From 1f61cf8098c81ae1cff918455593036438194e97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2024 08:28:43 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] chore(data): Update zotero bibtex library --- 02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib | 604 ++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 302 insertions(+), 302 deletions(-) diff --git a/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib b/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib index 1661bfa..c3c4168 100644 --- a/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib +++ b/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ issn = {1403-4948, 1651-1905}, doi = {10.1177/1403494814538559}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Aims: To analyse the impact of sick-pay cuts on the use of sickness absence by employees of different socioeconomic groups. In 2009 cuts in sick pay were implemented in reaction to an economic crisis in Estonia. Methods: Nationwide health survey data from the years 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 were used to evaluate sickness absence among blue-collar and white-collar workers. The dataset comprised 7,449 employees of 20{\textendash}64 years of age. Difference in prevalence of absentees before and after the reform was assessed using the chi-squared test. Odds ratios (OR) for sickness absence were calculated in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: After the reform, the proportion of blue-collar workers who had been on sick leave decreased from 51\% to 40\% ( p{$<$}0.001) and among white-collar employees from 45\% to 41\% ( p=0.026). This reduction had a similar pattern in all the subgroups of blue-collar employees as stratified according to gender, age, self-rated health, and presence of chronic disease, especially among those with low incomes; in white-collar employees it reached statistical significance only in those with good self-rated health ( p=0.033). In a multivariate model the odds of having lower sickness absence were highly significant only in blue-collar employees (OR 0.63; 95\% confidence interval 0.51{\textendash}0.77, p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions: The cuts in sickness benefits had a major impact on the use of sickness absence by blue-collar employees with low salaries. This indicates that lower income was a major factor hindering the use of sick leave as these employees are most vulnerable to the loss of income.}, + abstract = {Aims: To analyse the impact of sick-pay cuts on the use of sickness absence by employees of different socioeconomic groups. In 2009 cuts in sick pay were implemented in reaction to an economic crisis in Estonia. Methods: Nationwide health survey data from the years 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 were used to evaluate sickness absence among blue-collar and white-collar workers. The dataset comprised 7,449 employees of 20--64 years of age. Difference in prevalence of absentees before and after the reform was assessed using the chi-squared test. Odds ratios (OR) for sickness absence were calculated in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: After the reform, the proportion of blue-collar workers who had been on sick leave decreased from 51\% to 40\% ( p{$<$}0.001) and among white-collar employees from 45\% to 41\% ( p=0.026). This reduction had a similar pattern in all the subgroups of blue-collar employees as stratified according to gender, age, self-rated health, and presence of chronic disease, especially among those with low incomes; in white-collar employees it reached statistical significance only in those with good self-rated health ( p=0.033). In a multivariate model the odds of having lower sickness absence were highly significant only in blue-collar employees (OR 0.63; 95\% confidence interval 0.51--0.77, p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions: The cuts in sickness benefits had a major impact on the use of sickness absence by blue-collar employees with low salaries. This indicates that lower income was a major factor hindering the use of sick leave as these employees are most vulnerable to the loss of income.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl } @article{Abram2017, - title = {The Free Movement of People around the World Would Be {{Utopian}}: {{IUAES World Congress}} 2013: {{Evolving Humanity}}, {{Emerging Worlds}}, 5{\textendash}10 {{August}} 2013}, + title = {The Free Movement of People around the World Would Be {{Utopian}}: {{IUAES World Congress}} 2013: {{Evolving Humanity}}, {{Emerging Worlds}}, 5--10 {{August}} 2013}, shorttitle = {The Free Movement of People around the World Would Be {{Utopian}}}, author = {Abram, Simone and Feldman Bianco, B. and Khosravi, S. and Salazar, N. and De Genova, N.}, year = {2017}, @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w23264}, - abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program's negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative {\textendash} for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.}, + abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program's negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative -- for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {At-scale randomized field experiment conducted on impacts of embedding soft skills component into vocational youth training in Dominican Republic's 'Juventud y Empleo' program for at-risk youth.\textbf{Focuses on both labor market outcomes and expectations to explain why some programs might have detrimental effects and heterogeneity between genders.\textbf{Additionally, separates vocational training and soft-skills and internship components to analyze the marginal effect vocational training has,\textbf{and carries out the analysis through its longer-term effects.\textbf{Results show that, over short-term, women had improved labor market outcomes while males did not, and in fact had worsened outcomes after vocational training.\textbf{While labor market outcome differences due to the program vanished over long-term, its different expectations did not, leading to an overall worse labor market expectation and welfare for men, better for women.\textbf{Ultimately, it sees an improved long-term skill acquisition, self-esteem generation and lowered fertility rate for women, while men had sustained negative impacts on long-term expectations and welfare.}}}}}}}, @@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl researcherid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo Ariel/AAD-1178-2022}, unique-id = {WOS:000627634400001}, keywords = {country::El Salvador,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, - note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \textbf{in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \textbf{A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \textbf{with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\textbf{For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors {\textemdash} driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes {\textemdash} and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\textbf{Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.}}}}}}, + note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \textbf{in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \textbf{A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \textbf{with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\textbf{For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors --- driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes --- and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\textbf{Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/R2W6JQT8/Acosta2021_Public_works_programs_and_crime.pdf} } @@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl issn = {1120-2890, 1973-820X}, doi = {10.1007/s40888-021-00242-8}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract This paper argues that the gendered impact of COVID-19 has both visible and hidden dimensions, and both immediate effects linked with lockdowns and longer-term effects that are likely to emerge sequentially in time and affect recovery. Much of the existing feminist literature on the impact of COVID-19 has neglected these complexities and focused mainly on care work and domestic violence. This has diverted attention away from other key concerns such as livelihood loss, food and nutritional insecurity, indebtedness, rising poverty, and the low resilience of most women in developing economies. Even care work and domestic violence have complex facets that tend to be missed. Using examples from India, the paper outlines the kinds of gendered effects we might expect, the extent to which these have been traced in existing surveys, and the data gaps. It also highlights the potential of group approaches in enhancing women's economic recovery and providing social protection from the worst outcomes of the pandemic{\textemdash}approaches that could guide us towards effective policy pathways for `building back better.'}, + abstract = {Abstract This paper argues that the gendered impact of COVID-19 has both visible and hidden dimensions, and both immediate effects linked with lockdowns and longer-term effects that are likely to emerge sequentially in time and affect recovery. Much of the existing feminist literature on the impact of COVID-19 has neglected these complexities and focused mainly on care work and domestic violence. This has diverted attention away from other key concerns such as livelihood loss, food and nutritional insecurity, indebtedness, rising poverty, and the low resilience of most women in developing economies. Even care work and domestic violence have complex facets that tend to be missed. Using examples from India, the paper outlines the kinds of gendered effects we might expect, the extent to which these have been traced in existing surveys, and the data gaps. It also highlights the potential of group approaches in enhancing women's economic recovery and providing social protection from the worst outcomes of the pandemic---approaches that could guide us towards effective policy pathways for `building back better.'}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::India,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl } @article{Aittomaki2014, - title = {Household Income and Health Problems during a Period of Labour-Market Change and Widening Income Inequalities {\textendash} {{A}} Study among the {{Finnish}} Population between 1987 and 2007}, + title = {Household Income and Health Problems during a Period of Labour-Market Change and Widening Income Inequalities -- {{A}} Study among the {{Finnish}} Population between 1987 and 2007}, author = {Aittom{\"a}ki, Akseli and Martikainen, Pekka and Rahkonen, Ossi and Lahelma, Eero}, year = {2014}, month = jan, @@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl issn = {1972-2680}, doi = {10.3855/jidc.416}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Antimicrobials are often used inappropriately in paediatric wards of medical college hospitals in Bangladesh. Most of the antimicrobials are prescribed based on clinical grounds{\textendash}signs and symptoms. This intervention study assessed the effectiveness of a training intervention on antimicrobials prescribing by physicians in paediatric wards of tertiary care level hospitals. Methodology: This study was conducted at medical college hospitals in Bangladesh during the period from 1998 through 2000. The pre-intervention survey of antimicrobial use was conducted during 1998 in five hospitals. The post-intervention survey was conducted after the interactive training during the succeeding year in three of the original five hospitals, of which one was the intervention hospital and two control hospitals. A total of 3,466 admitted paediatric patients' treatment charts (2,171 in the pre-intervention and 1,295 in the post-intervention surveys) were reviewed. Results: The most commonly used antimicrobials were ampicillin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ceftriaxone. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for the most common infectious diseases, pneumonia and diarrhoea, increased by 16.4\% and 56.8\% respectively in the intervention hospital compared with the two control hospitals and these improvenmts were significant (p = {$<$} 0.001 and p = 0.002, for pneumonia and diarrhoea respectively). Conclusions: An interactive, focussed educational intervention, targeted at physicians, appears to have been effective in improving appropriate antimicrobial prescribing for the most common paediatric infectious diseases in a medical college hospital in Bangladesh.}, + abstract = {Background: Antimicrobials are often used inappropriately in paediatric wards of medical college hospitals in Bangladesh. Most of the antimicrobials are prescribed based on clinical grounds--signs and symptoms. This intervention study assessed the effectiveness of a training intervention on antimicrobials prescribing by physicians in paediatric wards of tertiary care level hospitals. Methodology: This study was conducted at medical college hospitals in Bangladesh during the period from 1998 through 2000. The pre-intervention survey of antimicrobial use was conducted during 1998 in five hospitals. The post-intervention survey was conducted after the interactive training during the succeeding year in three of the original five hospitals, of which one was the intervention hospital and two control hospitals. A total of 3,466 admitted paediatric patients' treatment charts (2,171 in the pre-intervention and 1,295 in the post-intervention surveys) were reviewed. Results: The most commonly used antimicrobials were ampicillin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ceftriaxone. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for the most common infectious diseases, pneumonia and diarrhoea, increased by 16.4\% and 56.8\% respectively in the intervention hospital compared with the two control hospitals and these improvenmts were significant (p = {$<$} 0.001 and p = 0.002, for pneumonia and diarrhoea respectively). Conclusions: An interactive, focussed educational intervention, targeted at physicians, appears to have been effective in improving appropriate antimicrobial prescribing for the most common paediatric infectious diseases in a medical college hospital in Bangladesh.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -1373,7 +1373,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl } @article{Alborno2012, - title = {Employment of {{Young Adults With Disabilities}} in {{Dubai}}{\textemdash}{{A Case Study}}}, + title = {Employment of {{Young Adults With Disabilities}} in {{Dubai}}---{{A Case Study}}}, author = {Alborno, Nadera and Gaad, Eman}, year = {2012}, month = jun, @@ -1384,7 +1384,7 @@ Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced appl issn = {1741-1122, 1741-1130}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-1130.2012.00341.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The authors investigated the implementation of the United Arab Emirates Federal Law regarding the employment of people with disabilities. They used a case study evaluation of an employment program initiated by a private national landscaping company in Dubai providing training and employment opportunities for young adults with varied physical and intellectual disabilities. The study examined the effects of the program since its inception in 2006, evaluating it with respect to employees' productivity and their psychological, behavioral, and professional development as well as the impact of the program on the work environment and the society in general. The methodology employed a qualitative social constructivist paradigm where the intent was to develop an in-depth exploration of a central phenomenon. The findings showed that the program was successful in offering 36 adults with various physical and intellectual disabilities the opportunity of sustainable employment and provided each one of them with a source of livelihood, a chance for building social contacts, and more importantly self-esteem{\textemdash}which is a main construct in empowering people with disabilities to integrate in their communities.}, + abstract = {Abstract The authors investigated the implementation of the United Arab Emirates Federal Law regarding the employment of people with disabilities. They used a case study evaluation of an employment program initiated by a private national landscaping company in Dubai providing training and employment opportunities for young adults with varied physical and intellectual disabilities. The study examined the effects of the program since its inception in 2006, evaluating it with respect to employees' productivity and their psychological, behavioral, and professional development as well as the impact of the program on the work environment and the society in general. The methodology employed a qualitative social constructivist paradigm where the intent was to develop an in-depth exploration of a central phenomenon. The findings showed that the program was successful in offering 36 adults with various physical and intellectual disabilities the opportunity of sustainable employment and provided each one of them with a source of livelihood, a chance for building social contacts, and more importantly self-esteem---which is a main construct in empowering people with disabilities to integrate in their communities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -1729,7 +1729,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, issn = {0004-3591, 1529-0131}, doi = {10.1002/art.11256}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective Job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases, and clinicians may refer patients to vocational rehabilitation for help. When provided after job loss, the impact of vocational rehabilitation is short term. This randomized controlled trial with 48 months of followup was undertaken to determine the efficacy of vocational rehabilitation provided to persons with rheumatic diseases while they are still employed, but at risk for job loss. Methods A total of 242 patients with rheumatic diseases residing in Massachusetts were recruited through their rheumatologists for study. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 122) or the control group (n = 120). Subjects in the experimental group received two 1.5-hour sessions of vocational rehabilitation; those in the control group received print materials about disability employment issues and resources by mail. The main outcome assessed was the time to first job loss. Job losses were defined as permanent disability, premature retirement, or a period of unemployment. All analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis. Results Job loss was delayed in the experimental group compared with the control group ( P = 0.03 by log rank test). After adjustment for confounders, participation in the experimental group was found to be protective against job loss (odds ratio 0.58 [95\% confidence interval 0.34{\textendash}0.99], P = 0.05 by pooled logistic regression). Conclusion Vocational rehabilitation delivered to patients at risk for job loss, but while they were still employed, delayed job loss. Such an intervention has the potential to reduce the high indirect costs, as well as the personal impact, of rheumatic diseases.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective Job loss is a major consequence of rheumatic diseases, and clinicians may refer patients to vocational rehabilitation for help. When provided after job loss, the impact of vocational rehabilitation is short term. This randomized controlled trial with 48 months of followup was undertaken to determine the efficacy of vocational rehabilitation provided to persons with rheumatic diseases while they are still employed, but at risk for job loss. Methods A total of 242 patients with rheumatic diseases residing in Massachusetts were recruited through their rheumatologists for study. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 122) or the control group (n = 120). Subjects in the experimental group received two 1.5-hour sessions of vocational rehabilitation; those in the control group received print materials about disability employment issues and resources by mail. The main outcome assessed was the time to first job loss. Job losses were defined as permanent disability, premature retirement, or a period of unemployment. All analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis. Results Job loss was delayed in the experimental group compared with the control group ( P = 0.03 by log rank test). After adjustment for confounders, participation in the experimental group was found to be protective against job loss (odds ratio 0.58 [95\% confidence interval 0.34--0.99], P = 0.05 by pooled logistic regression). Conclusion Vocational rehabilitation delivered to patients at risk for job loss, but while they were still employed, delayed job loss. Such an intervention has the potential to reduce the high indirect costs, as well as the personal impact, of rheumatic diseases.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2008,7 +2008,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, issn = {1478-4505}, doi = {10.1186/s12961-019-0488-0}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Translating research evidence from global guidance into policy can help strengthen health systems. A workbook was developed to support the contextualization of the WHO's `Optimizing health worker roles to improve maternal and newborn health' (OptimizeMNH) guidance. This study evaluated the use of the workbook for the development of~evidence~briefs~in two countries {\textemdash} Peru and Uganda. Findings surrounding contextual factors, steps in the process and evaluation of the workbook are presented. Methods A qualitative embedded case study was used. The case was the process of using the workbook to support the contextualization of global health systems guidance, with local evidence, to develop evidence briefs. Criterion sampling was used to select the countries, participants for interviews and documents included in the study. A template-organizing style and constant comparison were used for data analysis. Results A total of 19 participant-observation sessions and 8 interviews were conducted, and 50 documents were reviewed. Contextual factors, including the cadres, or groups, of health workers available in each country, the way the problem and its causes were framed, potential policy options to address the problem, and implementation considerations for these policy options, varied substantially between Peru and Uganda. However, many similarities were found in the process of using the workbook. Overall, the workbook was viewed positively and participants in both countries would use it again for other topics. Conclusions Organizations that produce global guidance, such as WHO, need to consider institutionalizing the application of the workbook into their guidance development processes to help users at the national/subnational level create actionable and context-relevant policies. Feedback mechanisms also need to be established so that the evidence briefs and health policies arising from global guidance are tracked and the findings coming out of such guideline contextualization processes can be taken into consideration during future guidance development and research priority-setting.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Translating research evidence from global guidance into policy can help strengthen health systems. A workbook was developed to support the contextualization of the WHO's `Optimizing health worker roles to improve maternal and newborn health' (OptimizeMNH) guidance. This study evaluated the use of the workbook for the development of~evidence~briefs~in two countries --- Peru and Uganda. Findings surrounding contextual factors, steps in the process and evaluation of the workbook are presented. Methods A qualitative embedded case study was used. The case was the process of using the workbook to support the contextualization of global health systems guidance, with local evidence, to develop evidence briefs. Criterion sampling was used to select the countries, participants for interviews and documents included in the study. A template-organizing style and constant comparison were used for data analysis. Results A total of 19 participant-observation sessions and 8 interviews were conducted, and 50 documents were reviewed. Contextual factors, including the cadres, or groups, of health workers available in each country, the way the problem and its causes were framed, potential policy options to address the problem, and implementation considerations for these policy options, varied substantially between Peru and Uganda. However, many similarities were found in the process of using the workbook. Overall, the workbook was viewed positively and participants in both countries would use it again for other topics. Conclusions Organizations that produce global guidance, such as WHO, need to consider institutionalizing the application of the workbook into their guidance development processes to help users at the national/subnational level create actionable and context-relevant policies. Feedback mechanisms also need to be established so that the evidence briefs and health policies arising from global guidance are tracked and the findings coming out of such guideline contextualization processes can be taken into consideration during future guidance development and research priority-setting.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2075,7 +2075,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, pages = {1839--1859}, issn = {00952583}, doi = {10.1111/ecin.12348}, - abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also{\textemdash}exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general{\textemdash}in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)}, + abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also---exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general---in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {An experimental study on the 'entra21' vocational training of Argentina aimed at unemployed youth in Cordoba which analyzes its effects on earnings, employment probability and formal employment.\textbf{Generally, it finds a positive impact on formal employment and employment probability short-term which carries a larger effect for men.\textbf{The effect dissipates over the medium- (33 months) and long-term (48 months), however.\textbf{It also sees a positive effect on earnings which it puts down to a combination of higher wages and higher overall employment levels.\textbf{Due to using data from follow-up surveys after the treatment as well as long-term administrative data, the study probes deeper into possible channels of the program working.\textbf{For example, the program may not necessarily help many find a new job over time but rather have better chances of keeping their (provided internship) job, or increase their wages within it over time.\textbf{While the program is more expensive than similar programs in the region, there is still a positive cost-benefit analysis which sees losses recouped after 26 months.}}}}}}}, @@ -2180,8 +2180,8 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, } @article{Anand2006, - title = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}{\textendash}{{Transport}}{\textendash}{{Livelihood Link}}: {{The Case}} of {{Poor Women}} in {{Delhi}}}, - shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}{\textendash}{{Transport}}{\textendash}{{Livelihood Link}}}, + title = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}--{{Transport}}--{{Livelihood Link}}: {{The Case}} of {{Poor Women}} in {{Delhi}}}, + shorttitle = {A {{Gendered Perspective}} of the {{Shelter}}--{{Transport}}--{{Livelihood Link}}}, author = {Anand, Anvita and Tiwari, Geetam}, year = {2006}, month = jan, @@ -2279,7 +2279,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, } @article{Andersen2015, - title = {Work Demands and Health Consequences of Organizational and Technological Measures Introduced to Enhance the Quality of Home Care Services {\textendash} {{A}} Subgroup Analysis}, + title = {Work Demands and Health Consequences of Organizational and Technological Measures Introduced to Enhance the Quality of Home Care Services -- {{A}} Subgroup Analysis}, author = {Andersen, Gunn Robstad and Bendal, Synne and Westgaard, Rolf H.}, year = {2015}, month = nov, @@ -2560,7 +2560,7 @@ The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of the } @article{Ansar2023, - title = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic: {{Revisiting}} Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in {{South}}{\textendash}{{South}} Labour Migration}, + title = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic: {{Revisiting}} Globalization, Dependency and Gendered Precarity in {{South}}--{{South}} Labour Migration}, shorttitle = {Bangladeshi Women Migrants amidst the {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic}, author = {Ansar, Anas}, year = {2023}, @@ -2572,7 +2572,7 @@ The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of the issn = {1470-2266, 1471-0374}, doi = {10.1111/glob.12368}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented societal disruption and disproportionately affected global mobility dynamics. Within such a troubled and intensifying crisis, the intersection of migration and gender is even more unsettling. Since the pandemic outbreak, Bangladesh witnessed a colossal crisis among millions of Bangladeshi migrants working overseas{\textemdash}a considerable section of them are women. By highlighting the plight of the Bangladeshi women migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, this study expands the emerging literature that addresses the nexus among migration, pandemic fallout and gendered labour. Redrawing our understanding of globalization from below, the study attempts to further advance the theoretical perspectives on the predicaments of globalization and gendered precarity in contract labour migration. The study argues that the focus on the power asymmetry between the host and sending countries remains too limited to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inequalities are reproduced and transformed. Instead, it suggests that the challenges and disadvantages women migrants endure are embedded in the asymmetries of deep-rooted economic and social structures in tandem with the systemic practice of otherness and exclusion.}, + abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented societal disruption and disproportionately affected global mobility dynamics. Within such a troubled and intensifying crisis, the intersection of migration and gender is even more unsettling. Since the pandemic outbreak, Bangladesh witnessed a colossal crisis among millions of Bangladeshi migrants working overseas---a considerable section of them are women. By highlighting the plight of the Bangladeshi women migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, this study expands the emerging literature that addresses the nexus among migration, pandemic fallout and gendered labour. Redrawing our understanding of globalization from below, the study attempts to further advance the theoretical perspectives on the predicaments of globalization and gendered precarity in contract labour migration. The study argues that the focus on the power asymmetry between the host and sending countries remains too limited to provide a comprehensive understanding of how inequalities are reproduced and transformed. Instead, it suggests that the challenges and disadvantages women migrants endure are embedded in the asymmetries of deep-rooted economic and social structures in tandem with the systemic practice of otherness and exclusion.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -2633,7 +2633,7 @@ The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of the issn = {0002-8282}, doi = {10.1257/aer.20160613}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Many skilled professional occupations are characterized by an early period of intensive skill accumulation and career establishment. Examples include law firm associates, surgical residents, and untenured faculty at research-intensive universities. High female exit rates are sometimes blamed on the inability of new mothers to survive the sustained negative productivity shock associated with childbearing and early childrearing in these environments. Gender-neutral family policies have been adopted in some professions in an attempt to ``level the playing field.'' The gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies adopted by the majority of research-intensive universities in the United States in recent decades are an excellent example. But to date, there is no empirical evidence showing that these policies help women. Using a unique dataset on the universe of assistant professor hires at top-50 economics departments from 1980{\textendash}2005, we show that the adoption of gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies substantially reduced female tenure rates while substantially increasing male tenure rates. However, these policies do not reduce the probability that either men or women eventually earn tenure in the profession. (JEL I23, J16, J24, J32, J44)}, + abstract = {Many skilled professional occupations are characterized by an early period of intensive skill accumulation and career establishment. Examples include law firm associates, surgical residents, and untenured faculty at research-intensive universities. High female exit rates are sometimes blamed on the inability of new mothers to survive the sustained negative productivity shock associated with childbearing and early childrearing in these environments. Gender-neutral family policies have been adopted in some professions in an attempt to ``level the playing field.'' The gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies adopted by the majority of research-intensive universities in the United States in recent decades are an excellent example. But to date, there is no empirical evidence showing that these policies help women. Using a unique dataset on the universe of assistant professor hires at top-50 economics departments from 1980--2005, we show that the adoption of gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies substantially reduced female tenure rates while substantially increasing male tenure rates. However, these policies do not reduce the probability that either men or women eventually earn tenure in the profession. (JEL I23, J16, J24, J32, J44)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2651,7 +2651,7 @@ The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of the issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.04998.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Title.\hspace{0.6em} Qualitative case study methodology in nursing research: an integrative review. Aim.\hspace{0.6em} This paper is a report of an integrative review conducted to critically analyse the contemporary use of qualitative case study methodology in nursing research. Background.\hspace{0.6em} Increasing complexity in health care and increasing use of case study in nursing research support the need for current examination of this methodology. Data sources.\hspace{0.6em} In 2007, a search for case study research (published 2005{\textendash}2007) indexed in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts and SCOPUS databases was conducted. A sample of 42 case study research papers met the inclusion criteria. Methods.\hspace{0.6em} Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided the analysis. Results.\hspace{0.6em} Confusion exists about the name, nature and use of case study. This methodology, including terminology and concepts, is often invisible in qualitative study titles and abstracts. Case study is an exclusive methodology and an adjunct to exploring particular aspects of phenomena under investigation in larger or mixed-methods studies. A high quality of case study exists in nursing research. Conclusion.\hspace{0.6em} Judicious selection and diligent application of literature review methods promote the development of nursing science. Case study is becoming entrenched in the nursing research lexicon as a well-accepted methodology for studying phenomena in health and social care, and its growing use warrants continued appraisal to promote nursing knowledge development. Attention to all case study elements, process and publication is important in promoting authenticity, methodological quality and visibility.}, + abstract = {Abstract Title.{\enspace} Qualitative case study methodology in nursing research: an integrative review. Aim.{\enspace} This paper is a report of an integrative review conducted to critically analyse the contemporary use of qualitative case study methodology in nursing research. Background.{\enspace} Increasing complexity in health care and increasing use of case study in nursing research support the need for current examination of this methodology. Data sources.{\enspace} In 2007, a search for case study research (published 2005--2007) indexed in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts and SCOPUS databases was conducted. A sample of 42 case study research papers met the inclusion criteria. Methods.{\enspace} Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method guided the analysis. Results.{\enspace} Confusion exists about the name, nature and use of case study. This methodology, including terminology and concepts, is often invisible in qualitative study titles and abstracts. Case study is an exclusive methodology and an adjunct to exploring particular aspects of phenomena under investigation in larger or mixed-methods studies. A high quality of case study exists in nursing research. Conclusion.{\enspace} Judicious selection and diligent application of literature review methods promote the development of nursing science. Case study is becoming entrenched in the nursing research lexicon as a well-accepted methodology for studying phenomena in health and social care, and its growing use warrants continued appraisal to promote nursing knowledge development. Attention to all case study elements, process and publication is important in promoting authenticity, methodological quality and visibility.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -2861,7 +2861,7 @@ The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of the keywords = {sample::database} } -@article{Arksey2005a, +@article{Arksey2005, title = {Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework}, shorttitle = {Scoping Studies}, author = {Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa}, @@ -2958,7 +2958,7 @@ The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of the issn = {1750-8592, 1750-8606}, doi = {10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT{\textemdash} This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT--- This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -3087,13 +3087,13 @@ does NOT look at WoW} issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390706000201}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Using harmonized data for the years 1995{\textendash}2001 from the European Community Household Panel, the authors analyze gender pay gaps by sector across the wage distribution in eleven countries. In estimations that control for the effects of individual characteristics at different points of the distribution, they calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. The magnitude of the gender pay gap, thus measured, varied substantially across countries and across the public and private sector wage distributions. The gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the ``glass ceiling'' effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the ``sticky floor'' effect). The authors suggest that differences in childcare provision and wage setting institutions across EU countries may partly account for the variation in patterns by country and sector.}, + abstract = {Using harmonized data for the years 1995--2001 from the European Community Household Panel, the authors analyze gender pay gaps by sector across the wage distribution in eleven countries. In estimations that control for the effects of individual characteristics at different points of the distribution, they calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. The magnitude of the gender pay gap, thus measured, varied substantially across countries and across the public and private sector wage distributions. The gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the ``glass ceiling'' effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the ``sticky floor'' effect). The authors suggest that differences in childcare provision and wage setting institutions across EU countries may partly account for the variation in patterns by country and sector.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Arvidsson2016, - title = {Post-{{School Destination}}{\textemdash}{{A Study}} of {{Women}} and {{Men With Intellectual Disability}} and the {{Gender}}-{{Segregated Swedish Labor Market}}}, + title = {Post-{{School Destination}}---{{A Study}} of {{Women}} and {{Men With Intellectual Disability}} and the {{Gender}}-{{Segregated Swedish Labor Market}}}, author = {Arvidsson, Jessica and Wid{\'e}n, Stephen and Staland-Nyman, Carin and Tideman, Magnus}, year = {2016}, month = sep, @@ -3160,7 +3160,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW} } @article{Ash2009, - title = {Inequality, Race, and Mortality in {{U}}.{{S}}. Cities: {{A}} Political and Econometric Review of {{Deaton}} and {{Lubotsky}} (56:6, 1139{\textendash}1153, 2003)}, + title = {Inequality, Race, and Mortality in {{U}}.{{S}}. Cities: {{A}} Political and Econometric Review of {{Deaton}} and {{Lubotsky}} (56:6, 1139--1153, 2003)}, shorttitle = {Inequality, Race, and Mortality in {{U}}.{{S}}. Cities}, author = {Ash, Michael and Robinson, Dean E.