulted in a non-significant delay in RTW during the first 90 days, followed by a significant advantage in RTW rate after 90 days (hazard ratio of 2.24 \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbrace95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence interval 1.28-3.94] P = 0.005). No significant differences were found for the measured secondary outcomes. Conclusions The newly developed participatory return-to-work program seems to be a promising intervention to facilitate work resumption and reduce work disability among temporary agency workers and unemployed workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders.},
+  abstract = {Introduction Within the labour force workers without an employment contract represent a vulnerable group. In most cases, when sick-listed, these workers have no workplace/employer to return to. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness on return-to-work of a participatory return-to-work program compared to usual care for unemployed workers and temporary agency workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders. Methods The workers, sick-listed for 2-8 weeks due to musculoskeletal disorders, were randomly allocated to the participatory return-to-work program (n = 79) or to usual care (n = 84). The new program is a stepwise procedure aimed at making a consensus-based return-to-work plan, with the possibility of a temporary (therapeutic) workplace. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome measure was time to sustainable first return-to-work. Secondary outcome measures were duration of sickness benefit, functional status, pain intensity, and perceived health. Results The median duration until sustainable first return-to-work was 161 days in the intervention group, compared to 299 days in the usual care group. The new return-to-work program resulted in a non-significant delay in RTW during the first 90 days, followed by a significant advantage in RTW rate after 90 days (hazard ratio of 2.24 {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbrace95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence interval 1.28-3.94] P = 0.005). No significant differences were found for the measured secondary outcomes. Conclusions The newly developed participatory return-to-work program seems to be a promising intervention to facilitate work resumption and reduce work disability among temporary agency workers and unemployed workers, sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34562,7 +40081,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-12508-2},
-  abstract = {Background: Pressing issues, like financial concerns, may outweigh the importance people attach to health. This study tested whether health, compared to other life domains, was considered more important by people in high versus low socioeconomic positions, with future focus and financial strain as potential explanatory factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 among N=1,330 Dutch adults. Participants rated the importance of two health-related domains (not being ill, living a long life) and seven other life domains (e.g., work, family) on a five-point scale. A latent class analysis grouped participants in classes with similar patterns of importance ratings. Differences in class membership according to socioeconomic position (indicated by income and education) were examined using structural equation modelling, with future focus and financial strain as mediators. Results: Three classes were identified, which were defined as: neutralists, who found all domains neutral or unimportant (3.5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the sample); hedonists, who found most domains important except living a long life, work, and religion (36.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%); and maximalists, who found nearly all domains important, including both health domains (60.3\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Of the neutralists, 38\textbackslash textbackslash\% considered not being ill important, and 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% considered living a long life important. For hedonists, this was 92\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 39\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively, and for maximalists this was 99\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 87\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Compared to belonging to the maximalists class, a low income predicted belonging to the neutralists, and a higher educational level and unemployment predicted belonging to the hedonists. No mediation pathways via future focus or financial strain were found. Conclusions: Lower income groups were less likely to consider not being ill important. Those without paid employment and those with a higher educational level were less likely to consider living a long life important. Neither future focus nor financial strain explained these inequalities. Future research should investigate socioeconomic differences in conceptualisations of health, and if inequalities in the perceived importance of health are associated with inequalities in health. To support individuals dealing with challenging circumstances in daily life, health-promoting interventions could align to the life domains perceived important to reach their target group and to prevent widening socioeconomic health inequalities.},
+  abstract = {Background: Pressing issues, like financial concerns, may outweigh the importance people attach to health. This study tested whether health, compared to other life domains, was considered more important by people in high versus low socioeconomic positions, with future focus and financial strain as potential explanatory factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 among N=1,330 Dutch adults. Participants rated the importance of two health-related domains (not being ill, living a long life) and seven other life domains (e.g., work, family) on a five-point scale. A latent class analysis grouped participants in classes with similar patterns of importance ratings. Differences in class membership according to socioeconomic position (indicated by income and education) were examined using structural equation modelling, with future focus and financial strain as mediators. Results: Three classes were identified, which were defined as: neutralists, who found all domains neutral or unimportant (3.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the sample); hedonists, who found most domains important except living a long life, work, and religion (36.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%); and maximalists, who found nearly all domains important, including both health domains (60.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Of the neutralists, 38{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% considered not being ill important, and 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% considered living a long life important. For hedonists, this was 92{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 39{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively, and for maximalists this was 99{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 87{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively. Compared to belonging to the maximalists class, a low income predicted belonging to the neutralists, and a higher educational level and unemployment predicted belonging to the hedonists. No mediation pathways via future focus or financial strain were found. Conclusions: Lower income groups were less likely to consider not being ill important. Those without paid employment and those with a higher educational level were less likely to consider living a long life important. Neither future focus nor financial strain explained these inequalities. Future research should investigate socioeconomic differences in conceptualisations of health, and if inequalities in the perceived importance of health are associated with inequalities in health. To support individuals dealing with challenging circumstances in daily life, health-promoting interventions could align to the life domains perceived important to reach their target group and to prevent widening socioeconomic health inequalities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34615,7 +40134,7 @@ inequality:
   title = {The {{Katrina}} Effect: {{Was}} There a Bright Side to the Evacuation of Greater {{New Orleans}}?},
   author = {Vigdor, Jacob L.},
   year = {2007},
-  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {B E JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {7},
   number = {1},
   issn = {1935-1682},
@@ -34637,6 +40156,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Villanueva-Flores2014,
+  title = {Career Development and Individuals with Physical Disabilities},
+  author = {{Villanueva-Flores}, Mercedes and {Valle-Cabrera}, Ram{\'o}n and {Bornay-Barrachina}, Mar},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Career Development International},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {222--243},
+  issn = {1362-0436},
+  doi = {10.1108/CDI-02-2013-0022},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Purpose               {\textendash} Few studies have focussed on the situation of employees with physical disabilities from the perspective of human resources management {\textendash} in particular on the career development expectations of this group. The purpose of this paper is to meet this need by focussing on individuals with physical disabilities in Andalusia (Spain). It analyzes three key aspects: whether the perception of discrimination is related to the perception of inequity due to their disabilities, with this relationship being moderated by gender; whether these perceptions of inequality and discrimination lead to feelings of dissatisfaction with the employing organization; and whether the perception of discrimination mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and job dissatisfaction.                                         Design/methodology/approach               {\textendash} Using the theoretical framework of organizational justice, regression analysis is applied to test the hypotheses in a population of 459 employed people with physical disabilities.                                         Findings               {\textendash} The results show that perceived discrimination is due to perceived inequity when peers who do not have a disability are used as comparative reference; however, this relationship is not moderated by gender. These perceptions of inequity and discrimination cause individuals to feel dissatisfaction in organizations, and a mediating effect is found for the perception of discrimination in professional development opportunities. The control variables considered, age and education, are not significant in the relationships studied.                                         Originality/value               {\textendash} An original and valued model is proposed to explain job dissatisfaction among employees with physical disabilities and the possibility of perceiving a dual disadvantage, in their possibilities for professional development. The model links together three variables that have not previously been linked all together in the literature {\textendash} perceived inequity, perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability, and dissatisfaction {\textendash} highlighting that perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and dissatisfaction. This model can also examine whether a dual disadvantage is perceived owing to an individual's being a woman and having a disability, considering gender as a variable that moderates the relationship between perceived inequity and perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Villotti2018,
   title = {A Serial Mediation Model of Workplace Social Support on Work Productivity: The Role of Self-Stigma and Job Tenure Self-Efficacy in People with Severe Mental Disorders},
   author = {Villotti, Patrizia and Corbiere, Marc and Dewa, Carolyn S. and Fraccaroli, Franco and {Sultan-Taieb}, Helene and Zaniboni, Sara and Lecomte, Tania},
@@ -34648,7 +40183,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {3113--3119},
   issn = {0963-8288},
   doi = {10.1080/09638288.2017.1377294},
-  abstract = {Purpose: Compared to groups with other disabilities, people with a severe mental illness face the greatest stigma and barriers to employment opportunities. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between workplace social support and work productivity in people with severe mental illness working in Social Enterprises by taking into account the mediating role of self-stigma and job tenure self-efficacy. Method: A total of 170 individuals with a severe mental disorder employed in a Social Enterprise filled out questionnaires assessing personal and work-related variables at Phase-1 (baseline) and Phase-2 (6-month follow-up). Process modeling was used to test for serial mediation. Results: In the Social Enterprise workplace, social support yields better perceptions of work productivity through lower levels of internalized stigma and higher confidence in facing job-related problems. When testing serial multiple mediations, the specific indirect effect of high workplace social support on work productivity through both low internalized stigma and high job tenure self-efficacy was significant with a point estimate of 1.01 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.42, 2.28). Conclusions: Continued work in this area can provide guidance for organizations in the open labor market addressing the challenges posed by the work integration of people with severe mental illness.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: Compared to groups with other disabilities, people with a severe mental illness face the greatest stigma and barriers to employment opportunities. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between workplace social support and work productivity in people with severe mental illness working in Social Enterprises by taking into account the mediating role of self-stigma and job tenure self-efficacy. Method: A total of 170 individuals with a severe mental disorder employed in a Social Enterprise filled out questionnaires assessing personal and work-related variables at Phase-1 (baseline) and Phase-2 (6-month follow-up). Process modeling was used to test for serial mediation. Results: In the Social Enterprise workplace, social support yields better perceptions of work productivity through lower levels of internalized stigma and higher confidence in facing job-related problems. When testing serial multiple mediations, the specific indirect effect of high workplace social support on work productivity through both low internalized stigma and high job tenure self-efficacy was significant with a point estimate of 1.01 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.42, 2.28). Conclusions: Continued work in this area can provide guidance for organizations in the open labor market addressing the challenges posed by the work integration of people with severe mental illness.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34676,7 +40211,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {25--47},
   issn = {0972-5792},
   doi = {10.1007/s40847-020-00144-8},
-  abstract = {The case of Gujarat is often highlighted in the literature for the glaring mismatch between growth and human development (HD) outcomes. This paper makes a critical assessment of the growth and development scenario and their linkages with human development outcomes with particular focus on the important HD factors across the districts. The objectives of the paper are to: (i) analyse the broad trends in the major economic sectors, viz. agriculture, industries and employment and delineate the differences in the growth scenario across districts and (ii) examine the \textbackslash textasciigraveinclusive growth outcomes' across districts in the state based on the district-level HD indices and delineate the differences in the major HD factors. The broad trends in the growth of the major economic sectors reveal some disquieting aspects of growth of the state, characterised by stark differences in literacy and educational attainments across gender and districts, the decline in farming population coincided with marginalisation of farm holdings amidst growth of commercial agriculture, declining rural work participation, especially women work participation, and concentration of industrial growth confining to few districts. The analysis of district-level HDIs brings out disparate trends of the status of HDI, reflecting stark differences in the status of development of the critical components, viz. standard of living, availability of health infrastructure and educational attainments. Based on the analysis, we argue that Gujarat needs to strengthen and reorient its development priorities by accelerating public spending more on critical areas of public health infrastructure, provision of better healthcare services, nutritional security, education and skill development, women empowerment, etc., which are critical aspects of human development and inclusive growth.},
+  abstract = {The case of Gujarat is often highlighted in the literature for the glaring mismatch between growth and human development (HD) outcomes. This paper makes a critical assessment of the growth and development scenario and their linkages with human development outcomes with particular focus on the important HD factors across the districts. The objectives of the paper are to: (i) analyse the broad trends in the major economic sectors, viz. agriculture, industries and employment and delineate the differences in the growth scenario across districts and (ii) examine the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveinclusive growth outcomes' across districts in the state based on the district-level HD indices and delineate the differences in the major HD factors. The broad trends in the growth of the major economic sectors reveal some disquieting aspects of growth of the state, characterised by stark differences in literacy and educational attainments across gender and districts, the decline in farming population coincided with marginalisation of farm holdings amidst growth of commercial agriculture, declining rural work participation, especially women work participation, and concentration of industrial growth confining to few districts. The analysis of district-level HDIs brings out disparate trends of the status of HDI, reflecting stark differences in the status of development of the critical components, viz. standard of living, availability of health infrastructure and educational attainments. Based on the analysis, we argue that Gujarat needs to strengthen and reorient its development priorities by accelerating public spending more on critical areas of public health infrastructure, provision of better healthcare services, nutritional security, education and skill development, women empowerment, etc., which are critical aspects of human development and inclusive growth.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -34720,7 +40255,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {104--107},
   issn = {0378-5122},
   doi = {10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.015},
-  abstract = {Gender inequalities in the financial resources in later life result from the combined effect of women's atypical life courses, which include interrupted employment records and periods of care provision, and the fact that pension systems have generally been slow in mitigating \textbackslash textasciigravediversions' from continuous and full-time working lives. Gender differentials in financial resources can often result in a greater likelihood of facing poverty for older women compared to older men, and such risk can be experienced for longer periods for women, as a result of their higher life expectancy on average. For example, across the EU-27, 16\textbackslash textbackslash\% of men compared to 23\textbackslash textbackslash\% of women aged 65 and over faced a poverty risk, and at age 65, men can expect to live another 17 years on average, while women another 21 years. Although modern pension systems are increasingly recognising the diversity of women's patterns of paid and unpaid work, for example by accounting for periods of childcare in the calculation of the state pension, research continues to show a \textbackslash textasciigravepenalty' for women who have spent significant periods of their life providing care to children or dependent adults in and outside the household. Reducing such penalty is particularly important as population ageing and an increasing demand for formal and informal care are likely to present challenges with critical policy implications for societies and individuals alike. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Gender inequalities in the financial resources in later life result from the combined effect of women's atypical life courses, which include interrupted employment records and periods of care provision, and the fact that pension systems have generally been slow in mitigating {\textbackslash}textasciigravediversions' from continuous and full-time working lives. Gender differentials in financial resources can often result in a greater likelihood of facing poverty for older women compared to older men, and such risk can be experienced for longer periods for women, as a result of their higher life expectancy on average. For example, across the EU-27, 16{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of men compared to 23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of women aged 65 and over faced a poverty risk, and at age 65, men can expect to live another 17 years on average, while women another 21 years. Although modern pension systems are increasingly recognising the diversity of women's patterns of paid and unpaid work, for example by accounting for periods of childcare in the calculation of the state pension, research continues to show a {\textbackslash}textasciigravepenalty' for women who have spent significant periods of their life providing care to children or dependent adults in and outside the household. Reducing such penalty is particularly important as population ageing and an increasing demand for formal and informal care are likely to present challenges with critical policy implications for societies and individuals alike. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {review},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LQ2GF9CL/Vlachantoni_2012_Financial inequality and gender in older people.pdf}
@@ -34755,6 +40290,21 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Vlasblom2004,
+  title = {Increases in {{Female Labour Force Participation}} in {{Europe}}: {{Similarities}} and {{Differences}}},
+  shorttitle = {Increases in {{Female Labour Force Participation}} in {{Europe}}},
+  author = {Vlasblom, Jan Dirk and Schippers, Joop J.},
+  year = {2004},
+  journal = {European Journal of Population / Revue europ{\dbend}enne de D{\dbend}mographie},
+  volume = {20},
+  number = {4},
+  pages = {375--392},
+  issn = {0168-6577, 1572-9885},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10680-004-5302-0},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Vo2007,
   title = {{{WORKING TO EXIT POVERTY WHILE CARING FOR CHILDREN}}'{{S HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM}}},
   author = {Vo, Phuong H. and Penrose, Kate and Jody Heymann, S.},
@@ -34814,7 +40364,7 @@ inequality:
   editor = {Kliestik, T},
   year = {2018},
   journal = {GLOBALIZATION AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES},
-  abstract = {Poverty as a global problem is also associated with a solution to material deprivation. In connection with the membership of Slovakia in the European Union, we have adopted European legislation in this area. Currently, there is a European 2020 strategy in the countries of the European Union, in which one of the five main targets are \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveCombating Poverty and Social Exclusion\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Target groups of the strategy are also people at the risk of material deprivation, disadvantaged job seekers, or people at risk of losing their job. Material deprivation is not only a threat to people who have problems with employment, but generally to persons who face some form of shortage in the items that their household cannot afford, because of their financial possibilities. Wages or other forms of income that represent the basic income of households may not be sufficient as an indicator of material deprivation. The relationship between income and material deprivation requires global attention in all EU countries as well as in Slovakia. The main objective of this article is to quantify the influence of selected factors on the equivalent disposable income of materially deprived and non-deprived Slovak households, their comparison and interpretation. The analysis will be based on the statistical survey on Income and Living conditions EU SILC. The effect of listed factors will be verified using the GLM procedure in SAS Enterprise Guide 5.1.},
+  abstract = {Poverty as a global problem is also associated with a solution to material deprivation. In connection with the membership of Slovakia in the European Union, we have adopted European legislation in this area. Currently, there is a European 2020 strategy in the countries of the European Union, in which one of the five main targets are {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveCombating Poverty and Social Exclusion{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Target groups of the strategy are also people at the risk of material deprivation, disadvantaged job seekers, or people at risk of losing their job. Material deprivation is not only a threat to people who have problems with employment, but generally to persons who face some form of shortage in the items that their household cannot afford, because of their financial possibilities. Wages or other forms of income that represent the basic income of households may not be sufficient as an indicator of material deprivation. The relationship between income and material deprivation requires global attention in all EU countries as well as in Slovakia. The main objective of this article is to quantify the influence of selected factors on the equivalent disposable income of materially deprived and non-deprived Slovak households, their comparison and interpretation. The analysis will be based on the statistical survey on Income and Living conditions EU SILC. The effect of listed factors will be verified using the GLM procedure in SAS Enterprise Guide 5.1.},
   isbn = {978-80-8154-249-7},
   langid = {english},
   note = {18th International Scientific Conference on Globalization and Its Socio-Economic Consequences, Rajecke Teplice, SLOVAKIA, OCT 10-11, 2018}
@@ -34831,10 +40381,42 @@ inequality:
   pages = {48--52},
   issn = {0131-2227},
   doi = {10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-9-48-52},
-  abstract = {The article describes development of the idea of unconditional basic income in some Nordic countries. There were active discussions in the early 1980s and in 1992-1994 in Denmark and experiment was conducted on the introduction of unconditional basic income in Finland in 2017-2018. Basic income has never been seriously considered in Denmark on a practical level. For the first time, interest in basic income arose in Denmark in the 1980s. Once again, the issue of basic income was on the official policy agenda in 1992-1994, when there was extensive discussion on this issue. In many ways, these debates were associated with the development of the system of unemployment benefits in the country at that time and a number of economic, institutional and political circumstances. The idea of basic income was considered as a fatal blow, either too controversial or unrealistic, showing that it would require considerable money. Thus, by the mid-1990s, this idea was categorically rejected and disappeared forever from the agenda in Denmark. The unconditional basic income in Finland has been discussed for the last 10 years. It was believed that due to the mass robotization and the introduction of artificial intelligence, a huge number of people would lose their jobs in the future, and the universal basic income will force people to accept temporary contract work which ultimately will increase labor mobility and efficiency. By the classical definition unconditional basic income is the regular payment of a certain amount of money to each member of the community without checking the financial situation or the need to do work. The experiment with unconditional basic income in Finland did not fully meet this definition. First, only the unemployed could take part in it. Secondly, the experiment participants continued to receive benefits from other support systems. The authorities decided to focus on the unemployed in order to understand whether unconditional basic income encourages employment. The 2,000 citizens selected by lottery were unemployed, poor, and were between the ages of 25 and 58 years old. They received 560 euros per month, while the payment did not stop even after they found a job. Intermediate results of the experiment were almost completely opposite to the expected. Requests of recipients of basic income to the labor market have only increased. They said they were not ready to grab any job, and made more and more demands. Both for employers and for trade unions such an outcome was an unpleasant surprise. The preliminary results of the experiment with an unconditional basic income showed that in the first year participants in the experiment were looking for a little more actively than other unemployed people. Although the Finnish authorities did not officially comment on anything, all the experts said that the two-year tests showed the project's inconsistency. First, the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravefree\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace money was in fact an unconditional unemployment benefit, that is, there was nothing new in the proposed version of the universal basic income. Secondly, the government did not conceal that the experiment with the basic income was not aimed at reducing the number of the poor or fighting inequality - its main task was \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravepromoting employment\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. If all citizens received unconditional basic income, additional social spending would be about 5\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GDP. This is a lot, even taking into account the fact that Finland spends about 30\textbackslash textbackslash\% of GDP on social spending. A universal basic income can only be successful if provided on a continuous and universal basis. But it requires a lot of money and higher taxes which most people disagree with.},
+  abstract = {The article describes development of the idea of unconditional basic income in some Nordic countries. There were active discussions in the early 1980s and in 1992-1994 in Denmark and experiment was conducted on the introduction of unconditional basic income in Finland in 2017-2018. Basic income has never been seriously considered in Denmark on a practical level. For the first time, interest in basic income arose in Denmark in the 1980s. Once again, the issue of basic income was on the official policy agenda in 1992-1994, when there was extensive discussion on this issue. In many ways, these debates were associated with the development of the system of unemployment benefits in the country at that time and a number of economic, institutional and political circumstances. The idea of basic income was considered as a fatal blow, either too controversial or unrealistic, showing that it would require considerable money. Thus, by the mid-1990s, this idea was categorically rejected and disappeared forever from the agenda in Denmark. The unconditional basic income in Finland has been discussed for the last 10 years. It was believed that due to the mass robotization and the introduction of artificial intelligence, a huge number of people would lose their jobs in the future, and the universal basic income will force people to accept temporary contract work which ultimately will increase labor mobility and efficiency. By the classical definition unconditional basic income is the regular payment of a certain amount of money to each member of the community without checking the financial situation or the need to do work. The experiment with unconditional basic income in Finland did not fully meet this definition. First, only the unemployed could take part in it. Secondly, the experiment participants continued to receive benefits from other support systems. The authorities decided to focus on the unemployed in order to understand whether unconditional basic income encourages employment. The 2,000 citizens selected by lottery were unemployed, poor, and were between the ages of 25 and 58 years old. They received 560 euros per month, while the payment did not stop even after they found a job. Intermediate results of the experiment were almost completely opposite to the expected. Requests of recipients of basic income to the labor market have only increased. They said they were not ready to grab any job, and made more and more demands. Both for employers and for trade unions such an outcome was an unpleasant surprise. The preliminary results of the experiment with an unconditional basic income showed that in the first year participants in the experiment were looking for a little more actively than other unemployed people. Although the Finnish authorities did not officially comment on anything, all the experts said that the two-year tests showed the project's inconsistency. First, the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravefree{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace money was in fact an unconditional unemployment benefit, that is, there was nothing new in the proposed version of the universal basic income. Secondly, the government did not conceal that the experiment with the basic income was not aimed at reducing the number of the poor or fighting inequality - its main task was {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravepromoting employment{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. If all citizens received unconditional basic income, additional social spending would be about 5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of GDP. This is a lot, even taking into account the fact that Finland spends about 30{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of GDP on social spending. A universal basic income can only be successful if provided on a continuous and universal basis. But it requires a lot of money and higher taxes which most people disagree with.},
   langid = {russian}
 }
 
+@article{Vollset2020,
+  title = {Fertility, Mortality, Migration, and Population Scenarios for 195 Countries and Territories from 2017 to 2100: A Forecasting Analysis for the {{Global Burden}} of {{Disease Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Fertility, Mortality, Migration, and Population Scenarios for 195 Countries and Territories from 2017 to 2100},
+  author = {Vollset, Stein Emil and Goren, Emily and Yuan, Chun-Wei and Cao, Jackie and Smith, Amanda E and Hsiao, Thomas and Bisignano, Catherine and Azhar, Gulrez S and Castro, Emma and Chalek, Julian and Dolgert, Andrew J and Frank, Tahvi and Fukutaki, Kai and Hay, Simon I and Lozano, Rafael and Mokdad, Ali H and Nandakumar, Vishnu and Pierce, Maxwell and Pletcher, Martin and Robalik, Toshana and Steuben, Krista M and Wunrow, Han Yong and Zlavog, Bianca S and Murray, Christopher J L},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {396},
+  number = {10258},
+  pages = {1285--1306},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Vong2019,
+  title = {Why Are Fewer Women Rising to the Top? {{A}} Life History Gender Analysis of {{Cambodia}}'s Health Workforce},
+  shorttitle = {Why Are Fewer Women Rising to the Top?},
+  author = {Vong, Sreytouch and Ros, Bandeth and Morgan, Rosemary and Theobald, Sally},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {BMC Health Services Research},
+  volume = {19},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {595},
+  issn = {1472-6963},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12913-019-4424-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{vonWachter2019,
   title = {Unemployment {{Insurance Reform}}},
   author = {{von Wachter}, Till},
@@ -34865,6 +40447,23 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Vyas2009,
+  title = {How Does Economic Empowerment Affect Women's Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Low and Middle Income Countries? {{A}} Systematic Review of Published Evidence},
+  shorttitle = {How Does Economic Empowerment Affect Women's Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Low and Middle Income Countries?},
+  author = {Vyas, Seema and Watts, Charlotte},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Journal of International Development},
+  volume = {21},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {577--602},
+  issn = {0954-1748, 1099-1328},
+  doi = {10.1002/jid.1500},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objectives               To identify whether individual and household economic empowerment is associated with lower intimate partner violence in low and middle income country settings.                                         Methods               Systematic PubMed and internet searches.                                         Results               Published data from 41 sites were reviewed. Household assets and women's higher education were generally protective. Evidence about women's involvement in income generation and experience of past year violence was mixed, with five finding a protective association and six documenting a risk association.                                         Conclusion               At an individual and household level, economic development and poverty reduction may have protective impacts on IPV. Context specific factors influence whether financial autonomy is protective or associated with increased risk. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2008 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.               This article was published online on 6 October 2008. Errors were subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected [17 April 2009].},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Wacquant1996,
   title = {The {{Rise}} of {{Advanced Marginality}}: {{Notes}} on Its {{Nature}} and {{Implications}}},
   shorttitle = {The {{Rise}} of {{Advanced Marginality}}},
@@ -34908,7 +40507,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {4},
   issn = {1549-1277},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1004215},
-  abstract = {Author summary Why was this study done? The biggest contributor to the global burden of infectious disease in childhood in developing countries is mortality due to respiratory and diarrhoeal infections, both of which are closely linked to deficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) availability and use by households.Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses of WASH-related morbidity have been conducted, but there is a shortage of rigorous, systematic evidence on the effectiveness of WASH interventions in reducing mortality. What did the researchers do and find? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of WASH interventions on all-cause and diarrhoea-related mortality in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs, incorporating evidence from 35 studies comprising 48 distinct WASH intervention arms.We found significant effects on all-cause mortality among children aged under 5 of interventions to improve the quantity of water available (34\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction), hygiene promotion when water supplies were accessible to households (29\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction), and community-wide sanitation (21\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction).We also found significant effects of WASH interventions on diarrhoea mortality among under 5s (45\textbackslash textbackslash\% reduction), which were significantly larger when provided to communities that were at the lowest rungs of the sanitation ladder, compared to those that already had improved WASH. What do these findings mean? Interventions to prevent water-related mortality in childhood in endemic disease circumstances provide adequate water supplies to households, enabling domestic hygiene and safe excreta disposal in the household and community.Systematic reviews can provide new evidence for decision making, but the approach we present is reliant on trial authors and journals adhering to agreed standards of reporting. BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries (L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs), the biggest contributing factors to the global burden of disease in childhood are deaths due to respiratory illness and diarrhoea, both of which are closely related to use of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services by households. However, current estimates of the health impacts of WASH interventions use self-reported morbidity, which may fail to capture longer-term or more severe impacts. Reported mortality is thought to be less prone to bias than other reported measures. This study aimed to answer the question: What are the impacts of WASH interventions on reported childhood mortality in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs? Methods and findingsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, using a published protocol. Systematic searches of 11 academic databases and trial registries, plus organisational repositories, were undertaken to locate studies of WASH interventions, which were published in peer review journals or other sources (e.g., organisational reports and working papers). Intervention studies of WASH improvements implemented under endemic disease circumstances in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs were eligible, which reported findings at any time until March 2020. We used the participant flow data supplied in response to journal editors' calls for greater transparency. Data were collected by two authors working independently.We included evidence from 24 randomized and 11 nonrandomized studies of WASH interventions from all global regions, incorporating 2,600 deaths. Effects of 48 WASH treatment arms were included in analysis. We critically appraised and synthesised evidence using meta-analysis to improve statistical power. We found WASH interventions are associated with a significant reduction of 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the odds of all-cause mortality in childhood (OR = 0.83, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.74, 0.92, evidence from 38 interventions), and a significant reduction in diarrhoea mortality of 45\textbackslash textbackslash\% (OR = 0.55, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI = 0.35, 0.84; 10 interventions).Further analysis by WASH technology indicated interventions providing improved water in quantity to households were most consistently associated with reductions in all-cause mortality. Community-wide sanitation was most consistently associated with reductions in diarrhoea mortality. Around one-half of the included studies were assessed as being at \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemoderate risk of bias\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace in attributing mortality in childhood to the WASH intervention, and no studies were found to be at \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelow risk of bias.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace The review should be updated to incorporate additional published and unpublished participant flow data. ConclusionsThe findings are congruent with theories of infectious disease transmission. Washing with water presents a barrier to respiratory illness and diarrhoea, which are the two biggest contributors to all-cause mortality in childhood in L\textbackslash textbackslash\&MICs. Community-wide sanitation halts the spread of diarrhoea. We observed that evidence synthesis can provide new findings, going beyond the underlying data from trials to generate crucial insights for policy. Transparent reporting in trials creates opportunities for research synthesis to answer questions about mortality, which individual studies of interventions cannot be reliably designed to address.},
+  abstract = {Author summary Why was this study done? The biggest contributor to the global burden of infectious disease in childhood in developing countries is mortality due to respiratory and diarrhoeal infections, both of which are closely linked to deficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) availability and use by households.Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses of WASH-related morbidity have been conducted, but there is a shortage of rigorous, systematic evidence on the effectiveness of WASH interventions in reducing mortality. What did the researchers do and find? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of WASH interventions on all-cause and diarrhoea-related mortality in L{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MICs, incorporating evidence from 35 studies comprising 48 distinct WASH intervention arms.We found significant effects on all-cause mortality among children aged under 5 of interventions to improve the quantity of water available (34{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reduction), hygiene promotion when water supplies were accessible to households (29{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reduction), and community-wide sanitation (21{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reduction).We also found significant effects of WASH interventions on diarrhoea mortality among under 5s (45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reduction), which were significantly larger when provided to communities that were at the lowest rungs of the sanitation ladder, compared to those that already had improved WASH. What do these findings mean? Interventions to prevent water-related mortality in childhood in endemic disease circumstances provide adequate water supplies to households, enabling domestic hygiene and safe excreta disposal in the household and community.Systematic reviews can provide new evidence for decision making, but the approach we present is reliant on trial authors and journals adhering to agreed standards of reporting. BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries (L{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MICs), the biggest contributing factors to the global burden of disease in childhood are deaths due to respiratory illness and diarrhoea, both of which are closely related to use of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services by households. However, current estimates of the health impacts of WASH interventions use self-reported morbidity, which may fail to capture longer-term or more severe impacts. Reported mortality is thought to be less prone to bias than other reported measures. This study aimed to answer the question: What are the impacts of WASH interventions on reported childhood mortality in L{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MICs? Methods and findingsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, using a published protocol. Systematic searches of 11 academic databases and trial registries, plus organisational repositories, were undertaken to locate studies of WASH interventions, which were published in peer review journals or other sources (e.g., organisational reports and working papers). Intervention studies of WASH improvements implemented under endemic disease circumstances in L{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MICs were eligible, which reported findings at any time until March 2020. We used the participant flow data supplied in response to journal editors' calls for greater transparency. Data were collected by two authors working independently.We included evidence from 24 randomized and 11 nonrandomized studies of WASH interventions from all global regions, incorporating 2,600 deaths. Effects of 48 WASH treatment arms were included in analysis. We critically appraised and synthesised evidence using meta-analysis to improve statistical power. We found WASH interventions are associated with a significant reduction of 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the odds of all-cause mortality in childhood (OR = 0.83, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.74, 0.92, evidence from 38 interventions), and a significant reduction in diarrhoea mortality of 45{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (OR = 0.55, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI = 0.35, 0.84; 10 interventions).Further analysis by WASH technology indicated interventions providing improved water in quantity to households were most consistently associated with reductions in all-cause mortality. Community-wide sanitation was most consistently associated with reductions in diarrhoea mortality. Around one-half of the included studies were assessed as being at {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemoderate risk of bias{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace in attributing mortality in childhood to the WASH intervention, and no studies were found to be at {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravelow risk of bias.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace The review should be updated to incorporate additional published and unpublished participant flow data. ConclusionsThe findings are congruent with theories of infectious disease transmission. Washing with water presents a barrier to respiratory illness and diarrhoea, which are the two biggest contributors to all-cause mortality in childhood in L{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&MICs. Community-wide sanitation halts the spread of diarrhoea. We observed that evidence synthesis can provide new findings, going beyond the underlying data from trials to generate crucial insights for policy. Transparent reporting in trials creates opportunities for research synthesis to answer questions about mortality, which individual studies of interventions cannot be reliably designed to address.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {out::abstract,review::},
   note = {does not focus on WoW; no LM outcomes},
@@ -34930,6 +40529,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Wagner2014,
+  title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Family Socioeconomic Status}} on the {{Post}}{\textendash}{{High School Outcomes}} of {{Youth With Disabilities}}},
+  author = {Wagner, Mary M. and Newman, Lynn A. and Javitz, Harold S.},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = may,
+  journal = {Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals},
+  volume = {37},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {5--17},
+  issn = {2165-1434, 2165-1442},
+  doi = {10.1177/2165143414523980},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study{\textendash}2, this study considers (a) the extent to which the socioeconomic status (SES) of youth with disabilities predicted their likelihood of high school graduation, postsecondary education enrollment, and employment; (b) the extent to which other individual and family factors mediated the SES{\textendash}outcome relationships; and (c) other factors that significantly explained outcome variations for youth with disabilities. Results show that SES had a statistically significant but relatively small effect on outcomes, to a sizable extent the effect of SES was mediated by other factors, and many of the covariates in the analyses (e.g., disability type and severity, gender, race/ethnicity) had their own significant relationships with outcomes that contribute to our understanding of variations in them.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Wagstaff1991,
   title = {On the Measurement of Horizontal Inequity in the Delivery of Health Care},
   author = {Wagstaff, Adam and {van Doorslaer}, Eddy and Paci, Pierella},
@@ -34984,7 +40599,23 @@ inequality:
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-14320-4},
-  abstract = {Background Health and social inequality are associated with multiple adverse childhood experiences including poverty, mental illness, and child maltreatment. While effective interventions currently exist for many health and social problems, large segments of the population experience barriers accessing needed services. In alignment with broader public health efforts to reduce health and social inequality in one state in the U.S.A., the current study describes the development and formative evaluation of a brief, low cost, portable model of prevention-oriented family service navigation called Navigate Your Way. Methods Caregivers of children experiencing significant unmet health or social service needs were recruited to the study. Participants completed an initial and closing telephone interview which included measures of past and current family health and social service utilization, service barriers, parenting stress, and child internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Between interviews participants created a family service plan and received 10 weeks of telephone and web-mediated family navigation, at which time process and fidelity of implementation data were collected. Frequency and descriptive statistics are provided for participant demographic characteristics, service barriers, intervention engagement, and primary and secondary study outcomes. Paired samples t-tests examined changes in study outcomes between initial and closing telephone interviews. Results Thirty two caregivers enrolled, twenty-nine completed the study. The age range was 20-59 (M = 39.5, SD = 10.0). The majority identified as female (96.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 31), racial/ethnic minority (56.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 18), and reported an average 10 barriers to care (M = 10.4, SD = 4.1). The most frequently reported service needs were mental health care, housing, food security, transportation, and health insurance. The mean duration of intervention delivery was 83 days. Most participants (82.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%, n = 24) were connected to one or more health or social services. Caregivers reported significant improvements to youth internalizing behaviors (d = 2.5, p = .05) and high levels of overall satisfaction with the navigation approach. Conclusion Telephone and web-mediated service navigation is a feasible and practical approach to supporting families in rapidly connecting to health and social care. Future research investigating the efficacy and implementation of Navigate Your Way in routine settings is indicated.},
+  abstract = {Background Health and social inequality are associated with multiple adverse childhood experiences including poverty, mental illness, and child maltreatment. While effective interventions currently exist for many health and social problems, large segments of the population experience barriers accessing needed services. In alignment with broader public health efforts to reduce health and social inequality in one state in the U.S.A., the current study describes the development and formative evaluation of a brief, low cost, portable model of prevention-oriented family service navigation called Navigate Your Way. Methods Caregivers of children experiencing significant unmet health or social service needs were recruited to the study. Participants completed an initial and closing telephone interview which included measures of past and current family health and social service utilization, service barriers, parenting stress, and child internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Between interviews participants created a family service plan and received 10 weeks of telephone and web-mediated family navigation, at which time process and fidelity of implementation data were collected. Frequency and descriptive statistics are provided for participant demographic characteristics, service barriers, intervention engagement, and primary and secondary study outcomes. Paired samples t-tests examined changes in study outcomes between initial and closing telephone interviews. Results Thirty two caregivers enrolled, twenty-nine completed the study. The age range was 20-59 (M = 39.5, SD = 10.0). The majority identified as female (96.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 31), racial/ethnic minority (56.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 18), and reported an average 10 barriers to care (M = 10.4, SD = 4.1). The most frequently reported service needs were mental health care, housing, food security, transportation, and health insurance. The mean duration of intervention delivery was 83 days. Most participants (82.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, n = 24) were connected to one or more health or social services. Caregivers reported significant improvements to youth internalizing behaviors (d = 2.5, p = .05) and high levels of overall satisfaction with the navigation approach. Conclusion Telephone and web-mediated service navigation is a feasible and practical approach to supporting families in rapidly connecting to health and social care. Future research investigating the efficacy and implementation of Navigate Your Way in routine settings is indicated.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Waldfogel1998,
+  title = {Understanding the `{{Family Gap}}' in {{Pay}} for {{Women}} with {{Children}}},
+  author = {Waldfogel, Jane},
+  year = {1998},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
+  volume = {12},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {137--156},
+  issn = {0895-3309},
+  doi = {10.1257/jep.12.1.137},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {As the gender gap in pay between women and men has been narrowing, the 'family gap' in pay between mothers and nonmothers has been widening. One reason may be the institutional structure in the United States, which has emphasized equal pay and opportunity policies but not family policies, in contrast to other countries that have implemented both. The authors now have evidence on the links between one such family policy and women's pay. Recent research suggests that maternity leave coverage, by raising women's retention after childbirth, also raises women's levels of work experience, job tenure, and pay.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35016,22 +40647,36 @@ inequality:
   pages = {51--65},
   issn = {2353-883X},
   doi = {10.15678/EBER.2021.090404},
-  abstract = {Objective: The objective of the article is to assess financial situation and debt repayments in households of self-employed individuals and compare them to these of other types of households. The article aims to identify the determinants of over-indebtedness. Research Design \textbackslash textbackslash\& Methods: The study focuses on households of self-employed. The results are based on a nationwide CATI survey conducted among 1107 Polish indebted households. Theoretical models of the income distribution (log-logistic, Burr III) and the power-exponential model were used to achieve the research goals. Findings: The economic status of indebted households differentiates income and debt repayments distributions. Self-employed households have a better financial situation and greater inequalities than households of the paid employees and individuals sustaining themselves from other sources of income. The debt repayments of entrepreneurs are higher than in households of paid employees but lower than in other groups of households. The determinants of over-indebtedness are essentially similar regardless of the work status, but the impact of income, number of loans, and debt type on over-indebtedness is greater for self-employed households. Implications \textbackslash textbackslash\& Recommendations: The results on the debt repayments distribution and determinants of over-indebtedness may be helpful in creating regulations that preventing household bankruptcies and policies aimed at combating social exclusion. Contribution \textbackslash textbackslash\& Value Added: Introducing the issue of self-employment into the discussion on income and debt distribution and identifying the over-indebtedness among households of self-employed. To assess the debt repayments, we adopt theoretical income distributions and unique source of data on Polish households in debt.},
+  abstract = {Objective: The objective of the article is to assess financial situation and debt repayments in households of self-employed individuals and compare them to these of other types of households. The article aims to identify the determinants of over-indebtedness. Research Design {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Methods: The study focuses on households of self-employed. The results are based on a nationwide CATI survey conducted among 1107 Polish indebted households. Theoretical models of the income distribution (log-logistic, Burr III) and the power-exponential model were used to achieve the research goals. Findings: The economic status of indebted households differentiates income and debt repayments distributions. Self-employed households have a better financial situation and greater inequalities than households of the paid employees and individuals sustaining themselves from other sources of income. The debt repayments of entrepreneurs are higher than in households of paid employees but lower than in other groups of households. The determinants of over-indebtedness are essentially similar regardless of the work status, but the impact of income, number of loans, and debt type on over-indebtedness is greater for self-employed households. Implications {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Recommendations: The results on the debt repayments distribution and determinants of over-indebtedness may be helpful in creating regulations that preventing household bankruptcies and policies aimed at combating social exclusion. Contribution {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Value Added: Introducing the issue of self-employment into the discussion on income and debt distribution and identifying the over-indebtedness among households of self-employed. To assess the debt repayments, we adopt theoretical income distributions and unique source of data on Polish households in debt.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Wallace1995,
+  title = {Overview of the {{Health Measures}} in the {{Health}} and {{Retirement Study}}},
+  author = {Wallace, Robert B. and Herzog, A. Regula},
+  year = {1995},
+  journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
+  volume = {30},
+  eprint = {146279},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {S84},
+  issn = {0022166X},
+  doi = {10.2307/146279},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Walraven2008,
   title = {Management of Post-Partum Hemorrhage in Low-Income Countries},
   author = {Walraven, Gijs and Wanyonyi, Sikolia and Stones, William},
   year = {2008},
   month = dec,
-  journal = {BEST PRACTICE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& RESEARCH CLINICAL OBSTETRICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& GYNAECOLOGY},
+  journal = {BEST PRACTICE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& RESEARCH CLINICAL OBSTETRICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& GYNAECOLOGY},
   volume = {22},
   number = {6},
   pages = {1013--1023},
   issn = {1521-6934},
   doi = {10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.002},
-  abstract = {The provision of safe and effective delivery care for all women in poor countries remains elusive, resulting in a continuing burden of mortality in general and mortality from post-partum haemorrhage in particular. Deployment of a functional health system and effective linkage of the health system to communities are the necessary prerequisites for the provision of the life-saving technical interventions that will make a difference in individual cases. Sadly, two factors militate against progress: the mantra that \textbackslash textasciigravewe know what works' (resulting in some serious gaps in evidence for best practice in resource-poor settings) and a lack of large-scale investment in maternity services to counteract the degradation of infrastructure and depletion of human resources evident in many countries.},
+  abstract = {The provision of safe and effective delivery care for all women in poor countries remains elusive, resulting in a continuing burden of mortality in general and mortality from post-partum haemorrhage in particular. Deployment of a functional health system and effective linkage of the health system to communities are the necessary prerequisites for the provision of the life-saving technical interventions that will make a difference in individual cases. Sadly, two factors militate against progress: the mantra that {\textbackslash}textasciigravewe know what works' (resulting in some serious gaps in evidence for best practice in resource-poor settings) and a lack of large-scale investment in maternity services to counteract the degradation of infrastructure and depletion of human resources evident in many countries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35047,6 +40692,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Wang2007,
+  title = {Profiling Retirees in the Retirement Transition and Adjustment Process: {{Examining}} the Longitudinal Change Patterns of Retirees' Psychological Well-Being.},
+  shorttitle = {Profiling Retirees in the Retirement Transition and Adjustment Process},
+  author = {Wang, Mo},
+  year = {2007},
+  month = mar,
+  journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
+  volume = {92},
+  number = {2},
+  pages = {455--474},
+  issn = {1939-1854, 0021-9010},
+  doi = {10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Wang2010,
   title = {Socioeconomic Status and the Risk of Major Depression: The {{Canadian National Population Health Survey}}},
   author = {Wang, J. L. and Schmitz, N. and Dewa, C. S.},
@@ -35058,7 +40719,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {447--452},
   issn = {0143-005X},
   doi = {10.1136/jech.2009.090910},
-  abstract = {Background There are few longitudinal studies investigating the risk of major depression by socioeconomic status (SES). In this study, data from the longitudinal cohort of Canadian National Population Health Survey were used to estimate the risk of major depressive episode (MDE) over 6 years by SES levels. Methods The National Population Health Survey used a nationally representative sample of the Canadian general population. In this analysis, participants (n=9589) were followed from 2000/2001 (baseline) to 2006/2007. MDE was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form for Major Depression. Results Low education level (OR=1.86, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.28 to 2.69) and financial strain (OR=1.65, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.19 to 2.28) were associated with an increased risk of MDE in participants who worked in the past 12 months. In those who did not work in the past 12 months, participants with low education were at a lower risk of MDE (OR 0.43, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 0.25 to 0.76), compared with those with high education. Financial strain was not associated with MDE in participants who did not work. Working men who reported low household income (12.9\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and participants who did not work and reported low personal income (5.4\textbackslash textbackslash\%) had a higher incidence of MDE than others. Conclusions SES inequalities in the risk of MDE exist in the general population. However, the inequalities may depend on measures of SES, sex and employment status. These should be considered in interventions of reducing inequalities in MDE. MDE history is an important factor in studies examining inequalities in MDE.},
+  abstract = {Background There are few longitudinal studies investigating the risk of major depression by socioeconomic status (SES). In this study, data from the longitudinal cohort of Canadian National Population Health Survey were used to estimate the risk of major depressive episode (MDE) over 6 years by SES levels. Methods The National Population Health Survey used a nationally representative sample of the Canadian general population. In this analysis, participants (n=9589) were followed from 2000/2001 (baseline) to 2006/2007. MDE was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form for Major Depression. Results Low education level (OR=1.86, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.28 to 2.69) and financial strain (OR=1.65, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.19 to 2.28) were associated with an increased risk of MDE in participants who worked in the past 12 months. In those who did not work in the past 12 months, participants with low education were at a lower risk of MDE (OR 0.43, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 0.25 to 0.76), compared with those with high education. Financial strain was not associated with MDE in participants who did not work. Working men who reported low household income (12.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and participants who did not work and reported low personal income (5.4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) had a higher incidence of MDE than others. Conclusions SES inequalities in the risk of MDE exist in the general population. However, the inequalities may depend on measures of SES, sex and employment status. These should be considered in interventions of reducing inequalities in MDE. MDE history is an important factor in studies examining inequalities in MDE.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35073,7 +40734,24 @@ inequality:
   pages = {67--74},
   issn = {1092-7875},
   doi = {10.1007/s10995-009-0470-5},
-  abstract = {To compare insured youth (age 15-25 years) with and without disabilities on risk of insurance loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation 2001. Descriptive statistics characterized insured youth who maintained and lost insurance for at least 3 months over a 3-year time frame. We conducted logistic regression to calculate the association between disability and insurance loss. Adjustment variables were gender, race, ethnicity, age, work or school status, poverty status, type of insurance at study onset, state generosity, and an interaction between disability and insurance type. This study includes 2,123 insured youth without disabilities, 320 insured youth with non-severe disabilities, and 295 insured youth with severe disabilities. Thirty-six percent of insured youth without disabilities lost insurance compared to 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with non-severe disabilities and 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with severe disabilities (P = .07). Youth with non-severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.39; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.16, 0.93; P = .03) compared to youth without disabilities on public insurance. Further, youth with severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 81\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.19; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.09, 0.40; P {$<$} .001) compared to youth without disabilities. When examining youth with private insurance, we find that youth with severe disabilities have 1.63 times higher odds (OR: 1.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.03, 2.57; P = .04) of losing health insurance compared to youth without disabilities. Insurance type interacts with disability severity to affect odds of insurance loss among insured youth.},
+  abstract = {To compare insured youth (age 15-25 years) with and without disabilities on risk of insurance loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation 2001. Descriptive statistics characterized insured youth who maintained and lost insurance for at least 3 months over a 3-year time frame. We conducted logistic regression to calculate the association between disability and insurance loss. Adjustment variables were gender, race, ethnicity, age, work or school status, poverty status, type of insurance at study onset, state generosity, and an interaction between disability and insurance type. This study includes 2,123 insured youth without disabilities, 320 insured youth with non-severe disabilities, and 295 insured youth with severe disabilities. Thirty-six percent of insured youth without disabilities lost insurance compared to 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of insured youth with non-severe disabilities and 41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of insured youth with severe disabilities (P = .07). Youth with non-severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.39; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.16, 0.93; P = .03) compared to youth without disabilities on public insurance. Further, youth with severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 81{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.19; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.09, 0.40; P {$<$} .001) compared to youth without disabilities. When examining youth with private insurance, we find that youth with severe disabilities have 1.63 times higher odds (OR: 1.63; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.03, 2.57; P = .04) of losing health insurance compared to youth without disabilities. Insurance type interacts with disability severity to affect odds of insurance loss among insured youth.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Wang2010b,
+  title = {Employee {{Retirement}}: {{A Review}} and {{Recommendations}} for {{Future Investigation}}},
+  shorttitle = {Employee {{Retirement}}},
+  author = {Wang, Mo and Shultz, Kenneth S.},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Journal of Management},
+  volume = {36},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {172--206},
+  issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211},
+  doi = {10.1177/0149206309347957},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Despite the obvious importance of retirement to employees, their employing organizations, and the larger society, the last comprehensive review of employee retirement in the field of organizational science was published more than 20 years ago. As such, the first purpose of this review is to provide a summary of key theoretical and empirical developments in employee retirement research since Beehr in 1986. A second purpose of this review is to highlight inconsistent findings revealed by studies that were designed to answer the same research questions. By identifying and scrutinizing those inconsistent findings, this study expects to provide suggestions and recommendations to further the theoretical development in the field of retirement research to address these research gaps. As a result, this proposed review would be of interest to scholars in a wide variety of areas within the organizational sciences, including human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational theory, and research methods.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35085,7 +40763,24 @@ inequality:
   journal = {HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH},
   volume = {11},
   doi = {10.1186/1478-4491-11-40},
-  abstract = {Background: A shortage of health professionals in rural areas is a major problem facing China, as more than 60\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the population lives in such areas. Strategies have been developed by the government to improve the recruitment of rural doctors. However, the inequitable distribution of doctors working in China has not improved significantly. The objective of this study was to explore the reasons for the poor recruitment and to propose possible strategies to improve the situation. Methods: Between September 2009 and November 2009 data were collected from 2778 rural doctors in Beijing, China. A quantitative survey was used to explore health workers' perceptions as to what factors would have the greatest impact on recruitment and whether access to training had been effective in increasing their confidence, enhancing their interest in practicing medicine and increasing their commitment to recruitment. Results: Rural doctors were generally older than average in China. Of the 2778 participants, only 7.23\textbackslash textbackslash\% had obtained a license as a qualified doctor. For 53\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the rural doctors, the job was part-time work. The survey showed that rural doctors considered the training strategy to be inadequate. In general, the initiatives identified by rural doctors as being of most value in the recruitment of doctors were those targeting retirement pension and income. Conclusions: From the perspective of rural doctors, specific initiatives that promised a secure retirement pension and an increased income were considered most likely to assist in the recruitment of rural doctors in Beijing.},
+  abstract = {Background: A shortage of health professionals in rural areas is a major problem facing China, as more than 60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the population lives in such areas. Strategies have been developed by the government to improve the recruitment of rural doctors. However, the inequitable distribution of doctors working in China has not improved significantly. The objective of this study was to explore the reasons for the poor recruitment and to propose possible strategies to improve the situation. Methods: Between September 2009 and November 2009 data were collected from 2778 rural doctors in Beijing, China. A quantitative survey was used to explore health workers' perceptions as to what factors would have the greatest impact on recruitment and whether access to training had been effective in increasing their confidence, enhancing their interest in practicing medicine and increasing their commitment to recruitment. Results: Rural doctors were generally older than average in China. Of the 2778 participants, only 7.23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had obtained a license as a qualified doctor. For 53{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the rural doctors, the job was part-time work. The survey showed that rural doctors considered the training strategy to be inadequate. In general, the initiatives identified by rural doctors as being of most value in the recruitment of doctors were those targeting retirement pension and income. Conclusions: From the perspective of rural doctors, specific initiatives that promised a secure retirement pension and an increased income were considered most likely to assist in the recruitment of rural doctors in Beijing.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Wang2013a,
+  title = {Passive {{Smoking}} and {{Risk}} of {{Type}} 2 {{Diabetes}}: {{A Meta-Analysis}} of {{Prospective Cohort Studies}}},
+  shorttitle = {Passive {{Smoking}} and {{Risk}} of {{Type}} 2 {{Diabetes}}},
+  author = {Wang, Ying and Ji, Jie and Liu, Yu-jian and Deng, Xuan and He, Qi-qiang},
+  editor = {Hernandez, Adrian V.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {PLoS ONE},
+  volume = {8},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {e69915},
+  issn = {1932-6203},
+  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0069915},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35100,7 +40795,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1583--1590},
   issn = {1092-7875},
   doi = {10.1007/s10995-008-0429-y},
-  abstract = {To compare insured youth (age 15-25 years) with and without disabilities on risk of insurance loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 2001. Descriptive statistics characterized insured youth who maintained or who lost insurance for at least 3 months over a 3-year time frame. We conducted logistic regression to calculate the association between disability and insurance loss. Adjustment variables were gender, race, ethnicity, age, work or school status, poverty status, type of insurance at study onset, state generosity, and an interaction between disability and insurance type. This study includes 2,123 insured youth without disabilities, 320 insured youth with non-severe disabilities, and 295 insured youth with severe disabilities. Thirty-six percent of insured youth without disabilities lost insurance compared to 43\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with non-severe disabilities and 41\textbackslash textbackslash\% of insured youth with severe disabilities (P = .07). Youth with non-severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 61\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.39; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.16, 0.93; P = .03) compared to youth without disabilities on public insurance. Further, youth with severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 81\textbackslash textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.19; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 0.09, 0.40; P {$<$} .001) compared to youth without disabilities. When examining youth with private insurance, we find that youth with non-severe disabilities have 1.63 times higher odds (OR: 1.63; 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 1.03, 2.57; P = .04) of losing health insurance compared to youth without disabilities. Insurance type interacts with disability severity to affect odds of insurance loss among insured youth.},
+  abstract = {To compare insured youth (age 15-25 years) with and without disabilities on risk of insurance loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 2001. Descriptive statistics characterized insured youth who maintained or who lost insurance for at least 3 months over a 3-year time frame. We conducted logistic regression to calculate the association between disability and insurance loss. Adjustment variables were gender, race, ethnicity, age, work or school status, poverty status, type of insurance at study onset, state generosity, and an interaction between disability and insurance type. This study includes 2,123 insured youth without disabilities, 320 insured youth with non-severe disabilities, and 295 insured youth with severe disabilities. Thirty-six percent of insured youth without disabilities lost insurance compared to 43{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of insured youth with non-severe disabilities and 41{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of insured youth with severe disabilities (P = .07). Youth with non-severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 61{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.39; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.16, 0.93; P = .03) compared to youth without disabilities on public insurance. Further, youth with severe disabilities on public insurance have an estimated 81{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% lower odds of losing insurance (OR: 0.19; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 0.09, 0.40; P {$<$} .001) compared to youth without disabilities. When examining youth with private insurance, we find that youth with non-severe disabilities have 1.63 times higher odds (OR: 1.63; 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 1.03, 2.57; P = .04) of losing health insurance compared to youth without disabilities. Insurance type interacts with disability severity to affect odds of insurance loss among insured youth.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35158,7 +40853,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {979--1009},
   issn = {0038-4038},
   doi = {10.1002/soej.12473},
-  abstract = {In an endogenous growth model with two engines of R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D and capital, we investigate the environment of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveinclusive growth\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for tax reallocations (tax increases or tax credits) to gain broader benefits in terms of promoting the overall GDP growth without an increase in income inequality. Our results show that a tax increase in the capital-good sector can result in inclusive growth, boosting overall growth and reducing income inequality, provided that the status quo tax rate is not too high. Surprisingly, tax credits are not able to achieve such inclusive growth. While the GDP growth rises, a tax credit in the R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D sector not only increases income inequality but also decreases the aggregate employment, if the labor mobility cost between the final-good and R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D/capital-good sectors is relatively low. This provides a caution to policymakers given the fact that research tax credits have served as a common incentive to strengthen the R\textbackslash textbackslash\&D environment.},
+  abstract = {In an endogenous growth model with two engines of R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D and capital, we investigate the environment of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveinclusive growth{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for tax reallocations (tax increases or tax credits) to gain broader benefits in terms of promoting the overall GDP growth without an increase in income inequality. Our results show that a tax increase in the capital-good sector can result in inclusive growth, boosting overall growth and reducing income inequality, provided that the status quo tax rate is not too high. Surprisingly, tax credits are not able to achieve such inclusive growth. While the GDP growth rises, a tax credit in the R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D sector not only increases income inequality but also decreases the aggregate employment, if the labor mobility cost between the final-good and R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D/capital-good sectors is relatively low. This provides a caution to policymakers given the fact that research tax credits have served as a common incentive to strengthen the R{\textbackslash}textbackslash\&D environment.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35184,7 +40879,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01527-x},
-  abstract = {Background The evolving pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a severe threat to public health, and the workplace presents high risks in terms of spreading the disease. Few studies have focused on the relationship between workplace policy and individual behaviours. This study aimed to identify inequalities of workplace policy across occupation groups, examine the relationship of workplace guidelines and measures with employees' behaviours regarding COVID-19 prevention. Methods A cross-sectional online survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted to gather employees' access to workplace guidelines and measures as well as their personal protection behaviours. Statistical associations between these two factors in different occupations were examined using multiple ordinal logistic regressions. Results A total of 1048 valid responses across five occupational groups were analysed. Manual labourers reported lower availability of workplace guidelines and measures (76.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% vs. 89.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for all, P = 0.003). Employees with available workplace guidelines and measures had higher compliance of hand hygiene, wearing masks, and social distancing, and this association was more significant among managers/administrators and manual labourers. Conclusions Protection of the quantity and quality of employment is important. Awareness about the disease and its prevention among employers and administrators should be promoted, and resources should be allocated to publish guidelines and implement measures in the workplace during the pandemic. Both work-from-home arrangement and other policies and responses for those who cannot work from home including guidelines encouraging the health behaviours, information transparency, and provision of infection control materials by employers should be established to reduce inequality. Manual labourers may require specific attention regarding accessibility of relevant information and availability of medical benefits and compensation for income loss due to the sickness, given their poorer experience of workplace policy and the nature of their work. Further studies are needed to test the effectiveness of specific workplace policies on COVID-19 prevention.},
+  abstract = {Background The evolving pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a severe threat to public health, and the workplace presents high risks in terms of spreading the disease. Few studies have focused on the relationship between workplace policy and individual behaviours. This study aimed to identify inequalities of workplace policy across occupation groups, examine the relationship of workplace guidelines and measures with employees' behaviours regarding COVID-19 prevention. Methods A cross-sectional online survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted to gather employees' access to workplace guidelines and measures as well as their personal protection behaviours. Statistical associations between these two factors in different occupations were examined using multiple ordinal logistic regressions. Results A total of 1048 valid responses across five occupational groups were analysed. Manual labourers reported lower availability of workplace guidelines and measures (76.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% vs. 89.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for all, P = 0.003). Employees with available workplace guidelines and measures had higher compliance of hand hygiene, wearing masks, and social distancing, and this association was more significant among managers/administrators and manual labourers. Conclusions Protection of the quantity and quality of employment is important. Awareness about the disease and its prevention among employers and administrators should be promoted, and resources should be allocated to publish guidelines and implement measures in the workplace during the pandemic. Both work-from-home arrangement and other policies and responses for those who cannot work from home including guidelines encouraging the health behaviours, information transparency, and provision of infection control materials by employers should be established to reduce inequality. Manual labourers may require specific attention regarding accessibility of relevant information and availability of medical benefits and compensation for income loss due to the sickness, given their poorer experience of workplace policy and the nature of their work. Further studies are needed to test the effectiveness of specific workplace policies on COVID-19 prevention.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35225,7 +40920,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1488--1492},
   issn = {1075-2730},
   doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.57.10.1488},
-  abstract = {Social firms, or \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveaffirmative businesses\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace as they are known in North America, are businesses created to employ people with disabilities and to provide a needed product or service. This Open Forum offers an overview of the development and status of social firms. The model was developed in Italy in the 1970s for people with psychiatric disabilities and has gained prominence in Europe. Principles include that over a third of employees are people with a disability or labor market disadvantage, every worker is paid a fair-market wage, and the business operates without subsidy. Independent of European influence, affirmative businesses also have developed in Canada, the United States, Japan, and elsewhere. The success of individual social firms is enhanced by locating the right market niche, selecting labor-intensive products, having a public orientation for the business, and having links with treatment services. The growth of the social firm movement is aided by legislation that supports the businesses, policies that favor employment of people with disabilities, and support entities that facilitate technology transfer. Social firms can empower individual employees, foster a sense of community in the workplace, and enhance worker commitment through the organization's social mission.},
+  abstract = {Social firms, or {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveaffirmative businesses{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace as they are known in North America, are businesses created to employ people with disabilities and to provide a needed product or service. This Open Forum offers an overview of the development and status of social firms. The model was developed in Italy in the 1970s for people with psychiatric disabilities and has gained prominence in Europe. Principles include that over a third of employees are people with a disability or labor market disadvantage, every worker is paid a fair-market wage, and the business operates without subsidy. Independent of European influence, affirmative businesses also have developed in Canada, the United States, Japan, and elsewhere. The success of individual social firms is enhanced by locating the right market niche, selecting labor-intensive products, having a public orientation for the business, and having links with treatment services. The growth of the social firm movement is aided by legislation that supports the businesses, policies that favor employment of people with disabilities, and support entities that facilitate technology transfer. Social firms can empower individual employees, foster a sense of community in the workplace, and enhance worker commitment through the organization's social mission.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35258,14 +40953,14 @@ inequality:
 }
 
 @article{Watson2020,
-  title = {Cultural \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBlind Spots}},\textbackslash ensuremath'' {{Social Influence}} and the {{Welfare}} of {{Working Donkeys}} in {{Brick Kilns}} in {{Northern India}}},
+  title = {Cultural {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveBlind Spots}},{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' {{Social Influence}} and the {{Welfare}} of {{Working Donkeys}} in {{Brick Kilns}} in {{Northern India}}},
   author = {Watson, Tamlin L. and Kubasiewicz, Laura M. and Chamberlain, Natasha and Nye, Caroline and Raw, Zoe and Burden, Faith A.},
   year = {2020},
   month = apr,
   journal = {FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE},
   volume = {7},
   doi = {10.3389/fvets.2020.00214},
-  abstract = {Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) work across the globe to improve the welfare of working equids. Despite decades of veterinary and other interventions, welfare issues persist with equids working in brick kilns. Engagement with all stakeholders is integral to creating abiding improvements to working equid welfare as interventions based purely on reactive measures fail to provide sustainable solutions. Equid owners, particularly those in low to middle-income countries (LMICs), may have issues such as opportunity, capacity, gender or socio-economic status, overriding their ability to care well for their own equids. These \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind spots\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace are frequently overlooked when organizations develop intervention programs to improve welfare. This study aims to highlight the lives of the poorest members of Indian society, and will focus on working donkeys specifically as they were the only species of working equids present in the kilns visited. We discuss culture, status, religion, and social influences, including insights into the complexities of cultural \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblind spots\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which complicate efforts by NGOs to improve working donkey welfare when the influence of different cultural and societal pressures are not recognized or acknowledged. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we used the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping (EARS) tool, a questionnaire based equid welfare assessment tool, to assess the welfare of working donkeys in brick kilns in Northern India. In addition, using livelihoods surveys and semi-structured interviews, we established owner demographics, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion and their personal accounts of their working lives and relationships to their donkeys. During transcript analysis six themes emerged: caste, ethnicity, inherited knowledge; social status, and impacts of ethnic group and caste; social status and gender; migration and shared suffering; shared suffering, compassion; religious belief, species hierarchy. The lives led by these, marginalized communities of low status are driven by poverty, exposing them to exploitation, lack of community cohesion, and community conflicts through migratory, transient employment. This vulnerability influences the care and welfare of their working donkeys, laying bare the inextricable link between human and animal welfare. Cultural and social perspectives, though sometimes overlooked, are crucial to programs to improve welfare, where community engagement and participation are integral to their success.},