}, year = {2009}, @@ -3558,7 +3558,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW} orcid-numbers = {Medina, Carlos/0000-0002-9739-9876}, unique-id = {WOS:000398733400005}, keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, - note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\textbf{While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\textbf{Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\textbf{However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts {\textemdash} \textbf{though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.}}}}}, + note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\textbf{While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\textbf{Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\textbf{However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts --- \textbf{though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZR5TV4B8/Attanasio2017_Vocational_training_for_disadvantaged_youth_in_colombia.pdf} } @@ -3847,7 +3847,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW} issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184}, doi = {10.3366/E0001972008000405}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This article examines popular understandings of diabetes, and conflicts and ambiguities in the management of diabetes care, in two areas of Cameroon. Conducted over a two-year period, comparative ethnography in Yaound{\'e} and Bafut started in four diabetes clinics (two in each place). From there it extended outwards, first to the homes of patients with diabetes, and then on to a number of indigenous healers consulted by patients or their families. We explore here the tension between clinic-based demands for patients' `compliance' with treatment guidelines, including repeated strictures against resorting to `traditional' medicine, and patients' own willingness to alternate between biomedicine and indigenous practitioners, a process in which they subject the claims of both to a kind of pragmatic evaluation. The continuing importance of indigenous healing practices, and explanations for diabetes in terms of ancestral intervention or witchcraft, are considered in the light of recent anthropological debate about the `modernity of witchcraft' in Africa. , Cet article examine les interpr{\'e}tations populaires du diab{\`e}te, ainsi que les conflits et les ambigu{\"i}t{\'e}s dans la gestion du traitement du diab{\`e}te dans deux r{\'e}gions du Cameroun. L'ethnographie comparative men{\'e}e sur une p{\'e}riode de deux ans {\`a} Yaound{\'e} et Bafut a commenc{\'e} dans quatre cliniques du diab{\`e}te (deux dans chaque ville). L'{\'e}tude s'est ensuite {\'e}largie au domicile des patients diab{\'e}tiques, puis {\`a} un certain nombre de gu{\'e}risseurs indig{\`e}nes consult{\'e}s par les patients ou leur famille. L'article explore les tensions entre d'une part les exigences des cliniques en mati{\`e}re d'observance de traitement par les patients (y compris des critiques s{\'e}v{\`e}res r{\'e}p{\'e}t{\'e}es contre le recours {\`a} la m{\'e}decine {\guillemotleft} traditionnelle {\guillemotright}) et, d'autre part, la volont{\'e} des patients d'alterner entre praticiens de la biom{\'e}decine et praticiens indig{\`e}nes, un processus dans lequel ils soumettent les pr{\'e}tentions des uns et des autres {\`a} une sorte d'{\'e}valuation pragmatique. L'importance persistante des pratiques de gu{\'e}rison indig{\`e}nes, et les explications du diab{\`e}te en termes d'intervention ancestrale ou de sorcellerie, sont {\'e}tudi{\'e}es {\`a} la lumi{\`e}re du d{\'e}bat anthropologique r{\'e}cent sur la {\guillemotleft} modernit{\'e} de la sorcellerie {\guillemotright} en Afrique.}, + abstract = {This article examines popular understandings of diabetes, and conflicts and ambiguities in the management of diabetes care, in two areas of Cameroon. Conducted over a two-year period, comparative ethnography in Yaound{\'e} and Bafut started in four diabetes clinics (two in each place). From there it extended outwards, first to the homes of patients with diabetes, and then on to a number of indigenous healers consulted by patients or their families. We explore here the tension between clinic-based demands for patients' `compliance' with treatment guidelines, including repeated strictures against resorting to `traditional' medicine, and patients' own willingness to alternate between biomedicine and indigenous practitioners, a process in which they subject the claims of both to a kind of pragmatic evaluation. The continuing importance of indigenous healing practices, and explanations for diabetes in terms of ancestral intervention or witchcraft, are considered in the light of recent anthropological debate about the `modernity of witchcraft' in Africa. , Cet article examine les interpr{\'e}tations populaires du diab{\`e}te, ainsi que les conflits et les ambigu\"{\i}t{\'e}s dans la gestion du traitement du diab{\`e}te dans deux r{\'e}gions du Cameroun. L'ethnographie comparative men{\'e}e sur une p{\'e}riode de deux ans {\`a} Yaound{\'e} et Bafut a commenc{\'e} dans quatre cliniques du diab{\`e}te (deux dans chaque ville). L'{\'e}tude s'est ensuite {\'e}largie au domicile des patients diab{\'e}tiques, puis {\`a} un certain nombre de gu{\'e}risseurs indig{\`e}nes consult{\'e}s par les patients ou leur famille. L'article explore les tensions entre d'une part les exigences des cliniques en mati{\`e}re d'observance de traitement par les patients (y compris des critiques s{\'e}v{\`e}res r{\'e}p{\'e}t{\'e}es contre le recours {\`a} la m{\'e}decine << traditionnelle >>) et, d'autre part, la volont{\'e} des patients d'alterner entre praticiens de la biom{\'e}decine et praticiens indig{\`e}nes, un processus dans lequel ils soumettent les pr{\'e}tentions des uns et des autres {\`a} une sorte d'{\'e}valuation pragmatique. L'importance persistante des pratiques de gu{\'e}rison indig{\`e}nes, et les explications du diab{\`e}te en termes d'intervention ancestrale ou de sorcellerie, sont {\'e}tudi{\'e}es {\`a} la lumi{\`e}re du d{\'e}bat anthropologique r{\'e}cent sur la << modernit{\'e} de la sorcellerie >> en Afrique.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -4362,7 +4362,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW} issn = {1054139X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.12.001}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Purpose Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little is known about the experiences of married girls in refugee settings and how their development trajectories diverge from those of their nonmarried peers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on cross-national panel data from Bangladesh and Jordan, this article explores diversity in child marriage experiences in contexts affected by forced displacement, highlighting how married girls' well-being differs from that of their unmarried peers, and how COVID-19 has reinforced these differences. Methods We analyzed longitudinal survey data{\textemdash}collected pre- and post-COVID-19{\textemdash}from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence study with 293 ever-married and 1,102 never-married adolescent girls. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the well-being of married and unmarried girls across contexts and refugee status, both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quantitative data are complemented by in-depth qualitative data from adolescents (n = 112), and key informant interviews with service providers and community leaders (n = 62). Results Our findings highlight that married girls in contexts affected by displacement are disadvantaged in multiple ways, but that the patterning of disadvantage varies across contexts, and that marriage can also have protective effects in certain contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic has, however, served to exacerbate existing inequalities in all contexts. Discussion Although child marriage prevention efforts remain critical, there is also an urgent need for programming that targets married girls in refugee and host communities to mitigate negative outcomes among this vulnerable group.}, + abstract = {Purpose Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little is known about the experiences of married girls in refugee settings and how their development trajectories diverge from those of their nonmarried peers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on cross-national panel data from Bangladesh and Jordan, this article explores diversity in child marriage experiences in contexts affected by forced displacement, highlighting how married girls' well-being differs from that of their unmarried peers, and how COVID-19 has reinforced these differences. Methods We analyzed longitudinal survey data---collected pre- and post-COVID-19---from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence study with 293 ever-married and 1,102 never-married adolescent girls. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the well-being of married and unmarried girls across contexts and refugee status, both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quantitative data are complemented by in-depth qualitative data from adolescents (n = 112), and key informant interviews with service providers and community leaders (n = 62). Results Our findings highlight that married girls in contexts affected by displacement are disadvantaged in multiple ways, but that the patterning of disadvantage varies across contexts, and that marriage can also have protective effects in certain contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic has, however, served to exacerbate existing inequalities in all contexts. Discussion Although child marriage prevention efforts remain critical, there is also an urgent need for programming that targets married girls in refugee and host communities to mitigate negative outcomes among this vulnerable group.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -5307,7 +5307,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {03043878}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102839}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic brought the dual crises of disease and the containment policies designed to mitigate it. Yet, there is little evidence on the impacts of these policies on women in lower-income countries, where there may be limited social safety nets to absorb these shocks. We conduct a large phone survey and leverage India's geographically varied containment policies to estimate the association between the pandemic and containment policies and measures of women's well-being, including mental health and food security. On aggregate, the pandemic resulted in dramatic income losses, increases in food insecurity, and declines in female mental health. While potentially crucial to stem the spread of COVID-19, the greater prevalence of containment policies is associated with increased food insecurity, particularly for women, and reduced female mental health. For surveyed women, moving from zero to average containment levels is associated with a 38\% increase in the likelihood of reporting more depression, a 73\% increase in reporting more exhaustion, and a 44\% increase in reporting more anxiety. Women whose social position may make them more vulnerable {\textendash} those with daughters and those living in female-headed households {\textendash} experience even larger declines in mental health.}, + abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic brought the dual crises of disease and the containment policies designed to mitigate it. Yet, there is little evidence on the impacts of these policies on women in lower-income countries, where there may be limited social safety nets to absorb these shocks. We conduct a large phone survey and leverage India's geographically varied containment policies to estimate the association between the pandemic and containment policies and measures of women's well-being, including mental health and food security. On aggregate, the pandemic resulted in dramatic income losses, increases in food insecurity, and declines in female mental health. While potentially crucial to stem the spread of COVID-19, the greater prevalence of containment policies is associated with increased food insecurity, particularly for women, and reduced female mental health. For surveyed women, moving from zero to average containment levels is associated with a 38\% increase in the likelihood of reporting more depression, a 73\% increase in reporting more exhaustion, and a 44\% increase in reporting more anxiety. Women whose social position may make them more vulnerable -- those with daughters and those living in female-headed households -- experience even larger declines in mental health.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -5424,7 +5424,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977}, doi = {10.1177/089124300014002004}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority{\textemdash}the odds of women having authority are less than those of men{\textemdash}there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.}, + abstract = {The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority---the odds of women having authority are less than those of men---there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5441,7 +5441,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {1017-6772, 1467-8268}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00148.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract:{$\quad$} This paper reviews theoretical frameworks for sectoral decomposition and assesses the within- and between-sector contributions to changes in aggregate poverty in Cameroon informed by the Shapley Value decomposition rule. Between 1984 and 1996 poverty remained a rural phenomenon in Cameroon. It became more widespread, deeper and severer in both rural and urban areas, but more so in urban than rural areas. While the within-sector effects disproportionately accounted for the increase in poverty in the period 1984{\textendash}96, the between-sector contributions in both rural and semi-urban areas played a mitigating role on the worse effects of the increase in poverty. These findings infer the potential positive feedback effects of migration such as remittances, and/or increases in rural consumption expenditure in the face of rural underemployment, as effective strategies used by migrants to lift their families and villages out of the worse effects of poverty. The implication of this interpretation is that decision-makers need to better understand the factors that push or pull potential migrants. Rural{\textendash}urban mobility could, therefore, be viewed as a strategy used by households to moderate the worse effects of poverty and a vector of shared growth. The implications for public policy, in terms of open unemployment and associated social and insecurity problems at the receiving end, point to the wisdom of addressing the push-factors via targeting more in favour of rural areas.}, + abstract = {Abstract:{$\quad$} This paper reviews theoretical frameworks for sectoral decomposition and assesses the within- and between-sector contributions to changes in aggregate poverty in Cameroon informed by the Shapley Value decomposition rule. Between 1984 and 1996 poverty remained a rural phenomenon in Cameroon. It became more widespread, deeper and severer in both rural and urban areas, but more so in urban than rural areas. While the within-sector effects disproportionately accounted for the increase in poverty in the period 1984--96, the between-sector contributions in both rural and semi-urban areas played a mitigating role on the worse effects of the increase in poverty. These findings infer the potential positive feedback effects of migration such as remittances, and/or increases in rural consumption expenditure in the face of rural underemployment, as effective strategies used by migrants to lift their families and villages out of the worse effects of poverty. The implication of this interpretation is that decision-makers need to better understand the factors that push or pull potential migrants. Rural--urban mobility could, therefore, be viewed as a strategy used by households to moderate the worse effects of poverty and a vector of shared growth. The implications for public policy, in terms of open unemployment and associated social and insecurity problems at the receiving end, point to the wisdom of addressing the push-factors via targeting more in favour of rural areas.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5498,7 +5498,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.1212382}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Girl Power The potential of affirmative action policies to reduce overall outcomes because of lower individual performance has been discussed widely and at length. But do quotas or preferential treatment of applicants alter the pool of candidates? Balafoutas and Sutter (p. 579 ; see the Perspective by Villeval ) used an existing laboratory-based task to assess the change in composition of winning candidates and the overall outcome as a function of three affirmative action policies. Policies designed to encourage more women to enter a competitive environment served to recruit enough high-performing individuals to ensure that the efficiency in performing the task was preserved. Beaman et al. (p. 582 , published online 12 January) examined the effects of a constitutionally mandated reservation of village-council and council-leader positions for women in West Bengal after two election cycles (1998 and 2003). The program appeared to narrow the gender gap in aspirations of parents for their children and of children for themselves; in addition, teenage girls spent more time in school and less on household chores. Beliefs and attitudes changed only after the second set of elections{\textemdash}that is, after a longer exposure to female role models{\textemdash}complementing the more rapid policy changes instituted by women council leaders after the first round of elections. , The effects of female leaders on girls occur via policy changes in the short run and parental aspirations in the longer run. , Exploiting a randomized natural experiment in India, we show that female leadership influences adolescent girls' career aspirations and educational attainment. A 1993 law reserved leadership positions for women in randomly selected village councils. Using 8453 surveys of adolescents aged 11 to 15 and their parents in 495 villages, we found that, relative to villages in which such positions were never reserved, the gender gap in aspirations closed by 20\% in parents and 32\% in adolescents in villages assigned a female leader for two election cycles. The gender gap in adolescent educational attainment was erased, and girls spent less time on household chores. We found no evidence of changes in young women's labor market opportunities, which suggests that the impact of women leaders primarily reflects a role model effect.}, + abstract = {Girl Power The potential of affirmative action policies to reduce overall outcomes because of lower individual performance has been discussed widely and at length. But do quotas or preferential treatment of applicants alter the pool of candidates? Balafoutas and Sutter (p. 579 ; see the Perspective by Villeval ) used an existing laboratory-based task to assess the change in composition of winning candidates and the overall outcome as a function of three affirmative action policies. Policies designed to encourage more women to enter a competitive environment served to recruit enough high-performing individuals to ensure that the efficiency in performing the task was preserved. Beaman et al. (p. 582 , published online 12 January) examined the effects of a constitutionally mandated reservation of village-council and council-leader positions for women in West Bengal after two election cycles (1998 and 2003). The program appeared to narrow the gender gap in aspirations of parents for their children and of children for themselves; in addition, teenage girls spent more time in school and less on household chores. Beliefs and attitudes changed only after the second set of elections---that is, after a longer exposure to female role models---complementing the more rapid policy changes instituted by women council leaders after the first round of elections. , The effects of female leaders on girls occur via policy changes in the short run and parental aspirations in the longer run. , Exploiting a randomized natural experiment in India, we show that female leadership influences adolescent girls' career aspirations and educational attainment. A 1993 law reserved leadership positions for women in randomly selected village councils. Using 8453 surveys of adolescents aged 11 to 15 and their parents in 495 villages, we found that, relative to villages in which such positions were never reserved, the gender gap in aspirations closed by 20\% in parents and 32\% in adolescents in villages assigned a female leader for two election cycles. The gender gap in adolescent educational attainment was erased, and girls spent less time on household chores. We found no evidence of changes in young women's labor market opportunities, which suggests that the impact of women leaders primarily reflects a role model effect.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5537,8 +5537,8 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, } @article{Beck2015, - title = {{\textbf{Basic Income {\textendash} Healthy Outcome?}} {{Effects}} on Health of an {{Indian}} Basic Income Pilot Project: A Cluster Randomised Trial}, - shorttitle = {{\textbf{Basic Income {\textendash} Healthy Outcome?}}}, + title = {{\textbf{Basic Income -- Healthy Outcome?}} {{Effects}} on Health of an {{Indian}} Basic Income Pilot Project: A Cluster Randomised Trial}, + shorttitle = {{\textbf{Basic Income -- Healthy Outcome?}}}, author = {Beck, Simon and {Pulkki-Br{\"a}nnstr{\"o}m}, Anni-Maria and San Sebasti{\'a}n, Miguel}, year = {2015}, month = jan, @@ -5741,7 +5741,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {0022-4669, 1538-4764}, doi = {10.1177/0022466910374211}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This article reports on a mentoring project designed for transition-age youth (ages 16{\textendash}26) who are persons with legal blindness. Youth were matched with adult mentors who were also persons with blindness but who have achieved academic and career success. Results demonstrate that youth who participated in the project for 2 years had significant increases in career decision-making efficacy, positive personal hope for the future, and positive attitudes about blindness. Implications for practitioners suggest that mentoring is a valuable tool to assist youth with blindness as they prepare for the academic and work world.}, + abstract = {This article reports on a mentoring project designed for transition-age youth (ages 16--26) who are persons with legal blindness. Youth were matched with adult mentors who were also persons with blindness but who have achieved academic and career success. Results demonstrate that youth who participated in the project for 2 years had significant increases in career decision-making efficacy, positive personal hope for the future, and positive attitudes about blindness. Implications for practitioners suggest that mentoring is a valuable tool to assist youth with blindness as they prepare for the academic and work world.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -5911,7 +5911,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, } @article{Bergemann2010, - title = {Female Labour Supply and Parental Leave Benefits {\textendash} the Causal Effect of Paying Higher Transfers for a Shorter Period of Time}, + title = {Female Labour Supply and Parental Leave Benefits -- the Causal Effect of Paying Higher Transfers for a Shorter Period of Time}, author = {Bergemann, Annette and Riphahn, Regina T.}, year = {2010}, month = dec, @@ -5986,7 +5986,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {0001-6349, 1600-0412}, doi = {10.3109/00016340903479894}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective. To describe the process of change and assess compliance and effect on maternal and infant outcome when the WHO package Effective Perinatal Care (EPC) was implemented at maternities in Ukraine. Design. Intervention study comparing outcomes before and during 2.5 years after training. Setting. Three maternities in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv 2003{\textendash}2006. Population. Baseline data were collected for 652, 742 and 302 deliveries and 420, 381 and 135 infants, respectively, in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv. Follow-up data included 4,561, 9,865 and 7,227 deliveries and 3,829, 8,658 and 6,401 infants. Methods. Staff training on evidence-based guideline. Main outcome measures. Interventions during labor, maternal outcomes and hypothermia in the infants. Results: EPC procedures were successfully implemented and adherence to the protocols was excellent. For most variables, the change occurred during the first three months but was well sustained. The use of partogram increased fourfold in Donetsk and from 0\% to 60\% in Lviv. Induction and augmentation of labor decreased to less than 1\% and less than 5\%, respectively. Cesarean section rate dropped significantly in two of the maternities. The proportion of hypothermic infants decreased from 60\% (Donetsk), 85\% (Lutsk) and 77\% (Lviv) to 1\% in all three maternities during the first three months and was stable throughout the study period. Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit decreased significantly in two of the maternities and there was no effect on early neonatal mortality. Conclusions: The process of education and change was well anchored in the organization, and implementation of new procedures was quick and successful.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective. To describe the process of change and assess compliance and effect on maternal and infant outcome when the WHO package Effective Perinatal Care (EPC) was implemented at maternities in Ukraine. Design. Intervention study comparing outcomes before and during 2.5 years after training. Setting. Three maternities in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv 2003--2006. Population. Baseline data were collected for 652, 742 and 302 deliveries and 420, 381 and 135 infants, respectively, in Donetsk, Lutsk and Lviv. Follow-up data included 4,561, 9,865 and 7,227 deliveries and 3,829, 8,658 and 6,401 infants. Methods. Staff training on evidence-based guideline. Main outcome measures. Interventions during labor, maternal outcomes and hypothermia in the infants. Results: EPC procedures were successfully implemented and adherence to the protocols was excellent. For most variables, the change occurred during the first three months but was well sustained. The use of partogram increased fourfold in Donetsk and from 0\% to 60\% in Lviv. Induction and augmentation of labor decreased to less than 1\% and less than 5\%, respectively. Cesarean section rate dropped significantly in two of the maternities. The proportion of hypothermic infants decreased from 60\% (Donetsk), 85\% (Lutsk) and 77\% (Lviv) to 1\% in all three maternities during the first three months and was stable throughout the study period. Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit decreased significantly in two of the maternities and there was no effect on early neonatal mortality. Conclusions: The process of education and change was well anchored in the organization, and implementation of new procedures was quick and successful.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -6086,7 +6086,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390105500101}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Using the ExecuComp data set, which contains information on the five highest-paid executives in each of a large number of U.S. firms for the years 1992{\textendash}97, the authors examine the gender compensation gap among high-level executives. Women, who represented about 2.5\% of the sample, earned about 45\% less than men. As much as 75\% of this gap can be explained by the fact that women managed smaller companies and were less likely to be CEO, Chair, or company President. The unexplained gap falls to less than 5\% with an allowance for the younger average age and lower average seniority of the female executives. These results do not rule out the possibility of discrimination via gender segregation or unequal promotion. Between 1992 and 1997, however, women nearly tripled their participation in the top executive ranks and also strongly improved their relative compensation, mostly by gaining representation in larger corporations.}, + abstract = {Using the ExecuComp data set, which contains information on the five highest-paid executives in each of a large number of U.S. firms for the years 1992--97, the authors examine the gender compensation gap among high-level executives. Women, who represented about 2.5\% of the sample, earned about 45\% less than men. As much as 75\% of this gap can be explained by the fact that women managed smaller companies and were less likely to be CEO, Chair, or company President. The unexplained gap falls to less than 5\% with an allowance for the younger average age and lower average seniority of the female executives. These results do not rule out the possibility of discrimination via gender segregation or unequal promotion. Between 1992 and 1997, however, women nearly tripled their participation in the top executive ranks and also strongly improved their relative compensation, mostly by gaining representation in larger corporations.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -6188,7 +6188,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, } @article{Bezak2022, - title = {The {{Biggest Challenges Resulting}} from the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Gender-Related Work}} from {{Home}} in {{Biomedical Fields}}{\textemdash}{{World-Wide Qualitative Survey Analysis}}}, + title = {The {{Biggest Challenges Resulting}} from the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} on {{Gender-Related Work}} from {{Home}} in {{Biomedical Fields}}---{{World-Wide Qualitative Survey Analysis}}}, author = {Bezak, Eva and {Carson-Chahhoud}, Kristin V. and Marcu, Loredana G. and Stoeva, Magdalena and Lhotska, Lenka and Barabino, Gilda A. and Ibrahim, Fatimah and Kaldoudi, Eleni and Lim, Sierin and Marques Da Silva, Ana Maria and Tan, Peck Ha and Tsapaki, Virginia and Frize, Monique}, year = {2022}, month = mar, @@ -6411,7 +6411,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {1017-6772, 1467-8268}, doi = {10.1111/1467-8268.00001}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Poverty is gradually spreading to the urban areas of Ethiopia, although it remains more extensive in the rural areas. This paper presents the first substantial analysis, since the 1960s, of the distribution of urban incomes and their determinants. It uses data for 1994 for an analysis of the economic well-being of urban households; it shows that income diversification is a typical characteristic of the poor, while those who are better off derive more than 75 per cent of their income from wage employment. Multiple activity remains less common in urban Ethiopia than in comparable countries, which is not surprising, since the two-decade socialist rule ruined the private sector. {\textemdash} La pauvret{\'e}, d{\'e}j{\`a} g{\'e}n{\'e}ralis{\'e}e dans les r{\'e}gions rurales de l'Ethiopie, se r{\'e}pand progressivement dans les zones urbaines de ce pays. Cet article pr{\'e}sente la premi{\`e}re analyse approfondie relative {\`a} la distribution des revenus dans les villes et aux d{\'e}terminants de ces revenus, depuis les ann{\'e}es 60. Les donn{\'e}es pour 1994 sont utilis{\'e}es pour analyser les conditions de vie des m{\'e}nages urbains; l'article montre que la diversification du revenu est une caract{\'e}ristique des pauvres tandis que les couches de la population mieux nanties tirent plus de 75 pour cent de leurs revenus d'un emploi salari{\'e}. Par rapport {\`a} d'autres pays analogues, la multiplicit{\'e} de l'activit{\'e} reste peu courante dans les zones urbaines d'Ethiopie, ce qui n'est gu{\`e}re surprenant {\'e}tant donn{\'e} que les deux d{\'e}cennies de r{\'e}gime socialiste ont ruin{\'e} le secteur priv{\'e}.}, + abstract = {Poverty is gradually spreading to the urban areas of Ethiopia, although it remains more extensive in the rural areas. This paper presents the first substantial analysis, since the 1960s, of the distribution of urban incomes and their determinants. It uses data for 1994 for an analysis of the economic well-being of urban households; it shows that income diversification is a typical characteristic of the poor, while those who are better off derive more than 75 per cent of their income from wage employment. Multiple activity remains less common in urban Ethiopia than in comparable countries, which is not surprising, since the two-decade socialist rule ruined the private sector. --- La pauvret{\'e}, d{\'e}j{\`a} g{\'e}n{\'e}ralis{\'e}e dans les r{\'e}gions rurales de l'Ethiopie, se r{\'e}pand progressivement dans les zones urbaines de ce pays. Cet article pr{\'e}sente la premi{\`e}re analyse approfondie relative {\`a} la distribution des revenus dans les villes et aux d{\'e}terminants de ces revenus, depuis les ann{\'e}es 60. Les donn{\'e}es pour 1994 sont utilis{\'e}es pour analyser les conditions de vie des m{\'e}nages urbains; l'article montre que la diversification du revenu est une caract{\'e}ristique des pauvres tandis que les couches de la population mieux nanties tirent plus de 75 pour cent de leurs revenus d'un emploi salari{\'e}. Par rapport {\`a} d'autres pays analogues, la multiplicit{\'e} de l'activit{\'e} reste peu courante dans les zones urbaines d'Ethiopie, ce qui n'est gu{\`e}re surprenant {\'e}tant donn{\'e} que les deux d{\'e}cennies de r{\'e}gime socialiste ont ruin{\'e} le secteur priv{\'e}.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,issue::age,out::year,sample::snowballing} } @@ -6453,7 +6453,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-10-2017-0209}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the National Science Foundation ADVANCE project, Institutions Developing Excellence in Academic Leadership (IDEAL) during 2009{\textendash}2012. The goal of IDEAL was to create an institutional learning community empowered to develop and leverage knowledge, skills, resources and networks to transform academic cultures and enhance gender equity, diversity and inclusion in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines at six research universities in the northern Ohio region. Over the three-year period, these institutions developed academic leaders and institutionalized gender equity transformation through multi-dimensional and multi-level initiatives, improving the advancement and leadership of women faculty in STEM disciplines. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the NSF ADVANCE project, IDEAL during 2009{\textendash}2012. The six research institutions included in IDEAL were Bowling Green State University, Case Western Reserve University (the lead institution), Cleveland State University, Kent State University, University of Akron and University of Toledo. Findings IDEAL's outcomes included the institutionalization of a number of gender equity initiatives at each university, an increase in the number of tenured women faculty in science and engineering disciplines over three years across the six universities, and increases in the numbers of women in faculty and administrative leadership positions. Out of 62 of the IDEAL participants (co-directors and change leaders), 25 were promoted or appointed to roles of leadership within or beyond their institutions during or after their participation in IDEAL. A number of new institutional collaborations and exchanges involving the six universities occurred during and emerged from IDEAL. An integrative model of the IDEAL program is developed, describing the nested components of each institution's gender equity transformation within the IDEAL partnership consortium and the larger NSF ADVANCE community, and highlighting the dynamic interactions between these levels. Social implications The IDEAL program demonstrates that systemic change to achieve equity for women and underrepresented minority faculty in STEM disciplines must be rooted on individual campuses but must also propagate among higher education systems and the broader scientific community. The effort to develop, sustain and expand the IDEAL partnership model of institutional transformation (IT) in higher education illuminates how innovative, context-sensitive, cost-effective and customized institutional strategies may be implemented to advance gender equity, diversity, inclusion and leadership of women faculty at all levels across the country. Originality/value This is an original description of a unique and distinctive partnership among research universities to foster gender equity IT. The manuscript details the objectives, activities and outcomes of the IDEAL program, established with the aim of broadening participation in the STEM academic workforce and advancing gender equity, diversity and inclusion in institutions of higher education. An integrative model is developed, illustrating the key components and outcomes of the IDEAL program.}, + abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the National Science Foundation ADVANCE project, Institutions Developing Excellence in Academic Leadership (IDEAL) during 2009--2012. The goal of IDEAL was to create an institutional learning community empowered to develop and leverage knowledge, skills, resources and networks to transform academic cultures and enhance gender equity, diversity and inclusion in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines at six research universities in the northern Ohio region. Over the three-year period, these institutions developed academic leaders and institutionalized gender equity transformation through multi-dimensional and multi-level initiatives, improving the advancement and leadership of women faculty in STEM disciplines. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the objectives, activities and outcomes of the NSF ADVANCE project, IDEAL during 2009--2012. The six research institutions included in IDEAL were Bowling Green State University, Case Western Reserve University (the lead institution), Cleveland State University, Kent State University, University of Akron and University of Toledo. Findings IDEAL's outcomes included the institutionalization of a number of gender equity initiatives at each university, an increase in the number of tenured women faculty in science and engineering disciplines over three years across the six universities, and increases in the numbers of women in faculty and administrative leadership positions. Out of 62 of the IDEAL participants (co-directors and change leaders), 25 were promoted or appointed to roles of leadership within or beyond their institutions during or after their participation in IDEAL. A number of new institutional collaborations and exchanges involving the six universities occurred during and emerged from IDEAL. An integrative model of the IDEAL program is developed, describing the nested components of each institution's gender equity transformation within the IDEAL partnership consortium and the larger NSF ADVANCE community, and highlighting the dynamic interactions between these levels. Social implications The IDEAL program demonstrates that systemic change to achieve equity for women and underrepresented minority faculty in STEM disciplines must be rooted on individual campuses but must also propagate among higher education systems and the broader scientific community. The effort to develop, sustain and expand the IDEAL partnership model of institutional transformation (IT) in higher education illuminates how innovative, context-sensitive, cost-effective and customized institutional strategies may be implemented to advance gender equity, diversity, inclusion and leadership of women faculty at all levels across the country. Originality/value This is an original description of a unique and distinctive partnership among research universities to foster gender equity IT. The manuscript details the objectives, activities and outcomes of the IDEAL program, established with the aim of broadening participation in the STEM academic workforce and advancing gender equity, diversity and inclusion in institutions of higher education. An integrative model is developed, illustrating the key components and outcomes of the IDEAL program.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -6781,7 +6781,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, } @article{Blau1988, - title = {Trends in {{Earnings Differentials}} by {{Gender}}, 1971{\textendash}1981}, + title = {Trends in {{Earnings Differentials}} by {{Gender}}, 1971--1981}, author = {Blau, Francine D. and Beller, Andrea H.}, year = {1988}, month = jul, @@ -7077,7 +7077,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0098-7921, 1728-4457}, doi = {10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00147.