+  abstract = {Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) work across the globe to improve the welfare of working equids. Despite decades of veterinary and other interventions, welfare issues persist with equids working in brick kilns. Engagement with all stakeholders is integral to creating abiding improvements to working equid welfare as interventions based purely on reactive measures fail to provide sustainable solutions. Equid owners, particularly those in low to middle-income countries (LMICs), may have issues such as opportunity, capacity, gender or socio-economic status, overriding their ability to care well for their own equids. These {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblind spots{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace are frequently overlooked when organizations develop intervention programs to improve welfare. This study aims to highlight the lives of the poorest members of Indian society, and will focus on working donkeys specifically as they were the only species of working equids present in the kilns visited. We discuss culture, status, religion, and social influences, including insights into the complexities of cultural {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblind spots{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which complicate efforts by NGOs to improve working donkey welfare when the influence of different cultural and societal pressures are not recognized or acknowledged. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we used the Equid Assessment Research and Scoping (EARS) tool, a questionnaire based equid welfare assessment tool, to assess the welfare of working donkeys in brick kilns in Northern India. In addition, using livelihoods surveys and semi-structured interviews, we established owner demographics, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion and their personal accounts of their working lives and relationships to their donkeys. During transcript analysis six themes emerged: caste, ethnicity, inherited knowledge; social status, and impacts of ethnic group and caste; social status and gender; migration and shared suffering; shared suffering, compassion; religious belief, species hierarchy. The lives led by these, marginalized communities of low status are driven by poverty, exposing them to exploitation, lack of community cohesion, and community conflicts through migratory, transient employment. This vulnerability influences the care and welfare of their working donkeys, laying bare the inextricable link between human and animal welfare. Cultural and social perspectives, though sometimes overlooked, are crucial to programs to improve welfare, where community engagement and participation are integral to their success.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35284,7 +40979,7 @@ inequality:
 }
 
 @article{Webb2020,
-  title = {Untangling Child Welfare Inequalities and the \textbackslash{{textasciigraveInverse Intervention Law}}' in {{England}}},
+  title = {Untangling Child Welfare Inequalities and the {\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveInverse Intervention Law}}' in {{England}}},
   author = {Webb, Calum and Bywaters, Paul and Scourfield, Jonathan and McCartan, Claire and Bunting, Lisa and Davidson, Gavin and Morris, Kate},
   year = {2020},
   month = apr,
@@ -35292,7 +40987,23 @@ inequality:
   volume = {111},
   issn = {0190-7409},
   doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104849},
-  abstract = {This article addresses some potential limitations of key findings from recent research into inequalities in children's social services by providing additional evidence from multilevel models that suggest the socioeconomic social gradient and \textbackslash textasciigraveInverse Intervention Law' in children's services interventions are statistically significant after controlling for possible confounding spatial and population effects. Multilevel negative binomial regression models are presented using English child welfare data to predict the following intervention rates at lower super output area-level: Child in Need (n = 2707, middle super output area \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceMSOA] n = 543, local authority \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceLA] n = 13); Child Protection Plan (n = 4115, MSOA n = 837, LA n = 18); and Children Looked After (n = 4115, MSOA n = 837, LA n = 18). We find strong evidence supporting the existence of a steep socioeconomic social gradient in child welfare interventions. Furthermore, we find certain local authority contexts exacerbate this social gradient. Contexts of low overall deprivation and high income inequality are associated with greater socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhood intervention rates. The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and children looked after rates is almost five times stronger in local authorities with these characteristics than it is in local authorities with high overall deprivation and low income inequality. We argue that social policy responses addressing structural determinants of child welfare inequalities are needed, and that strategies to reduce the numbers of children taken into care must address underlying poverty and income inequality at both a local and national level.},
+  abstract = {This article addresses some potential limitations of key findings from recent research into inequalities in children's social services by providing additional evidence from multilevel models that suggest the socioeconomic social gradient and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveInverse Intervention Law' in children's services interventions are statistically significant after controlling for possible confounding spatial and population effects. Multilevel negative binomial regression models are presented using English child welfare data to predict the following intervention rates at lower super output area-level: Child in Need (n = 2707, middle super output area {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceMSOA] n = 543, local authority {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceLA] n = 13); Child Protection Plan (n = 4115, MSOA n = 837, LA n = 18); and Children Looked After (n = 4115, MSOA n = 837, LA n = 18). We find strong evidence supporting the existence of a steep socioeconomic social gradient in child welfare interventions. Furthermore, we find certain local authority contexts exacerbate this social gradient. Contexts of low overall deprivation and high income inequality are associated with greater socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhood intervention rates. The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and children looked after rates is almost five times stronger in local authorities with these characteristics than it is in local authorities with high overall deprivation and low income inequality. We argue that social policy responses addressing structural determinants of child welfare inequalities are needed, and that strategies to reduce the numbers of children taken into care must address underlying poverty and income inequality at both a local and national level.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Weber2019,
+  title = {Gender Norms and Health: Insights from Global Survey Data},
+  shorttitle = {Gender Norms and Health},
+  author = {Weber, Ann M and Cislaghi, Beniamino and Meausoone, Valerie and Abdalla, Safa and {Mej{\'i}a-Guevara}, Iv{\'a}n and Loftus, Pooja and Hallgren, Emma and Seff, Ilana and Stark, Lindsay and Victora, Cesar G and Buffarini, Romina and Barros, Alu{\'i}sio J D and Domingue, Benjamin W and Bhushan, Devika and Gupta, Ribhav and Nagata, Jason M and Shakya, Holly B and Richter, Linda M and Norris, Shane A and Ngo, Thoai D and Chae, Sophia and Haberland, Nicole and McCarthy, Katharine and Cullen, Mark R and Darmstadt, Gary L and Darmstadt, Gary L and Greene, Margaret Eleanor and Hawkes, Sarah and Heise, Lori and Henry, Sarah and Heymann, Jody and Klugman, Jeni and Levine, Ruth and Raj, Anita and Rao Gupta, Geeta},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {393},
+  number = {10189},
+  pages = {2455--2468},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30765-2},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35301,7 +41012,7 @@ inequality:
   author = {Weden, {\relax MM} and Astone, {\relax NM} and Bishai, D},
   year = {2006},
   month = jan,
-  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
+  journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& MEDICINE},
   volume = {62},
   number = {2},
   pages = {303--316},
@@ -35349,7 +41060,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {5},
   issn = {2095-4638},
   doi = {10.1186/s40589-017-0046-2},
-  abstract = {Background: This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women. The traditional view is that time and effort spent in childbearing activities are the major sources of gender wage gap. Women, particularly in Chinese society, are the major career of children and share a large portion of housework, thus lacking time for the accumulation of human capital. This directly affects women's employment status in the labor market as well as wage gaps with men. Methods: This study empirically examines the within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment in relationship to their leisure participation patterns. Data were collected via time diary survey from \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveblue-collar\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace employees of a Chinese factory, producing parts for cars. Results: The results showed that differences of time allocation in social time and passive leisure time between men and women contribute to gender wage gap. The study also uncovered the hidden gender discrimination in a male-dominated society. Conclusion: This study calls for institutional arrangements by the Chinese government to acknowledge women's need and rights in workplace.},
+  abstract = {Background: This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women. The traditional view is that time and effort spent in childbearing activities are the major sources of gender wage gap. Women, particularly in Chinese society, are the major career of children and share a large portion of housework, thus lacking time for the accumulation of human capital. This directly affects women's employment status in the labor market as well as wage gaps with men. Methods: This study empirically examines the within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment in relationship to their leisure participation patterns. Data were collected via time diary survey from {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveblue-collar{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace employees of a Chinese factory, producing parts for cars. Results: The results showed that differences of time allocation in social time and passive leisure time between men and women contribute to gender wage gap. The study also uncovered the hidden gender discrimination in a male-dominated society. Conclusion: This study calls for institutional arrangements by the Chinese government to acknowledge women's need and rights in workplace.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35364,7 +41075,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {195--212},
   issn = {1529-2126},
   doi = {10.1108/S1529-212620180000025012},
-  abstract = {The Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity and Reconciliation Act of 1996, better known as Welfare Reform, implemented, in addition to many other features, a 60-month lifetime limit for welfare receipt. Research to date primarily documents individual-level barriers, characteristics, and outcomes of those who time out. Very little scholarly work considers experiences of mothering or carework after timing out. In this chapter, I ask, what kinds of carework strategies are used by women who have met their lifetime limits to welfare? What do the ways mothers talk about these strategies tell us about the discursive forces they are resisting and/or engaging? Using in-depth interviews at two points in time with women who have timed out of welfare (n = 32 and 23), this analysis shows how mothers' strategies and the ways they discuss them reveal covert material and symbolic resistance to key discourses - negative assumptions about welfare mothers and a culture of work enforcement - and the conditions shaping their lives (Hollander \textbackslash textbackslash\& Einwohner, 2004). Mothers use carework strategies very similar to those identified in many other studies (e.g., London, Scott, Edin, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Hunter, 2004; Morgen, Acker, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Weigt, 2010; Scott, Edin, London, \textbackslash textbackslash\& Mazelis, 2001), but they provide us with an understanding of carework in a new context. The three groups of strategies explored here - structuring employment and non-employment, protecting children, and securing resources - reveal raced, classed, and gendered labor in which women engage to care for children in circumstances marked by limited employment opportunities and limited state support. The policy implications of mothers' strategies are also discussed.},
+  abstract = {The Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity and Reconciliation Act of 1996, better known as Welfare Reform, implemented, in addition to many other features, a 60-month lifetime limit for welfare receipt. Research to date primarily documents individual-level barriers, characteristics, and outcomes of those who time out. Very little scholarly work considers experiences of mothering or carework after timing out. In this chapter, I ask, what kinds of carework strategies are used by women who have met their lifetime limits to welfare? What do the ways mothers talk about these strategies tell us about the discursive forces they are resisting and/or engaging? Using in-depth interviews at two points in time with women who have timed out of welfare (n = 32 and 23), this analysis shows how mothers' strategies and the ways they discuss them reveal covert material and symbolic resistance to key discourses - negative assumptions about welfare mothers and a culture of work enforcement - and the conditions shaping their lives (Hollander {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Einwohner, 2004). Mothers use carework strategies very similar to those identified in many other studies (e.g., London, Scott, Edin, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Hunter, 2004; Morgen, Acker, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Weigt, 2010; Scott, Edin, London, {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& Mazelis, 2001), but they provide us with an understanding of carework in a new context. The three groups of strategies explored here - structuring employment and non-employment, protecting children, and securing resources - reveal raced, classed, and gendered labor in which women engage to care for children in circumstances marked by limited employment opportunities and limited state support. The policy implications of mothers' strategies are also discussed.},
   isbn = {978-1-78756-399-5; 978-1-78756-400-8},
   langid = {english}
 }
@@ -35385,7 +41096,7 @@ inequality:
 }
 
 @article{Weisner2011,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveIf You Work}} in {{This Country You Should Not}} Be {{Poor}}, and {{Your Kids Should}} Be {{Doing Better}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Bringing Mixed Methods}} and {{Theory}} in {{Psychological Anthropology}} to {{Improve Research}} in {{Policy}} and {{Practice}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveIf You Work}} in {{This Country You Should Not}} Be {{Poor}}, and {{Your Kids Should}} Be {{Doing Better}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Bringing Mixed Methods}} and {{Theory}} in {{Psychological Anthropology}} to {{Improve Research}} in {{Policy}} and {{Practice}}},
   author = {Weisner, Thomas S.},
   year = {2011},
   month = dec,
@@ -35395,10 +41106,25 @@ inequality:
   pages = {455--476},
   issn = {0091-2131},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1548-1352.2011.01208.x},
-  abstract = {New Hope (NH) was a successful poverty reduction program that offered a positive social contract to working-poor adults. If you worked full time, you were eligible to receive income supplements, childcare vouchers, health care benefits, a community service job, and client respect. NH did reduce poverty and increase income and earnings for some participants, and improved outcomes for some children. But in spite of relatively generous benefits, NH was only selectively effective. Only those not working when NH began and those with few barriers to work were positively affected by the program through achieving more work hours, poverty reduction, and income gains. Boys in program families benefited, girls did not. Take-up of NH benefits was typically partial and episodic; for instance, some parents would not use childcare programs for young children. Ethnographic evidence was essential for understanding these sometimes-surprising program impacts and their policy and practice implications, and was effectively combined with an experimental, random-assignment research design. Psychological anthropology can bring its traditions of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods and its focus on experience, context, and meaning to understanding and improving policies and practices within a scientific frame of the committed, fair witness. \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbracemixed methods, policy and practice, family, poverty, adolescence]},
+  abstract = {New Hope (NH) was a successful poverty reduction program that offered a positive social contract to working-poor adults. If you worked full time, you were eligible to receive income supplements, childcare vouchers, health care benefits, a community service job, and client respect. NH did reduce poverty and increase income and earnings for some participants, and improved outcomes for some children. But in spite of relatively generous benefits, NH was only selectively effective. Only those not working when NH began and those with few barriers to work were positively affected by the program through achieving more work hours, poverty reduction, and income gains. Boys in program families benefited, girls did not. Take-up of NH benefits was typically partial and episodic; for instance, some parents would not use childcare programs for young children. Ethnographic evidence was essential for understanding these sometimes-surprising program impacts and their policy and practice implications, and was effectively combined with an experimental, random-assignment research design. Psychological anthropology can bring its traditions of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods and its focus on experience, context, and meaning to understanding and improving policies and practices within a scientific frame of the committed, fair witness. {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbracemixed methods, policy and practice, family, poverty, adolescence]},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Weiss1976,
+  title = {Female {{Participation}} in the {{Occupational System}}: {{A Comparative Institutional Analysis}}},
+  shorttitle = {Female {{Participation}} in the {{Occupational System}}},
+  author = {Weiss, Jane A. and Ramirez, Francisco O. and Tracy, Terry},
+  year = {1976},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Social Problems},
+  volume = {23},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {593--608},
+  issn = {00377791, 15338533},
+  doi = {10.2307/800481},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Weiss1980,
   title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Price}} and {{Income}} on {{Investment}} in {{Schooling}}},
   author = {Weiss, Yoram and Hall, Arden and Dong, Fred},
@@ -35440,7 +41166,23 @@ inequality:
   pages = {725--744},
   issn = {0047-2794},
   doi = {10.1017/S0047279420000409},
-  abstract = {The rise of flexible employment in advanced democracies has been predominantly studied in the insider-outsider framework of the dualization literature. However, against the background of rising income inequality, it seems questionable to assume that all labor market insiders are equally affected by flexibilization. This paper explores whether flexibilization increases wage inequality among labor market insiders. I argue that flexibilization exposes insiders to a set of wage risks that are concentrated among low- and middle-income insiders, creating downward wage pressure on those insiders. The empirical analysis, covering 22 democracies between 1985 and 2016, finds that the deregulation of non-standard employment is associated with declining wage shares of low-income and middle-income earners, while top earners benefit. These major distributional shifts imply an important qualification of the dualization literature: rather than pitting insiders against outsiders, flexibilization \textbackslash textasciigraveat the margins' seems to exacerbate divides among insiders.},
+  abstract = {The rise of flexible employment in advanced democracies has been predominantly studied in the insider-outsider framework of the dualization literature. However, against the background of rising income inequality, it seems questionable to assume that all labor market insiders are equally affected by flexibilization. This paper explores whether flexibilization increases wage inequality among labor market insiders. I argue that flexibilization exposes insiders to a set of wage risks that are concentrated among low- and middle-income insiders, creating downward wage pressure on those insiders. The empirical analysis, covering 22 democracies between 1985 and 2016, finds that the deregulation of non-standard employment is associated with declining wage shares of low-income and middle-income earners, while top earners benefit. These major distributional shifts imply an important qualification of the dualization literature: rather than pitting insiders against outsiders, flexibilization {\textbackslash}textasciigraveat the margins' seems to exacerbate divides among insiders.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Welch2009,
+  title = {Is the Perception of Time Pressure a Barrier to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity among Women?},
+  author = {Welch, Nicky and McNaughton, Sarah A and Hunter, Wendy and Hume, Clare and Crawford, David},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Public Health Nutrition},
+  volume = {12},
+  number = {7},
+  pages = {888--895},
+  issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727},
+  doi = {10.1017/S1368980008003066},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Objectives               To describe the proportion of women reporting time is a barrier to healthy eating and physical activity, the characteristics of these women and the perceived causes of time pressure, and to examine associations between perceptions of time as a barrier and consumption of fruit, vegetables and fast food, and physical activity.                                         Design               A cross-sectional survey of food intake, physical activity and perceived causes of time pressure.                                         Setting               A randomly selected community sample.                                         Subjects               A sample of 1580 women self-reported their food intake and their perceptions of the causes of time pressure in relation to healthy eating. An additional 1521 women self-reported their leisure-time physical activity and their perceptions of the causes of time pressure in relation to physical activity.                                         Results               Time pressure was reported as a barrier to healthy eating by 41 \% of the women and as a barrier to physical activity by 73 \%. Those who reported time pressure as a barrier to healthy eating were significantly less likely to meet fruit, vegetable and physical activity recommendations, and more likely to eat fast food more frequently.                                         Conclusions               Women reporting time pressure as a barrier to healthy eating and physical activity are less likely to meet recommendations than are women who do not see time pressure as a barrier. Further research is required to understand the perception of time pressure issues among women and devise strategies to improve women's food and physical activity behaviours.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35448,7 +41190,7 @@ inequality:
   title = {Losing the Workers Who Need Employment the Most: How Health and Job Quality Affect Involuntary Retirement},
   author = {Welsh, Jennifer and Strazdins, Lyndall and Charlesworth, Sara and Kulik, Carol T. and D'Este, Catherine},
   year = {2018},
-  journal = {LABOUR \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
+  journal = {LABOUR {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& INDUSTRY-A JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WORK},
   volume = {28},
   number = {4},
   pages = {261--278},
@@ -35467,7 +41209,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {18},
   number = {7},
   doi = {10.3390/ijerph18073759},
-  abstract = {The number of migrant workers in Taiwan increases annually. The majority is from Indonesia and most of them are female caregivers. This study aims to determine the access to health services and the associated factors among Indonesian female domestic workers in Taiwan. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from February to May 2019, using a structured questionnaire. Subsequently, multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and health service access. Two hundred and eighty-four domestic migrant workers were interviewed. Eighty-five percent of the respondents declared sickness at work, but only 48.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% seek health care services. Factors associated with health service access were marital status, income, and the availability of an attendant to accompany the migrant workers to the healthcare facilities. Language barrier and time flexibility were the main obstacles. Further research and an effective health service policy are needed for the domestic migrant workers to better access health care services.},
+  abstract = {The number of migrant workers in Taiwan increases annually. The majority is from Indonesia and most of them are female caregivers. This study aims to determine the access to health services and the associated factors among Indonesian female domestic workers in Taiwan. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from February to May 2019, using a structured questionnaire. Subsequently, multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and health service access. Two hundred and eighty-four domestic migrant workers were interviewed. Eighty-five percent of the respondents declared sickness at work, but only 48.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% seek health care services. Factors associated with health service access were marital status, income, and the availability of an attendant to accompany the migrant workers to the healthcare facilities. Language barrier and time flexibility were the main obstacles. Further research and an effective health service policy are needed for the domestic migrant workers to better access health care services.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35479,7 +41221,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH},
   volume = {18},
   doi = {10.1186/s12884-018-1977-9},
-  abstract = {Background: Maternal and newborn health care intervention coverage has increased in many low-income countries over the last decade, yet poor quality of care remains a challenge, limiting health gains. The World Health Organization envisions community engagement as a critical component of health care delivery systems to ensure quality services, responsive to community needs. Aligned with this, a Participatory Community Quality Improvement (PCQI) strategy was introduced in Ethiopia, in 14 of 91 rural woredas (districts) where the Last Ten Kilometers Project (L10 K) Platform activities were supporting national Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC) strengthening strategies. This paper examines the effects of the PCQI strategy in improving maternal and newborn care behaviors, and providers' and households' practices. Methods: PCQI engages communities in identifying barriers to access and quality of services, and developing, implementing and monitoring solutions. Thirty-four intervention kebeles (communities), which included the L10 K Platform, BEmONC, and PCQI, and 82 comparison kebeles, which included the L10 K Platform and BEmONC, were visited in December 2010-January 2011 and again 48 months later. Twelve women with children aged 0 to 11 months were interviewed in each kebele. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the program's average treatment effects (ATEs) on women's care seeking behavior, providers' service provision behavior and households' newborn care practices. Results: The ATEs of PCQI were statistically significant (p {$<$} 0.05) for two care seeking behaviors - four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits and institutional deliveries at 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 6, 21) and 11\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 4, 17), respectively - and one service provision behavior - complete ANC at 17\textbackslash textbackslash\% (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI: 11, 24). We found no evidence of an effect on remaining outcomes relating to household newborn care practices, and postnatal care performed by the provider. Conclusions: National BEmONC strengthening and government initiatives to improve access and quality of maternal and newborn health services, together with L10 K Platform activities, appeared to work better for some care practices where communities were engaged in the PCQI strategy. Additional research with more robust measure of impact and cost-effectiveness analysis would be useful to establish effectiveness for a wider set of outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Background: Maternal and newborn health care intervention coverage has increased in many low-income countries over the last decade, yet poor quality of care remains a challenge, limiting health gains. The World Health Organization envisions community engagement as a critical component of health care delivery systems to ensure quality services, responsive to community needs. Aligned with this, a Participatory Community Quality Improvement (PCQI) strategy was introduced in Ethiopia, in 14 of 91 rural woredas (districts) where the Last Ten Kilometers Project (L10 K) Platform activities were supporting national Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC) strengthening strategies. This paper examines the effects of the PCQI strategy in improving maternal and newborn care behaviors, and providers' and households' practices. Methods: PCQI engages communities in identifying barriers to access and quality of services, and developing, implementing and monitoring solutions. Thirty-four intervention kebeles (communities), which included the L10 K Platform, BEmONC, and PCQI, and 82 comparison kebeles, which included the L10 K Platform and BEmONC, were visited in December 2010-January 2011 and again 48 months later. Twelve women with children aged 0 to 11 months were interviewed in each kebele. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the program's average treatment effects (ATEs) on women's care seeking behavior, providers' service provision behavior and households' newborn care practices. Results: The ATEs of PCQI were statistically significant (p {$<$} 0.05) for two care seeking behaviors - four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits and institutional deliveries at 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 6, 21) and 11{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 4, 17), respectively - and one service provision behavior - complete ANC at 17{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI: 11, 24). We found no evidence of an effect on remaining outcomes relating to household newborn care practices, and postnatal care performed by the provider. Conclusions: National BEmONC strengthening and government initiatives to improve access and quality of maternal and newborn health services, together with L10 K Platform activities, appeared to work better for some care practices where communities were engaged in the PCQI strategy. Additional research with more robust measure of impact and cost-effectiveness analysis would be useful to establish effectiveness for a wider set of outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35493,7 +41235,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {1},
   pages = {50--65},
   issn = {0041-4751},
-  abstract = {Dollarisation as Economic Solution for the Zimbabwean Demise The Zimbabwean economic and political malaise has been going on for longer than a decade and has deteriorated unabated Runaway hyperinflation reaching unthinkable proportions, an almost hundred percent unemployment rate and a shattered currency with literally no external value or esteem characterise this demise. Fiscal profligacy funded by an ever increasing fiscal deficit has played its part in this socio-economic tragedy. This state of affairs would not have been possible if the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had fulfilled its role as protector of the nation currency. Sadly the Bank slavishly accommodated the government request for printing more money and did not render any sign of independence from government as a respected central bank should have done. As in many other cases of hyperinflation, this weakness provided the basis from which the evolving tragedy gained momentum. The gigantic proportions of the continuous socio-economic and political tragedy predict an even bleaker future for the country if not attended to in a decisive way. No instant political or economic solution exists for this appalling situation, but economic restoration has to start with certain basic steps of economic reform. This paper suggests official dollarisation as an alternative exchange rate regime with which to clear up the economic disorder that currently characterises the economic scene. The paper explains the term \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedollarisation\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace, its features and the underlying rationale of the regime as a super-fixed exchange rate system for Zimbabwe. Thereafter the possible advantages and disadvantages that Zimbabwe can obtain from the system are highlighted, accompanied by a brief discussion on randisation as a possible alternative solution. Especially important among the advantages is the fact that dollarisation will help to restore the lost credibility of the Zimbabwean policy-makers since it will now be imported externally from an anchor country and its currency. This will not only substantially decrease the inflation and interest rates, but it will also contribute to promoting saving, investment, economic growth and employment. It will, furthermore, stabilise the dysfunctional Zimbabwean credit system, enhance long term lending contracts and correct the misallocation of resources caused by, hyperinflation. These benefits must be balanced by certain costs of dollarisation, especially the loss of seigniorage income, the loss of monetary autonomy and national pride, as well as the loss of the lender-of-last-resort-function of the central bank. However, in the case of Zimbabwe these costs are found to be thoroughly overshadowed by the benefits derived from dollarisation. In addition, the Zimbabwean situation and the current stance of its economy actually fit the prerequisites for a country that should seriously contemplate dollarisation. Although dollarisation is supported as a possible solution for Zimbabwe, randisation may also work but will have to be considered with care. South Africa is indeed the biggest trading partner of Zimbabwe and also has deep financial ties with the latter Nevertheless, the volatility in the exchange rate of the rand and the possibility of loan default on South African loans to Zimbabwe are risks in need of contemplation. Another but less credible policy alternative for Zimbabwe, is to adopt a currency board arrangement where the exchange rate of the Zimdollar is not only firmly fixed to the South African rand, but also fully (100 per cent) covered by rand reserves cis a back-up measure of credibility. Yet, under the current circumstances dollarisation presents itself as a more likely system with which to obtain rapid and trustworthy results. Although dollarisation on its own will certainly help, it will not pose a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravequick-fix\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace for the Zimbabwean demise. Dollarisation can not compensate for corruption, disruptions in the social structure and a lack of transparency in the political and economic system. Furthermore, it can not compensate for a lack of human prudence in decision-making, a lack of protection of property rights and the absence of a rule of law. The latter aspects require fundamental and credible reforms on the political and juridical front, without which no economic rescue package will have any success whatsoever},
+  abstract = {Dollarisation as Economic Solution for the Zimbabwean Demise The Zimbabwean economic and political malaise has been going on for longer than a decade and has deteriorated unabated Runaway hyperinflation reaching unthinkable proportions, an almost hundred percent unemployment rate and a shattered currency with literally no external value or esteem characterise this demise. Fiscal profligacy funded by an ever increasing fiscal deficit has played its part in this socio-economic tragedy. This state of affairs would not have been possible if the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had fulfilled its role as protector of the nation currency. Sadly the Bank slavishly accommodated the government request for printing more money and did not render any sign of independence from government as a respected central bank should have done. As in many other cases of hyperinflation, this weakness provided the basis from which the evolving tragedy gained momentum. The gigantic proportions of the continuous socio-economic and political tragedy predict an even bleaker future for the country if not attended to in a decisive way. No instant political or economic solution exists for this appalling situation, but economic restoration has to start with certain basic steps of economic reform. This paper suggests official dollarisation as an alternative exchange rate regime with which to clear up the economic disorder that currently characterises the economic scene. The paper explains the term {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedollarisation{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace, its features and the underlying rationale of the regime as a super-fixed exchange rate system for Zimbabwe. Thereafter the possible advantages and disadvantages that Zimbabwe can obtain from the system are highlighted, accompanied by a brief discussion on randisation as a possible alternative solution. Especially important among the advantages is the fact that dollarisation will help to restore the lost credibility of the Zimbabwean policy-makers since it will now be imported externally from an anchor country and its currency. This will not only substantially decrease the inflation and interest rates, but it will also contribute to promoting saving, investment, economic growth and employment. It will, furthermore, stabilise the dysfunctional Zimbabwean credit system, enhance long term lending contracts and correct the misallocation of resources caused by, hyperinflation. These benefits must be balanced by certain costs of dollarisation, especially the loss of seigniorage income, the loss of monetary autonomy and national pride, as well as the loss of the lender-of-last-resort-function of the central bank. However, in the case of Zimbabwe these costs are found to be thoroughly overshadowed by the benefits derived from dollarisation. In addition, the Zimbabwean situation and the current stance of its economy actually fit the prerequisites for a country that should seriously contemplate dollarisation. Although dollarisation is supported as a possible solution for Zimbabwe, randisation may also work but will have to be considered with care. South Africa is indeed the biggest trading partner of Zimbabwe and also has deep financial ties with the latter Nevertheless, the volatility in the exchange rate of the rand and the possibility of loan default on South African loans to Zimbabwe are risks in need of contemplation. Another but less credible policy alternative for Zimbabwe, is to adopt a currency board arrangement where the exchange rate of the Zimdollar is not only firmly fixed to the South African rand, but also fully (100 per cent) covered by rand reserves cis a back-up measure of credibility. Yet, under the current circumstances dollarisation presents itself as a more likely system with which to obtain rapid and trustworthy results. Although dollarisation on its own will certainly help, it will not pose a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravequick-fix{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace for the Zimbabwean demise. Dollarisation can not compensate for corruption, disruptions in the social structure and a lack of transparency in the political and economic system. Furthermore, it can not compensate for a lack of human prudence in decision-making, a lack of protection of property rights and the absence of a rule of law. The latter aspects require fundamental and credible reforms on the political and juridical front, without which no economic rescue package will have any success whatsoever},
   langid = {afrikaans}
 }
 
@@ -35543,6 +41285,38 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Westerlund2009,
+  title = {Self-Rated Health before and after Retirement in {{France}} ({{GAZEL}}): A Cohort Study},
+  shorttitle = {Self-Rated Health before and after Retirement in {{France}} ({{GAZEL}})},
+  author = {Westerlund, Hugo and Kivim{\"a}ki, Mika and {Singh-Manoux}, Archana and Melchior, Maria and Ferrie, Jane E and Pentti, Jaana and Jokela, Markus and Leineweber, Constanze and Goldberg, Marcel and Zins, Marie and Vahtera, Jussi},
+  year = {2009},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {The Lancet},
+  volume = {374},
+  number = {9705},
+  pages = {1889--1896},
+  issn = {01406736},
+  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61570-1},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Westerlund2010,
+  title = {Effect of Retirement on Major Chronic Conditions and Fatigue: {{French GAZEL}} Occupational Cohort Study},
+  shorttitle = {Effect of Retirement on Major Chronic Conditions and Fatigue},
+  author = {Westerlund, H. and Vahtera, J. and Ferrie, J. E. and {Singh-Manoux}, A. and Pentti, J. and Melchior, M. and Leineweber, C. and Jokela, M. and Siegrist, J. and Goldberg, M. and Zins, M. and Kivimaki, M.},
+  year = {2010},
+  month = nov,
+  journal = {BMJ},
+  volume = {341},
+  number = {nov23 1},
+  pages = {c6149-c6149},
+  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
+  doi = {10.1136/bmj.c6149},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Western2005,
   title = {Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration},
   author = {Western, B and Pettit, B},
@@ -35554,7 +41328,23 @@ inequality:
   pages = {553--578},
   issn = {0002-9602},
   doi = {10.1086/432780},
-  abstract = {The observed gap in average wages between black men and white men inadequately reflects the relative economic standing of blacks, who suffer from a high rate of joblessness. The authors estimate the black-white gap in hourly wages from 1980 to 1999 adjusting for the sample selection effect of labor inactivity. Among working- age men in 1999, accounting for labor inactivity - including prison and jail incarceration - leads to an increase of 7\textbackslash textbackslash\% - 20\textbackslash textbackslash\% in the blackwhite wage gap. Adjusting for sample selectivity among men ages 22 - 30 in 1999 increases the wage gap by as much as 58\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Increasing selection bias, which can be attributed to incarceration and conventional joblessness, explains about two- thirds of the rise in black relative wages among young men between 1985 and 1998. Apparent improvement in the economic position of young black men is thus largely an artifact of rising joblessness fueled by the growth in incarceration during the 1990s.},
+  abstract = {The observed gap in average wages between black men and white men inadequately reflects the relative economic standing of blacks, who suffer from a high rate of joblessness. The authors estimate the black-white gap in hourly wages from 1980 to 1999 adjusting for the sample selection effect of labor inactivity. Among working- age men in 1999, accounting for labor inactivity - including prison and jail incarceration - leads to an increase of 7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% - 20{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% in the blackwhite wage gap. Adjusting for sample selectivity among men ages 22 - 30 in 1999 increases the wage gap by as much as 58{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Increasing selection bias, which can be attributed to incarceration and conventional joblessness, explains about two- thirds of the rise in black relative wages among young men between 1985 and 1998. Apparent improvement in the economic position of young black men is thus largely an artifact of rising joblessness fueled by the growth in incarceration during the 1990s.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Westmorland2005,
+  title = {Disability Management Practices in {{Ontario}} Workplaces: {{Employees}}' Perceptions},
+  shorttitle = {Disability Management Practices in {{Ontario}} Workplaces},
+  author = {Westmorland, Muriel G and Williams, Renee M and Amick, Iii, Ben C and Shannon, Harry and Rasheed, Farah},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = jul,
+  journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
+  volume = {27},
+  number = {14},
+  pages = {825--835},
+  issn = {0963-8288, 1464-5165},
+  doi = {10.1080/09638280400020631},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35573,6 +41363,36 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Weziak-Bialowolska2020,
+  title = {The Impact of Workplace Harassment and Domestic Violence on Work Outcomes in the Developing World},
+  author = {{W{\k{e}}ziak-Bia{\l}owolska}, Dorota and Bia{\l}owolski, Piotr and McNeely, Eileen},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = feb,
+  journal = {World Development},
+  volume = {126},
+  pages = {104732},
+  issn = {0305750X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104732},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Wheaton1990,
+  title = {Life {{Transitions}}, {{Role Histories}}, and {{Mental Health}}},
+  author = {Wheaton, Blair},
+  year = {1990},
+  month = apr,
+  journal = {American Sociological Review},
+  volume = {55},
+  number = {2},
+  eprint = {2095627},
+  eprinttype = {jstor},
+  pages = {209},
+  issn = {00031224},
+  doi = {10.2307/2095627},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24}
+}
+
 @article{Whitehouse2021,
   title = {Dimensions of {{Social Equality}} in {{Paid Parental Leave Policy Design}}: {{Comparing Australia}} and {{Japan}}},
   author = {Whitehouse, Gillian and Nakazato, Hideki},
@@ -35601,6 +41421,23 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Whittemore2005,
+  title = {The Integrative Review: Updated Methodology},
+  shorttitle = {The Integrative Review},
+  author = {Whittemore, Robin and Knafl, Kathleen},
+  year = {2005},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Journal of Advanced Nursing},
+  volume = {52},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {546--553},
+  issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648},
+  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {Aim.\hspace{0.6em}               The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process.                                         Background.\hspace{0.6em}               Recent evidence-based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non-experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated.                                         Discussion.\hspace{0.6em}               A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review.                                         Conclusion.\hspace{0.6em}               An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence-based practice initiatives.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @book{Widerquist2017,
   title = {The {{Ethics}} and {{Economics}} of the {{Basic Income Guarantee}}},
   author = {Widerquist, Karl and Lewis, Michael Anthony},
@@ -35639,7 +41476,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {102},
   issn = {0738-0593},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102850},
-  abstract = {Despite decades of focus on gender and skills training, the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) landscape in Sub-Saharan Africa remains deeply gendered and rooted in wider structures of patriarchal inequality and exploitation. Engaging with recent theoretical moves toward gender-transformative and genderjust TVET programming, this paper explores how a gradual revisioning of TVET can be mobilised to challenge broader gender inequality and discrimination in precarious settings. Bringing together insights from feminist scholarship and the UN's decent work agenda, which seeks to align fair and secure working conditions with the aspirations of workers, we ask what a gender-transformative future for TVET might look like where labour rights, sustainable livelihoods and wellbeing are incorporated from the ground up. Drawing on findings from Cameroon and Sierra Leone, from the innovative \textbackslash textasciigraveGen-Up' project which aims to investigate possible gender-responsive TVET programmes and policies in collaboration with the TVET provider, the Don Bosco network we ask what is both possible and permissible in the fractious economic climate, where the focus on basic survival and income generation inhibits a genuine challenge to entrenched gender norms and stereotypes. For young women especially whose aspirations are multiply damaged by persistent discriminatory frameworks and who become further vulnerable at times of economic and social crisis, we ask whether current TVET programming is helping them escape the multiple forms of marginalisation they face. Even in cases where women may be portrayed as successful entrepreneurs or achieving sustainable livelihoods, the evidence suggests these individualistic narratives are leaving many young women behind. In this context of instability, precarity and increasing global and local socio-economic and gender inequalities we argue that only holistic TVET programming based on social and moral values and empowerment and proposing diverse pathways to decent work, creating forms of solidarity, collaboration and a contextualised enabling environment can act as both a lever for gender transformation and also an engine for broader socio-economic change fitting the \textbackslash textasciigraveDecent Work' vision and a constantly changing world of work.},
+  abstract = {Despite decades of focus on gender and skills training, the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) landscape in Sub-Saharan Africa remains deeply gendered and rooted in wider structures of patriarchal inequality and exploitation. Engaging with recent theoretical moves toward gender-transformative and genderjust TVET programming, this paper explores how a gradual revisioning of TVET can be mobilised to challenge broader gender inequality and discrimination in precarious settings. Bringing together insights from feminist scholarship and the UN's decent work agenda, which seeks to align fair and secure working conditions with the aspirations of workers, we ask what a gender-transformative future for TVET might look like where labour rights, sustainable livelihoods and wellbeing are incorporated from the ground up. Drawing on findings from Cameroon and Sierra Leone, from the innovative {\textbackslash}textasciigraveGen-Up' project which aims to investigate possible gender-responsive TVET programmes and policies in collaboration with the TVET provider, the Don Bosco network we ask what is both possible and permissible in the fractious economic climate, where the focus on basic survival and income generation inhibits a genuine challenge to entrenched gender norms and stereotypes. For young women especially whose aspirations are multiply damaged by persistent discriminatory frameworks and who become further vulnerable at times of economic and social crisis, we ask whether current TVET programming is helping them escape the multiple forms of marginalisation they face. Even in cases where women may be portrayed as successful entrepreneurs or achieving sustainable livelihoods, the evidence suggests these individualistic narratives are leaving many young women behind. In this context of instability, precarity and increasing global and local socio-economic and gender inequalities we argue that only holistic TVET programming based on social and moral values and empowerment and proposing diverse pathways to decent work, creating forms of solidarity, collaboration and a contextualised enabling environment can act as both a lever for gender transformation and also an engine for broader socio-economic change fitting the {\textbackslash}textasciigraveDecent Work' vision and a constantly changing world of work.},
   langid = {english},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ULWMJFYL/Wignall et al_2023_Up-skilling women or de-skilling patriarchy.pdf}
 }
@@ -35658,7 +41495,7 @@ inequality:
 }
 
 @article{Williams2001,
-  title = {Coming and Going in {{Slovakia}}: International Labour Mobility in the {{Central European}} \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer Zone'},
+  title = {Coming and Going in {{Slovakia}}: International Labour Mobility in the {{Central European}} {\textbackslash}textasciigravebuffer Zone'},
   author = {Williams, {\relax AM} and Balaz, V and Kollar, D},
   year = {2001},
   month = jun,
@@ -35668,7 +41505,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1101--1123},
   issn = {0308-518X},
   doi = {10.1068/a33182},
-  abstract = {The collision between economic systems after 1989 led to significant new forms of mobility. East Central Europe became a legally and institutionally constructed \textbackslash textasciigravebuffer zone' between Western Europe and the CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States-the former USSR. The opportunities for and costs of migration in the buffer zone were shaped by the \textbackslash textasciigravedouble territorial shock' of the transition: reinterationalisation and the withdrawal of massive state intervention in support of regional convergence. The authors provide a comparative study of mobility and migration into and out of the buffer zone, through case studies of Ukrainians working in Slovakia, and Slovakians working in Austria. Whereas the Ukrainians are largely confined to the secondary-labour market, the Slovakians are found in both segments of the dual labour market. This leads to different implications in respect of \textbackslash textasciigravebrain drain' and \textbackslash textasciigravebrain waste' of international skilled-labour mobility, as well as amplifying income differences. The overall effect in both cases is to contribute to the reproduction of economic inequalities in the buffer zone, and this is explored through an analysis of savings and investment and future employment intentions. The conclusions are particularly pessimistic in respect of the wage differentials required to persuade Ukrainian migrants to return to their country of origin.},
+  abstract = {The collision between economic systems after 1989 led to significant new forms of mobility. East Central Europe became a legally and institutionally constructed {\textbackslash}textasciigravebuffer zone' between Western Europe and the CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States-the former USSR. The opportunities for and costs of migration in the buffer zone were shaped by the {\textbackslash}textasciigravedouble territorial shock' of the transition: reinterationalisation and the withdrawal of massive state intervention in support of regional convergence. The authors provide a comparative study of mobility and migration into and out of the buffer zone, through case studies of Ukrainians working in Slovakia, and Slovakians working in Austria. Whereas the Ukrainians are largely confined to the secondary-labour market, the Slovakians are found in both segments of the dual labour market. This leads to different implications in respect of {\textbackslash}textasciigravebrain drain' and {\textbackslash}textasciigravebrain waste' of international skilled-labour mobility, as well as amplifying income differences. The overall effect in both cases is to contribute to the reproduction of economic inequalities in the buffer zone, and this is explored through an analysis of savings and investment and future employment intentions. The conclusions are particularly pessimistic in respect of the wage differentials required to persuade Ukrainian migrants to return to their country of origin.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35685,6 +41522,23 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Williams2013,
+  title = {The {{Glass Escalator}}, {{Revisited}}: {{Gender Inequality}} in {{Neoliberal Times}}, {{SWS Feminist Lecturer}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Glass Escalator}}, {{Revisited}}},
+  author = {Williams, Christine L.},
+  year = {2013},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Gender \& Society},
+  volume = {27},
+  number = {5},
+  pages = {609--629},
+  issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977},
+  doi = {10.1177/0891243213490232},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  abstract = {When women work in male-dominated professions, they encounter a ``glass ceiling'' that prevents their ascension into the top jobs. Twenty years ago, I introduced the concept of the ``glass escalator,'' my term for the advantages that men receive in the so-called women's professions (nursing, teaching, librarianship, and social work), including the assumption that they are better suited than women for leadership positions. In this article, I revisit my original analysis and identify two major limitations of the concept: (1) it fails to adequately address intersectionality; in particular, it fails to theorize race, sexuality, and class; and (2) it was based on the assumptions of traditional work organizations, which are undergoing rapid transformation in our neoliberal era. The glass escalator assumes stable employment, career ladders, and widespread support for public institutions (e.g., schools and libraries){\textemdash}which no longer characterize the job market today. Drawing on my studies of the oil and gas industry and the retail industry, I argue that new concepts are needed to understand workplace gender inequality in the 21st century.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Williams2015,
   title = {Are {{Marginalised Populations More Likely}} to {{Engage}} in {{Undeclared Work}} in the {{Nordic Countries}}?},
   author = {Williams, Colin C. and Horodnic, Ioana},
@@ -35695,7 +41549,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {3},
   issn = {1360-7804},
   doi = {10.5153/sro.3719},
-  abstract = {The aim of this paper is to evaluate the validity of the \textbackslash textasciigravemarginalisation thesis', which holds that marginalised populations are more likely to participate in the undeclared economy, in relation to Nordic societies. To do this, a 2013 special Eurobarometer survey is reported on who engages in undeclared work conducted in three Nordic nations, namely Denmark, Finland and Sweden involving 3,013 face-to-face interviews. Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, the finding is that the marginalisation thesis is valid in relation to some marginalised populations, namely those having difficulties paying their household bills, younger age groups, those defining themselves as working class and those who hold non-conformist norms, values and beliefs on tax compliance. Other marginalised populations however, including the unemployed, those living in rural areas and with less formal education, are revealed to be no more likely to engage in undeclared work than the employed, those in urban areas and with more years in education. Yet others marginalised populations, including women and people living in less affluent Nordic nations, are significantly less likely to participate in the undeclared economy than men and those living in more affluent Nordic countries, thus supporting the reinforcement thesis that undeclared work reinforces, rather than reduces, the disparities produced by the declared economy. The outcome is a call for a more nuanced understanding of the marginalisation thesis as valid for some marginalised populations but not others. The paper concludes by discussing the implications for theory and policy of this more variegated assessment of the marginalisation thesis.},
+  abstract = {The aim of this paper is to evaluate the validity of the {\textbackslash}textasciigravemarginalisation thesis', which holds that marginalised populations are more likely to participate in the undeclared economy, in relation to Nordic societies. To do this, a 2013 special Eurobarometer survey is reported on who engages in undeclared work conducted in three Nordic nations, namely Denmark, Finland and Sweden involving 3,013 face-to-face interviews. Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, the finding is that the marginalisation thesis is valid in relation to some marginalised populations, namely those having difficulties paying their household bills, younger age groups, those defining themselves as working class and those who hold non-conformist norms, values and beliefs on tax compliance. Other marginalised populations however, including the unemployed, those living in rural areas and with less formal education, are revealed to be no more likely to engage in undeclared work than the employed, those in urban areas and with more years in education. Yet others marginalised populations, including women and people living in less affluent Nordic nations, are significantly less likely to participate in the undeclared economy than men and those living in more affluent Nordic countries, thus supporting the reinforcement thesis that undeclared work reinforces, rather than reduces, the disparities produced by the declared economy. The outcome is a call for a more nuanced understanding of the marginalisation thesis as valid for some marginalised populations but not others. The paper concludes by discussing the implications for theory and policy of this more variegated assessment of the marginalisation thesis.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35725,7 +41579,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {55--64},
   issn = {0002-8177},
   doi = {10.1016/j.adaj.2020.09.019},
-  abstract = {Background. National data indicate that working-aged adults (20-64 years) are more likely to report financial barriers to receiving needed oral health care relative to other age groups. The aim of this study was to examine the burden of untreated caries (UC) and its association with reporting an unmet oral health care need among working-aged adults. Methods. The authors used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2011 through 2016 for 10,286 dentate adults to examine the prevalence of mild to moderate (1-3 affected teeth) and severe ({$>$}= 4 affected teeth) UC. The authors used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors that were associated with reporting an unmet oral health care need. Results. Low-income adults had mild to moderate UC (26.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) 2 times more frequently and severe UC (13.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%) 3 times more frequently than higher-income adults. After controlling for covariates, the variables most strongly associated with reporting an unmet oral health care need were UC, low income, fair or poor general health, smoking, and no private health insurance. The model-adjusted prevalence of reporting an unmet oral health care need among low-income adults with mild to moderate and severe UC were 35.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 45.1\textbackslash textbackslash\%, respectively. Conclusions. The burden of UC among low-income adults is high; prevalence was approximately 40\textbackslash textbackslash\% with approximately 3 affected teeth per person on average. Reporting an unmet oral health care need appears to be capturing primarily differences in UC, health, and financial access to oral health care. Practical Implications. Data on self-reported unmet oral health care need can have utility as a surveillance tool for monitoring UC and targeting resources to decrease UC among low-income adults.},
+  abstract = {Background. National data indicate that working-aged adults (20-64 years) are more likely to report financial barriers to receiving needed oral health care relative to other age groups. The aim of this study was to examine the burden of untreated caries (UC) and its association with reporting an unmet oral health care need among working-aged adults. Methods. The authors used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2011 through 2016 for 10,286 dentate adults to examine the prevalence of mild to moderate (1-3 affected teeth) and severe ({$>$}= 4 affected teeth) UC. The authors used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors that were associated with reporting an unmet oral health care need. Results. Low-income adults had mild to moderate UC (26.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) 2 times more frequently and severe UC (13.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) 3 times more frequently than higher-income adults. After controlling for covariates, the variables most strongly associated with reporting an unmet oral health care need were UC, low income, fair or poor general health, smoking, and no private health insurance. The model-adjusted prevalence of reporting an unmet oral health care need among low-income adults with mild to moderate and severe UC were 35.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 45.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%, respectively. Conclusions. The burden of UC among low-income adults is high; prevalence was approximately 40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% with approximately 3 affected teeth per person on average. Reporting an unmet oral health care need appears to be capturing primarily differences in UC, health, and financial access to oral health care. Practical Implications. Data on self-reported unmet oral health care need can have utility as a surveillance tool for monitoring UC and targeting resources to decrease UC among low-income adults.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35740,7 +41594,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {735--750},
   issn = {0144-3585},
   doi = {10.1108/JES-01-2021-0019},
-  abstract = {Purpose Despite a widespread assertion that wages are lower in the informal than formal economy, there have been few empirical evaluations of whether this is the case and even fewer studies of the gender variations in wage rates in the formal and informal economies. Consequently, whether there are wage benefits to formal employment for men and women is unknown. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wage differential between formal and informal employment for men and women. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the wage differential between the formal and informal economy for men and women, data are reported from a 2017 survey involving 8,533 household interviews conducted in Kosovo. Findings Using decomposition analysis and after controlling for other determinants of wage differentials, the finding is that the net hourly earnings of men in formal employment are 26\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher than men in informal employment and 14\textbackslash textbackslash\% higher for women in formal employment compared with women in informal employment. Practical implications Given the size of the wage differential, the costs for employers will need to significantly increase in terms of the penalties and risks of detection if informal employment is to be prevented, along with more formal employment opportunities using active labour market policies for vulnerable groups, perhaps targeted at men (who constitute 82.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% of those in informal employment). Originality/value This is one of the first studies to evaluate the differentials in wage rates in the formal and economy from a gender perspective.},
+  abstract = {Purpose Despite a widespread assertion that wages are lower in the informal than formal economy, there have been few empirical evaluations of whether this is the case and even fewer studies of the gender variations in wage rates in the formal and informal economies. Consequently, whether there are wage benefits to formal employment for men and women is unknown. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wage differential between formal and informal employment for men and women. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the wage differential between the formal and informal economy for men and women, data are reported from a 2017 survey involving 8,533 household interviews conducted in Kosovo. Findings Using decomposition analysis and after controlling for other determinants of wage differentials, the finding is that the net hourly earnings of men in formal employment are 26{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher than men in informal employment and 14{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% higher for women in formal employment compared with women in informal employment. Practical implications Given the size of the wage differential, the costs for employers will need to significantly increase in terms of the penalties and risks of detection if informal employment is to be prevented, along with more formal employment opportunities using active labour market policies for vulnerable groups, perhaps targeted at men (who constitute 82.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of those in informal employment). Originality/value This is one of the first studies to evaluate the differentials in wage rates in the formal and economy from a gender perspective.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35749,7 +41603,7 @@ inequality:
   author = {Williams, Sian and Barnard, Amanda and Collis, Phil and {de Sousa}, Jaime Correia and Ghimire, Suraj and Habib, Monsur and Jelen, Tessa and Kanniess, Frank and Mak, Vince and Martins, Sonia and Paulino, Ema and Pinnock, Hilary and Roman, Miguel and Sandelowsky, Hanna and Tsiligianni, Ioanna and {van der Steen}, Laurine and Donatelli, Fabio Weber},
   year = {2023},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY},
   volume = {28},
   number = {3},
   pages = {181--189},
@@ -35777,7 +41631,7 @@ inequality:
 }
 
 @article{Wilson2016,
-  title = {Black Youths, Joblessness, and the Other Side of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveBlack Lives Matter}}'},
+  title = {Black Youths, Joblessness, and the Other Side of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveBlack Lives Matter}}'},
   author = {Wilson, William Julius},
   year = {2016},
   journal = {ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES},
@@ -35828,7 +41682,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE},
   volume = {7},
   doi = {10.3389/fmed.2020.502314},
-  abstract = {Background:Co-morbidity is a major late-life challenge with poor outcomes, yet many older people are resilient. We consider an ecopsychosocial framework of resilience to investigate this disparity. This theorises that sources of resilience may be personal, social and structural. We explored older people's responses and reactions to significant life experiences, to understand resilience development for managing later life health challenges. Methods:We applied a two-stage, cross-sectional mixed-methods design to the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies Wales (CFAS Wales). Participants' defined quantitatively as resilient (high level of well-being despite co-morbidity) were identified in the wave 1 dataset. A sub-sample of the resilient participants aged 65+ were randomly selected for semi-structured interviews (N= 20). Qualitative thematic analyses were both inductive and deductive. Results:The analyses revealed four primary life experiences reflecting different developmental trajectories. \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveEarly years as formative\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravework and employment as formative\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace occurred at normative developmental stages in the life-course. In contrast non-normative life events such as loss, bereavement, illness of self, and others underpinned the themes of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveadverse events and experiences\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecaring experiences.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Four potential mechanisms for resilience were central to these life experiences, reflecting reactions, actions, and development: \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravecharacter and self-identity;\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveapproach to life and insight;\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemeaningful relationships and belonging.\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace Conclusions:This work contributes further theoretical insights into the ecopsychosocial resilience framework. It highlights the process of interdependence between the individual and the wider environment, suggesting how the availability and accessibility of resources and human agency (protective factors), can influence, and be influenced by, the timing of significant events and experiences. In doing so, it corroborates international healthy ageing policy which recognises resilience as important for a public health response to support older people to adjust to changes and losses experienced in later life. It highlights the importance of current and future policies and services for supporting the management of adverse events earlier in the life-course, and recommends that policies and services take a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravelong view\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace on population health and well-being and consider the whole life-course, in addition to specific points in the ageing process.},
+  abstract = {Background:Co-morbidity is a major late-life challenge with poor outcomes, yet many older people are resilient. We consider an ecopsychosocial framework of resilience to investigate this disparity. This theorises that sources of resilience may be personal, social and structural. We explored older people's responses and reactions to significant life experiences, to understand resilience development for managing later life health challenges. Methods:We applied a two-stage, cross-sectional mixed-methods design to the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies Wales (CFAS Wales). Participants' defined quantitatively as resilient (high level of well-being despite co-morbidity) were identified in the wave 1 dataset. A sub-sample of the resilient participants aged 65+ were randomly selected for semi-structured interviews (N= 20). Qualitative thematic analyses were both inductive and deductive. Results:The analyses revealed four primary life experiences reflecting different developmental trajectories. {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveEarly years as formative{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravework and employment as formative{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace occurred at normative developmental stages in the life-course. In contrast non-normative life events such as loss, bereavement, illness of self, and others underpinned the themes of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveadverse events and experiences{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecaring experiences.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Four potential mechanisms for resilience were central to these life experiences, reflecting reactions, actions, and development: {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravecharacter and self-identity;{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveapproach to life and insight;{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemeaningful relationships and belonging.{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace Conclusions:This work contributes further theoretical insights into the ecopsychosocial resilience framework. It highlights the process of interdependence between the individual and the wider environment, suggesting how the availability and accessibility of resources and human agency (protective factors), can influence, and be influenced by, the timing of significant events and experiences. In doing so, it corroborates international healthy ageing policy which recognises resilience as important for a public health response to support older people to adjust to changes and losses experienced in later life. It highlights the importance of current and future policies and services for supporting the management of adverse events earlier in the life-course, and recommends that policies and services take a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravelong view{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace on population health and well-being and consider the whole life-course, in addition to specific points in the ageing process.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35893,6 +41747,22 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Wong1992,
+  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Household Structure}} on {{Women}}'s {{Economic Activity}} and {{Fertility}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Recent Mothers}} in {{Urban Mexico}}},
+  shorttitle = {The {{Effect}} of {{Household Structure}} on {{Women}}'s {{Economic Activity}} and {{Fertility}}},
+  author = {Wong, Rebeca and Levine, Ruth E.},
+  year = {1992},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
+  volume = {41},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {89--102},
+  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
+  doi = {10.1086/451997},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Wong2019,
   title = {Minimum Wage Impacts on Wages and Hours Worked of Low-Income Workers in {{Ecuador}}},
   author = {Wong, Sara A.},
@@ -35903,7 +41773,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {77--99},
   issn = {0305-750X},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004},
-  abstract = {Minimum-wage policy aims to raise the real income of low-wage workers. Low-wage individuals may be adversely affected by minimum wages, however, although the empirical evidence on this point is not without controversy. We analyzed the effects of the January 2012 increase in monthly minimum wages on the wages and hours worked of low-wage workers in Ecuador. Individuals could have chosen to enter occupations covered by minimum-wage legislation or those that were not. We applied a difference-in-differences estimation to account for potential self-selection bias. We also relied on exogenous variations in minimum wages by sector, industry, and occupation. We constructed individual panel data from a household panel and performed estimates that also accounted for potential sample-selection bias. The results suggest a significant and positive effect on the wages of treated workers, increasing them by 0.41-0.48\textbackslash textbackslash\% for each 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% increase in minimum wages, relative to the earnings of control workers. Our results also suggest that effects varied by type of worker: (i) women workers received lower wage increases, and their hours worked were significantly and negatively affected, both of which may suggest a failure of the minimum wage to reduce the gender wage gap at the bottom of the distribution, and (ii) the hours worked by young workers were significantly and positively affected, a result that is in agreement with results found elsewhere in the literature. These results persisted after applying robustness checks to account for different control groups, full- vs. part-time jobs, separate regressions for heterogeneous groups, and tests for potential attrition and sample-selection bias. The range of effects observed across disparate groups of workers suggests areas in which policy change could be useful. The income-compression effect we found suggests that further studies should address the effects of minimum wage on the drop in income inequality observed in the data. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Minimum-wage policy aims to raise the real income of low-wage workers. Low-wage individuals may be adversely affected by minimum wages, however, although the empirical evidence on this point is not without controversy. We analyzed the effects of the January 2012 increase in monthly minimum wages on the wages and hours worked of low-wage workers in Ecuador. Individuals could have chosen to enter occupations covered by minimum-wage legislation or those that were not. We applied a difference-in-differences estimation to account for potential self-selection bias. We also relied on exogenous variations in minimum wages by sector, industry, and occupation. We constructed individual panel data from a household panel and performed estimates that also accounted for potential sample-selection bias. The results suggest a significant and positive effect on the wages of treated workers, increasing them by 0.41-0.48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for each 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% increase in minimum wages, relative to the earnings of control workers. Our results also suggest that effects varied by type of worker: (i) women workers received lower wage increases, and their hours worked were significantly and negatively affected, both of which may suggest a failure of the minimum wage to reduce the gender wage gap at the bottom of the distribution, and (ii) the hours worked by young workers were significantly and positively affected, a result that is in agreement with results found elsewhere in the literature. These results persisted after applying robustness checks to account for different control groups, full- vs. part-time jobs, separate regressions for heterogeneous groups, and tests for potential attrition and sample-selection bias. The range of effects observed across disparate groups of workers suggests areas in which policy change could be useful. The income-compression effect we found suggests that further studies should address the effects of minimum wage on the drop in income inequality observed in the data. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35916,7 +41786,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {9},
   number = {11},
   doi = {10.3390/jcm9113751},
-  abstract = {There is ethnic inequity in access to living-donor kidney transplants in the UK. This study asked kidney patients from Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups why members of their family were not able to be living kidney donors. Responses were compared with responses from White individuals. This questionnaire-based mixed-methods study included adults transplanted between 1/4/13-31/3/17 at 14 UK hospitals. Participants were asked to indicate why relatives could not donate, selecting all options applicable from: Age; Health; Weight; Location; Financial/Cost; Job; Blood group; No-one to care for them after donation. A box entitled \textbackslash textasciigraveOther-please give details' was provided for free-text entries. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the association between the likelihood of selecting each reason for non-donation and the participant's self-reported ethnicity. Qualitative responses were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. In total, 1240 questionnaires were returned (40\textbackslash textbackslash\% response). There was strong evidence that Black, Asian and minority ethnic group individuals were more likely than White people to indicate that family members lived too far away to donate (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.25, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.30-4.58), were prevented from donating by financial concerns (aOR = 2.95, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.02-4.29), were unable to take time off work (aOR = 1.88, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.18-3.02), were \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenot the right blood group\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace (aOR = 1.65, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 1.35-2.01), or had no-one to care for them post-donation (aOR = 3.73, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI 2.60-5.35). Four qualitative themes were identified from responses from Black, Asian and minority ethnic group participants: \textbackslash textasciigraveBurden of disease within the family'; \textbackslash textasciigraveDiffering religious interpretations'; \textbackslash textasciigraveGeographical concerns'; and \textbackslash textasciigraveA culture of silence'. Patients perceive barriers to living kidney donation in the UK Black, Asian and minority ethnic population. If confirmed, these could be targeted by interventions to redress the observed ethnic inequity.},
+  abstract = {There is ethnic inequity in access to living-donor kidney transplants in the UK. This study asked kidney patients from Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups why members of their family were not able to be living kidney donors. Responses were compared with responses from White individuals. This questionnaire-based mixed-methods study included adults transplanted between 1/4/13-31/3/17 at 14 UK hospitals. Participants were asked to indicate why relatives could not donate, selecting all options applicable from: Age; Health; Weight; Location; Financial/Cost; Job; Blood group; No-one to care for them after donation. A box entitled {\textbackslash}textasciigraveOther-please give details' was provided for free-text entries. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the association between the likelihood of selecting each reason for non-donation and the participant's self-reported ethnicity. Qualitative responses were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. In total, 1240 questionnaires were returned (40{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% response). There was strong evidence that Black, Asian and minority ethnic group individuals were more likely than White people to indicate that family members lived too far away to donate (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.25, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.30-4.58), were prevented from donating by financial concerns (aOR = 2.95, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 2.02-4.29), were unable to take time off work (aOR = 1.88, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.18-3.02), were {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenot the right blood group{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace (aOR = 1.65, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 1.35-2.01), or had no-one to care for them post-donation (aOR = 3.73, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI 2.60-5.35). Four qualitative themes were identified from responses from Black, Asian and minority ethnic group participants: {\textbackslash}textasciigraveBurden of disease within the family'; {\textbackslash}textasciigraveDiffering religious interpretations'; {\textbackslash}textasciigraveGeographical concerns'; and {\textbackslash}textasciigraveA culture of silence'. Patients perceive barriers to living kidney donation in the UK Black, Asian and minority ethnic population. If confirmed, these could be targeted by interventions to redress the observed ethnic inequity.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35931,7 +41801,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {464--472},
   issn = {1053-0487},
   doi = {10.1007/s10926-021-10012-9},
-  abstract = {Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected the lives of people with disabilities (PWD). How the pandemic affects the employment of PWD and employers has yet to be determined. We aimed to investigate the employment consequences of the pandemic as experienced by PWD and employers. The research questions were: (1) What employment effects do PWD experience, and what business changes do employers encounter as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) What challenges have PWD encountered during the pandemic? Methods Cross-sectional online surveys of 733 PWD and 67 employers in the Midwestern United States. Results Compared to non-disabled peers, PWD encountered more challenges in employment during the pandemic. We found high percentages of both employers and PWD experiencing employment changes and business shutdown during the pandemic. For PWD whose employment was not affected, 14.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the participants (n = 107) expected a loss of income and worried about the economic uncertainty of the pandemic. Unemployment for PWD is high due to illness or disability, being laid-off or furloughed, business reductions, and not feeling safe to work. However, only about 18.6\textbackslash textbackslash\% of unemployed PWD (n = 16) received pay or benefits for the time they were not working even though more than half filed for unemployment benefits. Conclusions The pandemic adversely affected employment of PWD as reported by workers and employers. Findings parallel the experience of the non-disabled workforce, but reveal vulnerabilities that reflect disability consequences and the need for job accommodations. Results reveal emergent needs for policy supports to reduce the disparities experienced by PWD in the workplace.},
+  abstract = {Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected the lives of people with disabilities (PWD). How the pandemic affects the employment of PWD and employers has yet to be determined. We aimed to investigate the employment consequences of the pandemic as experienced by PWD and employers. The research questions were: (1) What employment effects do PWD experience, and what business changes do employers encounter as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) What challenges have PWD encountered during the pandemic? Methods Cross-sectional online surveys of 733 PWD and 67 employers in the Midwestern United States. Results Compared to non-disabled peers, PWD encountered more challenges in employment during the pandemic. We found high percentages of both employers and PWD experiencing employment changes and business shutdown during the pandemic. For PWD whose employment was not affected, 14.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the participants (n = 107) expected a loss of income and worried about the economic uncertainty of the pandemic. Unemployment for PWD is high due to illness or disability, being laid-off or furloughed, business reductions, and not feeling safe to work. However, only about 18.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of unemployed PWD (n = 16) received pay or benefits for the time they were not working even though more than half filed for unemployment benefits. Conclusions The pandemic adversely affected employment of PWD as reported by workers and employers. Findings parallel the experience of the non-disabled workforce, but reveal vulnerabilities that reflect disability consequences and the need for job accommodations. Results reveal emergent needs for policy supports to reduce the disparities experienced by PWD in the workplace.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35976,7 +41846,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {923--929},
   issn = {0143-005X},
   doi = {10.1136/jech.54.12.923},
-  abstract = {It is well known that social, cultural and economic factors cause substantial inequalities in health. Should we strive to achieve a more even share of good health, beyond improving the average health status of the population? We examine four arguments for the reduction of health inequalities. 1 Inequalities are unfair. Inequalities in health are undesirable to the extent that they are unfair, or unjust. Distinguishing between health inequalities and health inequities can be contentious. Our view is that inequalities become \textbackslash textasciigrave(unfair)' when poor health is itself the consequence of an unjust distribution of the underlying social determinants of health (for example, unequal opportunities in education or employment). 2 Inequalities affect everyone. Conditions that lead to marked health disparities are detrimental to all members of society. Some types of health inequalities have obvious spillover effects on the rest of society, for example, the spread of infectious diseases, the consequences of alcohol and drug misuse, or the occurrence of violence and crime. 3 Inequalities are avoidable. Disparities in health are avoidable to the extent that they stent from identifiable policy options exercised by governments, such as tax policy, regulation of business and labour, welfare benefits and health care funding. It follows that health inequalities are, in principle, amenable to policy interventions. A government that cares about improving the health of the population ought therefore to incorporate considerations of the health impact of alternative options in its policy setting process. 3 Interventions to reduce health inequalities are cost effective. Public health programmes that reduce health inequalities can also be cost effective. The case can be made to give priority to such programmes (for example, improving access to cervical cancer screening in low income women) on efficiency grounds. On the other hand, few programmes designed to reduce health inequalities have been formally evaluated using cost effectiveness analysis. We conclude that fairness is likely to be the most influential argument in favour of acting to reduce disparities in health, but the concept of equity is contested and susceptible to different interpretations. There is persuasive evidence for some outcomes that reducing inequalities will diminish \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravespill over\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace effects on the health of society at large. In principle, you would expect that differences in health status that are not biologically determined are avoidable. However, the mechanisms giving rise to inequalities are still imperfectly understood, and evidence remains to be gathered on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce such inequalities.},
+  abstract = {It is well known that social, cultural and economic factors cause substantial inequalities in health. Should we strive to achieve a more even share of good health, beyond improving the average health status of the population? We examine four arguments for the reduction of health inequalities. 1 Inequalities are unfair. Inequalities in health are undesirable to the extent that they are unfair, or unjust. Distinguishing between health inequalities and health inequities can be contentious. Our view is that inequalities become {\textbackslash}textasciigrave(unfair)' when poor health is itself the consequence of an unjust distribution of the underlying social determinants of health (for example, unequal opportunities in education or employment). 2 Inequalities affect everyone. Conditions that lead to marked health disparities are detrimental to all members of society. Some types of health inequalities have obvious spillover effects on the rest of society, for example, the spread of infectious diseases, the consequences of alcohol and drug misuse, or the occurrence of violence and crime. 3 Inequalities are avoidable. Disparities in health are avoidable to the extent that they stent from identifiable policy options exercised by governments, such as tax policy, regulation of business and labour, welfare benefits and health care funding. It follows that health inequalities are, in principle, amenable to policy interventions. A government that cares about improving the health of the population ought therefore to incorporate considerations of the health impact of alternative options in its policy setting process. 3 Interventions to reduce health inequalities are cost effective. Public health programmes that reduce health inequalities can also be cost effective. The case can be made to give priority to such programmes (for example, improving access to cervical cancer screening in low income women) on efficiency grounds. On the other hand, few programmes designed to reduce health inequalities have been formally evaluated using cost effectiveness analysis. We conclude that fairness is likely to be the most influential argument in favour of acting to reduce disparities in health, but the concept of equity is contested and susceptible to different interpretations. There is persuasive evidence for some outcomes that reducing inequalities will diminish {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravespill over{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace effects on the health of society at large. In principle, you would expect that differences in health status that are not biologically determined are avoidable. However, the mechanisms giving rise to inequalities are still imperfectly understood, and evidence remains to be gathered on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce such inequalities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -35991,7 +41861,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {182--202},