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Over the past two decades the OECD has been at the forefront of informing the public and policymakers about population aging and the associated rising costs of pensions and health care. Numerous reports have provided in-depth analyses of member countries' pension policies, assessed and predicted workers' entitlements, and recommended reforms that would lead to more financially sustainable pay-as-you-go pensions. This sixth edition of Pensions at a Glance marks the tenth anniversary of the OECD's flagship series on pension systems and retirement incomes. It focuses on the pension reforms undertaken by OECD and G20 countries in recent years and presents revised forecasts of key indicators for the coming decades. Rapid population aging has been one of the main driving forces behind a wave of pension reforms. The old-age dependency ratio (number of persons 65+ per 100 persons 20{\textendash}64) rose to 28 in 2015 and is expected to reach 55 by 2070, thus making reform essential. The response of most governments has been strong and the report now concludes that the proportion of GDP devoted to public pensions will rise only modestly from 9 percent to 10 percent between 2015 and 2050.This near stabilization in the face of large demographic change is made possible by substantial reforms of many aspects of the pension system. In particular, the age at normal retirement is rising, incentives for early retirement are being reduced, and taxes and contributions have been raised. Furthermore, a majority of OECD countries have adopted indexing of pensions to prices rather than to wages. This means that the value of pensions, relative to wages, will decline over time, as productivity gains translate into real-wage growth. One concern that requires further attention is the future rise in the proportion of pensioners at risk of falling into poverty, especially as workers increasingly enter the labor force at later ages and unemployment rates remain high. Although the discussion of certain issues is technical, the text provides clear summaries and key findings for each chapter as well as numerous tables, figures, and boxes. The bulk of the report consist of chapters with comparative analyses of specific topics, while the last chapter presents separate summaries of the situation in each OECD country. A database with a wide range of pension-related indicators by country is available online at http://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm.}, + abstract = {Over the past two decades the OECD has been at the forefront of informing the public and policymakers about population aging and the associated rising costs of pensions and health care. Numerous reports have provided in-depth analyses of member countries' pension policies, assessed and predicted workers' entitlements, and recommended reforms that would lead to more financially sustainable pay-as-you-go pensions. This sixth edition of Pensions at a Glance marks the tenth anniversary of the OECD's flagship series on pension systems and retirement incomes. It focuses on the pension reforms undertaken by OECD and G20 countries in recent years and presents revised forecasts of key indicators for the coming decades. Rapid population aging has been one of the main driving forces behind a wave of pension reforms. The old-age dependency ratio (number of persons 65+ per 100 persons 20--64) rose to 28 in 2015 and is expected to reach 55 by 2070, thus making reform essential. The response of most governments has been strong and the report now concludes that the proportion of GDP devoted to public pensions will rise only modestly from 9 percent to 10 percent between 2015 and 2050.This near stabilization in the face of large demographic change is made possible by substantial reforms of many aspects of the pension system. In particular, the age at normal retirement is rising, incentives for early retirement are being reduced, and taxes and contributions have been raised. Furthermore, a majority of OECD countries have adopted indexing of pensions to prices rather than to wages. This means that the value of pensions, relative to wages, will decline over time, as productivity gains translate into real-wage growth. One concern that requires further attention is the future rise in the proportion of pensioners at risk of falling into poverty, especially as workers increasingly enter the labor force at later ages and unemployment rates remain high. Although the discussion of certain issues is technical, the text provides clear summaries and key findings for each chapter as well as numerous tables, figures, and boxes. The bulk of the report consist of chapters with comparative analyses of specific topics, while the last chapter presents separate summaries of the situation in each OECD country. A database with a wide range of pension-related indicators by country is available online at http://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,review::,sample::snowballing,type::pension}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KH9S4GA6/Bongaarts2016_Pensions_at_a_Glance_2015.pdf} @@ -7474,7 +7474,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {1472-6874}, doi = {10.1186/s12905-021-01515-x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Globally, one in three women experienced domestic~violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a~very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India. Methods The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015{\textendash}16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15{\textendash}49~years. Bivariate~descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health. Results The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8\%, 13.8\% and 7.0\%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77\% by sexual violence and 44\% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy. Conclusion This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it~is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Globally, one in three women experienced domestic~violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a~very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India. Methods The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015--16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15--49~years. Bivariate~descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health. Results The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8\%, 13.8\% and 7.0\%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77\% by sexual violence and 44\% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy. Conclusion This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it~is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -7542,7 +7542,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877}, doi = {10.1177/00333549141291S206}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH){\textemdash}the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use ``medical care'' rather than ``health care'' to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between ``health'' and ``health care.'' The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as ``the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age'' and ``the fundamental drivers of these conditions.'' The term ``social determinants'' often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social{\textemdash}and particularly socioeconomic{\textemdash}factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.}, + abstract = {During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)---the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use ``medical care'' rather than ``health care'' to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between ``health'' and ``health care.'' The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as ``the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age'' and ``the fundamental drivers of these conditions.'' The term ``social determinants'' often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social---and particularly socioeconomic---factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::health,out::abstract,review::narrative,sample::snowballing} } @@ -7643,7 +7643,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0020-8132, 1466-7657}, doi = {10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01033.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {BRENNAN M.M., FITZPATRICK J.J., MCNULTY S.R., CAMPO T., WELBECK J. \& BARNES G. (2013) Paediatric resuscitation for nurses working in Ghana: an educational intervention. International Nursing Review 60 , 136{\textendash}143 Background:\hspace{0.6em} Deficiencies in the paediatric emergency systems of developing countries may contribute to avoidable paediatric mortality. Studies suggest that nurses and doctors may not be educationally prepared to provide immediate paediatric resuscitative care to acutely ill children. The purpose of this study was to determine if a 1-day World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Triage and Assessment Treatment (ETAT) Program in paediatric resuscitation would increase Ghanaian nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} A pre-experimental, one-group, pre-test, post-test design was used to assess differences in the nurses' knowledge of paediatric resuscitation, and their perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation after completing a 1-day educational intervention in paediatric resuscitation. Forty-one nurses from a public teaching hospital in Ghana were recruited and participated in the study. Results:\hspace{0.6em} Using a paired samples t -test, there was a statistically significant increase in the nurses' perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation in general ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), perceived self-efficacy of bag and mask ventilation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000). Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Findings from this study suggest that a 1-day WHO ETAT Program may increase self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation. Clinical Relevance:\hspace{0.6em} Policy makers in Ghana need to consider implementing education programmes in paediatric resuscitation for nurses as part of a comprehensive strategy to improve emergency systems and address preventable and avoidable infant and child mortality.}, + abstract = {BRENNAN M.M., FITZPATRICK J.J., MCNULTY S.R., CAMPO T., WELBECK J. \& BARNES G. (2013) Paediatric resuscitation for nurses working in Ghana: an educational intervention. International Nursing Review 60 , 136--143 Background:{\enspace} Deficiencies in the paediatric emergency systems of developing countries may contribute to avoidable paediatric mortality. Studies suggest that nurses and doctors may not be educationally prepared to provide immediate paediatric resuscitative care to acutely ill children. The purpose of this study was to determine if a 1-day World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Triage and Assessment Treatment (ETAT) Program in paediatric resuscitation would increase Ghanaian nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation. Methods:{\enspace} A pre-experimental, one-group, pre-test, post-test design was used to assess differences in the nurses' knowledge of paediatric resuscitation, and their perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation after completing a 1-day educational intervention in paediatric resuscitation. Forty-one nurses from a public teaching hospital in Ghana were recruited and participated in the study. Results:{\enspace} Using a paired samples t -test, there was a statistically significant increase in the nurses' perceived self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation in general ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), perceived self-efficacy of bag and mask ventilation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000), and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation ( P {$\quad<\quad$}0.000). Conclusions:{\enspace} Findings from this study suggest that a 1-day WHO ETAT Program may increase self-efficacy of paediatric resuscitation and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation. Clinical Relevance:{\enspace} Policy makers in Ghana need to consider implementing education programmes in paediatric resuscitation for nurses as part of a comprehensive strategy to improve emergency systems and address preventable and avoidable infant and child mortality.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -7779,7 +7779,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0037-7961, 1537-5404}, doi = {10.1086/516423}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Policy making has increasingly turned to controlled analysis, in the form of demonstration projects and experiments, to test social policies before they are legislated nationwide. Reviewing the history of three hallmark welfare experiments, we examine how controlled analysis became a ``shadow institution'' {\textemdash} an alternative to more visible and highly contested legislative channels for policy conflict. Applying a political-institutional lens, we explore what kind of channel this is and how it structures conflicts over poverty policy. We find that controlled analysis may be more apt to reiterate than to challenge conventional wisdom about poverty and the poor.}, + abstract = {Policy making has increasingly turned to controlled analysis, in the form of demonstration projects and experiments, to test social policies before they are legislated nationwide. Reviewing the history of three hallmark welfare experiments, we examine how controlled analysis became a ``shadow institution'' --- an alternative to more visible and highly contested legislative channels for policy conflict. Applying a political-institutional lens, we explore what kind of channel this is and how it structures conflicts over poverty policy. We find that controlled analysis may be more apt to reiterate than to challenge conventional wisdom about poverty and the poor.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::poverty,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -7942,7 +7942,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, number = {7977}, institution = {{World Bank}}, - abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers {\textendash} even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice}, + abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers -- even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice}, keywords = {country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {An experimental study conducted on a combination of cash grants and vocational training for young women in Kenya, with an emphasis on analyzing its earnings impacts over time.\textbf{It finds that both receiving just a cash grant or a cash grant and vocational training significantly increased short-term earnings, but these earnings impacts dissipated at the second year mark after the treatment.\textbf{The findings suggest that there are more barriers a sustained impact than just a credit constrained poverty trap overall, but women wishing to begin their business were still mostly constrained by savings initially.\textbf{While the group receiving a grant and training had larger impacts, the group only receiving a cash grant was more cost effective.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} @@ -8005,7 +8005,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-11-2012-0107}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to survey chairmen's perceptions of female board representation in five Nordic countries, focussing on whether the chairman's perception of board work is related to gender diversity, and on differences between high- and low-risk firms. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The authors combine data from a questionnaire directed to the chairmen of the boards in Nordic listed companies with data on firm characteristics and board composition. Findings {\textendash} The authors find that the chairmen (97.5 percent male) are significantly less satisfied with female board members as compared to male ones. The authors also find that firms with nomination committees have more gender diverse boards, as well as indications of a more positively perceived contribution of female representation in high-risk firms. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The study is restricted to perceptions of chairmen for listed Nordic firms. The low response rate of 20.1 percent is a severe limitation. Practical implications {\textendash} The increasing practice of using nomination committees in the Nordic countries seems advantageous from gender balance perspective. Originality/value {\textendash} The authors contribute to the literature on gender diversity in boards by providing results from a board intern perspective.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to survey chairmen's perceptions of female board representation in five Nordic countries, focussing on whether the chairman's perception of board work is related to gender diversity, and on differences between high- and low-risk firms. Design/methodology/approach -- The authors combine data from a questionnaire directed to the chairmen of the boards in Nordic listed companies with data on firm characteristics and board composition. Findings -- The authors find that the chairmen (97.5 percent male) are significantly less satisfied with female board members as compared to male ones. The authors also find that firms with nomination committees have more gender diverse boards, as well as indications of a more positively perceived contribution of female representation in high-risk firms. Research limitations/implications -- The study is restricted to perceptions of chairmen for listed Nordic firms. The low response rate of 20.1 percent is a severe limitation. Practical implications -- The increasing practice of using nomination committees in the Nordic countries seems advantageous from gender balance perspective. Originality/value -- The authors contribute to the literature on gender diversity in boards by providing results from a board intern perspective.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8132,7 +8132,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local } @article{Buckley2012, - title = {Are {{Remittances}} an {{Effective Mechanism}} for {{Development}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Tajikistan}}, 1999{\textendash}2007}, + title = {Are {{Remittances}} an {{Effective Mechanism}} for {{Development}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Tajikistan}}, 1999--2007}, shorttitle = {Are {{Remittances}} an {{Effective Mechanism}} for {{Development}}?}, author = {Buckley, Cynthia and Hofmann, Erin Trouth}, year = {2012}, @@ -8182,8 +8182,8 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local } @article{Budig2016, - title = {Work{\textendash}{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}? {{Unpacking}} the {{Cross-National Variation}} in {{Motherhood Earnings Penalties}}}, - shorttitle = {Work{\textendash}{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}?}, + title = {Work--{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}? {{Unpacking}} the {{Cross-National Variation}} in {{Motherhood Earnings Penalties}}}, + shorttitle = {Work--{{Family Policy Trade-Offs}} for {{Mothers}}?}, author = {Budig, Michelle J. and Misra, Joya and Boeckmann, Irene}, year = {2016}, month = may, @@ -8194,7 +8194,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local issn = {0730-8884, 1552-8464}, doi = {10.1177/0730888415615385}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work{\textendash}family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties.}, + abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work--family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8223,7 +8223,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local issn = {2699-2337}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-154}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This article analyses the effects of the German parental leave benefit, which was introduced in 2007, on household income and fertility. The analysis combines SOEP and German Micro Census data in order to apply techniques based on event history analysis (SOEP) as well as differential analyses based on a high number of cases (Micro Census). It is argued that on average, the income situation of families with babies has slightly improved, but this is due to a considerable raise for highly-educated parents. The results for fertility correspond to these income effects: The multivariate analyses for the transition to the second child show no reform effect regarding the total population. However, there are interesting group-specific effects. Age-specific fertility rates, which are based on Micro Census data, are increasing among 35- to 44-year-old highly-educated women. In addition, the event history analysis shows a significant effect for the interaction of reform and this age group. Both suggest that the parental leave benefit has an effect on recuperation among highly-educated women who are at least in their mid-thirties. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag analysiert die Wirkungen des 2007 eingef{\"u}hrten deutschen Elterngelds auf das Haushaltseinkommen und die Fertilit{\"a}t. Bei der Analyse werden SOEP- und Mikrozensus-Daten kombiniert, um sowohl ereignisanalytische Techniken anzuwenden (SOEP), als auch differenzielle Analysen basierend auf hohen Fallzahlen vorzunehmen (Mikrozensus). Es wird gezeigt, dass sich im Durchschnitt das Einkommen von Familien mit Babys etwas erh{\"o}ht hat, wobei sich dahinter ein erheblicher Anstieg bei Akademikereltern verbirgt. Mit diesen Einkommensbefunden korrespondieren die Fertilit{\"a}tsergebnisse: Bei den multivariaten Analysen zum {\"U}bergang zum zweiten Kind zeigt sich f{\"u}r die Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung kein Reformeffekt. Allerdings verbergen sich hinter der Gesamtbetrachtung gruppenspezifische Effekte. Die Mikrozensus-Analysen zeigen, dass die altersspezifischen Fertilit{\"a}tsraten bei 35- bis 44-j{\"a}hrigen Akademikerinnen angestiegen sind, auch in der Ereignisanalyse zeigt sich ein signifikanter Interaktionseffekt f{\"u}r die Elterngeldreform und dieses Alter. Beides deutet darauf hin, dass das Elterngeld den Recuperationeffekt {\textendash} das Nachholen aufgeschobener Geburten {\textendash} von hochqualifizierten Frauen ab Mitte 30 verst{\"a}rkt.}, + abstract = {This article analyses the effects of the German parental leave benefit, which was introduced in 2007, on household income and fertility. The analysis combines SOEP and German Micro Census data in order to apply techniques based on event history analysis (SOEP) as well as differential analyses based on a high number of cases (Micro Census). It is argued that on average, the income situation of families with babies has slightly improved, but this is due to a considerable raise for highly-educated parents. The results for fertility correspond to these income effects: The multivariate analyses for the transition to the second child show no reform effect regarding the total population. However, there are interesting group-specific effects. Age-specific fertility rates, which are based on Micro Census data, are increasing among 35- to 44-year-old highly-educated women. In addition, the event history analysis shows a significant effect for the interaction of reform and this age group. Both suggest that the parental leave benefit has an effect on recuperation among highly-educated women who are at least in their mid-thirties. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag analysiert die Wirkungen des 2007 eingef{\"u}hrten deutschen Elterngelds auf das Haushaltseinkommen und die Fertilit{\"a}t. Bei der Analyse werden SOEP- und Mikrozensus-Daten kombiniert, um sowohl ereignisanalytische Techniken anzuwenden (SOEP), als auch differenzielle Analysen basierend auf hohen Fallzahlen vorzunehmen (Mikrozensus). Es wird gezeigt, dass sich im Durchschnitt das Einkommen von Familien mit Babys etwas erh{\"o}ht hat, wobei sich dahinter ein erheblicher Anstieg bei Akademikereltern verbirgt. Mit diesen Einkommensbefunden korrespondieren die Fertilit{\"a}tsergebnisse: Bei den multivariaten Analysen zum {\"U}bergang zum zweiten Kind zeigt sich f{\"u}r die Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung kein Reformeffekt. Allerdings verbergen sich hinter der Gesamtbetrachtung gruppenspezifische Effekte. Die Mikrozensus-Analysen zeigen, dass die altersspezifischen Fertilit{\"a}tsraten bei 35- bis 44-j{\"a}hrigen Akademikerinnen angestiegen sind, auch in der Ereignisanalyse zeigt sich ein signifikanter Interaktionseffekt f{\"u}r die Elterngeldreform und dieses Alter. Beides deutet darauf hin, dass das Elterngeld den Recuperationeffekt -- das Nachholen aufgeschobener Geburten -- von hochqualifizierten Frauen ab Mitte 30 verst{\"a}rkt.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8366,7 +8366,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local } @article{Burgstahler2001, - title = {Supporting {{Peer}}{\textendash}{{Peer}} and {{Mentor}}{\textendash}{{Prot{\'e}g{\'e} Relationships}} on the {{Internet}}}, + title = {Supporting {{Peer}}--{{Peer}} and {{Mentor}}--{{Prot{\'e}g{\'e} Relationships}} on the {{Internet}}}, author = {Burgstahler, Sheryl and Cronheim, Deb}, year = {2001}, month = sep, @@ -8425,7 +8425,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local issn = {0020-7640, 1741-2854}, doi = {10.1177/0020764013481426}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Income inequality is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. There is evidence that ecological-level socio-environmental factors may increase risk for schizophrenia. Aims: The aim was to investigate whether measures of income inequality are associated with incidence of schizophrenia at the country level. Method: We conducted a systematic review of incidence rates for schizophrenia, reported between 1975 and 2011. For each country, national measures of income inequality (Gini coefficient) along with covariate risk factors for schizophrenia were obtained. Multi-level mixed-effects Poisson regression was performed to investigate the relationship between Gini coefficients and incidence rates of schizophrenia controlling for covariates. Results: One hundred and seven incidence rates (from 26 countries) were included. Mean incidence of schizophrenia was 18.50 per 100,000 (SD = 11.9; range = 1.7{\textendash}67). There was a significant positive relationship between incidence rate of schizophrenia and Gini coefficient ( {$\beta$} = 1.02; Z = 2.28; p = .02; 95\% CI = 1.00, 1.03). Conclusions: Countries characterized by a large rich{\textendash}poor gap may be at increased risk of schizophrenia. We suggest that income inequality impacts negatively on social cohesion, eroding social capital, and that chronic stress associated with living in highly disparate societies places individuals at risk of schizophrenia.}, + abstract = {Background: Income inequality is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. There is evidence that ecological-level socio-environmental factors may increase risk for schizophrenia. Aims: The aim was to investigate whether measures of income inequality are associated with incidence of schizophrenia at the country level. Method: We conducted a systematic review of incidence rates for schizophrenia, reported between 1975 and 2011. For each country, national measures of income inequality (Gini coefficient) along with covariate risk factors for schizophrenia were obtained. Multi-level mixed-effects Poisson regression was performed to investigate the relationship between Gini coefficients and incidence rates of schizophrenia controlling for covariates. Results: One hundred and seven incidence rates (from 26 countries) were included. Mean incidence of schizophrenia was 18.50 per 100,000 (SD = 11.9; range = 1.7--67). There was a significant positive relationship between incidence rate of schizophrenia and Gini coefficient ( {$\beta$} = 1.02; Z = 2.28; p = .02; 95\% CI = 1.00, 1.03). Conclusions: Countries characterized by a large rich--poor gap may be at increased risk of schizophrenia. We suggest that income inequality impacts negatively on social cohesion, eroding social capital, and that chronic stress associated with living in highly disparate societies places individuals at risk of schizophrenia.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8694,7 +8694,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local issn = {0730-8884, 1552-8464}, doi = {10.1177/0730888410380152}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Does employment discrimination vary in degree or character across public and private labor market sectors? Prior research cannot fully address this question because it typically relies on one dimension of discrimination{\textemdash}estimates of wage gaps. This study extends the literature by analyzing 11,528 legally verified cases of race and sex discrimination from the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (1986-2003). Quantitative analyses demonstrate that aggregate rates of verified discrimination vary little by sector, yet there are elevated rates of public sector promotion discrimination and elevated rates of private sector firing discrimination. In-depth qualitative analyses show that specific sectoral processes contribute to these aggregate patterns. In the public sector, limited accountability for promotion decisions allows managers to devalue seniority, augment ``soft skills,'' and sabotage multiple stages of formalized proceedings. Moreover, the very devices intended to curb discriminatory promotion may inadvertently multiply the stages for bias to enter decisions. In the private sector, managers exploit the latitude afforded by the employment-at-will doctrine to differentially terminate workers, sometimes justifying their actions as cost saving in a competitive market. The author argues that these processes are in line with statistical discrimination and social closure theories and concludes by discussing their implications for understandings of workplace inequality.}, + abstract = {Does employment discrimination vary in degree or character across public and private labor market sectors? Prior research cannot fully address this question because it typically relies on one dimension of discrimination---estimates of wage gaps. This study extends the literature by analyzing 11,528 legally verified cases of race and sex discrimination from the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (1986-2003). Quantitative analyses demonstrate that aggregate rates of verified discrimination vary little by sector, yet there are elevated rates of public sector promotion discrimination and elevated rates of private sector firing discrimination. In-depth qualitative analyses show that specific sectoral processes contribute to these aggregate patterns. In the public sector, limited accountability for promotion decisions allows managers to devalue seniority, augment ``soft skills,'' and sabotage multiple stages of formalized proceedings. Moreover, the very devices intended to curb discriminatory promotion may inadvertently multiply the stages for bias to enter decisions. In the private sector, managers exploit the latitude afforded by the employment-at-will doctrine to differentially terminate workers, sometimes justifying their actions as cost saving in a competitive market. The author argues that these processes are in line with statistical discrimination and social closure theories and concludes by discussing their implications for understandings of workplace inequality.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -8862,7 +8862,7 @@ whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more local issn = {1536-5042, 1537-6052}, doi = {10.1177/1536504219830673}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This essay evaluates the state of the debate around basic income, a controversial and much-discussed policy proposal. I explore its contested meaning and consider its potential impact. I provide a summary of the randomized guaranteed income experiments from the 1970s, emphasizing how experimental methods using scattered sets of isolated participants cannot capture the crucial social factors that help to explain changes in people's patterns of work. In contrast, I examine a community experiment from the same period, where all residents of the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, were eligible for basic income payments. This ``macro-experiment'' sheds light on the community-level realities of basic income. I describe evidence showing that wages offered by Dauphin businesses increased. Additionally, labor market participation fell. By ignoring the social interactions that characterize real-world community contexts, randomized studies underestimate the decline in labor market participation and its impact on employers. These findings depend to a great extent on the details of the policy design, and as such I conclude that the oft-proposed right{\textendash}left ideological alliance on basic income is unlikely to survive the move from basic income as a broad policy umbrella to basic income as a concrete policy option.}, + abstract = {This essay evaluates the state of the debate around basic income, a controversial and much-discussed policy proposal. I explore its contested meaning and consider its potential impact. I provide a summary of the randomized guaranteed income experiments from the 1970s, emphasizing how experimental methods using scattered sets of isolated participants cannot capture the crucial social factors that help to explain changes in people's patterns of work. In contrast, I examine a community experiment from the same period, where all residents of the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, were eligible for basic income payments. This ``macro-experiment'' sheds light on the community-level realities of basic income. I describe evidence showing that wages offered by Dauphin businesses increased. Additionally, labor market participation fell. By ignoring the social interactions that characterize real-world community contexts, randomized studies underestimate the decline in labor market participation and its impact on employers. These findings depend to a great extent on the details of the policy design, and as such I conclude that the oft-proposed right--left ideological alliance on basic income is unlikely to survive the move from basic income as a broad policy umbrella to basic income as a concrete policy option.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::ubi}, note = {looks at LM adjacency and PI; @@ -9032,7 +9032,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0034-3552, 1538-4853}, doi = {10.1177/003435520204500303}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {This investigation determined whether differences still exist for racial minorities and women in terms of acceptance rates, employment outcomes, and quality of successful closures in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system. Three control variables{\textemdash} age, education level, and severity of disability{\textemdash}were used in a logistic regression model. Differences in odds (based on odds ratio estimates) were found for the following: (a) acceptance rates{\textemdash}favored European Americans over African Americans, (b) employment outcomes{\textemdash}favored European Americans over both African Americans and Native Americans, and (c) quality of closures{\textemdash}favored men over women, with age acting as an effect modifier.}, + abstract = {This investigation determined whether differences still exist for racial minorities and women in terms of acceptance rates, employment outcomes, and quality of successful closures in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system. Three control variables--- age, education level, and severity of disability---were used in a logistic regression model. Differences in odds (based on odds ratio estimates) were found for the following: (a) acceptance rates---favored European Americans over African Americans, (b) employment outcomes---favored European Americans over both African Americans and Native Americans, and (c) quality of closures---favored men over women, with age acting as an effect modifier.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9068,7 +9068,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455}, doi = {10.1287/orsc.2017.1132}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Engineering remains one of the most highly and persistently sex segregated occupations in the United States. Though extant literature submits that women's increased access to managerial positions in male-dominated occupations should represent an important strategy for addressing sex segregation, my analysis of 61 interviews with industry engineers suggests that increasing women's disproportionate representation in managerial roles in engineering may promote the very sex segregation it is attempting to mitigate. The analysis highlights how organizations reinforce female engineers' movement into managerial roles and foster a form of intraoccupational sex segregation with unintended consequences for women. These consequences include fostering mixed identification with engineering, reinforcing stereotypes about women's suitability for technical work, and increasing work{\textendash}life balance tensions. The findings further suggest that an inverted role hierarchy in engineering may explain these gendered career patterns and their unintended consequences. By inverted role hierarchy I mean the valuing of technical over managerial roles. Implications for the literatures on occupational sex segregation, women's representation in managerial roles, and the experience of women in male-dominated occupations are discussed. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1132 .}, + abstract = {Engineering remains one of the most highly and persistently sex segregated occupations in the United States. Though extant literature submits that women's increased access to managerial positions in male-dominated occupations should represent an important strategy for addressing sex segregation, my analysis of 61 interviews with industry engineers suggests that increasing women's disproportionate representation in managerial roles in engineering may promote the very sex segregation it is attempting to mitigate. The analysis highlights how organizations reinforce female engineers' movement into managerial roles and foster a form of intraoccupational sex segregation with unintended consequences for women. These consequences include fostering mixed identification with engineering, reinforcing stereotypes about women's suitability for technical work, and increasing work--life balance tensions. The findings further suggest that an inverted role hierarchy in engineering may explain these gendered career patterns and their unintended consequences. By inverted role hierarchy I mean the valuing of technical over managerial roles. Implications for the literatures on occupational sex segregation, women's representation in managerial roles, and the experience of women in male-dominated occupations are discussed. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1132 .}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9254,7 +9254,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000002146}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Prior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the 1995 National Faculty Survey to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Method The authors followed 1,273 faculty at 24 medical schools in the continental United States for 17 years to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Schools were balanced for public or private status and the four Association of American Medical Colleges geographic regions. The authors used regression models to adjust for covariates: seniority, department, academic setting, and race/ethnicity. Results After adjusting for significant covariates, women were less likely than men to achieve the rank of professor (OR = 0.57; 95\% CI, 0.43{\textendash}0.78) or to remain in academic careers (OR = 0.68; 95\% CI, 0.49{\textendash}0.94). When number of refereed publications was added to the model, differences by gender in retention and attainment of senior rank were no longer significant. Male faculty were more likely to hold senior leadership positions after adjusting for publications (OR = 0.49; 95\% CI, 0.35{\textendash}0.69). Conclusions Gender disparities in rank, retention, and leadership remain across the career trajectories of the faculty cohort in this study. Women were less likely to attain senior-level positions than men, even after adjusting for publication-related productivity. Institutions must examine the climate for women to ensure their academic capital is fully utilized and equal opportunity exists for leadership.}, + abstract = {Purpose Prior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the 1995 National Faculty Survey to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Method The authors followed 1,273 faculty at 24 medical schools in the continental United States for 17 years to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Schools were balanced for public or private status and the four Association of American Medical Colleges geographic regions. The authors used regression models to adjust for covariates: seniority, department, academic setting, and race/ethnicity. Results After adjusting for significant covariates, women were less likely than men to achieve the rank of professor (OR = 0.57; 95\% CI, 0.43--0.78) or to remain in academic careers (OR = 0.68; 95\% CI, 0.49--0.94). When number of refereed publications was added to the model, differences by gender in retention and attainment of senior rank were no longer significant. Male faculty were more likely to hold senior leadership positions after adjusting for publications (OR = 0.49; 95\% CI, 0.35--0.69). Conclusions Gender disparities in rank, retention, and leadership remain across the career trajectories of the faculty cohort in this study. Women were less likely to attain senior-level positions than men, even after adjusting for publication-related productivity. Institutions must examine the climate for women to ensure their academic capital is fully utilized and equal opportunity exists for leadership.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9313,7 +9313,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1540-7969, 2169-2408}, doi = {10.2511/rpsd.34.2.1}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Early work experiences have been advocated as an important avenue for equipping youth with disabilities with the skills, attitudes, opportunities, and aspirations needed to transition successfully to meaningful careers after high school. We examined the efficacy and social validity of a multicomponent intervention package{\textemdash}composed of summer-focused planning, community connectors, and employer liaisons{\textemdash}aimed at connecting youth with severe disabilities to summer work experiences. Sixty-seven youth were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups from within six diverse high schools. Youth in the intervention group were 3.5 times more likely to have community-based work experiences during the summer and worked more hours per week. Key stakeholders generally perceived the intervention strategies to be acceptable, feasible, and effective. We present a detailed analysis of the summer experiences of youth with severe disabilities and offer recommendations for improving students' access to early work and community experiences as part of comprehensive transition education.}, + abstract = {Early work experiences have been advocated as an important avenue for equipping youth with disabilities with the skills, attitudes, opportunities, and aspirations needed to transition successfully to meaningful careers after high school. We examined the efficacy and social validity of a multicomponent intervention package---composed of summer-focused planning, community connectors, and employer liaisons---aimed at connecting youth with severe disabilities to summer work experiences. Sixty-seven youth were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups from within six diverse high schools. Youth in the intervention group were 3.5 times more likely to have community-based work experiences during the summer and worked more hours per week. Key stakeholders generally perceived the intervention strategies to be acceptable, feasible, and effective. We present a detailed analysis of the summer experiences of youth with severe disabilities and offer recommendations for improving students' access to early work and community experiences as part of comprehensive transition education.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9435,7 +9435,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455}, doi = {10.1287/orsc.2014.0950}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Great progress has been made in documenting how employer practices may shape workplace inequality. Less research attention, however, has been given to investigating which organizational strategies are effective at addressing gender and racial inequality in labor markets. Using a unique field study design, this article identifies and tests, for the first time, whether accountability and transparency in pay decisions{\textemdash}two popular organizational initiatives discussed among scholars and practitioners{\textemdash}may reduce the pay gap by employee gender, race, and foreign nationality. Through a longitudinal analysis of a large private company, I study the performance-based reward decisions concerning almost 9,000 employees before and after high-level management adopted a set of organizational procedures, introducing accountability and transparency into the company's performance-reward system. Before such procedures were introduced, there was an observed gap in the distribution of performance-based rewards where women, ethnic minorities, and non-U.S.-born employees received lower monetary rewards compared with U.S.-born white men having the same performance evaluation scores and working in the same job and work unit with the same manager and the same human capital characteristics. Analyses of the company's employee performance-reward data after the adoption of accountability and transparency procedures show a reduction in this pay gap. I conclude by discussing the implications of this study for future research about employer strategies targeting workplace inequality and diversity.}, + abstract = {Great progress has been made in documenting how employer practices may shape workplace inequality. Less research attention, however, has been given to investigating which organizational strategies are effective at addressing gender and racial inequality in labor markets. Using a unique field study design, this article identifies and tests, for the first time, whether accountability and transparency in pay decisions---two popular organizational initiatives discussed among scholars and practitioners---may reduce the pay gap by employee gender, race, and foreign nationality. Through a longitudinal analysis of a large private company, I study the performance-based reward decisions concerning almost 9,000 employees before and after high-level management adopted a set of organizational procedures, introducing accountability and transparency into the company's performance-reward system. Before such procedures were introduced, there was an observed gap in the distribution of performance-based rewards where women, ethnic minorities, and non-U.S.-born employees received lower monetary rewards compared with U.S.-born white men having the same performance evaluation scores and working in the same job and work unit with the same manager and the same human capital characteristics. Analyses of the company's employee performance-reward data after the adoption of accountability and transparency procedures show a reduction in this pay gap. I conclude by discussing the implications of this study for future research about employer strategies targeting workplace inequality and diversity.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -9479,7 +9479,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1749-6535, 1749-6543}, doi = {10.1080/17496535.2018.1512141}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This article contributes to the debate on automation and justice by discussing two under-represented concerns: labour justice and equality. Since automation involves both winners and losers, and given that there is no `end of work' on the horizon, it is argued that most normative views on the subject {\textendash} i.e. the `allocative' view of basic income, and the `desirability' views of post-work and workist ethics {\textendash} do not provide many resources with which to address unjustly unequal divisions of labour involved in technological innovation. This article problematises these common responses reframing the problem from the perspective of labour justice. While the allocative view assumes that labour justice follows `spontaneously' from income redistribution, the desirability views are chiefly interested in either defining or contesting the meanings of work for individuals, overlooking the interdependent nature of work and concerns of equality other than autonomy. Two conceptions of labour justice are thus applied to the problem: Paul Gomberg's contributive justice, and Iris Young's democratic division of labour. Instead of deciding between them, the normative core of `contributive parity' is suggested as a critical standard for assessing unequal labour structures, and for envisaging a future in which technology can be an ally in making social cooperation fair.}, + abstract = {This article contributes to the debate on automation and justice by discussing two under-represented concerns: labour justice and equality. Since automation involves both winners and losers, and given that there is no `end of work' on the horizon, it is argued that most normative views on the subject -- i.e. the `allocative' view of basic income, and the `desirability' views of post-work and workist ethics -- do not provide many resources with which to address unjustly unequal divisions of labour involved in technological innovation. This article problematises these common responses reframing the problem from the perspective of labour justice. While the allocative view assumes that labour justice follows `spontaneously' from income redistribution, the desirability views are chiefly interested in either defining or contesting the meanings of work for individuals, overlooking the interdependent nature of work and concerns of equality other than autonomy. Two conceptions of labour justice are thus applied to the problem: Paul Gomberg's contributive justice, and Iris Young's democratic division of labour. Instead of deciding between them, the normative core of `contributive parity' is suggested as a critical standard for assessing unequal labour structures, and for envisaging a future in which technology can be an ally in making social cooperation fair.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::automation} } @@ -9564,7 +9564,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} pages = {71--110}, issn = {0304-3878}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.002}, - abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal's social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home {\textendash} close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.}, + abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal's social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home -- close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.}, eissn = {1872-6089}, orcid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/0000-0001-8069-4900}, researcherid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/Q-8735-2019}, @@ -9812,7 +9812,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} } @article{Chatterjee2017, - title = {Getting {{Girls}} to {{Schools}}! {\textendash} {{Assessing}} the {{Impacts}} of a {{Targeted Program}} on {{Enrollment}} and {{Academic Performance}}}, + title = {Getting {{Girls}} to {{Schools}}! -- {{Assessing}} the {{Impacts}} of a {{Targeted Program}} on {{Enrollment}} and {{Academic Performance}}}, author = {Chatterjee, Somdeep}, year = {2017}, month = may, @@ -9823,7 +9823,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1935-1682, 2194-6108}, doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2016-0248}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract This is a short paper assessing the impacts of a targeted policy aimed to improve the quality of education for girls in India, i.e., the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) program. Under this program residential schools were built for girls in grades 6{\textendash}8 (often known as middle school) and were unique because it is one of the few programs that exclusively focuses on improving school infrastructure for girls. The program was restricted to individuals belonging to backward castes in India which provides exogenous identifying variation. I use this eligibility criteria along with cohort variation in exposure to the program introduced in 2004 to estimate the impact of KGBV on enrollment and academic performance. I find that potentially affected cohorts are more likely to have attended school and perform better on reading tests. I run placebo regressions with data from a pre-policy year and do not find any effects along these dimensions providing confidence in the identification strategy.}, + abstract = {Abstract This is a short paper assessing the impacts of a targeted policy aimed to improve the quality of education for girls in India, i.e., the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) program. Under this program residential schools were built for girls in grades 6--8 (often known as middle school) and were unique because it is one of the few programs that exclusively focuses on improving school infrastructure for girls. The program was restricted to individuals belonging to backward castes in India which provides exogenous identifying variation. I use this eligibility criteria along with cohort variation in exposure to the program introduced in 2004 to estimate the impact of KGBV on enrollment and academic performance. I find that potentially affected cohorts are more likely to have attended school and perform better on reading tests. I run placebo regressions with data from a pre-policy year and do not find any effects along these dimensions providing confidence in the identification strategy.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -10447,7 +10447,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} number = {6545}, institution = {{World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6545}, - abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs{\textemdash}a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature{\textemdash}and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.}, + abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs---a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature---and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Malawi,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {A randomized control trial on a vocational training and internship program in Malawi targeting poor, mostly rural, youth as a vulnerable group, trying to analyze its effects on participants' post-program earnings, hours worked, but also skill acquisition and individual welfare assessments.\textbf{Generally, there were no significant impacts on either earnings or hours worked after the program, which is an issue with the foregone earnings opportunity costs of participating in the program itself.\textbf{Any earnings effect measured could be attributed to the increased skills imparted by the program, as well as increased awareness of higher paying job opportunities through the internship network of employers.\textbf{It finds a stark heterogeneity between the genders, with women dropping out more often and being generally more constrained in the conditions they are participating under and less likely to receive financial support during or a paid job offer after training from their trainers or master-craftspersons.\textbf{The program increased individual welfare assessments, but much larger increase for men than for women. \textbf{Men were also more likely to receive more training due to taking training time from their hours in self-employment, whereas women were more constrained primarily due to family obligations.}}}}}}, @@ -10525,7 +10525,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, doi = {10.1257/app.2.1.33}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from 6 to 9 years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling, and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978{\textendash}1999. Parents' schooling does cause favorable infant health outcomes. The increase in schooling associated with the reform saved almost 1 infant life in 1,000 live births. (JEL I12, I21, J12, J13, R23)}, + abstract = {In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from 6 to 9 years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling, and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978--1999. Parents' schooling does cause favorable infant health outcomes. The increase in schooling associated with the reform saved almost 1 infant life in 1,000 live births. (JEL I12, I21, J12, J13, R23)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -10643,7 +10643,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0971-5231, 0973-0788}, doi = {10.1177/0971523121995365}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers and remittances flow to Bangladesh, the fastest growing South Asian country. Migrant workers have been playing an important role in propelling the economic activities of the country for a vast majority of the low-income population. Bangladesh is one of the major remittance recipient countries and earned US\$21.8 billion in 2020. Over half a million workers from Bangladesh are employed in foreign countries annually, which eases the pressure on the domestic labour market considerably. However, the inflow of these enormous remittances has been encountered by various challenges including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought numerous adverse socio-economic impacts on the migrant workers. Policy recommendations suggest designing and implementing well-coordinated public{\textendash}private migrant workers' inclusive policies and creating a supportive environment for the returnee migrant workers to overcome this crisis. Initiating dialogues and negotiation with the employing countries to protect the jobs and workers' rights can restore the employment and remittances during and after the pandemic, facilitate the expansion of the labour market across borders, and harness the valuable remittances for the overall welfare of the country.}, + abstract = {This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the migrant workers and remittances flow to Bangladesh, the fastest growing South Asian country. Migrant workers have been playing an important role in propelling the economic activities of the country for a vast majority of the low-income population. Bangladesh is one of the major remittance recipient countries and earned US\$21.8 billion in 2020. Over half a million workers from Bangladesh are employed in foreign countries annually, which eases the pressure on the domestic labour market considerably. However, the inflow of these enormous remittances has been encountered by various challenges including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought numerous adverse socio-economic impacts on the migrant workers. Policy recommendations suggest designing and implementing well-coordinated public--private migrant workers' inclusive policies and creating a supportive environment for the returnee migrant workers to overcome this crisis. Initiating dialogues and negotiation with the employing countries to protect the jobs and workers' rights can restore the employment and remittances during and after the pandemic, facilitate the expansion of the labour market across borders, and harness the valuable remittances for the overall welfare of the country.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -11135,7 +11135,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650}, doi = {10.1093/qje/qju023}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract We use a lab experiment to explore the factors that predict an individual's decision to contribute her idea to a group. We find that contribution decisions depend on the interaction of gender and the gender stereotype associated with the decision-making domain: conditional on measured ability, individuals are less willing to contribute ideas in areas that are stereotypically outside of their gender's domain. Importantly, these decisions are largely driven by self-assessments, rather than fear of discrimination. Individuals are less confident in gender-incongruent areas and are thus less willing to contribute their ideas. Because even very knowledgeable group members undercontribute in gender-incongruent categories, group performance suffers and, ex post, groups have difficulty recognizing who their most talented members are. Our results show that even in an environment where other group members show no bias, women in male-typed areas and men in female-typed areas may be less influential. An intervention that provides feedback about a woman's (man's) strength in a male-typed (female-typed) area does not significantly increase the probability that she contributes her ideas to the group. A back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that a ``lean in''{\textendash}style policy that increases contribution by women would significantly improve group performance in male-typed domains.}, + abstract = {Abstract We use a lab experiment to explore the factors that predict an individual's decision to contribute her idea to a group. We find that contribution decisions depend on the interaction of gender and the gender stereotype associated with the decision-making domain: conditional on measured ability, individuals are less willing to contribute ideas in areas that are stereotypically outside of their gender's domain. Importantly, these decisions are largely driven by self-assessments, rather than fear of discrimination. Individuals are less confident in gender-incongruent areas and are thus less willing to contribute their ideas. Because even very knowledgeable group members undercontribute in gender-incongruent categories, group performance suffers and, ex post, groups have difficulty recognizing who their most talented members are. Our results show that even in an environment where other group members show no bias, women in male-typed areas and men in female-typed areas may be less influential. An intervention that provides feedback about a woman's (man's) strength in a male-typed (female-typed) area does not significantly increase the probability that she contributes her ideas to the group. A back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that a ``lean in''--style policy that increases contribution by women would significantly improve group performance in male-typed domains.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -11370,7 +11370,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} } @article{Connelly2003a, - title = {Marital Status and Full{\textendash}Time/Part{\textendash}Time Work Status in Child Care Choices}, + title = {Marital Status and Full--Time/Part--Time Work Status in Child Care Choices}, author = {Connelly, Rachel and Kimmel, Jean}, year = {2003}, month = may, @@ -11506,7 +11506,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0018-7267, 1741-282X}, doi = {10.1177/0018726718809158}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests `no' {\dots} and `yes.' It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women's integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S\&P 500 from 2009{\textendash}2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.}, + abstract = {Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests `no' {\dots} and `yes.' It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women's integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S\&P 500 from 2009--2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -11574,7 +11574,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0714-9808, 1710-1107}, doi = {10.1353/cja.2007.0015}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT In response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work. , R{\'E}SUM{\'E} En r{\'e}ponse aux pressions bient{\^o}t exerc{\'e}es par le vieillissement de la population, des gouvernements nationaux et des organismes supranationaux comme l'Organisation de coop{\'e}ration et de d{\'e}veloppement {\'e}conomiques (OCDE) et l'Union europ{\'e}enne (UE) ont pr{\'e}conis{\'e} l'adoption de politiques visant {\`a} encourager les travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s {\`a} demeurer ou {\`a} revenir sur le march{\'e} du travail. L'{\'e}limination r{\'e}cente de l'obligation {\`a} la retraite en Ontario en est un exemple, et certaines autres politiques comportent des modifications aux r{\'e}gimes nationaux de pension ainsi qu'aux programmes d'assurance-invalidit{\'e} et d'assurance-emploi, des politiques d'intervention active sur le march{\'e} du travail et la promotion de la retraite graduelle. Le pr{\'e}sent article examine les diff{\'e}rentes approches politiques prises par les six pays participant au projet Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE), un projet sur le vieillissement de la population active face {\`a} la nouvelle {\'e}conomie qui place les approches politiques canadiennes en relation avec celles de l'Australie, de l'Allemagne, des Pays-Bas, du Royaume-Uni et des {\'E}tats-unis. Les approches politiques faisant l'objet de discussion ici ne tiennent pas compte de l'h{\'e}t{\'e}rog{\'e}n{\'e}it{\'e} du cours de la vie des travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s ou des domaines connexes de la sant{\'e} et de la famille. De m{\^e}me, les modifications apport{\'e}es jusqu'{\`a} maintenant ne semblent pas vouloir mener {\`a} une participation accrue des travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s au march{\'e} du travail, et certaines peuvent entra{\^i}ner, pour les travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s, un plus grand risque de trouver seulement un emploi moins bien r{\'e}mun{\'e}r{\'e}.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT In response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work. , R{\'E}SUM{\'E} En r{\'e}ponse aux pressions bient{\^o}t exerc{\'e}es par le vieillissement de la population, des gouvernements nationaux et des organismes supranationaux comme l'Organisation de coop{\'e}ration et de d{\'e}veloppement {\'e}conomiques (OCDE) et l'Union europ{\'e}enne (UE) ont pr{\'e}conis{\'e} l'adoption de politiques visant {\`a} encourager les travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s {\`a} demeurer ou {\`a} revenir sur le march{\'e} du travail. L'{\'e}limination r{\'e}cente de l'obligation {\`a} la retraite en Ontario en est un exemple, et certaines autres politiques comportent des modifications aux r{\'e}gimes nationaux de pension ainsi qu'aux programmes d'assurance-invalidit{\'e} et d'assurance-emploi, des politiques d'intervention active sur le march{\'e} du travail et la promotion de la retraite graduelle. Le pr{\'e}sent article examine les diff{\'e}rentes approches politiques prises par les six pays participant au projet Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE), un projet sur le vieillissement de la population active face {\`a} la nouvelle {\'e}conomie qui place les approches politiques canadiennes en relation avec celles de l'Australie, de l'Allemagne, des Pays-Bas, du Royaume-Uni et des {\'E}tats-unis. Les approches politiques faisant l'objet de discussion ici ne tiennent pas compte de l'h{\'e}t{\'e}rog{\'e}n{\'e}it{\'e} du cours de la vie des travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s ou des domaines connexes de la sant{\'e} et de la famille. De m{\^e}me, les modifications apport{\'e}es jusqu'{\`a} maintenant ne semblent pas vouloir mener {\`a} une participation accrue des travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s au march{\'e} du travail, et certaines peuvent entra\^{\i}ner, pour les travailleurs {\^a}g{\'e}s, un plus grand risque de trouver seulement un emploi moins bien r{\'e}mun{\'e}r{\'e}.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -11835,7 +11835,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0885-7288, 1557-5047}, doi = {10.1177/08857288060290010401}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Interest in differences in outcomes for male and female students in special education has increased in recent years. Using the nationally representative, longitudinal National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS-88) data set, a logistic regression model was used to examine the extent to which outcome variables were differentially associated with gender for students participating in special education. Evidence was obtained for several differential effects, with most results favoring males. Among other findings, females as compared to males with disabilities were less likely to obtain a high school diploma, were less likely to be employed, earned less, and were more likely to be a biological parent. Recommendations are provided for improved transition services, the implementation of promising practices related to self-determination, and renewed emphasis on comprehensive and flexible life{\textemdash}career preparation to foster better outcomes among females with disabilities.}, + abstract = {Interest in differences in outcomes for male and female students in special education has increased in recent years. Using the nationally representative, longitudinal National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS-88) data set, a logistic regression model was used to examine the extent to which outcome variables were differentially associated with gender for students participating in special education. Evidence was obtained for several differential effects, with most results favoring males. Among other findings, females as compared to males with disabilities were less likely to obtain a high school diploma, were less likely to be employed, earned less, and were more likely to be a biological parent. Recommendations are provided for improved transition services, the implementation of promising practices related to self-determination, and renewed emphasis on comprehensive and flexible life---career preparation to foster better outcomes among females with disabilities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {done::prelim,inequality::disability,inequality::education,sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HCPE8PV5/Coutinho et al_2006_Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education.pdf} @@ -12406,7 +12406,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {2059-7908}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007225}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Introduction Since sex-based biological and gender factors influence COVID-19 mortality, we wanted to investigate the difference in mortality rates between women and men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Method We included 69 580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men: n=43 071; women: n=26 509) and age (0{\textendash}39 years: n=41 682; 40{\textendash}59 years: n=20 757; 60+ years: n=7141), from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until 1 September 2020. We computed the SSA-specific and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach. Results A total of 1656 deaths (2.4\% of total cases reported) were reported, with men accounting for 70.5\% of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean C F R d i f f = -0.9\%; 95\% credible intervals (CIs) -1.1\% to -0.6\%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 years or more (40{\textendash}59 age group: mean C F R d i f f = -0.7\%; 95\% CI -1.1\% to -0.2\%; 60+ years age group: mean C F R d i f f = -3.9\%; 95\% CI -5.3\% to -2.4\%). At the country level, 7 of the 20 SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ years age group in seven countries and 40{\textendash}59 years age group in one country. Conclusions Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality globally. Countries should prioritise the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data so as to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender-sensitive public health response.}, + abstract = {Introduction Since sex-based biological and gender factors influence COVID-19 mortality, we wanted to investigate the difference in mortality rates between women and men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Method We included 69 580 cases of COVID-19, stratified by sex (men: n=43 071; women: n=26 509) and age (0--39 years: n=41 682; 40--59 years: n=20 757; 60+ years: n=7141), from 20 member nations of the WHO African region until 1 September 2020. We computed the SSA-specific and country-specific case fatality rates (CFRs) and sex-specific CFR differences across various age groups, using a Bayesian approach. Results A total of 1656 deaths (2.4\% of total cases reported) were reported, with men accounting for 70.5\% of total deaths. In SSA, women had a lower CFR than men (mean C F R d i f f = -0.9\%; 95\% credible intervals (CIs) -1.1\% to -0.6\%). The mean CFR estimates increased with age, with the sex-specific CFR differences being significant among those aged 40 years or more (40--59 age group: mean C F R d i f f = -0.7\%; 95\% CI -1.1\% to -0.2\%; 60+ years age group: mean C F R d i f f = -3.9\%; 95\% CI -5.3\% to -2.4\%). At the country level, 7 of the 20 SSA countries reported significantly lower CFRs among women than men overall. Moreover, corresponding to the age-specific datasets, significantly lower CFRs in women than men were observed in the 60+ years age group in seven countries and 40--59 years age group in one country. Conclusions Sex and age are important predictors of COVID-19 mortality globally. Countries should prioritise the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data so as to design public health interventions and ensure that policies promote a gender-sensitive public health response.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -12867,7 +12867,7 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, } @article{Davis2010a, - title = {Rural{\textendash}{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}}, + title = {Rural--{{Urban Differences}} in {{Childcare Subsidy Use}} and {{Employment Stability}}}, author = {Davis, Elizabeth E. and Grobe, Deana and Weber, Roberta B.}, year = {2010}, month = mar, @@ -12878,7 +12878,7 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, issn = {2040-5790, 2040-5804}, doi = {10.1093/aepp/ppp004}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural{\textendash}urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.}, + abstract = {Abstract Local economic disparities, particularly lower average wages, higher overall unemployment rates and higher poverty rates may lead to rural--urban differences in the use of public programs designed to support working low-income families. This study analyzes the dynamics of program participation and employment stability for rural and urban families in the Oregon childcare subsidy program. While families' demographic characteristics, employment stability, and participation in work support programs were similar, families in rural noncore counties tended to make less use of public assistance, including childcare subsidies, food stamps and welfare, than did families in metropolitan and micropolitan counties.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::spatial,sample::snowballing} } @@ -13109,7 +13109,7 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, issn = {1570677X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.004}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {This paper uses longitudinal data to analyze the relation between retirement and cognitive development in the Netherlands. Controlling for individual fixed effects and lagged cognition, we find that retirees face lower declines in their cognitive flexibility than those who remain employed, which appears to be persistent 6 years after retirement. However, the information processing speed of low-educated retirees declines faster. The magnitude of both changes in cognition is such that retirees appear 5{\textendash}6 years younger in terms of cognitive flexibility, and older in terms of information processing speed. We show that these relationships between retirement and cognitive development cannot be explained by (1) feeling relieved from routine work, (2) changes in mood, (3) changes in lifestyle, and (4) changes in blood pressure. The decline in information processing speed after retirement particularly holds for the low educated. This could increase the social costs of an aging society.}, + abstract = {This paper uses longitudinal data to analyze the relation between retirement and cognitive development in the Netherlands. Controlling for individual fixed effects and lagged cognition, we find that retirees face lower declines in their cognitive flexibility than those who remain employed, which appears to be persistent 6 years after retirement. However, the information processing speed of low-educated retirees declines faster. The magnitude of both changes in cognition is such that retirees appear 5--6 years younger in terms of cognitive flexibility, and older in terms of information processing speed. We show that these relationships between retirement and cognitive development cannot be explained by (1) feeling relieved from routine work, (2) changes in mood, (3) changes in lifestyle, and (4) changes in blood pressure. The decline in information processing speed after retirement particularly holds for the low educated. This could increase the social costs of an aging society.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::health,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -13144,7 +13144,7 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, issn = {0197-9183, 1747-7379}, doi = {10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies {\textendash} which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels {\textendash} this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development ``from below''. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur.}, + abstract = {The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies -- which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels -- this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development ``from below''. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -13899,7 +13899,7 @@ The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the busi issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-05-2013-0031}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to examine male and female executives as leaders ``championing'' gender change interventions. It problematizes current exhortations for male leaders to lead gender change, much as they might lead any other business-driven change agenda. It argues that organizational gender scholarship is critical to understanding the gendered nature of championing. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} This paper draws on a feminist qualitative research project examining the efficacy of a gender intervention in a university and a policing institution. Interviews with four leaders have been chosen from the larger study for analysis against the backdrop of material from interviewees and the participant observation of the researcher. It brings a social constructionist view of gender and Acker's gendering processes to bear on understanding organizational gender change. Findings {\textendash} The sex/gender of the leader is inescapably fore-fronted by the gender change intervention. Gendered expectations and choices positioned men as powerful and effective champions while undermining the effectiveness of the woman in this study. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} Further research examining male and female leaders capacity to champion gender change is required. Practical implications {\textendash} This research identifies effective champion behaviors, provides suggestions for ensuring that gender equity interventions are well championed and proposes a partnership model where senior men and women play complementary roles leading gender change. Originality/value {\textendash} This paper is of value to practitioners and scholars. It draws attention to contemporary issues of leadership and gender change, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice that undermines our change efforts.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to examine male and female executives as leaders ``championing'' gender change interventions. It problematizes current exhortations for male leaders to lead gender change, much as they might lead any other business-driven change agenda. It argues that organizational gender scholarship is critical to understanding the gendered nature of championing. Design/methodology/approach -- This paper draws on a feminist qualitative research project examining the efficacy of a gender intervention in a university and a policing institution. Interviews with four leaders have been chosen from the larger study for analysis against the backdrop of material from interviewees and the participant observation of the researcher. It brings a social constructionist view of gender and Acker's gendering processes to bear on understanding organizational gender change. Findings -- The sex/gender of the leader is inescapably fore-fronted by the gender change intervention. Gendered expectations and choices positioned men as powerful and effective champions while undermining the effectiveness of the woman in this study. Research limitations/implications -- Further research examining male and female leaders capacity to champion gender change is required. Practical implications -- This research identifies effective champion behaviors, provides suggestions for ensuring that gender equity interventions are well championed and proposes a partnership model where senior men and women play complementary roles leading gender change. Originality/value -- This paper is of value to practitioners and scholars. It draws attention to contemporary issues of leadership and gender change, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice that undermines our change efforts.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -13917,7 +13917,7 @@ The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the busi issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280}, doi = {10.1177/0956797610374741}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain{\textemdash}physical and social{\textemdash}may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants' brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.}, + abstract = {Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain---physical and social---may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants' brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -14619,7 +14619,7 @@ The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the busi issn = {0140-1971, 1095-9254}, doi = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.014}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract The study evaluated a gender-specific comprehensive career development curriculum designed to target career barriers faced by high risk adolescent girls {\textendash} those with disabilities and at risk for school failure. The goal of the curriculum was to promote social cognitive career and self determination outcomes associated with adaptive career development and adjustment. A pre-post control group design was used to evaluate the curriculum. Findings suggest that participation in the curriculum resulted in significant and large gains in autonomy and in disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful gains were noted in perceptions of social support and relevance of school. Participants in a high fidelity sample made significant and large gains in vocational skills self-efficacy and disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful improvements were noted in self-advocacy, autonomy, and vocational outcome expectations. The findings suggest that the curriculum can improve important indicators of positive career development and adjustment in high risk adolescent girls.