   issn = {2254-2035},
   doi = {10.26754/ojs\textbackslash_ried/ijds.618},
-  abstract = {This study presents the outcomes of a technical and life-skills training program in Mexico aimed to help women from low socioeconomic status (SES) find formal employment in sales, retail, and/or customer service. To determine the extent to which the program reached its target population and its impacts, researchers analyzed a national database of over sixty-eight thousand Mexican beneficiaries from 2016 to 2020 and conducted telephone surveys with a representative sample of women beneficiaries in Veracruz. Results from the national-level analysis of 5,326 women participants identified as low SES indicate that 23 \textbackslash textbackslash\% found better economic and educational opportunities. The state-level analysis of 94 low SES women in Veracruz was higher, with 40 \textbackslash textbackslash\% reporting to have found better opportunities; of those who reported salary information, roughly half improved their income. Lessons learned are discussed regarding reaching target populations and the potential of job training programs in developing countries.},
+  abstract = {This study presents the outcomes of a technical and life-skills training program in Mexico aimed to help women from low socioeconomic status (SES) find formal employment in sales, retail, and/or customer service. To determine the extent to which the program reached its target population and its impacts, researchers analyzed a national database of over sixty-eight thousand Mexican beneficiaries from 2016 to 2020 and conducted telephone surveys with a representative sample of women beneficiaries in Veracruz. Results from the national-level analysis of 5,326 women participants identified as low SES indicate that 23 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% found better economic and educational opportunities. The state-level analysis of 94 low SES women in Veracruz was higher, with 40 {\textbackslash}textbackslash\% reporting to have found better opportunities; of those who reported salary information, roughly half improved their income. Lessons learned are discussed regarding reaching target populations and the potential of job training programs in developing countries.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -36979,7 +42849,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {8},
   pages = {996--1000},
   doi = {10.1001/jama.289.8.996},
-  abstract = {Context By improving the process of care, quality improvement efforts have the potential to reduce race and sex disparities. However, little is known about whether reductions actually occur. National quality improvement activities targeting hemodialysis patients provide an opportunity to examine this issue. Objective To determine the effect of quality improvement efforts on race and sex disparities among hemodialysis patients. Design, Setting, and Subjects Longitudinal study of 58700 randomly selected hemodialysis patients from throughout the United States in 1993 through 2000. Intervention Medicare-funded quality improvement project involving monitoring of patient outcomes, feedback of performance data, and education of clinicians at dialysis centers. Main Outcome Measures Changes in hemodialysis dose (Kt/V), anemia management (hemoglobin level), and nutritional status (albumin level). Results The proportion of all patients with an adequate hemodialysis dose increased 2-fold. In 1993, 46\% of white patients and 36\% of black patients received an adequate hemodialysis dose compared with 2000 when the proportions were 87\% and 84\%, respectively. Thus, the gap between white and black patients decreased from 10\% to 3\% (P\textexclamdown.001). The gap between female and male patients decreased from 23\% to 9\% over the same period (P=.008). The proportion of all patients with adequate hemoglobin levels increased 3-fold. The proportion of all patients with adequate albumin levels remained unchanged. Race and sex disparities in anemia management and nutritional status did not change significantly. Conclusions Quality improvement efforts have a variable impact on race and sex disparities in health outcomes. Further work is needed to determine how quality improvement methods can be targeted to reduce health disparities.},
+  abstract = {Context By improving the process of care, quality improvement efforts have the potential to reduce race and sex disparities. However, little is known about whether reductions actually occur. National quality improvement activities targeting hemodialysis patients provide an opportunity to examine this issue. Objective To determine the effect of quality improvement efforts on race and sex disparities among hemodialysis patients. Design, Setting, and Subjects Longitudinal study of 58700 randomly selected hemodialysis patients from throughout the United States in 1993 through 2000. Intervention Medicare-funded quality improvement project involving monitoring of patient outcomes, feedback of performance data, and education of clinicians at dialysis centers. Main Outcome Measures Changes in hemodialysis dose (Kt/V), anemia management (hemoglobin level), and nutritional status (albumin level). Results The proportion of all patients with an adequate hemodialysis dose increased 2-fold. In 1993, 46\% of white patients and 36\% of black patients received an adequate hemodialysis dose compared with 2000 when the proportions were 87\% and 84\%, respectively. Thus, the gap between white and black patients decreased from 10\% to 3\% (P{\textexclamdown}.001). The gap between female and male patients decreased from 23\% to 9\% over the same period (P=.008). The proportion of all patients with adequate hemoglobin levels increased 3-fold. The proportion of all patients with adequate albumin levels remained unchanged. Race and sex disparities in anemia management and nutritional status did not change significantly. Conclusions Quality improvement efforts have a variable impact on race and sex disparities in health outcomes. Further work is needed to determine how quality improvement methods can be targeted to reduce health disparities.},
   affiliation = {Sehgal, AR (Corresponding Author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, 2500 Metrohlth Dr, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, 2500 Metrohlth Dr, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Metrohlth Med Ctr, Ctr Hlth Care Res \& Policy, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Eth, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA.},
   author-email = {axs81@po.cwru.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -37210,7 +43080,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {112},
   number = {6, S},
   pages = {E499-E507},
-  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) was enacted in 1997 to provide health insurance coverage to uninsured low-income children from families who earned too much to be eligible for Medicaid. Objectives. To develop a `` baseline'' portrait of SCHIP enrollees in 5 states ( Alabama, Florida, Kansas, Indiana, and New York) by examining: 1) SCHIP enrollees' demographic characteristics and health care experiences before enrolling in SCHIP, particularly children with special health care needs ( CSHCN), racial and ethnic minority children, and adolescents; 2) the quality of the care adolescents received before enrollment; and 3) the changes in enrollee characteristics as programs evolve and mature. Methods. Each of 5 projects from the Child Health Insurance Research Initiative ( CHIRI) surveyed new SCHIP enrollees as identified by state enrollment data. CHIRI investigators developed the CHIRI common core ( a set of survey items from validated instruments), which were largely incorporated into each survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care and differences between CSHCN and those without. Current Population Survey data for New York State were used to identify secular trends in enrollee characteristics. Results. Most SCHIP enrollees ( 65\% in Florida to 79\% in New York) resided in families with incomes less than or equal to 150\% of the federal poverty level. Almost half of SCHIP enrollees lived in single- parent households. A majority of SCHIP parents had not had education beyond high school, and in 2 states ( Alabama and New York) similar to 25\% had not completed high school. The vast majority of children lived in households with a working adult, and in a substantial proportion of households both parents worked. Children tended to be either insured for the entire 12 months or uninsured the entire 12 months before enrolling in SCHIP. Private insurance was the predominant form of insurance before enrollment in SCHIP in most states, but 23.3\% to 51.2\% of insured children had Medicaid as their most recent insurance. Health Care Use and Unmet Needs Before SCHIP. The vast majority of all SCHIP enrollees had a usual source of care ( USC) during the year before SCHIP. The proportion of children who changed their USC after enrolling in SCHIP ranged from 29\% to 41.3\%. A large proportion of SCHIP enrollees used health services during the year before SCHIP, with some variability across states in the use of health care. Nevertheless, 32\% to almost 50\% of children reported unmet needs. CSHCN. The prevalence of CSHCN in SCHIP ( between 17\% and 25\%) in the study states was higher than the prevalence of CSHCN reported in the general population in those states. In many respects, CSHCN were similar to children without special health care needs, but CSHCN had poorer health status, were more likely to have had unmet needs, and were more likely to use the emergency department, mental health care, specialty care, and acute care in the year before enrolling in SCHIP than children without special health care needs. Race and Ethnicity. A substantial proportion of SCHIP enrollees were black non- Hispanic or Hispanic children ( Alabama: 34\% and \textexclamdown{} 1\%; Florida: 6\% and 26\%; Kansas: 12\% and 15\%; and New York: 31\% and 45\%, respectively). Minority children were poorer, in poorer health, and less likely to have had a USC or private insurance before enrolling in SCHIP. The prevalence and magnitude of the disparities varied among the states. Quality of Care for Adolescents. Seventy- three percent of adolescent SCHIP enrollees engaged in one or more risk behaviors ( ie, feeling sad or blue; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use; having sexual intercourse; and not wearing seat belts). Although almost 70\% of adolescents reported having had a preventive care visit the previous year, a majority of them did not receive counseling in each of 4 counseling areas. Controlling for other factors, having a private, confidential visit with the physician was associated with an increased likelihood ( 2 - 3 times more likely) that the adolescent received counseling for 3 of 4 counseling areas. Trends Over Time. New York SCHIP enrollees in 2001, compared with 1994 enrollees in New York's SCHIP- precursor child health insurance program, were more likely to be black or Hispanic, older, from New York City, and from families with lower education, income, and employment levels. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees was uninsured for some time in the year before enrollment, was insured by Medicaid, and lacked a USC. Secular trends in the low- income population in the state did not seem to be responsible for these differences. Program modifications during this time period that may be related to the shift in enrollee characteristics include changes to benefits, outreach and marketing efforts, changes in the premium structure, and the advent of a single application form for multiple public programs. Conclusions. SCHIP enrollees are a diverse group, and there was considerable variation among the 5 study states. Overall, SCHIP enrollees had substantial and wide- ranging health care needs despite high levels of prior contact with the health care system. A sizable minority of SCHIP enrollees has special health care needs. There is racial and ethnic diversity in the composition of enrollees as well, with racial and ethnic disparities present. The quality of care adolescents received before enrollment in SCHIP was suboptimal, with many reporting unmet health care needs and not receiving recommended counseling. The characteristics of SCHIP enrollees can be expected to change as SCHIP programs evolve and mature. Policy Implications. 1) Benefits should be structured to meet the needs of SCHIP enrollees, which are comparable to Medicaid enrollees' needs in many respects. 2) Provider networks will have to be broad if continuity of care is to be achieved. 3) Multiple outreach strategies should be used, including using providers to distribute information about SCHIP. 4) The quality of care delivered to vulnerable populations ( eg, minority children, CSHCN, and adolescents) should be monitored. 5) States and health plans should actively promote quality health care with the goal of improving the care received by SCHIP enrollees before enrollment. 6) States will have to craft policies that fit their local context. 7) Collecting baseline information on SCHIP enrollees on a continuous basis is important, because enrollee characteristics and needs can change, and many vulnerable children are enrolling in SCHIP.},
+  abstract = {Background. The State Children's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP) was enacted in 1997 to provide health insurance coverage to uninsured low-income children from families who earned too much to be eligible for Medicaid. Objectives. To develop a `` baseline'' portrait of SCHIP enrollees in 5 states ( Alabama, Florida, Kansas, Indiana, and New York) by examining: 1) SCHIP enrollees' demographic characteristics and health care experiences before enrolling in SCHIP, particularly children with special health care needs ( CSHCN), racial and ethnic minority children, and adolescents; 2) the quality of the care adolescents received before enrollment; and 3) the changes in enrollee characteristics as programs evolve and mature. Methods. Each of 5 projects from the Child Health Insurance Research Initiative ( CHIRI) surveyed new SCHIP enrollees as identified by state enrollment data. CHIRI investigators developed the CHIRI common core ( a set of survey items from validated instruments), which were largely incorporated into each survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain whether there were racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care and differences between CSHCN and those without. Current Population Survey data for New York State were used to identify secular trends in enrollee characteristics. Results. Most SCHIP enrollees ( 65\% in Florida to 79\% in New York) resided in families with incomes less than or equal to 150\% of the federal poverty level. Almost half of SCHIP enrollees lived in single- parent households. A majority of SCHIP parents had not had education beyond high school, and in 2 states ( Alabama and New York) similar to 25\% had not completed high school. The vast majority of children lived in households with a working adult, and in a substantial proportion of households both parents worked. Children tended to be either insured for the entire 12 months or uninsured the entire 12 months before enrolling in SCHIP. Private insurance was the predominant form of insurance before enrollment in SCHIP in most states, but 23.3\% to 51.2\% of insured children had Medicaid as their most recent insurance. Health Care Use and Unmet Needs Before SCHIP. The vast majority of all SCHIP enrollees had a usual source of care ( USC) during the year before SCHIP. The proportion of children who changed their USC after enrolling in SCHIP ranged from 29\% to 41.3\%. A large proportion of SCHIP enrollees used health services during the year before SCHIP, with some variability across states in the use of health care. Nevertheless, 32\% to almost 50\% of children reported unmet needs. CSHCN. The prevalence of CSHCN in SCHIP ( between 17\% and 25\%) in the study states was higher than the prevalence of CSHCN reported in the general population in those states. In many respects, CSHCN were similar to children without special health care needs, but CSHCN had poorer health status, were more likely to have had unmet needs, and were more likely to use the emergency department, mental health care, specialty care, and acute care in the year before enrolling in SCHIP than children without special health care needs. Race and Ethnicity. A substantial proportion of SCHIP enrollees were black non- Hispanic or Hispanic children ( Alabama: 34\% and {\textexclamdown} 1\%; Florida: 6\% and 26\%; Kansas: 12\% and 15\%; and New York: 31\% and 45\%, respectively). Minority children were poorer, in poorer health, and less likely to have had a USC or private insurance before enrolling in SCHIP. The prevalence and magnitude of the disparities varied among the states. Quality of Care for Adolescents. Seventy- three percent of adolescent SCHIP enrollees engaged in one or more risk behaviors ( ie, feeling sad or blue; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use; having sexual intercourse; and not wearing seat belts). Although almost 70\% of adolescents reported having had a preventive care visit the previous year, a majority of them did not receive counseling in each of 4 counseling areas. Controlling for other factors, having a private, confidential visit with the physician was associated with an increased likelihood ( 2 - 3 times more likely) that the adolescent received counseling for 3 of 4 counseling areas. Trends Over Time. New York SCHIP enrollees in 2001, compared with 1994 enrollees in New York's SCHIP- precursor child health insurance program, were more likely to be black or Hispanic, older, from New York City, and from families with lower education, income, and employment levels. A greater proportion of 2001 enrollees was uninsured for some time in the year before enrollment, was insured by Medicaid, and lacked a USC. Secular trends in the low- income population in the state did not seem to be responsible for these differences. Program modifications during this time period that may be related to the shift in enrollee characteristics include changes to benefits, outreach and marketing efforts, changes in the premium structure, and the advent of a single application form for multiple public programs. Conclusions. SCHIP enrollees are a diverse group, and there was considerable variation among the 5 study states. Overall, SCHIP enrollees had substantial and wide- ranging health care needs despite high levels of prior contact with the health care system. A sizable minority of SCHIP enrollees has special health care needs. There is racial and ethnic diversity in the composition of enrollees as well, with racial and ethnic disparities present. The quality of care adolescents received before enrollment in SCHIP was suboptimal, with many reporting unmet health care needs and not receiving recommended counseling. The characteristics of SCHIP enrollees can be expected to change as SCHIP programs evolve and mature. Policy Implications. 1) Benefits should be structured to meet the needs of SCHIP enrollees, which are comparable to Medicaid enrollees' needs in many respects. 2) Provider networks will have to be broad if continuity of care is to be achieved. 3) Multiple outreach strategies should be used, including using providers to distribute information about SCHIP. 4) The quality of care delivered to vulnerable populations ( eg, minority children, CSHCN, and adolescents) should be monitored. 5) States and health plans should actively promote quality health care with the goal of improving the care received by SCHIP enrollees before enrollment. 6) States will have to craft policies that fit their local context. 7) Collecting baseline information on SCHIP enrollees on a continuous basis is important, because enrollee characteristics and needs can change, and many vulnerable children are enrolling in SCHIP.},
   affiliation = {Brach, C (Corresponding Author), Agcy Healthcare Res \& Qual, Ctr Delivery Org \& Markets, 540 Gaither Rd, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Agcy Healthcare Res \& Qual, Ctr Delivery Org \& Markets, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. David \& Lucile Packard Fdn, Los Altos, CA USA. Agcy Healthcare Res \& Qual, Arlington Hts, IL USA. Univ Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med \& Dent, Dept Community \& Prevent Med, Rochester, NY USA. Kansas Hlth Inst, Topeka, KS USA. Univ Florida, Inst Child Hlth Policy, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med \& Dent, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.},
   author-email = {cbrach@ahrq.gov},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -37460,7 +43330,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000208623700010,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Quality Improvement Implementation and Disparities \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{The}} Case of the Health Disparities {{Collaboratives}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown},
+  title = {Quality Improvement Implementation and Disparities {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{The}} Case of the Health Disparities {{Collaboratives}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {Chin, Marshall H.},
   year = {2011},
   month = dec,
@@ -37493,7 +43363,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {2},
   pages = {17--35},
   abstract = {Systematic violations of migrant workers' human rights and striking health disparities among these populations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are the norm in member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Migrant laborers comprise about 90 percent of the UAE workforce and include approximately 500,000 construction workers and 450,000 domestic workers. Like many other GCC members countries, the UAE witnessed an unprecedented construction boom during the early 2000s, attracting large numbers of Western expatriates and increasing demand for cheap migrant labor. Elite Emiratis' and Western expatriates' dependence on household staff further promoted labor migration. This paper offers a summary of existing literature on migrant workers and human rights in the UAE, focusing on their impact on related health ramifications and disparities, with specific attention to construction workers, domestic workers, and trafficked women and children. Construction workers and domestic laborers are victims of debt bondage and face severe wage exploitation, and experience serious health and safety problems resulting from inhumane work and living conditions. High rates of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse impact the health of domestic workers. Through a review of available literature, including official reports, scientific papers, and media reports, the paper discusses the responsibility of employers, governments, and the global community in mitigating these problems and reveals the paucity of systematic data on the health of migrant workers in the Gulf.},
-  affiliation = {S\"onmez, S (Corresponding Author), Univ N Carolina, Bryan Sch Business \& Econ, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Soenmez, Sevil, Univ N Carolina, Bryan Sch Business \& Econ, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Apostopoulos, Yorghos; Tran, Diane; Rentrope, Shantyana, Univ N Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Apostopoulos, Yorghos, Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA.},
+  affiliation = {S{\"o}nmez, S (Corresponding Author), Univ N Carolina, Bryan Sch Business \& Econ, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Soenmez, Sevil, Univ N Carolina, Bryan Sch Business \& Econ, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Apostopoulos, Yorghos; Tran, Diane; Rentrope, Shantyana, Univ N Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. Apostopoulos, Yorghos, Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA.},
   author-email = {sesonmez@uncg.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -37554,7 +43424,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000209838700004,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Assistive Technology and Veterans with Severe Disabilities \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Examining}} the Relationships among Race, Personal Factors, Medical Support, Income Support, and {{Use}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown},
+  title = {Assistive Technology and Veterans with Severe Disabilities {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Examining}} the Relationships among Race, Personal Factors, Medical Support, Income Support, and {{Use}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {Alston, Reginald and Lewis, Allen and Loggins, Shondra},
   year = {2014},
   month = oct,
@@ -37936,13 +43806,13 @@ inequality:
   title = {Public versus Private Production Decisions:: {{Redistribution}} and the Size of the Public Sector},
   author = {Pirttil{\"a}, J and Tuomala, M},
   year = {2005},
-  journal = {Finanz-archiv : Zeitschrift f\"ur das Gesamte Finanzwesen},
+  journal = {Finanz-archiv : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r das Gesamte Finanzwesen},
   volume = {61},
   number = {1},
   pages = {120--137},
   doi = {10.1628/0015221053722505},
   abstract = {We analyze the decision rules governing public employment policy, capital allocation between private and public sector, and the size of the public sector in a two-type and two-sector optimal nonlinear income-tax model with endogenous wages. The government can reduce wage inequality in the private sector by employing more unskilled workers and fewer skilled workers than is necessary to minimize cost at the prevailing gross wage rate and, if skilled labor and capital are complementary, by favoring public-sector capital accumulation. Therefore, production efficiency holds neither in public employment decision nor in capital allocation. The effects of public employment and investment on income inequality increase when the size of the public sector increases. The optimal size of the public sector is also shown to be relatively large when public employment and investments reduce wage inequality. These results help explain the growth in the public-sector size and why a larger government does not necessarily hamper growth.},
-  affiliation = {Pirttil\"a, J (Corresponding Author), Labour Inst Econ Res, Pitkansillanranta 3 A, Helsinki 00530, Finland. Labour Inst Econ Res, Helsinki 00530, Finland.},
+  affiliation = {Pirttil{\"a}, J (Corresponding Author), Labour Inst Econ Res, Pitkansillanranta 3 A, Helsinki 00530, Finland. Labour Inst Econ Res, Helsinki 00530, Finland.},
   author-email = {jukka.pirttila@labour.fi},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -38792,7 +44662,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {4},
   pages = {E902-e911},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.2006-1805},
-  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to improve asthma-related health outcomes in an ethnically and geographically disparate population of economically disadvantaged school-aged children by using a team-based approach using continuous quality improvement and community health workers. PATIENTS AND METHODS. A demonstration project was conducted with 7 community clinics treating similar to 3000 children with asthma 5 to 18 years of age. The overall clinic population with asthma was assessed for care-process changes through random cross-sectional chart reviews at baseline and 24 months ( N = 560). A subset of patients with either moderate or severe persistent asthma or poorly controlled asthma ( N = 405) was followed longitudinally for specific asthma-related clinical outcomes, satisfaction with care, and confidence managing asthma by family interview at baseline and at 12 or 24 months. Patient-centered and care-process outcomes included patient/parent assessment of quality of care and confidence in self-management, asthma action plan review, and documentation of guideline-based indicators of quality of care. Direct clinical outcomes included daytime and nighttime symptoms, use of rescue medications, acute care and emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and missed school days. Each clinic site's degree of adherence to the intervention model was evaluated and ranked to examine the correlation between model adherence and outcomes. RESULTS. Cross-sectional data showed clinic-wide improvements in the documentation of asthma severity, review of action plans, health services use, and asthma symptoms. At follow-up in the longitudinal sample, fewer patients reported acute visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, frequent daytime and nighttime symptoms, and missed school days compared with baseline. More patients reported excellent or very good quality of care and confidence in asthma self-management. Linear regression analysis of the clinical sites' model adherence ranks against site-level combined scores estimating overall outcomes, clinical outcomes, and improvements in clinical care processes showed significant linear correlations with R-2 \textquestiondown = 0.60. CONCLUSIONS. The demonstration produced major improvements in asthma-related care processes and clinical outcomes. Closer adherence to the demonstration model was directly associated with better outcomes.},
+  abstract = {OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to improve asthma-related health outcomes in an ethnically and geographically disparate population of economically disadvantaged school-aged children by using a team-based approach using continuous quality improvement and community health workers. PATIENTS AND METHODS. A demonstration project was conducted with 7 community clinics treating similar to 3000 children with asthma 5 to 18 years of age. The overall clinic population with asthma was assessed for care-process changes through random cross-sectional chart reviews at baseline and 24 months ( N = 560). A subset of patients with either moderate or severe persistent asthma or poorly controlled asthma ( N = 405) was followed longitudinally for specific asthma-related clinical outcomes, satisfaction with care, and confidence managing asthma by family interview at baseline and at 12 or 24 months. Patient-centered and care-process outcomes included patient/parent assessment of quality of care and confidence in self-management, asthma action plan review, and documentation of guideline-based indicators of quality of care. Direct clinical outcomes included daytime and nighttime symptoms, use of rescue medications, acute care and emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and missed school days. Each clinic site's degree of adherence to the intervention model was evaluated and ranked to examine the correlation between model adherence and outcomes. RESULTS. Cross-sectional data showed clinic-wide improvements in the documentation of asthma severity, review of action plans, health services use, and asthma symptoms. At follow-up in the longitudinal sample, fewer patients reported acute visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, frequent daytime and nighttime symptoms, and missed school days compared with baseline. More patients reported excellent or very good quality of care and confidence in asthma self-management. Linear regression analysis of the clinical sites' model adherence ranks against site-level combined scores estimating overall outcomes, clinical outcomes, and improvements in clinical care processes showed significant linear correlations with R-2 {\textquestiondown}= 0.60. CONCLUSIONS. The demonstration produced major improvements in asthma-related care processes and clinical outcomes. Closer adherence to the demonstration model was directly associated with better outcomes.},
   affiliation = {Adelson, JW (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Hlth \& Aging, Integrated Med \& Publ Hlth Program, Suite 340,3333 Calif St, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Hlth \& Aging, Integrated Med \& Publ Hlth Program, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA.},
   author-email = {joel.adelson@ucsf.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -38880,7 +44750,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000251467900006,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {{{En}}\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown gender\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown ing {{New Labour}}'s Workfarist Regime:: {{Exploring}} the Intersection of Welfare State Restructuring and Labour Market Policies in the {{UK}}},
+  title = {{{En}}{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}gender{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}ing {{New Labour}}'s Workfarist Regime:: {{Exploring}} the Intersection of Welfare State Restructuring and Labour Market Policies in the {{UK}}},
   author = {Macleavy, Julie},
   year = {2007},
   month = dec,
@@ -39602,7 +45472,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {55--81},
   doi = {10.1007/s10888-008-9095-y},
   abstract = {In this paper we analyze the effect of inequality on school enrollment, preferred tax rate and expenditure per student in developing countries; when parents can choose between child labor, public schooling or private schooling. We present a model in which parents make schooling decisions for their children, weighing the utility benefit of having a child with formal public or private education versus the forgone income from child labor or household work. Parents vote over the preferred tax rate to finance freely provided public education. The utility benefit of an educated child is proportional to expenditure per student, so that there is congestion in public school. We find that when parents can send their children to work or to private school, high inequality leads to exit from public education at both ends of the income distribution. Thus high inequality reduces the support for public education, leading to a low tax rate and expenditure per student. Exit from public education results in both high child labor and a large fraction of students attending private school. In fact there is a threshold level of inequality above which there is no longer support for public education. In addition we explore the implications for the design of foreign aid. The results suggest that foreign aid policies should focus on promoting school attendance rather than increasing school resources, as the later policy might be offset by a reduction in the recipient country's fiscal effort, with little impact on outcomes.},
-  affiliation = {Guti\'errez, C (Corresponding Author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW,Mail Stop MC4-415, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Gutierrez, Catalina, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Tanaka, Ryuichi, Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Informat Sci \& Engn, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528552, Japan.},
+  affiliation = {Guti{\'e}rrez, C (Corresponding Author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW,Mail Stop MC4-415, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Gutierrez, Catalina, World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Tanaka, Ryuichi, Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Informat Sci \& Engn, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528552, Japan.},
   author-email = {cgutierrez2@worldbank.org tanaka@mei.titech.ac.jp},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -39696,7 +45566,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {31--60},
   doi = {10.13060/00380288.2009.45.1.03},
   abstract = {In this article the authors map the theoretical arguments on the gender dimension of the welfare state. They propose three integral dimensions of conceptualising the exercise of parenthood in Czech society in relation to gender equality in the labour market that co-determine the position of parents in the labour market. The authors analyse these dimensions using data from two representative sociological surveys. 1) The right to be a parent (to care for one's child) and the right to work: the measures provided in the Czech welfare state are based on the myth that there are two separate worlds of work and care in conformity with the gender principle, even though there are no significant differences between Czech men and women in terms of the value of work in their lives. 2) Equality or non-discrimination in parenthood: the right to work of mothers of young children is violated in the context of generally increasing gender inequalities in the labour market. 3) The opportunity to achieve a work/life balance: in Czech society flexible forms of employment are uncommon, working hours tend to have a fixed start and finish, or there is negative flexibility, which renders a work/life balance impossible. The way in which state policy defines and employers apply the conditions of parenthood in relation to the labour market and in the context of the gender structure of Czech society makes parenthood a significant handicap for the social inclusion of women who are mothers of young children in the Czech Republic.},
-  affiliation = {Kr\'izkov\'a, A (Corresponding Author), AV CR, Sociol Ustav, Jilska 1, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic. Krizkova, Alena; Vohlidalova, Marta, AV CR, Sociol Ustav, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic.},
+  affiliation = {Kr{\'i}zkov{\'a}, A (Corresponding Author), AV CR, Sociol Ustav, Jilska 1, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic. Krizkova, Alena; Vohlidalova, Marta, AV CR, Sociol Ustav, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic.},
   author-email = {alena.krizko-va@soc.cas.cz marta.vohlidalova@soc.cas.cz},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {czech},
@@ -39816,7 +45686,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1552--1560},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.024},
   abstract = {Unauthorized migrants face health disadvantages in many receiving nations. However, few studies have explored precisely how the condition of ``illegality'' influences illness experiences, medical treatment, and convalescence. This article presents a case study from Germany (2004-2006 and 2008), where unauthorized migrants face limited access to health care and the threat of deportation results in avoidance of services and treatment delays. This is confounded by unique laws which essentially criminalize health care workers for aiding migrants. This article provides a snapshot of 183 patients who attended a Berlin clinic that functions as the single largest source of medical assistance for unauthorized persons in Germany. The demographic information sketches a picture of labor migrants with a mean age of approximately 29 years. More women than men presented at this clinic, a result of its ability to successfully arrange prenatal care and delivery as well as a reflection of local labor markets. The diversity of countries of origin (n = 55) is surprising, underscoring the utility of using illegal status as a unifying variable to highlight migrants' shared position in the global economy and the resulting barriers to basic medical services. Patients presented with a range of illnesses typical for their age group. However, the effects of illegal status resulted in four areas of disparities: 1) limits to the overall quality and quantity of care for mothers and infants: 2) delayed presentation and difficulties accessing a regular supply of medication for patients with chronic illnesses; 3) difficulties in accessing immediate medical attention for unpredictable injuries and other acute health concerns;, and 4) a lack of mental health care options for generalized stress and anxiety affecting health. In Germany, an incoherent policy environment contributes to inadequate services and treatment delays. Solutions must address these legal ambiguities, which represent a primary barrier to equity in a nation with otherwise universal health coverage. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Casta\~neda, H (Corresponding Author), Univ S Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave,SOC 107, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Casta{\~n}eda, H (Corresponding Author), Univ S Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave,SOC 107, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.},
   author-email = {hcastane@cas.usf.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -40074,7 +45944,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {10},
   pages = {2175--2179},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02150.x},
-  abstract = {P\textquestiondown A rehabilitation approach has been adopted for many long-term neurologic conditions, but not for epilepsy. The disabilities associated with epilepsy are cognitive, psychological, and social, which are not as readily identified by medical doctors as are physical disabilities. A rehabilitation approach moves the emphasis from a medically driven process to a focus on the personal, social, and physical context of long-term illness. It is suggested that a missed opportunity for education and support for self-management occurs after diagnosis. This results in disadvantage to those whose educational level and knowledge of epilepsy are low. People who do not achieve epilepsy control may then experience higher levels of psychological distress, and a negative cycle of loss of self-efficacy, poor epilepsy control, social disadvantage, and disability. Rehabilitation services have benefited communities surrounding centers of excellence. Not so in epilepsy. Despite centers of excellence, areas with deprivation have higher than national average levels of patients reporting a seizure in the prior year, and higher emergency hospital admissions. Specialists working in partnership with general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses can do more to increase participation and reduce distress for people with epilepsy. When available, GPs and nurses with special interest in epilepsy promote integrated services. Primary-secondary networks are likely to be more effective in preventing downward drift. This requires evaluation.},
+  abstract = {P{\textquestiondown}A rehabilitation approach has been adopted for many long-term neurologic conditions, but not for epilepsy. The disabilities associated with epilepsy are cognitive, psychological, and social, which are not as readily identified by medical doctors as are physical disabilities. A rehabilitation approach moves the emphasis from a medically driven process to a focus on the personal, social, and physical context of long-term illness. It is suggested that a missed opportunity for education and support for self-management occurs after diagnosis. This results in disadvantage to those whose educational level and knowledge of epilepsy are low. People who do not achieve epilepsy control may then experience higher levels of psychological distress, and a negative cycle of loss of self-efficacy, poor epilepsy control, social disadvantage, and disability. Rehabilitation services have benefited communities surrounding centers of excellence. Not so in epilepsy. Despite centers of excellence, areas with deprivation have higher than national average levels of patients reporting a seizure in the prior year, and higher emergency hospital admissions. Specialists working in partnership with general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses can do more to increase participation and reduce distress for people with epilepsy. When available, GPs and nurses with special interest in epilepsy promote integrated services. Primary-secondary networks are likely to be more effective in preventing downward drift. This requires evaluation.},
   affiliation = {Ridsdale, L (Corresponding Author), Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Dept Clin Neurosci, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 8AF, England. Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Dept Clin Neurosci, London SE5 8AF, England.},
   author-email = {Leone.Ridsdale@iop.kcl.ac.uk},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -40192,7 +46062,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {9},
   pages = {1681--1688},
   doi = {10.1007/s10552-009-9419-7},
-  abstract = {Background The Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Taskforce was formed to address a growing black/white breast cancer mortality disparity in Chicago. The Taskforce explored three hypotheses: black women in Chicago receive fewer mammograms, black women receive mammograms of inferior quality, and black women have inadequate access to quality of treatment for breast cancer. Methods A total of 102 individuals from 74 Chicago area organizations participated in the Task Force participating in three work groups from January to September 2007. The work groups held focus groups of providers, organized town hall meetings in four Chicago communities, gathered black/white breast cancer mortality data for Chicago, the United States, and New York City, and conducted a mammography capacity and quality survey of mammography facilities. Results Chicago's black and white breast cancer mortality rates were the same in 1980. By the late 1990s, a substantial disparity was present, and by 2005, the black breast cancer mortality rate was 116\% higher than the white rate. In 2007, 206,000 screening mammograms were performed for women living in Chicago, far short of the 588,000 women in the 40-69 age range in Chicago. Facilities that served predominately minority women were less likely to be academic or private institutions (p \textexclamdown{} 03), less likely to have digital mammography (p \textexclamdown{} 003), and less likely to have dedicated breast imaging specialists reading the films (p \textexclamdown{} 003). Black women and providers serving them reported significant difficulties in accessing needed care for breast cancer screening and treatment. Conclusion There are significant access barriers to high quality mammography and treatment services that could be contributing to the mortality differences in Chicago. A metropolitan wide taskforce has been established to address the disparity.},
+  abstract = {Background The Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Taskforce was formed to address a growing black/white breast cancer mortality disparity in Chicago. The Taskforce explored three hypotheses: black women in Chicago receive fewer mammograms, black women receive mammograms of inferior quality, and black women have inadequate access to quality of treatment for breast cancer. Methods A total of 102 individuals from 74 Chicago area organizations participated in the Task Force participating in three work groups from January to September 2007. The work groups held focus groups of providers, organized town hall meetings in four Chicago communities, gathered black/white breast cancer mortality data for Chicago, the United States, and New York City, and conducted a mammography capacity and quality survey of mammography facilities. Results Chicago's black and white breast cancer mortality rates were the same in 1980. By the late 1990s, a substantial disparity was present, and by 2005, the black breast cancer mortality rate was 116\% higher than the white rate. In 2007, 206,000 screening mammograms were performed for women living in Chicago, far short of the 588,000 women in the 40-69 age range in Chicago. Facilities that served predominately minority women were less likely to be academic or private institutions (p {\textexclamdown} 03), less likely to have digital mammography (p {\textexclamdown} 003), and less likely to have dedicated breast imaging specialists reading the films (p {\textexclamdown} 003). Black women and providers serving them reported significant difficulties in accessing needed care for breast cancer screening and treatment. Conclusion There are significant access barriers to high quality mammography and treatment services that could be contributing to the mortality differences in Chicago. A metropolitan wide taskforce has been established to address the disparity.},
   affiliation = {Ansell, D (Corresponding Author), Rush Univ, Med Ctr, 544 Acad Facil,600 S Paulina Ave, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Ansell, David; Rao, Ruta, Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Grabler, Paula, NW Mem Hosp, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Whitman, Steven, Sinai Urban Hlth Inst, Chicago, IL USA. Ferrans, Carol, Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. Burgess-Bishop, Jacqueline, Amer Canc Soc, Chicago, IL USA. Murray, Linda Rae, Cook Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Marcus, Elizabeth, John H Stroger Jr Hosp Cook Cty, Chicago, IL USA.},
   author-email = {David\_ansell@rush.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -40335,7 +46205,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {72--86},
   doi = {10.1108/10662241011020842},
   abstract = {Purpose - The Internet has evolved, prompted in part by new Web 2.0 technologies, to become a more widespread platform for interaction, communication, and activism. Virtual communities, or groups of people informally bound together by shared expertise, synthesise this Internet evolution and the Web 2.0 technology. Users increasingly want to engage online with one another and with organisations of all kinds. These novel Internet-based technologies dominate the new business models of the digital economy giving companies radical new ways to harvest the talents of innovators working outside corporate boundaries. One of the most illustrative examples of this new trend is the Open Source Software (OSS) projects development. This paper aims to analyse the structure and topology of the virtual community supporting one of the most successfully OSS projects, Linux. The objective is to provide conclusions for being successful in the development of future virtual communities. As companies learn to manage these virtual communities, they will develop smarter and faster ways to create value through them. Design/methodology/approach - The interactions of the virtual community members of an ARM-embedded Linux project website is analysed through social network analysis techniques. The participants' activity is studied and some conclusions about the participation features are obtained using the Gini coefficient. In particular, a participation inequality behaviour or a concentration on a small number of developers is clearly observed. Findings - The paper deals with the guidelines that virtual communities should follow to be successful. Results about the structure of a successful virtual community and its time evolution are provided to determine the mentioned guidelines. Research limitations/implications - The research is limited to a particular virtual community engaged with the development of the ARM-embedded Linux OSS. Other successful virtual communities can be analysed, and the conclusions could be compared. Anyway, the proposed analysis methodology can be extended to other virtual communities. Originality/value - The paper fulfils the development and features of Internet virtual communities to be successful. Results have important implications over the development of new software business models based on virtual communities and open source software. Contributions about the best organisation of virtual communities leading to a successful development of the underlying project are presented.},
-  affiliation = {Mart\'inez-Torres, MR (Corresponding Author), Univ Seville, Seville, Spain. Martinez-Torres, M. R.; Toral, S. L.; Barrero, F.; Cortes, F., Univ Seville, Seville, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Mart{\'i}nez-Torres, MR (Corresponding Author), Univ Seville, Seville, Spain. Martinez-Torres, M. R.; Toral, S. L.; Barrero, F.; Cortes, F., Univ Seville, Seville, Spain.},
   author-email = {rmtorres@us.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -40611,7 +46481,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {4},
   pages = {213--222},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00145.x},
-  abstract = {Background Prior to the development of written policies and procedures for pandemic influenza, worker perceptions of ethical and workforce issues must be identified. Objective To determine the relationship between healthcare worker (HCW) reporting willingness to work during a pandemic and perception of job importance, belief that one will be asked to work, and sense of professionalism and to assess HCW's opinions regarding specific policy issues as well as barriers and motivators to work during a pandemic. Methods A survey was conducted in HCWs at The Children's Hospital in Denver, Colorado, from February to June 2007. Characteristics of workers reporting willingness to work during a pandemic were compared with those who were unwilling or unsure. Importance of barriers and motivators was compared by gender and willingness to work. Results Sixty percent of respondents reported willingness to work (overall response rate of 31\%). Belief one will be asked to work (OR 4 center dot 6, P \textexclamdown{} 0 center dot 0001) and having a high level of professionalism (OR 8 center dot 6, P \textexclamdown{} 0 center dot 0001) were associated with reporting willingness to work. Hospital infrastructure support staffs were less likely to report willingness to work during a pandemic than clinical healthcare professionals (OR 0 center dot 39, P \textexclamdown{} 0 center dot 001). Concern for personal safety, concern for safety of family, family's concern for safety, and childcare issues were all important barriers to coming to work. Conclusions Educational programs should focus on professional responsibility and the importance of staying home when ill. Targeted programs toward hospital infrastructure support and patient and family support staff stressing the essential nature of these jobs may improve willingness to work.},
+  abstract = {Background Prior to the development of written policies and procedures for pandemic influenza, worker perceptions of ethical and workforce issues must be identified. Objective To determine the relationship between healthcare worker (HCW) reporting willingness to work during a pandemic and perception of job importance, belief that one will be asked to work, and sense of professionalism and to assess HCW's opinions regarding specific policy issues as well as barriers and motivators to work during a pandemic. Methods A survey was conducted in HCWs at The Children's Hospital in Denver, Colorado, from February to June 2007. Characteristics of workers reporting willingness to work during a pandemic were compared with those who were unwilling or unsure. Importance of barriers and motivators was compared by gender and willingness to work. Results Sixty percent of respondents reported willingness to work (overall response rate of 31\%). Belief one will be asked to work (OR 4 center dot 6, P {\textexclamdown} 0 center dot 0001) and having a high level of professionalism (OR 8 center dot 6, P {\textexclamdown} 0 center dot 0001) were associated with reporting willingness to work. Hospital infrastructure support staffs were less likely to report willingness to work during a pandemic than clinical healthcare professionals (OR 0 center dot 39, P {\textexclamdown} 0 center dot 001). Concern for personal safety, concern for safety of family, family's concern for safety, and childcare issues were all important barriers to coming to work. Conclusions Educational programs should focus on professional responsibility and the importance of staying home when ill. Targeted programs toward hospital infrastructure support and patient and family support staff stressing the essential nature of these jobs may improve willingness to work.},
   affiliation = {Cowden, J (Corresponding Author), Keesler Pediat Clin, Dept Pediat, Keesler Med Ctr, 301 Fisher St,Room BF 305, Keesler AFB, MS 39534 USA. Cowden, Jessica, Keesler Pediat Clin, Dept Pediat, Keesler Med Ctr, Keesler AFB, MS 39534 USA. Cowden, Jessica; Glover, Jacqueline; Nyquist, Ann-Christine, Univ Colorado, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Crane, Lori; Nyquist, Ann-Christine, Univ Colorado, Dept Community \& Behav Hlth, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Lezotte, Dennis, Univ Colorado, Dept Biostat \& Informat, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Glover, Jacqueline, Univ Colorado, Ctr Bioeth, Denver, CO 80202 USA.},
   author-email = {Jessica.cowden@keesler.af.mil},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -40673,7 +46543,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000280115700002,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Quality Improvement Implementation and Disparities \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{The}} Case of the Health Disparities {{Collaboratives}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown},
+  title = {Quality Improvement Implementation and Disparities {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{The}} Case of the Health Disparities {{Collaboratives}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {Chin, Marshall H.},
   year = {2010},
   month = aug,
@@ -40729,7 +46599,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {3},
   pages = {363--387},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1549-0831.2010.00020.x},
-  abstract = {P\textquestiondown Researchers are increasingly recognizing space as a key axis of inequality. Scholars concerned with spatial inequality have called for special attention to issues of comparative advantage and disadvantage across space as well as the consideration of the subnational scale. This study draws on these ideas by examining the relationship between work and poverty in the United States with an explicit comparative focus on metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas. Moreover, this study joins space with its counterpart time by exploring how this relationship has changed over the last quarter century. Using data from the March Current Population Survey, the results show that working poverty persistently had a disproportionate impact on nonmetro families between 1979 and 2003. However, the results also show a trend of residential convergence, as working poverty in metro areas has climbed toward the levels experienced in nonmetro areas. Logistic-regression models exploring the effects of residence, family labor supply, and period confirm that labor supply has consistently provided nonmetro families with less protection from poverty than their metro counterparts, but also show that this disadvantage has waned in recent years. The findings underscore the need for policies that support those working on the economic margins and recognize the variable opportunity costs of employment across the rural-urban continuum.},
+  abstract = {P{\textquestiondown}Researchers are increasingly recognizing space as a key axis of inequality. Scholars concerned with spatial inequality have called for special attention to issues of comparative advantage and disadvantage across space as well as the consideration of the subnational scale. This study draws on these ideas by examining the relationship between work and poverty in the United States with an explicit comparative focus on metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas. Moreover, this study joins space with its counterpart time by exploring how this relationship has changed over the last quarter century. Using data from the March Current Population Survey, the results show that working poverty persistently had a disproportionate impact on nonmetro families between 1979 and 2003. However, the results also show a trend of residential convergence, as working poverty in metro areas has climbed toward the levels experienced in nonmetro areas. Logistic-regression models exploring the effects of residence, family labor supply, and period confirm that labor supply has consistently provided nonmetro families with less protection from poverty than their metro counterparts, but also show that this disadvantage has waned in recent years. The findings underscore the need for policies that support those working on the economic margins and recognize the variable opportunity costs of employment across the rural-urban continuum.},
   affiliation = {Slack, T (Corresponding Author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Sociol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Sociol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.},
   author-email = {slack@lsu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -41313,7 +47183,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {4},
   pages = {923--933},
   doi = {2016092613075700444},
-  abstract = {Context: The United States lacks timely reliable mechanisms for assessing the professional work of subspecialty physicians. Objective: The aim was to use early-career members of The Endocrine Society as a model to estimate subspecialty physician involvement in patient care, teaching, research, and administration among clinical, academic, federal, and pharmaceutical/biotech workplaces and to assess the workforce for research within individual workplaces. Methods: Physicians joining The Endocrine Society from 1991-2005 and residing in North America were invited to complete a Web-based survey. This report relies on 817 early-career endocrinologists or 29.6\% of eligible respondents. Results: Respondents from all types of workplaces engaged in patient care, teaching, research, and administration. The time committed to the four tasks, however, differed significantly among workplaces. Research (basic, translational, disease, patient, population, and prevention) was accomplished within all workplaces, but the scope and scale of investigative work was employer dependent. Recipients of National Institutes of Health K08/23 awards succeeded in receiving federal research project grants (P \textexclamdown{} 0.001). Respondents associated research with lowered incomes, a perception validated by an estimated drop in annual earnings of 2.8\% per half-day spent on research (P \textexclamdown{} 0.001). Women in academic settings earned less than men (P \textexclamdown{} 0.01) and were less likely to occupy tenure-eligible positions (P \textexclamdown{} 0.01). Conclusions: Web-based surveys offer a simple tool for estimating the work of subspecialty physicians and provide a framework for improving biomedical investigation. Several interventions should be considered for endocrinology: recruit physicians from underrepresented demographic groups, increase K08/23 awards, incentivize investigative careers, and improve the national infrastructure for biomedical research. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 923-933, 2011)},
+  abstract = {Context: The United States lacks timely reliable mechanisms for assessing the professional work of subspecialty physicians. Objective: The aim was to use early-career members of The Endocrine Society as a model to estimate subspecialty physician involvement in patient care, teaching, research, and administration among clinical, academic, federal, and pharmaceutical/biotech workplaces and to assess the workforce for research within individual workplaces. Methods: Physicians joining The Endocrine Society from 1991-2005 and residing in North America were invited to complete a Web-based survey. This report relies on 817 early-career endocrinologists or 29.6\% of eligible respondents. Results: Respondents from all types of workplaces engaged in patient care, teaching, research, and administration. The time committed to the four tasks, however, differed significantly among workplaces. Research (basic, translational, disease, patient, population, and prevention) was accomplished within all workplaces, but the scope and scale of investigative work was employer dependent. Recipients of National Institutes of Health K08/23 awards succeeded in receiving federal research project grants (P {\textexclamdown} 0.001). Respondents associated research with lowered incomes, a perception validated by an estimated drop in annual earnings of 2.8\% per half-day spent on research (P {\textexclamdown} 0.001). Women in academic settings earned less than men (P {\textexclamdown} 0.01) and were less likely to occupy tenure-eligible positions (P {\textexclamdown} 0.01). Conclusions: Web-based surveys offer a simple tool for estimating the work of subspecialty physicians and provide a framework for improving biomedical investigation. Several interventions should be considered for endocrinology: recruit physicians from underrepresented demographic groups, increase K08/23 awards, incentivize investigative careers, and improve the national infrastructure for biomedical research. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 923-933, 2011)},
   affiliation = {Desjardins, C (Corresponding Author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Physiol \& Biophys, Clin Scholars Project, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Desjardins, Claude, Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Physiol \& Biophys, Clin Scholars Project, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Bach, Mark A., Janssen Pharmaceut KK, Div Res \& Dev, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1010065, Japan. Cappola, Anne R., Univ Penn, Sch Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet \& Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Seely, Ellen W., Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham \& Womens Hosp, Div Endocrinol Diabet \& Hypertens, Boston, MA 01215 USA. Ehrenberg, Ronald G., Cornell Univ, Sch Ind \& Labor Relat, Cornell Higher Educ Res Inst, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ehrenberg, Ronald G., Cornell Univ, Sch Ind \& Labor Relat, Dept Labor Econ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.},
   author-email = {clauded@uic.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -41469,7 +47339,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000290113500006,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Putting Guidelines into Practice \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Improving}} Documentation of Pediatric Asthma Management Using a {{Decision}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown -\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Making Tool}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown},
+  title = {Putting Guidelines into Practice {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Improving}} Documentation of Pediatric Asthma Management Using a {{Decision}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}-{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Making Tool}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {Shapiro, Alan and Gracy, Delaney and Quinones, Wendy and Applebaum, Jo and Sarmiento, Ariel},
   year = {2011},
   month = may,
@@ -41477,7 +47347,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {165},
   number = {5},
   pages = {412--418},
-  abstract = {Objective: To assess improvement in documentation of asthma indicators using the Asthma Toolbox, an asthma decision-making tool developed in accord with National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines. Design: Retrospective medical record review using cross-sectional, independent, random samples. Reviews were conducted for 1-year periods before and after implementation and after revision reflecting 2007 guideline modifications. Setting: Two inner-city, federally qualified health center programs providing pediatric primary care to housed and homeless populations. Participants: A total of 1246 patients aged 6 months to 18 years with at least 1 asthma visit to a community health center using paper records (n=600) or a mobile medical program serving family homeless shelters using an electronic health record (EHR; n=646). Intervention: Implementation of the Asthma Toolbox incorporated into paper encounter forms and embedded in the EHR to guide providers (ie, physicians and nurse practitioners) through pediatric asthma assessment and management. Main Outcome Measures: Documentation of a subset of asthma severity/control measures, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and percentage of persistent asthmatic patients prescribed controller medications. Results: Documentation of each asthma indicator increased significantly after implementation (chi(2) tests; P \textexclamdown{} .001 all comparisons) for both programs. Documentation of severity/control increased from 25.5\% to 77.5\% in paper records and from 11.7\% to 85.1\% in the EHR (P \textexclamdown{} .001). Increases were sustained after Asthma Toolbox revision for all indicators. The percentage of patients with persistent/uncontrolled asthma prescribed controller medications reached 96\% to 97\% in both programs. Conclusion: Use of the Asthma Toolbox, an asthma decision-making tool, significantly increased documentation of pediatric asthma management among providers working in high-disparity, urban primary care settings.},
+  abstract = {Objective: To assess improvement in documentation of asthma indicators using the Asthma Toolbox, an asthma decision-making tool developed in accord with National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines. Design: Retrospective medical record review using cross-sectional, independent, random samples. Reviews were conducted for 1-year periods before and after implementation and after revision reflecting 2007 guideline modifications. Setting: Two inner-city, federally qualified health center programs providing pediatric primary care to housed and homeless populations. Participants: A total of 1246 patients aged 6 months to 18 years with at least 1 asthma visit to a community health center using paper records (n=600) or a mobile medical program serving family homeless shelters using an electronic health record (EHR; n=646). Intervention: Implementation of the Asthma Toolbox incorporated into paper encounter forms and embedded in the EHR to guide providers (ie, physicians and nurse practitioners) through pediatric asthma assessment and management. Main Outcome Measures: Documentation of a subset of asthma severity/control measures, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and percentage of persistent asthmatic patients prescribed controller medications. Results: Documentation of each asthma indicator increased significantly after implementation (chi(2) tests; P {\textexclamdown} .001 all comparisons) for both programs. Documentation of severity/control increased from 25.5\% to 77.5\% in paper records and from 11.7\% to 85.1\% in the EHR (P {\textexclamdown} .001). Increases were sustained after Asthma Toolbox revision for all indicators. The percentage of patients with persistent/uncontrolled asthma prescribed controller medications reached 96\% to 97\% in both programs. Conclusion: Use of the Asthma Toolbox, an asthma decision-making tool, significantly increased documentation of pediatric asthma management among providers working in high-disparity, urban primary care settings.},
   affiliation = {Shapiro, A (Corresponding Author), Montefiore Med Ctr, Community Pediat Programs, 853 Longwood Ave, Bronx, NY 10459 USA. Shapiro, Alan; Applebaum, Jo; Sarmiento, Ariel, Montefiore Med Ctr, Community Pediat Programs, New York, NY USA. Gracy, Delaney, Childrens Hlth Fund, New York, NY USA. Quinones, Wendy, New York Childrens Hlth Project, New York, NY USA.},
   author-email = {ashapiro@montefiore.org},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -42390,7 +48260,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {13},
   number = {e25},
   doi = {10.2196/jmir.1534},
-  abstract = {Background: Access to health care is often contingent upon an individual's ability to travel for services. Certain groups, such as those with physical limitations and rural residents, have more travel barriers than other groups, reducing their access to services. The use of the Internet may be a way for these groups to seek care or information to support their health care needs. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine Internet use among those whose are, for medical reasons, limited in their ability to travel. We also examined disparities in Internet use by race/ethnicity and rural residence, particularly among persons with medical conditions. Methods: We used data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), a nationally representative sample of US households, to examine Internet use among individuals with medical conditions, rural residents, and minority populations. Internet use was defined as any use within the past 6 months; among users, frequency of use and location of use were explored. Control variables included sociodemographics, family life cycle, employment status, region, and job density in the community. All analyses were weighted to reflect the complex NHTS sampling frame. Results: Individuals with medical conditions were far less likely to report Internet use than those without medical conditions (32.6\% vs 70.3\%, P \textexclamdown{} .001). Similarly, rural residents were less likely to report Internet access and use than urban residents (59.7\% vs 69.4\%, P \textexclamdown{} .001). Nationally, 72.8\% of white respondents, versus 65.7\% of persons of ``other'' race, 51.5\% of African Americans, and 38.0\% of Hispanics reported accessing the Internet (P \textexclamdown{} .001). In adjusted analyses, persons with medical conditions and minority populations were less likely to report Internet use. Rural-urban differences were no longer significant with demographic and ecological characteristics held constant. Conclusions: This analysis confirmed previous findings of a digital divide between urban and rural residents. Internet use and frequency was also lower among those reporting a medical condition than among those without a condition. After we controlled for many factors, however, African Americans and Hispanics were still less likely to use the Internet, and to use it less often, than whites. Policy makers should look for ways to improve the access to, and use of, the Internet among these populations.},
+  abstract = {Background: Access to health care is often contingent upon an individual's ability to travel for services. Certain groups, such as those with physical limitations and rural residents, have more travel barriers than other groups, reducing their access to services. The use of the Internet may be a way for these groups to seek care or information to support their health care needs. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine Internet use among those whose are, for medical reasons, limited in their ability to travel. We also examined disparities in Internet use by race/ethnicity and rural residence, particularly among persons with medical conditions. Methods: We used data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), a nationally representative sample of US households, to examine Internet use among individuals with medical conditions, rural residents, and minority populations. Internet use was defined as any use within the past 6 months; among users, frequency of use and location of use were explored. Control variables included sociodemographics, family life cycle, employment status, region, and job density in the community. All analyses were weighted to reflect the complex NHTS sampling frame. Results: Individuals with medical conditions were far less likely to report Internet use than those without medical conditions (32.6\% vs 70.3\%, P {\textexclamdown} .001). Similarly, rural residents were less likely to report Internet access and use than urban residents (59.7\% vs 69.4\%, P {\textexclamdown} .001). Nationally, 72.8\% of white respondents, versus 65.7\% of persons of ``other'' race, 51.5\% of African Americans, and 38.0\% of Hispanics reported accessing the Internet (P {\textexclamdown} .001). In adjusted analyses, persons with medical conditions and minority populations were less likely to report Internet use. Rural-urban differences were no longer significant with demographic and ecological characteristics held constant. Conclusions: This analysis confirmed previous findings of a digital divide between urban and rural residents. Internet use and frequency was also lower among those reporting a medical condition than among those without a condition. After we controlled for many factors, however, African Americans and Hispanics were still less likely to use the Internet, and to use it less often, than whites. Policy makers should look for ways to improve the access to, and use of, the Internet among these populations.},
   affiliation = {Bennett, K (Corresponding Author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Family \& Prevent Med, 3209 Colonial Dr, Columbia, SC 29203 USA. Bennett, Kevin, Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Family \& Prevent Med, Columbia, SC 29203 USA. Wang, Jong-Yi, China Med Univ, Grad Inst Hlth Serv Adm, Taichung, Taiwan. Wang, Jong-Yi, China Med Univ, Dept Hlth Serv Adm, Taichung, Taiwan. Probst, Janice, Univ S Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Serv Policy \& Management, Columbia, SC 29203 USA.},
   author-email = {kevin.bennett@sc.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -42475,7 +48345,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000304455600004,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{The US President}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown '\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown s\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Emergency}} Plan for {{AIDS Relief}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} {{GENDERING THE INTERSECTIONS OF NEO-CONSERVATISM AND NEO-LIBERALISM}}},
+  title = {{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{The US President}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}'{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}s{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Emergency}} Plan for {{AIDS Relief}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} {{GENDERING THE INTERSECTIONS OF NEO-CONSERVATISM AND NEO-LIBERALISM}}},
   author = {Oliver, Marcia},
   year = {2012},
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL FEMINIST JOURNAL OF POLITICS},
@@ -43051,7 +48921,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {955--974},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.07.006},
   abstract = {This paper analyzes the long-run growth-maximizing progressivity of income taxation in a standard two-period, overlapping generations model economy in which (i) there is aggregate uncertainty, (ii) attitudes towards risk and intertemporal substitution are considered apart, (iii) growth is driven by the accumulation of young individuals' savings in the form of physical capital in an AK economy, and (iv) young individuals' savings partly obey retirement motive and partly precautionary motive. The equilibrium growth rate is solved analytically, and conditions for the introduction of a progressive income tax in an economy with an existing proportional tax to reduce the equilibrium growth rate are obtained. The model is numerically illustrated after calibrating its parameters to mimic some basic features of the US economy to quantify the effects of progressivity changes. It is found that higher levels of progressivity lead to lower equilibrium growth rates. The effects on after-tax income inequality and in individual welfare, however, strongly depend on the specific assumptions made about labor supply by old individuals and the specific income tax design. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Echevarr\'ia, CA (Corresponding Author), Univ Basque Country Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Dept Fundamentos Anal Econ 2, Avda Lehendakari Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48105, Spain. Univ Basque Country Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Dept Fundamentos Anal Econ 2, Bilbao 48105, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Echevarr{\'i}a, CA (Corresponding Author), Univ Basque Country Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Dept Fundamentos Anal Econ 2, Avda Lehendakari Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48105, Spain. Univ Basque Country Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Dept Fundamentos Anal Econ 2, Bilbao 48105, Spain.},
   author-email = {cruz.echevarria@ehu.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -43143,7 +49013,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {62--84},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2012.07.013},
   abstract = {In this paper, we characterize the relationship between the initial distribution of human capital and physical inheritances among individuals and the long-run distribution of these two variables. In a model with indivisible investment in education, we analyze how the initial distribution of income determines the posterior intergenerational mobility in human capital and the evolution of intragenerational income inequality. This analysis enables us in turn to characterize the effects of fiscal policy on future income distribution and mobility when the composition of intergenerational transfers is endogenous. To this end, we consider the following government interventions: a pay-as-you-go social security system, a tax on inheritance, a tax on capital income, a tax on labor income, and a subsidy on education investment. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Caball\'e, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Econ \& Hist Econ, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Alonso-Carrera, Jaime, Univ Vigo, Vigo, Spain. Caballe, Jordi, Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Econ \& Hist Econ, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Caballe, Jordi, Barcelona GSE, Barcelona, Spain. Raurich, Xavier, Univ Barcelona, E-08007 Barcelona, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Caball{\'e}, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Econ \& Hist Econ, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Alonso-Carrera, Jaime, Univ Vigo, Vigo, Spain. Caballe, Jordi, Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Econ \& Hist Econ, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Caballe, Jordi, Barcelona GSE, Barcelona, Spain. Raurich, Xavier, Univ Barcelona, E-08007 Barcelona, Spain.},
   author-email = {jalonso@uvigo.es jordi.caballe@uab.eu xavier.raurich@ub.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -43954,7 +49824,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {553--563},
   doi = {10.3233/WOR-131641},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Participation in the workforce is one of the main social evaluations all individuals are subject to in modern society. Public policies supporting social justice for persons with disabilities have gained prominence in several nations in the last decades and it is critical to ensure that those who want to work are afforded the opportunity to do so. Meanwhile they remain under represented in the labor market within the contemporary world. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify facilitators or barriers faced by people with disability within the workforce. PARTICIPANTS: Ten workers with disabilities from various companies and performing diverse professional job functions participated in semi-structured interviews. METHOD: The Discourse of the Collective Subject method was employed as a means to organize and analyze qualitative data of a verbal nature. RESULTS: Reasonable work conditions, adjustments, and accommodations facilitate performance and job retention. Social participation through employment leads to social recognition and the feeling of citizenship. On the other hand prejudice, unequal opportunities, workers' low educational attainment, and lack of training opportunities lead to employment exclusion. CONCLUSION: To include people with disabilities in the workforce, it is necessary to focus on attaining equal levels of education, an unbiased and inclusive process for entering the labor market, and continued management of disability issues within the workplace. Together, these elements create equal opportunities for workers with disabilities to advance in their careers, which in turn enables participation, social recognition and guaranties their rights as citizens.},
-  affiliation = {Toldr\'a, RC (Corresponding Author), Rua Cipotanea 51, BR-30917431 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Toldra, Rose Colom, Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Curso Terapia Ocupac, Dept Fisioterapia Fonoaudiol \& Terapia Ocupac, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Santos, Maria Conceicao, Univ Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Ciencias Saude, Curso Terapia Ocupac, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
+  affiliation = {Toldr{\'a}, RC (Corresponding Author), Rua Cipotanea 51, BR-30917431 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Toldra, Rose Colom, Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Curso Terapia Ocupac, Dept Fisioterapia Fonoaudiol \& Terapia Ocupac, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Santos, Maria Conceicao, Univ Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Ciencias Saude, Curso Terapia Ocupac, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
   author-email = {rosetoldra@usp.br},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -44239,7 +50109,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {55--64},
   doi = {10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.004},
   abstract = {Inequalities in work time might provide important insights on how poverty is experienced by people. Despite the growing body of literature on poverty and intra-household allocation of resources in Turkey, the linkages between poverty and inequalities in time use have not been studied empirically using nationwide data. We look at how distribution of paid and unpaid work burden differs between households of different income levels using the first and the single national time use survey in Turkey. Our results reveal one hidden dimension of poverty; a time deficit alongside the more obvious income deficit. We also find that the effects of time poverty are felt more severely by women, given the already uneven distribution of unpaid work within the Turkish household. We conclude that social policies targeting not only income but also time poverty, like provision of public care services for children and elderly, may have a double effect by relieving unpaid time burden of women and increasing female labor market participation, and therefore, increasing household income further. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {\"Ones, U (Corresponding Author), Ankara Univ, Dept Econ, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. Ones, Umut; Memis, Emel; Kizilirmak, Burca, Ankara Univ, Dept Econ, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey.},
+  affiliation = {{\"O}nes, U (Corresponding Author), Ankara Univ, Dept Econ, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. Ones, Umut; Memis, Emel; Kizilirmak, Burca, Ankara Univ, Dept Econ, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
   research-areas = {Women's Studies},
@@ -44284,7 +50154,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {2},
   pages = {85--93},
   doi = {10.3109/09593985.2013.816894},
-  abstract = {Background/Purpose: Barriers and enablers of physical activity have been investigated, but it remains unclear what middle-aged adults' physical activity preferences are. Two physical activity interventions were compared to determine barriers, enablers and preferences for physical activity format in sedentary, community-dwelling 50- to 65-year-olds. Methods: Using mixed methods, 37 Physical Activity at Home (PAAH) participants took part in focus groups at the end of the intervention period and completed the Active Australia Survey (AAS). Participants were divided into three sub-groups: (1) group exercise attendees (GA, n = 14); (2) group exercise non-attendees (GNA, n = 9); and (3) physiotherapist-led home-based physical activity program attendees (HB, n = 14). Focus groups were audio-taped, transcribed, coded and analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Thirty-seven exit telephone calls with GNA were included in the analysis. Results: Cost, self-efficacy, work and carer commitments were major themes identified for GA and GNA. HB participants reported fewer barriers and a number of enablers, including flexibility of the program and physiotherapist instruction. HB and GNA were younger than GA (p\textexclamdown{} 0.05), more likely to be in paid employment and GNA participants were insufficiently active (p \textexclamdown = 0.01). All participants preferred some home-based physical activity, although a variety of formats was indicated. Conclusion: The barriers, enablers and preferences indicate that the physiotherapist-led home-based physical activity program with initial face-to-face contact and telephone support may increase the adoption and maintenance of physical activity in middle-aged adults, particularly for those not interested in, or unable to attend, group exercise.},
+  abstract = {Background/Purpose: Barriers and enablers of physical activity have been investigated, but it remains unclear what middle-aged adults' physical activity preferences are. Two physical activity interventions were compared to determine barriers, enablers and preferences for physical activity format in sedentary, community-dwelling 50- to 65-year-olds. Methods: Using mixed methods, 37 Physical Activity at Home (PAAH) participants took part in focus groups at the end of the intervention period and completed the Active Australia Survey (AAS). Participants were divided into three sub-groups: (1) group exercise attendees (GA, n = 14); (2) group exercise non-attendees (GNA, n = 9); and (3) physiotherapist-led home-based physical activity program attendees (HB, n = 14). Focus groups were audio-taped, transcribed, coded and analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Thirty-seven exit telephone calls with GNA were included in the analysis. Results: Cost, self-efficacy, work and carer commitments were major themes identified for GA and GNA. HB participants reported fewer barriers and a number of enablers, including flexibility of the program and physiotherapist instruction. HB and GNA were younger than GA (p{\textexclamdown} 0.05), more likely to be in paid employment and GNA participants were insufficiently active (p {\textexclamdown}= 0.01). All participants preferred some home-based physical activity, although a variety of formats was indicated. Conclusion: The barriers, enablers and preferences indicate that the physiotherapist-led home-based physical activity program with initial face-to-face contact and telephone support may increase the adoption and maintenance of physical activity in middle-aged adults, particularly for those not interested in, or unable to attend, group exercise.},
   affiliation = {Freene, N (Corresponding Author), Univ Canberra, Fac Hlth, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia. Freene, Nicole; Waddington, Gordon; Chesworth, Wendy, Univ Canberra, Fac Hlth, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia. Davey, Rachel; Cochrane, Tom, Univ Canberra, Ctr Res \& Act Publ Hlth, Fac Hlth, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia.},
   author-email = {u3033443@uni.canberra.edu.au},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -44392,7 +50262,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000330492200002,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {The Impact of \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Oportunidades}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} on Human Capital and Income Distribution in {{Mexico}}: {{A}} Top-down/Bottom-up Approach},
+  title = {The Impact of {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Oportunidades}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} on Human Capital and Income Distribution in {{Mexico}}: {{A}} Top-down/Bottom-up Approach},
   author = {Debowicz, Dario and Golan, Jennifer},
   year = {2014},
   month = jan,
@@ -44915,7 +50785,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {63},
   number = {3},
   pages = {1+},
-  abstract = {Problem/Condition: Promoting preconception health can potentially improve women's health and pregnancy outcomes. Evidence-based interventions exist to reduce many maternal behaviors and chronic conditions that are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as tobacco use, alcohol use, inadequate folic acid intake, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. The 2006 national recommendations to improve preconception health included monitoring improvements in preconception health by maximizing public health surveillance (CDC. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States: a report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR 2006; 55[No. RR-6]). Reporting Period Covered: 2009 for 38 indicators; 2008 for one indicator. Description of Surveillance Systems: The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is an ongoing state-and population-based surveillance system designed to monitor selected self-reported maternal behaviors, conditions, and experiences that occur shortly before, during, and after pregnancy among women who deliver live-born infants. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing state-based telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged \textquestiondown = 18 years in the United States that collects state-level data on health-related risk behaviors, chronic conditions, and preventive health services. This surveillance summary includes PRAMS data from 29 reporting areas (n = 40,388 respondents) and BRFSS data from 51 reporting areas (n = 62,875 respondents) for nonpregnant women of reproductive age (aged 18-44 years). To establish a comprehensive, nationally recognized set of indicators to be used for monitoring, evaluation, and response, a volunteer group of policy and program leaders and epidemiologists identified 45 core state preconception health indicators, of which 41 rely on PRAMS or BRFSS as data sources. This report includes 39 of the 41 core state preconception health indicators for which data are available through PRAMS or BRFSS. The two indicators from these data sources that are not described in this report are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing within a year before the most recent pregnancy and heavy drinking on at least one occasion during the preceding month. Ten preconception health domains are examined: general health status and life satisfaction, social determinants of health, health care, reproductive health and family planning, tobacco and alcohol use, nutrition and physical activity, mental health, emotional and social support, chronic conditions, and infections. Weighted prevalence estimates and 95\% confidence intervals (95\% CIs) for 39 indicators are presented overall and for each reporting area and stratified by age group (18-24, 25-34, and 35-44 years) and women's race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic other, and Hispanic). Results: This surveillance summary includes data for 39 of 41 indicators: 2009 data for 23 preconception health indicators that were monitored by PRAMS and 16 preconception health indicators that were monitored by BRFSS (one BRFSS indicator uses 2008 data). For two of the indicators that are included in this report (prepregnancy overweight or obesity and current overweight or obesity), separate measures of overweight and obesity were reported. All preconception health indicators varied by reporting area, and most indicators varied significantly by age group and race/ethnicity. Overall, 88.9\% of women of reproductive age reported good, very good, or excellent general health status and life satisfaction (BRFSS). A high school/general equivalency diploma or higher education (social determinants of health domain) was reported by 94.7\% of non-Hispanic white, 92.9\% of non-Hispanic other, 91.1\% of non-Hispanic black, and 70.9\% of Hispanic women (BRFSS). Overall, health-care insurance coverage during the month before the most recent pregnancy (health-care domain) was 74.9\% (PRAMS). A routine checkup during the preceding year was reported by 79.0\% of non-Hispanic black, 65.1\% of non-Hispanic white, 64.3\% of other, and 63.0\% of Hispanic women (BRFSS). Among women with a recent live birth (2-9 months since date of delivery), selected PRAMS results for the reproductive health and family planning, tobacco and alcohol use, and nutrition domains included several factors. Although 43\% of women reported that their most recent pregnancy was unintended (unwanted or wanted to be pregnant later), approximately half (53\%) of those who were not trying to get pregnant reported not using contraception at the time of conception. Smoking during the 3 months before pregnancy was reported by 25.1\% of women, and drinking alcohol 3 months before pregnancy was reported by 54.2\% of women. Daily use of a multivitamin, prenatal vitamin, or a folic acid supplement during the month before pregnancy was reported by 29.7\% of women. Selected BRFSS results included indicators pertaining to the nutrition and physical activity, emotional and social support, and chronic conditions domains among women of reproductive age. Approximately one fourth (24.7\%) of women were identified as being obese according to body mass index (BMI) on the basis of self-reported height and weight. Overall, 51.6\% of women reported participation in recommended levels of physical activity per U. S. Department of Health and Human Services physical activity guidelines. Non-Hispanic whites reported the highest prevalence (85.0\%) of having adequate emotional and social support, followed by other races/ethnicities (74.9\%), Hispanics (70.5\%), and non-Hispanic blacks (69.7\%). Approximately 3.0\% of persons reported ever being diagnosed with diabetes, and 10.2\% of women reported ever being diagnosed with hypertension. Interpretation: The findings in this report underscore opportunities for improving the preconception health of U. S. women. Preconception health and women's health can be improved by reducing unintended pregnancies, reducing risky behaviors (e. g., smoking and drinking) among women of reproductive age, and ensuring that chronic conditions are under control. Evidence-based interventions and clinical practice guidelines exist to address these risks and to improve pregnancy outcomes and women's health in general. The results also highlight the need to increase access to health care for all nonpregnant women of reproductive age and the need to encourage the use of essential preventive services for women, including preconception health services. In addition, system changes in community settings can alleviate health problems resulting from inadequate social and emotional support and environments that foster unhealthy lifestyles. Policy changes can promote health equity by encouraging environments that promote healthier options in nutrition and physical activity. Finally, variation in the preconception health status of women by age and race/ethnicity underscores the need for implementing and scaling up proven strategies to reduce persistent health disparities among those at highest risk. Ongoing surveillance and research in preconception health are needed to monitor the influence of improved health-care access and coverage on women's prepregnancy and interpregnancy health status, pregnancy and infant outcomes, and health disparities. Public Health Action: Public health decision makers, program planners, researchers, and other key stakeholders can use the state-level PRAMS and BRFSS preconception health indicators to benchmark and monitor preconception health among women of reproductive age. These data also can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of preconception health state and national programs and to assess the need for new programs, program enhancements, and policies.},