}, + abstract = {Abstract The study evaluated a gender-specific comprehensive career development curriculum designed to target career barriers faced by high risk adolescent girls -- those with disabilities and at risk for school failure. The goal of the curriculum was to promote social cognitive career and self determination outcomes associated with adaptive career development and adjustment. A pre-post control group design was used to evaluate the curriculum. Findings suggest that participation in the curriculum resulted in significant and large gains in autonomy and in disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful gains were noted in perceptions of social support and relevance of school. Participants in a high fidelity sample made significant and large gains in vocational skills self-efficacy and disability and gender-related knowledge. Meaningful improvements were noted in self-advocacy, autonomy, and vocational outcome expectations. The findings suggest that the curriculum can improve important indicators of positive career development and adjustment in high risk adolescent girls.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::education,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing,type::training} } @@ -15040,7 +15040,7 @@ The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the busi issn = {0022-0515}, doi = {10.1257/jel.50.4.1051}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment{\textemdash}development nexus, and argues that the interrelationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women. (JEL I14, I24, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)}, + abstract = {Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment---development nexus, and argues that the interrelationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women. (JEL I14, I24, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {review::,sample::snowballing,TODO::review}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HVBG9IRH/Duflo2012_Women_Empowerment_and_Economic_Development.pdf} @@ -15227,7 +15227,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::database} } -@article{Dustmann2012a, +@article{Dustmann2012, title = {Expansions in {{Maternity Leave Coverage}} and {{Children}}'s {{Long-Term Outcomes}}}, author = {Dustmann, Christian and Sch{\"o}nberg, Uta}, year = {2012}, @@ -15712,7 +15712,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {00396060}, doi = {10.1016/j.surg.2014.07.005}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Women have been achieving near parity in MD and MD/PhD training, but their advancement in academic biomedical science is reduced at every career milestone thereafter. Women are significantly underrepresented even at the earliest points in the PhD pipeline, particularly in fields outside of biology. This is a troubling statistic that negatively impacts the talent pool and exacerbates career inequity in all areas of biomedical research. The major biomedical research themes that will command our attention in the 21st century{\textemdash}neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, oncology{\textemdash}will require large team science efforts integrating a diversity of scientific disciplines, including biology, engineering, sociology, chemistry, and medicine. These scientific teams must also integrate diversity in gender, race, and ethnicity to enrich and add value to their discoveries and to better serve a diverse and multicultural society. This editorial reviews factors that may actively impede women's participation in biomedical research, at the level of graduate and postgraduate training, in their opportunities for career advancement in the professoriate, and in their competitiveness in securing research support.}, + abstract = {Women have been achieving near parity in MD and MD/PhD training, but their advancement in academic biomedical science is reduced at every career milestone thereafter. Women are significantly underrepresented even at the earliest points in the PhD pipeline, particularly in fields outside of biology. This is a troubling statistic that negatively impacts the talent pool and exacerbates career inequity in all areas of biomedical research. The major biomedical research themes that will command our attention in the 21st century---neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, oncology---will require large team science efforts integrating a diversity of scientific disciplines, including biology, engineering, sociology, chemistry, and medicine. These scientific teams must also integrate diversity in gender, race, and ethnicity to enrich and add value to their discoveries and to better serve a diverse and multicultural society. This editorial reviews factors that may actively impede women's participation in biomedical research, at the level of graduate and postgraduate training, in their opportunities for career advancement in the professoriate, and in their competitiveness in securing research support.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,review::narrative,sample::snowballing} } @@ -15983,7 +15983,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} } @article{Ekberg2013a, - title = {Parental Leave {\textemdash} {{A}} Policy Evaluation of the {{Swedish}} ``{{Daddy-Month}}'' Reform}, + title = {Parental Leave --- {{A}} Policy Evaluation of the {{Swedish}} ``{{Daddy-Month}}'' Reform}, author = {Ekberg, John and Eriksson, Rickard and Friebel, Guido}, year = {2013}, month = jan, @@ -16063,7 +16063,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {2090-262X}, doi = {10.1186/s42506-021-00077-y}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a serious human rights violation and an important health concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to estimate the proportion of IPV among adult Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and to identify its possible predictors during the lockdown. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020 using an online questionnaire. The sample included 490 adult Arab women aged 18 years and above, who live with their husbands. Data was collected using a Google forms designed questionnaire that included the socio-demographic characteristics, nature of lockdown, and exposure to different types of IPV before and during COVID-19 lockdown and the frequency of their occurrence. McNemar's test was used to determine differences in the exposure to IPV before and during the lockdown, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of exposure to IPV during the lockdown. Results Half of women reported that they were ever exposed to IPV with psychological violence ranking 1st. Exposure to any type of IPV and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence have significantly increased during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The frequency of exposure to the different types of IPV ranged from 1{\textendash}3 times per month to almost every day, but the most commonly reported was 1{\textendash}3 times per month. Predictors of exposure to IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown included country of residence, family income, and whether the husband lost his job during lockdown. Conclusions IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Arab countries, and it was associated with the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic on families. Actions towards raising awareness about the problem among professionals and the community, early detection, and provision of appropriate services are mandatory.}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a serious human rights violation and an important health concern during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to estimate the proportion of IPV among adult Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and to identify its possible predictors during the lockdown. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020 using an online questionnaire. The sample included 490 adult Arab women aged 18 years and above, who live with their husbands. Data was collected using a Google forms designed questionnaire that included the socio-demographic characteristics, nature of lockdown, and exposure to different types of IPV before and during COVID-19 lockdown and the frequency of their occurrence. McNemar's test was used to determine differences in the exposure to IPV before and during the lockdown, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of exposure to IPV during the lockdown. Results Half of women reported that they were ever exposed to IPV with psychological violence ranking 1st. Exposure to any type of IPV and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence have significantly increased during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The frequency of exposure to the different types of IPV ranged from 1--3 times per month to almost every day, but the most commonly reported was 1--3 times per month. Predictors of exposure to IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown included country of residence, family income, and whether the husband lost his job during lockdown. Conclusions IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Arab countries, and it was associated with the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic on families. Actions towards raising awareness about the problem among professionals and the community, early detection, and provision of appropriate services are mandatory.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -16507,7 +16507,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0902-0063, 1399-0012}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. {\copyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S. Abstract:\hspace{0.6em} Background:\hspace{0.6em} Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:\hspace{0.6em} A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}= {$\quad$} 0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.003] or some college [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.002]), live donor recipient (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation. Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.}, + abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. {\copyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S. Abstract:{\enspace} Background:{\enspace} Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation. Methods:{\enspace} Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:{\enspace} A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}= {$\quad$} 0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.003] or some college [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.002]), live donor recipient (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation. Conclusions:{\enspace} Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -16751,7 +16751,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} institution = {{Population Council}}, doi = {10.31899/pgy19.1010}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents' vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16{\textendash}22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.}, + abstract = {Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents' vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16--22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -16902,7 +16902,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} } @article{Estes2011, - title = {How Are {{Work}}{\textendash}{{Family Policies Related}} to the {{Gendered Division}} of {{Domestic Labor}}?}, + title = {How Are {{Work}}--{{Family Policies Related}} to the {{Gendered Division}} of {{Domestic Labor}}?}, author = {Estes, Sarah Beth}, year = {2011}, month = mar, @@ -16913,7 +16913,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1751-9020, 1751-9020}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00357.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Work{\textendash}family policies are commonly thought to aid parents in attending to their conflicting work and family responsibilities. Some scholars postulate that policies might detract from the gendered division of domestic labor, in which women take a greater responsibility for housework and childcare than men, while others expect that policies encourage women to maintain traditional family roles even while employed. A review of cross-national research in market economies shows that policies are not uniformly related to the gendered division of domestic labor, although parental leave offers the most promising avenue through which the gendered division of domestic labor may be diminished.}, + abstract = {Abstract Work--family policies are commonly thought to aid parents in attending to their conflicting work and family responsibilities. Some scholars postulate that policies might detract from the gendered division of domestic labor, in which women take a greater responsibility for housework and childcare than men, while others expect that policies encourage women to maintain traditional family roles even while employed. A review of cross-national research in market economies shows that policies are not uniformly related to the gendered division of domestic labor, although parental leave offers the most promising avenue through which the gendered division of domestic labor may be diminished.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -17009,7 +17009,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {2054-4200}, doi = {10.1017/gheg.2019.5}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of institutional policies and practices for the prevention of and response to gender inequities as experienced by female faculty working in the health sciences at a US research university. Methods Data from the institution's Faculty Campus Climate Survey ( n = 260 female faculty) were coupled with qualitative interviews ( n = 14) of females in leadership positions, exploring campus climate, and institutional policies and practices aimed at advancing women. Results Two-thirds (59\%) of the female faculty respondents indicated witnessing sexual harassment and 28\% reported experiencing sexual harassment. Several organizational themes emerged to address this problem: culture, including cultural change, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions The findings reveal the ways in which university culture mimics the larger societal context. At the same time, the distinct culture of higher education processes for recruitment, career advancement {\textendash} specifically tenure and promotion {\textendash} are identified as important factors that require modifications in support of reductions in gender inequalities.}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of institutional policies and practices for the prevention of and response to gender inequities as experienced by female faculty working in the health sciences at a US research university. Methods Data from the institution's Faculty Campus Climate Survey ( n = 260 female faculty) were coupled with qualitative interviews ( n = 14) of females in leadership positions, exploring campus climate, and institutional policies and practices aimed at advancing women. Results Two-thirds (59\%) of the female faculty respondents indicated witnessing sexual harassment and 28\% reported experiencing sexual harassment. Several organizational themes emerged to address this problem: culture, including cultural change, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions The findings reveal the ways in which university culture mimics the larger societal context. At the same time, the distinct culture of higher education processes for recruitment, career advancement -- specifically tenure and promotion -- are identified as important factors that require modifications in support of reductions in gender inequalities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -17303,7 +17303,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0306-8293}, doi = {10.1108/03068290910921253}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose Several studies have provided empirical evidence that female labor force participation rate exhibits a U-shape during the process of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of U-shape relationship in the case of Pakistan and if it does exist, what factors determine this U-shape relationship? Design/methodology/approach For the estimation purpose data according to provinces and regions are pooled for three years. The model is estimated using a simple fixed effect test. Findings The results affirm the existence of U-shaped relationship. Estimation of the pooled data attributed this U-shape relationship with female education attainment, sectoral employment share, unemployment rate, wages and marital status. Results confirm that high rate of economic development is encouraging the female participation in the labor force by increasing the work opportunities for females. The females are taking full advantage of these increased opportunities by increasing their level of education attainment. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} In testing the U-shape hypothesis, household expenditure on fuel consumption representing level of economic development in the country is used as the data on GDP are not available at the provincial level. Practical implications This paper recommends that skill-based education programmes should be promoted so that females could be absorbed in the formal labor market. It also recommends measures to decrease unemployment rates and improve labor market conditions. Originality/value The paper is first of its kind as it applied pooled data technique for the estimation of U-shape relationship.}, + abstract = {Purpose Several studies have provided empirical evidence that female labor force participation rate exhibits a U-shape during the process of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of U-shape relationship in the case of Pakistan and if it does exist, what factors determine this U-shape relationship? Design/methodology/approach For the estimation purpose data according to provinces and regions are pooled for three years. The model is estimated using a simple fixed effect test. Findings The results affirm the existence of U-shaped relationship. Estimation of the pooled data attributed this U-shape relationship with female education attainment, sectoral employment share, unemployment rate, wages and marital status. Results confirm that high rate of economic development is encouraging the female participation in the labor force by increasing the work opportunities for females. The females are taking full advantage of these increased opportunities by increasing their level of education attainment. Research limitations/implications -- In testing the U-shape hypothesis, household expenditure on fuel consumption representing level of economic development in the country is used as the data on GDP are not available at the provincial level. Practical implications This paper recommends that skill-based education programmes should be promoted so that females could be absorbed in the formal labor market. It also recommends measures to decrease unemployment rates and improve labor market conditions. Originality/value The paper is first of its kind as it applied pooled data technique for the estimation of U-shape relationship.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -17424,7 +17424,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1744-8603}, doi = {10.1186/s12992-022-00804-w}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Background During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic? Methods In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January{\textendash}June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications ( n ~=\,451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China. Results In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women's mental health, and pregnant women's access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations' experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review. Conclusion At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic? Methods In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January--June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications ( n ~=\,451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China. Results In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women's mental health, and pregnant women's access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations' experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review. Conclusion At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::China,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18092,7 +18092,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184}, doi = {10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.666}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Many people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture{\textemdash}the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments. , R{\'e}sum{\'e} Une grande partie de la population de Mwanza, en Tanzanie, s'approvisionne par le biais de l'agriculture urbaine{\textemdash}la plantation de cultures et l'{\'e}levage d'animaux dans les zones urbaines et p{\'e}ri-urbaines, ainsi qu'en zone rurale. Cet article compare les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza {\`a} ceux du Kenya, de la Zambie, du Zimbabwe et du Ghana. Comme leurs homologues du Zimbabwe, les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza sont de plus en plus nombreux {\`a} figurer parmi les plus pauvres des pauvres. Comme les agriculteurs urbains du Ghana, ceux de Mwanza sont souvent des hommes de classe moyenne ou sup{\'e}rieure qui ont acc{\`e}s {\`a} des terres et des ressources limit{\'e}es. Les cultivateurs urbains de Mwanza se distinguent de ceux du Kenya et de la Zambie au niveau du sexe, de la cat{\'e}gorie socio-{\'e}conomique et des facteurs qui motivent leurs activit{\'e}s agricoles. Ces r{\'e}sultats sugg{\`e}rent que la diff{\'e}renciation socio-{\'e}conomique, bien qu'en augmentation, n'a pas atteint les niveaux de divergence observ{\'e}s au Kenya et en Zambie. Une grande partie de la population masculine ais{\'e}e continue de faire face {\`a} une pr{\'e}carit{\'e} de l'emploi suffisamment importante pour qu'ils choisissent de cultiver pour subvenir {\`a} leurs besoins et ceux de leur famille pendant les p{\'e}riodes difficiles. Ils se lancent aussi parfois dans l'agriculture parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ou ne souhaitent pas profiter de possibilit{\'e}s de placements plus rentables en dehors du march{\'e} des denr{\'e}es alimentaires, ou parce qu'ils souhaitent r{\'e}partir les risques en diversifiant leurs placements.}, + abstract = {Abstract Many people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture---the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments. , R{\'e}sum{\'e} Une grande partie de la population de Mwanza, en Tanzanie, s'approvisionne par le biais de l'agriculture urbaine---la plantation de cultures et l'{\'e}levage d'animaux dans les zones urbaines et p{\'e}ri-urbaines, ainsi qu'en zone rurale. Cet article compare les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza {\`a} ceux du Kenya, de la Zambie, du Zimbabwe et du Ghana. Comme leurs homologues du Zimbabwe, les agriculteurs urbains de Mwanza sont de plus en plus nombreux {\`a} figurer parmi les plus pauvres des pauvres. Comme les agriculteurs urbains du Ghana, ceux de Mwanza sont souvent des hommes de classe moyenne ou sup{\'e}rieure qui ont acc{\`e}s {\`a} des terres et des ressources limit{\'e}es. Les cultivateurs urbains de Mwanza se distinguent de ceux du Kenya et de la Zambie au niveau du sexe, de la cat{\'e}gorie socio-{\'e}conomique et des facteurs qui motivent leurs activit{\'e}s agricoles. Ces r{\'e}sultats sugg{\`e}rent que la diff{\'e}renciation socio-{\'e}conomique, bien qu'en augmentation, n'a pas atteint les niveaux de divergence observ{\'e}s au Kenya et en Zambie. Une grande partie de la population masculine ais{\'e}e continue de faire face {\`a} une pr{\'e}carit{\'e} de l'emploi suffisamment importante pour qu'ils choisissent de cultiver pour subvenir {\`a} leurs besoins et ceux de leur famille pendant les p{\'e}riodes difficiles. Ils se lancent aussi parfois dans l'agriculture parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ou ne souhaitent pas profiter de possibilit{\'e}s de placements plus rentables en dehors du march{\'e} des denr{\'e}es alimentaires, ou parce qu'ils souhaitent r{\'e}partir les risques en diversifiant leurs placements.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Tanzania,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18429,7 +18429,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1053-0487, 1573-3688}, doi = {10.1007/s10926-013-9488-z}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose To characterise and determine the pre-injury, injury and post-injury factors associated with vocational outcome 1{\textendash}9 years post-discharge from a mixed therapy/educational/vocational rehabilitation (VR) residential programme. Methods 119 clients of working age when they acquired their brain injury and who had attended the centre between 2002 and 2011 were followed up at least 1 year post-discharge to determine their vocational outcome as part of an ongoing review/audit of the service. All clients had had a severe/very severe brain injury. Clients were classified as having a positive vocational outcome (working{\textemdash}paid/voluntary, full/part-time or undertaking full or part-time vocationally related education) or negative vocational outcome (undertaking neither work nor education). Results Over half of the clients attained a positive vocational outcome. Length of time since discharge did not differ between those clients with a positive or negative vocational outcome. Vocational outcome was predicted by cognitive and motor ability at discharge, and gender. Together these variables correctly classified the vocational outcome of 76 \% of the clients. Conclusion Clients with severe/very severe brain injury can attain a positive vocational outcome following intensive neurorehabilitation consisting of traditional therapies in addition to educational and VR.}, + abstract = {Purpose To characterise and determine the pre-injury, injury and post-injury factors associated with vocational outcome 1--9 years post-discharge from a mixed therapy/educational/vocational rehabilitation (VR) residential programme. Methods 119 clients of working age when they acquired their brain injury and who had attended the centre between 2002 and 2011 were followed up at least 1 year post-discharge to determine their vocational outcome as part of an ongoing review/audit of the service. All clients had had a severe/very severe brain injury. Clients were classified as having a positive vocational outcome (working---paid/voluntary, full/part-time or undertaking full or part-time vocationally related education) or negative vocational outcome (undertaking neither work nor education). Results Over half of the clients attained a positive vocational outcome. Length of time since discharge did not differ between those clients with a positive or negative vocational outcome. Vocational outcome was predicted by cognitive and motor ability at discharge, and gender. Together these variables correctly classified the vocational outcome of 76 \% of the clients. Conclusion Clients with severe/very severe brain injury can attain a positive vocational outcome following intensive neurorehabilitation consisting of traditional therapies in addition to educational and VR.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::disability,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18633,7 +18633,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1360-2276, 1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objectives\hspace{0.6em} There has been increased attention to access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at schools in developing countries, but a dearth of empirical studies on the impact. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of school-based WASH on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya, from 2007 to 2008. Methods\hspace{0.6em} Public primary schools nested in three geographical strata were randomly assigned and allocated to one of three study arms [water treatment and hygiene promotion (WT \& HP), additional sanitation improvement, or control] to assess the effects on pupil absence at 2-year follow-up. Results\hspace{0.6em} We found no overall effect of the intervention on absence. However, among schools in two of the geographical areas not affected by post-election violence, those that received WT and HP showed a 58\% reduction in the odds of absence for girls (OR 0.42, CI 0.21{\textendash}0.85). In the same strata, sanitation improvement in combination with WT and HP resulted in a comparable drop in absence, although results were marginally significant (OR 0.47, 0.21{\textendash}1.05). Boys were not impacted by the intervention. Conclusion\hspace{0.6em} School WASH improvements can improve school attendance for girls, and mechanisms for gendered impacts should be explored. Incomplete intervention compliance highlights the challenges of achieving consistent results across all settings. , Objectifs:\hspace{0.6em} Une attention croissante a {\'e}t{\'e} accord{\'e}e {\`a} l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, {\`a} l'assainissement et {\`a} l'hygi{\`e}ne dans les {\'e}coles des pays en d{\'e}veloppement, mais il y a un manque d'{\'e}tudes empiriques sur l'impact. Nous avons men{\'e} un essai randomis{\'e} en grappes sur l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne en milieu scolaire, sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves, dans la province de Nyanza, au Kenya, de 2007 {\`a} 2008. M{\'e}thodes:\hspace{0.6em} Les {\'e}coles publiques primaires imbriqu{\'e}es dans trois strates g{\'e}ographiques ont {\'e}t{\'e} assign{\'e}es al{\'e}atoirement et affect{\'e}es {\`a} l'un des trois bras de l'{\'e}tude (traitement de l'eau et promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne, am{\'e}lioration additionnelle de l'assainissement ou t{\'e}moins) afin d'{\'e}valuer les effets sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves au bout de deux ans de suivi. R{\'e}sultats:\hspace{0.6em} Nous n'avons trouv{\'e} aucun effet g{\'e}n{\'e}ral de l'intervention sur les absences. Cependant, parmi les {\'e}coles dans deux des zones g{\'e}ographiques non touch{\'e}es par la violence post{\'e}lectorale, celles qui ont re{\c c}u un traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne ont montr{\'e} une r{\'e}duction de 58\% des chances pour les absences pour les filles (OR: 0.42; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 0.85). Dans la m{\^e}me strate, l'am{\'e}lioration de l'assainissement en combinaison avec le traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne a entra{\^i}n{\'e} une baisse comparable des absences, m{\^e}me si les r{\'e}sultats {\'e}taient marginalement significatifs (OR: 0.47; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 1.05). Les absences des gar{\c c}ons n'ont pas {\'e}t{\'e} affect{\'e}es par l'intervention. Conclusion:\hspace{0.6em} Les am{\'e}liorations de l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne {\`a} l'{\'e}cole peuvent am{\'e}liorer la fr{\'e}quentation scolaire des filles et des m{\'e}canismes pour les impacts li{\'e}s au sexe devraient {\^e}tre explor{\'e}s. Le respect incomplet de l'intervention souligne les d{\'e}fis pour atteindre des r{\'e}sultats coh{\'e}rents dans tous les cadres. , Objetivos:\hspace{0.6em} Ha habido un aumento en la atenci{\'o}n prestada al agua, la sanidad y la higiene (ASH) en los colegios de pa{\'i}ses en v{\'i}as de desarrollo, pero una escasez de estudios emp{\'i}ricos sobre su impacto. Hemos realizado un ensayo aleatorizado por conglomerados en colegios con ASH sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos de la Provincia de Nyanza, Kenia, entre el 2007{\textendash}2008. M{\'e}todos:\hspace{0.6em} Las escuelas p{\'u}blicas primarias dentro de tres estratos geogr{\'a}ficos fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria a uno de los tres brazos del estudio (tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene, mejoras sanitarias adicionales, o control) para evaluar los efectos sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos tras dos a{\~n}os de seguimiento. Resultados:\hspace{0.6em} No encontramos un efecto general de la intervenci{\'o}n en ausencia de los alumnos. Sin embargo, entre las escuelas en dos de las {\'a}reas geogr{\'a}ficas no afectadas por la violencia posterior a las elecciones, aquellos que recibieron tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene mostraron una reducci{\'o}n del 58\% en la probabilidad de ausentismo de las ni{\~n}as (OR 0.42, CI 0.21{\textendash}0.85). En el mismo estrato, la mejora sanitaria en combinaci{\'o}n con el tratamiento del agua y la promoci{\'o}n de la higiene result{\'o} en una ca{\'i}da comparable en el ausentismo, aunque los resultados eran marginalmente significativos (OR 0.47, 0.21{\textendash}1.05). La intervenci{\'o}n no ten{\'i}a un impacto sobre los chicos. Conclusi{\'o}n:\hspace{0.6em} En los colegios con mejoras en ASH puede mejorar la participaci{\'o}n de las ni{\~n}as, y deber{\'i}an investigarse mecanismos con impactos condicionados por el g{\'e}nero. Un cumplimiento incompleto de la intervenci{\'o}n pone de manifiesto los retos existentes para alcanzar resultados consistentes en todos los emplazamientos.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objectives{\enspace} There has been increased attention to access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at schools in developing countries, but a dearth of empirical studies on the impact. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of school-based WASH on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya, from 2007 to 2008. Methods{\enspace} Public primary schools nested in three geographical strata were randomly assigned and allocated to one of three study arms [water treatment and hygiene promotion (WT \& HP), additional sanitation improvement, or control] to assess the effects on pupil absence at 2-year follow-up. Results{\enspace} We found no overall effect of the intervention on absence. However, among schools in two of the geographical areas not affected by post-election violence, those that received WT and HP showed a 58\% reduction in the odds of absence for girls (OR 0.42, CI 0.21--0.85). In the same strata, sanitation improvement in combination with WT and HP resulted in a comparable drop in absence, although results were marginally significant (OR 0.47, 0.21--1.05). Boys were not impacted by the intervention. Conclusion{\enspace} School WASH improvements can improve school attendance for girls, and mechanisms for gendered impacts should be explored. Incomplete intervention compliance highlights the challenges of achieving consistent results across all settings. , Objectifs:{\enspace} Une attention croissante a {\'e}t{\'e} accord{\'e}e {\`a} l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, {\`a} l'assainissement et {\`a} l'hygi{\`e}ne dans les {\'e}coles des pays en d{\'e}veloppement, mais il y a un manque d'{\'e}tudes empiriques sur l'impact. Nous avons men{\'e} un essai randomis{\'e} en grappes sur l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne en milieu scolaire, sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves, dans la province de Nyanza, au Kenya, de 2007 {\`a} 2008. M{\'e}thodes:{\enspace} Les {\'e}coles publiques primaires imbriqu{\'e}es dans trois strates g{\'e}ographiques ont {\'e}t{\'e} assign{\'e}es al{\'e}atoirement et affect{\'e}es {\`a} l'un des trois bras de l'{\'e}tude (traitement de l'eau et promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne, am{\'e}lioration additionnelle de l'assainissement ou t{\'e}moins) afin d'{\'e}valuer les effets sur les absences des {\'e}l{\`e}ves au bout de deux ans de suivi. R{\'e}sultats:{\enspace} Nous n'avons trouv{\'e} aucun effet g{\'e}n{\'e}ral de l'intervention sur les absences. Cependant, parmi les {\'e}coles dans deux des zones g{\'e}ographiques non touch{\'e}es par la violence post{\'e}lectorale, celles qui ont re{\c c}u un traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne ont montr{\'e} une r{\'e}duction de 58\% des chances pour les absences pour les filles (OR: 0.42; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 0.85). Dans la m{\^e}me strate, l'am{\'e}lioration de l'assainissement en combinaison avec le traitement de l'eau et la promotion de l'hygi{\`e}ne a entra\^{\i}n{\'e} une baisse comparable des absences, m{\^e}me si les r{\'e}sultats {\'e}taient marginalement significatifs (OR: 0.47; IC: 0.21 {\`a} 1.05). Les absences des gar{\c c}ons n'ont pas {\'e}t{\'e} affect{\'e}es par l'intervention. Conclusion:{\enspace} Les am{\'e}liorations de l'acc{\`e}s {\`a} l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygi{\`e}ne {\`a} l'{\'e}cole peuvent am{\'e}liorer la fr{\'e}quentation scolaire des filles et des m{\'e}canismes pour les impacts li{\'e}s au sexe devraient {\^e}tre explor{\'e}s. Le respect incomplet de l'intervention souligne les d{\'e}fis pour atteindre des r{\'e}sultats coh{\'e}rents dans tous les cadres. , Objetivos:{\enspace} Ha habido un aumento en la atenci{\'o}n prestada al agua, la sanidad y la higiene (ASH) en los colegios de pa{\'i}ses en v{\'i}as de desarrollo, pero una escasez de estudios emp{\'i}ricos sobre su impacto. Hemos realizado un ensayo aleatorizado por conglomerados en colegios con ASH sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos de la Provincia de Nyanza, Kenia, entre el 2007--2008. M{\'e}todos:{\enspace} Las escuelas p{\'u}blicas primarias dentro de tres estratos geogr{\'a}ficos fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria a uno de los tres brazos del estudio (tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene, mejoras sanitarias adicionales, o control) para evaluar los efectos sobre el ausentismo de los alumnos tras dos a{\~n}os de seguimiento. Resultados:{\enspace} No encontramos un efecto general de la intervenci{\'o}n en ausencia de los alumnos. Sin embargo, entre las escuelas en dos de las {\'a}reas geogr{\'a}ficas no afectadas por la violencia posterior a las elecciones, aquellos que recibieron tratamiento del agua y promoci{\'o}n de la higiene mostraron una reducci{\'o}n del 58\% en la probabilidad de ausentismo de las ni{\~n}as (OR 0.42, CI 0.21--0.85). En el mismo estrato, la mejora sanitaria en combinaci{\'o}n con el tratamiento del agua y la promoci{\'o}n de la higiene result{\'o} en una ca{\'i}da comparable en el ausentismo, aunque los resultados eran marginalmente significativos (OR 0.47, 0.21--1.05). La intervenci{\'o}n no ten{\'i}a un impacto sobre los chicos. Conclusi{\'o}n:{\enspace} En los colegios con mejoras en ASH puede mejorar la participaci{\'o}n de las ni{\~n}as, y deber{\'i}an investigarse mecanismos con impactos condicionados por el g{\'e}nero. Un cumplimiento incompleto de la intervenci{\'o}n pone de manifiesto los retos existentes para alcanzar resultados consistentes en todos los emplazamientos.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -18673,7 +18673,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000001250}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated gender differences in salaries within academic medicine. No research has assessed longitudinal compensation patterns. This study sought to assess longitudinal patterns by gender in compensation, and to understand factors associated with these differences in a longitudinal cohort. Method A 17-year longitudinal follow-up of the National Faculty Survey was conducted with a random sample of faculty from 24\,U.S. medical schools. Participants employed full-time at initial and follow-up time periods completed the survey. Annual pretax compensation during academic year 2012{\textendash}2013 was compared by gender. Covariates assessed included race/ethnicity; years since first academic appointment; retention in academic career; academic rank; departmental affiliation; percent effort distribution across clinical, teaching, administrative, and research duties; marital and parental status; and any leave or part-time status in the years between surveys. Results In unadjusted analyses, women earned a mean of \$20,520 less than men ( P = .03); women made 90 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts. This difference was reduced to \$16,982 ( P = .04) after adjusting for covariates. The mean difference of \$15,159 was no longer significant ( P = .06) when adjusting covariates and for those who had ever taken a leave or worked part-time. Conclusions The continued gender gap in compensation cannot be accounted for by metrics used to calculate salary. Institutional actions to address these disparities include both initial appointment and annual salary equity reviews, training of senior faculty and administrators to understand implicit bias, and training of women faculty in negotiating skills.}, + abstract = {Purpose Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated gender differences in salaries within academic medicine. No research has assessed longitudinal compensation patterns. This study sought to assess longitudinal patterns by gender in compensation, and to understand factors associated with these differences in a longitudinal cohort. Method A 17-year longitudinal follow-up of the National Faculty Survey was conducted with a random sample of faculty from 24\,U.S. medical schools. Participants employed full-time at initial and follow-up time periods completed the survey. Annual pretax compensation during academic year 2012--2013 was compared by gender. Covariates assessed included race/ethnicity; years since first academic appointment; retention in academic career; academic rank; departmental affiliation; percent effort distribution across clinical, teaching, administrative, and research duties; marital and parental status; and any leave or part-time status in the years between surveys. Results In unadjusted analyses, women earned a mean of \$20,520 less than men ( P = .03); women made 90 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts. This difference was reduced to \$16,982 ( P = .04) after adjusting for covariates. The mean difference of \$15,159 was no longer significant ( P = .06) when adjusting covariates and for those who had ever taken a leave or worked part-time. Conclusions The continued gender gap in compensation cannot be accounted for by metrics used to calculate salary. Institutional actions to address these disparities include both initial appointment and annual salary equity reviews, training of senior faculty and administrators to understand implicit bias, and training of women faculty in negotiating skills.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -18704,7 +18704,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} } @article{Fritz2018, - title = {Gender and Leadership Aspiration: {{The}} Impact of Work{\textendash}Life Initiatives}, + title = {Gender and Leadership Aspiration: {{The}} Impact of Work--Life Initiatives}, shorttitle = {Gender and Leadership Aspiration}, author = {Fritz, Claudia and Van Knippenberg, Daan}, year = {2018}, @@ -18716,13 +18716,13 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0090-4848, 1099-050X}, doi = {10.1002/hrm.21875}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Despite the increase in female leaders, women still remain a minority. As aspiration, defined as the interest for achieving a leadership position, is one predictor of advancement, it is important to understand conditions fostering female leadership aspiration. Because women face more domestic and child care responsibilities, we predict that there is an interaction between gender and work{\textendash}life initiatives. These initiatives help employees balance their work and private life through simplifying the integration and diminishing tension between the two spheres. Because the work{\textendash}life interface poses greater challenges for women, we hypothesize that work{\textendash}life initiatives have a stronger influence on women's leadership aspiration. Results of a survey of N = 402 employed men and women supported this hypothesis. The interaction effect of gender and work{\textendash}life initiatives on leadership aspiration was positive, implying that women's leadership aspiration is more influenced by work{\textendash}life initiatives. Our other hypothesis which states that work{\textendash}life initiatives{\textemdash}regardless of gender{\textemdash}are positively related to leadership aspiration was supported. Hence, men's leadership aspiration also was positively influenced by the availability of such initiatives. This study suggests that by implementing work{\textendash}life initiatives, such as flexible work arrangements, leaves of absence, or on-site child assistance, organizations may encourage leadership aspiration for both genders. Our data show that the interaction effect of gender and work{\textendash}life initiatives was positively related to leadership aspiration, but this may particularly hold true for women.}, + abstract = {Despite the increase in female leaders, women still remain a minority. As aspiration, defined as the interest for achieving a leadership position, is one predictor of advancement, it is important to understand conditions fostering female leadership aspiration. Because women face more domestic and child care responsibilities, we predict that there is an interaction between gender and work--life initiatives. These initiatives help employees balance their work and private life through simplifying the integration and diminishing tension between the two spheres. Because the work--life interface poses greater challenges for women, we hypothesize that work--life initiatives have a stronger influence on women's leadership aspiration. Results of a survey of N = 402 employed men and women supported this hypothesis. The interaction effect of gender and work--life initiatives on leadership aspiration was positive, implying that women's leadership aspiration is more influenced by work--life initiatives. Our other hypothesis which states that work--life initiatives---regardless of gender---are positively related to leadership aspiration was supported. Hence, men's leadership aspiration also was positively influenced by the availability of such initiatives. This study suggests that by implementing work--life initiatives, such as flexible work arrangements, leaves of absence, or on-site child assistance, organizations may encourage leadership aspiration for both genders. Our data show that the interaction effect of gender and work--life initiatives was positively related to leadership aspiration, but this may particularly hold true for women.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Frize2021, - title = {The Impact of {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic on Gender-related Work from Home in {{STEM}} Fields{\textemdash}{{Report}} of the {{WiMPBME Task Group}}}, + title = {The Impact of {{COVID}}-19 Pandemic on Gender-related Work from Home in {{STEM}} Fields---{{Report}} of the {{WiMPBME Task Group}}}, author = {Frize, Monique and Lhotska, Lenka and Marcu, Loredana G. and Stoeva, Magdalena and Barabino, Gilda and Ibrahim, Fatimah and Lim, Sierin and Kaldoudi, Eleni and Marques Da Silva, Ana Maria and Tan, Peck Ha and Tsapaki, Virginia and Bezak, Eva}, year = {2021}, month = jul, @@ -18733,7 +18733,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432}, doi = {10.1111/gwao.12690}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people, including those in the fields of science and engineering, to work from home. The new working environment caused by the pandemic is assumed to have a different impact on the amount of work that women and men can do from home. Particularly, if the major burden of child and other types of care is still predominantly on the shoulders of women. As such, a survey was conducted to assess the main issues that biomedical engineers, medical physicists (academics and professionals), and other similar professionals have been facing when working from home during the pandemic. A survey was created and disseminated worldwide. It originated from a committee of International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM; Women in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Task Group) and supported by the Union. The ethics clearance was received from Carleton University. The survey was deployed on the Survey Monkey platform and the results were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The analyses mainly consisted of frequency of the demographic parameters and the cross-tabulation of gender with all relevant variables describing the impact of work at home. A total of 921 responses from biomedical professions in 76 countries were received: 339 males, 573 females, and nine prefer-not-to-say/other. Regarding marital/partnership status, 85\% of males were married or in partnership, and 15\% were single, whereas 72\% of females were married or in partnership, and 26\% were single. More women were working from home during the pandemic (68\%) versus 50\% of men. More men had access to an office at home (68\%) versus 64\% for women. The proportion of men spending more than 3 h on child care and schooling per day was 12\%, while for women it was 22\%; for household duties, 8\% of men spent more than 3 h; for women, this was 12.5\%. It is interesting to note that 44\% of men spent between 1 and 3 h per day on household duties, while for women, it was 55\%. The high number of survey responses can be considered excellent. It is interesting to note that men participate in childcare and household duties in a relatively high percentage; although this corresponds to less hours daily than for women. It is far more than can be found 2 and 3~decades ago. This may reflect the situation in the developed countries only{\textemdash}as majority of responses (75\%) was received from these countries. It is evident that the burden of childcare and household duties will have a negative impact on the careers of women if the burden is not more similar for both sexes. It is important to recognize that a change in policies of organizations that hire them may be required to provide accommodation and compensation to minimize the negative impact on the professional status and career of men and women who work in STEM fields.}, + abstract = {Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people, including those in the fields of science and engineering, to work from home. The new working environment caused by the pandemic is assumed to have a different impact on the amount of work that women and men can do from home. Particularly, if the major burden of child and other types of care is still predominantly on the shoulders of women. As such, a survey was conducted to assess the main issues that biomedical engineers, medical physicists (academics and professionals), and other similar professionals have been facing when working from home during the pandemic. A survey was created and disseminated worldwide. It originated from a committee of International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine (IUPESM; Women in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Task Group) and supported by the Union. The ethics clearance was received from Carleton University. The survey was deployed on the Survey Monkey platform and the results were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The analyses mainly consisted of frequency of the demographic parameters and the cross-tabulation of gender with all relevant variables describing the impact of work at home. A total of 921 responses from biomedical professions in 76 countries were received: 339 males, 573 females, and nine prefer-not-to-say/other. Regarding marital/partnership status, 85\% of males were married or in partnership, and 15\% were single, whereas 72\% of females were married or in partnership, and 26\% were single. More women were working from home during the pandemic (68\%) versus 50\% of men. More men had access to an office at home (68\%) versus 64\% for women. The proportion of men spending more than 3 h on child care and schooling per day was 12\%, while for women it was 22\%; for household duties, 8\% of men spent more than 3 h; for women, this was 12.5\%. It is interesting to note that 44\% of men spent between 1 and 3 h per day on household duties, while for women, it was 55\%. The high number of survey responses can be considered excellent. It is interesting to note that men participate in childcare and household duties in a relatively high percentage; although this corresponds to less hours daily than for women. It is far more than can be found 2 and 3~decades ago. This may reflect the situation in the developed countries only---as majority of responses (75\%) was received from these countries. It is evident that the burden of childcare and household duties will have a negative impact on the careers of women if the burden is not more similar for both sexes. It is important to recognize that a change in policies of organizations that hire them may be required to provide accommodation and compensation to minimize the negative impact on the professional status and career of men and women who work in STEM fields.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -18910,7 +18910,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} pages = {128--142}, issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390405800107}, - abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998{\textendash}2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.}, + abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998--2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,program::training,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy voucher and training program 'Proempleo' in Argentina which tries to analyze its impacts on employment probabilities and earnings.\textbf{Generally, the takeup of both the partial (voucher) and the full (voucher and training) treatment were low, but even so the voucher had significant positive impact on employment probabilities.\textbf{The training on top overall had no significant impact, and neither of the treatments significantly affected earnings of participants.\textbf{There was quite some heterogeneity in the outcomes, with training having some positive impact for people with already higher education, and the overall treatments having much larger effect for women.\textbf{Most employments found were in temporary/informal work, which means that while the program allowed some to make a transition into waged employment, the study finds the results to be evidence of the program ultimately not succeeding in its objectives.}}}}}, @@ -18931,7 +18931,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} pages = {970--986}, issn = {09275371}, doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.001}, - abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose{\textendash}response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.}, + abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose--response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Peru,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {A study of administrative survey data on the youth training program 'PROJOVEN' in Peru, to analyze the difference of effect between high-quality and low-quality training offerings on participants' earnings, employment probability and job quality outcomes.\textbf{It finds significant heterogeneity in its outcomes for men and women, with only high-quality training increasing men's earnings and formal employment in the short-term, but a significant positive impact on women's earnings, employment probability and formal employment both short- and long-term for all training.\textbf{For training quality, the study uses an array of proxies, from which it finds that expenditure per trainee is the most important attribute, with small marginal significance of class sizes, infrastructure and institutional market demand knowledge for some outcomes, but no relationship at all between curricular structure and teacher experience for the outcomes.\textbf{It concludes that high-quality training is cost effective for both men and very highly effective for women, whereas lower quality training is not cost effective for men.}}}}, @@ -19076,7 +19076,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1354-5701, 1466-4372}, doi = {10.1080/13545701.2019.1670350}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Reproductive health and employment are inextricably linked for women. Across the globe, women are the primary caretakers of children, and a woman's reproductive years tend to overlap with her economically productive years. Planned and unplanned pregnancy and childbearing affect women's ability to pursue different types of economic opportunities and even the choice of sectors in which they seek to work. This study explores the timing and sequencing of policy to address reproductive health needs and to strengthen labor market institutions and social protection, illustrated by case studies from six developing countries {\textendash} Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, South Africa, the Philippines, and Vietnam {\textendash} which have similar demographic transitions but divergent labor market outcomes for women. The findings suggest that where fertility transitions have been sharpest, this has not automatically translated into more employment and better labor market outcomes for women {\textendash} illuminating a critical role for policy to support women's transition into formal employment.}, + abstract = {Reproductive health and employment are inextricably linked for women. Across the globe, women are the primary caretakers of children, and a woman's reproductive years tend to overlap with her economically productive years. Planned and unplanned pregnancy and childbearing affect women's ability to pursue different types of economic opportunities and even the choice of sectors in which they seek to work. This study explores the timing and sequencing of policy to address reproductive health needs and to strengthen labor market institutions and social protection, illustrated by case studies from six developing countries -- Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, South Africa, the Philippines, and Vietnam -- which have similar demographic transitions but divergent labor market outcomes for women. The findings suggest that where fertility transitions have been sharpest, this has not automatically translated into more employment and better labor market outcomes for women -- illuminating a critical role for policy to support women's transition into formal employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Brazil,country::Paraguay,country::Philippines,country::South_Africa,country::Uruguay,country::Vietnam,inequality::gender,inequality::health,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -19161,7 +19161,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {2043-9083, 2408-9362}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2013.217}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {We employed a cluster-randomized trial design to measure the impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improvement on pupil enrolment and on gender parity in enrolment, in primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya (2007{\textendash}2009). Among schools with poor water access during the dry season, those that received a water supply, hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP\&WT) and sanitation improvement demonstrated increased enrolment ({$\beta$} = 0.091 [0.009, 0.173] p = 0.03), which translates to 26 additional pupils per school on average. The proportion of girls enrolled in school also increased by 4\% (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.04 [1.00, 1.07] p = 0.02). Among schools with better baseline water access during the dry season (schools that did not receive a water source), we found no evidence of increased enrolment in schools that received a HP\&WT intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.016 [{\textendash}0.039, 0.072] p = 0.56) or the HP\&WT and sanitation intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.027 [{\textendash}0.028, 0.082] p = 0.34), and there was no evidence of improved gender parity (PR = 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] p = 0.59, PR = 1.00 [0.97, 1.02] p = 0.75, respectively). Our findings suggest that increased school enrolment and improved gender parity may be influenced by a comprehensive WASH programme that includes an improved water source; schools with poor water access during the dry season may benefit most from these interventions.}, + abstract = {We employed a cluster-randomized trial design to measure the impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improvement on pupil enrolment and on gender parity in enrolment, in primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya (2007--2009). Among schools with poor water access during the dry season, those that received a water supply, hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP\&WT) and sanitation improvement demonstrated increased enrolment ({$\beta$} = 0.091 [0.009, 0.173] p = 0.03), which translates to 26 additional pupils per school on average. The proportion of girls enrolled in school also increased by 4\% (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.04 [1.00, 1.07] p = 0.02). Among schools with better baseline water access during the dry season (schools that did not receive a water source), we found no evidence of increased enrolment in schools that received a HP\&WT intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.016 [--0.039, 0.072] p = 0.56) or the HP\&WT and sanitation intervention ({$\beta$} = 0.027 [--0.028, 0.082] p = 0.34), and there was no evidence of improved gender parity (PR = 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] p = 0.59, PR = 1.00 [0.97, 1.02] p = 0.75, respectively). Our findings suggest that increased school enrolment and improved gender parity may be influenced by a comprehensive WASH programme that includes an improved water source; schools with poor water access during the dry season may benefit most from these interventions.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -19419,7 +19419,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0893-7524, 1529-0123}, doi = {10.1002/art.24100}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To examine educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods Families were recruited when children with JIA were 8{\textendash}14 years old. At that time, each child with JIA was matched to a classmate of similar age, sex, and race for inclusion in a comparison group. For the current followup (12.64 years postdiagnosis), 45 participants with JIA, 46 peers, and their parents completed questionnaires soon after the young person's 18th birthday. Disease type and severity were rated by health care providers. Results Young adults with JIA and peers were similar on a variety of factors, including family background, scholastic and occupational self-concept, and academic competence. The proportion of participants who graduated from high school, were working, and expressed plans to attend postsecondary education or seek employment was similar between groups. Disease type, initial severity, and time since diagnosis were generally not associated with indices of educational and occupational attainment. Conclusion Despite the challenge of having a chronic illness, young adults with JIA were similar to peers on numerous educational and occupational outcomes during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Interventions to assist academic or occupational functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify subgroups at risk for long-term difficulties.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To examine educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods Families were recruited when children with JIA were 8--14 years old. At that time, each child with JIA was matched to a classmate of similar age, sex, and race for inclusion in a comparison group. For the current followup (12.64 years postdiagnosis), 45 participants with JIA, 46 peers, and their parents completed questionnaires soon after the young person's 18th birthday. Disease type and severity were rated by health care providers. Results Young adults with JIA and peers were similar on a variety of factors, including family background, scholastic and occupational self-concept, and academic competence. The proportion of participants who graduated from high school, were working, and expressed plans to attend postsecondary education or seek employment was similar between groups. Disease type, initial severity, and time since diagnosis were generally not associated with indices of educational and occupational attainment. Conclusion Despite the challenge of having a chronic illness, young adults with JIA were similar to peers on numerous educational and occupational outcomes during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Interventions to assist academic or occupational functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify subgroups at risk for long-term difficulties.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SJLYJNNC/Gerhardt et al_2008_Educational and occupational outcomes among young adults with juvenile.pdf} @@ -19751,7 +19751,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986}, doi = {10.1017/S1537592714001595}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics{\textemdash}which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic-Elite Domination, and two types of interest-group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism{\textemdash}offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. We report on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic-Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism.}, + abstract = {Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics---which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic-Elite Domination, and two types of interest-group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism---offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. We report on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic-Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -19768,7 +19768,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0031-4005, 1098-4275}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2018-2500}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-quality evidence indicates that intervening with health care providers improves human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery. However, scaling up evidence-based strategies in real-world clinical practice remains challenging. We sought to improve the reach and impact of strategies for HPV vaccination quality improvement (QI) through local adaptation and implementation in a large, not-for-profit health care system. METHODS: We conducted an HPV vaccination QI program using existing materials to support physician training coupled with assessment and feedback. Local physicians with high HPV vaccination rates facilitated training, which included didactic instruction and video vignettes modeling effective communication. We randomly assigned 25 clinics with 77 physicians to the QI arm or the wait-list control arm. We used hierarchical linear models to assess HPV vaccination coverage ({$\geq$}1 dose) over 6 months among patients aged 12 to 14. RESULTS: Of 45 physicians in the QI arm, the program reached 43 (95\%) with training plus assessment and feedback. In the overall sample, HPV vaccination coverage increased in both the QI and control arms (8.6 vs 6.4 percentage points, respectively), although the 2.2{\textendash}percentage point difference did not reach statistical significance. Sensitivity analyses that excluded physicians with poor data quality indicated a statistically significant advantage of 3.3 percentage points for QI versus control (b = 0.034; SE = 0.015; P \< .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our locally adapted QI program achieved excellent reach, with small improvements in HPV vaccination coverage. Future implementation research is needed to bolster program impact and support health systems in leveraging local resources to conduct these programs efficiently.}, + abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-quality evidence indicates that intervening with health care providers improves human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery. However, scaling up evidence-based strategies in real-world clinical practice remains challenging. We sought to improve the reach and impact of strategies for HPV vaccination quality improvement (QI) through local adaptation and implementation in a large, not-for-profit health care system. METHODS: We conducted an HPV vaccination QI program using existing materials to support physician training coupled with assessment and feedback. Local physicians with high HPV vaccination rates facilitated training, which included didactic instruction and video vignettes modeling effective communication. We randomly assigned 25 clinics with 77 physicians to the QI arm or the wait-list control arm. We used hierarchical linear models to assess HPV vaccination coverage ({$\geq$}1 dose) over 6 months among patients aged 12 to 14. RESULTS: Of 45 physicians in the QI arm, the program reached 43 (95\%) with training plus assessment and feedback. In the overall sample, HPV vaccination coverage increased in both the QI and control arms (8.6 vs 6.4 percentage points, respectively), although the 2.2--percentage point difference did not reach statistical significance. Sensitivity analyses that excluded physicians with poor data quality indicated a statistically significant advantage of 3.3 percentage points for QI versus control (b = 0.034; SE = 0.015; P \< .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our locally adapted QI program achieved excellent reach, with small improvements in HPV vaccination coverage. Future implementation research is needed to bolster program impact and support health systems in leveraging local resources to conduct these programs efficiently.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -20129,7 +20129,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {10522263}, doi = {10.3233/JVR-2012-0597}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Providing reasonable workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities has been associated with enhanced job tenure, performance, and satisfaction. However, employers have struggled to effectively meet employee accommodation requests, and few studies have specifically examined how employees and employers negotiate requests. In this exploratory focus group study, we asked three key stakeholder groups {\textendash} employers, employees with disabilities, and vocational rehabilitation service providers {\textendash} ``What helps and hinders requesting, negotiating, implementing, and evaluating workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities?'' From our grounded theory analysis, we found that, although employers' and employees' perceptions about negotiating accommodations converged in several ways (e.g., employees presenting credible requests to employers to improve job performance), they differed sharply on their expectations of each other (e.g., costs of accommodations versus moral obligations to provide them). Such divergence requires that employers and employees with disabilities should become more aware of each other's perspectives, and more educated about how accommodation requests ought to be managed to improve job retention, reduce turnover costs, and decrease the likelihood of litigation. Based on findings of our small study, we offer a modest recommendation: educational interventions should be specifically tailored to each stakeholder group's roles according to major thematic areas of credibility, trust, and obligations.}, + abstract = {Providing reasonable workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities has been associated with enhanced job tenure, performance, and satisfaction. However, employers have struggled to effectively meet employee accommodation requests, and few studies have specifically examined how employees and employers negotiate requests. In this exploratory focus group study, we asked three key stakeholder groups -- employers, employees with disabilities, and vocational rehabilitation service providers -- ``What helps and hinders requesting, negotiating, implementing, and evaluating workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities?'' From our grounded theory analysis, we found that, although employers' and employees' perceptions about negotiating accommodations converged in several ways (e.g., employees presenting credible requests to employers to improve job performance), they differed sharply on their expectations of each other (e.g., costs of accommodations versus moral obligations to provide them). Such divergence requires that employers and employees with disabilities should become more aware of each other's perspectives, and more educated about how accommodation requests ought to be managed to improve job retention, reduce turnover costs, and decrease the likelihood of litigation. Based on findings of our small study, we offer a modest recommendation: educational interventions should be specifically tailored to each stakeholder group's roles according to major thematic areas of credibility, trust, and obligations.}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::disability,issue::policy,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20487,7 +20487,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {0376-835X, 1470-3637}, doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2015.1113123}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Broiler chicken production is an important livelihood option for urban households in Zimbabwe. A study was carried out to document the technical, demographic and socio-economic parameters characterising the production of broilers in an urban area of Zimbabwe. Findings showed that producers have quite diverse livelihoods and broiler production is not restricted to a survival strategy for the urban poor with no livelihood alternatives, but mostly involved the more privileged. Access to start-up capital and property ownership were pre-requisites for the business. Broiler units were small-scale, informal, backyard businesses dominated by women. Flock sizes averaged 398 (range 25{\textendash}3500) birds per cycle. However, 79\% of the producers kept at most 200 birds per cycle. The mean stocking density was 9.5\hspace{0.25em}birds/m2 and reported mortality averaged 7.4\%. Respondents have ad hoc marketing arrangements, and face constraints with regard to lack of sectoral support, shortage of capital, prohibitive council by-laws, market access and disease. Poultry production is therefore an important livelihood and business option in the urban and peri-urban area studied.}, + abstract = {Broiler chicken production is an important livelihood option for urban households in Zimbabwe. A study was carried out to document the technical, demographic and socio-economic parameters characterising the production of broilers in an urban area of Zimbabwe. Findings showed that producers have quite diverse livelihoods and broiler production is not restricted to a survival strategy for the urban poor with no livelihood alternatives, but mostly involved the more privileged. Access to start-up capital and property ownership were pre-requisites for the business. Broiler units were small-scale, informal, backyard businesses dominated by women. Flock sizes averaged 398 (range 25--3500) birds per cycle. However, 79\% of the producers kept at most 200 birds per cycle. The mean stocking density was 9.5\>birds/m2 and reported mortality averaged 7.4\%. Respondents have ad hoc marketing arrangements, and face constraints with regard to lack of sectoral support, shortage of capital, prohibitive council by-laws, market access and disease. Poultry production is therefore an important livelihood and business option in the urban and peri-urban area studied.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Zimbabwe,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20505,7 +20505,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {0042-0980, 1360-063X}, doi = {10.1080/00420980120051701}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {One prediction of the spatial mismatch hypothesis is that black residents of the central city will have longer commutes than others. This prediction actually has two different components: African-Americans commute longer distances because they face discrimination in housing and/or labour markets; city-dwellers commute longer distances because entry-level jobs are scarce in the central city. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to distinguish between these two types of spatial mismatch. We compare 1990 commuting times for the residents of four Cleveland neighbourhoods: a poor black neighbourhood in Cleveland, a poor white neighbourhood in Cleveland, a lower-middle-class black suburb and a lower-middle-class white suburb. We were unable to find strong evidence that city residents suffered from poor job accessibility in 1990. We did find, however, that residents of the black suburb had longer commutes than residents of the white suburb{\textemdash}in spite of the fact that the black suburb was accessible to more skill-matched jobs. Probing further, we discovered that far more black than white suburbanites worked in the central city. This finding suggests that hiring discrimination or industry sector preferences on the part of black workers are potentially overlooked causes of racial differentials in commuting behaviour.}, + abstract = {One prediction of the spatial mismatch hypothesis is that black residents of the central city will have longer commutes than others. This prediction actually has two different components: African-Americans commute longer distances because they face discrimination in housing and/or labour markets; city-dwellers commute longer distances because entry-level jobs are scarce in the central city. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to distinguish between these two types of spatial mismatch. We compare 1990 commuting times for the residents of four Cleveland neighbourhoods: a poor black neighbourhood in Cleveland, a poor white neighbourhood in Cleveland, a lower-middle-class black suburb and a lower-middle-class white suburb. We were unable to find strong evidence that city residents suffered from poor job accessibility in 1990. We did find, however, that residents of the black suburb had longer commutes than residents of the white suburb---in spite of the fact that the black suburb was accessible to more skill-matched jobs. Probing further, we discovered that far more black than white suburbanites worked in the central city. This finding suggests that hiring discrimination or industry sector preferences on the part of black workers are potentially overlooked causes of racial differentials in commuting behaviour.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::racial,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20521,7 +20521,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {1435-9871}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.13}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Background: Researchers have examined how first-birth timing is related to motherhood wage penalties, but research that examines birth spacing is lacking. Furthermore, little research has examined the persistence of penalties across the life course. Objective: The objective is to estimate the effects of birth spacing on midlife labor market outcomes and assess the extent to which these effects vary by education and age at first birth. Methods: I use data from the United States from the 1979{\textendash}2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and dynamic inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the effects of different birth intervals on mothers' midlife cumulative work hours, cumulative earnings, and hourly wages. I examine how education and age at first birth moderate these effects. Results: Women with birth intervals longer than two years but no longer than six years have the smallest penalties for cumulative outcomes; in models interacting the birth interval with age at first birth, postponement of a first birth to at least age 30 appears to be more important for cumulative outcomes than birth spacing. College-educated women benefit more from a longer birth interval than less educated women. Conclusions: Childbearing strategies that result in greater accumulation of human capital provide long-run labor market benefits to mothers, and results suggest that different birth-spacing patterns could play a small role in facilitating this accumulation, as theorized in past literature. Contribution: I contribute to the demographic literature by testing the theory that birth spacing matters for mothers' labor market outcomes and by assessing the effects at midlife rather than immediately following a birth.}, + abstract = {Background: Researchers have examined how first-birth timing is related to motherhood wage penalties, but research that examines birth spacing is lacking. Furthermore, little research has examined the persistence of penalties across the life course. Objective: The objective is to estimate the effects of birth spacing on midlife labor market outcomes and assess the extent to which these effects vary by education and age at first birth. Methods: I use data from the United States from the 1979--2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and dynamic inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the effects of different birth intervals on mothers' midlife cumulative work hours, cumulative earnings, and hourly wages. I examine how education and age at first birth moderate these effects. Results: Women with birth intervals longer than two years but no longer than six years have the smallest penalties for cumulative outcomes; in models interacting the birth interval with age at first birth, postponement of a first birth to at least age 30 appears to be more important for cumulative outcomes than birth spacing. College-educated women benefit more from a longer birth interval than less educated women. Conclusions: Childbearing strategies that result in greater accumulation of human capital provide long-run labor market benefits to mothers, and results suggest that different birth-spacing patterns could play a small role in facilitating this accumulation, as theorized in past literature. Contribution: I contribute to the demographic literature by testing the theory that birth spacing matters for mothers' labor market outcomes and by assessing the effects at midlife rather than immediately following a birth.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::gender,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -20665,7 +20665,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {1024-2589, 1996-7284}, doi = {10.1177/1024258916687250}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {As ever more policy-makers, governments and organisations turn to the gig economy and digital labour as an economic development strategy to bring jobs to places that need them, it becomes important to understand better how this might influence the livelihoods of workers. Drawing on a multi-year study with digital workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia, this article highlights four key concerns for workers: bargaining power, economic inclusion, intermediated value chains, and upgrading. The article shows that although there are important and tangible benefits for a range of workers, there are also a range of risks and costs that unduly affect the livelihoods of digital workers. Building on those concerns, it then concludes with a reflection on four broad strategies {\textendash} certification schemes, organising digital workers, regulatory strategies and democratic control of online labour platforms {\textendash} that could be employed to improve conditions and livelihoods for digital workers.