+  abstract = {Problem/Condition: Promoting preconception health can potentially improve women's health and pregnancy outcomes. Evidence-based interventions exist to reduce many maternal behaviors and chronic conditions that are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as tobacco use, alcohol use, inadequate folic acid intake, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. The 2006 national recommendations to improve preconception health included monitoring improvements in preconception health by maximizing public health surveillance (CDC. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States: a report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR 2006; 55[No. RR-6]). Reporting Period Covered: 2009 for 38 indicators; 2008 for one indicator. Description of Surveillance Systems: The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is an ongoing state-and population-based surveillance system designed to monitor selected self-reported maternal behaviors, conditions, and experiences that occur shortly before, during, and after pregnancy among women who deliver live-born infants. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing state-based telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged {\textquestiondown}= 18 years in the United States that collects state-level data on health-related risk behaviors, chronic conditions, and preventive health services. This surveillance summary includes PRAMS data from 29 reporting areas (n = 40,388 respondents) and BRFSS data from 51 reporting areas (n = 62,875 respondents) for nonpregnant women of reproductive age (aged 18-44 years). To establish a comprehensive, nationally recognized set of indicators to be used for monitoring, evaluation, and response, a volunteer group of policy and program leaders and epidemiologists identified 45 core state preconception health indicators, of which 41 rely on PRAMS or BRFSS as data sources. This report includes 39 of the 41 core state preconception health indicators for which data are available through PRAMS or BRFSS. The two indicators from these data sources that are not described in this report are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing within a year before the most recent pregnancy and heavy drinking on at least one occasion during the preceding month. Ten preconception health domains are examined: general health status and life satisfaction, social determinants of health, health care, reproductive health and family planning, tobacco and alcohol use, nutrition and physical activity, mental health, emotional and social support, chronic conditions, and infections. Weighted prevalence estimates and 95\% confidence intervals (95\% CIs) for 39 indicators are presented overall and for each reporting area and stratified by age group (18-24, 25-34, and 35-44 years) and women's race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic other, and Hispanic). Results: This surveillance summary includes data for 39 of 41 indicators: 2009 data for 23 preconception health indicators that were monitored by PRAMS and 16 preconception health indicators that were monitored by BRFSS (one BRFSS indicator uses 2008 data). For two of the indicators that are included in this report (prepregnancy overweight or obesity and current overweight or obesity), separate measures of overweight and obesity were reported. All preconception health indicators varied by reporting area, and most indicators varied significantly by age group and race/ethnicity. Overall, 88.9\% of women of reproductive age reported good, very good, or excellent general health status and life satisfaction (BRFSS). A high school/general equivalency diploma or higher education (social determinants of health domain) was reported by 94.7\% of non-Hispanic white, 92.9\% of non-Hispanic other, 91.1\% of non-Hispanic black, and 70.9\% of Hispanic women (BRFSS). Overall, health-care insurance coverage during the month before the most recent pregnancy (health-care domain) was 74.9\% (PRAMS). A routine checkup during the preceding year was reported by 79.0\% of non-Hispanic black, 65.1\% of non-Hispanic white, 64.3\% of other, and 63.0\% of Hispanic women (BRFSS). Among women with a recent live birth (2-9 months since date of delivery), selected PRAMS results for the reproductive health and family planning, tobacco and alcohol use, and nutrition domains included several factors. Although 43\% of women reported that their most recent pregnancy was unintended (unwanted or wanted to be pregnant later), approximately half (53\%) of those who were not trying to get pregnant reported not using contraception at the time of conception. Smoking during the 3 months before pregnancy was reported by 25.1\% of women, and drinking alcohol 3 months before pregnancy was reported by 54.2\% of women. Daily use of a multivitamin, prenatal vitamin, or a folic acid supplement during the month before pregnancy was reported by 29.7\% of women. Selected BRFSS results included indicators pertaining to the nutrition and physical activity, emotional and social support, and chronic conditions domains among women of reproductive age. Approximately one fourth (24.7\%) of women were identified as being obese according to body mass index (BMI) on the basis of self-reported height and weight. Overall, 51.6\% of women reported participation in recommended levels of physical activity per U. S. Department of Health and Human Services physical activity guidelines. Non-Hispanic whites reported the highest prevalence (85.0\%) of having adequate emotional and social support, followed by other races/ethnicities (74.9\%), Hispanics (70.5\%), and non-Hispanic blacks (69.7\%). Approximately 3.0\% of persons reported ever being diagnosed with diabetes, and 10.2\% of women reported ever being diagnosed with hypertension. Interpretation: The findings in this report underscore opportunities for improving the preconception health of U. S. women. Preconception health and women's health can be improved by reducing unintended pregnancies, reducing risky behaviors (e. g., smoking and drinking) among women of reproductive age, and ensuring that chronic conditions are under control. Evidence-based interventions and clinical practice guidelines exist to address these risks and to improve pregnancy outcomes and women's health in general. The results also highlight the need to increase access to health care for all nonpregnant women of reproductive age and the need to encourage the use of essential preventive services for women, including preconception health services. In addition, system changes in community settings can alleviate health problems resulting from inadequate social and emotional support and environments that foster unhealthy lifestyles. Policy changes can promote health equity by encouraging environments that promote healthier options in nutrition and physical activity. Finally, variation in the preconception health status of women by age and race/ethnicity underscores the need for implementing and scaling up proven strategies to reduce persistent health disparities among those at highest risk. Ongoing surveillance and research in preconception health are needed to monitor the influence of improved health-care access and coverage on women's prepregnancy and interpregnancy health status, pregnancy and infant outcomes, and health disparities. Public Health Action: Public health decision makers, program planners, researchers, and other key stakeholders can use the state-level PRAMS and BRFSS preconception health indicators to benchmark and monitor preconception health among women of reproductive age. These data also can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of preconception health state and national programs and to assess the need for new programs, program enhancements, and policies.},
   affiliation = {Robbins, CL (Corresponding Author), CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent \& Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Robbins, Cheryl L.; Zapata, Lauren B.; Farr, Sherry L.; Kroelinger, Charlan D.; Morrow, Brian; Ahluwalia, Indu; D'Angelo, Denise V.; Barradas, Danielle; Cox, Shanna; Goodman, David; Williams, Letitia; Grigorescu, Violanda; Barfield, Wanda D., CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent \& Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.},
   author-email = {ggf9@cdc.gov},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -45314,7 +51184,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {12},
   pages = {1426--1432},
   doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.201300478},
-  abstract = {Objective: This study's objective was to determine the efficacy of benefits counseling in a clinical trial. There has been concern that disability payments for psychiatric disorders reduce incentives for employment and rehabilitation. Benefits counseling, with education about opportunities to work and the financial implications of work on receipt of disability benefits, may counter these disincentives. Methods: This single-blind, six-month randomized clinical trial enrolled 84 veterans who had applied for service-connected compensation for a psychiatric condition. Veterans were randomly assigned to either four sessions of benefits counseling or of a control condition involving orientation to the U.S Department of Veterans Affairs health care system and services. Days of paid work and work-related activities were assessed at follow-up visits by using a time-line follow-back calendar. Results: Veterans assigned to benefits counseling worked for pay for significantly more days than did veterans in the control group (effect size=.69, p\textexclamdown.05), reflecting an average of three more days of paid employment during the 28 days preceding the six-month follow-up. Benefits counseling was associated with increased use of mental health services, but this correlation did not mediate the effect of benefits counseling on working. Conclusions: Barriers to employment associated with disability payments are remediable with basic counseling. More research is needed to understand the active ingredient of this counseling and to strengthen the intervention.},
+  abstract = {Objective: This study's objective was to determine the efficacy of benefits counseling in a clinical trial. There has been concern that disability payments for psychiatric disorders reduce incentives for employment and rehabilitation. Benefits counseling, with education about opportunities to work and the financial implications of work on receipt of disability benefits, may counter these disincentives. Methods: This single-blind, six-month randomized clinical trial enrolled 84 veterans who had applied for service-connected compensation for a psychiatric condition. Veterans were randomly assigned to either four sessions of benefits counseling or of a control condition involving orientation to the U.S Department of Veterans Affairs health care system and services. Days of paid work and work-related activities were assessed at follow-up visits by using a time-line follow-back calendar. Results: Veterans assigned to benefits counseling worked for pay for significantly more days than did veterans in the control group (effect size=.69, p{\textexclamdown}.05), reflecting an average of three more days of paid employment during the 28 days preceding the six-month follow-up. Benefits counseling was associated with increased use of mental health services, but this correlation did not mediate the effect of benefits counseling on working. Conclusions: Barriers to employment associated with disability payments are remediable with basic counseling. More research is needed to understand the active ingredient of this counseling and to strengthen the intervention.},
   affiliation = {Rosen, MI (Corresponding Author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Rosen, Marc I.; Ablondi, Karen; Black, Anne C.; Serowik, Kristin L.; Martino, Steve; Rosenheck, Robert A., Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Rosen, Marc I.; Ablondi, Karen; Black, Anne C.; Serowik, Kristin L.; Martino, Steve, VA Connecticut Healthcare Syst, US Dept Vet Affairs, Dept Psychiat, West Haven, CT USA. Rosenheck, Robert A., VA New England Healthcare Syst, Mental Illness Res Educ \& Clin Ctr, Bedford, MA USA. Mueller, Lisa, Edith Nourse Rogers Mem Vet Hosp, Bedford, MA USA. Mobo, Ben Hur, Christiana Care Hlth Syst, Newark, DE USA.},
   author-email = {marc.rosen@yale.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -45406,7 +51276,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {9},
   number = {e115988},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0115988},
-  abstract = {Objectives: To reveal the equity of health workforce distribution in urban community health service (CHS), and to provide evidence for further development of community health service in China. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in China from September to December 2011. In the study, 190 CHS centers were selected from 10 provinces of China via stratified multistage cluster sampling. Human resources profiles and basic characteristics of each CHS centers were collected. Lorenz curves and Gini Coefficient were used to measure the inequality in the distribution of health workforce in community health service centers by population size and geographical area. Wilcoxon rank test for paired samples was used to analyze the differences in equity between different health indicators. Results: On average, there were 7.37 health workers, including 3.25 doctors and 2.32 nurses per 10,000 population ratio. Significant differences were found in all indicators across the samples, while Beijing, Shandong and Zhejiang ranked the highest among these provinces. The Gini coefficients for health workers, doctors and nurses per 10,000 population ratio were 0.39, 0.44, and 0.48, respectively. The equity of doctors per 10,000 population ratio (G=0.39) was better than that of doctors per square kilometer (G=0.44) (P=0.005). Among the total 6,573 health workers, 1,755(26.7\%) had undergraduate degree or above, 2,722(41.4\%) had junior college degree and 215(3.3\%) had high school education. Significant inequity was found in the distribution of workers with undergraduate degree or above (G=0.52), which was worse than that of health works per 10000 population (P\textexclamdown 0.001). Conclusions: Health workforce inequity was found in this study, especially in quality and geographic distribution. These findings suggest a need for more innovative policies to improve health equity in Chinese urban CHS centers.},
+  abstract = {Objectives: To reveal the equity of health workforce distribution in urban community health service (CHS), and to provide evidence for further development of community health service in China. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in China from September to December 2011. In the study, 190 CHS centers were selected from 10 provinces of China via stratified multistage cluster sampling. Human resources profiles and basic characteristics of each CHS centers were collected. Lorenz curves and Gini Coefficient were used to measure the inequality in the distribution of health workforce in community health service centers by population size and geographical area. Wilcoxon rank test for paired samples was used to analyze the differences in equity between different health indicators. Results: On average, there were 7.37 health workers, including 3.25 doctors and 2.32 nurses per 10,000 population ratio. Significant differences were found in all indicators across the samples, while Beijing, Shandong and Zhejiang ranked the highest among these provinces. The Gini coefficients for health workers, doctors and nurses per 10,000 population ratio were 0.39, 0.44, and 0.48, respectively. The equity of doctors per 10,000 population ratio (G=0.39) was better than that of doctors per square kilometer (G=0.44) (P=0.005). Among the total 6,573 health workers, 1,755(26.7\%) had undergraduate degree or above, 2,722(41.4\%) had junior college degree and 215(3.3\%) had high school education. Significant inequity was found in the distribution of workers with undergraduate degree or above (G=0.52), which was worse than that of health works per 10000 population (P{\textexclamdown}0.001). Conclusions: Health workforce inequity was found in this study, especially in quality and geographic distribution. These findings suggest a need for more innovative policies to improve health equity in Chinese urban CHS centers.},
   affiliation = {Guo, AM (Corresponding Author), Capital Med Univ, Sch Gen Practice \& Continuing Educ, Beijing 100069, Peoples R China. Chen, Rui; Zhao, Yali; Du, Juan; Huang, Yafang; Guo, Aimin, Capital Med Univ, Sch Gen Practice \& Continuing Educ, Beijing 100069, Peoples R China. Wu, Tao, Capital Med Univ, Beijing An Zhen Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China.},
   author-email = {guoaiminlaoshi@163.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -45565,7 +51435,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000349112300002,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Incorporating `class' into Work-Family Arrangements: {{Insights}} from and for \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Three Worlds}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown},
+  title = {Incorporating `class' into Work-Family Arrangements: {{Insights}} from and for {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Three Worlds}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {Hook, Jennifer L.},
   year = {2015},
   month = feb,
@@ -46093,7 +51963,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {3},
   pages = {229--237},
   doi = {10.1093/occmed/kqu213},
-  abstract = {Background Older workers often take longer to recover and experience more missed workdays after work-related injuries, but it is unclear why or how best to intervene. Knowing the characteristics of older injured workers may help in developing interventions to reduce the likelihood of work disability. Aims To describe and compare several characteristics between younger and middle-aged working adults (25-54 years), adults nearing retirement (55-64 years) and adults past typical retirement (\textquestiondown = 65 years), who sustained work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Methods In this cross-sectional study, Alberta workers' compensation claimants with subacute and chronic work-related musculoskeletal injuries were studied. A wide range of demographic, employment, injury and clinical characteristics were investigated. Descriptive statistics were computed and compared between the age groups. Results Among 8003 claimants, adults 65 years or older, compared to those 25-54 and 55-64 years, had lower education (16 versus 10 and 12\%, P \textexclamdown{} 0.001) and were more likely to work in trades, transport and related occupations (50 versus 46 and 44\%, P \textexclamdown{} 0.001), to have less offers of modified work (57 versus 39 and 42\%, P \textexclamdown{} 0.001), more fractures (18 versus 14 and 11\%, P \textexclamdown{} 0.001) and no further rehabilitation recommended after assessment (28 versus 18 and 20\%, P \textexclamdown{} 0.01). Conclusions Injured workers past typical retirement age appeared to be a disadvantaged group with significant challenges from a vocational rehabilitation perspective. They were less likely to have modified work options available or be offered rehabilitation, despite having more severe injuries.},
+  abstract = {Background Older workers often take longer to recover and experience more missed workdays after work-related injuries, but it is unclear why or how best to intervene. Knowing the characteristics of older injured workers may help in developing interventions to reduce the likelihood of work disability. Aims To describe and compare several characteristics between younger and middle-aged working adults (25-54 years), adults nearing retirement (55-64 years) and adults past typical retirement ({\textquestiondown}= 65 years), who sustained work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Methods In this cross-sectional study, Alberta workers' compensation claimants with subacute and chronic work-related musculoskeletal injuries were studied. A wide range of demographic, employment, injury and clinical characteristics were investigated. Descriptive statistics were computed and compared between the age groups. Results Among 8003 claimants, adults 65 years or older, compared to those 25-54 and 55-64 years, had lower education (16 versus 10 and 12\%, P {\textexclamdown} 0.001) and were more likely to work in trades, transport and related occupations (50 versus 46 and 44\%, P {\textexclamdown} 0.001), to have less offers of modified work (57 versus 39 and 42\%, P {\textexclamdown} 0.001), more fractures (18 versus 14 and 11\%, P {\textexclamdown} 0.001) and no further rehabilitation recommended after assessment (28 versus 18 and 20\%, P {\textexclamdown} 0.01). Conclusions Injured workers past typical retirement age appeared to be a disadvantaged group with significant challenges from a vocational rehabilitation perspective. They were less likely to have modified work options available or be offered rehabilitation, despite having more severe injuries.},
   affiliation = {Algarni, FS (Corresponding Author), Univ Alberta, Fac Rehabil Med, 2-50 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. Algarni, F. S.; Battie, M. C., Univ Alberta, Fac Rehabil Med, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. Algarni, F. S., King Saud Univ, Dept Hlth Rehabil Sci, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia. Gross, D. P., Univ Alberta, Dept Phys Therapy, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. Senthilselvan, A., Univ Alberta, Sch Publ Hlth, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.},
   author-email = {falgarni@ualberta.ca},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -46141,7 +52011,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {151--185},
   doi = {10.1590/00115258201541},
   abstract = {Contemporary Brazil is portrayed based on aggregate data on work, employment, income, poverty, and inequality, seeking to establish the recent of the social macrodynamic. To this end, the authors analyze role of the exponential increase of employment, the reduction of unemployment and informalization; real minimum wage increases and the rise of average salaries, the strengthening of Social Security and social programs; the retreat of extreme poverty. This set of data comparatively indicates that, while the Cardoso government turned toward private investment, monetary and fiscal restriction, and state reform (in the ``modern'' sense of decreasing its size), in the Lula government another perspective of ``modernization'': the reinforcement of state capacity to achieve ``embedded autonomy''. It concludes that the challenge of modernization is still guided towards redistribution of wealth, the creation of an effective Welfare State and sovereign insertion in the international arena.},
-  affiliation = {Cond\'e, ES (Corresponding Author), Univ Fed Juiz de Fora UFJF, Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil. Conde, Eduardo Salomao, Univ Fed Juiz de Fora UFJF, Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil. Fonseca, Francisco, Fundacao Getulio Vargas FGV, Escola Adm Empresas Sao Paulo Easp, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Fonseca, Francisco, Pontificia Univ Catolica Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
+  affiliation = {Cond{\'e}, ES (Corresponding Author), Univ Fed Juiz de Fora UFJF, Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil. Conde, Eduardo Salomao, Univ Fed Juiz de Fora UFJF, Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil. Fonseca, Francisco, Fundacao Getulio Vargas FGV, Escola Adm Empresas Sao Paulo Easp, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Fonseca, Francisco, Pontificia Univ Catolica Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.},
   author-email = {eduardosconde@gmail.com franciscocpfonseca@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {portuguese},
@@ -46328,8 +52198,8 @@ inequality:
   volume = {132},
   pages = {20--34},
   doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.04.007},
-  abstract = {Using computational algorithms to design tailored drug cocktails for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on specific populations is a goal of major importance for both pharmaceutical industry and public health policy institutions. New combinations of compounds need to be predicted in order to design HAART cocktails. On the one hand, there are the biomolecular factors related to the drugs in the cocktail (experimental measure, chemical structure, drug target, assay organisms, etc.); on the other hand, there are the socioeconomic factors of the specific population (income inequalities, employment levels, fiscal pressure, education, migration, population structure, etc.) to study the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the disease. In this context, machine learning algorithms, able to seek models for problems with multi-source data, have to be used. In this work, the first artificial neural network (ANN) model is proposed for the prediction of HAART cocktails, to halt AIDS on epidemic networks of U.S. counties using information indices that codify both biomolecular and several socioeconomic factors. The data was obtained from at least three major sources. The first dataset included assays of anti-HIV chemical compounds released to ChEMBL. The second dataset is the AIDSVu database of Emory University. AIDSVu compiled AIDS prevalence for \textquestiondown 2300 U.S. counties. The third data set included socioeconomic data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Three scales or levels were employed to group the counties according to the location or population structure codes: state, rural urban continuum code (RUCC) and urban influence code (UIC). An analysis of \textquestiondown 130,000 pairs (network links) was performed, corresponding to AIDS prevalence in 2310 counties in U.S. vs. drug cocktails made up of combinations of ChEMBL results for 21,582 unique drugs, 9 viral or human protein targets, 4856 protocols, and 10 possible experimental measures. The best model found with the original data was a linear neural network (LNN) with AUROC \textquestiondown{} 0.80 and accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity approximate to 77\% in training and external validation series. The change of the spatial and population structure scale (State, UIC, or RUCC codes) does not affect the quality of the model. Unbalance was detected in all the models found comparing positive/negative cases and linear/non-linear model accuracy ratios. Using synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), data pre-processing and machine-learning algorithms implemented into the WEKA software, more balanced models were found. In particular, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with AUROCC 97.4\% and precision, recall, and F-measure \textquestiondown 90\% was found. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Herrera-Ibat\'a, DM (Corresponding Author), Univ A Coruna UDC, Dept Informat \& Commun Technol, La Coruna 15071, Spain. Maria Herrera-Ibata, Diana; Pazos, Alejandro, Univ A Coruna UDC, Dept Informat \& Commun Technol, La Coruna 15071, Spain. Alfredo Orbegozo-Medina, Ricardo, Univ Santiago de Compostela, Fac Pharm, Dept Microbiol \& Parasitol, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. Javier Romero-Duran, Francisco, Dept Organ Chem USC, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. Gonzalez-Diaz, Humberto, Univ Basque Country, UPV EHU, Fac Sci \& Technol, Dept Organ Chem 2, Leioa 48940, Spain. Gonzalez-Diaz, Humberto, Ikerbasque, Basque Fdn Sci, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain.},
+  abstract = {Using computational algorithms to design tailored drug cocktails for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on specific populations is a goal of major importance for both pharmaceutical industry and public health policy institutions. New combinations of compounds need to be predicted in order to design HAART cocktails. On the one hand, there are the biomolecular factors related to the drugs in the cocktail (experimental measure, chemical structure, drug target, assay organisms, etc.); on the other hand, there are the socioeconomic factors of the specific population (income inequalities, employment levels, fiscal pressure, education, migration, population structure, etc.) to study the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the disease. In this context, machine learning algorithms, able to seek models for problems with multi-source data, have to be used. In this work, the first artificial neural network (ANN) model is proposed for the prediction of HAART cocktails, to halt AIDS on epidemic networks of U.S. counties using information indices that codify both biomolecular and several socioeconomic factors. The data was obtained from at least three major sources. The first dataset included assays of anti-HIV chemical compounds released to ChEMBL. The second dataset is the AIDSVu database of Emory University. AIDSVu compiled AIDS prevalence for {\textquestiondown}2300 U.S. counties. The third data set included socioeconomic data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Three scales or levels were employed to group the counties according to the location or population structure codes: state, rural urban continuum code (RUCC) and urban influence code (UIC). An analysis of {\textquestiondown}130,000 pairs (network links) was performed, corresponding to AIDS prevalence in 2310 counties in U.S. vs. drug cocktails made up of combinations of ChEMBL results for 21,582 unique drugs, 9 viral or human protein targets, 4856 protocols, and 10 possible experimental measures. The best model found with the original data was a linear neural network (LNN) with AUROC {\textquestiondown} 0.80 and accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity approximate to 77\% in training and external validation series. The change of the spatial and population structure scale (State, UIC, or RUCC codes) does not affect the quality of the model. Unbalance was detected in all the models found comparing positive/negative cases and linear/non-linear model accuracy ratios. Using synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), data pre-processing and machine-learning algorithms implemented into the WEKA software, more balanced models were found. In particular, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with AUROCC 97.4\% and precision, recall, and F-measure {\textquestiondown}90\% was found. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
+  affiliation = {Herrera-Ibat{\'a}, DM (Corresponding Author), Univ A Coruna UDC, Dept Informat \& Commun Technol, La Coruna 15071, Spain. Maria Herrera-Ibata, Diana; Pazos, Alejandro, Univ A Coruna UDC, Dept Informat \& Commun Technol, La Coruna 15071, Spain. Alfredo Orbegozo-Medina, Ricardo, Univ Santiago de Compostela, Fac Pharm, Dept Microbiol \& Parasitol, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. Javier Romero-Duran, Francisco, Dept Organ Chem USC, Santiago De Compostela 15782, Spain. Gonzalez-Diaz, Humberto, Univ Basque Country, UPV EHU, Fac Sci \& Technol, Dept Organ Chem 2, Leioa 48940, Spain. Gonzalez-Diaz, Humberto, Ikerbasque, Basque Fdn Sci, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain.},
   author-email = {diana.herrera@udc.es humberto.gonzalezdiaz@ehu.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -46818,7 +52688,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {8},
   number = {28865},
   doi = {10.3402/gha.v8.28865},
-  abstract = {Background: Action on the social determinants of health (SDH) is relevant for reducing health inequalities. This is particularly the case for South Africa (SA) with its very high level of income inequality and inequalities in health and health outcomes. This paper provides evidence on the key SDH for reducing health inequalities in the country using a framework initially developed by the World Health Organization. Objective: This paper assesses health inequalities in SA and explains the factors (i.e. SDH and other individual level factors) that account for large disparities in health. The relative contribution of different SDH to health inequality is also assessed. Design: A cross-sectional design is used. Data come from the third wave of the nationally representative National Income Dynamics Study. A subsample of adults (18 years and older) is used. The main variable of interest is dichotomised good versus bad self-assessed health (SAH). Income-related health inequality is assessed using the standard concentration index (CI). A positive CI means that the rich report better health than the poor. A negative value signifies the opposite. The paper also decomposes the CI to assess its contributing factors. Results: Good SAH is significantly concentrated among the rich rather than the poor (CI = 0.008; p \textexclamdown{} 0.01). Decomposition of this result shows that social protection and employment (contribution = 0.012; p \textexclamdown{} 0.01), knowledge and education (0.005; p \textexclamdown{} 0.01), and housing and infrastructure (-0.003; p \textexclamdown{} 0.01) contribute significantly to the disparities in good SAH in SA. After accounting for these other variables, the contribution of income and poverty is negligible. Conclusions: Addressing health inequalities inter alia requires an increased government commitment in terms of budgetary allocations to key sectors (i.e. employment, social protection, education, housing, and other appropriate infrastructure). Attention should also be paid to equity in benefits from government expenditure. In addition, the health sector needs to play its role in providing a broad range of health services to reduce the burden of disease.},
+  abstract = {Background: Action on the social determinants of health (SDH) is relevant for reducing health inequalities. This is particularly the case for South Africa (SA) with its very high level of income inequality and inequalities in health and health outcomes. This paper provides evidence on the key SDH for reducing health inequalities in the country using a framework initially developed by the World Health Organization. Objective: This paper assesses health inequalities in SA and explains the factors (i.e. SDH and other individual level factors) that account for large disparities in health. The relative contribution of different SDH to health inequality is also assessed. Design: A cross-sectional design is used. Data come from the third wave of the nationally representative National Income Dynamics Study. A subsample of adults (18 years and older) is used. The main variable of interest is dichotomised good versus bad self-assessed health (SAH). Income-related health inequality is assessed using the standard concentration index (CI). A positive CI means that the rich report better health than the poor. A negative value signifies the opposite. The paper also decomposes the CI to assess its contributing factors. Results: Good SAH is significantly concentrated among the rich rather than the poor (CI = 0.008; p {\textexclamdown} 0.01). Decomposition of this result shows that social protection and employment (contribution = 0.012; p {\textexclamdown} 0.01), knowledge and education (0.005; p {\textexclamdown} 0.01), and housing and infrastructure (-0.003; p {\textexclamdown} 0.01) contribute significantly to the disparities in good SAH in SA. After accounting for these other variables, the contribution of income and poverty is negligible. Conclusions: Addressing health inequalities inter alia requires an increased government commitment in terms of budgetary allocations to key sectors (i.e. employment, social protection, education, housing, and other appropriate infrastructure). Attention should also be paid to equity in benefits from government expenditure. In addition, the health sector needs to play its role in providing a broad range of health services to reduce the burden of disease.},
   affiliation = {Ataguba, JEO (Corresponding Author), Univ Cape Town, Fac Hlth Sci, Sch Publ Hlth \& Family Med, Hlth Econ Unit, Anzio Rd, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. Ataguba, John Ele-Ojo; McIntyre, Di, Univ Cape Town, Hlth Econ Unit, Sch Publ Hlth \& Family Med, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. Day, Candy, Hlth Syst Trust, Durban, South Africa.},
   author-email = {John.Ataguba@uct.ac.za},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -46841,7 +52711,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {15},
   number = {417},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-015-1082-y},
-  abstract = {Background: Primary healthcare in Sweden has undergone comprehensive reforms, including freedom of choice regarding provider, freedom of establishment and increased privatisation aiming to meet demands for quality and availability. In this system privately and publicly owned primary care centres with different business models (for-profit vs non-profit) coexist and compete for patients, which makes it important to study whether or not the type of ownership influences the quality of the primary healthcare services. Methods: In this retrospective observational study (April 2011 to January 2014) the patient perceived quality, the use of antibiotics and benzodiazepine derivatives, and the follow-up routines of certain chronic diseases were analysed for all primary care centres in Region Vastra Gotaland. The outcome measures were compared on a group level between privately owned (n = 86) and publicly owned (n = 114) primary care centres (PCC). Results: In comparison with the group of publicly owned PCCs, the group of privately owned PCCs were characterized by: a smaller, but continuously growing share of the population served (from 32 to 36 \%); smaller PCC population sizes (avg. 5932 vs. 9432 individuals); a higher fraction of PCCs located in urban areas (57 \% vs 35 \%); a higher fraction of listed citizens in working age (62 \% vs. 56 \%) and belonging to the second most affluent socioeconomic quintile (26 \% vs. 14 \%); higher perceived patient quality (82.4 vs. 79.6 points); higher use of antibiotics (6.0 vs. 5.1 prescriptions per 100 individuals in a quarter); lower use of benzodiazepines (DDD per 100 patients/month) for 20-74 year olds (278 vs. 306) and \textquestiondown 74 year olds (1744 vs. 1791); lower rates for follow-ups of chronic diseases (71.2 \% vs 74.6 \%). While antibiotic use decreased, the use of benzodiazepines increased for both groups over time. Conclusions: The findings of this study cannot unambiguously answer the question of whether or not the quality is influenced by the healthcare centre's type of ownership. It can be questioned whether the reform created conditions that encouraged quality improvements. Tendencies of an (unintended) unequal distribution of the population between the two groups with disparities in age, socio-economy and geography might lead to unpredictable effects. Further studies are necessary for evidence-informed policy-making.},
+  abstract = {Background: Primary healthcare in Sweden has undergone comprehensive reforms, including freedom of choice regarding provider, freedom of establishment and increased privatisation aiming to meet demands for quality and availability. In this system privately and publicly owned primary care centres with different business models (for-profit vs non-profit) coexist and compete for patients, which makes it important to study whether or not the type of ownership influences the quality of the primary healthcare services. Methods: In this retrospective observational study (April 2011 to January 2014) the patient perceived quality, the use of antibiotics and benzodiazepine derivatives, and the follow-up routines of certain chronic diseases were analysed for all primary care centres in Region Vastra Gotaland. The outcome measures were compared on a group level between privately owned (n = 86) and publicly owned (n = 114) primary care centres (PCC). Results: In comparison with the group of publicly owned PCCs, the group of privately owned PCCs were characterized by: a smaller, but continuously growing share of the population served (from 32 to 36 \%); smaller PCC population sizes (avg. 5932 vs. 9432 individuals); a higher fraction of PCCs located in urban areas (57 \% vs 35 \%); a higher fraction of listed citizens in working age (62 \% vs. 56 \%) and belonging to the second most affluent socioeconomic quintile (26 \% vs. 14 \%); higher perceived patient quality (82.4 vs. 79.6 points); higher use of antibiotics (6.0 vs. 5.1 prescriptions per 100 individuals in a quarter); lower use of benzodiazepines (DDD per 100 patients/month) for 20-74 year olds (278 vs. 306) and {\textquestiondown}74 year olds (1744 vs. 1791); lower rates for follow-ups of chronic diseases (71.2 \% vs 74.6 \%). While antibiotic use decreased, the use of benzodiazepines increased for both groups over time. Conclusions: The findings of this study cannot unambiguously answer the question of whether or not the quality is influenced by the healthcare centre's type of ownership. It can be questioned whether the reform created conditions that encouraged quality improvements. Tendencies of an (unintended) unequal distribution of the population between the two groups with disparities in age, socio-economy and geography might lead to unpredictable effects. Further studies are necessary for evidence-informed policy-making.},
   affiliation = {Maun, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Med Ctr Freiburg, Div Gen Practice, Dept Med, Elsasserstr 2 M, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany. Maun, Andy, Univ Med Ctr Freiburg, Div Gen Practice, Dept Med, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany. Maun, Andy, Univ Med Ctr Freiburg, Inst Qual Management \& Social Med, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. Maun, Andy; Wessman, Catrin; Sundvall, Par-Daniel; Thorn, Jorgen; Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Inst Med, Dept Publ Hlth \& Community Med Primary Hlth Care, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Wessman, Catrin, Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Ctr Appl Biostat, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Sundvall, Par-Daniel, Primary Hlth Care Southern Alvsborg Cty, Res \& Dev Unit, SE-50338 Boras, Sweden.},
   author-email = {andy.maun@gu.se},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -46902,7 +52772,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000362603400003,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {International Inequality in {{CO}}\textexclamdown sub\textquestiondown 2\textexclamdown/Sub\textquestiondown{} Emissions: {{A}} New Factorial Decomposition Based on {{Kaya}} Factors},
+  title = {International Inequality in {{CO}}{\textexclamdown}sub{\textquestiondown}2{\textexclamdown}/Sub{\textquestiondown} Emissions: {{A}} New Factorial Decomposition Based on {{Kaya}} Factors},
   author = {Remuzgo, Lorena and Maria Sarabia, Jose},
   year = {2015},
   month = dec,
@@ -47120,7 +52990,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {671--711},
   doi = {10.1177/0001839215591627},
   abstract = {This article develops and empirically evaluates an institutional theory of gender inequalities in business start-up, ownership, and growth orientation. I argue that in contexts in which institutional arrangements such as paid leave, subsidized childcare, and part-time employment opportunities mitigate work-family conflict, women are less likely to opt for business ownership as a fallback employment strategy. As a result, women in these contexts may be relatively less well represented among entrepreneurs as a whole but more well represented in growth-oriented forms of entrepreneurship. To evaluate this claim, I analyze survey data from 24 countries over the span of eight years. Multilevel analyses show that supportive work-family institutions are associated with larger gender gaps in the odds of early-stage and established business ownership but smaller gender gaps among business owners in terms of their business size, growth aspirations, and propensity to innovate or use new technology. Consistent with my theoretical argument, women business owners are also less likely to report pursuing entrepreneurship because they lacked attractive employment options in contexts in which supportive institutions are in place. Findings suggest that institutional contexts characterized by salient work-family conflict may fuel women's aggregate representation in business activity but reinforce their segregation into less growth-oriented (and thus lower-status) ventures.},
-  affiliation = {Th\'ebaud, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Th{\'e}baud, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.},
   author-email = {sthebaud@so-c.ucsb.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -47189,7 +53059,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {26--37},
   doi = {10.1016/j.strueco.2015.09.002},
   abstract = {This paper analyzes the effects of technological change, capital intensity and increased trade activity on the gender- and skill-differentiated employment in the Turkish manufacturing industry subsectors during the 1990-2001 period. The primary objective is to find out the changes in relative employment opportunities for women workers as industries respond to increased international competition by pursuing the high road of increasing productivity. I use the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method to examine the determinants of skill- and female-intensity of employment. I find evidence for capital deepening having gender biased employment effects for the period 1990-2001. Specifically, I find that for the manufacturing industry as a whole capital had a preference for skilled males over skilled females controlling for the effects of trade. When I focus on the individual sectors, I find that some sectors had skilled-male labor complementarity with capital as well. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {\"Ozay, \"O (Corresponding Author), Amer Univ, Dept Econ, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Oezay, Oezge, Amer Univ, Dept Econ, Washington, DC 20016 USA.},
+  affiliation = {{\"O}zay, {\"O} (Corresponding Author), Amer Univ, Dept Econ, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Oezay, Oezge, Amer Univ, Dept Econ, Washington, DC 20016 USA.},
   author-email = {ozayozge@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -47632,7 +53502,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {16},
   number = {353},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-016-3011-3},
-  abstract = {Background: Worksite health promotion (WHP) initiatives are increasingly seen as having potential for large-scale health gains. While health insurance premiums are directly linked to workplaces in the USA, other countries with universal health coverage, have less incentive to implement WHP programs. Size of the business is an important consideration with small worksites less likely to implement WHP programs. The aim of this study was to identify key intervention points and to provide policy makers with evidence for targeted interventions. Methods: The worksites (n = 218) of randomly selected, working participants, aged between 30 and 65 years, in two South Australian cohort studies were surveyed to assess the practices, beliefs, and attitudes regarding WHP. A survey was sent electronically or by mail to management within each business. Results: Smaller businesses (\textexclamdown{} 20 employees) had less current health promotion activies (mean 1.0) compared to medium size businesses (20-200 employees -mean 2.4) and large businesses (200+ employees -mean 2.9). Management in small businesses were less likely (31.0 \%) to believe that health promotion belonged in the workplace (compared to 55.7 \% of medium businesses and 73.9 \% of large businesses) although half of small businesses did not know or were undecided (compared to 36.4 and 21.6 \% of medium and large businesses). In total, 85.0 \% of smaller businesses believed the health promotion activities currently employed in the worksite were effective (compared to 89.2 \% of medium businesses and 83.1 \% of large businesses). Time and funding were themost cited responses to the challenges to implementing health promoting strategies regardless of business size. Small businesses ranked morale and work/life balance the highest among a range of health promotion activities that were important for their workplace while work-related injury was the highest ranked consideration for large businesses. Conclusion: This study found that smaller workplaces had many barriers, beliefs and challenges regarding WHP. Often small businesses find health promotion activities a luxury and not a serious focus of their activities although this study found that once a health promoting strategy was employed, the perceived effectiveness of the activities were high for all business regardless of size. Tailored low-cost programs, tax incentives, re-orientation of work practices and management support are required so that the proportion of small businesses that have WHP initiatives is increased.},
+  abstract = {Background: Worksite health promotion (WHP) initiatives are increasingly seen as having potential for large-scale health gains. While health insurance premiums are directly linked to workplaces in the USA, other countries with universal health coverage, have less incentive to implement WHP programs. Size of the business is an important consideration with small worksites less likely to implement WHP programs. The aim of this study was to identify key intervention points and to provide policy makers with evidence for targeted interventions. Methods: The worksites (n = 218) of randomly selected, working participants, aged between 30 and 65 years, in two South Australian cohort studies were surveyed to assess the practices, beliefs, and attitudes regarding WHP. A survey was sent electronically or by mail to management within each business. Results: Smaller businesses ({\textexclamdown} 20 employees) had less current health promotion activies (mean 1.0) compared to medium size businesses (20-200 employees -mean 2.4) and large businesses (200+ employees -mean 2.9). Management in small businesses were less likely (31.0 \%) to believe that health promotion belonged in the workplace (compared to 55.7 \% of medium businesses and 73.9 \% of large businesses) although half of small businesses did not know or were undecided (compared to 36.4 and 21.6 \% of medium and large businesses). In total, 85.0 \% of smaller businesses believed the health promotion activities currently employed in the worksite were effective (compared to 89.2 \% of medium businesses and 83.1 \% of large businesses). Time and funding were themost cited responses to the challenges to implementing health promoting strategies regardless of business size. Small businesses ranked morale and work/life balance the highest among a range of health promotion activities that were important for their workplace while work-related injury was the highest ranked consideration for large businesses. Conclusion: This study found that smaller workplaces had many barriers, beliefs and challenges regarding WHP. Often small businesses find health promotion activities a luxury and not a serious focus of their activities although this study found that once a health promoting strategy was employed, the perceived effectiveness of the activities were high for all business regardless of size. Tailored low-cost programs, tax incentives, re-orientation of work practices and management support are required so that the proportion of small businesses that have WHP initiatives is increased.},
   affiliation = {Taylor, AW (Corresponding Author), Univ Adelaide, Discipline Med, Populat Res \& Outcome Studies, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Taylor, A. W., Univ Adelaide, Discipline Med, Populat Res \& Outcome Studies, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Pilkington, R., Univ Adelaide, Sch Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Montgomerie, A., Univ Adelaide, Discipline Med, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Feist, H., Univ Adelaide, Australian Populat \& Migrat Res Ctr, Adelaide, SA, Australia.},
   author-email = {anne.taylor@adelaide.edu.au},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -47655,7 +53525,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {14},
   pages = {1329--1349},
   doi = {10.3109/09638288.2015.1092174},
-  abstract = {Purpose: Youth with disabilities experience barriers in transitioning to Post-Secondary Education (PSE) and employment. Mentorship programs provide a promising approach to supporting youth through those transitions. This paper aims to identify the effective components of mentorship programs and describe participants' experiences. Method: We undertook a systematic review of mentorship interventions for youth and young adults with disabilities. We searched seven electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1980 and 2014. We included articles that examined mentorship interventions focused on PSE or employment outcomes among youth, aged thirty or younger, with physical, developmental, or cognitive disabilities. Results: Of the 5068 articles identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria. For seven mentorship interventions, at least one significant improvement was reported in school- or work-related outcomes. Mentorship programs with significant outcomes were often structured, delivered in group-based or mixed formats, and longer in duration (\textquestiondown 6 months). Mentors acted as role models, offered advice, and provided mentees with social and emotional support. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that mentorship programs may be effective for helping youth with disabilities transition to PSE or employment. More rigorously designed studies are needed to document the impact of mentorship programs on school and vocational outcomes for youth with disabilities.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: Youth with disabilities experience barriers in transitioning to Post-Secondary Education (PSE) and employment. Mentorship programs provide a promising approach to supporting youth through those transitions. This paper aims to identify the effective components of mentorship programs and describe participants' experiences. Method: We undertook a systematic review of mentorship interventions for youth and young adults with disabilities. We searched seven electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1980 and 2014. We included articles that examined mentorship interventions focused on PSE or employment outcomes among youth, aged thirty or younger, with physical, developmental, or cognitive disabilities. Results: Of the 5068 articles identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria. For seven mentorship interventions, at least one significant improvement was reported in school- or work-related outcomes. Mentorship programs with significant outcomes were often structured, delivered in group-based or mixed formats, and longer in duration ({\textquestiondown}6 months). Mentors acted as role models, offered advice, and provided mentees with social and emotional support. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that mentorship programs may be effective for helping youth with disabilities transition to PSE or employment. More rigorously designed studies are needed to document the impact of mentorship programs on school and vocational outcomes for youth with disabilities.},
   affiliation = {Lindsay, S (Corresponding Author), Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabil Hosp, Bloorview Res Inst, 150 Kilgour Rd, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada. Lindsay, Sally; Hartman, Laura R.; Fellin, Melissa, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabil Hosp, Bloorview Res Inst, 150 Kilgour Rd, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada. Lindsay, Sally, Univ Toronto, Dept Occupat Sci \& Occupat Therapy, Toronto, ON, Canada.},
   author-email = {slindsay@hollandbloorview.ca},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -47748,7 +53618,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {2, SI},
   pages = {149--156},
   doi = {10.1089/jpm.2015.0326},
-  abstract = {Background: Black and Hispanic older Americans are less likely than white older Americans to possess advance directives. Understanding the reasons for this racial and ethnic difference is necessary to identify targets for future interventions to improve advance care planning in these populations. Methods: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether racial and ethnic differences in advance directive possession are explained by other demographic factors, religious characteristics, and personal health values. A general population survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample using a web-enabled survey panel of American adults aged 50 and older (n = 2154). Results: In a sample of older Americans, white participants are significantly more likely to possess advance directives (44.0\%) than black older Americans (24.0\%, p \textexclamdown{} 0.001) and Hispanic older Americans (29.0\%, p = 0.006). Gender, age, retired or disabled employment status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, Internet access, preferences for physician-centered decision making, and desiring longevity regardless of functional status were independent predictors of advance directive possession. In fully adjusted multivariable models with all predictors included, black older Americans remained significantly less likely than white older Americans to have an advance directive (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24-0.75), whereas the effect of Hispanic ethnicity was no longer statistically significant (OR = 0.65, 95\% CI = 0.39-1.1). Conclusion: In a nationally representative sample, black race is an independent predictor for advance directive possession. This association remains even after adjustment for other demographic variables, religious characteristics, and personal health values. These findings support targeted efforts to mitigate racial disparities in access to advance care planning.},
+  abstract = {Background: Black and Hispanic older Americans are less likely than white older Americans to possess advance directives. Understanding the reasons for this racial and ethnic difference is necessary to identify targets for future interventions to improve advance care planning in these populations. Methods: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether racial and ethnic differences in advance directive possession are explained by other demographic factors, religious characteristics, and personal health values. A general population survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample using a web-enabled survey panel of American adults aged 50 and older (n = 2154). Results: In a sample of older Americans, white participants are significantly more likely to possess advance directives (44.0\%) than black older Americans (24.0\%, p {\textexclamdown} 0.001) and Hispanic older Americans (29.0\%, p = 0.006). Gender, age, retired or disabled employment status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, Internet access, preferences for physician-centered decision making, and desiring longevity regardless of functional status were independent predictors of advance directive possession. In fully adjusted multivariable models with all predictors included, black older Americans remained significantly less likely than white older Americans to have an advance directive (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24-0.75), whereas the effect of Hispanic ethnicity was no longer statistically significant (OR = 0.65, 95\% CI = 0.39-1.1). Conclusion: In a nationally representative sample, black race is an independent predictor for advance directive possession. This association remains even after adjustment for other demographic variables, religious characteristics, and personal health values. These findings support targeted efforts to mitigate racial disparities in access to advance care planning.},
   affiliation = {Huang, IA (Corresponding Author), 420 East Ohio St,28G, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Huang, Ivy A., Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Neuhaus, John M., Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Chiong, Winston, Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA USA.},
   author-email = {ivy.huang@northwestern.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -47884,7 +53754,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {89--103},
   doi = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.03.003},
   abstract = {Local labor markets are most flexible and aggregate natural unemployment is reduced when there is sufficient interregional economic migration to ensure that workers are reallocated from declining to expanding regions. Local European labor markets have generally been viewed as not as flexible as those in North America, leading to greater fluctuations in local wages, labor force participation and unemployment rates, and smaller changes in local employment as economic shocks are primarily experienced by the local area's original residents. France is an interesting case. French gross migration rates-though perhaps relatively low-are higher today than a generation ago. Using a host of novel identification approaches and French employment zone data dating back to the early 1980s, we investigate whether these changes correspond to economic migration that would increase labor market flexibility. Our results detect surprising amounts of economic migration in that most new jobs are eventually taken by new migrants or outside commuters. We then reconcile these somewhat surprising findings with the still relatively low contemporary French interregional gross migration rates, concluding that other structural impediments besides relative local labor market inflexibility are behind relatively poor labor market performance. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {D\'etang-Dessendre, C (Corresponding Author), Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, INRA, Cesaer UMR1041, AgroSup Dijon, BP87999, F-21079 Dijon, France. Detang-Dessendre, Cecile; Piguet, Virginie, Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, INRA, Cesaer UMR1041, AgroSup Dijon, BP87999, F-21079 Dijon, France. Partridge, Mark D., Ohio State Univ, AED Econ, 2120 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.},
+  affiliation = {D{\'e}tang-Dessendre, C (Corresponding Author), Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, INRA, Cesaer UMR1041, AgroSup Dijon, BP87999, F-21079 Dijon, France. Detang-Dessendre, Cecile; Piguet, Virginie, Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, INRA, Cesaer UMR1041, AgroSup Dijon, BP87999, F-21079 Dijon, France. Partridge, Mark D., Ohio State Univ, AED Econ, 2120 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.},
   author-email = {Cecile.Detang-Dessendre@dijon.inra.fr partridge.27@osu.edu virginie.piguet@dijon.inra.fr},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -48091,7 +53961,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {127--151},
   doi = {10.17583/remie.2016.1795},
   abstract = {Objectives: To analyze the imagery of women on reconciling work and family life to explore the beliefs, opinions and related experiences of gender inequality. Methods: We applied a qualitative methodology of in-depth, semi-structured individual and group women in vocational training courses. We have also conducted interviews with experts on gender equality. Results: Women and experts interviewed manifest the presence of barriers to reconciling work and family both in the organizations, career advancement, and applicable legislation. Conclusions: There is an undercurrent in the collective imagination and individual beliefs of society that allows the maintenance of the values associated with the patriarchal organization, sexual division of labor and socializing unequal gender roles. It is required a transformation of work organization to improve the lives of People.},
-  affiliation = {Blanco-Garc\'ia, MM (Corresponding Author), Fac Educ, Ronda Toledo 3, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain. Montserrat Blanco-Garcia, Ma; Sanchez-Antolin, Pablo; Javier Ramos, Francisco, Univ Castilla La Mancha, Dept Pedag, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Blanco-Garc{\'i}a, MM (Corresponding Author), Fac Educ, Ronda Toledo 3, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain. Montserrat Blanco-Garcia, Ma; Sanchez-Antolin, Pablo; Javier Ramos, Francisco, Univ Castilla La Mancha, Dept Pedag, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.},
   author-email = {Montserrat.Blanco@uclm.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
@@ -48207,7 +54077,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {590--617},
   doi = {10.1177/0891243216649946},
   abstract = {Extant research suggests that supportive work-family policies promote gender equality in the workplace and in the household. Yet, evidence indicates that these policies generally have stronger effects on women's preferences and behaviors than men's. In this article, we draw on survey-experimental data to examine how young, unmarried men's gender ideologies and perceptions of normative masculinity may moderate the effect of supportive work-family policy interventions on their preferences for structuring their future work and family life. Specifically, we examine whether men's prescriptive beliefs about what work-family arrangements most people ought to prefer and whether men's descriptive beliefs about what work-family arrangements most of their male peers actually do prefer influence their responses to supportive policies. Our analysis shows that men's responses to supportive work-family policy interventions are highly dependent upon their beliefs about what their male peers actually want, rather than on their beliefs about what others should want. Specifically, men who believe that their male peers ideally want gender-egalitarian or counternormative relationships are themselves more likely to prefer a progressive relationship structure when supportive work-family policies are in place. These findings provide novel support for sociological theories of masculinity and hold important implications for designing policies that promote gender equality in the workplace and at home.},
-  affiliation = {Th\'ebaud, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Pedulla, DS (Corresponding Author), Univ Texas Austin, Dept Sociol, 305 E 23rd St,A1700, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Thebaud, Sarah, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Pedulla, David S., Univ Texas Austin, Sociol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Pedulla, David S., Univ Texas Austin, Populat Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Th{\'e}baud, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Pedulla, DS (Corresponding Author), Univ Texas Austin, Dept Sociol, 305 E 23rd St,A1700, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Thebaud, Sarah, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Sociol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Pedulla, David S., Univ Texas Austin, Sociol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Pedulla, David S., Univ Texas Austin, Populat Res Ctr, Austin, TX 78712 USA.},
   author-email = {sthebaud@soc.ucsb.edu dpedulla@utexas.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -48692,7 +54562,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {1},
   pages = {45--60},
   abstract = {Important gender differences still persist in many labor market outcomes. This paper argues that the design of parental leave policies can play an important role in shaping these differences. A summary of the literature reveals that extended maternity leave mandates increase female labor force participation at the cost of lower wages, less presence of women in high-profile occupations and a more traditional division of tasks within the family. Periods of leave exclusively reserved for fathers are proposed as a policy instrument to increase men's participation in family tasks and facilitate women's progress in the professional career. The paper concludes with a revision of these policies and their implications for gender equality.},
-  affiliation = {Farr\'e, L (Corresponding Author), Univ Barcelona, Fac Econ \& Business GiM IREA, Avda Diagonal 690, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Farre, Lidia, Univ Barcelona, Fac Econ \& Business GiM IREA, Avda Diagonal 690, Barcelona 08034, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Farr{\'e}, L (Corresponding Author), Univ Barcelona, Fac Econ \& Business GiM IREA, Avda Diagonal 690, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Farre, Lidia, Univ Barcelona, Fac Econ \& Business GiM IREA, Avda Diagonal 690, Barcelona 08034, Spain.},
   author-email = {lidia.farre@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -48728,7 +54598,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000389966300007,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Hukou}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} System Reforms and Skilled-Unskilled Wage Inequality in {{China}}},
+  title = {{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Hukou}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} System Reforms and Skilled-Unskilled Wage Inequality in {{China}}},
   author = {Pi, Jiancai and Zhang, Pengqing},
   year = {2016},
   month = dec,
@@ -48901,7 +54771,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {3},
   pages = {165--180},
   doi = {10.1080/08038740.2016.1242512},
-  abstract = {Based on a qualitative study of young people's visions of their future, this article explores tensions emerging between care work and professional success in the life-scripts of young girls and boys in the Czech Republic and Norway. The two countries both have a high level of female labour market participation but have developed distinctively different welfare policies as concerns the emphasis placed on family vs. institutional care. In Norway, there has been a strong increase in subsidized public child care, and simultaneously fathers' roles as caretakers have been stressed both in public policies and discourse. The Czech Republic has experienced an opposite trend; maternity leave has been extended, public creches have almost vanished and public discourse has focused on the superiority of motherly care over public care. Framing our discussion within debates around naturalization, gendered subject positions and balance, we ask how - or to what extent \textendash{} such distinct discourses and policies influence the ways that young people come to envision their future life. Two different models of balance are applied: one which sees the individual as the balancing unit and the other taking relational dimensions into account. Some expected differences between the young Czechs and Norwegians are found, for example, with regards to articulations of male involvement in care work and female economic independence. Through the relational model of balance, we are also able to discover striking similarities between the two contexts, which demonstrate enduring gendered inequalities in perceived divisions of work-care responsibilities. Firstly, the girl career seeker - one who gives priority to career over family \textendash{} does not appear as an imaginable position neither among girls nor among boys. Moreover, there is a striking silence around the particularities of care-work as performed by women, something which suggests that aspects of care are still naturalized as female.},
+  abstract = {Based on a qualitative study of young people's visions of their future, this article explores tensions emerging between care work and professional success in the life-scripts of young girls and boys in the Czech Republic and Norway. The two countries both have a high level of female labour market participation but have developed distinctively different welfare policies as concerns the emphasis placed on family vs. institutional care. In Norway, there has been a strong increase in subsidized public child care, and simultaneously fathers' roles as caretakers have been stressed both in public policies and discourse. The Czech Republic has experienced an opposite trend; maternity leave has been extended, public creches have almost vanished and public discourse has focused on the superiority of motherly care over public care. Framing our discussion within debates around naturalization, gendered subject positions and balance, we ask how - or to what extent {\textendash} such distinct discourses and policies influence the ways that young people come to envision their future life. Two different models of balance are applied: one which sees the individual as the balancing unit and the other taking relational dimensions into account. Some expected differences between the young Czechs and Norwegians are found, for example, with regards to articulations of male involvement in care work and female economic independence. Through the relational model of balance, we are also able to discover striking similarities between the two contexts, which demonstrate enduring gendered inequalities in perceived divisions of work-care responsibilities. Firstly, the girl career seeker - one who gives priority to career over family {\textendash} does not appear as an imaginable position neither among girls nor among boys. Moreover, there is a striking silence around the particularities of care-work as performed by women, something which suggests that aspects of care are still naturalized as female.},
   affiliation = {Haukanes, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Bergen, Dept Hlth Promot \& Dev, Bergen, Norway. Haukanes, Haldis, Univ Bergen, Dept Hlth Promot \& Dev, Bergen, Norway. Heggli, Gry, Univ Bergen, Dept Educ, Bergen, Norway.},
   author-email = {haldis.haukanes@uib.no},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -49068,7 +54938,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {152--176},
   doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.12.001},
   abstract = {Using an unanticipated policy reform that shifted 4 months the cutoff date for school eligibility in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, we estimate the effect of relative age on test scores in grades 3-9. Different identification strategies produce similar results: 1 year of additional age confers an advantage of roughly 03 standard deviations. By contrasting Tlaxcala with a neighboring state that did not change the cutoff concurrently, we decompose the effect of relative age into a positive effect of age at test, and a negative effect of the position in the distribution of age. Older classmates have a positive spillover, whereas younger classmates have a negative spillover. If tested at the exact same age, younger students would outperform their older classmates. We complement the analysis with estimates of relative-age effects in six labor and marriage market outcomes in a sample of Mexican adults. Significant effects are found in the six outcomes. Lastly, we lay out a theoretical model to explain differences in relative-age effects in wages across countries, highlighting the role played by selectivity of the mechanisms used to allocate educational opportunities and the wage premium to those educational opportunities in the labor market. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Pe\~na, PA (Corresponding Author), Microanalitica, 1236 N Marion Ct, Chicago, IL 60622 USA. Pena, Pablo A., Microanalitica, 1236 N Marion Ct, Chicago, IL 60622 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Pe{\~n}a, PA (Corresponding Author), Microanalitica, 1236 N Marion Ct, Chicago, IL 60622 USA. Pena, Pablo A., Microanalitica, 1236 N Marion Ct, Chicago, IL 60622 USA.},
   author-email = {pablo@microanalitica.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -50604,7 +56474,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000407057600003,
   type = {Review},
-  title = {Inequality and the Emergence of Vigilante Organizations: {{The}} Case of Mexican \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Autodefensas}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown},
+  title = {Inequality and the Emergence of Vigilante Organizations: {{The}} Case of Mexican {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Autodefensas}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {Phillips, Brian J.},
   year = {2017},
   month = sep,
@@ -51413,7 +57283,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000419457600002,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Implementing {{Montessori Methods}} for {{Dementia}}\texttrademark{} in {{Ontario}} Long-Term Care Homes: {{Recreation}} Staff and Multidisciplinary Consultants' Perceptions of Policy and Practice Issues},
+  title = {Implementing {{Montessori Methods}} for {{Dementia}}{\texttrademark} in {{Ontario}} Long-Term Care Homes: {{Recreation}} Staff and Multidisciplinary Consultants' Perceptions of Policy and Practice Issues},
   author = {Ducak, Kate and Denton, Margaret and Elliot, Gail},
   year = {2018},
   month = jan,
@@ -51491,7 +57361,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {18},
   number = {34},
   doi = {10.1186/s12877-018-0725-3},
-  abstract = {Background: Despite evidence for effective fall prevention interventions, measurable reductions in older adult (\textquestiondown = 65 years) fall rates remain unrealized. This study aimed to describe the perceived barriers to and effective strategies for the implementation of evidence-based fall prevention practices within and across diverse community organizations. This study is unique in that it included community service providers who are not generally thought to provide fall prevention services to older adults, such as retail business, community support, volunteer services, community foundations, recreation centres, and various emergency services. Methods: Interviews and focus groups were conducted with a purposive sampling of providers (n = 84) in varied roles within diverse community-based organizations across disparate geographical settings. Results: Community service providers experience significant multi-level barriers to fall prevention within and across organizations and settings. The overall challenge of serving dispersed populations in adverse environmental conditions was heightened in northern rural areas. Barriers across the system, within organizations and among providers themselves emerged along themes of Limited Coordination of Communication, Restrictive Organizational Mandates and Policies, Insufficient Resources, and Beliefs about Aging and Falls. Participants perceived that Educating Providers, Working Together, and Changing Policies and Legislation were strategies that have worked or would work well in implementing fall prevention. An unintentional observation was made that several participants in this extremely varied sample identified expanded roles in fall prevention for themselves during the interview process. Conclusions: Community service providers experience disabling contexts for implementing fall prevention on many levels: their specific geography, their service systems, their organizations and themselves. A systemic lack of fit between the older adult and fall prevention services limits access, making fall prevention inaccessible, unaccommodating, unavailable, unaffordable, and unacceptable. Educating Providers, Working Together, and Changing Policies and Legislation offers promise to create more enabling contexts for community stakeholders, including those who do not initially see their work as preventing falls.},
+  abstract = {Background: Despite evidence for effective fall prevention interventions, measurable reductions in older adult ({\textquestiondown}= 65 years) fall rates remain unrealized. This study aimed to describe the perceived barriers to and effective strategies for the implementation of evidence-based fall prevention practices within and across diverse community organizations. This study is unique in that it included community service providers who are not generally thought to provide fall prevention services to older adults, such as retail business, community support, volunteer services, community foundations, recreation centres, and various emergency services. Methods: Interviews and focus groups were conducted with a purposive sampling of providers (n = 84) in varied roles within diverse community-based organizations across disparate geographical settings. Results: Community service providers experience significant multi-level barriers to fall prevention within and across organizations and settings. The overall challenge of serving dispersed populations in adverse environmental conditions was heightened in northern rural areas. Barriers across the system, within organizations and among providers themselves emerged along themes of Limited Coordination of Communication, Restrictive Organizational Mandates and Policies, Insufficient Resources, and Beliefs about Aging and Falls. Participants perceived that Educating Providers, Working Together, and Changing Policies and Legislation were strategies that have worked or would work well in implementing fall prevention. An unintentional observation was made that several participants in this extremely varied sample identified expanded roles in fall prevention for themselves during the interview process. Conclusions: Community service providers experience disabling contexts for implementing fall prevention on many levels: their specific geography, their service systems, their organizations and themselves. A systemic lack of fit between the older adult and fall prevention services limits access, making fall prevention inaccessible, unaccommodating, unavailable, unaffordable, and unacceptable. Educating Providers, Working Together, and Changing Policies and Legislation offers promise to create more enabling contexts for community stakeholders, including those who do not initially see their work as preventing falls.},
   affiliation = {Dykeman, CS (Corresponding Author), Halton Region Hlth Dept, 1151 Bronte Rd, Oakville, ON L6M 3L1, Canada. Dykeman, Catherine S., Halton Region Hlth Dept, 1151 Bronte Rd, Oakville, ON L6M 3L1, Canada. Markle-Reid, Maureen F., McMaster Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Nursing, 1280 Main St W,Room 3N25B, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. Boratto, Lorna J., Oxford Cty Publ Hlth \& Emergency Serv, 410 Buller St, Woodstock, ON N4S 4N2, Canada. Bowes, Chris, North Bay Parry Sound Dist Hlth Unit, 681 Commercial St, North Bay, ON P1B 4E7, Canada. Gagne, Helene, Ontario Neurotrauma Fdn, Suite 601,90 Eglinton Ave E, Toronto, ON M4P 2Y3, Canada. McGugan, Jennifer L., McMaster Univ, Sch Nursing, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. Orr-Shaw, Sarah, Simcoe Muskoka Dist Hlth Unit, 15 Sperling Dr, Barrie, ON L4M 6K9, Canada.},
   author-email = {cathy.dykeman@halton.ca},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -51818,7 +57688,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {3},
   pages = {160--168},
   doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.01.006},
-  abstract = {Purpose: Increasing global migration, high obesity in developed countries, and ethnic health inequalities are compelling reasons to monitor immigrant obesity trends. Longitudinal studies of ethnicity, length of residence, and adiposity in contexts outside of the United States are lacking. Methods: Nine waves (2006-2014) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey were analyzed (n = 20,934; 52\% women; 101,717 person-year observations) using random effects modeling to assess average annual change in body mass index (BMI) by ethnic group. A second analysis used an immigrant only cohort (n = 4583; 52\% women; 22,301 person-year observations) to examine BMI change by length of residence. Results: Over 9 years, mean BMI increased significantly in all ethnic and Australian-born groups, and by the final wave, mean BMI exceeded 25 kg m(-2) for all groups. Trajectories of change did not vary between groups, with the exception of slower BMI increases for North-West European men compared with Australian born. Immigrants residing in Australia for 10-19 years had significantly faster annual increases in BMI compared with long-term immigrants (\textquestiondown = 30 years). Conclusions: Immigrants to Australia, regardless of ethnicity, are at risk of obesity over time. Obesity prevention policy should prioritize immigrants in the early-mid settlement period. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {Purpose: Increasing global migration, high obesity in developed countries, and ethnic health inequalities are compelling reasons to monitor immigrant obesity trends. Longitudinal studies of ethnicity, length of residence, and adiposity in contexts outside of the United States are lacking. Methods: Nine waves (2006-2014) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey were analyzed (n = 20,934; 52\% women; 101,717 person-year observations) using random effects modeling to assess average annual change in body mass index (BMI) by ethnic group. A second analysis used an immigrant only cohort (n = 4583; 52\% women; 22,301 person-year observations) to examine BMI change by length of residence. Results: Over 9 years, mean BMI increased significantly in all ethnic and Australian-born groups, and by the final wave, mean BMI exceeded 25 kg m(-2) for all groups. Trajectories of change did not vary between groups, with the exception of slower BMI increases for North-West European men compared with Australian born. Immigrants residing in Australia for 10-19 years had significantly faster annual increases in BMI compared with long-term immigrants ({\textquestiondown}= 30 years). Conclusions: Immigrants to Australia, regardless of ethnicity, are at risk of obesity over time. Obesity prevention policy should prioritize immigrants in the early-mid settlement period. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   affiliation = {Menigoz, K (Corresponding Author), QUT, Sch Publ Hlth \& Social Work, Victoria Pk Rd, Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia. Menigoz, Karen; Heesch, Kristiann C., QUT, Sch Publ Hlth \& Social Work, Victoria Pk Rd, Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia. Menigoz, Karen; Heesch, Kristiann C., QUT, Inst Hlth \& Biomed Innovat, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Nathan, Andrea; Turrell, Gavin, ACU, Inst Hlth \& Ageing, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.},
   author-email = {karen.menigoz@hdr.qut.edu.au},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -52191,7 +58061,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {535--545},
   doi = {10.3233/WOR-182708},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite their disadvantaged labour market position, women consistently report higher levels of job satisfaction than men. Researchers have attributed women's higher job satisfaction to their lower expectations, arguing that gender differences will fade away as women's labour market prospects improve. Others, however, argue that women are more contented than men because their jobs satisfy a need for family adaptions. OBJECTIVE: In this article, we put the hypotheses of transitions and trade-offs to a strong test, by comparing men and women with comparable human capital investments living in a country where women's employment is strongly supported by policies, practices and social norms. METHODS: The relationship between gender and job satisfaction is analysed with stepwise OLS regressions. The analysis is based on a survey to newly graduated highly educated men and women in five occupations in Sweden (n approximate to 2 450). RESULTS: First, we show that, after controlling for a range of job characteristics, women report a higher level of job satisfaction than men. Second, although the paradox appears to be surprisingly persistent, it cannot be attributed to work-family trade-offs. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should consider job satisfaction more broadly in the light of gender role socialization and persistent gender inequalities.},
-  affiliation = {\"Oun, I (Corresponding Author), Umea Univ, Dept Sociol, Umea, Sweden. Gronlund, Anne, Umea Univ, Dept Social Work, Umea, Sweden. Oun, Ida, Umea Univ, Dept Sociol, Umea, Sweden.},
+  affiliation = {{\"O}un, I (Corresponding Author), Umea Univ, Dept Sociol, Umea, Sweden. Gronlund, Anne, Umea Univ, Dept Social Work, Umea, Sweden. Oun, Ida, Umea Univ, Dept Sociol, Umea, Sweden.},
   author-email = {ida.oun@umu.se},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -52283,7 +58153,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {18--28},
   doi = {10.17645/si.v6i1.1201},
   abstract = {Work is an important part of life, providing both economic security and a forum to contribute one's talents and skills to society, thereby anchoring the individual in a social role. However, access to work is not equally available to people with disabilities globally. Regulatory environments that prohibit discrimination and support vocational training and educational opportunities constitute a critical first step toward economic independence. However, they have not proven sufficient in themselves. In this article, we aim to infuse deeper consideration of employer practice and demand-side policy reforms into global policy discussions of the right to work for people with disabilities. We begin by documenting the employment and economic disparities existing for people with disabilities globally, followed by a description of the international, regional, and local regulatory contexts aiming to improve labor market outcomes for people with disabilities. Next, we examine how policies can leverage employer interests to further address inequalities. We discuss employer policies and practices demonstrated in the research to facilitate recruitment, hiring, career development, retention, and meaningful workplace inclusion. The goal of the article is to synthesize existing international literature on employment rights for people with disabilities with the employer perspective.},
-  affiliation = {Bruy\`ere, SM (Corresponding Author), Cornell Univ, ILR Sch, K Lisa Yang \& Hock E Tan Inst Employment \& Disabi, New York, NY 19853 USA. Saleh, Matthew C.; Bruyere, Susanne M., Cornell Univ, ILR Sch, K Lisa Yang \& Hock E Tan Inst Employment \& Disabi, New York, NY 19853 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Bruy{\`e}re, SM (Corresponding Author), Cornell Univ, ILR Sch, K Lisa Yang \& Hock E Tan Inst Employment \& Disabi, New York, NY 19853 USA. Saleh, Matthew C.; Bruyere, Susanne M., Cornell Univ, ILR Sch, K Lisa Yang \& Hock E Tan Inst Employment \& Disabi, New York, NY 19853 USA.},
   author-email = {mcs378@cornell.edu smb23@cornell.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -52422,7 +58292,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {302},
   pages = {77--101},
   abstract = {This article analyzes the effect of the relative minimum wage on the inequality of disposable income of households in the European Union. To do this, an empirical analysis is carried out with a panel data econometric modeling that allows to verify the effectiveness of the policies of the relative minimum wages on the economic inequality and leads to the estimation of a negative and significant elasticity. However, this effect is reduced by 60\% from the start of the economic crisis. This is not a drawback for this measure of minimum wages, which is relative in nature, to be used as a common European reference in the fight against economic inequality. Therefore, economic, social, cultural, labor market and welfare state differences will not be a serious obstacle for their community adoption.},
-  affiliation = {Vellv\'e, FJS (Corresponding Author), Ctr Ensenanza Super Cardenal Cisneros, Madrid, Spain. Sanchez Vellve, Francisco J., Ctr Ensenanza Super Cardenal Cisneros, Madrid, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Vellv{\'e}, FJS (Corresponding Author), Ctr Ensenanza Super Cardenal Cisneros, Madrid, Spain. Sanchez Vellve, Francisco J., Ctr Ensenanza Super Cardenal Cisneros, Madrid, Spain.},
   author-email = {fsanchez@universidadcisneros.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
@@ -52492,7 +58362,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {18--25},
   doi = {10.16993/sjdr.4},
   abstract = {Participation in the workforce is lower among people with disabilities worldwide. In this study we explore how people with disabilities perceive their inclusion in working life. Twenty women and men were interviewed. The sample comprises a group of working people experiencing different kinds of physical and sensory disabilities. The employment barriers found were related to accessibility, cooperation among welfare agencies, technical aids and welfare services. We named them as follows: the environmental participation barrier, the jungle of devices, the catch 22 situations, and, the inflexibility of welfare services. According to our interpretation these external barriers hinder people with disabilities from engaging in work and civic life to the extent that they want. Most interviewees in our sample were well-educated and successfully employed, nevertheless they all had experienced barriers in relation to remaining in work. Although the intentions in Sweden and most welfare states is to include people with disabilities in working life there are several obstacles in implementation of this intention.},
-  affiliation = {\"Ostlund, G (Corresponding Author), Malardalen Univ, Sch Hlth Care \& Social Welf, Div Social Work, SE-63105 Eskilstuna, Sweden. Ostlund, Gunnel, Malardalen Univ, Sch Hlth Care \& Social Welf, Div Social Work, SE-63105 Eskilstuna, Sweden. Johansson, Gun, Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med IMM, Stockholm, Sweden.},
+  affiliation = {{\"O}stlund, G (Corresponding Author), Malardalen Univ, Sch Hlth Care \& Social Welf, Div Social Work, SE-63105 Eskilstuna, Sweden. Ostlund, Gunnel, Malardalen Univ, Sch Hlth Care \& Social Welf, Div Social Work, SE-63105 Eskilstuna, Sweden. Johansson, Gun, Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med IMM, Stockholm, Sweden.},
   author-email = {gunnel.ostlund@mdh.se},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -53099,7 +58969,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {111},
   pages = {157--180},
   abstract = {In this paper we analyze, on the one hand, the migratory process of women from Morocco to Andalusia in a context of economic crisis. And, on the other hand, the categories of influence in their process of social participation. For this, we have used a qualitative methodology through in-depth interviews. In the same way, it has been investigated in its speeches from a longitudinal approach taking into account three key moments in this question; the beginning, the transit and the settlement in the consolidation versus return to the society of origin. The results show how the expectations of women crossing the Mediterranean to reach Spain are built and blurred, demonstrating a lack of respect for human rights. 1. Methodology In this work, we have not intended to measure the migratory phenomenon but to describe its determinants and through the discourses, try to identify the deep nature of this social reality, its relationship system and its dynamic structure. Neither, we have not started with a consolidated explanatory theory in scientific knowledge to, through the deductive method, verify or refute the behavior of certain paradigms in social reality. This has already been done successfully on occasions as we quoted below but, based on these and starting from the reality a migratory movement carried out by women, the present work has obtained the necessary information for its development from the qualitative methodology. The strategy that we carry out is oriented to discover and understand a concrete phenomenon and this methodology is what gives meaning to our research work. In this sense, we have carefully selected the key informants with the intention of collecting their speech and obtaining a broad vision of the experiences that come with the migratory processes of Morocco women in their process of social integration in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. On the other hand, understanding that the phenomenon can not be analyzed only from the discourse of the social actors, we carry out an ethnographic method through participant observation, culminated through registration and observation of the social context, the way in which the social actors in their context, the attitude of the professionals, the public policies and norms of the context and the behaviors and attitudes of the actors who do not intervene in the first person of the migratory phenomenon. Therefore, in addition to the ethnographic method, the methodology that we have used has been qualitative, through the technique of semi-structured interview with a sample size defined by saturation, which reached 18 cases selected through a Sampling, given the nature of the population under study. (Ruiz Olabuenaga, 1996). The in-depth interviews were carried out in the city of Tangier and in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The application of the in-depth interviews to our key informants was not intended, in any case, the statistical representation, but the socio-structural representation in relation to the objectives of this research work. In the same way we use two fundamental criteria when deciding who and how many women to interview: the sampling criteria of a practical nature and the sampling outside the control of the design. (I). Sample criteria of a practical nature have to do with the classification of two general types of interviewees: key and representative. The four questions or basic criteria that we considered in the selection of interviewees were: (i) who has the relevant information?; (ii) who are the most accessible women ?; (lii) who are more willing to report? And, (iv) who are better able to communicate information more accurately? Other requirements were also: (i) to be knowledgeable about the object to be investigated; (ii) that they were willing to speak, and (iii) that they represented different points of view when different perspectives existed on what was being studied. (II). Sampling out of control of the design synthesized several ideas and also had to do with the snowball procedure. Another issue to consider is the duration and repetition of the interviews that were part of the design tasks, some sample decisions were reviewed during the field work. The length of each interview session ranged from about forty-five minutes to some interviews over an hour long. It is important to emphasize that not only is it enough to ask who and how many women to interview, it must be considered that sufficient interviews must be conducted so that the interviewer feels that he has leamed everything that has to be learned and has verified these understandings through the most knowledgeable informants and that They deserve more confidence, from there came the principle of saturation. We also address two important aspects in the preparation of in-depth interviews. On the one hand, the selection of the most suitable interviewees. And on the other hand, the decisions on the most suitable conditions of date, place and record of the interviews. (I). About the researcher; It is interesting to ask how they can affect a research-interviewed interaction, since it is interviewed for research and knowledge purposes. Some interviews specified the training and special knowledge to make pertinent interventions in a conversational situation not always is easy. Decisions in this regard depended on the purposes of the study and other research contingencies. (II). About the date, place and registration; It became necessary to condition it to the interests of the study, combining a series of elements, without forcing, because to that extent the success of the interviews was largely dependent. Regarding the evaluative criteria of the quality of the interviews, we distinguished different groups of quality criteria applied. These include: (i) reliability criteria; (ii) credibility criteria; (iii) transferability; (iv) dependability; (v) authenticity and, (vi) ethical criteria. Likewise, a moderately alternative redefinition of the internal, external validity and reliability standards was applied. In our opinion we judge the credibility of the work applied for its transparency and coherence, since the quality of the information depended to a great extent on the collaboration of the interviewees, which entails serious ethical obligations towards them. In sum, the quality of the interviews applied is intrinsically related to the characteristics of the interviewed women and the ethical guidelines of the research. Jointly, informed consent and confidentiality play a key role. All these are criteria that we have taken into account in the evaluation of the quality of the interviews applied. Women were selected who: 1. They intended to emigrate. 2. In full transit. 3. They would have completed the migration process for two years or less. The categories previously selected for the analysis have been defined through the following topics: 1. The system of attributions of the beginning of the migratory process. 2. The reception process and the contextual conditions of the receiving society. 3. Comparative patterns of well-being in Morocco and Andalusia. 4. Expectations, desires and feelings. 5. Familiar social networks around the beginning of the migration project. 6. Difficulties during transit. 7. Perception of the migration project itself. 8. Interference of the economic crisis in speeches. 9. Perceptions about returning to their home society. 2. The description of the methodological approach, a special condition. Work plan and description of the phases. The work plan developed in the different phases carried out consisted of the following actions: Phase I. Initial Conceptual Model. In the first phase called the initial conceptual model, we proceeded to review and analyze the literature related to our object of study. This phase corresponds to the exploration and analysis of the scientific production in the issue that concerns us and that directly links gender and migration. Together, we follow exhaustively the design of the model according to Miles and Huberman, (1984) who; ``Establishes that from the categories emerged in the bibliographic review, conclusions must be drawn up graphically so that the relationships between the named categories are described in detail.'' In this context, we note that the field work was carried out in the city of Tangier (Morocco) and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia in the framework of various projects for Development Cooperation of the University of Jaen and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation Development (AECID)'. We resorted to using the intentional sampling procedure that allowed us to select the subjects in the sample. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. At the same time we made use of participant observation or ethnographic observation. Three elements of this technique were taken into account at the time of its use; (I) social interaction, (ii) data collection protocol, and (ii) control of information. Phase II. Intermediate Model of Interviewees. In this second phase of the research, we proceeded to design the intermediate model, which starts from an empirical data, that is, from the experience on the subject to be studied. For this phase the interviews were structured in depth, whose questions were revealed by key informants and interviewed women, both of whom were intentionally selected. In order to do so, the criteria they used to contribute relevant information to our research were taken as criteria. In this sense, we use the snowball procedure. In this respect, the sample frame is the meanings. That is, those of the experience emerge. The snowball procedure allowed us to select the subjects of the sample arbitrarily, that is, allowed us to choose Moroccan women and key informants who presented very special characteristics. Once identified and with the available information they were asked to locate other members of the same study population, either by familiarity, knowledge or ease of access. The sample was generated progressively where each subject proposed to other people they knew. The analysis of the interviews was performed after the transcript. The transcripts were then sorted according to the application sequence where the statements of the informants were taken into account. Subsequently, a first sweep of data was made that allowed to be debugged the information that was repeated. In this sense, the theoretical basis of the research, the direct experience of the researchers, the different contributions of key professionals in this issue in Tangier and Andalusia, together with the application of the in-depth interviews, are guarantees that allowed to develop an exhaustive analysis Which is reflected with the development of the present investigation. Phase III. Final Conceptual Model. In the final conceptual model the observations and the discussion were elaborated according to the theoretical positions described in the theoretical review and with the answers of the people interviewed. The contrast of these two phases made it possible to formulate theorizing. Theorizing, according to Martinez, (1999): ``Is a way to look at the facts, to organize them and to represent them conceptually, through a new network of relations between the constituent parts.'' From this point of view, the theory turns out to be the production of human intelligence, since imagination and experience have been part of the construction of knowledge. We consider that the content analysis as a way to approach an investigation, is a methodological complement that allows to obtain knowledge of precise and effective way. The systematization of information leads to the construction of a theorization, which is reached, to the extent that we appropriate the acquired knowledge. In sum, the design of the final conceptual model originated from the interaction and contrast of the matching elements of the categories and subcategories extracted from both the initial model and the intermediate model. Research objectives: 1. Observe the legislative framework and immigration policies and integration models in the context of Andalusia and Tangier. 2. Analyze the conditions and discourses that are generated in this migration process both in the context of departure, in transit and in the receiving society. 3. Analyze the migration process of Moroccan women to Andalusia, based on their expectations, experiences and personal assessments. 4. Identify the discourses around the exclusion processes that affect the Moroccan woman in the host society 5. Design proposals for improvement, achieving the overcoming of the more generalist positions insofar as they identify the migratory phenomenon as unique. Results in relation to objectives. 1. The exclusionary factors of this particular phenomenon are identified in such a way that proposes the adaptation of public policies and measures in which integration and socio-labor participation is the key axis of action and women are recognized in all areas of performance. However, it is recognized that certain changes in their societies of origin are also necessary. 2. The speeches that are generated in the migratory process are analyzed. These discourses related to the intention to emigrate that is generated in the society of origin, in the transit and in the process of consolidation that takes place in the receiving society. It is highlighted that migratory flows bring into contact the systems of gender and social class inequality of two different societies: the society of origin and the host society. Therefore, the importance of analyzing these issues is recognized. This is why we have analyzed this migratory phenomenon in three key moments. [GRAPHICS] . The migratory process of Moroccan women, in their economic character, has a specific reception in a segmented labor market, with tasks of family and domestic care, surrounded by a great vulnerability, but which satisfies to some extent their migratory expectations. 3. The current economic crisis suffered by Andalusia, for almost a decade, provokes that, although this is identified by the protagonists in forms that are ignored in their speeches, I acted as a mechanism to curb and expel female migration, or Precarization of underemployment to which they access. 4. Different situations related to different moments of the migration are exposed within a frame of fatigue and wear. Subsequently, some perceptions of well-being are shown, in cases where women understand that their expectations have been met. 5. We believe it is necessary, despite not being evident, an improvement in Spanish policies to improve the quality of life of women, to make proposals generated by the results of the analysis in the sense of improving the integration and social participation of Moroccan women who should have institutional resources in different areas, highlighting improvements in the current Aliens Act, access to the education system, labor insertion, language learning, accreditation of studies, gender violence, impartial media and poor housing. In our opinion, it is important to develop many positive actions and political will to achieve an optimal process of integration and social participation of women from Morocco in Andalusia.},
-  affiliation = {Mart\'inez, JMM (Corresponding Author), Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain. Morcillo Martinez, Juana Ma; Sotomayor Morales, Eva Ma; de la Fuente Robles, Yolanda Ma, Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Mart{\'i}nez, JMM (Corresponding Author), Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain. Morcillo Martinez, Juana Ma; Sotomayor Morales, Eva Ma; de la Fuente Robles, Yolanda Ma, Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
   research-areas = {Environmental Sciences \& Ecology},
@@ -53707,7 +59577,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {687--702},
   doi = {10.1111/gwao.12208},
   abstract = {There is a great deal of literature on the patterns and consequences of parental leave policies and on how and why certain countries adopted specific family policy clusters. Much less is known about the employment context that shapes workers' use of these policies. The current study focuses on the negotiation process that workers must undergo with employers regarding the length of leave and workers' ability to return to their jobs following leave. Given workers' increasing vulnerability in a global neoliberal labour market and the lack of efficient state protection, companies are able to reinforce the ideal of the unencumbered worker norm and thus shape workplace gender inequality regimes. Drawing on qualitative data gained from 33 highly skilled professional women in Hungary, we find that parental leave provisions have become conditional on company needs, and as a result have become increasingly informal, individualized and subject to negotiation. Despite broad leave entitlements and job protections in Hungary, many of our respondents were required to scale back on their career aspirations, drop out or change jobs following leave. By exploring the ways in which highly skilled professional mothers negotiate their rights at work, this study identifies employers as critical gatekeepers who translate public entitlements into the lived experience of workplace gender inequality.},
-  affiliation = {Fodor, \'E (Corresponding Author), Cent European Univ, Dept Gender Studies, Nador Utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary. Glass, C (Corresponding Author), Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Social Work \& Anthropol, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Fodor, Eva, Cent European Univ, Dept Gender Studies, Nador Utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary. Glass, Christy, Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Social Work \& Anthropol, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Fodor, {\'E} (Corresponding Author), Cent European Univ, Dept Gender Studies, Nador Utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary. Glass, C (Corresponding Author), Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Social Work \& Anthropol, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Fodor, Eva, Cent European Univ, Dept Gender Studies, Nador Utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary. Glass, Christy, Utah State Univ, Dept Sociol Social Work \& Anthropol, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA.},
   author-email = {fodore@ceu.edu christy.glass@usu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -54807,7 +60677,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1--12},
   doi = {10.1016/j.alcr.2019.02.003},
   abstract = {Previous research has concentrated on the associations between higher incomes and delayed entry into parenthood, disadvantaged family background and early childbirth, and the availability of public childcare and fertility. This paper examines the extent to which parental resources moderate the relationship between women's income and entry into parenthood, comparing two countries with very different levels of public family support: Finland and the United States. We use Cox regressions with data from the 1979 US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Finnish Census Panel data to demonstrate both striking similarities and differences between the two countries. First, high-income women from disadvantaged backgrounds postpone entry into parenthood in both countries. Second, high parental resources are associated with postponed entry into parenthood among low-income women. However, we find differences between the two countries regarding which parental resource is most influential. While parental income is important in the US, parental education matters most in Finland.},
-  affiliation = {P\"oyli\"o, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Turku, Dept Social Res, Turku 20014, Finland. Poylio, Heta, Univ Turku, Dept Social Res, Turku 20014, Finland. Van Winkle, Zachary, Univ Oxford, Dept Sociol, Manor Rd Bldg,Manor Rd, Oxford, England. Van Winkle, Zachary, Univ Oxford, Nuffield Coll, Manor Rd Bldg,Manor Rd, Oxford, England.},
+  affiliation = {P{\"o}yli{\"o}, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Turku, Dept Social Res, Turku 20014, Finland. Poylio, Heta, Univ Turku, Dept Social Res, Turku 20014, Finland. Van Winkle, Zachary, Univ Oxford, Dept Sociol, Manor Rd Bldg,Manor Rd, Oxford, England. Van Winkle, Zachary, Univ Oxford, Nuffield Coll, Manor Rd Bldg,Manor Rd, Oxford, England.},
   author-email = {heta.poylio@utu.fi zachary.vanwinkle@sociology.ox.ac.uk},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -55298,7 +61168,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {433--448},
   doi = {10.1108/IJM-03-2018-0098},
   abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply an intersectional analysis to assess the impact of structural factors on the risk of being a NEET for youth in Spain. The author study if inequalities have changed after the economic crisis, once youth policies designed to improve the Spanish school-to-work transition (SWT) system were implemented. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on microdata from the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the paper compares the probability of becoming not in employment, education or training (NEET) of young men and women born inside or outside Spain and living in different types of households. Findings Although unemployment rates have improved since the end of the crisis, the situation regarding youth employment, poverty and inequalities remains challenging. Gender and other structural differences are usually ignored in policy debates and in the measures adopted to fight youth unemployment, leading to the persistance of inequalities. Research limitations/implications The analysis illustrates new lines and trajectories in the segmentation of youth labor markets along the lines of gender, household and country of origin. Practical implications The findings highlight the need for introducing an analysis of the different sources of vulnerability in policy designs in order to promote a real and sustainable change in SWTs. Originality/value The contribution of this research to the literature on NEET and SWT is to introduce a framework that allows for the intersectional analysis of gender and other structural inequalities.},
-  affiliation = {Rodriguez-Modro\~no, P (Corresponding Author), Univ Pablo de Olavide, Dept Econ, Seville, Spain. Rodriguez-Modrono, Paula, Univ Pablo de Olavide, Dept Econ, Seville, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Rodriguez-Modro{\~n}o, P (Corresponding Author), Univ Pablo de Olavide, Dept Econ, Seville, Spain. Rodriguez-Modrono, Paula, Univ Pablo de Olavide, Dept Econ, Seville, Spain.},
   author-email = {prodmod@upo.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -55625,7 +61495,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {64},
   pages = {85--89},
   doi = {10.1016/j.ejim.2019.04.011},
-  abstract = {Aims: Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone health diseases affecting older adults in US. Addressing disparities in osteoporosis will help to enhance the quality of bone care in the nation's bone health programs. Materials \& methods: We used the data of adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with reported bone mineral density measured during the periods of 2005-2010 and 2013-2014 to examine disparities in osteoporosis based on race/ethnicity, educational attainment, work status, immigrant status, and economic status in US. Results: Based on educational attainment, the age-and sex-standardized osteoporosis prevalence (SOP) was highest among those with less than a high school education (HSE) (5.1\%, 95\% CI (CI): 4.3\%-5.9\%), whereas it was lowest among those with more than HSE (3.2\%, CI: 2.7\%-3.6\%). Based on work status, SOP was highest among unemployed participants (5.4\%, CI: 1.9\%-8.9\%), whereas it was lowest among working participants (2\%, CI: 1.6\%-2.4\%). Based on immigrant status, SOP was highest among non-citizens (6.4\%, CI: 5\%-7.8\%), whereas it was lowest among those born in US (3.4\%, CI: 3.1\%-3.7\%). Based on economic status, SOP was highest among those with poverty-to-income ratio (PIR)\textexclamdown{} 1 (5.5\%, CI: 4.4\%-6.5\%), whereas it was lowest among those with PIR \textquestiondown = 4 (2.4\%, CI: 1.9\%-2.9\%). Conclusions: Osteoporosis was more prevalent among US adults who were non-citizens, less educated, unemployed, and had lower income. The observed disparities suggest a need for interventions to promote better quality bone care among the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.},
+  abstract = {Aims: Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone health diseases affecting older adults in US. Addressing disparities in osteoporosis will help to enhance the quality of bone care in the nation's bone health programs. Materials \& methods: We used the data of adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with reported bone mineral density measured during the periods of 2005-2010 and 2013-2014 to examine disparities in osteoporosis based on race/ethnicity, educational attainment, work status, immigrant status, and economic status in US. Results: Based on educational attainment, the age-and sex-standardized osteoporosis prevalence (SOP) was highest among those with less than a high school education (HSE) (5.1\%, 95\% CI (CI): 4.3\%-5.9\%), whereas it was lowest among those with more than HSE (3.2\%, CI: 2.7\%-3.6\%). Based on work status, SOP was highest among unemployed participants (5.4\%, CI: 1.9\%-8.9\%), whereas it was lowest among working participants (2\%, CI: 1.6\%-2.4\%). Based on immigrant status, SOP was highest among non-citizens (6.4\%, CI: 5\%-7.8\%), whereas it was lowest among those born in US (3.4\%, CI: 3.1\%-3.7\%). Based on economic status, SOP was highest among those with poverty-to-income ratio (PIR){\textexclamdown} 1 (5.5\%, CI: 4.4\%-6.5\%), whereas it was lowest among those with PIR {\textquestiondown}= 4 (2.4\%, CI: 1.9\%-2.9\%). Conclusions: Osteoporosis was more prevalent among US adults who were non-citizens, less educated, unemployed, and had lower income. The observed disparities suggest a need for interventions to promote better quality bone care among the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.},
   affiliation = {Tsai, AJ (Corresponding Author), Northeast Ohio Med Univ, Coll Med, 4209 St Rt 44, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA. Tsai, Allen J., Northeast Ohio Med Univ, Coll Med, 4209 St Rt 44, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.},
   author-email = {atsail@neomed.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -56093,7 +61963,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {9},
   number = {2158244019862725},
   doi = {10.1177/2158244019862725},
-  abstract = {Capable, qualified, and working-age (18-65) autistic adults experienced an 83\% unemployment rate in the United States in 2017 resulting in extreme poverty and severely decreased quality of life. Research dating from 1957 to 2016 inferred hiring agents' beliefs were the cause. In this multiple regression study, the nature of the relationship between hiring agents' beliefs and their selection of qualified autistic candidates was explored through Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to determine what hiring agent's beliefs, if any, influence the selection of qualified autistic candidates to fill open positions. I used the Hiring Agent Survey Regarding Selection of Qualified Autistic Candidates to anonymously gather data from hiring agents throughout the contiguous United States. Known values of the independent variable, the beliefs influencing hiring agents, were summed and clustered against the TPB-predicted, percentage-based, continuous-level dependent variable, which was hiring agents' selection of qualified autistic candidates. This statistically significant regression analysis, F(45, 73) = 36.067, p \textexclamdown{} .001, adj. R-2 = .930, predicted the degree to which each control, normative, and behavioral belief influenced hiring agents' selection. Hiring agents' desire for mandated comprehensive organizational diversity, along with their negative stereotypical associations and fear of embarrassment, signify a need for substantive policy and strategic interventions. Results of such aggressive diversity initiatives could considerably improve the nation's socioeconomic health and substantively increase autistics' quality of life.},
+  abstract = {Capable, qualified, and working-age (18-65) autistic adults experienced an 83\% unemployment rate in the United States in 2017 resulting in extreme poverty and severely decreased quality of life. Research dating from 1957 to 2016 inferred hiring agents' beliefs were the cause. In this multiple regression study, the nature of the relationship between hiring agents' beliefs and their selection of qualified autistic candidates was explored through Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to determine what hiring agent's beliefs, if any, influence the selection of qualified autistic candidates to fill open positions. I used the Hiring Agent Survey Regarding Selection of Qualified Autistic Candidates to anonymously gather data from hiring agents throughout the contiguous United States. Known values of the independent variable, the beliefs influencing hiring agents, were summed and clustered against the TPB-predicted, percentage-based, continuous-level dependent variable, which was hiring agents' selection of qualified autistic candidates. This statistically significant regression analysis, F(45, 73) = 36.067, p {\textexclamdown} .001, adj. R-2 = .930, predicted the degree to which each control, normative, and behavioral belief influenced hiring agents' selection. Hiring agents' desire for mandated comprehensive organizational diversity, along with their negative stereotypical associations and fear of embarrassment, signify a need for substantive policy and strategic interventions. Results of such aggressive diversity initiatives could considerably improve the nation's socioeconomic health and substantively increase autistics' quality of life.},
   affiliation = {Mai, AM (Corresponding Author), Walden Univ, Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA. Mai, Angela Marie, Walden Univ, Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA.},
   author-email = {angela.mai@waldenu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -56117,7 +61987,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {5},
   pages = {E837-E849},
   doi = {10.1111/hsc.12811},
-  abstract = {Intensive unpaid caring is associated with greater likelihood of not being employed, but impacts for mental health carers specifically remain unknown. This study aimed to: (a) examine the association between caring intensity and not being employed for primary mental health carers, (b) ascertain whether this relationship differs from that for other disability carers, (c) enumerate Australian primary mental health carers with a possible need for employment support and (d) describe these carers' unmet support needs and barriers to employment. Co-resident, working age primary mental health (n = 137) and other disability carers (n = 821) were identified in the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (collected July-December 2015). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined associations between levels of caring intensity (1-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ hr/week) and not being employed. A `possible need for employment support' indicator was derived from information about current employment status, caring hours, past impact of caring on employment and desire for more work or workplace accommodations. After controlling for demographic and caring role factors, mental health carers providing 40+ hr of care weekly had greater odds of not being employed compared to carers providing \textexclamdown 10 hr (AOR 13.38, 95\% CI: 2.17-82.39). For other disability carers, the odds of not being employed were also higher among those providing 20-39 hr of care (AOR 3.21, 95\% CI: 2.18-4.73). An estimated 54.1\% (95\% CI: 43.1-64.8) of carers had a possible need for employment support, with the proportion increasing as level of caring intensity increased. Of carers who were not employed, 42.2\% (95\% CI: 30.3-55.0) reported a desire to work, and the main reported barrier was no alternative care arrangements or disruption to the person supported. Findings suggest that improving employment participation for mental health carers requires a greater balance between unpaid care and access to formal services for people with mental illness.},
+  abstract = {Intensive unpaid caring is associated with greater likelihood of not being employed, but impacts for mental health carers specifically remain unknown. This study aimed to: (a) examine the association between caring intensity and not being employed for primary mental health carers, (b) ascertain whether this relationship differs from that for other disability carers, (c) enumerate Australian primary mental health carers with a possible need for employment support and (d) describe these carers' unmet support needs and barriers to employment. Co-resident, working age primary mental health (n = 137) and other disability carers (n = 821) were identified in the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (collected July-December 2015). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined associations between levels of caring intensity (1-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ hr/week) and not being employed. A `possible need for employment support' indicator was derived from information about current employment status, caring hours, past impact of caring on employment and desire for more work or workplace accommodations. After controlling for demographic and caring role factors, mental health carers providing 40+ hr of care weekly had greater odds of not being employed compared to carers providing {\textexclamdown}10 hr (AOR 13.38, 95\% CI: 2.17-82.39). For other disability carers, the odds of not being employed were also higher among those providing 20-39 hr of care (AOR 3.21, 95\% CI: 2.18-4.73). An estimated 54.1\% (95\% CI: 43.1-64.8) of carers had a possible need for employment support, with the proportion increasing as level of caring intensity increased. Of carers who were not employed, 42.2\% (95\% CI: 30.3-55.0) reported a desire to work, and the main reported barrier was no alternative care arrangements or disruption to the person supported. Findings suggest that improving employment participation for mental health carers requires a greater balance between unpaid care and access to formal services for people with mental illness.},
   affiliation = {Diminic, S (Corresponding Author), Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Pk Ctr Mental Hlth, Locked Bag 500, Archerfield, Qld 4108, Australia. Diminic, Sandra; Hielscher, Emily; Harris, Meredith G., Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Fac Med, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Diminic, Sandra; Hielscher, Emily; Harris, Meredith G., Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Policy \& Epidemiol Grp, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Hielscher, Emily, Univ Queensland, Ctr Clin Res, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.},
   author-email = {sandra\_diminic@qcmhr.uq.edu.au},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -56621,7 +62491,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {104618},
   doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104618},
   abstract = {Is social assistance being used to contain ethnic and racial unrest in developing countries? There is a growing literature on social assistance policies in the Global South, but this literature largely focuses on economic and demographic factors, underestimating the importance of contentious politics. The case of Mexico shows that social assistance programs are disproportionately directed to indigenous populations, leading to diminished protest participation. Drawing on data from the 2010, 2012 and 2014 rounds of the Latin American Public Opinion Project, we apply multivariate regression analysis to examine the determinants of social assistance program participation in Mexico. Our study finds that after controlling for income, household size, age, education, and employment status, indigenous ethnic identity is a key determinant in who benefits from social assistance in Mexico. Our results show that high ethnic disparity in social assistance is not only due to higher poverty rates among the indigenous population. Rather, indigenous people receive more social assistance mainly because of their ethnic identity. In addition, this study demonstrates that indigenous people who benefit from social assistance programs are less likely to join anti-government protests. We argue that this ethnic targeting in social assistance is a result of the fact that indigenous unrest has become a political threat for Mexican governments since the 1990s. These results yield substantive support in arguing that the Mexican government uses social assistance to contain indigenous unrest. The existing literature, which is dominated by structuralist explanations, needs to strongly consider the contentious political drivers of social assistance provision in the Global South for a full grasp of the phenomenon. Social assistance in Mexico is driven by social unrest and this suggests that similar ethnic, racial, religious and contentious political factors should be examined in other developing countries to understand social assistance provisions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Y\"or\"uk, E (Corresponding Author), Koc Univ, Dept Sociol, Coll Social Sci \& Humanities, TR-34450 Istanbul, Turkey. Yoruk, Erdem; Sarlak, Lara, Koc Univ, Dept Sociol, Istanbul, Turkey. Yoruk, Erdem, Univ Oxford, Dept Social Policy \& Intervent, Oxford, England. Oker, Ibrahim, Univ Minnesota, Dept Polit Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Y{\"o}r{\"u}k, E (Corresponding Author), Koc Univ, Dept Sociol, Coll Social Sci \& Humanities, TR-34450 Istanbul, Turkey. Yoruk, Erdem; Sarlak, Lara, Koc Univ, Dept Sociol, Istanbul, Turkey. Yoruk, Erdem, Univ Oxford, Dept Social Policy \& Intervent, Oxford, England. Oker, Ibrahim, Univ Minnesota, Dept Polit Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.},
   author-email = {eryoruk@ku.edu.tr oker0030@umn.edu lasarlak@ku.edu.tr},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -57025,7 +62895,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {244--262},
   doi = {10.1016/j.alter.2019.09.003},
   abstract = {This article focuses on the policies to assist war-disabled men in the various territories of the Empire. Policies to assist the war-disabled men were the result of a set of evolving actions and interactions between multiple actors with extremely unequal resources: ministries (War, Colonies, Foreign Affairs, Labour, Pensions); parliamentarians; the National Office of the Disabled; associations of war-disabled and senior colonial officials. Based on multiple archives, associative journals and the colonial press, this article aims to analyse the status granted to war-disabled in these territories. By virtue of their sacrifice for the Fatherland, did they deserve credit equal to those from Metropolitan France? The research shows the extreme heterogeneity of the assistance policies in the colonial Empire, with strong territorial and ethnic inequalities in the allocation of the various services. The Empire's war-disabled men enjoyed a range of rights almost similar to those of Metropolitan France (including economic rights) a few years after those of France. The French and indigenous war-disabled in North Africa and the four municipalities of Senegal had a pension relatively similar than that of the war-disabled of France. In all other colonies, indigenous war-disabled were severely discriminated against, they only had a pension that was much lower than that of the French disabled. Throughout the Empire, indigenous war-disabled had less access to administrative jobs, agricultural land and bank loans. This social policy, which was costly for France, was a priority because of the political imperative of showing gratitude for those who sacrificed themselves for the country, but also and above all to maintain the backing of the colonized populations and the political support of the disabled and former combatants in a context of growing anti-colonial nationalism. (C) 2019 Association ALTER. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
-  affiliation = {Br\'egain, G (Corresponding Author), Univ Rennes, CNRS, ARENES, UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France. Bregain, Gildas, Univ Rennes, CNRS, ARENES, UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France.},
+  affiliation = {Br{\'e}gain, G (Corresponding Author), Univ Rennes, CNRS, ARENES, UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France. Bregain, Gildas, Univ Rennes, CNRS, ARENES, UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France.},
   author-email = {gildas.bregain@ehesp.fr},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -57190,7 +63060,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {10210},
   pages = {1750--1763},
   doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31992-0},
-  abstract = {Background Women across the world are mistreated during childbirth. We aimed to develop and implement evidence-informed, validated tools to measure mistreatment during childbirth, and report results from a cross-sectional study in four low-income and middle-income countries. Methods We prospectively recruited women aged at least 15 years in twelve health facilities (three per country) in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria between Sept 19, 2016, and Jan 18, 2018. Continuous observations of labour and childbirth were done from admission up to 2 h post partum. Surveys were administered by interviewers in the community to women up to 8 weeks post partum. Labour observations were not done in Myanmar. Data were collected on sociodemographics, obstetric history, and experiences of mistreatment. Findings 2016 labour observations and 2672 surveys were done. 838 (41.6\%) of 2016 observed women and 945 (35.4\%) of 2672 surveyed women experienced physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination. Physical and verbal abuse peaked 30 min before birth until 15 min after birth (observation). Many women did not consent for episiotomy (observation: 190 [75.1\%] of 253; survey: 295 [56.1\%] of 526) or caesarean section (observation: 35 [13.4\%] of 261; survey: 52 [10.8\%] of 483), despite receiving these procedures. 133 (5.0\%) of 2672 women or their babies were detained in the facility because they were unable to pay the bill (survey). Younger age (15-19 years) and lack of education were the primary determinants of mistreatment (survey). For example, younger women with no education (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95\% CI 1 .6-8.0) and younger women with some education (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) were more likely to experience verbal abuse, compared with older women (\textquestiondown = 30 years), adjusting for marital status and parity. Interpretation More than a third of women experienced mistreatment and were particularly vulnerable around the time of birth. Women who were younger and less educated were most at risk, suggesting inequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Understanding drivers and structural dimensions of mistreatment, including gender and social inequalities, is essential to ensure that interventions adequately account for the broader context. Copyright (C) 2019 This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
+  abstract = {Background Women across the world are mistreated during childbirth. We aimed to develop and implement evidence-informed, validated tools to measure mistreatment during childbirth, and report results from a cross-sectional study in four low-income and middle-income countries. Methods We prospectively recruited women aged at least 15 years in twelve health facilities (three per country) in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria between Sept 19, 2016, and Jan 18, 2018. Continuous observations of labour and childbirth were done from admission up to 2 h post partum. Surveys were administered by interviewers in the community to women up to 8 weeks post partum. Labour observations were not done in Myanmar. Data were collected on sociodemographics, obstetric history, and experiences of mistreatment. Findings 2016 labour observations and 2672 surveys were done. 838 (41.6\%) of 2016 observed women and 945 (35.4\%) of 2672 surveyed women experienced physical or verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination. Physical and verbal abuse peaked 30 min before birth until 15 min after birth (observation). Many women did not consent for episiotomy (observation: 190 [75.1\%] of 253; survey: 295 [56.1\%] of 526) or caesarean section (observation: 35 [13.4\%] of 261; survey: 52 [10.8\%] of 483), despite receiving these procedures. 133 (5.0\%) of 2672 women or their babies were detained in the facility because they were unable to pay the bill (survey). Younger age (15-19 years) and lack of education were the primary determinants of mistreatment (survey). For example, younger women with no education (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95\% CI 1 .6-8.0) and younger women with some education (OR 1.6, 1.1-2.3) were more likely to experience verbal abuse, compared with older women ({\textquestiondown}= 30 years), adjusting for marital status and parity. Interpretation More than a third of women experienced mistreatment and were particularly vulnerable around the time of birth. Women who were younger and less educated were most at risk, suggesting inequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Understanding drivers and structural dimensions of mistreatment, including gender and social inequalities, is essential to ensure that interventions adequately account for the broader context. Copyright (C) 2019 This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
   affiliation = {Bohren, MA (Corresponding Author), Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Sch Populat \& Global Hlth, Ctr Hlth Equ, Gender \& Womens Hlth Unit, Carlton, Vic 3053, Australia. Bohren, Meghan A., Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Sch Populat \& Global Hlth, Ctr Hlth Equ, Gender \& Womens Hlth Unit, Carlton, Vic 3053, Australia. Bohren, Meghan A.; Mehrtash, Hedieh; Thwin, Soe Soe; Landoulsi, Sihem; Gulmezoglu, A. Metin; Tuncalp, Ozge, WHO, UNDP UNFPA UNICEF WHO World Bank Special Programm, Dept Reprod Hlth \& Res, Geneva, Switzerland. Fawole, Bukola, Univ Ibadan, Dept Obstet \& Gynaecol, Natl Inst Maternal \& Child Hlth, Coll Med, Ibadan, Nigeria. Maung, Thae Maung; Mon, Nwe Oo, Dept Med Res, Yangon, Myanmar. Balde, Mamadou Dioulde; Diallo, Boubacar Alpha; Soumah, Anne-Marie; Sall, Alpha Oumar, Cellule Rech Sante Reprod Guinee CERREGUI, Conakry, Guinea. Maya, Ernest, Univ Ghana, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Populat Family \& Reprod Hlth, Legon, Ghana. Aderoba, Adeniyi K., Mother \& Child Hosp, Dept Obstet \& Gynaecol, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Vogel, Joshua P., Burnet Inst, Maternal \& Child Hlth Program, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Irinyenikan, Theresa Azonima, Univ Med Sci Ondo, Fac Clin Sci, Dept Obstet \& Gynaecol, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Irinyenikan, Theresa Azonima, Univ Med Sci, Teaching Hosp, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Adeyanju, A. Olusoji, Adeoyo Matern Teaching Hosp, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Adu-Bonsaffoh, Kwame, Univ Ghana, Sch Med \& Dent, Dept Obstet \& Gynaecol, Accra, Ghana. Guure, Chris, Univ Ghana, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Legon, Ghana. Adanu, Richard, Univ Ghana, Sch Publ Hlth, Legon, Ghana.},
   author-email = {meghan.bohren@unimelb.edu.au},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -57674,7 +63544,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {e12765},
   doi = {10.1111/soc4.12765},
   abstract = {As the largest minority group in the United States, Latinas/os have experienced a long history of discrimination, prejudice, and stigmatization as gang members. A contemporary survey of law enforcement agencies reported that Latinos continue to be the largest proportion of any racial or ethnic group involved in gangs. To describe such a pattern, the framework of settler colonialism will be utilized to describe differential experiences based on race, gender, and how structural inequalities vary by region and time. Latinas/os have been particularly impacted by segregation, second-class treatment, and policies considered racially neutral. Gangs provide a topical area for examining patterns of racialization and social control. The authors of this article will outline the research literature on gangs and how settler colonialism has impacted the Latina/o population regarding the origination of gangs, reasons for joining, behaviors and activities, and the process for leaving these groups. The authors emphasize decolonization strategies including reducing structural inequalities and thereby reducing gang membership and risky behaviors. Until this can be accomplished, the authors hope for human rights, labor equity, and religious organizing efforts that can form into social movements of collective empowerment and justice.},
-  affiliation = {Dur\'an, RJ (Corresponding Author), Texas A\&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Duran, Robert J.; Campos, Jason A., Texas A\&M Univ, Sociol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Dur{\'a}n, RJ (Corresponding Author), Texas A\&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Duran, Robert J.; Campos, Jason A., Texas A\&M Univ, Sociol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.},
   author-email = {rjduran@tamu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {DEC 2019},
@@ -58008,7 +63878,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {71--91},
   doi = {10.1177/0309816819900123},
   abstract = {In current debates on precarization in Europe, a transnational and more class-based perspective is demanded. While fully supporting this request, this article nevertheless notices that, often, when it comes to the economic logic of current Europeanization, scholars have only taken a one-sided look at financial capital and financialization. What is needed is a deeper conceptual understanding of European labour and production processes and how their transnational organization is interwoven with both the European integration project and rising precarization. In an inter-disciplinary approach, combining critical political economy, economic and social geography, and the sociology of work and industry, this article seeks to tackle the problem and develops three main arguments. The first is that, long before the 2008ff. crisis, a mode of Europeanization as multi-scalar competitive integration developed, one that, basically, takes socio-spatial unevenness as a competitive advantage. The second argument is that the backbone of this competitive Europeanization mode is a transnationalized European regime of fragmented and flexible production. This regime particularizes labour and labour processes on all social scales, within and beyond nation-states, by putting them in a competitive relation to each other. The third argument is that due to permanent transnational restructuring and technological (digital) modernization, no stable socio-spatial division of labour within and among the European countries arises. Instead, permanently changing forms of labour's social polarization occur, a finding that questions classic ideas of social development through economic and technological modernization. Precarization, defined as the detachment of dependent labour working conditions from the means of integrative social participation, hereby describes a specific concentration of a nevertheless wider structural uncertainty that is inherent to both the mode of European integration and the regime of European production.},
-  affiliation = {H\"urtgen, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. Huertgen, Stefanie, Univ Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.},
+  affiliation = {H{\"u}rtgen, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. Huertgen, Stefanie, Univ Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.},
   author-email = {stefanie.huertgen@sbg.ac.at},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {FEB 2020},
@@ -58151,7 +64021,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {14},
   number = {124072},
   doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab59cd},
-  abstract = {A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient (y) = 0.93), consumption for electric power generation (77 = 0.68), commercial, industrial, and residential end use (77 = 0.72), job creation (77 = 0.72), and air pollution-related deaths (77 = 0.77), which are largely driven by geographicallyfixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for example, mortality risk (m) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000 people) for the lowest income class (\textexclamdown\$15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is higher (18\%-31\%) than for the highest income class (\textquestiondown\$150 000; m = 0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white (m = 0.30 in 2016) than non-white (m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8\% 1.0\%) and poverty rates (9.9\% 1.7\%) during the boom, although household income increases for the wealthiest and decreases for the poorest. At a systems-level, there is an implied air quality-employment tradeoff of 3 (\textexclamdown 1 to 7) job-years created per life-year lost; this tradeoff varies spatially (-1100 to 4400 life-years lost minus job-years created), wherein the job benefit outweighs the air quality costs in most producing counties whereas in all other counties the reverse is true. We also observe temporal inequities, with air quality and employment impacts following the boom-and-bust cycle, while climate impacts are largely borne by future generations. Cross-impact elasticities (c), which measure the sensitivity between different types of impacts, reveal that employment increases are sensitive to and coupled with increases in air and climate impacts (c = 1.1 and c = 1.3, respectively). The metrics applied here facilitate the evaluation and design of countervailing policies and systems that explicitly account for social inequities mediated through energy infrastructure, supply, and demand. For example, in future energy system transition, such equity metrics can be used to facilitate decisions related to the siting oflow-carbon infrastructure such as transmission lines and wind turbines and the phase -out of fossil fuel infrastructure, as well as to demonstrate changes in distributional tradeoffs such as the decoupling of environmental and employment effects.},
+  abstract = {A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient (y) = 0.93), consumption for electric power generation (77 = 0.68), commercial, industrial, and residential end use (77 = 0.72), job creation (77 = 0.72), and air pollution-related deaths (77 = 0.77), which are largely driven by geographicallyfixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for example, mortality risk (m) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000 people) for the lowest income class ({\textexclamdown}\$15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is higher (18\%-31\%) than for the highest income class ({\textquestiondown}\$150 000; m = 0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white (m = 0.30 in 2016) than non-white (m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8\% 1.0\%) and poverty rates (9.9\% 1.7\%) during the boom, although household income increases for the wealthiest and decreases for the poorest. At a systems-level, there is an implied air quality-employment tradeoff of 3 ({\textexclamdown}1 to 7) job-years created per life-year lost; this tradeoff varies spatially (-1100 to 4400 life-years lost minus job-years created), wherein the job benefit outweighs the air quality costs in most producing counties whereas in all other counties the reverse is true. We also observe temporal inequities, with air quality and employment impacts following the boom-and-bust cycle, while climate impacts are largely borne by future generations. Cross-impact elasticities (c), which measure the sensitivity between different types of impacts, reveal that employment increases are sensitive to and coupled with increases in air and climate impacts (c = 1.1 and c = 1.3, respectively). The metrics applied here facilitate the evaluation and design of countervailing policies and systems that explicitly account for social inequities mediated through energy infrastructure, supply, and demand. For example, in future energy system transition, such equity metrics can be used to facilitate decisions related to the siting oflow-carbon infrastructure such as transmission lines and wind turbines and the phase -out of fossil fuel infrastructure, as well as to demonstrate changes in distributional tradeoffs such as the decoupling of environmental and employment effects.},
   affiliation = {Robinson, AL (Corresponding Author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Mayfield, Erin N., Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Cohon, Jared L.; Muller, Nicholas Z.; Robinson, Allen L., Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Azevedo, Ines M. L., Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.},
   author-email = {alr@andrew.cmu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -58323,7 +64193,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {33--47},
   doi = {10.1080/0158037X.2020.1732334},
   abstract = {One of the most often repeated goals in modern society is making education available to all on equal terms, regardless of social origin, culture or individual characteristics such as age, gender or the socio-economic status of an individual. However, in relation to gender inequality within learning environments, in the Czech Republic the traditional roles of men and women are still deeply inscribed. The results of the present study are primarily based on an Adult Education Survey which provides high quality data on the participation rates of the Czech population in formal and non-formal adult learning and education (ALE). Despite equal gender participation rates in ALE, the presented findings show that men participate more in job-related training and job-related purposes, while women manage domestic tasks, a situation which reflects the predominance of women in part-time employment, earning a lower monthly income and obtaining less work-related learning. This socio-economic profile influences not only women's income but also affects their access to education and becomes the main barrier in the concrete form of family-related responsibilities and costs. Moreover, for women more personal-related learning has been shown to predominate as opposed to job-related education.},
-  affiliation = {Vacul\'ikov\'a, J (Corresponding Author), Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Res Ctr FHS, Fac Humanities, Stefanikova 5670, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic. Vaculikova, Jitka; Kalenda, Jan; Kocvarova, Ilona, Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Res Ctr FHS, Fac Humanities, Stefanikova 5670, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic.},
+  affiliation = {Vacul{\'i}kov{\'a}, J (Corresponding Author), Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Res Ctr FHS, Fac Humanities, Stefanikova 5670, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic. Vaculikova, Jitka; Kalenda, Jan; Kocvarova, Ilona, Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Res Ctr FHS, Fac Humanities, Stefanikova 5670, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic.},
   author-email = {vaculikova@utb.cz},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {FEB 2020},
@@ -58606,7 +64476,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {287--322},
   doi = {10.7203/CIRIEC-E.98.13570},
   abstract = {This study analyses, from the perspective of public economics, the Demographic Supplement for Motherhood (CDM) introduced in the Spanish Social Security System in 2016. This measure is a supplement added to the contributory pension received on retirement, widowhood or disability for women who began to receive a pension and who have had two or more children. It was introduced with two objectives in mind: to reduce the gender gap in pensions and to socially recognise the contribution of motherhood to the pension system. In this paper, a socioeconomic analysis of this measure is carried out. The objectives and issues of this measure are reviewed and its distributional effects are analysed. The main source of information are data provided by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, in particular the Continuous Sample of Working History (MCVL). This is a new approach, with the focus being on public economics rather than on legal aspects and use of the MCVL data which, for the first time, includes measurements related to the CDM. The main objectives of this study are: 1) to estimate the impact that the CDM has had on the pension system during the first year of application; 2) to analyse the differences in treatment it generates; and, 3) to assess its distributional effects on the gender gap in pensions and on inequality among women. The study finishes with an analysis of other equality policies and puts forward the main conclusions reached and proposals for alternative measures. The results show that the CDM has affected 58.4\% of new female pensioners. The women who have benefitted most from this measure are those who receive a widow's pension (50.9\%), followed by retirement pension (39.8\%) and disability pension (9.2\%). Their sociodemographic characteristics show that 53.4\% of the supplement is paid to mothers with 2 children, while women not receiving CDM tend to have higher educational levels than those who are in receipt of the supplement. It also shows that self-employed workers tend to have more than one child and, therefore, receive the CDM in a greater proportion (62.5\%) than employed workers (57.5\%). The estimated cost of this measure amounted to 64 million euros in 2016 (approximately 0.05\% of the expenditure on contributory pensions), a figure that will increase considerably as the supplement is extended to future female pensioners. Among the main criticisms highlighted by this study is the difference in treatment this measure generates. It purports to be a measure which acknowledges the value of motherhood yet it discriminates against many mothers by excluding women who were pensioners before 2016 and who are the most affected, historically, by more unfavourable family and work structures. In addition, other categories excluded are mothers with only one child, women who took voluntary retirement, women who receive non-contributory pensions and women who do not receive any pension. Finally, the measure works against the principle of equality between men and women, promulgated by the European Union, because it discriminates against fathers. Another criticism is that the amount of the CDM increases as the pension rises and continues to be paid even when the maximum pension is reached. This means that those women with higher pensions benefit more from the supplement, which is contrary to measures applied in other countries. One suggestion to improve the equality of this measure is that the supplement should have an upper limit. Furthermore, its effect on reducing inequality has been insignificant. As a measure of equality between men and women, the CDM has reduced the gender gap between new pensioners (2.2\%) but its effect on the whole system is very poor (0.22\%). The pension gap between men and women in Spain is still very wide at a rate of 29.3\% and much more work needs to be done to reduce this gap. Finally, a pension system that gives women greater rights for raising children can reinforce traditional roles, discouraging mothers from entering the formal labour market and fathers from taking a break from their professional careers. This is why these measures are being questioned by the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of equal treatment between mothers and fathers. The CDM does not address the causes of the problem of gender discrimination. It does not address discrimination in employment nor does it offer the support required in the workplace for reconciling maternity and paternity leave. It is ineffective as a stimulus to change labour behaviour of women because its effect is in the long term and it is an outdated measure that can be counterproductive. In light of these problems, the priority for the government would be to establish authentic equality policies which create opportunities for both men and women to develop their full potential. 1) labour market policies that eliminate gender differences (access to employment, wages and job promotion at work), improving the flexibility and the rationale of the working day, and 2) reconciliation policies related to family and work life, aimed at all workers, that recognise fathers and mothers as having co-responsibility for childcare. The following measures are proposed to reduce the gender gap in pensions: a) Replace the current CDM with an additional contribution period per child or a fixed amount supplement, in recognition of the period of time dedicated to bringing up children. If contribution years were added for accessing the pension, the number of women with contributory pensions would increase. To avoid the same negative aspects already highlighted, it should be implemented in a way that covers all kind of pensions and gives greater support to mothers of children with disabilities. b) Improve non-contributory (universal) pensions, which are those of lesser value. This measure would increase the number of women with pensions in their own right, thereby reducing the coverage gap and the pension gap of the total population (including non-pensioners). This extension is vital to stop the pension system being a welfare system (low coverage) and being outdated and out of touch (excessively linked to family relationships). Our further studies will be centred on these proposals with data provided by the MCVL in future years.},
-  affiliation = {P\'erez, RG (Corresponding Author), Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Granell Perez, Rafael; Salvador Cifre, Concha, Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {P{\'e}rez, RG (Corresponding Author), Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Granell Perez, Rafael; Salvador Cifre, Concha, Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain.},
   author-email = {Rafael.Granell@uv.es Concha.Salvador@uv.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
@@ -59018,7 +64888,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {130},
   pages = {93--106},
   doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.042},
-  abstract = {This paper utilizes newly available data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey to examine travel patterns within the U.S. for persons with disabilities. Our analysis finds that having a disability is associated with lower odds of taking a trip for shopping, for social or recreational reasons, for running errands, or for going to work, even after controlling for other characteristics. Length of disability (less than 6 months, more than 6 months, or lifetime) is associated with the type of mobility aid used to support travel, some aspects of day-to-day travel, and the odds of taking a trip for errands, shopping, social, or recreational reasons. Those with a lifetime disability had lower odds of traveling for errands or shopping (OR = 0.68, p \textexclamdown{} 0.05) compared to those with a temporary or more recent onset of disability, all else constant. We discuss how these findings help to understand differences in economic and social participation among people with disabilities.},
+  abstract = {This paper utilizes newly available data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey to examine travel patterns within the U.S. for persons with disabilities. Our analysis finds that having a disability is associated with lower odds of taking a trip for shopping, for social or recreational reasons, for running errands, or for going to work, even after controlling for other characteristics. Length of disability (less than 6 months, more than 6 months, or lifetime) is associated with the type of mobility aid used to support travel, some aspects of day-to-day travel, and the odds of taking a trip for errands, shopping, social, or recreational reasons. Those with a lifetime disability had lower odds of traveling for errands or shopping (OR = 0.68, p {\textexclamdown} 0.05) compared to those with a temporary or more recent onset of disability, all else constant. We discuss how these findings help to understand differences in economic and social participation among people with disabilities.},
   affiliation = {Henly, M (Corresponding Author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Disabil, 10 West Edge Dr,Suite 101, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Henly, Megan; Brucker, Debra L., Univ New Hampshire, Inst Disabil, 10 West Edge Dr,Suite 101, Durham, NH 03824 USA.},
   author-email = {Megan.Henly@unh.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -59042,7 +64912,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {9},
   pages = {1636--1641},
   doi = {10.1080/13607863.2020.1758910},
-  abstract = {Objective: The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine the association between subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and life satisfaction; and 2) Assess the gendered racial/ethnic disparities in the association between SCD and life satisfaction. Method: Data were obtained from 3,795 participants from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. SCD was operationalized by ``During the past 12 months, have you experienced confusion or memory loss that is happening more often or is getting worse?'' Life satisfaction was operationalized by the question ``In general how satisfied are you with your life?'' Interaction terms of SCD*sex, SCD*race/ethnicity, and SCD*sex*race/ethnicity were used to determine potential effect measure modification. Crude and adjusted linear regression models, controlling for age, education, income and employment, were used to assess the association between SCD and life satisfaction by sex, race, and by gendered racial/ethnic groups: Black women, White women, Hispanic women, Other women; and Black men, White men, Hispanic men and Other men. Results: SCD was negatively associated with life satisfaction in the overall sample (beta: -0.55; 95\% CI: -0.66, -0.43). However, the negative associations seen across gender, race/ethnicity, and gendered racial/ethnic groups were statistically similar (p for interaction terms \textquestiondown{} 0.05). The highest effect estimate was seen for Other men (beta: -1.22; 95\% CI: -1.37, -1.09). Conclusion: Interventions geared towards improving cognition may improve life satisfaction for all groups, irrespective of gender and/or race/ethnicity. Future research may include longitudinal studies to determine the temporal sequence between SCD and life satisfaction.},
+  abstract = {Objective: The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine the association between subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and life satisfaction; and 2) Assess the gendered racial/ethnic disparities in the association between SCD and life satisfaction. Method: Data were obtained from 3,795 participants from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. SCD was operationalized by ``During the past 12 months, have you experienced confusion or memory loss that is happening more often or is getting worse?'' Life satisfaction was operationalized by the question ``In general how satisfied are you with your life?'' Interaction terms of SCD*sex, SCD*race/ethnicity, and SCD*sex*race/ethnicity were used to determine potential effect measure modification. Crude and adjusted linear regression models, controlling for age, education, income and employment, were used to assess the association between SCD and life satisfaction by sex, race, and by gendered racial/ethnic groups: Black women, White women, Hispanic women, Other women; and Black men, White men, Hispanic men and Other men. Results: SCD was negatively associated with life satisfaction in the overall sample (beta: -0.55; 95\% CI: -0.66, -0.43). However, the negative associations seen across gender, race/ethnicity, and gendered racial/ethnic groups were statistically similar (p for interaction terms {\textquestiondown} 0.05). The highest effect estimate was seen for Other men (beta: -1.22; 95\% CI: -1.37, -1.09). Conclusion: Interventions geared towards improving cognition may improve life satisfaction for all groups, irrespective of gender and/or race/ethnicity. Future research may include longitudinal studies to determine the temporal sequence between SCD and life satisfaction.},
   affiliation = {Brown, MJ (Corresponding Author), Univ South Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Brown, Monique J.; Patterson, Robert, Univ South Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Brown, Monique J., Univ South Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, South Carolina SmartState Ctr Healthcare Qual, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Brown, Monique J., Univ South Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Rural \& Minor Hlth Res Ctr, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Brown, Monique J., Univ South Carolina, Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Off Study Aging, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.},
   author-email = {brownm68@mailbox.sc.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -59107,7 +64977,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000532444100045,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {States with \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown higher\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} Minimum Wages Have \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown lower\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} {{STI}} Rates among Women: {{Results}} of an Ecological Study of 66 {{US}} Metropolitan Areas, 2003-2015},
+  title = {States with {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}higher{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} Minimum Wages Have {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}lower{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} {{STI}} Rates among Women: {{Results}} of an Ecological Study of 66 {{US}} Metropolitan Areas, 2003-2015},
   author = {Ibragimov, Umedjon and Beane, Stephanie and Friedman, Samuel R. and Komro, Kelli and Adimora, Adaora A. and Edwards, Jessie K. and Williams, Leslie D. and Tempalski, Barbara and Livingston, Melvin D. and Stall, Ronald D. and Wingood, Gina M. and Cooper, Hannah L. F.},
   year = {2019},
   month = oct,
@@ -59130,7 +65000,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000532670600060,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {``\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{The}} Car Is My Extra Legs\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown '' - {{Experiences}} of Outdoor Mobility amongst Immigrants in {{Sweden}} with Late Effects of Polio},
+  title = {``{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{The}} Car Is My Extra Legs{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}'' - {{Experiences}} of Outdoor Mobility amongst Immigrants in {{Sweden}} with Late Effects of Polio},
   author = {Selander, Helena and Silva, Iolanda Santos Tavares and Kjellgren, Felicia and Sunnerhagen, Katharina S.},
   year = {2019},
   month = oct,
@@ -59162,7 +65032,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {e0224512},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0224512},
   abstract = {Background Little research has targeted multiple-level barriers and facilitators in school-based parental support programmes. This qualitative study aims to describe barriers and facilitators, at organisational and personal levels, that teachers and parents in disadvantaged settings in Sweden perceived as influencing the implementation of the Healthy School Start II (HSS II) intervention. Methods Data collection, analysis and interpretation were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 14 parents and ten teachers within the HSS II trial. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis in a deductive step using the three CFIR domains-inner and outer setting, and personal characteristics-followed by an inductive analysis. Results The theme `being on the same page-getting burdened teachers and parents to work on common ground' was found. Among teachers, barriers and facilitators were related to the structure of the schoolwork and curriculum, involvement from other staff and school management, the practical school workday, perception of high family needs but low parental interest, insufficient resources in the families, and teacher's personal knowledge, interests, and opinions about health and food. For parents, barriers and facilitators were related to the perceived family needs and resources, parents' health knowledge, consensus about healthy behaviours and ability to cooperate, and school involvement in health issues and the intervention. Conclusion Interventions should facilitate parents' and teachers' work on common ground, with activities suitable for a stressful and burdensome workday and everyday life. This could be achieved by integrating evidence-based practices within school routines, and including activities that are practicable despite parents' stressful lives, and that increase parental consensus about promoting health. Strategies to increase involvement of parents in families with high needs are necessary. Also, this study suggests an expansion of the CFIR to capture the interface between different micro-level organisations, and account for several delivering/receiving organisations.},
-  affiliation = {Norman, \AA{} (Corresponding Author), Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Norman, Asa; Nyberg, Gisela, Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Nyberg, Gisela, Swedish Sch Sport \& Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Berlin, Anita, Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurobiol Care Sci \& Soc, Huddinge, Sweden.},
+  affiliation = {Norman, {\AA} (Corresponding Author), Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Norman, Asa; Nyberg, Gisela, Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Nyberg, Gisela, Swedish Sch Sport \& Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. Berlin, Anita, Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurobiol Care Sci \& Soc, Huddinge, Sweden.},
   author-email = {asa.norman@ki.se},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -59279,7 +65149,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {19},
   number = {65},
   doi = {10.1186/s12939-020-01166-8},
-  abstract = {Background Although World Health Organization works to make vaccination service available to everyone everywhere by 2030, majority of the world's children have been unvaccinated and unprotected from vaccine-preventable diseases. In fact, evidences on factors contributing to changes in vaccination coverage across residential areas, wealth categories and over time have not been adequate. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating inequalities in vaccination status of children aged 12-23 months owing to variations in wealth status, residential areas and over time. Methods Maternal and child health service data were extracted from the 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey datasets. Then, multivariate decomposition analysis was done to identify the major factors contributing to differences in the rate of vaccination utilization across residences and time variations. Similarly, a concentration index and curve were also done to identify the concentration of child vaccination status across wealth categories. Results Among children aged 12-23 months, the prevalence of complete childhood vaccination status increased from 20.7\% in rural to 49.2\% in urban in 2011 and from 31.7\% in rural to 66.8\% in urban residences in 2016. The decomposition analyses indicated that 72\% in 2011 and 70.5\% in 2016 of the overall difference in vaccination status was due to differences in respondent characteristics. Of the changes due to the composition of respondent characteristics, such as antenatal care and place of delivery were the major contributors to the increase in complete childhood vaccination in 2011, while respondent characteristics such as wealth index, place of delivery and media exposure were the major contributors to the increase in 2016. Of the changes due to differences in coefficients, those of low wealth status in 2016 across residences significantly contributed to the differences in complete childhood vaccination. On top of that, from 2011 to 2016, there was a significant increment in complete childhood vaccination status and a 59.8\% of the overall increment between the surveys was explained by the difference in composition of respondents. With regard to the change in composition, the differences in composition of ANC visit, wealth status, place of delivery, residence, maternal education and media exposure across the surveys were significant predictors for the increase in complete child vaccination over time. On the other hand, the wealth-related inequalities in the utilization of childhood vaccination status were the pro-rich distribution of health services with a concentration index of CI = 0.2479 (P-value \textexclamdown{} 0.0001) in 2011 and [CI = 0.1987; P-value \textexclamdown{} 0.0001] in 2016. Conclusion A significant rural-urban differentials was observed in the probability of a child receiving the required childhood vaccines. Children in urban households were specifically more likely to have completed the required number of vaccines compared to the rural areas in both surveys. The effect of household wealth status on the probability of a child receiving the required number of vaccines are similar in the 2011 and 2016 surveys, and the vaccination status was high in households with high wealth status. The health policies aimed at reducing wealth related inequalities in childhood vaccination in Ethiopia need to adjust focus and increasingly target vulnerable children in rural areas. It is of great value to policy-makers to understand and design a compensation mechanism for the costs incurred by poor households. Special attention should also be given to rural communities through improving their access to the media. The findings highlight the importance of women empowerment, for example, through education to enhance childhood vaccination services in Ethiopia.},
+  abstract = {Background Although World Health Organization works to make vaccination service available to everyone everywhere by 2030, majority of the world's children have been unvaccinated and unprotected from vaccine-preventable diseases. In fact, evidences on factors contributing to changes in vaccination coverage across residential areas, wealth categories and over time have not been adequate. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating inequalities in vaccination status of children aged 12-23 months owing to variations in wealth status, residential areas and over time. Methods Maternal and child health service data were extracted from the 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey datasets. Then, multivariate decomposition analysis was done to identify the major factors contributing to differences in the rate of vaccination utilization across residences and time variations. Similarly, a concentration index and curve were also done to identify the concentration of child vaccination status across wealth categories. Results Among children aged 12-23 months, the prevalence of complete childhood vaccination status increased from 20.7\% in rural to 49.2\% in urban in 2011 and from 31.7\% in rural to 66.8\% in urban residences in 2016. The decomposition analyses indicated that 72\% in 2011 and 70.5\% in 2016 of the overall difference in vaccination status was due to differences in respondent characteristics. Of the changes due to the composition of respondent characteristics, such as antenatal care and place of delivery were the major contributors to the increase in complete childhood vaccination in 2011, while respondent characteristics such as wealth index, place of delivery and media exposure were the major contributors to the increase in 2016. Of the changes due to differences in coefficients, those of low wealth status in 2016 across residences significantly contributed to the differences in complete childhood vaccination. On top of that, from 2011 to 2016, there was a significant increment in complete childhood vaccination status and a 59.8\% of the overall increment between the surveys was explained by the difference in composition of respondents. With regard to the change in composition, the differences in composition of ANC visit, wealth status, place of delivery, residence, maternal education and media exposure across the surveys were significant predictors for the increase in complete child vaccination over time. On the other hand, the wealth-related inequalities in the utilization of childhood vaccination status were the pro-rich distribution of health services with a concentration index of CI = 0.2479 (P-value {\textexclamdown} 0.0001) in 2011 and [CI = 0.1987; P-value {\textexclamdown} 0.0001] in 2016. Conclusion A significant rural-urban differentials was observed in the probability of a child receiving the required childhood vaccines. Children in urban households were specifically more likely to have completed the required number of vaccines compared to the rural areas in both surveys. The effect of household wealth status on the probability of a child receiving the required number of vaccines are similar in the 2011 and 2016 surveys, and the vaccination status was high in households with high wealth status. The health policies aimed at reducing wealth related inequalities in childhood vaccination in Ethiopia need to adjust focus and increasingly target vulnerable children in rural areas. It is of great value to policy-makers to understand and design a compensation mechanism for the costs incurred by poor households. Special attention should also be given to rural communities through improving their access to the media. The findings highlight the importance of women empowerment, for example, through education to enhance childhood vaccination services in Ethiopia.},
   affiliation = {Debie, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Syst \& Policy, Coll Med \& Hlth Sci, POB 196, Gondar, Ethiopia. Debie, Ayal; Amare, Getasew, Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Syst \& Policy, Coll Med \& Hlth Sci, POB 196, Gondar, Ethiopia. Lakew, Ayenew Molla; Tamirat, Koku Sisay; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, Coll Med \& Hlth Sci, Gondar, Ethiopia.},
   author-email = {debieayal@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -59463,7 +65333,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000537294000002,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {The Right to Work, Power Resources, and Economic {{Inequality}}\textexclamdown{{SUP}}\textquestiondown 1\textexclamdown/{{SUP}}\textquestiondown},
+  title = {The Right to Work, Power Resources, and Economic {{Inequality}}{\textexclamdown}{{SUP}}{\textquestiondown}1{\textexclamdown}/{{SUP}}{\textquestiondown}},
   author = {VanHeuvelen, Tom},
   year = {2020},
   month = mar,
@@ -59733,7 +65603,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {20},
   number = {1},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08987-w},
-  abstract = {BackgroundLeisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation.MethodsA two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction.ResultsAcross the 10 populations (N =26,022), 18.9\% (95\%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I-2 =99.0\%) of adults (\textquestiondown = 18years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95\%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P \textexclamdown 0.001; I-2 =97.5\%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95\%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P =0.004; I-2 =98.1\%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel.ConclusionsIn these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundLeisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation.MethodsA two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction.ResultsAcross the 10 populations (N =26,022), 18.9\% (95\%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I-2 =99.0\%) of adults ({\textquestiondown}= 18years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95\%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P {\textexclamdown}0.001; I-2 =97.5\%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95\%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P =0.004; I-2 =98.1\%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel.ConclusionsIn these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.},
   affiliation = {Sandhu, MS (Corresponding Author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Med, Cambridge, England. Barr, Anna Louise; Partap, Uttara; Young, Elizabeth H.; Sandhu, Manjinder S., Univ Cambridge, Dept Med, Cambridge, England. Partap, Uttara; Young, Elizabeth H., Wellcome Sanger Inst, Genome Campus, Hinxton, England. Agoudavi, Kokou, Togo Minist Hlth, Lome, Togo. Balde, Naby, Donka Univ Hosp, Dept Endocrinol \& Diabet, Conakry, Guinea. Kagaruki, Gibson B., Natl Inst Med Res, Tukuyu Res Ctr, Tukuyu, Tanzania. Mayige, Mary T., Natl Inst Med Res, Headquarter Res Ctr, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin, Walter Sisulu Univ, Fac Hlth Sci, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin, LOMO Univ Res, Kinshasa, DEM REP CONGO. Mutungi, Gerald, Minist Hlth, Control Noncommunicable Dis Desk, Kampala, Uganda. Mwalim, Omar, Zanzibar Minist Hlth, Mnazi Mmoja, Tanzania. Wesseh, Chea S., Minist Hlth, Monrovia, Liberia. Bahendeka, Silver K., Uganda Martyrs Univ, Mother Kevin Postgrad Med Sch MKPGMS, Kampala, Uganda. Bahendeka, Silver K., St Francis Hosp, Kampala, Uganda. Guwatudde, David, Makerere Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, Kampala, Uganda. Jorgensen, Jutta M. Adelin, Univ Copenhagen, Dept Publ Hlth, Copenhagen, Denmark. Bovet, Pascal, Univ Ctr Primary Care \& Publ Hlth Unisante, Lausanne, Switzerland. Bovet, Pascal, Minist Hlth, Victoria, Seychelles. Motala, Ayesha A., Univ KwaZulu Natal, Nelson R Mandela Sch Med, Dept Diabet \& Endocrinol, Durban, South Africa.},
   author-email = {mss31@cam.ac.uk},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -59854,7 +65724,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {223--237},
   doi = {10.1080/01621424.2020.1772936},
   abstract = {Home care for elderly people is an important part of the social welfare system. The sector employs many people, especially women, and work environment issues are common. This review explores the scientific literature on organizational interventions that target the home care work environment. Altogether, 16 studies of varying quality met the inclusion criteria. The interventions identified involvedorganizational change, education and training, digitalizationandscheduling. Many interventions were concerned with changing specific behaviors or with introducing new technology rather than tackling complex issues such as sick leave, stress or gender inequality. Employee participation increased the likelihood of success.},
-  affiliation = {Rydenf\"alt, C (Corresponding Author), Lund Univ, Dept Design Sci, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. Rydenfalt, Christofer; Johansson, Gerd, Lund Univ, Dept Design Sci, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. Holgersson, Charlotte, KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Ind Econ \& Management, Stockholm, Sweden. Ostlund, Britt, KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Biomed Engn \& Hlth Syst, Stockholm, Sweden. Arvidsson, Inger, Lund Univ, Div Occupat \& Environm Med, Lund, Sweden. Persson, Roger, Lund Univ, Dept Psychol, Lund, Sweden.},
+  affiliation = {Rydenf{\"a}lt, C (Corresponding Author), Lund Univ, Dept Design Sci, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. Rydenfalt, Christofer; Johansson, Gerd, Lund Univ, Dept Design Sci, POB 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. Holgersson, Charlotte, KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Ind Econ \& Management, Stockholm, Sweden. Ostlund, Britt, KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Biomed Engn \& Hlth Syst, Stockholm, Sweden. Arvidsson, Inger, Lund Univ, Div Occupat \& Environm Med, Lund, Sweden. Persson, Roger, Lund Univ, Dept Psychol, Lund, Sweden.},
   author-email = {christofer.rydenfalt@design.lth.se},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {JUN 2020},
@@ -60308,7 +66178,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {5},
   pages = {967--982},
   doi = {10.1111/fare.12435},
-  abstract = {Objective To investigate the effectiveness of fatherhood programs targeting unmarried, low-income, nonresident fathers. Background Programs for unmarried, nonresident, and low-income fathers increased in number and scope over the past decade. Programs for fathers have typically targeted five broad areas: positive father involvement, parenting, co-parenting, employment, and child support payment. Method We conducted a systematic search for published and unpublished evaluations of fathering programs targeting unmarried, never married, and low-income fathers. We identified 25 reports with 30 independent studies. Of these, 21 employed a control-treatment design, and nine employed a one-group/pre-post design. Results These programs produce small but statistically significant effects (d = .099,p \textexclamdown{} .01). We found that only father involvement (d = .114,p \textexclamdown{} .05), parenting (d = .110,p \textexclamdown{} .01), and co-parenting (d = .167,p \textexclamdown{} .05) were significantly affected; the strongest effect size was in co-parenting. Unfortunately, these programs did not significantly influence father employment and economic well-being, nor did they significantly impact father payment of child support. Conclusion Although programs for low-income, unmarried, nonresident fathers have a small statistically significant effect, evaluation work may increase the impact of these programs. Implications. There is a continued need for evaluation focused on unmarried, nonresident, low-income fathers. There is also need for improved statistical reporting, reports of attrition, assessment of child outcomes, observational measures of outcomes, and better assessment of moderators, such as father age, program location, child developmental stage, multipartner fertility, and other barriers to father involvement.},
+  abstract = {Objective To investigate the effectiveness of fatherhood programs targeting unmarried, low-income, nonresident fathers. Background Programs for unmarried, nonresident, and low-income fathers increased in number and scope over the past decade. Programs for fathers have typically targeted five broad areas: positive father involvement, parenting, co-parenting, employment, and child support payment. Method We conducted a systematic search for published and unpublished evaluations of fathering programs targeting unmarried, never married, and low-income fathers. We identified 25 reports with 30 independent studies. Of these, 21 employed a control-treatment design, and nine employed a one-group/pre-post design. Results These programs produce small but statistically significant effects (d = .099,p {\textexclamdown} .01). We found that only father involvement (d = .114,p {\textexclamdown} .05), parenting (d = .110,p {\textexclamdown} .01), and co-parenting (d = .167,p {\textexclamdown} .05) were significantly affected; the strongest effect size was in co-parenting. Unfortunately, these programs did not significantly influence father employment and economic well-being, nor did they significantly impact father payment of child support. Conclusion Although programs for low-income, unmarried, nonresident fathers have a small statistically significant effect, evaluation work may increase the impact of these programs. Implications. There is a continued need for evaluation focused on unmarried, nonresident, low-income fathers. There is also need for improved statistical reporting, reports of attrition, assessment of child outcomes, observational measures of outcomes, and better assessment of moderators, such as father age, program location, child developmental stage, multipartner fertility, and other barriers to father involvement.},
   affiliation = {Holmes, EK (Corresponding Author), Brigham Young Univ, Sch Family Life, 2086 JFSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Holmes, Erin Kramer; Hawkins, Alan J.; Shafer, Kevin, Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Egginton, Braquel M., Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Robbins, Nathan L., Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.},
   author-email = {erin\_holmes@byu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -60471,7 +66341,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {4},
   pages = {481--502},
   abstract = {The service economy, and services trade and investment, are potentially important sources of inclusive growth by supplying considerable employment opportunities for female workers in light of the skills and work attributes often at play in services work. Services can play an important role in closing gender gaps, alleviating poverty and addressing the many forms of workplace discrimination weighing more heavily on female workers, managers and business owners. Economies around the world at all development levels are experiencing patterns of structural transformation resulting in a sustained rise in the share of services in key economic aggregates - output, employment, trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Cross-border trade and investment can accelerate the pace at which economies specialize in tertiary output, employment and cross-border exchange. And trade and investment policies designed to induce an orderly process of structural change can help promote greater inclusiveness and address gender gaps in employment and work conditions. But trade policy alone cannot address a range of factors holding back the employment and economic opportunities of women and often confining them to a narrow range of service sectors and occupational categories. Trade-induced increases in employment opportunities for women often may not necessarily lead to reduced inequalities, such as gender segregation in types of occupations and activities, gender gaps in terms of wages and working conditions, and gender-specific constraints in access to productive resources, infrastructure, and services. Policies aimed at affording women higher levels of social protection, lessened time burdens flowing from household responsibilities, better access to education, vocational training, finance and information networks as well as strengthened entrepreneurial skills all form important complements for sustained improvements in female empowerment in services and beyond, as do steps taken to combat gender discrimination in all its forms.},
-  affiliation = {Sauv\'e, P (Corresponding Author), World Bank Grp, Macroecon Trade \& Investment Global Practice, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Sauve, Pierre, World Bank Grp, Macroecon Trade \& Investment Global Practice, Washington, DC 20433 USA.},
+  affiliation = {Sauv{\'e}, P (Corresponding Author), World Bank Grp, Macroecon Trade \& Investment Global Practice, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Sauve, Pierre, World Bank Grp, Macroecon Trade \& Investment Global Practice, Washington, DC 20433 USA.},
   author-email = {psauve@worldbank.org},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -60998,7 +66868,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {8},
   number = {e000453},
   doi = {10.1136/fmch-2020-000453},