}, + abstract = {As ever more policy-makers, governments and organisations turn to the gig economy and digital labour as an economic development strategy to bring jobs to places that need them, it becomes important to understand better how this might influence the livelihoods of workers. Drawing on a multi-year study with digital workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia, this article highlights four key concerns for workers: bargaining power, economic inclusion, intermediated value chains, and upgrading. The article shows that although there are important and tangible benefits for a range of workers, there are also a range of risks and costs that unduly affect the livelihoods of digital workers. Building on those concerns, it then concludes with a reflection on four broad strategies -- certification schemes, organising digital workers, regulatory strategies and democratic control of online labour platforms -- that could be employed to improve conditions and livelihoods for digital workers.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -20816,7 +20816,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {1471-1834, 1471-1842}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background and objectives:\hspace{0.6em} The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework{\textemdash}Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA){\textemdash}was used to examine the main review types. Results:\hspace{0.6em} Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background and objectives:{\enspace} The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods:{\enspace} Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework---Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA)---was used to examine the main review types. Results:{\enspace} Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions:{\enspace} Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -20990,7 +20990,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {0001-9720, 1750-0184}, doi = {10.1017/S0001972011000477}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT Rural{\textendash}urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural{\textendash}urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase. , RESUM{\'E} La migration et les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains sont essentiels {\`a} la subsistance de nombreuses personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les envois en argent ou en nature constituent un compl{\'e}ment de revenu, am{\'e}liorent la s{\'e}curit{\'e} alimentaire et permettent d'acc{\'e}der {\`a} des ressources viables tant dans les zones rurales que dans les zone urbaines. La migration permet aux m{\'e}nages concern{\'e}s de b{\'e}n{\'e}ficier des {\'e}carts de prix entre zones rurales et urbaines. Cet article d{\'e}montre que les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains non seulement contribuent {\`a} r{\'e}duire la pauvret{\'e} et {\`a} am{\'e}liorer la s{\'e}curit{\'e}, mais {\'e}galement renforcent la stratification socio-{\'e}conomique. C'est l{\`a} un aspect que la plupart des savants et sp{\'e}cialistes de l'am{\'e}nagement du territoire ont ignor{\'e} ou n{\'e}glig{\'e}. {\`A} l'aide de donn{\'e}es ethnographiques de Namibie, l'auteur a adopt{\'e} une perspective translocale de la migration et de la stratification, en se concentrant sur l'impact qui en r{\'e}sulte dans les zones rurales o{\`u} des formes urbaines modernes de stratification, induites par l'{\'e}ducation et les revenus du travail salari{\'e}, sont en augmentation.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT Rural--urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural--urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase. , RESUM{\'E} La migration et les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains sont essentiels {\`a} la subsistance de nombreuses personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les envois en argent ou en nature constituent un compl{\'e}ment de revenu, am{\'e}liorent la s{\'e}curit{\'e} alimentaire et permettent d'acc{\'e}der {\`a} des ressources viables tant dans les zones rurales que dans les zone urbaines. La migration permet aux m{\'e}nages concern{\'e}s de b{\'e}n{\'e}ficier des {\'e}carts de prix entre zones rurales et urbaines. Cet article d{\'e}montre que les r{\'e}seaux ruro-urbains non seulement contribuent {\`a} r{\'e}duire la pauvret{\'e} et {\`a} am{\'e}liorer la s{\'e}curit{\'e}, mais {\'e}galement renforcent la stratification socio-{\'e}conomique. C'est l{\`a} un aspect que la plupart des savants et sp{\'e}cialistes de l'am{\'e}nagement du territoire ont ignor{\'e} ou n{\'e}glig{\'e}. {\`A} l'aide de donn{\'e}es ethnographiques de Namibie, l'auteur a adopt{\'e} une perspective translocale de la migration et de la stratification, en se concentrant sur l'impact qui en r{\'e}sulte dans les zones rurales o{\`u} des formes urbaines modernes de stratification, induites par l'{\'e}ducation et les revenus du travail salari{\'e}, sont en augmentation.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -21057,7 +21057,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {0033-2917, 1469-8978}, doi = {10.1017/S0033291700043002}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {SYSNOPSIS This investigation was concerned with the description, treatment, and follow-up of a group of patients selected by age (18{\textendash}55 years), diagnosis (psychotic), and the presence of work problems (unemployed for more than 12 months). The patients were of below average intelligence, and substantial numbers were characterized by low drive to return to work, unrealistic attitudes, a lack of self-confidence, and adverse attitudes towards the existence and extent of handicap. An evaluative and experimental study subsequently indicated that a rehabilitation programme was unsuccessful in changing attitudes and returning patients to industrial roles in the community. Aspects of outcome such as work status were predicted by earlier assessments of motivation, self-confidence, and patients' view of the presence and extent of handicap; outcome was not predicted by the initial assessments of work level, length of unemployment, intellectual level, and the realism of attitudes.}, + abstract = {SYSNOPSIS This investigation was concerned with the description, treatment, and follow-up of a group of patients selected by age (18--55 years), diagnosis (psychotic), and the presence of work problems (unemployed for more than 12 months). The patients were of below average intelligence, and substantial numbers were characterized by low drive to return to work, unrealistic attitudes, a lack of self-confidence, and adverse attitudes towards the existence and extent of handicap. An evaluative and experimental study subsequently indicated that a rehabilitation programme was unsuccessful in changing attitudes and returning patients to industrial roles in the community. Aspects of outcome such as work status were predicted by earlier assessments of motivation, self-confidence, and patients' view of the presence and extent of handicap; outcome was not predicted by the initial assessments of work level, length of unemployment, intellectual level, and the realism of attitudes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -21308,8 +21308,8 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin } @article{Grzywacz2000, - title = {Reconceptualizing the Work{\textendash}Family Interface: {{An}} Ecological Perspective on the Correlates of Positive and Negative Spillover between Work and Family.}, - shorttitle = {Reconceptualizing the Work{\textendash}Family Interface}, + title = {Reconceptualizing the Work--Family Interface: {{An}} Ecological Perspective on the Correlates of Positive and Negative Spillover between Work and Family.}, + shorttitle = {Reconceptualizing the Work--Family Interface}, author = {Grzywacz, Joseph G. and Marks, Nadine F.}, year = {2000}, journal = {Journal of Occupational Health Psychology}, @@ -21336,7 +21336,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {0749-6753, 1099-1751}, doi = {10.1002/hpm.4740100404}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The socio-economic reforms launched in China in the late 1970s led to rapid economic growth and, with it, health sector resources expanded rapidly. The rural health services have benefited from the policies of economic reform, but not in an optimal way, particularly in poor areas. This article uses a case study of a poor county{\textemdash}Donglan{\textemdash}to illustrate that the fiscal decentralization combined with the financial responsibility system have resulted in a weakening of financing and provision of rural health services in poor areas. The need for health facilities to generate revenue has had unfortunate consequences for the style of medical care, such as over-prescription. In addition, the collapse of the cooperative medical system and the weakening of the three-tier network of rural health care in Donglan have jeopardized preventive programs and threaten access to basic health care for the peasants, especially the poor. The study found evidence that preventive programs have deteriorated over the past years, the poor had financial difficulty in access to services, particularly hospital care, health facilities at township and village levels have been run down, and less training and supervision have been provided by upper-level health facilities. The article concludes with recommendations for a strategy for rebuilding and strengthening the three-tier network of rural health care, and for establishing a cooperative medical and health care scheme to ensure that the majority of peasants in Donglan can be guaranteed access to basic health services. Limited health resources will therefore be better used.}, + abstract = {Abstract The socio-economic reforms launched in China in the late 1970s led to rapid economic growth and, with it, health sector resources expanded rapidly. The rural health services have benefited from the policies of economic reform, but not in an optimal way, particularly in poor areas. This article uses a case study of a poor county---Donglan---to illustrate that the fiscal decentralization combined with the financial responsibility system have resulted in a weakening of financing and provision of rural health services in poor areas. The need for health facilities to generate revenue has had unfortunate consequences for the style of medical care, such as over-prescription. In addition, the collapse of the cooperative medical system and the weakening of the three-tier network of rural health care in Donglan have jeopardized preventive programs and threaten access to basic health care for the peasants, especially the poor. The study found evidence that preventive programs have deteriorated over the past years, the poor had financial difficulty in access to services, particularly hospital care, health facilities at township and village levels have been run down, and less training and supervision have been provided by upper-level health facilities. The article concludes with recommendations for a strategy for rebuilding and strengthening the three-tier network of rural health care, and for establishing a cooperative medical and health care scheme to ensure that the majority of peasants in Donglan can be guaranteed access to basic health services. Limited health resources will therefore be better used.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -21513,7 +21513,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin issn = {0013-0427, 1468-0335}, doi = {10.1111/1468-0335.00303}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {An analysis of the effect of children and career interruptions on the family gap is based on Danish longitudinal data covering the years 1980{\textendash}95. The estimated model controls for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. The results show that, when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of children on mothers' wages disappears. The main effect of children seems to be loss of human capital accumulation during childbirth periods; apart from this, there is no indication that children have long-term effects on the earnings potential of their mothers, holding experience constant.}, + abstract = {An analysis of the effect of children and career interruptions on the family gap is based on Danish longitudinal data covering the years 1980--95. The estimated model controls for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. The results show that, when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of children on mothers' wages disappears. The main effect of children seems to be loss of human capital accumulation during childbirth periods; apart from this, there is no indication that children have long-term effects on the earnings potential of their mothers, holding experience constant.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -22241,7 +22241,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin } @article{Hamel2006, - title = {Women in {{Academic Medicine}} {\textemdash} {{Progress}} and {{Challenges}}}, + title = {Women in {{Academic Medicine}} --- {{Progress}} and {{Challenges}}}, author = {Hamel, Mary Beth and Ingelfinger, Julie R. and Phimister, Elizabeth and Solomon, Caren G.}, year = {2006}, month = jul, @@ -22411,7 +22411,7 @@ Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their busin publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}}, doi = {10.1108/S1479-354720170000010008}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose Many youth with a disability would like to work but encounter challenges finding employment. Vocational interventions can help youth with disabilities gain employment skills and jobs. In this chapter, we assess: (1) how vocational programs for youth with physical disabilities influence employment-related skills and outcomes; and (2) the common components of vocational programs for these youth. Design/methodology Our research team conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature with six major databases: Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase. Publications selected for inclusion met the following criteria: (1) peer-reviewed journal article, dissertation, or conference paper, published between 1990 and January 2014; (2) addresses vocational program or intervention for youth with physical disabilities; and (3) sample includes at least 50\% youth (aged 15{\textendash}25) with an acquired or congenital physical disability. Findings Of the 4,588 studies identified in our search, 8 met the inclusion criteria. In six of the studies, the majority of participants gained paid or unpaid employment after participating in a vocational program. Five studies showed improved knowledge and perceptions of employment. Most studies showed improvements in at least one vocational outcome such as knowledge about job searching, job interviews, advocating for workplace adaptations, and how to access services and supports. Common intervention components included: experiential learning, mentorship, and family involvement. Most programs took place in the community or rehabilitation centers that varied in length and were delivered by a variety of professionals. Most programs had a combination of group and individual components. Implications There is some evidence to suggest that vocational programs can influence employment outcomes for youth with physical disabilities. However, further research is needed with more rigorous and longitudinal designs.}, + abstract = {Purpose Many youth with a disability would like to work but encounter challenges finding employment. Vocational interventions can help youth with disabilities gain employment skills and jobs. In this chapter, we assess: (1) how vocational programs for youth with physical disabilities influence employment-related skills and outcomes; and (2) the common components of vocational programs for these youth. Design/methodology Our research team conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature with six major databases: Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase. Publications selected for inclusion met the following criteria: (1) peer-reviewed journal article, dissertation, or conference paper, published between 1990 and January 2014; (2) addresses vocational program or intervention for youth with physical disabilities; and (3) sample includes at least 50\% youth (aged 15--25) with an acquired or congenital physical disability. Findings Of the 4,588 studies identified in our search, 8 met the inclusion criteria. In six of the studies, the majority of participants gained paid or unpaid employment after participating in a vocational program. Five studies showed improved knowledge and perceptions of employment. Most studies showed improvements in at least one vocational outcome such as knowledge about job searching, job interviews, advocating for workplace adaptations, and how to access services and supports. Common intervention components included: experiential learning, mentorship, and family involvement. Most programs took place in the community or rehabilitation centers that varied in length and were delivered by a variety of professionals. Most programs had a combination of group and individual components. Implications There is some evidence to suggest that vocational programs can influence employment outcomes for youth with physical disabilities. However, further research is needed with more rigorous and longitudinal designs.}, isbn = {978-1-78714-606-8 978-1-78714-605-1}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::disability,review::systematic,sample::snowballing,TODO::review}, @@ -22877,7 +22877,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c number = {3}, pages = {165--180}, doi = {10.1080/08038740.2016.1242512}, - abstract = {Based on a qualitative study of young people's visions of their future, this article explores tensions emerging between care work and professional success in the life-scripts of young girls and boys in the Czech Republic and Norway. The two countries both have a high level of female labour market participation but have developed distinctively different welfare policies as concerns the emphasis placed on family vs. institutional care. In Norway, there has been a strong increase in subsidized public child care, and simultaneously fathers' roles as caretakers have been stressed both in public policies and discourse. The Czech Republic has experienced an opposite trend; maternity leave has been extended, public creches have almost vanished and public discourse has focused on the superiority of motherly care over public care. Framing our discussion within debates around naturalization, gendered subject positions and balance, we ask how - or to what extent {\textendash} such distinct discourses and policies influence the ways that young people come to envision their future life. Two different models of balance are applied: one which sees the individual as the balancing unit and the other taking relational dimensions into account. Some expected differences between the young Czechs and Norwegians are found, for example, with regards to articulations of male involvement in care work and female economic independence. Through the relational model of balance, we are also able to discover striking similarities between the two contexts, which demonstrate enduring gendered inequalities in perceived divisions of work-care responsibilities. Firstly, the girl career seeker - one who gives priority to career over family {\textendash} does not appear as an imaginable position neither among girls nor among boys. Moreover, there is a striking silence around the particularities of care-work as performed by women, something which suggests that aspects of care are still naturalized as female.}, + abstract = {Based on a qualitative study of young people's visions of their future, this article explores tensions emerging between care work and professional success in the life-scripts of young girls and boys in the Czech Republic and Norway. The two countries both have a high level of female labour market participation but have developed distinctively different welfare policies as concerns the emphasis placed on family vs. institutional care. In Norway, there has been a strong increase in subsidized public child care, and simultaneously fathers' roles as caretakers have been stressed both in public policies and discourse. The Czech Republic has experienced an opposite trend; maternity leave has been extended, public creches have almost vanished and public discourse has focused on the superiority of motherly care over public care. Framing our discussion within debates around naturalization, gendered subject positions and balance, we ask how - or to what extent -- such distinct discourses and policies influence the ways that young people come to envision their future life. Two different models of balance are applied: one which sees the individual as the balancing unit and the other taking relational dimensions into account. Some expected differences between the young Czechs and Norwegians are found, for example, with regards to articulations of male involvement in care work and female economic independence. Through the relational model of balance, we are also able to discover striking similarities between the two contexts, which demonstrate enduring gendered inequalities in perceived divisions of work-care responsibilities. Firstly, the girl career seeker - one who gives priority to career over family -- does not appear as an imaginable position neither among girls nor among boys. Moreover, there is a striking silence around the particularities of care-work as performed by women, something which suggests that aspects of care are still naturalized as female.}, affiliation = {Haukanes, H (Corresponding Author), Univ Bergen, Dept Hlth Promot \& Dev, Bergen, Norway. Haukanes, Haldis, Univ Bergen, Dept Hlth Promot \& Dev, Bergen, Norway. Heggli, Gry, Univ Bergen, Dept Educ, Bergen, Norway.}, author-email = {haldis.haukanes@uib.no}, da = {2023-11-02}, @@ -23254,7 +23254,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c } @article{Heffron2021, - title = {Gender {{Can Influence Student Experiences}} in {{MD}}{\textendash}{{PhD Training}}}, + title = {Gender {{Can Influence Student Experiences}} in {{MD}}--{{PhD Training}}}, author = {Heffron, Anna S. and Braun, Katarina M. and {Allen-Savietta}, Cora and Filut, Amarette and Hanewall, Chelsea and Huttenlocher, Anna and Handelsman, Jo and Carnes, Molly}, year = {2021}, month = jan, @@ -23645,7 +23645,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790}, doi = {10.1007/s13524-018-0664-9}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women's human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21{\textendash}24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman's community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.}, + abstract = {Abstract Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women's human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21--24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman's community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Madagascar,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -23757,7 +23757,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c issn = {0020-7314, 1541-4469}, doi = {10.2190/HS.40.1.a}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {National paid sick day and paid sick leave policies are compared in 22 countries ranked highly in terms of economic and human development. The authors calculate the financial support available to workers facing two different kinds of health problems: a case of the flu that requires missing 5 days of work, and a cancer treatment that requires 50 days of absence. Only 3 countries{\textemdash}the United States, Canada, and Japan{\textemdash}have no national policy requiring employers to provide paid sick days for workers who need to miss 5 days of work to recover from the flu. Eleven countries guarantee workers earning the national median wage full pay for all 5 days. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the full-time equivalent benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for workers earning the national median. The United States is the only country that does not provide paid sick leave for a worker undergoing a 50-day cancer treatment. Luxembourg and Norway provide 50 full-time equivalent working days of leave, while New Zealand provides the least, at 5 days. In 6 countries, paid sick leave benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for median-wage workers.}, + abstract = {National paid sick day and paid sick leave policies are compared in 22 countries ranked highly in terms of economic and human development. The authors calculate the financial support available to workers facing two different kinds of health problems: a case of the flu that requires missing 5 days of work, and a cancer treatment that requires 50 days of absence. Only 3 countries---the United States, Canada, and Japan---have no national policy requiring employers to provide paid sick days for workers who need to miss 5 days of work to recover from the flu. Eleven countries guarantee workers earning the national median wage full pay for all 5 days. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the full-time equivalent benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for workers earning the national median. The United States is the only country that does not provide paid sick leave for a worker undergoing a 50-day cancer treatment. Luxembourg and Norway provide 50 full-time equivalent working days of leave, while New Zealand provides the least, at 5 days. In 6 countries, paid sick leave benefits are more generous for low-wage workers than for median-wage workers.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -24428,7 +24428,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211}, doi = {10.1177/0149206311426911}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Some authors have explained the dearth of women leaders as an ``opt-out revolution''{\textemdash}that women today are making a choice not to aspire to leadership positions. The authors of this article present a model that tests managers' biased evaluations of women as less career motivated as an explanation for why women have lower managerial aspirations than men. Specifically, they hypothesize that day-to-day managerial decisions involving allocating challenging work, training and development, and career encouragement mean women accrue less organizational development, and this is one explanation for their lower managerial aspirations. The authors' model is based on social role theory and is examined in a sample of 112 supervisor{\textendash}subordinate dyads at a U.S. Fortune 500 firm.}, + abstract = {Some authors have explained the dearth of women leaders as an ``opt-out revolution''---that women today are making a choice not to aspire to leadership positions. The authors of this article present a model that tests managers' biased evaluations of women as less career motivated as an explanation for why women have lower managerial aspirations than men. Specifically, they hypothesize that day-to-day managerial decisions involving allocating challenging work, training and development, and career encouragement mean women accrue less organizational development, and this is one explanation for their lower managerial aspirations. The authors' model is based on social role theory and is examined in a sample of 112 supervisor--subordinate dyads at a U.S. Fortune 500 firm.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -24446,7 +24446,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0149-2063, 1557-1211}, doi = {10.1177/0149206316628643}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Since the 1990s, a growing body of research has sought to quantify the relationship between women's representation in leadership positions and organizational financial performance. Commonly known as the ``business case'' for women's leadership, the idea is that having more women leaders is good for business. Through meta-analysis ( k = 78, n = 117,639 organizations) of the direct effects of women's representation in leadership (as CEOs, on top management teams, and on boards of directors) on financial performance, and tests that proxy theoretical arguments for moderated relationships, we call attention to equivocal findings. Our results suggest women's leadership may affect firm performance in general and sales performance in particular. And women's leadership{\textemdash}overall and, specifically, the presence of a female CEO{\textemdash}is more likely to positively relate to firms' financial performance in more gender egalitarian cultures. Yet taking our findings as a whole, we argue that commonly used methods of testing the business case for women leaders may limit our ability as scholars to understand the value that women bring to leadership positions. We do not advocate that the business case be abandoned altogether but, rather, improved and refined. We name exemplary research studies to show how different perspectives on gender, alternative conceptualizations of value, and the specification of underlying mechanisms linking leadership to performance can generate changes in both the dominant ontology and the epistemology underlying this body of research.}, + abstract = {Since the 1990s, a growing body of research has sought to quantify the relationship between women's representation in leadership positions and organizational financial performance. Commonly known as the ``business case'' for women's leadership, the idea is that having more women leaders is good for business. Through meta-analysis ( k = 78, n = 117,639 organizations) of the direct effects of women's representation in leadership (as CEOs, on top management teams, and on boards of directors) on financial performance, and tests that proxy theoretical arguments for moderated relationships, we call attention to equivocal findings. Our results suggest women's leadership may affect firm performance in general and sales performance in particular. And women's leadership---overall and, specifically, the presence of a female CEO---is more likely to positively relate to firms' financial performance in more gender egalitarian cultures. Yet taking our findings as a whole, we argue that commonly used methods of testing the business case for women leaders may limit our ability as scholars to understand the value that women bring to leadership positions. We do not advocate that the business case be abandoned altogether but, rather, improved and refined. We name exemplary research studies to show how different perspectives on gender, alternative conceptualizations of value, and the specification of underlying mechanisms linking leadership to performance can generate changes in both the dominant ontology and the epistemology underlying this body of research.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -24469,7 +24469,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part } @article{Hook2006a, - title = {Care in {{Context}}: {{Men}}'s {{Unpaid Work}} in 20 {{Countries}}, 1965{\textendash}2003}, + title = {Care in {{Context}}: {{Men}}'s {{Unpaid Work}} in 20 {{Countries}}, 1965--2003}, shorttitle = {Care in {{Context}}}, author = {Hook, Jennifer L.}, year = {2006}, @@ -24487,7 +24487,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part } @article{Hook2010, - title = {Gender {{Inequality}} in the {{Welfare State}}: {{Sex Segregation}} in {{Housework}}, 1965{\textendash}2003}, + title = {Gender {{Inequality}} in the {{Welfare State}}: {{Sex Segregation}} in {{Housework}}, 1965--2003}, shorttitle = {Gender {{Inequality}} in the {{Welfare State}}}, author = {Hook, Jennifer~L.}, year = {2010}, @@ -24618,7 +24618,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {1472-6963}, doi = {10.1186/s12913-016-1318-5}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Background Is retirement good or bad for health? Disentangling causality is difficult. Much of the previous quasi-experimental research on the effect of health on retirement used self-reported health and relied upon discontinuities in public retirement incentives across Europe. The current study investigated the effect of retirement on health by exploiting discontinuities in private retirement incentives to test the effect of retirement on health using a quasi-experimental study design. Methods Secondary data (1997{\textendash}2009) on a cohort of male manufacturing workers in a United States setting. Health status was determined using claims data from private insurance and Medicare. Analyses used employer-based administrative and claims data and claim data from Medicare. Results Widely used selection on observables models overstate the negative impact of retirement due to the endogeneity of the decision to retire. In addition, health status as measured by administrative claims data provide some advantages over the more commonly used survey items. Using an instrument and administrative health records, we find null to positive effects from retirement on all fronts, with a possible exception of increased risk for diabetes. Conclusions This study provides evidence that retirement is not detrimental and may be beneficial to health for a sample of manufacturing workers. In addition, it supports previous research indicating that quasi-experimental methodologies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between retirement and health, as any selection on observable model will overstate the negative relationship of retirement on health. Further, it provides a model for how such research could be implemented in countries like the United States that do not have a strong public pension program. Finally, it demonstrates that such research need-not rely upon survey data, which has certain shortcomings and is not always available for homogenous samples.}, + abstract = {Background Is retirement good or bad for health? Disentangling causality is difficult. Much of the previous quasi-experimental research on the effect of health on retirement used self-reported health and relied upon discontinuities in public retirement incentives across Europe. The current study investigated the effect of retirement on health by exploiting discontinuities in private retirement incentives to test the effect of retirement on health using a quasi-experimental study design. Methods Secondary data (1997--2009) on a cohort of male manufacturing workers in a United States setting. Health status was determined using claims data from private insurance and Medicare. Analyses used employer-based administrative and claims data and claim data from Medicare. Results Widely used selection on observables models overstate the negative impact of retirement due to the endogeneity of the decision to retire. In addition, health status as measured by administrative claims data provide some advantages over the more commonly used survey items. Using an instrument and administrative health records, we find null to positive effects from retirement on all fronts, with a possible exception of increased risk for diabetes. Conclusions This study provides evidence that retirement is not detrimental and may be beneficial to health for a sample of manufacturing workers. In addition, it supports previous research indicating that quasi-experimental methodologies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between retirement and health, as any selection on observable model will overstate the negative relationship of retirement on health. Further, it provides a model for how such research could be implemented in countries like the United States that do not have a strong public pension program. Finally, it demonstrates that such research need-not rely upon survey data, which has certain shortcomings and is not always available for homogenous samples.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -24653,7 +24653,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {2571-5577}, doi = {10.3390/asi4040077}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020{\textemdash}these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the increase in domestic violence against women and children during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, domestic violence against women and children has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we investigated family violence among 511 families during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were given questionnaires to answer, for a period of over ten days; we predicted family violence using a machine learning-based model. To predict domestic violence from our data set, we applied random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms to our model. We employed an oversampling strategy named the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and the chi-squared statistical test to, respectively, solve the imbalance problem and discover the feature importance of our data set. The performances of the machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score criteria. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and confusion matrices were developed and analyzed for three algorithms. On average, our model, with the random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes algorithms, predicted family violence with 77\%, 69\%, and 62\% accuracy for our data set. The findings of this study indicate that domestic violence has increased and is highly related to two features: family income level during the COVID-19 pandemic and education level of the family members.}, + abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020---these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the increase in domestic violence against women and children during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Bangladesh, domestic violence against women and children has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we investigated family violence among 511 families during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were given questionnaires to answer, for a period of over ten days; we predicted family violence using a machine learning-based model. To predict domestic violence from our data set, we applied random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms to our model. We employed an oversampling strategy named the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and the chi-squared statistical test to, respectively, solve the imbalance problem and discover the feature importance of our data set. The performances of the machine learning algorithms were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score criteria. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and confusion matrices were developed and analyzed for three algorithms. On average, our model, with the random forest, logistic regression, and Naive Bayes algorithms, predicted family violence with 77\%, 69\%, and 62\% accuracy for our data set. The findings of this study indicate that domestic violence has increased and is highly related to two features: family income level during the COVID-19 pandemic and education level of the family members.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -24763,7 +24763,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part number = {1}, pages = {1839--1859}, doi = {10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003}, - abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9{\textendash}12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, + abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9--12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, keywords = {country::Papa New Guinea,lmp::active,program::public works,region::AP,sample::almp}, note = {A study on the effects of a variety of ALMP (public works, vocational training, job matching and an employment subsidy) on both employment probability and job quality of youth in Papua New Guinea versus solely providing them with the public works opportunity.\textbf{It finds that completion of the more comprehensive ALMP had a significant positive impact on being formally employed within 9-12 months as opposed to only participating in the public works, but no other changes in job quality were measurable.\textbf{The channel this difference manifested itself through was entirely 20\% of participants of ALMP staying with the employer they were placed at through the measures.\textbf{Those not staying at their assigned employer had no significant increase in employment probability, which suggests that employers use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk and low-effort way of hiring new employees.}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, @@ -24872,7 +24872,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0194-4363, 1939-0130}, doi = {10.1080/01944363.2015.1042014}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kain's Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that disadvantaged groups who reside in inner-city neighborhoods have low access to regional jobs. We continue to debate this assertion because empirical studies over decades have conflicting results. This research examines whether the poor face spatial mismatch and how suburbanization has changed their job accessibility, in the Los Angeles region between 1990 and 2007{\textendash}2011. I define spatial mismatch as occurring when the poor in the inner city have lower job accessibility than their suburban counterparts. I estimate job accessibility based on the spatial distribution of jobs and job seekers traveling via private automobiles. My results present a complicated picture: Inner-city poor job seekers have higher job accessibility than their suburban counterparts because many jobs remain in the inner city; thus, the inner-city poor do not face spatial mismatch. Moreover, suburbanization has evened out the differences in the job accessibility of the poor and non-poor. However, the advantage of living in the inner city for job access declines with rapid employment suburbanization.