-  abstract = {Objective The study aimed to explore the experience of male members of a rapidly grown community of Bangladeshi immigrants while accessing primary healthcare (PHC) services in Canada. Design A qualitative research was conducted among a sample of Bangladeshi immigrant men through a community-based participatory research approach. Focus group discussions were conducted to collect the qualitative data where thematic analysis was applied. Setting The focus group discussions were held in various community centres such as individual meeting rooms at public libraries, community halls and so on arranged in collaboration with community organisations while ensuring complete privacy. Participant Thirty-eight adults, Bangladeshi immigrant men, living in Calgary were selected for this study and participated in six different focus groups. The sample represents mostly married, educated, Muslim, Bangla speaking, aged over 25 years, full-time or self-employed and living in an urban centre in Canada \textquestiondown 5 years. Result The focus groups have highlighted long wait time as an important barrier. Long wait at the emergency room, difficulties to get access to general physicians when feeling sick, slow referral process and long wait at the clinic even after making an appointment impact their daily chores, work and access to care. Language is another important barrier that impedes effective communication between physicians and immigrant patients, thus the quality of care. Unfamiliarity with the healthcare system and lack of resources were also voiced that hinder access to healthcare for immigrant Bangladeshi men in Canada. However, no gender-specific barriers unique to men have been identified in this study. Conclusion The barriers to accessing PHC services for Bangladeshi immigrant men are similar to that of other visible minority immigrants. It is important to recognise the extent of barriers across various immigrant groups to effectively shape public policy and improve access to PHC.},
+  abstract = {Objective The study aimed to explore the experience of male members of a rapidly grown community of Bangladeshi immigrants while accessing primary healthcare (PHC) services in Canada. Design A qualitative research was conducted among a sample of Bangladeshi immigrant men through a community-based participatory research approach. Focus group discussions were conducted to collect the qualitative data where thematic analysis was applied. Setting The focus group discussions were held in various community centres such as individual meeting rooms at public libraries, community halls and so on arranged in collaboration with community organisations while ensuring complete privacy. Participant Thirty-eight adults, Bangladeshi immigrant men, living in Calgary were selected for this study and participated in six different focus groups. The sample represents mostly married, educated, Muslim, Bangla speaking, aged over 25 years, full-time or self-employed and living in an urban centre in Canada {\textquestiondown}5 years. Result The focus groups have highlighted long wait time as an important barrier. Long wait at the emergency room, difficulties to get access to general physicians when feeling sick, slow referral process and long wait at the clinic even after making an appointment impact their daily chores, work and access to care. Language is another important barrier that impedes effective communication between physicians and immigrant patients, thus the quality of care. Unfamiliarity with the healthcare system and lack of resources were also voiced that hinder access to healthcare for immigrant Bangladeshi men in Canada. However, no gender-specific barriers unique to men have been identified in this study. Conclusion The barriers to accessing PHC services for Bangladeshi immigrant men are similar to that of other visible minority immigrants. It is important to recognise the extent of barriers across various immigrant groups to effectively shape public policy and improve access to PHC.},
   affiliation = {Turin, TC (Corresponding Author), Univ Calgary, Cumming Sch Med, Dept Family Med, Calgary, AB, Canada. Turin, TC (Corresponding Author), Univ Calgary, Cumming Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Calgary, AB, Canada. Turin, Tanvir C.; Rashid, Ruksana; Ferdous, Mahzabin, Univ Calgary, Cumming Sch Med, Dept Family Med, Calgary, AB, Canada. Turin, Tanvir C.; Naeem, Iffat, Univ Calgary, Cumming Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Calgary, AB, Canada. Rumana, Nahid, Foothills Med Ctr, Sleep Ctr, Calgary, AB, Canada.},
   author-email = {turin.chowdhury@ucalgary.ca},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -61412,7 +67282,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {177--190},
   doi = {10.1111/rsp3.12369},
   abstract = {This paper assesses the effects of the individual educational capital on their odds to belong to the formal or informal labour market in Argentina. Using recent microdata that studies more than 11,000 workers we estimate a probit model that relates the probability of belonging to the formal or informal labour market depending on his/her years of schooling and other control variables. Our findings provide empirical evidence of the significant effect of making effective the legal minimum schooling years in order to reduce the informality rate and show that education policies could be used as a way of reducing regional inequalities in Argentina.},
-  affiliation = {Quiroga-Mart\'inez, F (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Econ, Av Enrique Barros S-N Ciudad Univ, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Quiroga-Martinez, Facundo, Natl Univ Cordoba, Fac Econ, Cordoba, Argentina. Fernandez-Vazquez, Esteban, Univ Oviedo, REGIOlab, Oviedo, Spain. Fernandez-Vazquez, Esteban, Univ Oviedo, Dept Appl Econ, Oviedo, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Quiroga-Mart{\'i}nez, F (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Econ, Av Enrique Barros S-N Ciudad Univ, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Quiroga-Martinez, Facundo, Natl Univ Cordoba, Fac Econ, Cordoba, Argentina. Fernandez-Vazquez, Esteban, Univ Oviedo, REGIOlab, Oviedo, Spain. Fernandez-Vazquez, Esteban, Univ Oviedo, Dept Appl Econ, Oviedo, Spain.},
   author-email = {fquirogamartinez@unc.edu.ar},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2020},
@@ -61630,7 +67500,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {254--274},
   doi = {10.1111/lamp.12189},
   abstract = {This article identifies the barriers that people with disabilities face in their daily lives and in their surroundings. Using data from the 2017 National Discrimination Survey, we performed a multinomial logit regression model. Our results reveal that people in situations of disability are less likely to access social services and educational opportunities, and to participate fully in work; therefore, they are more prone to earn a lower income to cover their basic needs. One of the main barriers to these individuals is the design of the urban infrastructure, such as streets and sidewalks, and the lack of adequate urban transport, which facilitates or deters transportation. Similarly, our study indicates that this vulnerable group has difficulties covering expenses related to care, therapies, and treatments, so performing basic activities such as bathing, dressing, or eating is difficult for them. In addition, the findings indicate that they perceive economic insecurity and discrimination. For this reason, it is necessary to generate inclusive policies that improve significantly the well-being of people with disabilities.},
-  affiliation = {Mart\'inez-Mart\'inez, OA (Corresponding Author), Univ Iberoamer, Dept Ciencias Sociales \& Polit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Martinez-Martinez, Oscar A.; Coutino-Vazquez, Brenda, Univ Iberoamer, Dept Ciencias Sociales \& Polit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Nikolova, Silviya Pavlova, Med Univ Varna, Varna, Bulgaria. Ramirez-Lopez, Araceli, Colegio Postgrad, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.},
+  affiliation = {Mart{\'i}nez-Mart{\'i}nez, OA (Corresponding Author), Univ Iberoamer, Dept Ciencias Sociales \& Polit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Martinez-Martinez, Oscar A.; Coutino-Vazquez, Brenda, Univ Iberoamer, Dept Ciencias Sociales \& Polit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Nikolova, Silviya Pavlova, Med Univ Varna, Varna, Bulgaria. Ramirez-Lopez, Araceli, Colegio Postgrad, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.},
   author-email = {oscar.martinez@ibero.mx},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -61676,7 +67546,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {12},
   pages = {1702--1710},
   doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.008},
-  abstract = {Background: Prior work has identified disparities in the quality and outcomes of healthcare across socioeconomic subgroups. Medication use may be subject to similar disparities. Objective: To assess the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors (gender, age, race, income, education, and rural or urban residence) and appropriateness of medication use. Methods: US adults aged \textquestiondown = 45 years (n = 26,798) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study were included in the analyses, of which 13,623 participants aged \textquestiondown = 65 years (recruited 2003-2007). Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were identified through 2015 Beers Criteria and clinically significant drug interactions list by Ament et al., respectively as measures of medication appropriateness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of disparity parameters with PIM use and DDIs. Interactions between race and other disparity variables were investigated. Results: Approximately 87\% of the participants aged \textquestiondown = 65 years used at least one drug listed in the Beers Criteria, and 3.8\% of all participants used two or more drugs with DDIs. Significant gender-race interaction across prescription-only drug users revealed that white females compared with white males (OR = 1.33, 95\% CI 1.20-1.48) and black males compared with white males (OR = 1.60, 95\% CI 1.41-1.82) were more likely to receive PIM. Individuals with lower income and education also were more likely to use PIM in this sub-group. Females were less likely than males (female vs. male: OR = 0.55, 95\% CI 0.48-0.63) and individuals resided in small rural areas as opposed to urban areas (small rural vs. urban: OR = 1.37, 95\% CI 1.07-1.76) were more likely to have DDIs. Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in PIM use and DDIs exist. Future studies should seek to better understand factors contributing to the disparities in order to guide development of interventions.},
+  abstract = {Background: Prior work has identified disparities in the quality and outcomes of healthcare across socioeconomic subgroups. Medication use may be subject to similar disparities. Objective: To assess the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors (gender, age, race, income, education, and rural or urban residence) and appropriateness of medication use. Methods: US adults aged {\textquestiondown}= 45 years (n = 26,798) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study were included in the analyses, of which 13,623 participants aged {\textquestiondown}= 65 years (recruited 2003-2007). Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were identified through 2015 Beers Criteria and clinically significant drug interactions list by Ament et al., respectively as measures of medication appropriateness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of disparity parameters with PIM use and DDIs. Interactions between race and other disparity variables were investigated. Results: Approximately 87\% of the participants aged {\textquestiondown}= 65 years used at least one drug listed in the Beers Criteria, and 3.8\% of all participants used two or more drugs with DDIs. Significant gender-race interaction across prescription-only drug users revealed that white females compared with white males (OR = 1.33, 95\% CI 1.20-1.48) and black males compared with white males (OR = 1.60, 95\% CI 1.41-1.82) were more likely to receive PIM. Individuals with lower income and education also were more likely to use PIM in this sub-group. Females were less likely than males (female vs. male: OR = 0.55, 95\% CI 0.48-0.63) and individuals resided in small rural areas as opposed to urban areas (small rural vs. urban: OR = 1.37, 95\% CI 1.07-1.76) were more likely to have DDIs. Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic disparities in PIM use and DDIs exist. Future studies should seek to better understand factors contributing to the disparities in order to guide development of interventions.},
   affiliation = {Rahman, M; Hansen, R (Corresponding Author), Auburn Univ, Harrison Sch Pharm, 2316 Walker Bldg, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Rahman, Motiur; Qian, Jingjing; Garza, Kimberly; Hansen, Richard, Auburn Univ, Harrison Sch Pharm, Dept Hlth Outcomes Res \& Policy, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Howard, George, Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Biostat, Ryals Sch Publ Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Abebe, Ash, Auburn Univ, Dept Math \& Stat, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.},
   author-email = {mzr0042@auburn.edu rah0019@auburn.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -61724,7 +67594,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {2},
   pages = {182--197},
   abstract = {Background: Gender segregation is a prevailing feature of European labour markets, which has led to the ratification of European policy action plans addressing labour market desegregation. Gender inequality is justified by arguments claiming that men and women tend to work in different occupations with different salary levels. The contribution provides an overview of the persistent gender segregation in the labour market in regards to both job positions and financial compensation. Methods: The main method employed within the theoretical framework was the analysis of the situation in the labour market as regards gender segregation. Mapping was employed as a quantitative research strategy, using a questionnaire as the main tool for obtaining information in three fields, namely: the perception of male and female roles in society, labour-market prospects, and financial compensation. The aim of the questionnaire survey was to find out the respondents' views on gender segregation in everyday family life, and on integration in the labour market. Results: The division of labour is perceived as a natural feature of society that differentiates the roles of men and women in various areas of social life. Slovakia, as a small country in Central Europe, represents an environment characterised by an ongoing transformation of its economy and market economy but, as a result of COVID-19, the process of catching up with the most developed economies has been interrupted. The pandemic slowed down labour markets in these economies as well, resulting in a significant disparity between labour and labour supply. This discrepancy can also lead to gender segregation as a result of the very low creation of new jobs. The results of the quantitative research, which took place prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, present the respondents' opinions on the status of men and women in the labour market. The univariate analysis of a sample of 243 respondents aged 18-60, employed as helping professionals in the field of social services living in Eastern Slovakia, confirmed having noticed gender segregation in several areas of family and working life. Conclusion: The current situation declaring gender discrepancy in labour-market prospects and financial compensation paves the way for a broader dialogue on the topic of gender equality, which is also supported by the document drawn up by the Council of Europe entitled Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025.The results of the survey also pointed out persistent gender inequalities in terms of wage and women's labour-market prospects in the field of social services. New forms of work arrangements and working time should be accompanied by a wide range of social and pro-family measures supporting both men and women. It is clear that, during the ongoing epidemiological crisis and the accompanying economic crisis caused by COVID-19, the realisation of the principle of gender equality in all areas will be a major challenge not only for government agencies but also for trade unions and professional organisations representing female-dominated occupations. The present study also opens the door for thought-provoking scientific and professional reflections in the field of gender segregation in the labour market for the general international scientific and professional public.},
-  affiliation = {Uh\'al, M (Corresponding Author), Catholic Univ Ruzomberok, Fac Theol Kosice, Ruzomberok, Slovakia. Leskova, Lydia; Uhal, Martin, Catholic Univ Ruzomberok, Fac Theol Kosice, Ruzomberok, Slovakia.},
+  affiliation = {Uh{\'a}l, M (Corresponding Author), Catholic Univ Ruzomberok, Fac Theol Kosice, Ruzomberok, Slovakia. Leskova, Lydia; Uhal, Martin, Catholic Univ Ruzomberok, Fac Theol Kosice, Ruzomberok, Slovakia.},
   author-email = {lydia.leskova@ku.sk martin.uhal@ku.sk},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -61985,7 +67855,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {420--436},
   doi = {10.1177/0001699320974740},
   abstract = {The paper analyses changes in the generosity of public transfers to the unemployed and their effectiveness for the alleviation of poverty risks in Germany and Great Britain between the 1990s and the 2000s. In the light of changing poverty risks among the unemployed, the contribution of policy changes is assessed using individual-level data on household incomes. The results indicate that the introduction and expansion of the tax credit programmes in Britain led to an increase of public transfers especially for those with low household market incomes and thereby also improved the effectiveness of transfers in combating poverty. In Germany, the generosity of transfers to the unemployed hardly changed over time, whereas the effectiveness of transfers to prevent households from falling into poverty declined. This can be explained by changes in the composition of the unemployed by recent labour force participation and household market incomes. As former labour market insiders are consistently better protected from poverty than former outsiders, the results confirm the stratified nature of unemployment protection in Germany, albeit no significant trend towards increasing dualisation in public benefits is found. Thus, the results do not support notions of a fundamental shift of the system of unemployment protection with respect to the generosity of transfers in Germany but emphasise the importance of changes in the German labour market.},
-  affiliation = {Br\"ulle, J (Corresponding Author), Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Sociol, Theodor W Adorno Pl 6, D-60323 Frankfurt, Germany. Bruelle, Jan, Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.},
+  affiliation = {Br{\"u}lle, J (Corresponding Author), Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Sociol, Theodor W Adorno Pl 6, D-60323 Frankfurt, Germany. Bruelle, Jan, Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.},
   author-email = {bruelle@soz.uni-frankfurt.de},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {DEC 2020},
@@ -62234,7 +68104,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000605118700002,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Meet}} Me Where {{I Am}}\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown : {{An}} Evaluation of an {{HIV}} Patient Navigation Intervention to Increase Uptake of {{PrEP}} among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Deep South},
+  title = {{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Meet}} Me Where {{I Am}}{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}: {{An}} Evaluation of an {{HIV}} Patient Navigation Intervention to Increase Uptake of {{PrEP}} among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Deep South},
   author = {Burns, Paul A. and Omondi, Angela A. and Monger, Mauda and Ward, Lori and Washington, Rodney and Gomillia, Courtney E. Sims and {Bamrick-Fernandez}, Daniel R. and Anyimukwu, Chizoba and Mena, Leandro A.},
   year = {2022},
   month = feb,
@@ -62341,7 +68211,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {3--24},
   doi = {10.21615/cesder.11.2.1},
   abstract = {The objective of this article is to identify alternatives to minimize employment barriers for people with disabilities in Colombia based on the right to decent work. The normative production on this thematic axis is reviewed after the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations Organization, 2006), that is, since 2011, the barriers identified for access to employment and subsequently the alternatives proposed in the country for access to the work of this state and private population are presented. The research is qualitative and its methodological approach is the hermeneutic and was carried out through an analysis of the content of standards and literature on the subject under study. The results showed that regulatory development is broad and sufficient to guarantee well-being in work environments. Likewise, the barriers that this population has for participation and equality at work are identified from the laws and different authors and in turn there are alternatives that have contributed to minimize those barriers which have contributed to social inclusion but may become insufficient respect for Unemployment rates, job offers and occupational profiles that are offered being necessary to create stronger educational and business bridges that not only allow access to employment but also conditions of permanence and follow-up in labor matters for people with disabilities.},
-  affiliation = {R\'ua, NEG (Corresponding Author), Univ CES, Medellin, Colombia. Gomez Rua, Natalia Eugenia; Perez Medina, Ana Lucia; Lopez Arango, Diana Maria; Medina Ruiz, Maria Fernanda, Univ CES, Medellin, Colombia.},
+  affiliation = {R{\'u}a, NEG (Corresponding Author), Univ CES, Medellin, Colombia. Gomez Rua, Natalia Eugenia; Perez Medina, Ana Lucia; Lopez Arango, Diana Maria; Medina Ruiz, Maria Fernanda, Univ CES, Medellin, Colombia.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
   research-areas = {Government \& Law},
@@ -62615,7 +68485,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000625320600016,
   type = {{Article}},
-  title = {{Inside the symbolic boundaries of the \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown gender order\textexclamdown/i\textquestiondown{} in volunteering: practices and narratives of women's participation}},
+  title = {{Inside the symbolic boundaries of the {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}gender order{\textexclamdown}/i{\textquestiondown} in volunteering: practices and narratives of women's participation}},
   author = {Milani, Stella},
   year = {2020},
   journal = {SOCIETAMUTAMENTOPOLITICA-RIVISTA ITALIANA DI SOCIOLOGIA},
@@ -62767,7 +68637,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {102039},
   doi = {10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102039},
   abstract = {This research explores the physical infrastructure and flight consolidation efficiency drivers of Eurasian airports regarding their infrastructure and movement productivity levels. A novel Fuzzy Double-Frontier Network DEA (FDFNDEA) model is proposed to investigate the relationship between desirable (freight and passenger turnovers) and undesirable (pollutant emission levels due to aircraft movements) outputs against the respective infrastructure usage, fuel consumed, and movements performed at each of the 23 Eurasian airports from 2000 to 2018. This balance between desirable and undesirable outputs emerges spatially and temporally due to the evolution of the airport system?s productive resources at each one of the Eurasian countries over the period observed. Shannon?s entropy is used as the cornerstone to quantify the input and output vagueness of this evolution in Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFN), thus allowing the accurate building of alternative optimistic and pessimistic double-frontier efficiency. Differently from previous research, Shannon?s entropy is the key for measuring input and output vagueness levels in light of the maximal entropy principle. This principle states that the distribution that best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy. Maximal entropy yields bias-free decision-making in the sense that the input/output distributional profiles for Eurasian airports contain the maximal possible heterogeneity, working as a robust or best/worst-case scenario against eventual unconsidered assumptions. Hence, optimistic and pessimistic Malmquist Productivity Indexes (MPI) for overall and each stage productivity results are subsequently regressed against contextual variables related to airport characteristics and regional socio-demographic and economic indicators of each Eurasian country using bootstrapped Cauchy regressions. The findings revealed the spatial heterogeneity of productivity factors and airport performance across Eurasia. Results also demonstrated the negative impact of income inequality and the positive impact of private participation on technological progression in the Eurasian airport industry.},
-  affiliation = {G\"uner, S (Corresponding Author), Sakarya Univ, Sakarya Business Sch, Esentepe Campus, TR-54187 Sakarya, Turkey. Guner, Samet; Cebeci, Halil Ibrahim, Sakarya Univ, Sakarya Business Sch, Esentepe Campus, TR-54187 Sakarya, Turkey. Antunes, Jorge Junio Moreira; Wanke, Peter F., Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPEAD Grad Business Sch, Rua Paschoal 355, BR-21949900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.},
+  affiliation = {G{\"u}ner, S (Corresponding Author), Sakarya Univ, Sakarya Business Sch, Esentepe Campus, TR-54187 Sakarya, Turkey. Guner, Samet; Cebeci, Halil Ibrahim, Sakarya Univ, Sakarya Business Sch, Esentepe Campus, TR-54187 Sakarya, Turkey. Antunes, Jorge Junio Moreira; Wanke, Peter F., Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPEAD Grad Business Sch, Rua Paschoal 355, BR-21949900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.},
   author-email = {sguner@sakarya.edu.tr hcebeci@sakarya.edu.tr jorge.moreira@coppead.ufrj.br peter@coppead.ufrj},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {FEB 2021},
@@ -63203,7 +69073,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1507--1523},
   doi = {10.1111/gwao.12693},
   abstract = {Collective bargaining has been under great pressure in Finland and Europe, including demands for increased wage competitiveness and reductions in public sector spending. This article showcases how relatively gender-equal states with strong corporatist traditions, such as Finland, may align with neoliberal austerity policies that have gendered implications, even when gender equality becomes a prominent issue in a policy debate. This article analyzes the case of the Competitiveness Pact, a recent policy reform to lower labor costs initiated by the Finnish government and negotiated with labor market parties. This analysis combines affect theory and a policy-constructivist approach to analyze the positions and documents produced by the government and labor market parties during the Competitiveness Pact negotiations. We identify problem representations regarding national competitiveness and suggest that the problem representations constructed anticipatory regimes that focused on potential future threats and crises, especially those related to the public sector, which was portrayed as a source of potential crisis and a threat to the masculine export sector. The article shows how neoliberal economic and governmental policies exacerbate gender inequality in the labor market with the consent of trade unions.},
-  affiliation = {Kyl\"a-Laaso, M (Corresponding Author), Tampere Univ, Fac Social Sci, Kalevantie 5, Tampere 33014, Finland. Kyla-Laaso, Miikaeli; Sandberg, Paula Koskinen; Hokkanen, Julius, Tampere Univ, Fac Social Sci, Kalevantie 5, Tampere 33014, Finland.},
+  affiliation = {Kyl{\"a}-Laaso, M (Corresponding Author), Tampere Univ, Fac Social Sci, Kalevantie 5, Tampere 33014, Finland. Kyla-Laaso, Miikaeli; Sandberg, Paula Koskinen; Hokkanen, Julius, Tampere Univ, Fac Social Sci, Kalevantie 5, Tampere 33014, Finland.},
   author-email = {miikaeli.kyla-laaso@tuni.fi},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {MAY 2021},
@@ -63496,7 +69366,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {459--483},
   doi = {10.1007/s11205-021-02715-6},
   abstract = {One of the most challenging gender gaps in the Global South remains in the economic sphere. This paper examines how public institutions affect the gender gap in economic participation and opportunities in 74 developing and emerging countries during the period 2006-2016. We find that the public institutional environment is closely related to the economic gender gap. Specifically, the protection of property rights and guaranteeing security seem to be two key factors associated to lower economic gender inequality. Nevertheless, public institutions do not matter equally throughout economically backward countries. Whereas in emerging countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean, a broad variety of institutional aspects, including undue influence on judicial and government decisions, are closely related to the economic gender gap, in low-income developing countries, such as Sub-Saharan countries, the problems of ethics and corruption stand out as a particularly remarkable element against economic gender equality. Some significant policy implications are derived from our findings regarding the potential of public institution reforms to reduce the economic gender gap.},
-  affiliation = {P\'erez-Moreno, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Econ Policy, Malaga 29071, Spain. Barcena-Martin, Elena, Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Stat \& Econometr, Malaga 29071, Spain. Medina-Claros, Samuel, Univ Malaga, PhD Program Econ \& Business, Malaga 29071, Spain. Perez-Moreno, Salvador, Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Econ Policy, Malaga 29071, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {P{\'e}rez-Moreno, S (Corresponding Author), Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Econ Policy, Malaga 29071, Spain. Barcena-Martin, Elena, Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Stat \& Econometr, Malaga 29071, Spain. Medina-Claros, Samuel, Univ Malaga, PhD Program Econ \& Business, Malaga 29071, Spain. Perez-Moreno, Salvador, Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Econ Policy, Malaga 29071, Spain.},
   author-email = {barcenae@uma.es smedina@uma.es sperezmoreno@uma.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {MAY 2021},
@@ -63546,7 +69416,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1005--1025},
   doi = {10.1177/00207640211015708},
   abstract = {Background: Gender segmentation in the labour market and women's greater burden of domestic work and caregiving increase their risk of developing mental health problems, especially in vulnerable social groups. Aims: The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the role of working and labour conditions, domestic work and caregiving and social support in gender inequalities in mental health, as well as to assess whether studies have taken an intersectional approach, describing its role in gender inequalities in mental health. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2019 in PubMed, Scopus, WoS and PsycInfo, in Spanish and English, conducted in the European Economic Area in populations aged between 25 and 65 years. Studies were excluded if they were qualitative, focused on sexual identity or factors based on biological differences, or considered use of medical services, medicalisation or suicide as the outcome variable. Results: A total of 30 articles were included, of which only four concerned studies in which intersectional analysis had been performed. The mental health of men was seen to be more influenced by employment conditions and that of women by working conditions, the double presence and civil status. Further, depending on the size of the household (women) and unemployment (men), people in lower social classes had poorer mental health outcomes. Conclusions: The results may be useful for designing policies focused on reducing gender inequalities in mental health. Additionally, they show the need for taking an intersectional perspective.},
-  affiliation = {Cabezas-Rodr\'iguez, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept Sociol \& Social Work, Barrio Sarriena S-N, Leioa 48080, Spain. Cabezas-Rodriguez, Andrea; Bacigalupe, Amaia, Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept Sociol \& Social Work, Barrio Sarriena S-N, Leioa 48080, Spain. Cabezas-Rodriguez, Andrea, Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept Prevent Med \& Publ Hlth, Leioa, Spain. Cabezas-Rodriguez, Andrea; Utzet, Mireia; Bacigalupe, Amaia, Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Social Determinants Hlth \& Demog Change Opik Res, Leioa, Spain. Utzet, Mireia, Univ Pompeu Fabra, Ctr Res Occupat Hlth CISAL, Barcelona, Spain. Utzet, Mireia, CIBER Epidemiol \& Publ Hlth CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain. Utzet, Mireia, IMIM Hosp Mar Med Res Inst, Barcelona, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Cabezas-Rodr{\'i}guez, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept Sociol \& Social Work, Barrio Sarriena S-N, Leioa 48080, Spain. Cabezas-Rodriguez, Andrea; Bacigalupe, Amaia, Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept Sociol \& Social Work, Barrio Sarriena S-N, Leioa 48080, Spain. Cabezas-Rodriguez, Andrea, Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept Prevent Med \& Publ Hlth, Leioa, Spain. Cabezas-Rodriguez, Andrea; Utzet, Mireia; Bacigalupe, Amaia, Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Social Determinants Hlth \& Demog Change Opik Res, Leioa, Spain. Utzet, Mireia, Univ Pompeu Fabra, Ctr Res Occupat Hlth CISAL, Barcelona, Spain. Utzet, Mireia, CIBER Epidemiol \& Publ Hlth CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain. Utzet, Mireia, IMIM Hosp Mar Med Res Inst, Barcelona, Spain.},
   author-email = {andrea.cabezas@ehu.eus},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {MAY 2021},
@@ -63594,7 +69464,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {6},
   pages = {E782-E792},
   doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00081-4},
-  abstract = {Background COVID-19 spread rapidly in Brazil despite the country's well established health and social protection systems. Understanding the relationships between health-system preparedness, responses to COVID-19, and the pattern of spread of the epidemic is particularly important in a country marked by wide inequalities in socioeconomic characteristics (eg, housing and employment status) and other health risks (age structure and burden of chronic disease). Methods From several publicly available sources in Brazil, we obtained data on health risk factors for severe COVID-19 (proportion of the population with chronic disease and proportion aged \textquestiondown = 60 years), socioeconomic vulnerability (proportions of the population with housing vulnerability or without formal work), health-system capacity (numbers of intensive care unit beds and physicians), coverage of health and social assistance, deaths from COVID-19, and state-level responses of government in terms of physical distancing policies. We also obtained data on the proportion of the population staying at home, based on locational data, as a measure of physical distancing adherence. We developed a socioeconomic vulnerability index (SVI) based on household characteristics and the Human Development Index. Data were analysed at the state and municipal levels. Descriptive statistics and correlations between state-level indicators were used to characterise the relationship between the availability of health-care resources and socioeconomic characteristics and the spread of the epidemic and the response of governments and populations in terms of new investments, legislation, and physical distancing. We used linear regressions on a municipality-by-month dataset from February to October, 2020, to characterise the dynamics of COVID-19 deaths and response to the epidemic across municipalities. Findings The initial spread of COVID-19 was mostly affected by patterns of socioeconomic vulnerability as measured by the SVI rather than population age structure and prevalence of health risk factors. The states with a high (greater than median) SVI were able to expand hospital capacity, to enact stringent COVID-19-related legislation, and to increase physical distancing adherence in the population, although not sufficiently to prevent higher COVID-19 mortality during the initial phase of the epidemic compared with states with a low SVI. Death rates accelerated until June, 2020, particularly in municipalities with the highest socioeconomic vulnerability. Throughout the following months, however, differences in policy response converged in municipalities with lower and higher SVIs, while physical distancing remained relatively higher and death rates became relatively lower in the municipalities with the highest SVIs compared with those with lower SVIs. Interpretation In Brazil, existing socioeconomic inequalities, rather than age, health status, and other risk factors for COVID-19, have affected the course of the epidemic, with a disproportionate adverse burden on states and municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability. Local government responses and population behaviour in the states and municipalities with higher socioeconomic vulnerability have helped to contain the effects of the epidemic. Targeted policies and actions are needed to protect those with the greatest socioeconomic vulnerability. This experience could be relevant in other low-income and middle-income countries where socioeconomic vulnerability varies greatly.Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
+  abstract = {Background COVID-19 spread rapidly in Brazil despite the country's well established health and social protection systems. Understanding the relationships between health-system preparedness, responses to COVID-19, and the pattern of spread of the epidemic is particularly important in a country marked by wide inequalities in socioeconomic characteristics (eg, housing and employment status) and other health risks (age structure and burden of chronic disease). Methods From several publicly available sources in Brazil, we obtained data on health risk factors for severe COVID-19 (proportion of the population with chronic disease and proportion aged {\textquestiondown}= 60 years), socioeconomic vulnerability (proportions of the population with housing vulnerability or without formal work), health-system capacity (numbers of intensive care unit beds and physicians), coverage of health and social assistance, deaths from COVID-19, and state-level responses of government in terms of physical distancing policies. We also obtained data on the proportion of the population staying at home, based on locational data, as a measure of physical distancing adherence. We developed a socioeconomic vulnerability index (SVI) based on household characteristics and the Human Development Index. Data were analysed at the state and municipal levels. Descriptive statistics and correlations between state-level indicators were used to characterise the relationship between the availability of health-care resources and socioeconomic characteristics and the spread of the epidemic and the response of governments and populations in terms of new investments, legislation, and physical distancing. We used linear regressions on a municipality-by-month dataset from February to October, 2020, to characterise the dynamics of COVID-19 deaths and response to the epidemic across municipalities. Findings The initial spread of COVID-19 was mostly affected by patterns of socioeconomic vulnerability as measured by the SVI rather than population age structure and prevalence of health risk factors. The states with a high (greater than median) SVI were able to expand hospital capacity, to enact stringent COVID-19-related legislation, and to increase physical distancing adherence in the population, although not sufficiently to prevent higher COVID-19 mortality during the initial phase of the epidemic compared with states with a low SVI. Death rates accelerated until June, 2020, particularly in municipalities with the highest socioeconomic vulnerability. Throughout the following months, however, differences in policy response converged in municipalities with lower and higher SVIs, while physical distancing remained relatively higher and death rates became relatively lower in the municipalities with the highest SVIs compared with those with lower SVIs. Interpretation In Brazil, existing socioeconomic inequalities, rather than age, health status, and other risk factors for COVID-19, have affected the course of the epidemic, with a disproportionate adverse burden on states and municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability. Local government responses and population behaviour in the states and municipalities with higher socioeconomic vulnerability have helped to contain the effects of the epidemic. Targeted policies and actions are needed to protect those with the greatest socioeconomic vulnerability. This experience could be relevant in other low-income and middle-income countries where socioeconomic vulnerability varies greatly.Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
   affiliation = {Atun, R (Corresponding Author), Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Global Hlth \& Populat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Rocha, Rudi; Massuda, Adriano, Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Sao Paulo Sch Business Adm, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rocha, Rudi; Rache, Beatriz; Nunes, Leticia, Inst Estudos Polit Saude, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Atun, Rifat; Castro, Marcia C., Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Global Hlth \& Populat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Spinola, Paula, UCL, Ctr Global Hlth Econ, London, England. Lago, Miguel, Inst Estudos Polit Saude, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.},
   author-email = {ratun@hsph.harvard.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -64285,7 +70155,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {120},
   pages = {129--164},
   abstract = {Nowadays, multiple debates exist in academic area and public opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI). This is an unconditional, nonwithdrawable income for every individual as a right of citizenship, and obligation-free (Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). UBI can be received with other public benefits in kind (education, health, etc.) or in-cash, and therefore does not predict the Welfare State reduction. In addition, the right is strictly applied to the individual and the extension of the right to the family unit is not possible. Finally, its enjoyment does not imply any type of work or other compensation. Philosophical, political and economic justifications of UBI are of various kinds, although we can indicate three of them. It is a tool to reduce poverty and income inequality (Atkinson, 1993, Smith, 2014). Likewise, individuals are only free to be able to self-govern their private life and participate in public life when they possess the material means that allow them not to depend on others to live, being RBU a public policy that guarantees this fundamental right (Domenech and Bertomeu, 2005 Petit, 2013, Van Parijs and Vanderborght, 2005). Finally, UBI could compensate the initial unequal starting situation of individuals in society; that is, it serves to reduce inequality in the initial endowment of assets and resources obtained without there being a clear reciprocity in terms of productive activity previously carried out (Birnbaum, 2016). In this way, it is implemented as a mechanism to create equal opportunities (Rawls, 1971, Dworking, 1985, Roemer, 1998). But this purpose is not new, the first academic argument arises in the work of Paine in 1797, and he called citizen income (Cunliffe and Erreygers, 2004), which is reformulated by economists of great prestige on the XX century (Meade, 1938, Friedman, 1962, Tobin, Pechman and Mieszkowski, 1967). Later, Van der Veen and Van Parijs (1986), reopen the debate on their applicability in a context with high unemployment, being precursors of economic viability research for different territories: Europe (Callan and Sutherland, 1997), national contexts (Atkinson, 1995, Torry, 2015, Colombino et al., 2010) or local communities (Boffey, 2015). Already in the 21st century, the UBI has taken on greater relevance due to its translation into the political discussion, including the international arena (OECD, 2017). This interest has been propitiated by several events: the growth of inequality worldwide, which has also affected Spain and Andalusia (Piketty, 2014, Stiglitz, 2015, Milanovic, 2011, Ayala, 2016), technological advances and their effects on employment (Atkinson, 2015, World Economic Forum, 2016) and the evaluations of its real implementation in different contexts. These empirical estudies are showed it capacity to reduce inequality without generating disincentives to work as in the case of: Alaska (Goldsmith, 2010); Namibia (Haarmann and Haarmann, 2015); California (Altman, 2016) Utrech or Maastrich (BIEN, 2015), among others. Several studies about UBI viability and its impact on inequality for Spain have been carried out (Arcarons, Raventos and Torrens, 2014b, Oliver and Spadaro, 2004) as well as for the Basque Country and Catalonia (Arcarons et al., 2014a, 2005). In addition, different legislative initiatives have been promoted at the regional and state levels to support measures of this type (Martinez, 2008), although they have not prospered. In our work, we draw the economic viability of the UBI in Andalusia, an autonomous region of Spain. The funding proposal is based on replacing redundant economic benefits and an income tax reform in 2010. This year is significant because correspond al period of economic crisis, and there is not extra fiscal revenues from cicle economic. The first step affect the monetary assistance benefits. All of them are means-tested transfers, whose individual amount is not higher than UBI disappear and their total budget allocation is used to finance the reform. There are two benefits that exceed the amount of RBU granted to each individual, such as contributory pensions and unemployment benefits. In those cases, individuals continue to receive the amount that exceeds the UBI. The second step is a IRPF reform. All deductions are eliminated, the existence of an exempt minimum equal to the amount of the UBI and application of a linear rate of 49.5\%. We model a micro-simulation using a sample of individual respondents and non-respondents settlements of income tax from Institute of Fiscal Studies for 2010; as well as the information provided by different public administrations on the amounts of means-tested transfers. Our results show the reform makes affordable the financial viability of UBI in Andalusia. We evaluate two schemes for a population of 8,370,975 habitants in Andalusia in 2010. In the first, all residents receive 7.500 euros per month and the total budget is 62.782,31 millions of euros. In the second, children under 18 years old recieve 1.500 euros per month and the budget is 52.884,22 millons of euros. The first scheme generates a deficit estimated at 8,377.6 millions of euros. Conversely, the second scheme creates a surplus equal to 1,520.63 millions of euros. This surplus could allow to reduce the marginal tax or to increase the UBI, for example. Regarding their redistributive impacts are remarkable. The first scheme results show that the population among the first and the seventh deciles are winners, and three last deciles are losers. In the second scheme the winners are all population of two first deciles, more than 50\% population among the third and the seventh deciles, and less than 50\% for the rest of deciles. Effective tax rates are not quite different in both schemes. The effective tax rates in the first scheme are negative until fourth decile, are minor until sixth decile, and tenth decile put up 34,52\% effective tax. The indicators of inequality, concentration and progressivity show a large redistributive impact of the reform. When comparing the situation before and after the reform (gross income ex ante vs. net income ex post plus RBU), the Gini Index decreases by 23 percentage points in scheme one, and 19 percentage points in scheme two. This result is underestimating the total redistributive impact of the measure, since the population outside the microsimulation is not included in the analysis, as it is exempt from the current IRPF, which is a great beneficiary of the reform. The study provides solid evidence of financial viability of the hypothetical implementation in Andalusia of taxtransfer reforms embodying some version of a basic income policy. The reform shows great effectiveness as a measure to reduce inequality. However, the subsequent economic implications (impact on the labor market, poverty, etc.), social (criterion of justice, principle of reciprocity) or politic (conflict and pressure from interest groups) confirm the need of complementary studies, in order to be raised in the political agenda. In addition, RBU could serve as an instrument to obtain information about certain individuals and groups, that due to their personal or group characteristics, do not access the current subsidy system: lack of information, misunderstanding of adminstrative procedures, and other types of barriers they limit their request. Together, better social inclusion results would be obtained. Finally, the digital age is generating great economic and social changes. In this context, a RBU could play a decisive role, as an instrument of correction of technological unemployment, avoiding the increase of inequality and increasing equal opportunities. The fiscal viability calculation of RBU facilitates the way to further debates that provide useful information to design the political agenda.},
-  affiliation = {L\'opez, JA (Corresponding Author), Univ Seville, Seville, Spain. Artero Lopez, Jesus; Gomez-Alvarez Diaz, Rosario; Patino Rodriguez, David, Univ Seville, Seville, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {L{\'o}pez, JA (Corresponding Author), Univ Seville, Seville, Spain. Artero Lopez, Jesus; Gomez-Alvarez Diaz, Rosario; Patino Rodriguez, David, Univ Seville, Seville, Spain.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
   research-areas = {Environmental Sciences \& Ecology},
@@ -64298,7 +70168,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000669536100003,
   type = {{Article}},
-  title = {{\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown Ex ante\textexclamdown/i\textquestiondown{} evaluation of the basic income in Ecuador: Effects on poverty and inequality}},
+  title = {{{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}Ex ante{\textexclamdown}/i{\textquestiondown} evaluation of the basic income in Ecuador: Effects on poverty and inequality}},
   author = {Albuja Echeverria, Wilson Santiago},
   year = {2021},
   month = jul,
@@ -64308,7 +70178,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {807--830},
   doi = {10.20430/ete.v88i351.1142},
   abstract = {The covid-19 pandemic has caused the fall of economies, and the increase of unemployment, poverty, and inequality. This has influenced getting back to the concept of basic income, which seeks to transcend from a welfare vision of the state into an equitable society that guarantees the well-being of its population. The objective of this work is to carry out an ex ante evaluation of the effects on poverty and inequality of the implementation of basic income in Ecuador. The methodology consists of a microsimulation exercise based on the Enemdu (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos [INEC], 2019). The results indicate that by assigning a monthly transfer equal to the value of the income poverty line for adults and 30\% for minors, income poverty would decrease from 25 to 6\%; the middle tier would ascend to half of the population, and the Gini coefficient would decrease from 0.473 to 0.391. This represents a cost of 12.5\% of gross domestic product (GDP), with a need for financing through additional resources of 51\%. Three main aspects are distinguished to reflect on the implementation of a public policy of this type: the political will of the authorities, a national agreement, and a sustainable financing strategy.},
-  affiliation = {Echeverr\'ia, WSA (Corresponding Author), Fac Latinoamer Ciencias Sociales Flacso, Quito, Ecuador. Albuja Echeverria, Wilson Santiago, Fac Latinoamer Ciencias Sociales Flacso, Quito, Ecuador.},
+  affiliation = {Echeverr{\'i}a, WSA (Corresponding Author), Fac Latinoamer Ciencias Sociales Flacso, Quito, Ecuador. Albuja Echeverria, Wilson Santiago, Fac Latinoamer Ciencias Sociales Flacso, Quito, Ecuador.},
   author-email = {wsalbuja@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
@@ -64578,7 +70448,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {21650799211020961},
   pages = {525--539},
   doi = {10.1177/21650799211020961},
-  abstract = {Background: Shift work is associated with long-term health risks. Workplace-based health interventions hold promise for improving or maintaining the health of shift workers; yet, the impact of workplace-based interventions on shift worker sleep duration has not been assessed. We conducted a systematic review of workplace interventions on shift worker sleep. Methods: We conducted searches in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO (n = 6,868 records) of all studies published through May 15, 2019. Eligibility criteria included the following: (a) individuals aged \textquestiondown = 18 years; (b) a workplace-based employee intervention; (c) an employee population comprised predominantly of shift workers (\textquestiondown 50\%); and (d) sleep duration as a study outcome. Findings: Twenty workplace interventions met eligibility criteria. Mean intervention duration was 125 (SD = 187) days and mean sample size was 116 employees (SD = 256) with a mean age of 36.4 years (SD = 6.5). Interventions most commonly focused on light exposure (25\%) or shift timing (25\%), followed by sleep hygiene (20\%). Most interventions were conducted in the health care and social assistance sector (60\%). Study quality on average was 64\% (SD = 7\%). A majority of the studies found that a workplace-based health intervention was associated with a desirable increase in 24-hour total sleep duration (55\%). The overall average increase in daily employee sleep duration achieved by interventions ranged for RCT studies from 0.34 to 0.99 hours and for non-RCT studies from 0.02 to 1.15 hours. Conclusions/Applications to Practice: More than half of the employee health interventions, especially yoga or mindfulness interventions, resulted in a desirable increase in sleep duration. Workplaces hold promise as an avenue? for delivering programs and policies that aim to improve sleep duration among shift workers.},
+  abstract = {Background: Shift work is associated with long-term health risks. Workplace-based health interventions hold promise for improving or maintaining the health of shift workers; yet, the impact of workplace-based interventions on shift worker sleep duration has not been assessed. We conducted a systematic review of workplace interventions on shift worker sleep. Methods: We conducted searches in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycINFO (n = 6,868 records) of all studies published through May 15, 2019. Eligibility criteria included the following: (a) individuals aged {\textquestiondown}= 18 years; (b) a workplace-based employee intervention; (c) an employee population comprised predominantly of shift workers ({\textquestiondown}50\%); and (d) sleep duration as a study outcome. Findings: Twenty workplace interventions met eligibility criteria. Mean intervention duration was 125 (SD = 187) days and mean sample size was 116 employees (SD = 256) with a mean age of 36.4 years (SD = 6.5). Interventions most commonly focused on light exposure (25\%) or shift timing (25\%), followed by sleep hygiene (20\%). Most interventions were conducted in the health care and social assistance sector (60\%). Study quality on average was 64\% (SD = 7\%). A majority of the studies found that a workplace-based health intervention was associated with a desirable increase in 24-hour total sleep duration (55\%). The overall average increase in daily employee sleep duration achieved by interventions ranged for RCT studies from 0.34 to 0.99 hours and for non-RCT studies from 0.02 to 1.15 hours. Conclusions/Applications to Practice: More than half of the employee health interventions, especially yoga or mindfulness interventions, resulted in a desirable increase in sleep duration. Workplaces hold promise as an avenue? for delivering programs and policies that aim to improve sleep duration among shift workers.},
   affiliation = {Robbins, R (Corresponding Author), Brigham \& Womens Hosp, Div Sleep \& Circadian Disorders, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Robbins, Rebecca, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Robbins, Rebecca, Brigham \& Womens Hosp, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Underwood, Phoenix, Univ Maryland, Sch Med, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Jackson, Chandra L., NIEHS, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Jackson, Chandra L., Natl Inst Minor Hlth \& Hlth Dispar, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Jean-Louis, Giradin, NYU, Sch Med, New York, NY 10003 USA. Madhavaram, Shreya, Metrowest Med Ctr, Framingham, MA USA. Kuriakose, Shiana, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Vieira, Dorice, NYU, Grossman Sch Med, New York, NY 10003 USA. Buxton, Orfeu M., Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.},
   author-email = {Rrobbins4@bwh.Harvard.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -65032,7 +70902,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {112},
   doi = {10.1186/s12960-021-00651-7},
   abstract = {Background Nurses and midwives play a critical role in the provision of care and the optimization of health services resources worldwide, which is particularly relevant during the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, they can only provide quality services if their work environment provides adequate conditions to support them. Today the employment and working conditions of many nurses worldwide are precarious, and the current pandemic has prompted more visibility to the vulnerability to health-damaging factors of nurses' globally. This desk review explores how employment relations, and employment and working conditions may be negatively affecting the health of nurses in countries such as Brazil, Croatia, India, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Main body Nurses' health is influenced by the broader social, economic, and political system and the redistribution of power relations that creates new policies regarding the labour market and the welfare state. The vulnerability faced by nurses is heightened by gender inequalities, in addition to social class, ethnicity/race (and caste), age and migrant status, that are inequality axes that explain why nurses' workers, and often their families, are exposed to multiple risks and/or poorer health. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, informalization of nurses' employment and working conditions were unfair and harmed their health. During COVID-19 pandemic, there is evidence that the employment and working conditions of nurses are associated to poor physical and mental health. Conclusion The protection of nurses' health is paramount. International and national enforceable standards are needed, along with economic and health policies designed to substantially improve employment and working conditions for nurses and work-life balance. More knowledge is needed to understand the pathways and mechanisms on how precariousness might affect nurses' health and monitor the progress towards nurses' health equity.},
-  affiliation = {Llop-Giron\'es, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Polit \& Social Sci, Res Grp Hlth Inequal Environm \& Employment Condit, Barcelona, Spain. Llop-Girones, Alba; Benach, Joan; Julia, Mireia, Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Polit \& Social Sci, Res Grp Hlth Inequal Environm \& Employment Condit, Barcelona, Spain. Llop-Girones, Alba; Julia, Mireia, Escola Super Infermeria Mar ESIMar, Barcelona, Spain. Llop-Girones, Alba; Julia, Mireia, IMIM Hosp del Mar Med Res Inst, Social Determinants \& Hlth Educ Res Grp, Barcelona, Spain. Vraar, Ana, Org Workers Initiat \& Democratizat, Zagreb, Croatia. Benach, Joan, Johns Hopkins UPF Publ Policy Ctr JHU UPF PPC, Barcelona, Spain. Benach, Joan, Univ Autonoma Madrid, Transdisciplinary Res Grp Socioecol Transit GinTr, Madrid, Spain. Angeli-Silva, Livia, Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Bhatta, Ramesh, Yeti Hlth Sci Acad, Kathmandu, Nepal. Mahindrakar, Santosh, Innovat Alliance Publ Hlth, New Delhi, India. Barria, Susana, Peoples Hlth Movement, New Delhi, India.},
+  affiliation = {Llop-Giron{\'e}s, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Polit \& Social Sci, Res Grp Hlth Inequal Environm \& Employment Condit, Barcelona, Spain. Llop-Girones, Alba; Benach, Joan; Julia, Mireia, Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Polit \& Social Sci, Res Grp Hlth Inequal Environm \& Employment Condit, Barcelona, Spain. Llop-Girones, Alba; Julia, Mireia, Escola Super Infermeria Mar ESIMar, Barcelona, Spain. Llop-Girones, Alba; Julia, Mireia, IMIM Hosp del Mar Med Res Inst, Social Determinants \& Hlth Educ Res Grp, Barcelona, Spain. Vraar, Ana, Org Workers Initiat \& Democratizat, Zagreb, Croatia. Benach, Joan, Johns Hopkins UPF Publ Policy Ctr JHU UPF PPC, Barcelona, Spain. Benach, Joan, Univ Autonoma Madrid, Transdisciplinary Res Grp Socioecol Transit GinTr, Madrid, Spain. Angeli-Silva, Livia, Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Bhatta, Ramesh, Yeti Hlth Sci Acad, Kathmandu, Nepal. Mahindrakar, Santosh, Innovat Alliance Publ Hlth, New Delhi, India. Barria, Susana, Peoples Hlth Movement, New Delhi, India.},
   author-email = {alballopgirones@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -65152,7 +71022,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {95--122},
   doi = {10.22201/iij.24487899e.2020.30.14073},
   abstract = {This article highlights Mexican women unequal participation in access and enjoyment of the benefits provided by the Mexican state as part social security. The analysis looks at inequality from the gender perspective and it underlines the modalities of insertions in the job market, all types of occupations that show salaries differences, coverage of social security services, and, particularly, access to pensions and health. It also includes the inequalities derived from income and the support they can get to confront the risks of the life cycle. The analysis is based on the systematization of the National Survey on Employment and Social Security (INEGI, 2017).},
-  affiliation = {Ram\'irez L\'opez, BP (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ram\'irez L\'opez, BP (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Programas Posgrad Estudios Latinoamer \& Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ramirez Lopez, Berenice Patricia; Nava Bolanos, Isalia; Granados Martinez, Abraham; Badillo Gonzalez, Gabriel, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ramirez Lopez, Berenice Patricia, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Programas Posgrad Estudios Latinoamer \& Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Granados Martinez, Abraham, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Badillo Gonzalez, Gabriel, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.},
+  affiliation = {Ram{\'i}rez L{\'o}pez, BP (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ram{\'i}rez L{\'o}pez, BP (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Programas Posgrad Estudios Latinoamer \& Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ramirez Lopez, Berenice Patricia; Nava Bolanos, Isalia; Granados Martinez, Abraham; Badillo Gonzalez, Gabriel, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ramirez Lopez, Berenice Patricia, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Programas Posgrad Estudios Latinoamer \& Econ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Granados Martinez, Abraham, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Badillo Gonzalez, Gabriel, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {spanish},
   research-areas = {Government \& Law},
@@ -65508,7 +71378,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {09720634211050483},
   pages = {594--613},
   doi = {10.1177/09720634211050483},
-  abstract = {This study aimed to reveal the relationship between health and labour in Turkey under the intervention of demographic variables. Four waves of the TurkStat Income and Living Conditions Panel Survey (2008-2011) were used. Demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation indicators were used to examine different generalised linear model (GLM)-like panel binomial probit model specifications using self-assessed health (SAH) status and self-reported working status (SRWS) as dependent variables. Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates for the probability of survival in SAH and SRWS were examined using the X-2 values of the log-rank and Peto-Peto-Prentice tests for equality of survivor functions by study variables. Study results reveal that the hazard of assessing good health and currently working increases for individuals who are married (p \textexclamdown{} 0.001), highly educated (p \textexclamdown{} 0.001), do not have any chronic disease (p \textexclamdown{} 0.001), do not have any health restrictions (p \textexclamdown{} 0.001) and occupy high-qualification jobs (p \textexclamdown{} 0.001). KM estimates support the panel model results. The present study reveals that demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation are the driving forces in the interaction of health and labour dynamics. Reducing income inequality, increasing the minimum wage and improving working conditions, while promoting gender equality, are essentials of better management of health and labour markets.},
+  abstract = {This study aimed to reveal the relationship between health and labour in Turkey under the intervention of demographic variables. Four waves of the TurkStat Income and Living Conditions Panel Survey (2008-2011) were used. Demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation indicators were used to examine different generalised linear model (GLM)-like panel binomial probit model specifications using self-assessed health (SAH) status and self-reported working status (SRWS) as dependent variables. Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates for the probability of survival in SAH and SRWS were examined using the X-2 values of the log-rank and Peto-Peto-Prentice tests for equality of survivor functions by study variables. Study results reveal that the hazard of assessing good health and currently working increases for individuals who are married (p {\textexclamdown} 0.001), highly educated (p {\textexclamdown} 0.001), do not have any chronic disease (p {\textexclamdown} 0.001), do not have any health restrictions (p {\textexclamdown} 0.001) and occupy high-qualification jobs (p {\textexclamdown} 0.001). KM estimates support the panel model results. The present study reveals that demographic, education, self-rated health and labour force participation are the driving forces in the interaction of health and labour dynamics. Reducing income inequality, increasing the minimum wage and improving working conditions, while promoting gender equality, are essentials of better management of health and labour markets.},
   affiliation = {Cinaroglu, S (Corresponding Author), Hacettepe Univ, Hlth Care Management, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. Cinaroglu, Songul, Hacettepe Univ, Hlth Care Management, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey.},
   author-email = {songulcinaroglu@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -65680,7 +71550,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {409--436},
   doi = {10.1111/ecca.12401},
   abstract = {Studies for high-income countries have shown that the prescription that a man should earn more than his wife holds back women's performance in the labour market, evidencing the importance of gender identity norms in explaining persistent gender gaps. Using data on couples in Uruguay for the period 1986-2016, this paper analyses behavioural responses to the male breadwinner norm, investigating the role of job informality as an additional mechanism of response to gender norms. My results show that the higher the probability that the wife earns more than her husband, the less likely she is to engage in a formal job, providing evidence that gender norms affect not only the quantity of labour supply (i.e. labour force participation and hours of work), but also the quality of jobs in which women are employed. Moreover, I also identify meaningful effects of the norm on men: those with lower potential earnings than their wives react to the norm by self-selecting into better-paid formal jobs. Not considering these effects would lead to underestimating the consequences of gender norms on labour market inequalities in the context of developing countries.},
-  affiliation = {Galv\'an, E (Corresponding Author), Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay. Galvan, Estefania, Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay.},
+  affiliation = {Galv{\'a}n, E (Corresponding Author), Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay. Galvan, Estefania, Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2021},
   langid = {english},
@@ -66044,7 +71914,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {32--62},
   doi = {10.1177/08912432211057920},
   abstract = {Women's and men's predominant social practices in managing employment and unpaid work are influenced by both family policies and society's predominant cultural family models. Comparative approaches integrating macro-level and micro-level variables are increasingly used to study gendered dynamics in intimate relationships. Yet similar comparative approaches to the study of money management in intimate relationships are lacking. Using data from 34 countries surveyed in International Social Survey Programme 2012 data (N = 13,645), I explore how variation in institutional and cultural factors concerning gender expectations shapes money management decisions in intimate relationships. The results highlight the importance of contextual gender-egalitarian beliefs and institutional practices to the likelihood of using joint and individualized systems of money management over the traditional system. While macro-level gender ideology was associated with both joint and individualized system (vs. traditional), the institutional practices were found to have a stronger relationship with couples' individualized money management.},
-  affiliation = {\c{C}ineli, B (Corresponding Author), Pompeu Fabra Univ, Barcelona 08005, Spain. Cineli, Beyda, Pompeu Fabra Univ, Barcelona 08005, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {{\c C}ineli, B (Corresponding Author), Pompeu Fabra Univ, Barcelona 08005, Spain. Cineli, Beyda, Pompeu Fabra Univ, Barcelona 08005, Spain.},
   author-email = {beyda.cineli@upf.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -66260,7 +72130,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {1},
   pages = {28--34},
   doi = {10.1111/wvn.12553},
-  abstract = {Background The high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] \textquestiondown = 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] \textquestiondown = 90 mmHg) in Black patients represents a significant racial health disparity in the United States. Aims This study evaluated the efficacy of a telephone-based strategy for inviting high-risk patients with severe hypertension to weekly self-management education classes. Further, the study assessed how the outreach intervention correlated with relevant quality improvement outcomes, including improved blood pressure and primary care follow-up among our clinic population of Black men with severe hypertension. Methods A cohort of 265 Black men aged \textquestiondown = 18 years with SBP \textquestiondown = 160 mmHg or DBP \textquestiondown = 100 mmHg at the most recent clinic visit were identified using Epic reports formatted for Federal Uniformed Data Set annual reporting. Telephone outreach was used to invite the cohort to attend weekly in-person classes facilitated by various healthcare professionals. Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between being reached by phone with (1) class attendance and (2) follow-up appointment attendance. Results Most of the Black men were single (57.4\%, n = 152), 49.1\% had history of alcohol or substance use (n = 130), and 35.8\% (n = 95) was uninsured. The average age was 55.6 years (SD = 11.6). After controlling for sociodemographic factors, being reached by phone was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of patient attendance at follow-up appointments (OR = 1.91, p = .038) but not with class attendance (OR = 2.45, p = .155). Patients who attended a follow-up appointment experienced significant reductions in both SBP and DBP at 9 months. Linking evidence to action Telephone outreach was labor-intensive but effective in keeping under-resourced patient populations engaged in primary care. Future work should aim to develop more efficient strategies for engaging high-risk patients in self-monitoring education to manage hypertension.},
+  abstract = {Background The high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] {\textquestiondown}= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] {\textquestiondown}= 90 mmHg) in Black patients represents a significant racial health disparity in the United States. Aims This study evaluated the efficacy of a telephone-based strategy for inviting high-risk patients with severe hypertension to weekly self-management education classes. Further, the study assessed how the outreach intervention correlated with relevant quality improvement outcomes, including improved blood pressure and primary care follow-up among our clinic population of Black men with severe hypertension. Methods A cohort of 265 Black men aged {\textquestiondown}= 18 years with SBP {\textquestiondown}= 160 mmHg or DBP {\textquestiondown}= 100 mmHg at the most recent clinic visit were identified using Epic reports formatted for Federal Uniformed Data Set annual reporting. Telephone outreach was used to invite the cohort to attend weekly in-person classes facilitated by various healthcare professionals. Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between being reached by phone with (1) class attendance and (2) follow-up appointment attendance. Results Most of the Black men were single (57.4\%, n = 152), 49.1\% had history of alcohol or substance use (n = 130), and 35.8\% (n = 95) was uninsured. The average age was 55.6 years (SD = 11.6). After controlling for sociodemographic factors, being reached by phone was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of patient attendance at follow-up appointments (OR = 1.91, p = .038) but not with class attendance (OR = 2.45, p = .155). Patients who attended a follow-up appointment experienced significant reductions in both SBP and DBP at 9 months. Linking evidence to action Telephone outreach was labor-intensive but effective in keeping under-resourced patient populations engaged in primary care. Future work should aim to develop more efficient strategies for engaging high-risk patients in self-monitoring education to manage hypertension.},
   affiliation = {Raman, RS (Corresponding Author), 1301 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC 27707 USA. Raman, Rohith Sai; Biola, Holly; Caesar, Awanya; Chaplin, Joan, Lincoln Community Hlth Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Raman, Rohith Sai, Med Univ South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, SC USA. Bakovic, Melanie; Bulgin, Dominique; Granger, Bradi, Duke Clin \& Translat Sci Inst, Durham, NC USA. Hayes, Tiffany; Kang, Yunah, Duke Univ, Sch Nursing, Durham, NC USA. Whitney, Colette, Duke Univ, Sch Med, Durham, NC USA. Eck, Cameron, Duke Margolis Ctr Hlth Policy, Washington, DC USA. Gilchrist, L'Tanya, Durham Cty Hlth Dept, Durham, NC USA.},
   author-email = {ramanr@musc.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -67114,7 +72984,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000763793600001,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {Community-Engaged Use of Low-Cost Sensors to Assess the Spatial Distribution of {{PM}}\textexclamdown sub\textquestiondown 2.5\textexclamdown/Sub\textquestiondown{} Concentrations across Disadvantaged Communities: {{Results}} from a Pilot Study in Santa Ana, {{CA}}},
+  title = {Community-Engaged Use of Low-Cost Sensors to Assess the Spatial Distribution of {{PM}}{\textexclamdown}sub{\textquestiondown}2.5{\textexclamdown}/Sub{\textquestiondown} Concentrations across Disadvantaged Communities: {{Results}} from a Pilot Study in Santa Ana, {{CA}}},
   author = {Masri, Shahir and Cox, Kathryn and Flores, Leonel and Rea, Jose and Wu, Jun},
   year = {2022},
   month = feb,
@@ -67219,7 +73089,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {8},
   pages = {1970--1979},
   doi = {10.1007/s11606-022-07464-x},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Real or perceived discrimination contributes to lower quality of care for Black compared to white patients. Some forms of discrimination come from non-physician and non-nursing (non-MD/RN) staff members (e.g., receptionists). METHODS: Utilizing the Burgess Model as a framework for racial bias intervention development, we developed an online intervention with five, 30-min modules: (1) history and effects of discrimination and racial disparities in healthcare, (2) implicit bias and how it may influence interactions with patients, (3) strategies to handle stress at work, (4) strategies to improve communication and interactions with patients, and (5) personal biases. Modules were designed to increase understanding of bias, enhance internal motivation to overcome bias, enhance emotional regulation skills, and increase empathy in patient interactions. Participants were non-MD/RN staff in nine primary care clinics. Effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using Implicit Association Test and Symbolic Racism Scale, to measure implicit and explicit racial bias, respectively, before and after the intervention. Acceptability was assessed through quantitative and qualitative feedback. RESULTS: Fifty-eight non-MD/RN staff enrolled. Out of these, 24 completed pre- and post-intervention assessments and were included. Among participants who reported characteristics, most were Black, with less than college education and average age of 43.2 years. The baseline implicit bias d-score was 0.22, indicating slight prowhite bias. After the intervention, the implicit bias score decreased to -0.06 (p=0.01), a neutral score indicating no pro-white or Black bias. Participant rating of the intervention, scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), for questions including whether ``it wasmade clear how to apply the presented content in practice'' and ``this module was worth the time spent'' was \textquestiondown = 4.1 for all modules. CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in implicit prowhite bias after, compared with before, the intervention. Intervention materials were highly rated. (C) The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society of General Internal Medicine 2022},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Real or perceived discrimination contributes to lower quality of care for Black compared to white patients. Some forms of discrimination come from non-physician and non-nursing (non-MD/RN) staff members (e.g., receptionists). METHODS: Utilizing the Burgess Model as a framework for racial bias intervention development, we developed an online intervention with five, 30-min modules: (1) history and effects of discrimination and racial disparities in healthcare, (2) implicit bias and how it may influence interactions with patients, (3) strategies to handle stress at work, (4) strategies to improve communication and interactions with patients, and (5) personal biases. Modules were designed to increase understanding of bias, enhance internal motivation to overcome bias, enhance emotional regulation skills, and increase empathy in patient interactions. Participants were non-MD/RN staff in nine primary care clinics. Effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using Implicit Association Test and Symbolic Racism Scale, to measure implicit and explicit racial bias, respectively, before and after the intervention. Acceptability was assessed through quantitative and qualitative feedback. RESULTS: Fifty-eight non-MD/RN staff enrolled. Out of these, 24 completed pre- and post-intervention assessments and were included. Among participants who reported characteristics, most were Black, with less than college education and average age of 43.2 years. The baseline implicit bias d-score was 0.22, indicating slight prowhite bias. After the intervention, the implicit bias score decreased to -0.06 (p=0.01), a neutral score indicating no pro-white or Black bias. Participant rating of the intervention, scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), for questions including whether ``it wasmade clear how to apply the presented content in practice'' and ``this module was worth the time spent'' was {\textquestiondown}= 4.1 for all modules. CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in implicit prowhite bias after, compared with before, the intervention. Intervention materials were highly rated. (C) The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society of General Internal Medicine 2022},
   affiliation = {Tajeu, GS (Corresponding Author), Temple Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Serv Adm \& Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. Tajeu, Gabriel S., Temple Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Serv Adm \& Policy, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. Juarez, Lucia; Agne, April A.; Cherrington, Andrea L., Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Med, Div Prevent Med, Birmingham, AL USA. Williams, Jessica H., Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Hlth Profess, Dept Hlth Serv Adm, Birmingham, AL USA. Halanych, Jewell, Univ Alabama, Dept Internal Med, Sch Med, Montgomery Campus, Montgomery, AL USA. Stepanikova, Irena, Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Sociol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Stepanikova, Irena, Masaryk Univ, Res Ctr Tox Cpds Environm, Brno, Czech Republic. Stone, Jeff, Univ Arizona, Dept Psychol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.},
   author-email = {gabriel.tajeu@temple.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -67624,7 +73494,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {107--116},
   doi = {10.14744/MEGARON.2022.08566},
   abstract = {This research is about the effects of women's being a part of paid employment on the usage of public places by using women's daily life experiences. Joining paid labour is a crucial strategy for women's empowerment policies. Working outside means leaving home, private space, and being a part of the public places for women. But creating job opportunities for women is not a magical tool that solves all the gender inequalities, on the contrary, Marxist feminists argue that the gendered structure of labour even expands the gap between genders. And feminist geographers underline that women experience public places with a range of barriers created by the patriarchal form of built environments. Even the women have decent works, it is not easy for women to be in public just because the built environment avoids their needs. But despite this hopeless and adverse framework, microanalyses that focus on female workers from developing countries show that women embrace working outside of the home. And when they have proper conditions, they create their empowerment strategies which are slow but deep and strong. This study aims to reveal these empowerments strategies and the needed necessary conditions from the usage of public place perspective. The study case, Geyve in Sakarya, has rural and urban characteristics at the same time. Patriarchal and religious values are deeply embedded in the place. And these values affect the gender roles, labour, and the usage of public places too. Traditionally, women used to work in the agricultural sector as unpaid workers. And their public place usage is limited. But in the 1990s, two food factories opened in Geyve and offered uneducated women a job opportunity aside from the agricultural sector. Women's participation in paid labour in 30 years changed many dynamics, usage of public places too. The study was conducted with the feminist method, focusing on women's standpoint, to understand these changes from the women's perspective. The main data source of this study is the daily life experiences of blue-collar women. These daily life experiences were obtained through in-depth interviews with twenty two female workers. The factory representatives declared that the majority of the female workers are married with children. For this reason, the interviewees were mainly selected from married women with children. The working conditions are critically important in women's changing behaviours, for this reason, the study focused on a work environment where women work in the same environment with men, under the same conditions, and have the same rights. In this context, the study didn't include Geyve's automotive sector. Because this sector is mostly dominated by men. And the textile sector is also out of the scope of the study for a similar reason. Textile sector workers are mostly female and, there is a strong gender hierarchy in this sector. The food factories, which are built in the 1990s and have 1500 workers together, provide the appropriate conditions for the study. In-deep interviews focused on revealing gendered forms of public places, women's questioning interiorised gender roles, and the reflections of these questionings on public place usage. The study showed that women's strategies diversify based on their marital status, owning children, and age. For example, mothers with school-aged children justify their existence in public places with their motherhood identity. And young and single women prefer the same cafes as college students. Older women with adult children do not care to be in public or themselves, but they admire the youngsters and support their younger female members. There are two important common statements from interviews. All interviewees emphasised that they have the same rights to be in public because they work under the same conditions as men, and earn the same money. And they feel safe when they are surrounded by other females when they are in public places. These two statements show that although the women are aware of the unfair patriarchal form of public places, they don't try to demolish it to get their rights. Instead of resisting, they bargain, negotiate, and create small freedom areas for themselves. Joining paid labour and public life are crucial elements of women's empowerment. But women face many barriers in this way because of the patriarchy. Having local information about the women's struggle and survival strategies can be helpful to create ideal working places, empowerment policies, and place-making choices. Hopefully, this study will be useful to understand women's standpoint and include their needs and struggles during the policy-making processes.},
-  affiliation = {\c{C}etin, R (Corresponding Author), Yildiz Tech Univ, Dept Reg Planning, Fac Architecture Urban \& Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey. Cetin, Reycan, Yildiz Tech Univ, Dept Reg Planning, Fac Architecture Urban \& Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey. Turkun, Asuman, Yildiz Tech Univ, Dept Urban Planning, Fac Architecture Urban \& Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey.},
+  affiliation = {{\c C}etin, R (Corresponding Author), Yildiz Tech Univ, Dept Reg Planning, Fac Architecture Urban \& Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey. Cetin, Reycan, Yildiz Tech Univ, Dept Reg Planning, Fac Architecture Urban \& Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey. Turkun, Asuman, Yildiz Tech Univ, Dept Urban Planning, Fac Architecture Urban \& Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey.},
   author-email = {reycancetn@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {turkish},
@@ -67981,7 +73851,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {293},
   number = {114665},
   doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114665},
-  abstract = {There are vocal calls to act on the gender-related barriers and inequities in global health. Still, there are gaps in implementing programmes that address and counter the relevant dynamics. As an approach that focuses on social problems and public service delivery gaps, social entrepreneurship has the potential to be a closer health sector partner to tackle and transform the influence of gender in health to achieve health systems goals better. Nevertheless, social entrepreneurs' engagement and impact on gender and health remain understudied. Using the Ashoka Fellows database as a sampling frame in November 2020 (n = 3352, health n = 129), we identified and reviewed the work of 21 organizations that implemented gender-responsive health-related programmes between 2000 and 2020. We applied the UNU-IIGH 6-I Analytic Framework to review the gender issues, interventions, included populations, investments, implementation, and impact in each organization. We found that a low proportion of fellows engage in gender-responsive health programming (\textexclamdown{} 1\%). Many organizations operate in low-and middle-income countries (16/21). The gender-responsive programmes include established health sector practices, to address gendered-cultural dynamics and deliver people-centred resources and services. Interestingly, most organizations self-identify as NGOs and rely on traditional grant funding. Fewer organizations (6/21) adopt market-based and income-generating solutions a missed opportunity to actualise the potential of social entrepreneurship as an innovative health financing approach. There were few publicly available impact evaluations-a gap in practice established in social entrepreneurship. All organizations implemented programmes at community levels, with some cross-sectoral, structural, and policy-level initiatives. Most focused on sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence for predominantly populations of women and girls. Closer partnerships between social entrepreneurs and gender experts in the health sector can provide reciprocally beneficial solutions for cross-sectorally and community designed innovations, health financing, evidence generation and impact tracking that improve the gender-responsiveness of health programmes, policies, and systems.},
+  abstract = {There are vocal calls to act on the gender-related barriers and inequities in global health. Still, there are gaps in implementing programmes that address and counter the relevant dynamics. As an approach that focuses on social problems and public service delivery gaps, social entrepreneurship has the potential to be a closer health sector partner to tackle and transform the influence of gender in health to achieve health systems goals better. Nevertheless, social entrepreneurs' engagement and impact on gender and health remain understudied. Using the Ashoka Fellows database as a sampling frame in November 2020 (n = 3352, health n = 129), we identified and reviewed the work of 21 organizations that implemented gender-responsive health-related programmes between 2000 and 2020. We applied the UNU-IIGH 6-I Analytic Framework to review the gender issues, interventions, included populations, investments, implementation, and impact in each organization. We found that a low proportion of fellows engage in gender-responsive health programming ({\textexclamdown} 1\%). Many organizations operate in low-and middle-income countries (16/21). The gender-responsive programmes include established health sector practices, to address gendered-cultural dynamics and deliver people-centred resources and services. Interestingly, most organizations self-identify as NGOs and rely on traditional grant funding. Fewer organizations (6/21) adopt market-based and income-generating solutions a missed opportunity to actualise the potential of social entrepreneurship as an innovative health financing approach. There were few publicly available impact evaluations-a gap in practice established in social entrepreneurship. All organizations implemented programmes at community levels, with some cross-sectoral, structural, and policy-level initiatives. Most focused on sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence for predominantly populations of women and girls. Closer partnerships between social entrepreneurs and gender experts in the health sector can provide reciprocally beneficial solutions for cross-sectorally and community designed innovations, health financing, evidence generation and impact tracking that improve the gender-responsiveness of health programmes, policies, and systems.},
   affiliation = {Vijayasingham, L (Corresponding Author), UKM Med Ctr, United Nations Univ Int Inst Global Hlth, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia. Khalid, Shazmin; Dixon, Shrijna; Vijayasingham, Lavanya, UKM Med Ctr, United Nations Univ Int Inst Global Hlth, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia. Khalid, Shazmin, Monash Univ Malaysia, Sch Business, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor Darul, Malaysia. Dixon, Shrijna, SUNY Albany, Rockefeller Coll Publ Affairs \& Policy, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA.},
   author-email = {vijayasingham@unu.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -68028,7 +73898,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {22},
   number = {875},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-13295-6},
-  abstract = {Background Long-term disability has a great impact on both society and workers with disabilities. Little is known about the barriers which prohibit workers with long-term disabilities from returning to work and which interventions are best suited to counteract these barriers. The main purpose of this study was to obtain consensus among professionals on important return to work (RTW) factors and effective vocational rehabilitation (VR) interventions for long-term (\textquestiondown{} 2 years), partially disabled workers. Our three research questions were: (1) which factors are associated with RTW for long-term disabled workers?; (2) which factors associated with RTW can be targeted by VR interventions?; and (3) which VR interventions are the most effective to target these factors? Methods A modified Delphi Study was conducted using a panel of 22 labour experts, caseworkers, and insurance physicians. The study consisted of several rounds of questionnaires and one online meeting. Results The multidisciplinary panel reached consensus that 58 out of 67 factors were important for RTW and that 35 of these factors could be targeted using VR interventions. In five rounds, the expert panel reached consensus that 11 out of 22 VR interventions were effective for at least one of the eight most important RTW factors. Conclusions Consensus was reached among the expert panel that many factors that are important for the RTW of short-term disabled workers are also important for the RTW of long-term partially disabled workers and that a substantial number of these factors could effectively be targeted using VR interventions. The results of this study will be used to develop a decision aid that supports vocational rehabilitation professionals in profiling clients and in choosing suitable VR interventions.},
+  abstract = {Background Long-term disability has a great impact on both society and workers with disabilities. Little is known about the barriers which prohibit workers with long-term disabilities from returning to work and which interventions are best suited to counteract these barriers. The main purpose of this study was to obtain consensus among professionals on important return to work (RTW) factors and effective vocational rehabilitation (VR) interventions for long-term ({\textquestiondown} 2 years), partially disabled workers. Our three research questions were: (1) which factors are associated with RTW for long-term disabled workers?; (2) which factors associated with RTW can be targeted by VR interventions?; and (3) which VR interventions are the most effective to target these factors? Methods A modified Delphi Study was conducted using a panel of 22 labour experts, caseworkers, and insurance physicians. The study consisted of several rounds of questionnaires and one online meeting. Results The multidisciplinary panel reached consensus that 58 out of 67 factors were important for RTW and that 35 of these factors could be targeted using VR interventions. In five rounds, the expert panel reached consensus that 11 out of 22 VR interventions were effective for at least one of the eight most important RTW factors. Conclusions Consensus was reached among the expert panel that many factors that are important for the RTW of short-term disabled workers are also important for the RTW of long-term partially disabled workers and that a substantial number of these factors could effectively be targeted using VR interventions. The results of this study will be used to develop a decision aid that supports vocational rehabilitation professionals in profiling clients and in choosing suitable VR interventions.},
   affiliation = {Huysmans, MA (Corresponding Author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Publ \& Occupat Hlth, Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Amsterdam UMC, Van Boechorststr 7, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. Huysmans, MA (Corresponding Author), AMC UMCG VUmc UWV, Res Ctr Insurance Med, Amsterdam, Netherlands. de Geus, Christa J. C.; Huysmans, Maaike A.; van Rijssen, H. Jolanda; Anema, Johannes R., Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Publ \& Occupat Hlth, Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Amsterdam UMC, Van Boechorststr 7, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. de Geus, Christa J. C.; Huysmans, Maaike A.; van Rijssen, H. Jolanda; Anema, Johannes R., AMC UMCG VUmc UWV, Res Ctr Insurance Med, Amsterdam, Netherlands. van Rijssen, H. Jolanda, Dutch Inst Employee Benefit Schemes UWV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.},
   author-email = {m.huijsmans@amsterdamumc.nl},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -68198,7 +74068,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {96--112},
   doi = {10.1108/ER-06-2020-0306},
   abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to describe and explain women's labor participation in the public sector, particularly at the local level. The paper analyses the representation of women employees in the public sector through a case study of a city council in a mid-sized Spanish city. The authors delve into the extent of gender labor discrimination in public administration, exploring a diversity of situations, experiences, and perceptions of women workers in female, neutral, and male-dominated areas in the local administration. Design/methodology/approach The authors have applied a combined methodology of quantitative analysis based on an exhaustive analysis of the list of job posts, and qualitative analysis from the narratives of women workers in biographical interviews, in women-dominated, neutral and male-dominated areas. Findings The authors conclude by providing a clear description of women's representation in local administration. Despite the institutional efforts in applying gender equality norms and public policies in administration, employment and labor market, this article shows the persistent inequality in employment within the administration. The paper demonstrates that public administrations can be seen as gender regimes that tend to reproduce inequality by formal and informal dynamics. This inequality gender reproduction in a supposedly gender-neutral administration reflects discrimination in a labor market. The paper details phenomena relating to horizontal occupational segregation, glass ceilings, sticky floors, and the undervaluing of women's work, among other phenomena. Practical implications The administration should consider two essential factors that endanger gender equality: (1) the demonstrated regression of gender mainstreaming and the effects on women's employment as a consequence of the crisis, and (2) neoliberal governments and extreme right-wing parties (or neoliberal governments and extreme right-wing parties' support, as is the case with the current Andalusian regional government), whose agenda includes the fight against what neoliberal governments and extreme right-wing parties call ``gender ideology''. Social implications The gap between the effectiveness of gender legislation and actual working practices within the administration has been highlighted. This fact should be a wake-up call for the administrations to strictly comply with gender legislation, given that local administrations are the closest to the citizens. Future research should focus on changes to detect any regression and to prevent losing the improvements already achieved, which can still be very much strengthened. Originality/value This article helps to fill the gap in the literature on gender discrimination in the labor market, which often omits the public sector, especially in local administration, which is the closest administrative structure to citizenship respecting public policies. The article contributes to highlighting the need for an egalitarian labor market in order to achieve optimal performance, commitment and efficiency in egalitarian labor relations in local administration.},
-  affiliation = {Berm\'udez-Figueroa, E (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Gen Econ, Area Sociol, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. Bermudez-Figueroa, Eva; Roca, Beltran, Univ Cadiz, Dept Gen Econ, Area Sociol, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Berm{\'u}dez-Figueroa, E (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Gen Econ, Area Sociol, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. Bermudez-Figueroa, Eva; Roca, Beltran, Univ Cadiz, Dept Gen Econ, Area Sociol, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.},
   author-email = {eva.bermudez@uca.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {MAY 2022},
@@ -69020,7 +74890,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {JOURNAL OF YOUTH STUDIES},
   doi = {10.1080/13676261.2022.2098703},
   abstract = {This paper explores young women's expectations on future work-family reconciliation in Finland, a Nordic country well-known for the promotion of gender equality. Utilising Sen's capabilities approach, we content-analysed thirty individual interviews to identify differences in women's expectations and their perceived capabilities in future work and care. The results showed that irrespective of their labour market status and educational attainment, the women's expectations were contradictory, reflecting a current Finnish gender culture that embraces both the ideal of shared parenthood and the primacy of maternal care. Between-group differences were also found. The employed women perceived themselves as having the capability to balance work, family and, personal time in the future. The women who were studying and had higher education- and career-related expectations perceived themselves as capable of combating gender inequality in their future working lives. In contrast, the unemployed women perceived their capabilities in both their future work and care as limited, thereby constraining their agency to realise their choices in work-family reconciliation and family decision-making. These findings indicate that Finnish women's expectations on future work-family reconciliation are shaped by institutional, societal and individual socioeconomic factors.},
-  affiliation = {Alak\"arpp\"a, O (Corresponding Author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Educ, POB 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. Alakarppa, Outi; Sevon, Eija; Ronka, Anna, Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Educ, POB 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. Norman, Helen, Univ Leeds, Leeds Univ Business Sch, Ctr Employment Relat Innovat \& Change CERIC, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.},
+  affiliation = {Alak{\"a}rpp{\"a}, O (Corresponding Author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Educ, POB 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. Alakarppa, Outi; Sevon, Eija; Ronka, Anna, Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Educ, POB 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. Norman, Helen, Univ Leeds, Leeds Univ Business Sch, Ctr Employment Relat Innovat \& Change CERIC, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.},
   author-email = {outi.j.alakarppa@jyu.fi},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {JUL 2022},
@@ -69605,7 +75475,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000849111400001,
   type = {Article; Early Access},
-  title = {\textexclamdown i\textquestiondown{{Water}} with Larvae\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown : {{Hydrological}} Fertility, Inequality, and Mosquito Urbanism},
+  title = {{\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}{{Water}} with Larvae{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown}: {{Hydrological}} Fertility, Inequality, and Mosquito Urbanism},
   author = {{Acevedo-Guerrero}, Tatiana},
   year = {2022 MAY 17 2022},
   journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING E-NATURE AND SPACE},
@@ -70105,7 +75975,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {209--228},
   doi = {10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.09.011},
   abstract = {Transportation policies have a valuable influence on the allocation of resources within cities. Therefore, investigating the impacts of transit interventions is relevant, especially in developing countries where informal housing is highly prevalent and spatial disparities are noteworthy. We study the impact of a transit expansion of the Metrocable system in Medellin, Colombia, as a natural scenario to understand the causal links between lowering access costs and informal housing. Using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, we estimate that the expansion of Line H of Metrocable reduces informal housing up to 15 percentage points. We also show that the magnitude of the effect depends on the distance to the intervention. We find that the labor market plays a crucial role when exploring potential mechanisms mediating the analyzed causal relation.},
-  affiliation = {Garc\'ia-Suaza, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Rosario, Sch Econ, Bogota, Colombia. Posada, Hector M., Univ Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Garcia-Suaza, Andres, Univ Rosario, Sch Econ, Bogota, Colombia.},
+  affiliation = {Garc{\'i}a-Suaza, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Rosario, Sch Econ, Bogota, Colombia. Posada, Hector M., Univ Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Garcia-Suaza, Andres, Univ Rosario, Sch Econ, Bogota, Colombia.},
   author-email = {hector.posada@udea.edu.co andres.garcia@urosario.edu.co},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {OCT 2022},
@@ -70270,7 +76140,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1354--1375},
   doi = {10.1111/1467-9566.13577},
   abstract = {Malawi is a landlocked country in Southern Africa with a population of 17.5 million. It has taken great strides in addressing disability inequality in recent years. Despite this, Malawian trade unions, educators and disability activists report wide-reaching disability discrimination at an infrastructural and individual level. Situated at the intersections between disability studies and medical sociology, alongside work of postcolonial and Global South scholars, this article highlights how neo-colonial and Anglocentric dominant framings of disability do not necessarily fit the Malawian workforce, as they ignore cultural and structural differences in the causes and maintenance of ill health and disability. Building on interviews with workers with disabilities, trade unionists, educators, government representatives and disability activists in Malawi's two biggest cities, the article emphasises the need to address specific local contexts; while policy asserts a model of social oppression, in practice, disability inclusion requires recognition of the social determinants of disability and inequality, and the economic, political and cultural context within which disability resides. Sharing co-designed approaches to engaging with disability definitions, stigma, language, infrastructure and resources, this article highlights the necessity of grounding disability and medical sociological theory in localised framings and lived experiences.},
-  affiliation = {W\aa nggren, L (Corresponding Author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Literatures Languages \& Cultures, Dept English Literature, 50 George Sq, Edinburgh EH8 9JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Wanggren, Lena, Univ Edinburgh, Dept English Literature, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Remnant, Jen, Univ Strathclyde, Scottish Ctr Employment Res, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. Huque, Sarah, Univ Edinburgh, Dept Counselling Psychotherapy \& Appl Social Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Kachali, Limbani, Malawi Congress Trade Unions, Lilongwe, Malawi. Sang, Katherine J. C., Heriot Watt Univ, Edinburgh Business Sch, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Ngwira, Jenipher, Catholic Univ Malawi, Dept Special Needs Educ, Montfort Campus, Limbe, Malawi.},
+  affiliation = {W{\aa}nggren, L (Corresponding Author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Literatures Languages \& Cultures, Dept English Literature, 50 George Sq, Edinburgh EH8 9JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Wanggren, Lena, Univ Edinburgh, Dept English Literature, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Remnant, Jen, Univ Strathclyde, Scottish Ctr Employment Res, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. Huque, Sarah, Univ Edinburgh, Dept Counselling Psychotherapy \& Appl Social Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Kachali, Limbani, Malawi Congress Trade Unions, Lilongwe, Malawi. Sang, Katherine J. C., Heriot Watt Univ, Edinburgh Business Sch, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Ngwira, Jenipher, Catholic Univ Malawi, Dept Special Needs Educ, Montfort Campus, Limbe, Malawi.},
   author-email = {lena.wanggren@ed.ac.uk},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2022},
@@ -70808,7 +76678,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000909815200001,
   type = {Article; Early Access},
-  title = {Training \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown for\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} Employment or Skilling up \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown from\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} Employment? {{Jobs}} and Skills Acquisition in the {{Tiruppur}} Textile Region, {{India}}},
+  title = {Training {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}for{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} Employment or Skilling up {\textexclamdown}i{\textquestiondown}from{\textexclamdown}/I{\textquestiondown} Employment? {{Jobs}} and Skills Acquisition in the {{Tiruppur}} Textile Region, {{India}}},
   author = {Carswell, Grace and De Neve, Geert},
   year = {2022 DEC 19 2022},
   journal = {THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY},
@@ -71193,7 +77063,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {626--642},
   doi = {10.5281/zenodo.7512964},
   abstract = {Regardless of the development level of the countries, the labor force participation rate plays a critical role in the social and economic development of the countries. For this reason, women's participation in the labor market, which creates half of the world's population, is very important in terms of improving the position of women in society and taking part in business life.It is evidence of gender inequality that women have less labor force participation than men or more barriers for women in the labor market. However, for the last 20 years, more studies have been carried out on women's participation in the workforce and ensuring gender equality, and projects that increase women's participation in the workforce have been supported. Social and economic development of countries accelerates as women take part in the labor market and work on equal terms with men in the labor market. In this study, it is aimed to examine the difference between men and women in the labor market and female employment in selected countries and regions using ILO, Word Bank and OECD data. It focuses on the difficulties experienced by women in the labor market and the barriers women face when entering the labor market. By emphasizing the importance of women's position in the economy, proposals, conventions, and decisions prepared by international organizations to prevent gender inequality in the labor market for the social and economic development of countries and to prevent all kinds of violence and discrimination against women are examined. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the positive relationship between women's role in the labor market and economic and social development, and to offer solutions and policy recommendations to prevent gender inequalities in the labor market for the sustainable economic and social development of countries.},
-  affiliation = {S\"umer, I (Corresponding Author), Yildiz Tech Univ, Fac Econ \& Adm Sci, Dept Econ, Istanbul, Turkey. Sumer, Irem; Altan, Meral, Yildiz Tech Univ, Fac Econ \& Adm Sci, Dept Econ, Istanbul, Turkey.},
+  affiliation = {S{\"u}mer, I (Corresponding Author), Yildiz Tech Univ, Fac Econ \& Adm Sci, Dept Econ, Istanbul, Turkey. Sumer, Irem; Altan, Meral, Yildiz Tech Univ, Fac Econ \& Adm Sci, Dept Econ, Istanbul, Turkey.},
   author-email = {iremsumer\_1994@hotmail.com meral.uzunoz@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -71310,7 +77180,7 @@ inequality:
   year = {2023 FEB 3 2023},
   journal = {PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS},
   doi = {10.1177/00333549231151661},
-  abstract = {Objective: Parental leave and breastfeeding breaks influence the ability to initiate and continue breastfeeding. We investigated how eligibility criteria in the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Affordable Care Act (ACA) affect access to unpaid parental leave and breastfeeding breaks and assessed affordability and alternative policy models. Methods: We used family income data to assess the affordability of unpaid leave by race and ethnicity. We used 2017-2018 US Current Population Survey data to determine the percentage of private sector workers aged 18-44 years who met the minimum hour (1250 hours of work during a 12-month period), tenure (12 months), and firm size (\textquestiondown = 50 employees) requirements of FMLA and ACA. We analyzed eligibility by gender, race and ethnicity, and age. We also examined parental leave and breastfeeding break policies in 193 countries. Results: Most Latinx (66.9\%), Black (60.2\%), and White (55.3\%) workers were ineligible and/or unlikely to be able to afford to take unpaid FMLA leave. Of 69 534 workers, more women (16.9\%) than men (10.3\%) did not meet the minimum hour requirement. Minimum tenure excluded 23.7\% of all workers and 42.2\% of women aged 18-24 years. Minimum firm size excluded 30.3\% of all workers and 37.7\% of Latinx workers. Of 27 520 women, 28.8\% (including 32.9\% of Latina women) were excluded from ACA breastfeeding breaks because of firm size. Nearly all other countries guaranteed mothers paid leave regardless of firm size or minimum hours and guaranteed \textquestiondown = 6 months of paid leave or breastfeeding breaks. Conclusions: Adopting a comprehensive, inclusive paid parental leave policy and closing gaps in breastfeeding break legislation would remove work-related barriers to breastfeeding; reduce racial, ethnic, and gender inequities; and align US national policies with global norms.},
+  abstract = {Objective: Parental leave and breastfeeding breaks influence the ability to initiate and continue breastfeeding. We investigated how eligibility criteria in the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Affordable Care Act (ACA) affect access to unpaid parental leave and breastfeeding breaks and assessed affordability and alternative policy models. Methods: We used family income data to assess the affordability of unpaid leave by race and ethnicity. We used 2017-2018 US Current Population Survey data to determine the percentage of private sector workers aged 18-44 years who met the minimum hour (1250 hours of work during a 12-month period), tenure (12 months), and firm size ({\textquestiondown}= 50 employees) requirements of FMLA and ACA. We analyzed eligibility by gender, race and ethnicity, and age. We also examined parental leave and breastfeeding break policies in 193 countries. Results: Most Latinx (66.9\%), Black (60.2\%), and White (55.3\%) workers were ineligible and/or unlikely to be able to afford to take unpaid FMLA leave. Of 69 534 workers, more women (16.9\%) than men (10.3\%) did not meet the minimum hour requirement. Minimum tenure excluded 23.7\% of all workers and 42.2\% of women aged 18-24 years. Minimum firm size excluded 30.3\% of all workers and 37.7\% of Latinx workers. Of 27 520 women, 28.8\% (including 32.9\% of Latina women) were excluded from ACA breastfeeding breaks because of firm size. Nearly all other countries guaranteed mothers paid leave regardless of firm size or minimum hours and guaranteed {\textquestiondown}= 6 months of paid leave or breastfeeding breaks. Conclusions: Adopting a comprehensive, inclusive paid parental leave policy and closing gaps in breastfeeding break legislation would remove work-related barriers to breastfeeding; reduce racial, ethnic, and gender inequities; and align US national policies with global norms.},
   affiliation = {Sprague, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, WORLD Policy Anal Ctr, 621 Charles Young Dr S,2213-LSB, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Sprague, Aleta; Earle, Alison; Moreno, Gonzalo; Raub, Amy; Waisath, Willetta; Heymann, Jody, Univ Calif Los Angeles, WORLD Policy Anal Ctr, Los Angeles, CA USA. Heymann, Jody, Univ Calif Los Angeles, Fielding Sch Publ Hlth, Luskin Sch Publ Affairs, Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Sprague, Aleta, Univ Calif Los Angeles, WORLD Policy Anal Ctr, 621 Charles Young Dr S,2213-LSB, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.},
   author-email = {asprague@ph.ucla.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -71335,7 +77205,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {5},
   pages = {179+},
   abstract = {The intersections of work, family, and life relations are a fundamental component of gender research and the pursuit of the United Nations' Social Development Goal 5: Gender Equality. This chapter takes a social sustainability approach to exploring the diversity of these realities for men, women and further genders worldwide. Both societal and policy-focused solutions are necessary to correct the historical inequalities in gendered care and unpaid labor.},
-  affiliation = {Niemist\"o, C (Corresponding Author), Hanken Sch Econ, GODESS Inst, Management \& Org, Helsinki, Finland. Niemisto, Charlotta; Kehn, Carolyn, Hanken Sch Econ, GODESS Inst, Management \& Org, Helsinki, Finland. Hearn, Jeff, Hanken Sch Econ, Management \& Org, Helsinki, Finland. Hearn, Jeff, Orebro Univ, Gender Studies, Orebro, Sweden. Hearn, Jeff, Univ Huddersfield, Behav Sci, Sociol, Huddersfield, W Yorkshire, England.},
+  affiliation = {Niemist{\"o}, C (Corresponding Author), Hanken Sch Econ, GODESS Inst, Management \& Org, Helsinki, Finland. Niemisto, Charlotta; Kehn, Carolyn, Hanken Sch Econ, GODESS Inst, Management \& Org, Helsinki, Finland. Hearn, Jeff, Hanken Sch Econ, Management \& Org, Helsinki, Finland. Hearn, Jeff, Orebro Univ, Gender Studies, Orebro, Sweden. Hearn, Jeff, Univ Huddersfield, Behav Sci, Sociol, Huddersfield, W Yorkshire, England.},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
   research-areas = {Social Sciences - Other Topics; Women's Studies},
@@ -71422,7 +77292,7 @@ inequality:
 
 @article{WOS:000930523000001,
   type = {Article},
-  title = {High-Resolution {{PM}}\textexclamdown sub\textquestiondown 2.5\textexclamdown/Sub\textquestiondown{} Emissions and Associated Health Impact Inequalities in an Indian District},
+  title = {High-Resolution {{PM}}{\textexclamdown}sub{\textquestiondown}2.5{\textexclamdown}/Sub{\textquestiondown} Emissions and Associated Health Impact Inequalities in an Indian District},
   author = {Tomar, Gaurav and Nagpure, Ajay Singh and Jain, Yash and Kumar, Vivek},
   year = {2023},
   month = feb,
@@ -71717,7 +77587,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {149},
   number = {2},
   doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-030502},
-  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESRace is an important predictor of breastfeeding prevalence in the United States, with rates being lowest among Black populations. The Communities and Hospitals Advancing Maternity Practices (CHAMPS) program works with hospitals and communities to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, increase breastfeeding rates, and decrease racial disparities in breastfeeding. The aims of Mississippi CHAMPS were to (1) increase breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity and (2) decrease racial disparities in breastfeeding by increasing the number of Baby-Friendly hospitals in the state from 2014 to 2020. METHODSMississippi hospitals enrolled into the CHAMPS initiative from 2014 to 2019 and received an intensive quality improvement and technical assistance intervention to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Community partners and statewide organizations provided parallel support. Hospitals submitted monthly aggregate data stratified by race on breastfeeding (outcome measure), skin-to-skin care, and rooming-in practices (process measures). RESULTSBetween 2014 and 2020, the number of Baby-Friendly hospitals in Mississippi rose from 0 to 22. Breastfeeding initiation in the hospitals increased from 56\% to 66\% (P \textexclamdown{} .05), and the disparity between Black and White dyads decreased by 17 percentage points, an average of 0.176 percentage points each month (95\% confidence interval: -0.060 to -0.292). Exclusivity increased from 26\% to 37\% (P \textexclamdown{} .05). Skin-to-skin and rooming-in rates increased significantly for all dyads: 31\% to 91\% (P \textexclamdown{} .01) for skin-to-skin after vaginal birth, 20\% to 86\% (P \textexclamdown{} .01) for skin-to-skin after cesarean delivery, and 19\% to 86\% (P \textexclamdown{} .01) for rooming-in. CONCLUSIONSOver the course of the CHAMPS program, there were significant increases in breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity, and decreases in racial inequities in breastfeeding initiation. Mississippi CHAMPS addressed racial inequities in breastfeeding by implementing community and hospital-based practice changes in accordance with the BFHI and by parallel community work.},
+  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESRace is an important predictor of breastfeeding prevalence in the United States, with rates being lowest among Black populations. The Communities and Hospitals Advancing Maternity Practices (CHAMPS) program works with hospitals and communities to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, increase breastfeeding rates, and decrease racial disparities in breastfeeding. The aims of Mississippi CHAMPS were to (1) increase breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity and (2) decrease racial disparities in breastfeeding by increasing the number of Baby-Friendly hospitals in the state from 2014 to 2020. METHODSMississippi hospitals enrolled into the CHAMPS initiative from 2014 to 2019 and received an intensive quality improvement and technical assistance intervention to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Community partners and statewide organizations provided parallel support. Hospitals submitted monthly aggregate data stratified by race on breastfeeding (outcome measure), skin-to-skin care, and rooming-in practices (process measures). RESULTSBetween 2014 and 2020, the number of Baby-Friendly hospitals in Mississippi rose from 0 to 22. Breastfeeding initiation in the hospitals increased from 56\% to 66\% (P {\textexclamdown} .05), and the disparity between Black and White dyads decreased by 17 percentage points, an average of 0.176 percentage points each month (95\% confidence interval: -0.060 to -0.292). Exclusivity increased from 26\% to 37\% (P {\textexclamdown} .05). Skin-to-skin and rooming-in rates increased significantly for all dyads: 31\% to 91\% (P {\textexclamdown} .01) for skin-to-skin after vaginal birth, 20\% to 86\% (P {\textexclamdown} .01) for skin-to-skin after cesarean delivery, and 19\% to 86\% (P {\textexclamdown} .01) for rooming-in. CONCLUSIONSOver the course of the CHAMPS program, there were significant increases in breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity, and decreases in racial inequities in breastfeeding initiation. Mississippi CHAMPS addressed racial inequities in breastfeeding by implementing community and hospital-based practice changes in accordance with the BFHI and by parallel community work.},
   affiliation = {Merewood, A (Corresponding Author), Boston Med Ctr, Div Gen Pediat, 801 Albany St, Boston, MA 02119 USA. Burnham, Laura; Knapp, Rebecca; Beliveau, Paige; Merewood, Anne, Boston Med Ctr, Div Gen Pediat, Boston, MA USA. Bugg, Kimarie, Reaching Our Sisters Everywhere Inc, Lithonia, Georgia. Nickel, Nathan, Univ Manitoba, Max Rady Coll Med, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Feldman-Winter, Lori, Rowan Univ, Dept Pediat, Cooper Med Sch, Camden, NJ USA. Feldman-Winter, Lori, Cooper Univ Healthcare, Childrens Reg Hosp, Camden, NJ USA.},
   author-email = {anne.merewood@bmc.org},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -71765,7 +77635,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {351--379},
   doi = {10.1007/s10888-022-09560-8},
   abstract = {We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. In terms of employment, as measured by having positive monthly earnings, the pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. In terms of earnings conditional on being employed, the effect was still more negative for women, but less negative for private-sector workers compared to publicly employed. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic.},
-  affiliation = {Waldenstr\"om, D (Corresponding Author), Res Inst Ind Econ IFN, Stockholm, Sweden. Waldenstr\"om, D (Corresponding Author), CESifo, CEPR, IZA, WIL, Munich, Germany. Angelov, Nikolay, Swedish Tax Agcy, Sundbyberg, Sweden. Angelov, Nikolay, Uppsala Ctr Fiscal Studies UCFS, Uppsala, Sweden. Waldenstrom, Daniel, Res Inst Ind Econ IFN, Stockholm, Sweden. Waldenstrom, Daniel, CESifo, CEPR, IZA, WIL, Munich, Germany.},
+  affiliation = {Waldenstr{\"o}m, D (Corresponding Author), Res Inst Ind Econ IFN, Stockholm, Sweden. Waldenstr{\"o}m, D (Corresponding Author), CESifo, CEPR, IZA, WIL, Munich, Germany. Angelov, Nikolay, Swedish Tax Agcy, Sundbyberg, Sweden. Angelov, Nikolay, Uppsala Ctr Fiscal Studies UCFS, Uppsala, Sweden. Waldenstrom, Daniel, Res Inst Ind Econ IFN, Stockholm, Sweden. Waldenstrom, Daniel, CESifo, CEPR, IZA, WIL, Munich, Germany.},
   author-email = {nikolay@angelov.cc daniel.waldenstrom@ifn.se},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2023},
@@ -71860,7 +77730,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {20},
   doi = {10.1186/s12960-023-00801-z},
   abstract = {IntroductionRural pipeline approach has recently gain prominent recognition in improving the availability of health workers in hard-to-reach areas such as rural and poor regions. Understanding implications for its successful implementation is important to guide health policy and decision-makers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to synthesize the evidence on rural pipeline implementation and impacts in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review using Joanna Briggs Institute guidebook. We searched in PubMed and Google scholar databases and the grey literature. We conducted a thematic analysis to assess the studies. Data were reported following the PRISMA extension for Scoping reviews guidelines.ResultsOf the 443 references identified through database searching, 22 met the inclusion criteria. Rural pipeline pillars that generated impacts included ensuring that more rural students are selected into programmes; developing a curriculum oriented towards rural health and rural exposure during training; curriculum oriented to rural health delivery; and ensuring retention of health workers in rural areas through educational and professional support. These impacts varied from one pillar to another and included: increased in number of rural health practitioners; reduction in communication barriers between healthcare providers and community members; changes in household economic and social circumstances especially for students from poor family; improvement of health services quality; improved health education and promotion within rural communities; and motivation of community members to enrol their children in school. However, implementation of rural pipeline resulted in some unintended impacts such as perceived workload increased by trainee's supervisors; increased job absenteeism among senior health providers; patients' discomfort of being attended by students; perceived poor quality care provided by students which influenced health facilities attendance. Facilitating factors of rural pipeline implementation included: availability of learning infrastructures in rural areas; ensuring students' accommodation and safety; setting no age restriction for students applying for rural medical schools; and appropriate academic capacity-building programmes for medical students. Implementation challenges included poor preparation of rural health training schools' candidates; tuition fees payment; limited access to rural health facilities for students training; inadequate living and working conditions; and perceived discrimination of rural health workers.ConclusionThis review advocates for combined implementation of rural pipeline pillars, taking into account the specificity of country context. Policy and decision-makers in sub-Saharan Africa should extend rural training programmes to involve nurses, midwives and other allied health professionals. Decision-makers in sub-Saharan Africa should also commit more for improving rural living and working environments to facilitate the implementation of rural health workforce development programmes.},
-  affiliation = {Koli\'e, D (Corresponding Author), Minist Hlth, Maferinyah Natl Training \& Res Ctr Rural Hlth, Forecariah, Guinea. Kolie, Delphin, Minist Hlth, Maferinyah Natl Training \& Res Ctr Rural Hlth, Forecariah, Guinea. Van De Pas, Remco, Inst Trop Med Antwerp, Dept Publ Hlth, Antwerp, Belgium. Codjia, Laurence; Zurn, Pascal, World Hlth Org, Dept Hlth Workforce, Geneva, Switzerland.},
+  affiliation = {Koli{\'e}, D (Corresponding Author), Minist Hlth, Maferinyah Natl Training \& Res Ctr Rural Hlth, Forecariah, Guinea. Kolie, Delphin, Minist Hlth, Maferinyah Natl Training \& Res Ctr Rural Hlth, Forecariah, Guinea. Van De Pas, Remco, Inst Trop Med Antwerp, Dept Publ Hlth, Antwerp, Belgium. Codjia, Laurence; Zurn, Pascal, World Hlth Org, Dept Hlth Workforce, Geneva, Switzerland.},
   author-email = {dkolie@maferinyah.org},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -72042,7 +77912,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {139--161},
   doi = {10.18800/debatesensociologia.202202.006},
   abstract = {In Spain, the role of women within trade unions is little known. The purpose of this article is to describe the asymmetrical position of many women with respect to that of men in different facets of the life trajectory, that is, in the reproductive, productive and trade union work. It particularly analyzes the expressions of these inequalities in women who opted for professions in the field of social welfare and trade unionism, in the specific areas of health, education and social services. Traditionally feminized spaces and professions, in which their equivalence is not shown in the affiliation and leader-ship of trade union organizations.With the intention of understanding these manifestations, life history is used under the qualita-tive approach, a technique that allows transcending individual narratives to a collective experience. During the analysis, in which their biographies are traversed from domestic to professional places, it is observed how in the exercise of their union action converge those dynamics that have been legiti-mizing, over time, this gender differentiation. These are reiterated both in their formulas of internal trade union organization and in their participation strategies on employment and the labor market.},
-  affiliation = {L\'opez-Garc\'ia, IM (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain. Lopez-Garcia, Irene Maria, Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {L{\'o}pez-Garc{\'i}a, IM (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain. Lopez-Garcia, Irene Maria, Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain.},
   author-email = {irene.lopez@uca.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -72335,7 +78205,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {5},
   pages = {874--884},
   doi = {10.1097/CORR.0000000000002526},
-  abstract = {BackgroundA patient's experience with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is influenced by many psychosocial contributors that can influence the impact of pain. Such factors are known to explain some of the discordance between objective clinical parameters and patient-reported levels of disability and treatment effectiveness. However, few data are available to help clinicians understand the psychosocial factors that apply to the world's many Asian populations. Insights gained from a qualitative study in such a population may support targeted interventions.Questions/purposesIn this qualitative study involving a group of Asian patients with knee OA in Singapore, we asked: (1) What psychologic factors contribute to patients' experiences, rehabilitation, and recovery? (2) What social factors contribute to patients' experiences, rehabilitation, and recovery?MethodsSemistructured interviews eliciting broad patient experiences of managing knee OA were conducted in an urban, referral-based tertiary hospital in central Singapore. Patients were recruited if they met either of the following criteria: Kellgren-Lawrence grade \textquestiondown = 3 (minimum of one knee); Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score \textexclamdown = 60; or the Pain average (P), interference with Enjoyment of life (E), and interference with General activity (G) (PEG) \textquestiondown = 5. All patients had a clinical diagnosis of knee OA, were ambulatory in the community with or without a walking aid, had not undergone partial arthroplasty or TKA, were prescribed nonsurgical treatment, and were conversant in either English or Mandarin. Forty-six patients (30 women and 16 men, mean age 64 years old) were recruited for this study. A thematic analysis with elements of grounded theory and framework analysis was performed using a deductive approach. Psychologic influences specific to patients' behavioral and emotional responses to pain, as well as social factors known to have an impact on the experience of managing knee OA, were identified in the interview transcripts and coded according to established factors from earlier research. An inductive thematic analysis was then applied to the remaining transcripts to identify new themes that emerged from the data. Thematic saturation was attained when study team members agreed data and thematic sufficiency were met in the 46 transcripts. The study team discussed and deemed the 46 transcripts to contain sufficient insights for a reasonably clear understanding of the codes and development of themes to answer the study's research questions.ResultsSix main themes related to psychosocial influences on pain emerged. Psychologic factors were ``loss of face'' because of knee OA, anticipation and avoidance of pain and suffering, and a vicious cycle of negative emotional experiences. The social factors we identified were social and family support, workplace environment and employment uncertainty, and built environment (patients' ability to navigate manmade structures and facilities).ConclusionPsychosocial factors have an important impact on patients' physical, psychologic, and social functioning. Although several of our findings have been addressed previously, the phenomenon of loss of face and the wide spectrum of social and family support dynamics found in our Asian patients with knee OA were new findings. With loss of face, patients were concerned about how others would view the change in them, including movement changes because of knee OA. They appeared to associate the use of walking canes with major disability, loss of respect, and being discriminated against by others, motivating patients to ``save face'' by dissociating themselves from those stigmas, even at the cost of mobility and independence. An interplay of complex cultural processes (perceived social roles and contributions to family, desire to avoid burdening family, help-seeking behavior, and the preference for unsolicited social support) underpinned by the value of collectivism impacted the behaviors and choices patients exhibited.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundA patient's experience with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is influenced by many psychosocial contributors that can influence the impact of pain. Such factors are known to explain some of the discordance between objective clinical parameters and patient-reported levels of disability and treatment effectiveness. However, few data are available to help clinicians understand the psychosocial factors that apply to the world's many Asian populations. Insights gained from a qualitative study in such a population may support targeted interventions.Questions/purposesIn this qualitative study involving a group of Asian patients with knee OA in Singapore, we asked: (1) What psychologic factors contribute to patients' experiences, rehabilitation, and recovery? (2) What social factors contribute to patients' experiences, rehabilitation, and recovery?MethodsSemistructured interviews eliciting broad patient experiences of managing knee OA were conducted in an urban, referral-based tertiary hospital in central Singapore. Patients were recruited if they met either of the following criteria: Kellgren-Lawrence grade {\textquestiondown}= 3 (minimum of one knee); Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score {\textexclamdown}= 60; or the Pain average (P), interference with Enjoyment of life (E), and interference with General activity (G) (PEG) {\textquestiondown}= 5. All patients had a clinical diagnosis of knee OA, were ambulatory in the community with or without a walking aid, had not undergone partial arthroplasty or TKA, were prescribed nonsurgical treatment, and were conversant in either English or Mandarin. Forty-six patients (30 women and 16 men, mean age 64 years old) were recruited for this study. A thematic analysis with elements of grounded theory and framework analysis was performed using a deductive approach. Psychologic influences specific to patients' behavioral and emotional responses to pain, as well as social factors known to have an impact on the experience of managing knee OA, were identified in the interview transcripts and coded according to established factors from earlier research. An inductive thematic analysis was then applied to the remaining transcripts to identify new themes that emerged from the data. Thematic saturation was attained when study team members agreed data and thematic sufficiency were met in the 46 transcripts. The study team discussed and deemed the 46 transcripts to contain sufficient insights for a reasonably clear understanding of the codes and development of themes to answer the study's research questions.ResultsSix main themes related to psychosocial influences on pain emerged. Psychologic factors were ``loss of face'' because of knee OA, anticipation and avoidance of pain and suffering, and a vicious cycle of negative emotional experiences. The social factors we identified were social and family support, workplace environment and employment uncertainty, and built environment (patients' ability to navigate manmade structures and facilities).ConclusionPsychosocial factors have an important impact on patients' physical, psychologic, and social functioning. Although several of our findings have been addressed previously, the phenomenon of loss of face and the wide spectrum of social and family support dynamics found in our Asian patients with knee OA were new findings. With loss of face, patients were concerned about how others would view the change in them, including movement changes because of knee OA. They appeared to associate the use of walking canes with major disability, loss of respect, and being discriminated against by others, motivating patients to ``save face'' by dissociating themselves from those stigmas, even at the cost of mobility and independence. An interplay of complex cultural processes (perceived social roles and contributions to family, desire to avoid burdening family, help-seeking behavior, and the preference for unsolicited social support) underpinned by the value of collectivism impacted the behaviors and choices patients exhibited.},
   affiliation = {Tan, BY (Corresponding Author), Natl Healthcare Grp, Dept Orthoped Surg, Woodlands Hlth, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore. Yang, Su-Yin, Psychol Serv, Woodlands Hlth, Natl Hlth Grp, Singapore, Singapore. Woon, Eugene Yong Sheng; Griva, Konstadina, Nanyang Technol Univ, Lee Kong Chian Sch Med, Singapore, Singapore. Tan, Bryan Yijia, Natl Healthcare Grp, Dept Orthoped Surg, Woodlands Hlth, Singapore, Singapore. Tan, Bryan Yijia, Natl Healthcare Grp, Dept Orthoped Surg, Woodlands Hlth, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore.},
   author-email = {su\_yin\_yang@whc.sg woon0038@e.ntu.edu.sg konstadina.griva@ntu.edu.sg btanyj@hotmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -72452,7 +78322,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {1164516},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164516},
   abstract = {In recent decades, there has been a massive incorporation of women into the labor market. However, the belief that certain jobs or business functions can be performed better by people of one gender than the other has not allowed for widespread changes in the business culture to achieve effective equality between women and men in companies. Examples of this are unequal access to employment, vertical and horizontal segregation in occupations, wage discrimination, problems in reconciling personal and professional life, or difficulties in accessing management positions in companies (glass ceiling). Other determinants of gender inequalities have been long working hours, as well as the presence of employees, characteristic of European business culture. The progress achieved to date began with the incorporation of women into the labor market under unequal conditions that soon called for the need to establish a regulatory framework to try to eradicate them. The legal status of women in Europe has undoubtedly improved as a result of the development of European regulations, which have been binding in the development of business policies in the Member States and have succeeded in modifying the organizational climate through proposals such as the development of Equality Plans or salary audits. Examples of the most recent legislative initiatives of the European Union on equality that affect business practices are Directive 2022/2041/EC on adequate minimum wages in the European Union or Directive 2022/2381/EC on a better gender balance among directors of listed companies. This study attempts to systematize the changes in the legislation on effective equality between men and women in business and to analyze its effect on organizational culture through the information available in the statistics on gender equality-mainly from the European Union-which gather quantitative and qualitative information on the adaptation of business culture to the new legal framework and the overcoming of gender stereotypes that have been guiding business management in the last decade.},
-  affiliation = {Gallo, NA (Corresponding Author), Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Fac Law \& Social Sci, Dept Appl Econ, Madrid, Spain. Gallo, NA (Corresponding Author), Complutense Univ Madrid UCM, Complutense Inst Int Studies ICEI, Madrid, Spain. L\'opez, IG (Corresponding Author), Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Dept Business Econ, Madrid, Spain. Gallo, Nuria Alonso, Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Fac Law \& Social Sci, Dept Appl Econ, Madrid, Spain. Gallo, Nuria Alonso, Complutense Univ Madrid UCM, Complutense Inst Int Studies ICEI, Madrid, Spain. Lopez, Irene Gutierrez, Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Dept Business Econ, Madrid, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Gallo, NA (Corresponding Author), Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Fac Law \& Social Sci, Dept Appl Econ, Madrid, Spain. Gallo, NA (Corresponding Author), Complutense Univ Madrid UCM, Complutense Inst Int Studies ICEI, Madrid, Spain. L{\'o}pez, IG (Corresponding Author), Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Dept Business Econ, Madrid, Spain. Gallo, Nuria Alonso, Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Fac Law \& Social Sci, Dept Appl Econ, Madrid, Spain. Gallo, Nuria Alonso, Complutense Univ Madrid UCM, Complutense Inst Int Studies ICEI, Madrid, Spain. Lopez, Irene Gutierrez, Rey Juan Carlos Univ URJC, Dept Business Econ, Madrid, Spain.},
   author-email = {nuria.alonso@urjc.es irene.gutierrez@urjc.es},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   langid = {english},
@@ -72495,7 +78365,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {23},
   number = {718},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-023-15620-z},
-  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014.MethodsThe study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014.ResultsThe study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95\% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95\% CI: 3.4\textendash 3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95\% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4\% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education.ConclusionThe lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.},
+  abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014.MethodsThe study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014.ResultsThe study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95\% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95\% CI: 3.4{\textendash}3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95\% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4\% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education.ConclusionThe lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.},
   affiliation = {Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Ghent, Fac Med \& Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth \& Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium. Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, POB 3027000100, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, James; Gatimu, Samwel Maina; Temmerman, Marleen; Luchters, Stanley, Univ Ghent, Fac Med \& Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth \& Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium. Orwa, James, Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, James, Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, POB 3027000100, Nairobi, Kenya. Gatimu, Samwel Maina, Diabetic Foot Fdn Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. Ariho, Paulino, Makerere Univ, Sch Stat \& Planning, Dept Populat Studies, Kampala, Uganda. Temmerman, Marleen, Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women \& Child Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Luchters, Stanley, Ctr Sexual Hlth \& HIV AIDS Res CeSHHAR, Harare, Zimbabwe. Luchters, Stanley, Liverpool Sch Trop Med LSTM, Liverpool, Lancashire, England.},
   author-email = {orwa.ariaro35@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -72721,7 +78591,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {REGIONAL STATISTICS},
   doi = {10.15196/RS130301},
   abstract = {Women's participation in the labour market in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic (CAPADOM) is low by international standards. Increasing their participation is a goal of many policymakers who want to improve women's access to quality employment. This study uses data from CAPADOM to assess whether gender equality in the law increases women's participation in the labour force and, if that is the case, the extent to which this boosts GDP per capita. To do so, the authors use a panel VAR model. The results show that CAPADOM could increase female labour participation rate by 6 percentage points (pp) and GDP per capita by 1 pp by introducing gender-related legal changes such as equal pay for equal work, paid parental leave, and allowing women to do all the same jobs as men.},
-  affiliation = {Rodr\'iguez-Caballero, CV (Corresponding Author), ITAM, Dept Stat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Rodr\'iguez-Caballero, CV (Corresponding Author), Aarhus Univ, CREATES, Aarhus, Denmark. Lopez-Marmolejo, Arnoldo, Interamer Dev Bank IDB, Washington, DC USA. Rodriguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, ITAM, Dept Stat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Rodriguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, Aarhus Univ, CREATES, Aarhus, Denmark.},
+  affiliation = {Rodr{\'i}guez-Caballero, CV (Corresponding Author), ITAM, Dept Stat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Rodr{\'i}guez-Caballero, CV (Corresponding Author), Aarhus Univ, CREATES, Aarhus, Denmark. Lopez-Marmolejo, Arnoldo, Interamer Dev Bank IDB, Washington, DC USA. Rodriguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, ITAM, Dept Stat, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Rodriguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, Aarhus Univ, CREATES, Aarhus, Denmark.},
   author-email = {vladimir.rodriguez@itam.mx},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {MAY 2023},
@@ -72745,7 +78615,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {4},
   pages = {671--680},
   doi = {10.1177/00333549231170203},
-  abstract = {Objective: While much has been reported about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity, longitudinal data and the variability experienced by people working in various industries are limited. This study aims to further characterize people experiencing food insecurity during the pandemic in terms of employment, sociodemographic characteristics, and degree of food insecurity. Methods: The study sample consisted of people enrolled in the Communities, Households and SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology (CHASING) COVID Cohort Study from visit 1 (April-July 2020) through visit 7 (May-June 2021). We created weights to account for participants with incomplete or missing data. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to determine employment and sociodemographic correlates of food insecurity. We also examined patterns of food insecurity and use of food support programs. Results: Of 6740 participants, 39.6\% (n = 2670) were food insecure. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic (vs non-Hispanic White) participants, participants in households with children (vs no children), and participants with lower (vs higher) income and education levels had higher odds of food insecurity. By industry, people employed in construction, leisure and hospitality, and trade, transportation, and utilities industries had the highest prevalence of both food insecurity and income loss. Among participants reporting food insecurity, 42.0\% (1122 of 2670) were persistently food insecure (\textquestiondown = 4 consecutive visits) and 43.9\% (1172 of 2670) did not use any food support programs. Conclusions: The pandemic resulted in widespread food insecurity in our cohort, much of which was persistent. In addition to addressing sociodemographic disparities, future policies should focus on the needs of those working in industries vulnerable to economic disruption and ensure those experiencing food insecurity can access food support programs for which they are eligible.},
+  abstract = {Objective: While much has been reported about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity, longitudinal data and the variability experienced by people working in various industries are limited. This study aims to further characterize people experiencing food insecurity during the pandemic in terms of employment, sociodemographic characteristics, and degree of food insecurity. Methods: The study sample consisted of people enrolled in the Communities, Households and SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology (CHASING) COVID Cohort Study from visit 1 (April-July 2020) through visit 7 (May-June 2021). We created weights to account for participants with incomplete or missing data. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to determine employment and sociodemographic correlates of food insecurity. We also examined patterns of food insecurity and use of food support programs. Results: Of 6740 participants, 39.6\% (n = 2670) were food insecure. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic (vs non-Hispanic White) participants, participants in households with children (vs no children), and participants with lower (vs higher) income and education levels had higher odds of food insecurity. By industry, people employed in construction, leisure and hospitality, and trade, transportation, and utilities industries had the highest prevalence of both food insecurity and income loss. Among participants reporting food insecurity, 42.0\% (1122 of 2670) were persistently food insecure ({\textquestiondown}= 4 consecutive visits) and 43.9\% (1172 of 2670) did not use any food support programs. Conclusions: The pandemic resulted in widespread food insecurity in our cohort, much of which was persistent. In addition to addressing sociodemographic disparities, future policies should focus on the needs of those working in industries vulnerable to economic disruption and ensure those experiencing food insecurity can access food support programs for which they are eligible.},
   affiliation = {Ng, Y (Corresponding Author), CUNY, Urban Food Policy Inst, Grad Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Policy, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027 USA. Ng, Yvette; Cohen, Nevin, CUNY, Urban Food Policy Inst, Grad Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Policy, New York, NY USA. Chang, Mindy; Robertson, McKaylee; Grov, Christian; Maroko, Andrew; Zimba, Rebecca; Westmoreland, Drew; Rane, Madhura; Mirzayi, Chloe; Parcesepe, Angela M.; Kulkarni, Sarah; Salgado-You, William; Nash, Denis, CUNY, Inst Implementat Sci Populat Hlth, New York, NY USA. Grov, Christian, CUNY, Grad Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Policy, Dept Community Hlth \& Social Sci, New York, NY USA. Maroko, Andrew, CUNY, Grad Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Policy, Dept Environm Occupat \& Geospatial Hlth Sci, New York, NY USA. Mirzayi, Chloe; Nash, Denis, CUNY, Grad Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Policy, Dept Epidemiol \& Biostat, New York, NY USA. Parcesepe, Angela M., Univ N Carolina, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Parcesepe, Angela M., Univ N Carolina, Carolina Populat Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ng, Yvette, CUNY, Urban Food Policy Inst, Grad Sch Publ Hlth \& Hlth Policy, 55 W 125th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.},
   author-email = {yvette.ng80@sphmail.cuny.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -73612,7 +79482,7 @@ inequality:
   year = {2023 AUG 4 2023},
   journal = {AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD},
   doi = {10.1089/aut.2022.0069},
-  abstract = {Community brief Why is this an important issue?Employment is important for income, quality of life, and the ability to get the supports or services a person needs. Autistic adults are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed when compared with neurotypical adults and people with other disabilities. There are many environmental barriers to participating in adult activities in the community, but issues with transportation are a primary barrier. In previous research, a high number of autistic adults (72\%) reported that they had missed some of their desired activities due to lack of transportation. It is important to understand the relationship between transportation and employment to know how to overcome barriers and improve employment options for autistic adults who want to work. What was the purpose of this research?The purpose of this research was to look at transportation and employment status (i.e., employed or unemployed). Specifically, this study compared types of transportation used and perceived barriers to transportation between autistic adults who were employed and those who were unemployed. What did the researchers do?Information was collected from 1120 autistic adults through a large statewide survey, which included questions about employment and transportation. Information from autistic adults who were employed and those who were not employed was compared. What were the results of the study?Results of this comparison showed that participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves and less likely to take rides from other people or to use service transportation. Those who were employed also reported fewer barriers to public transportation. Barriers such as crime, planning a trip, treatment by fellow passengers, cost, knowledge on how to use public transportation, and sensory overload were identified by more people who were unemployed than by people who were employed. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?The study identified specific barriers to transportation for autistic adults who are unemployed. This information can help to guide supports and policies to reduce barriers for travel needed for employment. In addition, results of this study can help guide future research to develop or identify the transportation skills needed for travel to work for autistic adults. Background: Autistic adults are significantly unemployed or underemployed even compared with other disability groups. Employment is a social determinant that, when satisfied, closely influences health-related quality of life. For autistic adults, environmental barriers to transportation can impact the ability to get to employment resulting in limited employment opportunities. This study provides a closer examination of the association between transportation use and employment status.Objective: To examine the use of different types of transportation and barriers to public transit by employed and unemployed autistic adults.Method: The data were from a large statewide study conducted between May 2017 and June 2018 using the Pennsylvania Autism Needs Assessment (PANA), in which information about employment and transportation use was obtained from autistic adults who were residents of Pennsylvania. The study sample included 1120 autistic adults (M-age = 28.03 years, standard deviation = 9.84; 70\% men; 82\% non-Hispanic White).Results: Participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves than those who were unemployed (45\% vs. 21\%, p \textexclamdown{} 0.001), while they were less likely to take rides from others (62\% vs. 75\%, p \textexclamdown{} 0.001) or use service transportation (11\% vs. 18\%, p = 0.001). For barriers to public transit, the results identified that employed participants reported fewer barriers to public transportation than unemployed participants with a small effect size (1.98 vs. 2.54, d = 0.22).Conclusion: Employed autistic adults exercise more transportation independence. Unemployed autistic adults report more barriers to participation and lower ability to independently use public transportation. Future transportation and employment studies are necessary.},
+  abstract = {Community brief Why is this an important issue?Employment is important for income, quality of life, and the ability to get the supports or services a person needs. Autistic adults are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed when compared with neurotypical adults and people with other disabilities. There are many environmental barriers to participating in adult activities in the community, but issues with transportation are a primary barrier. In previous research, a high number of autistic adults (72\%) reported that they had missed some of their desired activities due to lack of transportation. It is important to understand the relationship between transportation and employment to know how to overcome barriers and improve employment options for autistic adults who want to work. What was the purpose of this research?The purpose of this research was to look at transportation and employment status (i.e., employed or unemployed). Specifically, this study compared types of transportation used and perceived barriers to transportation between autistic adults who were employed and those who were unemployed. What did the researchers do?Information was collected from 1120 autistic adults through a large statewide survey, which included questions about employment and transportation. Information from autistic adults who were employed and those who were not employed was compared. What were the results of the study?Results of this comparison showed that participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves and less likely to take rides from other people or to use service transportation. Those who were employed also reported fewer barriers to public transportation. Barriers such as crime, planning a trip, treatment by fellow passengers, cost, knowledge on how to use public transportation, and sensory overload were identified by more people who were unemployed than by people who were employed. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?The study identified specific barriers to transportation for autistic adults who are unemployed. This information can help to guide supports and policies to reduce barriers for travel needed for employment. In addition, results of this study can help guide future research to develop or identify the transportation skills needed for travel to work for autistic adults. Background: Autistic adults are significantly unemployed or underemployed even compared with other disability groups. Employment is a social determinant that, when satisfied, closely influences health-related quality of life. For autistic adults, environmental barriers to transportation can impact the ability to get to employment resulting in limited employment opportunities. This study provides a closer examination of the association between transportation use and employment status.Objective: To examine the use of different types of transportation and barriers to public transit by employed and unemployed autistic adults.Method: The data were from a large statewide study conducted between May 2017 and June 2018 using the Pennsylvania Autism Needs Assessment (PANA), in which information about employment and transportation use was obtained from autistic adults who were residents of Pennsylvania. The study sample included 1120 autistic adults (M-age = 28.03 years, standard deviation = 9.84; 70\% men; 82\% non-Hispanic White).Results: Participants who were employed were more likely to drive themselves than those who were unemployed (45\% vs. 21\%, p {\textexclamdown} 0.001), while they were less likely to take rides from others (62\% vs. 75\%, p {\textexclamdown} 0.001) or use service transportation (11\% vs. 18\%, p = 0.001). For barriers to public transit, the results identified that employed participants reported fewer barriers to public transportation than unemployed participants with a small effect size (1.98 vs. 2.54, d = 0.22).Conclusion: Employed autistic adults exercise more transportation independence. Unemployed autistic adults report more barriers to participation and lower ability to independently use public transportation. Future transportation and employment studies are necessary.},
   affiliation = {Pfeiffer, B (Corresponding Author), Temple Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Hlth \& Rehabil Sci, 1913 North Broad St,Mitten Hall,Suite 201, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. Pfeiffer, Beth; Davidson, Amber, Temple Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Hlth \& Rehabil Sci, Philadelphia, PA USA. Song, Wei; Shea, Lindsey, Drexel Univ, AJ Drexel Autism Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA. Salzer, Mark, Temple Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Social \& Behav Sci, Philadelphia, PA USA. Feeley, Cecilia, Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Adv Infrastruct \& Res, New Brunswick, NJ USA. Pfeiffer, Beth, Temple Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Hlth \& Rehabil Sci, 1913 North Broad St,Mitten Hall,Suite 201, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.},
   author-email = {bpfeiffe@temple.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -73634,7 +79504,7 @@ inequality:
   journal = {THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY},
   doi = {10.1080/01436597.2023.2240720},
   abstract = {This paper presents the results of two recent studies on gender, labour and mobility on the borders between Morocco and Spain. Industrial relocation and the feminised labour market was the first focus of our attention. Subsequently, we integrated research on cross-border labour markets, such as the small-scale commercial activity carried out by women. The objective of these studies is to understand the impacts of globalisation processes, such as industrial relocation and border dynamics, on the daily lives of women. Therefore, we consider theoretical approaches to female participation in emerging economic circuits in developing countries as a macro-vision that enables contextualisation at a micro-social level. At the micro level, our analysis draws from the notion of lived precariousness as a perspective that allows us to examine the testimonies and the meaning they give to their experience. The results not only indicate that the complexity of border life and its precariousness represent a challenge for women - who develop different ways of dealing with structural and cultural limits as they strive for more substantial autonomy and empowerment - but also provide a glimpse of a broader trend in female economic participation in these circuits that appears to reproduce gender inequalities and pose new obstacles.},
-  affiliation = {Sol\'is, M (Corresponding Author), Colegio Frontera Norte, Dept Social Studies, Tijuana, Mexico. Solis, Marlene, Colegio Frontera Norte, Dept Social Studies, Tijuana, Mexico. Soriano-Miras, Rosa Maria, Univ Granada, Dept Sociol, Granada, Spain. Fuentes-Lara, Cristina, Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Commun Sci \& Sociol, Madrid, Spain.},
+  affiliation = {Sol{\'i}s, M (Corresponding Author), Colegio Frontera Norte, Dept Social Studies, Tijuana, Mexico. Solis, Marlene, Colegio Frontera Norte, Dept Social Studies, Tijuana, Mexico. Soriano-Miras, Rosa Maria, Univ Granada, Dept Sociol, Granada, Spain. Fuentes-Lara, Cristina, Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Commun Sci \& Sociol, Madrid, Spain.},
   author-email = {msolis@colef.mx},
   da = {2023-11-02},
   earlyaccessdate = {JUL 2023},
@@ -73722,7 +79592,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {13},
   number = {8},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067813},
-  abstract = {Introduction In Manitoba, Canada, there has been an increase in the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV and those not returning for regular HIV care. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased sex and gender disparities in disease risk and mortalities, decreased harm reduction services and reduced access to healthcare. These health crises intersect with increased drug use and drug poisoning deaths, houselessness and other structural and social factors most acutely among historically underserved groups. We aim to explore the social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV care and harm reduction services experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Manitoba. Methods and analysis Our study draws on participatory action research design. Guiding the methodological design are the lived experiences of PLHIV. In-depth semi-structured face-to- face interviews and quantitative questionnaires will be conducted with two groups: (1) persons aged \textquestiondown = 18 years living or newly diagnosed with HIV and (2) service providers who work with PLHIV. Data collection will include sex, gender, sociodemographic information, income and housing, experiences with the criminal justice system, sexual practices, substance use practices and harm reduction access, experiences with violence and support, HIV care journey (since diagnosis until present), childhood trauma and a decision-making questionnaire. Data will be analysed intersectionally, employing grounded theory for thematic analysis, sex-based and gender-based analysis and social determinants of health and syndemic framework to understand the experiences of PLHIV in Manitoba. Ethics and dissemination We received approval from the University of Manitoba Health Ethics Research Board (HS25572; H2022:218), First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Shared Health Manitoba (SH2022:194) and 7th Street Health Access Centre. Findings will be disseminated using community-focused knowledge translation strategies identified by participants, peers, community members and organisations, and reported in conferences, peer-reviewed journals and a website (www. alltogether4ideas.org).},
+  abstract = {Introduction In Manitoba, Canada, there has been an increase in the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV and those not returning for regular HIV care. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased sex and gender disparities in disease risk and mortalities, decreased harm reduction services and reduced access to healthcare. These health crises intersect with increased drug use and drug poisoning deaths, houselessness and other structural and social factors most acutely among historically underserved groups. We aim to explore the social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV care and harm reduction services experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Manitoba. Methods and analysis Our study draws on participatory action research design. Guiding the methodological design are the lived experiences of PLHIV. In-depth semi-structured face-to- face interviews and quantitative questionnaires will be conducted with two groups: (1) persons aged {\textquestiondown}= 18 years living or newly diagnosed with HIV and (2) service providers who work with PLHIV. Data collection will include sex, gender, sociodemographic information, income and housing, experiences with the criminal justice system, sexual practices, substance use practices and harm reduction access, experiences with violence and support, HIV care journey (since diagnosis until present), childhood trauma and a decision-making questionnaire. Data will be analysed intersectionally, employing grounded theory for thematic analysis, sex-based and gender-based analysis and social determinants of health and syndemic framework to understand the experiences of PLHIV in Manitoba. Ethics and dissemination We received approval from the University of Manitoba Health Ethics Research Board (HS25572; H2022:218), First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Shared Health Manitoba (SH2022:194) and 7th Street Health Access Centre. Findings will be disseminated using community-focused knowledge translation strategies identified by participants, peers, community members and organisations, and reported in conferences, peer-reviewed journals and a website (www. alltogether4ideas.org).},
   affiliation = {Rueda, ZV (Corresponding Author), Univ Manitoba, Max Rady Coll Med, Rady Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Med Microbiol \& Infect Dis, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Rueda, Zulma Vanessa; Sobie, Cheryl; Villacis, Enrique; Bullard, Jared; Keynan, Yoav, Univ Manitoba, Max Rady Coll Med, Rady Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Med Microbiol \& Infect Dis, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Haworth-Brockman, Margaret; Keynan, Yoav, Univ Manitoba, Natl Collaborating Ctr Infect Dis, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Haworth-Brockman, Margaret; Sanguins, Julianne; Keynan, Yoav, Univ Manitoba, Rady Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Larcombe, Linda; MacKenzie, Lauren; Kasper, Ken; Keynan, Yoav, Univ Manitoba, Max Rady Coll Med, Rady Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Internal Med, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Maier, Katharina, Univ Winnipeg, Criminal Justice, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Deering, Kathleen; Krusi, Andrea, Univ British Columbia, Dept Med, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Deering, Kathleen; Krusi, Andrea, Univ British Columbia, Ctr Gender \& Sexual Hlth Equ, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Templeton, Kimberly; MacKenzie, Lauren; Ireland, Laurie; Kasper, Ken, Manitoba HIV Program, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Templeton, Kimberly; Ireland, Laurie; Payne, Michael, Nine Circles Community Hlth Ctr, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Bullard, Jared, Shared Hlth, Cadham Prov Lab, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Pick, Neora, Univ British Columbia, Div Infect Dis, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Myran, Tara, Univ Winnipeg, Indigenous Dev, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Meyers, Adrienne, Indigenous Serv Canada, Lab Integrat, Off Populat \& Publ Hlth, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.},
   author-email = {zulma.rueda@umanitoba.ca},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -73835,7 +79705,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {35},
   number = {e18},
   doi = {10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e18},
-  abstract = {South Korea has the highest policy priority for working hour regulations because it has longer annual working hours than other Organization for Economic Development Co-operation and Development countries and has fewer holidays. According to the results of the Working Conditions Surveys between 2006 and 2020, in 2020, 6\% of wage earners worked for \textquestiondown{} 52 hours weekly. The percentage of workers exceeding 52 hours weekly has decreased over time; however, disparities exist based on age, industry, occupation, company type, and company size, particularly in service-, arts-, and culture-related occupations and workplaces with fewer than 5 employees. South Korea's working hours system is greatly influenced by the 52-hour weekly maximum; sometimes, a maximum of 64-69 hours, including overtime, is theoretically possible. To ensure healthy working hours, it is important to actively protect workers who fall through the cracks, such as those in businesses with fewer than 5 employees.},
+  abstract = {South Korea has the highest policy priority for working hour regulations because it has longer annual working hours than other Organization for Economic Development Co-operation and Development countries and has fewer holidays. According to the results of the Working Conditions Surveys between 2006 and 2020, in 2020, 6\% of wage earners worked for {\textquestiondown} 52 hours weekly. The percentage of workers exceeding 52 hours weekly has decreased over time; however, disparities exist based on age, industry, occupation, company type, and company size, particularly in service-, arts-, and culture-related occupations and workplaces with fewer than 5 employees. South Korea's working hours system is greatly influenced by the 52-hour weekly maximum; sometimes, a maximum of 64-69 hours, including overtime, is theoretically possible. To ensure healthy working hours, it is important to actively protect workers who fall through the cracks, such as those in businesses with fewer than 5 employees.},
   affiliation = {Kim, I (Corresponding Author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Occupat \& Environm Med, Coll Med, 222 Wangsimni Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea. Kim, Inah, Hanyang Univ, Dept Occupat \& Environm Med, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea. Min, Jeehee, Hanyang Univ Hosp, Dept Occupat \& Environm Med, Seoul, South Korea. Kim, Inah, Hanyang Univ, Dept Occupat \& Environm Med, Coll Med, 222 Wangsimni Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.},
   author-email = {inahkim@hanyang.ac.kr},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -73924,7 +79794,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {8},
   pages = {1173--1179},
   doi = {10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.019},
-  abstract = {Objective: To examine the progress made in recent decades by assessing the employment rates of Black and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI), controlling for pre-TBI employment status and education status. Design: Retrospective analysis in a cohort of patients treated in Southeast Michigan at major trauma centers in more recent years (February 2010 Setting: Southeastern Michigan Traumatic Brain Injury Model System (TBIMS): 1 of 16 TBIMSs across the United States. Participants: NHW (n=81) and Black (n=188) patients with moderate/severe TBI (N=269). Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Employment status, which is separated into 2 categories: student plus competitive employment and noncompetitive employment. Results: In 269 patients, NHW patients had more severe initial TBI, measured by percentage brain computed tomography with compression causing \textquestiondown 5-mm midline shift (P\textexclamdown.001). Controlling for pre-TBI employment status, we found NHW participants who were students or had competitive employment prior to TBI had higher rates of competitive employment at 2-year (P=.03) follow-up. Controlling for pre-TBI education status, we found no difference in competitive and noncompetitive employment rates between NHW and Black participants at all follow-up years. Conclusions: Black patients who were students or had competitive employment before TBI experience worse employment outcomes than their NHW counterparts after TBI at 2 years post TBI. Further research is needed to understand better the factors driving these disparities and how Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2023;104:1173-9},
+  abstract = {Objective: To examine the progress made in recent decades by assessing the employment rates of Black and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI), controlling for pre-TBI employment status and education status. Design: Retrospective analysis in a cohort of patients treated in Southeast Michigan at major trauma centers in more recent years (February 2010 Setting: Southeastern Michigan Traumatic Brain Injury Model System (TBIMS): 1 of 16 TBIMSs across the United States. Participants: NHW (n=81) and Black (n=188) patients with moderate/severe TBI (N=269). Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Employment status, which is separated into 2 categories: student plus competitive employment and noncompetitive employment. Results: In 269 patients, NHW patients had more severe initial TBI, measured by percentage brain computed tomography with compression causing {\textquestiondown}5-mm midline shift (P{\textexclamdown}.001). Controlling for pre-TBI employment status, we found NHW participants who were students or had competitive employment prior to TBI had higher rates of competitive employment at 2-year (P=.03) follow-up. Controlling for pre-TBI education status, we found no difference in competitive and noncompetitive employment rates between NHW and Black participants at all follow-up years. Conclusions: Black patients who were students or had competitive employment before TBI experience worse employment outcomes than their NHW counterparts after TBI at 2 years post TBI. Further research is needed to understand better the factors driving these disparities and how Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2023;104:1173-9},
   affiliation = {Eden, SV (Corresponding Author), Univ Tennessee, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, 100 Baptist Mem Cir,Suite 202, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Bah, Momodou G., Michigan State Univ, Coll Human Med, E Lansing, MI USA. Chen, Alex Y., Case Western Reserve Univ, Univ Hosp Cleveland Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Cleveland, OH USA. Hart, Kristina; Vahidy, Zara; Coles, Jasmine, Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Detroit, MI USA. Mahas, Rachel, Wayne State Univ, Dept Family Med \& Publ Hlth Sci, Detroit, MI USA. Eden, Sonia V., Semmes Murphey Clin, Dept Neurosurg, Memphis, TN USA. Eden, Sonia V., Univ Tennessee, Hlth Sci Ctr, Memphis, TN USA. Eden, Sonia V., Univ Tennessee, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, 100 Baptist Mem Cir,Suite 202, Oxford, MS 38655 USA.},
   author-email = {soncapone@gmail.com},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -74083,7 +79953,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {1},
   pages = {64--71},
   doi = {10.1097/TA.0000000000003167},
-  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Metropolitan cities in the United States suffer fromhigher rates of gun violence. However, the specific structural factors associated with increased gun violence are poorly defined. We hypothesized that firearm homicide in metropolitan cities would be impacted by Black-White segregation index. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 51 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using data from 2013 to 2017. Several measures of structural racism were examined, including the Brooking Institute's Black-White segregation index. Demographic data were derived from the US Census Bureau, US Department of Education, and US Department of Labor. Crime data and firearm homicide mortality rates were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Centers for Disease Control. Spearman. and linear regression were performed. RESULTS: Firearm mortality was associated with multiple measures of structural racism and racial disparity, including White-Black segregation index, unemployment rate, poverty rate, single parent household, percent Black population, and crime rates. In regression analysis, percentage Black population exhibited the strongest association with firearm homicide mortality (beta = 0.42, p \textexclamdown{} 0.001). Black-White segregation index (beta = 0.41, p = 0.001) and percent children living in single-parent households (beta = 0.41, p = 0.002) were also associated with higher firearm homicide mortality. Firearm legislation scores were associated with lower firearm homicide mortality (beta = -0.20 p = 0.02). High school and college graduation rates were not associated with firearm homicide mortality and were not included in the final model. CONCLUSION: Firearm homicide disproportionately impacts communities of color and is associated with measures of structural racism, such as White-Black segregation index. Public health interventions targeting gun violence must address these systemic inequities. Furthermore, given the association between firearm mortality and single-parent households, intervention programs for at-risk youth may be particularly effective. (J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91: 64-71. Copyright (c) 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.) LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiological level II.},
+  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Metropolitan cities in the United States suffer fromhigher rates of gun violence. However, the specific structural factors associated with increased gun violence are poorly defined. We hypothesized that firearm homicide in metropolitan cities would be impacted by Black-White segregation index. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 51 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using data from 2013 to 2017. Several measures of structural racism were examined, including the Brooking Institute's Black-White segregation index. Demographic data were derived from the US Census Bureau, US Department of Education, and US Department of Labor. Crime data and firearm homicide mortality rates were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Centers for Disease Control. Spearman. and linear regression were performed. RESULTS: Firearm mortality was associated with multiple measures of structural racism and racial disparity, including White-Black segregation index, unemployment rate, poverty rate, single parent household, percent Black population, and crime rates. In regression analysis, percentage Black population exhibited the strongest association with firearm homicide mortality (beta = 0.42, p {\textexclamdown} 0.001). Black-White segregation index (beta = 0.41, p = 0.001) and percent children living in single-parent households (beta = 0.41, p = 0.002) were also associated with higher firearm homicide mortality. Firearm legislation scores were associated with lower firearm homicide mortality (beta = -0.20 p = 0.02). High school and college graduation rates were not associated with firearm homicide mortality and were not included in the final model. CONCLUSION: Firearm homicide disproportionately impacts communities of color and is associated with measures of structural racism, such as White-Black segregation index. Public health interventions targeting gun violence must address these systemic inequities. Furthermore, given the association between firearm mortality and single-parent households, intervention programs for at-risk youth may be particularly effective. (J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91: 64-71. Copyright (c) 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.) LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiological level II.},
   affiliation = {Houghton, A (Corresponding Author), Tulane Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, 1430 Tulane Ave,8th Floor,Room 8527,Mail Code 8622, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Houghton, August; Jackson-Weaver, Olan; Toraih, Eman; Burley, Nicholas; Byrne, Terence; Mcgrew, Patrick; Duchesne, Juan; Taghavi, Sharven, Tulane Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, 1430 Tulane Ave,8th Floor,Room 8527,Mail Code 8622, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Houghton, August, Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth \& Trop Med, New Orleans, LA USA. Tatum, Danielle, Our Lady Lake Reg Med Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA.},
   author-email = {ahoughton@tulane.edu},
   da = {2023-11-02},
@@ -74754,7 +80624,7 @@ inequality:
   issn = {0309-1317, 1468-2427},
   doi = {10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00526.x},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Rapid urban growth in China has been accompanied by rising social inequality and marginalization of disadvantaged social groups such as laid-off workers of the state-owned enterprises and rural migrants. The Chinese government has officially acknowledged the existence of `marginal groups' and prioritized combating the new urban poverty as an urgent task to eliminate the root of potential social instability. This article proposes the concept of `poverty of transition' from the institutional change perspective to examine how the `new' urban poverty is created by the disjuncture between the old and new institutions. Specifically, the poverty of transition suggests that the main cause of the new poverty is structural, i.e. economic restructuring and the release of redundant workers previously hidden inside the workplace, and the increasing migrant population who are excluded from the formal urban institutions. A sizable underclass is now under formation in the sense that they are institutionally detached from mainstream urban society. To close the disjuncture between the marketization of labourers and the transition in welfare provisions requires more than just a policy of poverty relief; instead it requires a fundamental vision of the new `citizenship' in the Chinese city.             En Chine, la rapide croissance urbaine s'est accompagn\'ee d'une aggravation de l'in\'egalit\'e sociale et d'une marginalisation des groupes sociaux d\'efavoris\'es tels que les ex-employ\'es des entreprises nationalis\'ees et les migrants ruraux. Le gouvernement a officiellement reconnu l'existence de `groupes marginaux' et annonc\'e comme une priorit\'e la lutte contre la nouvelle pauvret\'e urbaine afin d'\'eliminer cette source potentielle d'instabilit\'e sociale. L'article propose le concept de `pauvret\'e de transition' dans une perspective d'\'evolution institutionnelle, afin d'examiner comment la `nouvelle' pauvret\'e urbaine na\^it de la rupture entre institutions anciennes et nouvelles. Notamment, ce concept sugg\`ere que la cause premi\`ere de la nouvelle pauvret\'e est structurelle, autrement dit \'emane de la restructuration \'economique et du d\'egagement des ouvriers en surnombre pr\'ec\'edemment dissimul\'es sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi que de la population migrante croissante, exclue des institutions urbaines officielles. Une classe inf\'erieure consid\'erable est en cours de formation au sens que ses membres sont isol\'es institutionnellement de la soci\'et\'e urbaine normale. Combler cette rupture entre la marchandisation des ouvriers et la transition des mesures sociales exige, davantage qu'une simple politique publique d'aide aux pauvres, une vision fondamentale de la nouvelle `citoyennet\'e' dans les villes chinoises.},
+  abstract = {Rapid urban growth in China has been accompanied by rising social inequality and marginalization of disadvantaged social groups such as laid-off workers of the state-owned enterprises and rural migrants. The Chinese government has officially acknowledged the existence of `marginal groups' and prioritized combating the new urban poverty as an urgent task to eliminate the root of potential social instability. This article proposes the concept of `poverty of transition' from the institutional change perspective to examine how the `new' urban poverty is created by the disjuncture between the old and new institutions. Specifically, the poverty of transition suggests that the main cause of the new poverty is structural, i.e. economic restructuring and the release of redundant workers previously hidden inside the workplace, and the increasing migrant population who are excluded from the formal urban institutions. A sizable underclass is now under formation in the sense that they are institutionally detached from mainstream urban society. To close the disjuncture between the marketization of labourers and the transition in welfare provisions requires more than just a policy of poverty relief; instead it requires a fundamental vision of the new `citizenship' in the Chinese city.             En Chine, la rapide croissance urbaine s'est accompagn{\'e}e d'une aggravation de l'in{\'e}galit{\'e} sociale et d'une marginalisation des groupes sociaux d{\'e}favoris{\'e}s tels que les ex-employ{\'e}s des entreprises nationalis{\'e}es et les migrants ruraux. Le gouvernement a officiellement reconnu l'existence de `groupes marginaux' et annonc{\'e} comme une priorit{\'e} la lutte contre la nouvelle pauvret{\'e} urbaine afin d'{\'e}liminer cette source potentielle d'instabilit{\'e} sociale. L'article propose le concept de `pauvret{\'e} de transition' dans une perspective d'{\'e}volution institutionnelle, afin d'examiner comment la `nouvelle' pauvret{\'e} urbaine na{\^i}t de la rupture entre institutions anciennes et nouvelles. Notamment, ce concept sugg{\`e}re que la cause premi{\`e}re de la nouvelle pauvret{\'e} est structurelle, autrement dit {\'e}mane de la restructuration {\'e}conomique et du d{\'e}gagement des ouvriers en surnombre pr{\'e}c{\'e}demment dissimul{\'e}s sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi que de la population migrante croissante, exclue des institutions urbaines officielles. Une classe inf{\'e}rieure consid{\'e}rable est en cours de formation au sens que ses membres sont isol{\'e}s institutionnellement de la soci{\'e}t{\'e} urbaine normale. Combler cette rupture entre la marchandisation des ouvriers et la transition des mesures sociales exige, davantage qu'une simple politique publique d'aide aux pauvres, une vision fondamentale de la nouvelle `citoyennet{\'e}' dans les villes chinoises.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -74809,7 +80679,7 @@ inequality:
   author = {Wu, Ziqi and Xiao, Yi and Zhang, Jian},
   year = {2022},
   month = jul,
-  journal = {INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ECONOMICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& FINANCE},
+  journal = {INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ECONOMICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& FINANCE},
   volume = {80},
   pages = {1110--1129},
   issn = {1059-0560},
@@ -74828,7 +80698,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {503--541},
   issn = {2042-891X},
   doi = {10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.8.4.0503},
-  abstract = {The ongoing debates on the impact of minimum wage have largely focused on the policy's employment effect for its theoretical implications, but the real question at stake here is its income effect, that is, whether or not it can increase the income of the underclass. Previous efforts have mostly relied on various forms of market imperfection to verify the theoretical integrity of this policy, whereas in this article we have raised another Marxian perspective, emphasizing the positive check of minimum wage on overtime work. Classical economists have long recognized the vulnerability of the working class when faced against capitalists, but only Marx has paid special attention to the complicated interaction between hourly/unit wage rates and the length of the working day, proposing that low wage rates would not only hurt workers by forcing them to work overtime, but that it would also hurt the capitalists as a class once large-scale labor degradation kicks in, endangering the very existence of a well-functioning working class for them to employ. Both the inherent conflict of interests between individual capitalists and capitalists as a class and workers' systematic disadvantage against capital serve to call for the intervention of a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravevisible hand\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace which is the establishment of a minimum wage. A theoretical model has been proposed to formalize this wage-hour mechanism for the underclass, emphasizing the special constraints they face when making labor supply decisions. We have discussed three different types of income effect, explaining how workers' income might increase with minimum wage and how firms might also benefit from such a process.},
+  abstract = {The ongoing debates on the impact of minimum wage have largely focused on the policy's employment effect for its theoretical implications, but the real question at stake here is its income effect, that is, whether or not it can increase the income of the underclass. Previous efforts have mostly relied on various forms of market imperfection to verify the theoretical integrity of this policy, whereas in this article we have raised another Marxian perspective, emphasizing the positive check of minimum wage on overtime work. Classical economists have long recognized the vulnerability of the working class when faced against capitalists, but only Marx has paid special attention to the complicated interaction between hourly/unit wage rates and the length of the working day, proposing that low wage rates would not only hurt workers by forcing them to work overtime, but that it would also hurt the capitalists as a class once large-scale labor degradation kicks in, endangering the very existence of a well-functioning working class for them to employ. Both the inherent conflict of interests between individual capitalists and capitalists as a class and workers' systematic disadvantage against capital serve to call for the intervention of a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravevisible hand{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace which is the establishment of a minimum wage. A theoretical model has been proposed to formalize this wage-hour mechanism for the underclass, emphasizing the special constraints they face when making labor supply decisions. We have discussed three different types of income effect, explaining how workers' income might increase with minimum wage and how firms might also benefit from such a process.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -74846,6 +80716,21 @@ inequality:
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@incollection{Xiong2017,
+  title = {Influence of {{Land Use}} and {{Transport Policies}} on {{Women}}'s {{Labor Participation}} and {{Life Choices}}},
+  booktitle = {Life-{{Oriented Behavioral Research}} for {{Urban Policy}}},
+  author = {Xiong, Yubing and Zhang, Junyi},
+  editor = {Zhang, Junyi},
+  year = {2017},
+  pages = {243--265},
+  publisher = {{Springer Japan}},
+  address = {{Tokyo}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-4-431-56472-0_9},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-4-431-56470-6 978-4-431-56472-0},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Xu2007,
   title = {Urban Health Insurance Reform and Coverage in {{China}} Using Data from {{National Health Services Surveys}} in 1998 and 2003},
   author = {Xu, Ling and Wang, Yan and Collins, Charles D. and Tang, Shenglan},
@@ -74864,7 +80749,7 @@ inequality:
   author = {Xu, Tianxi and Dempsey, Ian and Foreman, Phil},
   year = {2014},
   month = oct,
-  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY},
+  journal = {JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY},
   volume = {39},
   number = {4},
   pages = {342--352},
@@ -74896,7 +80781,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {15},
   number = {7},
   doi = {10.3390/su15076248},
-  abstract = {Migration is an important way for rural labourers to break the uneven distribution of resources, earn more income and seek their own sustainable development. However, existing studies have focused more on rural-urban migration and less on geographical migration. Our study further enriches the existing research on poverty reduction and provides a theoretical reference for policy decisions to promote a balanced regional development. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012-2020, we conduct benchmark estimates through linear probability models and estimate the impact of migration on the relative poverty of the rural labourer through binary probit models. The results show that migration could significantly reduce the likelihood of a relatively poor state of rural labourers by around 4\textbackslash textbackslash\%; the greater the distance of migration, the greater the effects; and migration of rural labourers in the central region has the largest and most significant relative poverty reduction effect. Furthermore, migration could also compensate for the disadvantages of rural labourers who are unemployed, less educated and in poor health, making them less likely to be relatively poor. We also use multiple linear models to examine whether migration has a significant income-boosting effect on the rural people and found a positive result in which the effect reaches its highest in the central region at 22.95\textbackslash textbackslash\%. Therefore, it is necessary to further break down the barriers to geographical migration of rural labourers, strengthen the public transportation system and pay greater attention to Central China in order to better promote balanced development among regions.},
+  abstract = {Migration is an important way for rural labourers to break the uneven distribution of resources, earn more income and seek their own sustainable development. However, existing studies have focused more on rural-urban migration and less on geographical migration. Our study further enriches the existing research on poverty reduction and provides a theoretical reference for policy decisions to promote a balanced regional development. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012-2020, we conduct benchmark estimates through linear probability models and estimate the impact of migration on the relative poverty of the rural labourer through binary probit models. The results show that migration could significantly reduce the likelihood of a relatively poor state of rural labourers by around 4{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%; the greater the distance of migration, the greater the effects; and migration of rural labourers in the central region has the largest and most significant relative poverty reduction effect. Furthermore, migration could also compensate for the disadvantages of rural labourers who are unemployed, less educated and in poor health, making them less likely to be relatively poor. We also use multiple linear models to examine whether migration has a significant income-boosting effect on the rural people and found a positive result in which the effect reaches its highest in the central region at 22.95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%. Therefore, it is necessary to further break down the barriers to geographical migration of rural labourers, strengthen the public transportation system and pay greater attention to Central China in order to better promote balanced development among regions.},
   langid = {english},
   keywords = {relevant},
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JEKRSSYZ/Xu_Li_2023_Migration and Rural Sustainability.pdf}
@@ -74915,7 +80800,7 @@ inequality:
   issn = {1932-6203},
   doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0247959},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Objective               To describe how men and women divided childcare and housework demands during the height of the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK, and whether these divisions were associated with worsening mental health during the pandemic.                                         Background               School closures and homeworking during the Covid-19 crisis have resulted in an immediate increase in unpaid care work, which draws new attention to gender inequality in divisions of unpaid care work.                                         Methods               Data come from the wave 9 (2017\textendash 19) of Understanding Society and the following April (n = 15,426) and May (n = 14,150) waves of Understanding Society Covid-19 study. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at both before and during the lockdown, and unpaid care work was measured during the lockdown. Linear regression models were used.                                         Results               Women spent much more time on unpaid care work than men during lockdown, and it was more likely to be the mother than the father who reduced working hours or changed employment schedules due to increased time on childcare. Women who spent long hours on housework and childcare were more likely to report increased levels of psychological distress. Working parents who adapted their work patterns increased more psychological distress than those who did not. This association was much stronger if he or she was the only member in the household who adapted their work patterns, or if she was a lone mother. Fathers increased more psychological distress if they reduced work hours but she did not, compared to neither reducing work hours.                                         Conclusion               There are continued gender inequalities in divisions of unpaid care work. Juggling home working with homeschooling and childcare as well as extra housework is likely to lead to poor mental health for people with families, particularly for lone mothers.},
+  abstract = {Objective               To describe how men and women divided childcare and housework demands during the height of the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK, and whether these divisions were associated with worsening mental health during the pandemic.                                         Background               School closures and homeworking during the Covid-19 crisis have resulted in an immediate increase in unpaid care work, which draws new attention to gender inequality in divisions of unpaid care work.                                         Methods               Data come from the wave 9 (2017{\textendash}19) of Understanding Society and the following April (n = 15,426) and May (n = 14,150) waves of Understanding Society Covid-19 study. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at both before and during the lockdown, and unpaid care work was measured during the lockdown. Linear regression models were used.                                         Results               Women spent much more time on unpaid care work than men during lockdown, and it was more likely to be the mother than the father who reduced working hours or changed employment schedules due to increased time on childcare. Women who spent long hours on housework and childcare were more likely to report increased levels of psychological distress. Working parents who adapted their work patterns increased more psychological distress than those who did not. This association was much stronger if he or she was the only member in the household who adapted their work patterns, or if she was a lone mother. Fathers increased more psychological distress if they reduced work hours but she did not, compared to neither reducing work hours.                                         Conclusion               There are continued gender inequalities in divisions of unpaid care work. Juggling home working with homeschooling and childcare as well as extra housework is likely to lead to poor mental health for people with families, particularly for lone mothers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -74928,7 +80813,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {17},
   issn = {1472-6963},
   doi = {10.1186/s12913-017-2063-0},
-  abstract = {Background: Improved primary health care is needed in developing countries to effectively manage the growing burden of hypertension. Our objective was to evaluate hypertension management in Zambian rural primary care clinics using process and outcome indicators to assess the screening, monitoring, treatment and control of high blood pressure. Methods: Better Health Outcomes through Mentoring and Assessment (BHOMA) is a 5-year, randomized steppedwedge trial of improved clinical service delivery underway in 46 rural Zambian clinics. Clinical data were collected as part of routine patient care from an electronic medical record system, and reviewed for site performance over time according to hypertension related indicators: screening (blood pressure measurement), management (recorded diagnosis, physical exam or urinalysis), treatment (on medication), and control. Quantitative data was used to develop guides for qualitative in-depth interviews, conducted with health care providers at a proportional sample of half (20) of clinics. Qualitative data was iteratively analyzed for thematic content. Results: From January 2011 to December 2014, 318,380 visits to 46 primary care clinics by adults aged {$>$}= 25 years with blood pressure measurements were included. Blood pressure measurement at vital sign screening was initially high at 89. 1\textbackslash textbackslash\% overall (range: 70.1-100\textbackslash textbackslash\%), but decreased to 62.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% (range: 0-100\textbackslash textbackslash\%) by 48 months after intervention start. The majority of hypertensive patients made only one visit to the clinics (57.8\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Out of 9022 patients with at least two visits with an elevated blood pressure, only 49.3\textbackslash textbackslash\% had a chart recorded hypertension diagnosis. Process indicators for monitoring hypertension were {$<$} 10\textbackslash textbackslash\% and did not improve with time. In in-depth interviews, antihypertensive medication shortages were common, with 15/20 clinics reporting hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride stockouts. Principal challenges in hypertension management included 1) equipment and personnel shortages, 2) provider belief that multiple visits were needed before official management, 3) medication stock-outs, leading to improper prescriptions and 4) poor patient visit attendance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that numerous barriers stand in the way of hypertension diagnosis and management in Zambian primary health facilities. Future work should focus on performance indicator development and validation in low resource contexts, to facilitate regular and systematic data review to improve patient outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Background: Improved primary health care is needed in developing countries to effectively manage the growing burden of hypertension. Our objective was to evaluate hypertension management in Zambian rural primary care clinics using process and outcome indicators to assess the screening, monitoring, treatment and control of high blood pressure. Methods: Better Health Outcomes through Mentoring and Assessment (BHOMA) is a 5-year, randomized steppedwedge trial of improved clinical service delivery underway in 46 rural Zambian clinics. Clinical data were collected as part of routine patient care from an electronic medical record system, and reviewed for site performance over time according to hypertension related indicators: screening (blood pressure measurement), management (recorded diagnosis, physical exam or urinalysis), treatment (on medication), and control. Quantitative data was used to develop guides for qualitative in-depth interviews, conducted with health care providers at a proportional sample of half (20) of clinics. Qualitative data was iteratively analyzed for thematic content. Results: From January 2011 to December 2014, 318,380 visits to 46 primary care clinics by adults aged {$>$}= 25 years with blood pressure measurements were included. Blood pressure measurement at vital sign screening was initially high at 89. 1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% overall (range: 70.1-100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), but decreased to 62.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% (range: 0-100{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) by 48 months after intervention start. The majority of hypertensive patients made only one visit to the clinics (57.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Out of 9022 patients with at least two visits with an elevated blood pressure, only 49.3{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had a chart recorded hypertension diagnosis. Process indicators for monitoring hypertension were {$<$} 10{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and did not improve with time. In in-depth interviews, antihypertensive medication shortages were common, with 15/20 clinics reporting hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride stockouts. Principal challenges in hypertension management included 1) equipment and personnel shortages, 2) provider belief that multiple visits were needed before official management, 3) medication stock-outs, leading to improper prescriptions and 4) poor patient visit attendance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that numerous barriers stand in the way of hypertension diagnosis and management in Zambian primary health facilities. Future work should focus on performance indicator development and validation in low resource contexts, to facilitate regular and systematic data review to improve patient outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -74941,7 +80826,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {5},
   number = {7},
   doi = {10.1002/rth2.12605},
-  abstract = {Background Anticoagulation with warfarin represents a transportation-sensitive treatment state. Transportation barrier is a common reason for not using health care services. Objective To assess the association between transportation barriers to anticoagulation clinic and anticoagulation control (AC) among an inner-city, low-income population. Patients/Methods Adults expected to be on chronic warfarin therapy were recruited from an ambulatory anticoagulation clinic. Participants completed a validated questionnaire that assessed transportation barriers to clinic, defined as self-reported trouble getting transportation to a clinic and a composite score of the presence of transportation barriers. Suboptimal AC was defined as time in therapeutic range (TTR) {$<$}60\textbackslash textbackslash\% over 6 months. Prevalence ratios with 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, and annual household income, described the association of transportation trouble and barriers with AC. Results Of 133 participants, 42.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% had suboptimal AC. Mean age was 60.4 (SD, 13.6) years, and the majority of participants were women (62.2\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Participants with transportation trouble were more likely to report being disabled/unable to work (63.6\textbackslash textbackslash\%) and annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar15 000 (45.5\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Mean TTR was significantly lower for participants with transportation trouble compared to those without (53.8\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD, 24.7\textbackslash textbackslash\%] vs 64.7\textbackslash textbackslash\% \textbackslash lbrace[\textbackslash rbraceSD, 25.0\textbackslash textbackslash\%]; P = .03). Participants reporting transportation trouble or at least one transportation barrier were 1.60 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.07-2.39) and 1.68 (95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI, 1.01-2.80) times more likely, respectively, to have suboptimal AC compared to those without. Conclusion Inner-city, low-income individuals with transportation barriers were more likely to have suboptimal AC. Further research is warranted to evaluate the impact of alleviating patient-specific transportation barriers on anticoagulation outcomes.},
+  abstract = {Background Anticoagulation with warfarin represents a transportation-sensitive treatment state. Transportation barrier is a common reason for not using health care services. Objective To assess the association between transportation barriers to anticoagulation clinic and anticoagulation control (AC) among an inner-city, low-income population. Patients/Methods Adults expected to be on chronic warfarin therapy were recruited from an ambulatory anticoagulation clinic. Participants completed a validated questionnaire that assessed transportation barriers to clinic, defined as self-reported trouble getting transportation to a clinic and a composite score of the presence of transportation barriers. Suboptimal AC was defined as time in therapeutic range (TTR) {$<$}60{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% over 6 months. Prevalence ratios with 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, and annual household income, described the association of transportation trouble and barriers with AC. Results Of 133 participants, 42.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% had suboptimal AC. Mean age was 60.4 (SD, 13.6) years, and the majority of participants were women (62.2{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Participants with transportation trouble were more likely to report being disabled/unable to work (63.6{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%) and annual household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar15 000 (45.5{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Mean TTR was significantly lower for participants with transportation trouble compared to those without (53.8{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD, 24.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%] vs 64.7{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% {\textbackslash}lbrace[{\textbackslash}rbraceSD, 25.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%]; P = .03). Participants reporting transportation trouble or at least one transportation barrier were 1.60 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.07-2.39) and 1.68 (95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI, 1.01-2.80) times more likely, respectively, to have suboptimal AC compared to those without. Conclusion Inner-city, low-income individuals with transportation barriers were more likely to have suboptimal AC. Further research is warranted to evaluate the impact of alleviating patient-specific transportation barriers on anticoagulation outcomes.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -74954,7 +80839,7 @@ inequality:
   number = {2},
   pages = {217--247},
   issn = {0023-3919},
-  abstract = {This article examines the self-employed population as a precarious and insecure social class in Korea since the economic crisis in the late 1990s. Most self-employed workers experience economic hardship characterized by low incomes and high turnover rates despite long work hours and family help. These precarious conditions are often explained as the result of neoliberal economic restructuring that laid off salaried employees on a massive scale, pushed displaced workers into self-employment, and heightened intense competition among the self-employed. While this economic perspective explains intense competition and low incomes of the self-employed, I argue that particular state policies also accelerated the \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveunmaking\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace of the self-employed by not providing any effective protection. By looking at the experiences of understudied self-employed workers in Korea, this article engages in a critical understanding of globalization, labor, and social inequality.},
+  abstract = {This article examines the self-employed population as a precarious and insecure social class in Korea since the economic crisis in the late 1990s. Most self-employed workers experience economic hardship characterized by low incomes and high turnover rates despite long work hours and family help. These precarious conditions are often explained as the result of neoliberal economic restructuring that laid off salaried employees on a massive scale, pushed displaced workers into self-employment, and heightened intense competition among the self-employed. While this economic perspective explains intense competition and low incomes of the self-employed, I argue that particular state policies also accelerated the {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveunmaking{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace of the self-employed by not providing any effective protection. By looking at the experiences of understudied self-employed workers in Korea, this article engages in a critical understanding of globalization, labor, and social inequality.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -74971,7 +80856,7 @@ inequality:
   issn = {1471-2458},
   doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11791-9},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Abstract                            Introduction               Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic.                                         Methods               This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May\textendash June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model.                                         Results                                The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6\% (                 n                 \,=\,84), 26.1\% (                 n                 \,=\,53), and 21.2\% of the subjects (                 n                 \,=\,43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women.                                                        Conclusion               According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.},
+  abstract = {Abstract                            Introduction               Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic.                                         Methods               This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May{\textendash}June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model.                                         Results                                The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6\% (                 n                 \,=\,84), 26.1\% (                 n                 \,=\,53), and 21.2\% of the subjects (                 n                 \,=\,43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women.                                                        Conclusion               According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75003,6 +80888,21 @@ inequality:
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2YX753LU/Yeh_Wodtke_2023_The Effects of Head Start on Low-Income Mothers.pdf}
 }
 
+@article{Yelin2000,
+  title = {The Prevalence and Impact of Accommodations on the Employment of Persons 51-61 Years of Age with Musculoskeletal Conditions},
+  author = {Yelin, Edward and Sonneborn, Dean and Trupin, Laura},
+  year = {2000},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {Arthritis \& Rheumatism},
+  volume = {13},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {168--176},
+  issn = {0004-3591, 1529-0131},
+  doi = {10.1002/1529-0131(200006)13:3<168::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-R},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Yelland2015,
   title = {Bridging the {{Gap}}: Using an Interrupted Time Series Design to Evaluate Systems Reform Addressing Refugee Maternal and Child Health Inequalities},
   author = {Yelland, Jane and Riggs, Elisha and Szwarc, Josef and Casey, Sue and Dawson, Wendy and Vanpraag, Dannielle and East, Chris and Wallace, Euan and Teale, Glyn and Harrison, Bernie and Petschel, Pauline and Furler, John and Goldfeld, Sharon and Mensah, Fiona and Biro, Mary Anne and Willey, Sue and Cheng, I-Hao and Small, Rhonda and Brown, Stephanie},
@@ -75043,7 +80943,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {535--552},
   issn = {0305-5736},
   doi = {10.1332/030557309X435510},
-  abstract = {The Netherlands is often heralded for the success of its \textbackslash textasciigravepart-time model' of employment. Yet the supposed success of this model raises the question whether the Dutch part-time variant is the ideal gender-neutral policy approach. A comparative, longitudinal analysis of employment transitions in the Netherlands and the UK shows that while the Dutch part-time model may be unique, its outcomes are not. In both cases, gender inequality in employment transitions is evident. Gender inequality is apparent in Dutch care policy as well. Moreover, part-time work is quickly becoming the long-term norm for women's employment, even for women without care responsibilities.},
+  abstract = {The Netherlands is often heralded for the success of its {\textbackslash}textasciigravepart-time model' of employment. Yet the supposed success of this model raises the question whether the Dutch part-time variant is the ideal gender-neutral policy approach. A comparative, longitudinal analysis of employment transitions in the Netherlands and the UK shows that while the Dutch part-time model may be unique, its outcomes are not. In both cases, gender inequality in employment transitions is evident. Gender inequality is apparent in Dutch care policy as well. Moreover, part-time work is quickly becoming the long-term norm for women's employment, even for women without care responsibilities.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75091,7 +80991,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {136--154},
   issn = {0022-2445},
   doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x},
-  abstract = {This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine children's involvement with their fathers in intact families as measured through time spent together. Our findings suggest that although mothers still shoulder the lion's share of the parenting, fathers' involvement relative to that of mothers appears to be on the increase. A \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravenew father\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace role is emerging on weekends in intact families. Different determinants of fathers' involvement were found on weekdays and on weekends. Fathers' wages and work hours have a negative relationship with the time they spend with a child on weekday's, but not on weekends. Mothers' work hours have no effect on children's time with fathers. On weekends, Black fathers were found to be less involved and Latino fathers more involved with their children than are White fathers. The weekday-weekend differential suggests that a simple gender inequality theory is not sufficient in explaining the dynamics of household division of labor in today's American families.},
+  abstract = {This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine children's involvement with their fathers in intact families as measured through time spent together. Our findings suggest that although mothers still shoulder the lion's share of the parenting, fathers' involvement relative to that of mothers appears to be on the increase. A {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravenew father{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace role is emerging on weekends in intact families. Different determinants of fathers' involvement were found on weekdays and on weekends. Fathers' wages and work hours have a negative relationship with the time they spend with a child on weekday's, but not on weekends. Mothers' work hours have no effect on children's time with fathers. On weekends, Black fathers were found to be less involved and Latino fathers more involved with their children than are White fathers. The weekday-weekend differential suggests that a simple gender inequality theory is not sufficient in explaining the dynamics of household division of labor in today's American families.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75106,7 +81006,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {800--807},
   issn = {1047-2797},
   doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.04.009},
-  abstract = {PURPOSE: In middle-income countries, interest in the Study of inequalities in health has focused on aggregate types of health outcomes, like rates of mortality. This work moves beyond such measures to focus on disease-specific health outcomes with the use of national health survey data. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the national Health and Welfare Survey 2003, covering 52,030 adult aged 15 or older, were analyzed. The health outcomes were the 20 most commonly reported diseases. The age-sex adjusted concentration index (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace) of ill health was used as a measure of socioeconomic health inequality (values ranging from -1 to +1). A negative (or positive) concentration index shows that a disease was more concentrated among the less well off (or better off). Crude concentration indices (C) for four of the most common diseases were also decomposed to quantify determinants of inequalities. RESULTS: Several diseases, such as malaria (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.462), goiter (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.352), kidney stone (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.261), and tuberculosis (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = -0.233), were strongly concentrated among those with lower incomes, whereas allergic conditions (C\textbackslash lbrace\textbackslash ast\textbackslash rbrace = 0.174) and migraine (01 = 0.085) were disproportionately reported by the better off. Inequalities were found to be associated with older age, low education, and residence in the rural Northeast and rural North of Thailand. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-equity health policy in Thailand and other middle-income countries with health surveys can now be informed by national data combining epidemiological, socioeconomic and health statistics in ways not previously possible. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:800-807. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
+  abstract = {PURPOSE: In middle-income countries, interest in the Study of inequalities in health has focused on aggregate types of health outcomes, like rates of mortality. This work moves beyond such measures to focus on disease-specific health outcomes with the use of national health survey data. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the national Health and Welfare Survey 2003, covering 52,030 adult aged 15 or older, were analyzed. The health outcomes were the 20 most commonly reported diseases. The age-sex adjusted concentration index (C{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace) of ill health was used as a measure of socioeconomic health inequality (values ranging from -1 to +1). A negative (or positive) concentration index shows that a disease was more concentrated among the less well off (or better off). Crude concentration indices (C) for four of the most common diseases were also decomposed to quantify determinants of inequalities. RESULTS: Several diseases, such as malaria (C{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace = -0.462), goiter (C{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace = -0.352), kidney stone (C{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace = -0.261), and tuberculosis (C{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace = -0.233), were strongly concentrated among those with lower incomes, whereas allergic conditions (C{\textbackslash}lbrace{\textbackslash}ast{\textbackslash}rbrace = 0.174) and migraine (01 = 0.085) were disproportionately reported by the better off. Inequalities were found to be associated with older age, low education, and residence in the rural Northeast and rural North of Thailand. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-equity health policy in Thailand and other middle-income countries with health surveys can now be informed by national data combining epidemiological, socioeconomic and health statistics in ways not previously possible. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:800-807. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75143,7 +81043,7 @@ inequality:
 }
 
 @article{Yotebieng2019,
-  title = {Research Priorities to Inform \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveTreat All}}\textbackslash ensuremath'' Policy Implementation for People Living with {{HIV}} in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: A Consensus Statement from the {{International}} Epidemiology {{Databases}} to {{Evaluate AIDS}} ({{IeDEA}})},
+  title = {Research Priorities to Inform {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveTreat All}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'' Policy Implementation for People Living with {{HIV}} in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: A Consensus Statement from the {{International}} Epidemiology {{Databases}} to {{Evaluate AIDS}} ({{IeDEA}})},
   author = {Yotebieng, Marcel and Brazier, Ellen and Addison, Diane and Kimmel, April D. and Cornell, Morna and Keiser, Olivia and Parcesepe, Angela M. and Onovo, Amobi and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Castelnuovo, Barbara and Murnane, Pamela M. and Cohen, Craig R. and Vreeman, Rachel C. and Davies, Mary-Ann and Duda, Stephany N. and Yiannoutsos, Constantin T. and Bono, Rose S. and Agler, Robert and Bernard, Charlotte and Syvertsen, Jennifer L. and d'Amour Sinayobye, Jean and Wikramanayake, Radhika and Sohn, Annette H. and {von Groote}, Per M. and Wandeler, Gilles and Leroy, Valeriane and Williams, Carolyn F. and {Wools-Kaloustian}, Kara and Nash, Denis and Addison, Diane and Althoff, Keri and Brazier, Ellen and {Casteln-Uovo}, Barbara and Cohen, Craig R. and Cornell, Morna and Davies, Mary-Ann and Dominguez, Geral-Dina and Duda, Stephany N. and Freeman, Aimee and Jaquet, Antoine and Keiser, Olivia and Kimmel, April D. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Leroy, Valeriane and Markus, Janne and McKaig, Rosemary and Murnane, Pamela M. and Nash, Denis and Nsonde, Dominique and Onovo, Amobi and Parcesepe, Angela M. and d'Amour Sinayobye, Jean and Sohn, Ann-Ette H. and Von Groote, Per M. and Vreeman, Rachel C. and Wandeler, Gilles and Wikramanayake, Radhika and Williams, Carolyn F. and {Wools-Kaloustian}, Kara and Yiannoutsos, Constantin and Yotebieng, Marcel and Co, IeDEA Treat Sub-Saharan Africa},
   year = {2019},
   month = jan,
@@ -75166,7 +81066,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {1353--1382},
   issn = {1047-7039},
   doi = {10.1287/orsc.2022.1622},
-  abstract = {Given consistent evidence of its social benefits but questions about its market viability, this paper examines the conditions under which workplace democracy can be understood as a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravereal utopia \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigrave; a viable form of organization that is both economically productive and socially welfare enhancing. Conceptualizing democratic firms as organizations with formally distributed authority and collectivist norms, we argue that democratic firms will operate more productively in knowledge intensive industries, compared with conventional firms in the same industries, because they give authority to those with relevant knowledge and encourage intrafirm information sharing. Next, focusing on intrafirm wage inequality as a key social welfare outcome, we argue that knowledge-intensive sectors are also settings where the benefits of workplace democracy are likely to be greater. Knowledge intensive industries tend to generate greater intrafirm inequality through the adoption of market based employment policies and reliance on unique expertise, yet the formal structure and collectivist norms of democratic firms are likely to limit these mechanisms of inequality, generating inequality reductions. We test these hypotheses with longitudinal linked employer employee data from French cooperatives and conventional firms, including firms that shift organizational structures over time. We find robust support for our hypothesis about economic performance and moderate support for our hypothesis about social performance.},
+  abstract = {Given consistent evidence of its social benefits but questions about its market viability, this paper examines the conditions under which workplace democracy can be understood as a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravereal utopia {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigrave; a viable form of organization that is both economically productive and socially welfare enhancing. Conceptualizing democratic firms as organizations with formally distributed authority and collectivist norms, we argue that democratic firms will operate more productively in knowledge intensive industries, compared with conventional firms in the same industries, because they give authority to those with relevant knowledge and encourage intrafirm information sharing. Next, focusing on intrafirm wage inequality as a key social welfare outcome, we argue that knowledge-intensive sectors are also settings where the benefits of workplace democracy are likely to be greater. Knowledge intensive industries tend to generate greater intrafirm inequality through the adoption of market based employment policies and reliance on unique expertise, yet the formal structure and collectivist norms of democratic firms are likely to limit these mechanisms of inequality, generating inequality reductions. We test these hypotheses with longitudinal linked employer employee data from French cooperatives and conventional firms, including firms that shift organizational structures over time. We find robust support for our hypothesis about economic performance and moderate support for our hypothesis about social performance.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75180,7 +81080,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {177--186},
   issn = {1036-9872},
   doi = {10.1071/RJ07042},
-  abstract = {Education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality, and lays a foundation for sustained economic growth. Aboriginal peoples of Australia experience \textbackslash textasciigraveoverwhelming' disadvantages across every indicator of social and economic well being when compared with non-Aboriginal peoples. This disadvantage is experienced across all sectors of education, and although Aboriginal students are participating at high rates in vocational education and training, their pass rates and qualification outcomes remain well below those of non-Aboriginal Australians. This paper maps the participation and outcomes for Aboriginal desert dwellers in the vocational education and training sector and relates these to factors such as: (1) compulsory school access, (2) remote area labour markets, (3) the state of housing and infrastructure on discrete desert settlements, and (4) the policy and program initiatives influencing land tenure, income security and labour force status. The provision of education services across desert regions epitomises the tensions generated when the drivers of desert living - remoteness, dispersed sparse and mobile populations, variable climate, geography, cultures, languages and histories - interact with the differing factors that shape mainstream vocational education. Although innovations in program delivery more consistent with learner needs and aspirations can and do emerge, they are often framed as pilot projects or materialise in parallel program interventions such as youth work or land care. This paper explores the nature of these tensions and identifies the characteristics of educational interventions that can improve outcomes for Aboriginal desert dwellers no matter where they choose to live.},
+  abstract = {Education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality, and lays a foundation for sustained economic growth. Aboriginal peoples of Australia experience {\textbackslash}textasciigraveoverwhelming' disadvantages across every indicator of social and economic well being when compared with non-Aboriginal peoples. This disadvantage is experienced across all sectors of education, and although Aboriginal students are participating at high rates in vocational education and training, their pass rates and qualification outcomes remain well below those of non-Aboriginal Australians. This paper maps the participation and outcomes for Aboriginal desert dwellers in the vocational education and training sector and relates these to factors such as: (1) compulsory school access, (2) remote area labour markets, (3) the state of housing and infrastructure on discrete desert settlements, and (4) the policy and program initiatives influencing land tenure, income security and labour force status. The provision of education services across desert regions epitomises the tensions generated when the drivers of desert living - remoteness, dispersed sparse and mobile populations, variable climate, geography, cultures, languages and histories - interact with the differing factors that shape mainstream vocational education. Although innovations in program delivery more consistent with learner needs and aspirations can and do emerge, they are often framed as pilot projects or materialise in parallel program interventions such as youth work or land care. This paper explores the nature of these tensions and identifies the characteristics of educational interventions that can improve outcomes for Aboriginal desert dwellers no matter where they choose to live.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75189,7 +81089,7 @@ inequality:
   author = {Young, Amanda E.},
   year = {2010},
   month = nov,
-  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& HEALTH},
+  journal = {SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& HEALTH},
   volume = {36},
   number = {6},
   pages = {473--483},
@@ -75270,7 +81170,7 @@ inequality:
   pages = {S131-S143},
   issn = {0749-3797},
   doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2022.03.034},
-  abstract = {Introduction: Patient participation in healthcare system-sponsored efforts to address food insecurity varies widely. This mixed-methods study sought to understand the patient sociodemographic factors associated with and barriers and facilitators to the use of a monthly produce market held at Cambridge Health Alliance in partnership with The Greater Boston Food Bank. Methods: Baseline surveys (N=715) were conducted from February 2019 to March 2020 before market attendance, followed by 1-year follow-up surveys (n=514) and qualitative interviews (n=45). Robust Poisson regression estimated associations between sociodemographic characteristics and market attendance. Analyses were conducted from 2021 to 2022. Results: A total of 37.1\textbackslash textbackslash\% attended the market {$>$}= 1 time. Market attendance was associated with being aged 30-49 years (Risk Ratio (RR)=1.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.00, 1.86), having a monthly household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar1,000 (RR=1.73, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.29, 2.32), identifying as Asian (RR=2.48, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.58, 3.89), having a preferred language for medical care other than English (RR=1.35, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.03, 1.76), being retired (RR=1.90, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.17, 3.08), and living in the city of the market's location (RR=1.36, 95\textbackslash textbackslash\% CI=1.12, 1.63). Barriers included limited time (28\textbackslash textbackslash\%), work conflict (23\textbackslash textbackslash\%), forgetfulness (23\textbackslash textbackslash\%), and not knowing market location/date (22\textbackslash textbackslash\%). Interviews revealed that accessibility barriers (e.g., limited market hours, transportation issues, competing demands, medical conditions, long lines) were obstacles to attendance, whereas access to novel, healthy foods motivated attendance. Conclusions: Healthcare-based food distributions have the potential to reach patients with unmet food needs who cannot or would not access other forms of food assistance. Time constraints, physical limitations, and transportation challenges impact attendance; program modifications are necessary to improve accessibility. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Journal of Preventive Medicine.},
+  abstract = {Introduction: Patient participation in healthcare system-sponsored efforts to address food insecurity varies widely. This mixed-methods study sought to understand the patient sociodemographic factors associated with and barriers and facilitators to the use of a monthly produce market held at Cambridge Health Alliance in partnership with The Greater Boston Food Bank. Methods: Baseline surveys (N=715) were conducted from February 2019 to March 2020 before market attendance, followed by 1-year follow-up surveys (n=514) and qualitative interviews (n=45). Robust Poisson regression estimated associations between sociodemographic characteristics and market attendance. Analyses were conducted from 2021 to 2022. Results: A total of 37.1{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% attended the market {$>$}= 1 time. Market attendance was associated with being aged 30-49 years (Risk Ratio (RR)=1.36, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.00, 1.86), having a monthly household income {$<\backslash$}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar1,000 (RR=1.73, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.29, 2.32), identifying as Asian (RR=2.48, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.58, 3.89), having a preferred language for medical care other than English (RR=1.35, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.03, 1.76), being retired (RR=1.90, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.17, 3.08), and living in the city of the market's location (RR=1.36, 95{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% CI=1.12, 1.63). Barriers included limited time (28{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), work conflict (23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), forgetfulness (23{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%), and not knowing market location/date (22{\textbackslash}textbackslash\%). Interviews revealed that accessibility barriers (e.g., limited market hours, transportation issues, competing demands, medical conditions, long lines) were obstacles to attendance, whereas access to novel, healthy foods motivated attendance. Conclusions: Healthcare-based food distributions have the potential to reach patients with unmet food needs who cannot or would not access other forms of food assistance. Time constraints, physical limitations, and transportation challenges impact attendance; program modifications are necessary to improve accessibility. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Journal of Preventive Medicine.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75283,7 +81183,7 @@ inequality:
   volume = {73},
   issn = {0276-5624},
   doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100583},
-  abstract = {By leveraging the UK COVID-19 lockdown, this paper examines the impact of changes in paid working hours on gender inequality, specifically time devoted to housework and childcare. We compare potential outcomes of similar couples who only differed in partners' losing (or maintaining) paid hours during the period from January/February 2020 to April 2020. We draw on wave 9 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study and the first wave of the Understanding Society COVID-19 study to evaluate competing hypotheses derived from time availability, relative resources and \textbackslash textasciigravedoing gender' perspectives. Following studies on the gendered division of unpaid labour, we also account for heterogeneous implications by analysing couples where partners' relative contributions to household labour income differ by gender. Our empirical results indicate that both men and women who lost paid hours increased the time devoted to domestic chores, but gender inequality strikes back, especially after breadwinner women lose paid hours. Overall, this paper provides fruitful insights into how theories of gender inequality in the division of domestic tasks could benefit from research on labour market shocks.},
+  abstract = {By leveraging the UK COVID-19 lockdown, this paper examines the impact of changes in paid working hours on gender inequality, specifically time devoted to housework and childcare. We compare potential outcomes of similar couples who only differed in partners' losing (or maintaining) paid hours during the period from January/February 2020 to April 2020. We draw on wave 9 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study and the first wave of the Understanding Society COVID-19 study to evaluate competing hypotheses derived from time availability, relative resources and {\textbackslash}textasciigravedoing gender' perspectives. Following studies on the gendered division of unpaid labour, we also account for heterogeneous implications by analysing couples where partners' relative contributions to household labour income differ by gender. Our empirical results indicate that both men and women who lost paid hours increased the time devoted to domestic chores, but gender inequality strikes back, especially after breadwinner women lose paid hours. Overall, this paper provides fruitful insights into how theories of gender inequality in the division of domestic tasks could benefit from research on labour market shocks.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75330,7 +81230,7 @@ Does NOT look at world of work specifically},
   pages = {297--309},
   issn = {1058-0476},
   doi = {10.1007/s10834-017-9552-5},
-  abstract = {When children have health problems, mothers face a tradeoff between the decision to work to satisfy increased expenses and the decision to stay home to fulfill enlarged caregiving needs, especially for children with chronic conditions. This research used an instrumental variables approach to investigate the labor market consequences of mothers due to burden to care children with health problems. We found mothers' employment probability increased by 0.9\textbackslash textbackslash\% for every \textbackslash textbackslash\textbackslash textdollar100 of increased out-of-pocket medical spending, while employment probability fell by 1.0\textbackslash textbackslash\% for every half day of school/day care a sick child missed. By correcting for endogeneity we addressed a potential empirical bias. Analyses by subgroups showed that Hispanic mothers were less likely to work in the labor market with high caregiving burden. We also found that the effects of time burden on labor market outcomes were magnified for black mothers.},
+  abstract = {When children have health problems, mothers face a tradeoff between the decision to work to satisfy increased expenses and the decision to stay home to fulfill enlarged caregiving needs, especially for children with chronic conditions. This research used an instrumental variables approach to investigate the labor market consequences of mothers due to burden to care children with health problems. We found mothers' employment probability increased by 0.9{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for every {\textbackslash}textbackslash{\textbackslash}textdollar100 of increased out-of-pocket medical spending, while employment probability fell by 1.0{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% for every half day of school/day care a sick child missed. By correcting for endogeneity we addressed a potential empirical bias. Analyses by subgroups showed that Hispanic mothers were less likely to work in the labor market with high caregiving burden. We also found that the effects of time burden on labor market outcomes were magnified for black mothers.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75349,6 +81249,22 @@ Does NOT look at world of work specifically},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Zantinge2014,
+  title = {Retirement and a Healthy Lifestyle: Opportunity or Pitfall? {{A}} Narrative Review of the Literature},
+  shorttitle = {Retirement and a Healthy Lifestyle},
+  author = {Zantinge, Else M. and Van Den Berg, Matthijs and Smit, Henri{\"e}tte A. and Picavet, H. Susan J.},
+  year = {2014},
+  month = jun,
+  journal = {European Journal of Public Health},
+  volume = {24},
+  number = {3},
+  pages = {433--439},
+  issn = {1464-360X, 1101-1262},
+  doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckt157},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Zapata2021,
   title = {{Regional analysis of Spanish high-tech manufacturing exports to East Asian countries}},
   author = {Zapata, Amadeo Navarro},
@@ -75401,7 +81317,23 @@ Does NOT look at world of work specifically},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1--15},
   doi = {10.20377/jfr-808},
-  abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigraveFamily Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace. Background: This Special Issue analyses how families, parents, and children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they have been coping with its related challenges in different societal contexts. Method: The studies collected in this Special Issue are based on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and data that have been gathered during 2020 in a range of European countries. It covers the first lockdown period, the reopening phases, and the months thereafter. Results: The 20 contributions of this Special Issue show that families shouldered large responsibilities during the pandemic. While the pandemic did not lead to radical shifts in gendered care patterns, mothers and fathers experienced the pandemic differently, with mothers reporting higher levels of stress. Moreover, there was great heterogeneity in how different types of families and children were affected by the pandemic. Single parents and parents and children in low-income households were most strongly affected in their social and economic wellbeing. Social and economic distress are strongly interwoven, and the developments during the pandemic aggravated existing social disparities. Conclusion: This Special Issue underlines the importance of the family for the functioning of societies during times of crisis. It also shows that policy makers often adopted a too narrow view of what constitutes a family and did not adequately address family diversity in their decision making. This Special Issue furthermore emphasized that there is a danger that the pandemic will increase disparities between families. Thus, parents and their children need adequate support measures that are tailored to their needs, and that are designed to alleviate these social, economic and educational disparities.},
+  abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigraveFamily Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace. Background: This Special Issue analyses how families, parents, and children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they have been coping with its related challenges in different societal contexts. Method: The studies collected in this Special Issue are based on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and data that have been gathered during 2020 in a range of European countries. It covers the first lockdown period, the reopening phases, and the months thereafter. Results: The 20 contributions of this Special Issue show that families shouldered large responsibilities during the pandemic. While the pandemic did not lead to radical shifts in gendered care patterns, mothers and fathers experienced the pandemic differently, with mothers reporting higher levels of stress. Moreover, there was great heterogeneity in how different types of families and children were affected by the pandemic. Single parents and parents and children in low-income households were most strongly affected in their social and economic wellbeing. Social and economic distress are strongly interwoven, and the developments during the pandemic aggravated existing social disparities. Conclusion: This Special Issue underlines the importance of the family for the functioning of societies during times of crisis. It also shows that policy makers often adopted a too narrow view of what constitutes a family and did not adequately address family diversity in their decision making. This Special Issue furthermore emphasized that there is a danger that the pandemic will increase disparities between families. Thus, parents and their children need adequate support measures that are tailored to their needs, and that are designed to alleviate these social, economic and educational disparities.},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Zeinali2019,
+  title = {Intersectionality and Global Health Leadership: Parity Is Not Enough},
+  shorttitle = {Intersectionality and Global Health Leadership},
+  author = {Zeinali, Zahra and Muraya, Kui and Govender, Veloshnee and Molyneux, Sassy and Morgan, Rosemary},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = dec,
+  journal = {Human Resources for Health},
+  volume = {17},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {29},
+  issn = {1478-4491},
+  doi = {10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75412,9 +81344,9 @@ Does NOT look at world of work specifically},
   month = feb,
   journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT},
   doi = {10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
-  abstract = {Background: Human resources are at the heart of health systems, playing a central role in their functionality globally. It is estimated that up to 70\textbackslash textbackslash\% of the health workforce are women, however, this pattern is not reflected in the leadership of health systems where women are under-represented. Methods: This systematized review explored the existing literature around women's progress towards leadership in the health sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which has used intersectional analysis. Results: While there are studies that have looked at the inequities and barriers women face in progressing towards leadership positions in health systems within LMICs, none explicitly used an intersectionality framework in their approach. These studies did nevertheless show recurring barriers to health systems leadership created at the intersection of gender and social identities such as professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, and culture. These barriers limit women's access to resources that improve career development, including mentorship and sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition and respect at work for women, and increase the likelihood of women to take on dual burdens of professional work and childcare and domestic work, and, create biased views about effectiveness of men and women's leadership styles. An intersectional lens helps to better understand how gender intersects with other social identities which results in upholding these persisting barriers to career progression and leadership. Conclusion: As efforts to reduce gender inequity in health systems are gaining momentum, it is important to look beyond gender and take into account other intersecting social identities that create unique positionalities of privilege and/or disadvantage. This approach should be adopted across a diverse range of health systems programs and policies in an effort to strengthen gender equity in health and specifically human resources for health (HRH), and improve health system governance, functioning and outcomes. Keywords: Gender, Intersectionality, Health Systems, Health Workforce, Leadership, Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Copyright: (c) 2021 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Molyneux S, Morgan R. The use of intersectional analysis in assessing women's leadership progress in the health workforce in LMICs: a review. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
+  abstract = {Background: Human resources are at the heart of health systems, playing a central role in their functionality globally. It is estimated that up to 70{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of the health workforce are women, however, this pattern is not reflected in the leadership of health systems where women are under-represented. Methods: This systematized review explored the existing literature around women's progress towards leadership in the health sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which has used intersectional analysis. Results: While there are studies that have looked at the inequities and barriers women face in progressing towards leadership positions in health systems within LMICs, none explicitly used an intersectionality framework in their approach. These studies did nevertheless show recurring barriers to health systems leadership created at the intersection of gender and social identities such as professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, and culture. These barriers limit women's access to resources that improve career development, including mentorship and sponsorship opportunities, reduce value, recognition and respect at work for women, and increase the likelihood of women to take on dual burdens of professional work and childcare and domestic work, and, create biased views about effectiveness of men and women's leadership styles. An intersectional lens helps to better understand how gender intersects with other social identities which results in upholding these persisting barriers to career progression and leadership. Conclusion: As efforts to reduce gender inequity in health systems are gaining momentum, it is important to look beyond gender and take into account other intersecting social identities that create unique positionalities of privilege and/or disadvantage. This approach should be adopted across a diverse range of health systems programs and policies in an effort to strengthen gender equity in health and specifically human resources for health (HRH), and improve health system governance, functioning and outcomes. Keywords: Gender, Intersectionality, Health Systems, Health Workforce, Leadership, Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Copyright: (c) 2021 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Molyneux S, Morgan R. The use of intersectional analysis in assessing women's leadership progress in the health workforce in LMICs: a review. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;x(x):x-x. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.06},
   langid = {english},
-  keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::socio-demographic,integrated,intersectional,review::systematic},
+  keywords = {cited::previous\_reviews,inequality::gender,inequality::socio-demographic,integrated,intersectional,review::systematic},
   note = {systematic review of female leadership in health sector (LMICs) using intersectional analysis
 \par
 main findings: main barriers at intersection of gender and social identity of professional cadre, race/ethnicity, financial status, culture
@@ -75425,6 +81357,22 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/34DLCESV/Zeinali et al_2021_The Use of Intersectional Analysis in Assessing Women's Leadership Progress in.pdf}
 }
 
+@incollection{Zeinali2022,
+  title = {Women in {{Health Systems Leadership}}: {{Demystifying}} the {{Labyrinth}}},
+  shorttitle = {Women in {{Health Systems Leadership}}},
+  booktitle = {Women and {{Global Health Leadership}}},
+  author = {Zeinali, Zahra},
+  editor = {Morgan, Rosemary and Hawkins, Kate and Dhatt, Roopa and Manzoor, Mehr and Bali, Sulzhan and Overs, Cheryl},
+  year = {2022},
+  pages = {183--196},
+  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
+  address = {{Cham}},
+  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-84498-1_18},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  isbn = {978-3-030-84497-4 978-3-030-84498-1},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Zelleke2018,
   title = {Work, {{Leisure}}, and {{Care}}: {{A Gender Perspective}} on the {{Participation Income}}},
   author = {Zelleke, Almaz},
@@ -75469,7 +81417,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
 }
 
 @article{Zewdu2022,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveWe}} Improved Our Life Because {{I}} Cut My Drinking\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{Qualitative}} Analysis of a Brief Intervention for People with Alcohol Use Disorder in {{Ethiopian}} Primary Health Care},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveWe}} Improved Our Life Because {{I}} Cut My Drinking{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{Qualitative}} Analysis of a Brief Intervention for People with Alcohol Use Disorder in {{Ethiopian}} Primary Health Care},
   author = {Zewdu, Selamawit and Hanlon, Charlotte and Fekadu, Abebaw and Medhin, Girmay and Teferra, Solomon},
   year = {2022},
   month = jan,
@@ -75481,6 +81429,21 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Zhang1993,
+  title = {A Woman's Labor Participation and Economic Growth},
+  author = {Zhang, Wei-Bin},
+  year = {1993},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Economics Letters},
+  volume = {42},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {105--110},
+  issn = {01651765},
+  doi = {10.1016/0165-1765(93)90181-B},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Zhang2002,
   title = {Employment, Emerging Labor Markets, and the Role of Education in Rural {{China}}},
   author = {Zhang, {\relax LX} and Huang, {\relax JK} and Rozelle, S},
@@ -75561,7 +81524,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   volume = {13},
   issn = {1664-1078},
   doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904298},
-  abstract = {The education level and social participation of contemporary Chinese women have reached their historical peak; work is fast becoming the dominant theme of their lives. However, influenced by traditional attitudes, women are still expected to undertake the main family care tasks, thus, facing dual constraints of family and work, which seriously affect their life happiness. Based on the theory of subjective well-being and feminist geography, this study used the questionnaire survey and in-depth interview results of professional females in Dalian High-tech Industrial Zone as basic data to explore the life satisfaction and emotional cognition in intra- and extra-household life of professional females (Professional females: In this study, they are the women who have received formal education and currently have full-time and steady job (including regular employees in the national systems and those who have signed labor contracts with labor units).). The following results were obtained: (1) Most professional females reported higher life satisfaction in intra- rather than extra-household life, and it varied with individual attributes, reflecting the internal differences among them. (2) The positive emotions of professional females came from the company of family and friends in intra-household life, and satisfaction with the working environment and treatment in extra-household life. (3) The negative emotions came from the pressure of \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravemarriage,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravebirth,\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace and other traditional concepts in intra-household life. In extra-household life, it came from the health problems caused by working stress, interpersonal problems and gender inequality in the workplace, and the anxiety of age and future career development. Therefore, this study committed to revealing the living status and subjective feelings of contemporary professional females in China, hoping to improve women's life quality and enhance their life happiness from a theoretical and realistic perspective.},
+  abstract = {The education level and social participation of contemporary Chinese women have reached their historical peak; work is fast becoming the dominant theme of their lives. However, influenced by traditional attitudes, women are still expected to undertake the main family care tasks, thus, facing dual constraints of family and work, which seriously affect their life happiness. Based on the theory of subjective well-being and feminist geography, this study used the questionnaire survey and in-depth interview results of professional females in Dalian High-tech Industrial Zone as basic data to explore the life satisfaction and emotional cognition in intra- and extra-household life of professional females (Professional females: In this study, they are the women who have received formal education and currently have full-time and steady job (including regular employees in the national systems and those who have signed labor contracts with labor units).). The following results were obtained: (1) Most professional females reported higher life satisfaction in intra- rather than extra-household life, and it varied with individual attributes, reflecting the internal differences among them. (2) The positive emotions of professional females came from the company of family and friends in intra-household life, and satisfaction with the working environment and treatment in extra-household life. (3) The negative emotions came from the pressure of {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravemarriage,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravebirth,{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace and other traditional concepts in intra-household life. In extra-household life, it came from the health problems caused by working stress, interpersonal problems and gender inequality in the workplace, and the anxiety of age and future career development. Therefore, this study committed to revealing the living status and subjective feelings of contemporary professional females in China, hoping to improve women's life quality and enhance their life happiness from a theoretical and realistic perspective.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75586,13 +81549,13 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   author = {Zhao, Sibo},
   year = {2020},
   month = aug,
-  journal = {CHILD \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& YOUTH CARE FORUM},
+  journal = {CHILD {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& YOUTH CARE FORUM},
   volume = {49},
   number = {4},
   pages = {511--531},
   issn = {1053-1890},
   doi = {10.1007/s10566-019-09541-5},
-  abstract = {Background Understanding the regional differences in child care is critical as the gendered division of child care in the family remains unequal between husbands and wives in China. Objective The study aims to assess how child care time is divided differently between husband and wife within the families in urban and rural sectors, and how these divisions are associated with factors such as one's own or spouse's employment status, educational achievement, and earnings. Method We analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011), using the relative resources theory, \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedoing gender\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace perceptive, as well as the gender attitudes model to explain gender differentials in child care among urban and rural families. Results The gender difference in child care continues to persist but with a variation between urban and rural sectors. In addition to the wife's own employment status, the husband's employment status as well as income has played important roles in influencing the child care division inside the household. Conclusions The relative resources theory explains the pattern of the gendered division of child care in rural sectors but cannot account for the patterns in urban sectors. Instead, patterns in urban women's child care time were more consistent with a \textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash textasciigravedoing gender\textbackslash lbrace''\textbackslash rbrace perspective and urban men's child care time were consistent with an egalitarian gender attitudes model.},
+  abstract = {Background Understanding the regional differences in child care is critical as the gendered division of child care in the family remains unequal between husbands and wives in China. Objective The study aims to assess how child care time is divided differently between husband and wife within the families in urban and rural sectors, and how these divisions are associated with factors such as one's own or spouse's employment status, educational achievement, and earnings. Method We analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011), using the relative resources theory, {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedoing gender{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace perceptive, as well as the gender attitudes model to explain gender differentials in child care among urban and rural families. Results The gender difference in child care continues to persist but with a variation between urban and rural sectors. In addition to the wife's own employment status, the husband's employment status as well as income has played important roles in influencing the child care division inside the household. Conclusions The relative resources theory explains the pattern of the gendered division of child care in rural sectors but cannot account for the patterns in urban sectors. Instead, patterns in urban women's child care time were more consistent with a {\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}textasciigravedoing gender{\textbackslash}lbrace''{\textbackslash}rbrace perspective and urban men's child care time were consistent with an egalitarian gender attitudes model.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75605,16 +81568,16 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   number = {2},
   pages = {36--46},
   doi = {10.17645/si.v8i2.2674},
-  abstract = {As China's one-child policy is replaced by the two-child policy, young Chinese women and their spouses are increasingly concerned about who will take care of the \textbackslash textasciigravesecond child.' Due to the absence of public childcare services and the rising cost of privatised care services in China, childcare provision mainly relies on families, such that working women's choices of childbirth, childcare and employment are heavily constrained. To deal with structural barriers, young urban mothers mobilise grandmothers as joint caregivers. Based on interviews with Guangzhou middle-class families, this study examines the impact of childcare policy reform since 1978 on childbirth and childcare choices of women. It illustrates the longstanding contributions and struggles of women, particularly grandmothers, engaged in childcare. It also shows that intergenerational parenting involves a set of practices of intergenerational intimacy embedded in material conditions, practical acts of care, moral values and power dynamics. We argue that the liberation, to some extent, of young Chinese mothers from childcare is at the expense of considerable unpaid care work from grandmothers rather than being driven by increased public care services and improved gender equality in domestic labour. Given the significant stress and seriously constrained choices in later life that childcare imposes, grandmothers now become reluctant to help rear a second grandchild. This situation calls for changes in family policies to increase the supply of affordable and good-quality childcare services, enhance job security in the labour market, provide supportive services to grandmothers and, most importantly, prioritise the wellbeing of women and families over national goals.},
+  abstract = {As China's one-child policy is replaced by the two-child policy, young Chinese women and their spouses are increasingly concerned about who will take care of the {\textbackslash}textasciigravesecond child.' Due to the absence of public childcare services and the rising cost of privatised care services in China, childcare provision mainly relies on families, such that working women's choices of childbirth, childcare and employment are heavily constrained. To deal with structural barriers, young urban mothers mobilise grandmothers as joint caregivers. Based on interviews with Guangzhou middle-class families, this study examines the impact of childcare policy reform since 1978 on childbirth and childcare choices of women. It illustrates the longstanding contributions and struggles of women, particularly grandmothers, engaged in childcare. It also shows that intergenerational parenting involves a set of practices of intergenerational intimacy embedded in material conditions, practical acts of care, moral values and power dynamics. We argue that the liberation, to some extent, of young Chinese mothers from childcare is at the expense of considerable unpaid care work from grandmothers rather than being driven by increased public care services and improved gender equality in domestic labour. Given the significant stress and seriously constrained choices in later life that childcare imposes, grandmothers now become reluctant to help rear a second grandchild. This situation calls for changes in family policies to increase the supply of affordable and good-quality childcare services, enhance job security in the labour market, provide supportive services to grandmothers and, most importantly, prioritise the wellbeing of women and families over national goals.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
 @article{Zhu2015,
-  title = {\textbackslash textasciigrave\textbackslash{{textasciigraveRights}} without {{Access}}\textbackslash ensuremath'': {{The Political Context}} of {{Inequality}} in {{Health Care Coverage}} in the {{US States}}},
+  title = {{\textbackslash}textasciigrave{\textbackslash}{{textasciigraveRights}} without {{Access}}{\textbackslash}ensuremath'': {{The Political Context}} of {{Inequality}} in {{Health Care Coverage}} in the {{US States}}},
   author = {Zhu, Ling and Clark, Jennifer H.},
   year = {2015},
   month = jun,
-  journal = {STATE POLITICS \textbackslash textbackslashtextbackslash \textbackslash textbackslash\& POLICY QUARTERLY},
+  journal = {STATE POLITICS {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextbackslash {\textbackslash}textbackslash\& POLICY QUARTERLY},
   volume = {15},
   number = {2},
   pages = {239--262},
@@ -75668,7 +81631,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   issn = {2517-729X},
   doi = {10.1136/gpsych-2020-100260},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Backgroud               COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of local medical and nursing staff.                                         Aim               We used wearable pulse oximeters to monitor and screen the medical and nursing staff working in hospitals designated for COVID-19 in the Wuhan area. This study aimed to establish a reliable basis to provide sleep intervention for the medical and nursing staff.                                         Methods               Thirty medical and nursing staff members with symptoms of insomnia were instructed to wear medical ring-shaped pulse oximeters to monitor their sleep overnight. We also used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Chinese version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to evaluate the severity of insomnia and mental health status, respectively, for each participant.                                         Results               Among the 30 participants, only 26 completed the screening. Ten cases (38.5\%) demonstrated moderate to severe sleep apnoea\textendash hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) when using an oxygen desaturation index {$\geq$}15 times/hour as the cut-off value. Participants with comorbid moderate to severe SAHS had significantly higher ISI and SRQ scores (p values 0.034 and 0.016, respectively) than those in the insomnia group. Correlation analysis revealed that ISI was positively correlated with total sleep time (TST) (r=0.435, p=0.026), and negatively correlated with deep sleep (r=-0.495, p=0.010); furthermore, patient SRQ scores were positively correlated with TST, sleep efficiency (SE) and REM (rapid eyes movement) sleep \% (r=0.454 and 0.389, 0.512; p=0.020, 0.050 and 0.008, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that SRQ-20 and sex were risk factors for insomnia with comorbid SAHS, and their OR values were 1.516 and 11.56 (95\% CI 1.053 to 2.180 and 1.037 to 128.9), respectively.                                         Conclusion               Medical and nursing staff with insomnia showed clear signs of comorbid sleep apnoea attributable to stress. The wearable pulse oximeters accurately monitored the participants' breathing when asleep.},
+  abstract = {Backgroud               COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of local medical and nursing staff.                                         Aim               We used wearable pulse oximeters to monitor and screen the medical and nursing staff working in hospitals designated for COVID-19 in the Wuhan area. This study aimed to establish a reliable basis to provide sleep intervention for the medical and nursing staff.                                         Methods               Thirty medical and nursing staff members with symptoms of insomnia were instructed to wear medical ring-shaped pulse oximeters to monitor their sleep overnight. We also used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Chinese version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to evaluate the severity of insomnia and mental health status, respectively, for each participant.                                         Results               Among the 30 participants, only 26 completed the screening. Ten cases (38.5\%) demonstrated moderate to severe sleep apnoea{\textendash}hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) when using an oxygen desaturation index {$\geq$}15 times/hour as the cut-off value. Participants with comorbid moderate to severe SAHS had significantly higher ISI and SRQ scores (p values 0.034 and 0.016, respectively) than those in the insomnia group. Correlation analysis revealed that ISI was positively correlated with total sleep time (TST) (r=0.435, p=0.026), and negatively correlated with deep sleep (r=-0.495, p=0.010); furthermore, patient SRQ scores were positively correlated with TST, sleep efficiency (SE) and REM (rapid eyes movement) sleep \% (r=0.454 and 0.389, 0.512; p=0.020, 0.050 and 0.008, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that SRQ-20 and sex were risk factors for insomnia with comorbid SAHS, and their OR values were 1.516 and 11.56 (95\% CI 1.053 to 2.180 and 1.037 to 128.9), respectively.                                         Conclusion               Medical and nursing staff with insomnia showed clear signs of comorbid sleep apnoea attributable to stress. The wearable pulse oximeters accurately monitored the participants' breathing when asleep.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75683,7 +81646,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   pages = {152--159},
   issn = {1326-0200},
   doi = {10.1111/1753-6405.12965},
-  abstract = {Objective: This paper examines whether Australian regional primary health care organisations - in this case, Medicare Locals (MLs) and Primary Health Networks (PHNs) - have engaged with migrant and refugee health, and what factors encourage work in this area. Methods: The study used mixed methods with surveys of ML (N=210) and PHN staff (N=66), interviews with ML (N=50) and PHN (N=55) staff, national consultations with migrant and refugee organisations (N=8 groups with 62 participants), and analysis of ML and PHN documents. Results: Needs assessment documents identified migrant and refugee health issues in 46\textbackslash textbackslash\% of MLs and 74\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PHNs. However, 48\textbackslash textbackslash\% of MLs and 55\textbackslash textbackslash\% of PHNs did not report any activities on migrant health, and 78\textbackslash textbackslash\% and 62\textbackslash textbackslash\% did not report any activities for refugees, respectively. Key factors identified by participants as associated with whether ML and PHN focus on migrant and refugee health were the determination of local priority areas, policy context and funding, collaboration with migrant and refugee organisations and communities, and mechanisms for engagement. Conclusions: Despite the importance of primary health care for migrants and refugees, there was relatively little attention paid to these population groups in MLs and PHNs, with a small number of notable exceptions.},
+  abstract = {Objective: This paper examines whether Australian regional primary health care organisations - in this case, Medicare Locals (MLs) and Primary Health Networks (PHNs) - have engaged with migrant and refugee health, and what factors encourage work in this area. Methods: The study used mixed methods with surveys of ML (N=210) and PHN staff (N=66), interviews with ML (N=50) and PHN (N=55) staff, national consultations with migrant and refugee organisations (N=8 groups with 62 participants), and analysis of ML and PHN documents. Results: Needs assessment documents identified migrant and refugee health issues in 46{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of MLs and 74{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of PHNs. However, 48{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of MLs and 55{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% of PHNs did not report any activities on migrant health, and 78{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% and 62{\textbackslash}textbackslash\% did not report any activities for refugees, respectively. Key factors identified by participants as associated with whether ML and PHN focus on migrant and refugee health were the determination of local priority areas, policy context and funding, collaboration with migrant and refugee organisations and communities, and mechanisms for engagement. Conclusions: Despite the importance of primary health care for migrants and refugees, there was relatively little attention paid to these population groups in MLs and PHNs, with a small number of notable exceptions.},
   langid = {english}
 }
 
@@ -75701,6 +81664,38 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@article{Zins2011,
+  title = {Effect of {{Retirement}} on {{Alcohol Consumption}}: {{Longitudinal Evidence}} from the {{French Gazel Cohort Study}}},
+  shorttitle = {Effect of {{Retirement}} on {{Alcohol Consumption}}},
+  author = {Zins, Marie and Gu{\'e}guen, Alice and Kivimaki, Mika and {Singh-Manoux}, Archana and Leclerc, Annette and Vahtera, Jussi and Westerlund, Hugo and Ferrie, Jane E. and Goldberg, Marcel},
+  editor = {Laks, Jerson},
+  year = {2011},
+  month = oct,
+  journal = {PLoS ONE},
+  volume = {6},
+  number = {10},
+  pages = {e26531},
+  issn = {1932-6203},
+  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026531},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
+@article{Zirkzee2008,
+  title = {Sick Leave and Work Disability in Patients with Early Arthritis},
+  author = {Zirkzee, Elisabeth J. M. and Sneep, Arina C. and De Buck, Petronella D. M. and Allaart, Cornelia F. and Peeters, Andreas J. and Ronday, H. Karel and Westedt, Marie Louise and Le Cessie, Saskia and Vliet Vlieland, Theodora P. M.},
+  year = {2008},
+  month = jan,
+  journal = {Clinical Rheumatology},
+  volume = {27},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {11--19},
+  issn = {0770-3198, 1434-9949},
+  doi = {10.1007/s10067-007-0642-x},
+  urldate = {2023-11-24},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Zoellner2022,
   title = {Fashioning Groups That Inhabit Society's Fringes: The Work of {{Australian VET}} Research into Disadvantage},
   author = {Zoellner, Don},
@@ -75713,6 +81708,17 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@misc{zotero-15204,
+  title = {[{{No}} Title Found]}
+}
+
+@article{zotero-15382,
+  title = {[{{No}} Title Found]},
+  journal = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
+  issn = {14651858},
+  langid = {english}
+}
+
 @article{Zsilavecz2020,
   title = {Trauma Patterns during the {{COVID-19}} Lockdown in {{South Africa}} Expose Vulnerability of Women},
   author = {Zsilavecz, A and Wain, H and Bruce, J L and Smith, M T D and Bekker, W and Laing, G L and Lutge, E and Clarke, D L},
@@ -75755,6 +81761,6 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi
   issn = {2059-7908},
   doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007666},
   urldate = {2023-11-20},
-  abstract = {Introduction               Secondary school closures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 may have amplified the negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and schooling outcomes of vulnerable adolescent girls. This study aimed to measure pandemic-related effects on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among school-going girls in Kenya.                                         Methods               We report longitudinal findings of 910 girls in their last 2 years of secondary school. The study took place in 12 secondary day schools in rural western Kenya between 2018 and 2021. Using a causal-comparative design, we compared SRH and schooling outcomes among 403 girls who graduated after completion of their final school examinations in November 2019 pre-pandemic with 507 girls who experienced disrupted schooling due to COVID-19 and sat examinations in March 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effect of COVID-19-related school closures and restrictions on all outcomes of interest and on incident pregnancy.                                         Results               At study initiation, the mean age of participants was 17.2 (IQR: 16.4\textendash 17.9) for girls in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 17.5 (IQR: 16.5\textendash 18.4) for girls in the COVID-19 cohort. Girls experiencing COVID-19 containment measures had twice the risk of falling pregnant prior to completing secondary school after adjustment for age, household wealth and orphanhood status (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=2.11; 95\% CI:1.13 to 3.95, p=0.019); three times the risk of school dropout (aRR=3.03; 95\% CI: 1.55 to 5.95, p=0.001) and 3.4 times the risk of school transfer prior to examinations (aRR=3.39; 95\% CI: 1.70 to 6.77, p=0.001) relative to pre-COVID-19 learners. Girls in the COVID-19 cohort were more likely to be sexually active (aRR=1.28; 95\% CI: 1.09 to 1.51, p=0.002) and less likely to report their first sex as desired (aRR=0.49; 95\% CI: 0.37 to 0.65, p{$<$}0.001). These girls reported increased hours of non-school-related work (3.32 hours per day vs 2.63 hours per day in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, aRR=1.92; 95\% CI: 1.92 to 2.99, p=0.004). In the COVID-19 cohort, 80.5\% reported worsening household economic status and COVID-19-related stress was common.                                         Conclusion               The COVID-19 pandemic deleteriously affected the SRH of girls and amplified school transfer and dropout. Appropriate programmes and interventions that help buffer the effects of population-level emergencies on school-going adolescents are warranted.                                         Trial registration number                                NCT03051789                 .},
+  abstract = {Introduction               Secondary school closures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 may have amplified the negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and schooling outcomes of vulnerable adolescent girls. This study aimed to measure pandemic-related effects on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among school-going girls in Kenya.                                         Methods               We report longitudinal findings of 910 girls in their last 2 years of secondary school. The study took place in 12 secondary day schools in rural western Kenya between 2018 and 2021. Using a causal-comparative design, we compared SRH and schooling outcomes among 403 girls who graduated after completion of their final school examinations in November 2019 pre-pandemic with 507 girls who experienced disrupted schooling due to COVID-19 and sat examinations in March 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effect of COVID-19-related school closures and restrictions on all outcomes of interest and on incident pregnancy.                                         Results               At study initiation, the mean age of participants was 17.2 (IQR: 16.4{\textendash}17.9) for girls in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 17.5 (IQR: 16.5{\textendash}18.4) for girls in the COVID-19 cohort. Girls experiencing COVID-19 containment measures had twice the risk of falling pregnant prior to completing secondary school after adjustment for age, household wealth and orphanhood status (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=2.11; 95\% CI:1.13 to 3.95, p=0.019); three times the risk of school dropout (aRR=3.03; 95\% CI: 1.55 to 5.95, p=0.001) and 3.4 times the risk of school transfer prior to examinations (aRR=3.39; 95\% CI: 1.70 to 6.77, p=0.001) relative to pre-COVID-19 learners. Girls in the COVID-19 cohort were more likely to be sexually active (aRR=1.28; 95\% CI: 1.09 to 1.51, p=0.002) and less likely to report their first sex as desired (aRR=0.49; 95\% CI: 0.37 to 0.65, p{$<$}0.001). These girls reported increased hours of non-school-related work (3.32 hours per day vs 2.63 hours per day in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, aRR=1.92; 95\% CI: 1.92 to 2.99, p=0.004). In the COVID-19 cohort, 80.5\% reported worsening household economic status and COVID-19-related stress was common.                                         Conclusion               The COVID-19 pandemic deleteriously affected the SRH of girls and amplified school transfer and dropout. Appropriate programmes and interventions that help buffer the effects of population-level emergencies on school-going adolescents are warranted.                                         Trial registration number                                NCT03051789                 .},
   langid = {english}
 }