}, + abstract = {Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kain's Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that disadvantaged groups who reside in inner-city neighborhoods have low access to regional jobs. We continue to debate this assertion because empirical studies over decades have conflicting results. This research examines whether the poor face spatial mismatch and how suburbanization has changed their job accessibility, in the Los Angeles region between 1990 and 2007--2011. I define spatial mismatch as occurring when the poor in the inner city have lower job accessibility than their suburban counterparts. I estimate job accessibility based on the spatial distribution of jobs and job seekers traveling via private automobiles. My results present a complicated picture: Inner-city poor job seekers have higher job accessibility than their suburban counterparts because many jobs remain in the inner city; thus, the inner-city poor do not face spatial mismatch. Moreover, suburbanization has evened out the differences in the job accessibility of the poor and non-poor. However, the advantage of living in the inner city for job access declines with rapid employment suburbanization.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::poverty,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -24996,7 +24996,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0731-1214, 1533-8673}, doi = {10.2307/1389433}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Typically, it is assumed that bureaucratic labor policies associated with internal labor markets (ILMs) both promote the efficient use of workers' skills and foster equality in the workplace by publicizing managers' decisions and increasing the accountability they face. This article uses data from a national probability sample of U.S. workplaces to test these assumptions about ILM policies with regard to gender inequality in workplace supervisory authority. The analysis also considers supply-side and occupational segregation as explanations for gender inequality in work authority, as well as several organizational characteristics emphasized in the organizational literature that have so far been left untested. Results indicate that occupational segregation accounts for most of the gap in supervisory authority, while purely human capital accounts are insufficient. Other results are consistent with an institutional interpretation{\textemdash}that organizations adopt ILM policies in order to ``symbolically comply'' with both regulatory bodies and public ideals about workplace opportunity.}, + abstract = {Typically, it is assumed that bureaucratic labor policies associated with internal labor markets (ILMs) both promote the efficient use of workers' skills and foster equality in the workplace by publicizing managers' decisions and increasing the accountability they face. This article uses data from a national probability sample of U.S. workplaces to test these assumptions about ILM policies with regard to gender inequality in workplace supervisory authority. The analysis also considers supply-side and occupational segregation as explanations for gender inequality in work authority, as well as several organizational characteristics emphasized in the organizational literature that have so far been left untested. Results indicate that occupational segregation accounts for most of the gap in supervisory authority, while purely human capital accounts are insufficient. Other results are consistent with an institutional interpretation---that organizations adopt ILM policies in order to ``symbolically comply'' with both regulatory bodies and public ideals about workplace opportunity.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -25229,7 +25229,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {1355-8196, 1758-1060}, doi = {10.1258/135581906778476553}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Objectives: To compare two consensus development methods commonly used for developing clinical guidelines in terms of the judgments produced, closeness of consensus, amount of change between rounds, concordance with research evidence and reliability. Methods: In all, 213 general practitioners and mental health professionals from England participated in four Delphi and four nominal groups. They rated the appropriateness of four treatments (cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], behavioural therapy [BT], brief psychodynamic interpersonal therapy [BPIT] and antidepressants) for three conditions. First, participants rated the appropriateness of interventions independently, using a postal questionnaire. For nominal groups, the ratings were fed back and discussed at a meeting, and then group members privately completed the questionnaire again. For Delphi groups, there was feedback but no discussion, and the entire process was conducted by postal questionnaire. Results: The effect of consensus method on final ratings varied with therapeutic intervention, with nominal groups rating CBT and antidepressants more favourably than Delphi groups. Consensus was closer in the nominal than in the Delphi groups in both rounds. There was no overall difference between groups in their concordance with research evidence (odds ratio 1.13, 95\% confidence interval 0.79{\textendash}1.61). In this study, the Delphi method was more reliable ( {$\kappa$} coefficients 0.88 and 0.89 compared with 0.41 and 0.65 for nominal groups). Conclusions: The advantages of nominal groups (more consensus; greater understanding of reasons for disagreement) could be combined with the greater reliability of the Delphi approach by developing a hybrid method.}, + abstract = {Objectives: To compare two consensus development methods commonly used for developing clinical guidelines in terms of the judgments produced, closeness of consensus, amount of change between rounds, concordance with research evidence and reliability. Methods: In all, 213 general practitioners and mental health professionals from England participated in four Delphi and four nominal groups. They rated the appropriateness of four treatments (cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], behavioural therapy [BT], brief psychodynamic interpersonal therapy [BPIT] and antidepressants) for three conditions. First, participants rated the appropriateness of interventions independently, using a postal questionnaire. For nominal groups, the ratings were fed back and discussed at a meeting, and then group members privately completed the questionnaire again. For Delphi groups, there was feedback but no discussion, and the entire process was conducted by postal questionnaire. Results: The effect of consensus method on final ratings varied with therapeutic intervention, with nominal groups rating CBT and antidepressants more favourably than Delphi groups. Consensus was closer in the nominal than in the Delphi groups in both rounds. There was no overall difference between groups in their concordance with research evidence (odds ratio 1.13, 95\% confidence interval 0.79--1.61). In this study, the Delphi method was more reliable ( {$\kappa$} coefficients 0.88 and 0.89 compared with 0.41 and 0.65 for nominal groups). Conclusions: The advantages of nominal groups (more consensus; greater understanding of reasons for disagreement) could be combined with the greater reliability of the Delphi approach by developing a hybrid method.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -25325,7 +25325,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part number = {1}, pages = {185--222}, doi = {10.1177/0019793918768260}, - abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training {\textendash} including long-term labor market trajectories of young people {\textendash} and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.}, + abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training -- including long-term labor market trajectories of young people -- and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {A long-term follow-up (6 years) to previous short-term experimental studies for the training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic, looking for the long-term outcomes on employment probability, earnings, and formal employment for a vocational training with on-the-job (internship) component.\textbf{The study finds that, over long-term, initial gains in formal employment, after overtaking the control near the end of the program, steadily increase and become significant over long-term for men and for participants living in urban environments, suggesting a lock-in effect for them.\textbf{For women living in urban environments there are medium-term positive increases in earnings but they vanish long-term.\textbf{For men there are no significant impacts either on overall employment probability or earnings.\textbf{Aside from labor market outcomes, there are significant positive impacts on participants' future expectations and welfare perceptions, with more larger impacts for women.\textbf{The study suggests the program is thus working especially well in dynamic local contexts and where the trained skills match labor demand.}}}}}}, @@ -25611,7 +25611,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0895-9374, 1544-0737}, doi = {10.1177/0022034519877385}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Gender inequality in science, medicine, and dentistry remains a central concern for the biomedical research workforce today. Although progress in areas of inclusivity and gender diversity was reported, growth has been slow. Women still face multiple challenges in reaching higher ranks and leadership positions while maintaining holistic success in these fields. Within dental research and academia, we might observe trends toward a more balanced pipeline. However, women continue to face barriers in seeking leadership roles and achieving economic equity and scholarship recognition. In an effort to evaluate the status of women in dental research and academia, the authors examined the role of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), a global research organization, which has improved awareness on gender inequality. The goal of this article is to review five crucial issues of gender inequality in oral health research and academics{\textemdash}workforce pipeline, economic inequality, workplace harassment, gender bias in scholarly productivity, and work-life balance{\textemdash}and to discuss proactive steps that the IADR has taken to promote gender equality. Providing networking and training opportunities through effective mentoring and coaching for women researchers, the IADR has developed a robust pipeline of women leaders while promoting gender equality for women in dental academia through a culture shift. As knowledge gaps remained on the levels of conscious and unconscious bias and sexist culture affecting women advancement in academics, as well as the intersectionality of gender with race, gender identity, ability status, sexual orientation, and cultural backgrounds, the IADR has recognized that further research is warranted.}, + abstract = {Gender inequality in science, medicine, and dentistry remains a central concern for the biomedical research workforce today. Although progress in areas of inclusivity and gender diversity was reported, growth has been slow. Women still face multiple challenges in reaching higher ranks and leadership positions while maintaining holistic success in these fields. Within dental research and academia, we might observe trends toward a more balanced pipeline. However, women continue to face barriers in seeking leadership roles and achieving economic equity and scholarship recognition. In an effort to evaluate the status of women in dental research and academia, the authors examined the role of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), a global research organization, which has improved awareness on gender inequality. The goal of this article is to review five crucial issues of gender inequality in oral health research and academics---workforce pipeline, economic inequality, workplace harassment, gender bias in scholarly productivity, and work-life balance---and to discuss proactive steps that the IADR has taken to promote gender equality. Providing networking and training opportunities through effective mentoring and coaching for women researchers, the IADR has developed a robust pipeline of women leaders while promoting gender equality for women in dental academia through a culture shift. As knowledge gaps remained on the levels of conscious and unconscious bias and sexist culture affecting women advancement in academics, as well as the intersectionality of gender with race, gender identity, ability status, sexual orientation, and cultural backgrounds, the IADR has recognized that further research is warranted.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -25729,7 +25729,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {1477-7266}, doi = {10.1108/JHOM-08-2013-0174}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} Because stereotypically masculine behaviors are required for effective leadership, examining female chairs' leadership in academic medicine can provide insight into the complex ways in which gender impacts on their leadership practices. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The author interviewed three female clinical chairs and compared the findings to interviews with 28 of their faculty. Grounded theory analysis of the subsequent text gathered comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth information about this case of interest at a US top-tier academic medical center. Findings {\textendash} Four of five themes from the faculty were consistent with the chair's narrative with modifications: Prior Environment (Motivated by Excellence), Tough, Direct, Transparent (Developing Trust), Communal Actions (Creating Diversity of Opinion), and Building Power through Consensus (an ``Artful Exercise'') with an additional theme, the Significance (and Insignificance) of a Female Chair. While faculty members were acutely aware of the chair's gender, the chairs paradoxically vacillated between gender being a ``non-issue'' and noting that male chairs ``don't do laundry.'' All three female chairs in this study independently and explicitly stated that gender was not a barrier, yet intuitively used successful strategies derived from the research literature. Originality/value {\textendash} This study suggests that while their gender was highlighted by faculty, these women dismissed gender as a ``non-issue.'' The duality of gender for these three female leaders was both minimized and subtly affirmed.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- Because stereotypically masculine behaviors are required for effective leadership, examining female chairs' leadership in academic medicine can provide insight into the complex ways in which gender impacts on their leadership practices. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach -- The author interviewed three female clinical chairs and compared the findings to interviews with 28 of their faculty. Grounded theory analysis of the subsequent text gathered comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth information about this case of interest at a US top-tier academic medical center. Findings -- Four of five themes from the faculty were consistent with the chair's narrative with modifications: Prior Environment (Motivated by Excellence), Tough, Direct, Transparent (Developing Trust), Communal Actions (Creating Diversity of Opinion), and Building Power through Consensus (an ``Artful Exercise'') with an additional theme, the Significance (and Insignificance) of a Female Chair. While faculty members were acutely aware of the chair's gender, the chairs paradoxically vacillated between gender being a ``non-issue'' and noting that male chairs ``don't do laundry.'' All three female chairs in this study independently and explicitly stated that gender was not a barrier, yet intuitively used successful strategies derived from the research literature. Originality/value -- This study suggests that while their gender was highlighted by faculty, these women dismissed gender as a ``non-issue.'' The duality of gender for these three female leaders was both minimized and subtly affirmed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -25941,7 +25941,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0013-9580, 1528-1167}, doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00345.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Summary:\hspace{0.6em} Purpose: One area of life quality known to be compromised by having epilepsy is employment, and one factor contributing to the employment problems of people with epilepsy (PWE) is employer attitudes. Much research on this topic is now outdated and given the changing legal, medical, and social contexts in which PWE live, we therefore reexamined employer attitudes in the united Kingdom. Method: A mail survey of a random sample of U.K. companies selected to be representative of the 14 U.K. economic regions and proportional to the number of employees. Findings: The overall response rate was 41\% (n = 204). Twenty-six percent of respondents reported having experience of employing PWE. Sixteen percent considered that there were no jobs in their company suitable for PWE; 21\% thought employing PWE would be ``a major issue.'' Employers were uniformly of the view that PWE, even when in remission, should disclose their condition to a prospective employer. Seizure severity, frequency, and controllability were all considered important features of epilepsy in the context of employment. Epilepsy created high concern to around half of employers, including the likelihood of it being linked to a work-related accident. Employers were willing to make accommodations for PWE, in particular job sharing, temporary reassignment of duties, and flexible working hours. Attitudes to employment of PWE were influenced by company size and type and previous experience of doing so. Conclusions: We conclude that it is still the same old story for employers' attitudes toward PWE, though happily for PWE, with some room for optimism.}, + abstract = {Summary:{\enspace} Purpose: One area of life quality known to be compromised by having epilepsy is employment, and one factor contributing to the employment problems of people with epilepsy (PWE) is employer attitudes. Much research on this topic is now outdated and given the changing legal, medical, and social contexts in which PWE live, we therefore reexamined employer attitudes in the united Kingdom. Method: A mail survey of a random sample of U.K. companies selected to be representative of the 14 U.K. economic regions and proportional to the number of employees. Findings: The overall response rate was 41\% (n = 204). Twenty-six percent of respondents reported having experience of employing PWE. Sixteen percent considered that there were no jobs in their company suitable for PWE; 21\% thought employing PWE would be ``a major issue.'' Employers were uniformly of the view that PWE, even when in remission, should disclose their condition to a prospective employer. Seizure severity, frequency, and controllability were all considered important features of epilepsy in the context of employment. Epilepsy created high concern to around half of employers, including the likelihood of it being linked to a work-related accident. Employers were willing to make accommodations for PWE, in particular job sharing, temporary reassignment of duties, and flexible working hours. Attitudes to employment of PWE were influenced by company size and type and previous experience of doing so. Conclusions: We conclude that it is still the same old story for employers' attitudes toward PWE, though happily for PWE, with some room for optimism.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -26112,7 +26112,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0002-7642, 1552-3381}, doi = {10.1177/00027642211000397}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {A global outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly escalated social, political, economic, and cultural disparities, particularly among the marginalized migrants of the global South, who historically remained key sufferers from such disparities. Approximately 8 million, such workers from Bangladesh, migrated from their homelands to work in neighboring countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East, and also contribute significantly to their country's economy. As many of the migrant workers work on temporary visas, scholars have expressed concerns about their physical and psychological health such as joblessness, mortality, abuses, daunting stress, and inhabitable living environment. Embracing the theoretical frameworks of critical{\textendash}cultural communication, this article explores two research questions: (1) What are the emerging narratives of experiencing realities and disparities among the Bangladeshi migrants at the margins? (2) How the migrants negotiated and worked on overcoming the adversities? In doing so, we have closely examined 85 Facebook Pages (number of subscribers: 10,000-1 million), dedicated to issues of Bangladeshi migrant workers to qualitatively analyze emerging mediated discourses (textual, visual, and audiovisual). Our analysis reveals several aspects, including, (1) impact of job insecurities on migrants and their families, (2) living conditions of and abuses on migrants works, (3) negotiations of mental stress by the marginalized migrants, and (4) how community support helps the migrants to survive during the pandemic.}, + abstract = {A global outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly escalated social, political, economic, and cultural disparities, particularly among the marginalized migrants of the global South, who historically remained key sufferers from such disparities. Approximately 8 million, such workers from Bangladesh, migrated from their homelands to work in neighboring countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East, and also contribute significantly to their country's economy. As many of the migrant workers work on temporary visas, scholars have expressed concerns about their physical and psychological health such as joblessness, mortality, abuses, daunting stress, and inhabitable living environment. Embracing the theoretical frameworks of critical--cultural communication, this article explores two research questions: (1) What are the emerging narratives of experiencing realities and disparities among the Bangladeshi migrants at the margins? (2) How the migrants negotiated and worked on overcoming the adversities? In doing so, we have closely examined 85 Facebook Pages (number of subscribers: 10,000-1 million), dedicated to issues of Bangladeshi migrant workers to qualitatively analyze emerging mediated discourses (textual, visual, and audiovisual). Our analysis reveals several aspects, including, (1) impact of job insecurities on migrants and their families, (2) living conditions of and abuses on migrants works, (3) negotiations of mental stress by the marginalized migrants, and (4) how community support helps the migrants to survive during the pandemic.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Bangladesh,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26244,7 +26244,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {2328-8604, 2328-8620}, doi = {10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Women make up approximately 75\% of the health workforce and yet their representation at higher levels of health leadership is limited. Untapped potential of women in health undermines the contribution they could make to effective leadership for health systems strengthening. Lived experiences of women leaders can help understand how to unlock this potential by identifying the challenges, highlighting enablers, and sharing successful strategies used to become effective health leaders. This article uses phenomenological inquiry to understand the subjective experiences of five influential women in their paths to health leadership. Interviews were conducted with these women and key messages were identified. A grounding theme{\textemdash}defined as the essential element for the subjective experience of leading as a woman in the health system{\textemdash}was revealed to be the women's ``drive for equity.'' This drive motivated them to pursue a career in health and to break through perceived gender-related barriers. Three figural themes around how to practice effective health leadership to promote equity were identified: (1) challenging status quos and norms; (2) leading by listening and leveraging others' expertise to build a common vision for health; and (3) having social support early on to develop confidence and credibility. Stories from the individual women's experiences are presented. Finally, three recommendations are made for system-level mechanisms that could contribute to expanding the number of women leaders in health.}, + abstract = {Women make up approximately 75\% of the health workforce and yet their representation at higher levels of health leadership is limited. Untapped potential of women in health undermines the contribution they could make to effective leadership for health systems strengthening. Lived experiences of women leaders can help understand how to unlock this potential by identifying the challenges, highlighting enablers, and sharing successful strategies used to become effective health leaders. This article uses phenomenological inquiry to understand the subjective experiences of five influential women in their paths to health leadership. Interviews were conducted with these women and key messages were identified. A grounding theme---defined as the essential element for the subjective experience of leading as a woman in the health system---was revealed to be the women's ``drive for equity.'' This drive motivated them to pursue a career in health and to break through perceived gender-related barriers. Three figural themes around how to practice effective health leadership to promote equity were identified: (1) challenging status quos and norms; (2) leading by listening and leveraging others' expertise to build a common vision for health; and (3) having social support early on to develop confidence and credibility. Stories from the individual women's experiences are presented. Finally, three recommendations are made for system-level mechanisms that could contribute to expanding the number of women leaders in health.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26593,7 +26593,7 @@ The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some part issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2011.300252}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Objectives. We examined the relation between low birth weight and childhood family and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and disease onset in adulthood. Methods. Using US nationally representative longitudinal data, we estimated hazard models of the onset of asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease. The sample contained 4387 children who were members of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in 1968; they were followed up to 2007, when they were aged 39 to 56 years. Our research design included sibling comparisons of disease onset among siblings with different birth weights. Results. The odds ratios of having asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease by age 50 years for low{\textendash}birth weight babies vs others were 1.64 (P {$<$} .01), 1.51 (P {$<$} .01), 2.09 (P {$<$} .01), and 2.16 (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Adult disease prevalence differed substantially by childhood socioeconomic status (SES). After accounting for childhood socioeconomic factors, we found a substantial hazard ratio of disease onset associated with low birth weight, which persisted for sibling comparisons. Conclusions. Childhood SES is strongly associated with the onset of chronic disease in adulthood. Low birth weight plays an important role in disease onset; this relation persists after an array of childhood socioeconomic factors is accounted for.}, + abstract = {Objectives. We examined the relation between low birth weight and childhood family and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and disease onset in adulthood. Methods. Using US nationally representative longitudinal data, we estimated hazard models of the onset of asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease. The sample contained 4387 children who were members of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in 1968; they were followed up to 2007, when they were aged 39 to 56 years. Our research design included sibling comparisons of disease onset among siblings with different birth weights. Results. The odds ratios of having asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, heart attack, or heart disease by age 50 years for low--birth weight babies vs others were 1.64 (P {$<$} .01), 1.51 (P {$<$} .01), 2.09 (P {$<$} .01), and 2.16 (P {$<$} .01), respectively. Adult disease prevalence differed substantially by childhood socioeconomic status (SES). After accounting for childhood socioeconomic factors, we found a substantial hazard ratio of disease onset associated with low birth weight, which persisted for sibling comparisons. Conclusions. Childhood SES is strongly associated with the onset of chronic disease in adulthood. Low birth weight plays an important role in disease onset; this relation persists after an array of childhood socioeconomic factors is accounted for.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -26801,7 +26801,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988}, doi = {10.1086/682981}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Total fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa are nearly double that of any other region in the world. Some argue that providing contraceptives has only a negligibly small impact on fertility. I exploit exogenous, temporary reductions in contraceptive supply in Ghana, resulting from cuts in US funding, to examine impacts on pregnancy, abortion, and births. Women are unable to fully compensate for the 10\%{\textendash}16\% supply reduction using traditional methods for preventing pregnancy, which increases by 10\%. Only nonpoor women offset these unwanted pregnancies with induced abortion. Using separate data, I find that poor women experience increases in realized fertility of 7\%{\textendash}10\%.}, + abstract = {Total fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa are nearly double that of any other region in the world. Some argue that providing contraceptives has only a negligibly small impact on fertility. I exploit exogenous, temporary reductions in contraceptive supply in Ghana, resulting from cuts in US funding, to examine impacts on pregnancy, abortion, and births. Women are unable to fully compensate for the 10\%--16\% supply reduction using traditional methods for preventing pregnancy, which increases by 10\%. Only nonpoor women offset these unwanted pregnancies with induced abortion. Using separate data, I find that poor women experience increases in realized fertility of 7\%--10\%.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26818,7 +26818,7 @@ no PI} issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000001244}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Understanding the goals and aspirations of the physician{\textendash}scientist workforce can inform policies to promote retention. The authors explored gender differences therein, given women's increasing representation. Method In 2010{\textendash}2011, the authors qualitatively analyzed interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health career development awards and 28 of their mentors. They also compared survey responses of 1,267 clinician{\textendash}investigators who received these awards from 2006 to 2009, using logistic regression to evaluate gender differences after adjusting for other characteristics. Results Interview participants described relatively consistent career goals, including scientific contribution and desire to positively affect lives through research, clinical care, and teaching. For many, the specific ways they sought to achieve and measure goal attainment evolved over time. Survey respondents endorsed a goal of publishing high-quality research with highest frequency (97.3\%, no significant gender difference). Women were more likely to endorse the importance of balancing work and other activities (95.5\% vs. 90.5\%, P {$<$} .001). There were no significant gender differences in the importance of patient care (86.6\%), teaching (71.6\%), or publishing prolifically (64.9\%). Men were more likely than women to consider salary (49.4\% vs. 41.8\%, P {$<$} .001), reputation (84.2\% vs. 77.6\%, P = .004), and leadership positions (38.9\% vs. 34.3\%, P = .03) important. Conclusions In an elite research-oriented sample, gender differences in initial aspirations were generally limited. Gender differences in career outcomes in such groups are unlikely to exclusively result from different baseline aspirations. Goals appear to evolve in response to challenges experienced.}, + abstract = {Purpose Understanding the goals and aspirations of the physician--scientist workforce can inform policies to promote retention. The authors explored gender differences therein, given women's increasing representation. Method In 2010--2011, the authors qualitatively analyzed interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health career development awards and 28 of their mentors. They also compared survey responses of 1,267 clinician--investigators who received these awards from 2006 to 2009, using logistic regression to evaluate gender differences after adjusting for other characteristics. Results Interview participants described relatively consistent career goals, including scientific contribution and desire to positively affect lives through research, clinical care, and teaching. For many, the specific ways they sought to achieve and measure goal attainment evolved over time. Survey respondents endorsed a goal of publishing high-quality research with highest frequency (97.3\%, no significant gender difference). Women were more likely to endorse the importance of balancing work and other activities (95.5\% vs. 90.5\%, P {$<$} .001). There were no significant gender differences in the importance of patient care (86.6\%), teaching (71.6\%), or publishing prolifically (64.9\%). Men were more likely than women to consider salary (49.4\% vs. 41.8\%, P {$<$} .001), reputation (84.2\% vs. 77.6\%, P = .004), and leadership positions (38.9\% vs. 34.3\%, P = .03) important. Conclusions In an elite research-oriented sample, gender differences in initial aspirations were generally limited. Gender differences in career outcomes in such groups are unlikely to exclusively result from different baseline aspirations. Goals appear to evolve in response to challenges experienced.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -26852,7 +26852,7 @@ no PI} institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, doi = {10.3386/w24312}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {How would universal and permanent cash transfers affect the labor market? Since 1982, all Alaskan residents have received a yearly cash dividend from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a synthetic control method, we show that the dividend had no effect on employment, and increased part-time work by 1.8 percentage points (17\%). We calibrate expected micro and macro effects of the cash transfer using prior literature, and find our results to be consistent with cash stimulating the local economy {\textemdash} a general equilibrium effect. We further show that non-tradable sectors have a more positive employment response than tradable sectors. Overall, our results suggest that a universal and permanent cash transfer does not significantly decrease aggregate employment.}, + abstract = {How would universal and permanent cash transfers affect the labor market? Since 1982, all Alaskan residents have received a yearly cash dividend from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a synthetic control method, we show that the dividend had no effect on employment, and increased part-time work by 1.8 percentage points (17\%). We calibrate expected micro and macro effects of the cash transfer using prior literature, and find our results to be consistent with cash stimulating the local economy --- a general equilibrium effect. We further show that non-tradable sectors have a more positive employment response than tradable sectors. Overall, our results suggest that a universal and permanent cash transfer does not significantly decrease aggregate employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::US,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::direct_transfer}, note = {looks at probability of employment only (part-time, full-time, equilibria); NOT outcomes on inequalities} @@ -26895,7 +26895,7 @@ no PI} issn = {07380593}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102428}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This article explores the social determinants of adolescents' access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic in three diverse urban contexts in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Jordan. It provides novel empirical data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence longitudinal study, drawing on phone surveys (4441), qualitative interviews with adolescents aged 12{\textendash}19 years (500), and key informant interviews conducted between April and October 2020. Findings highlight that the pandemic is compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities to educational disadvantage, and that gender, poverty and disability are intersecting to deepen social inequalities. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy implications for inclusive distance education in emergencies.}, + abstract = {This article explores the social determinants of adolescents' access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic in three diverse urban contexts in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Jordan. It provides novel empirical data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence longitudinal study, drawing on phone surveys (4441), qualitative interviews with adolescents aged 12--19 years (500), and key informant interviews conducted between April and October 2020. Findings highlight that the pandemic is compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities to educational disadvantage, and that gender, poverty and disability are intersecting to deepen social inequalities. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy implications for inclusive distance education in emergencies.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Jordan,inequality::disability,inequality::education,inequality::gender,inequality::poverty,out::abstract,region::MENA,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26942,7 +26942,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00350.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers' behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 {\textendash} 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study ( N = 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.}, + abstract = {This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers' behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 -- 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study ( N = 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,sample::snowballing} } @@ -26990,7 +26990,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0001-4273, 1948-0989}, doi = {10.5465/amj.2013.0721}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Drawing on macro and micro domains in gender research, we meta-analytically test whether occupation-, industry-, and job-level factors mitigate or exacerbate differences in performance evaluations (k = 93; n = 95,882) and rewards (k = 97; n = 378,850) between men and women. Based on studies conducted across a variety of work settings and spanning nearly 30 years, we found that the sex differences in rewards (d = .56) (including salary, bonuses, and promotions) were 14 times larger than sex differences in performance evaluations (d = .04), and that differences in performance evaluations did not explain reward differences between men and women. The percentage of men in an occupation and the complexity of jobs performed by employees enhanced the male{\textendash}female gap in performance and rewards. In highly prestigious occupations, women performed equally, but were rewarded significantly lower than men. Only a higher representation of female executives at the industry level enabled women to reverse the gender gap in rewards and performance evaluations. Our configurational analysis also revealed that some occupation-, industry-, and job-level attributes of the work context jointly contributed to differences in rewards and performance evaluations.}, + abstract = {Drawing on macro and micro domains in gender research, we meta-analytically test whether occupation-, industry-, and job-level factors mitigate or exacerbate differences in performance evaluations (k = 93; n = 95,882) and rewards (k = 97; n = 378,850) between men and women. Based on studies conducted across a variety of work settings and spanning nearly 30 years, we found that the sex differences in rewards (d = .56) (including salary, bonuses, and promotions) were 14 times larger than sex differences in performance evaluations (d = .04), and that differences in performance evaluations did not explain reward differences between men and women. The percentage of men in an occupation and the complexity of jobs performed by employees enhanced the male--female gap in performance and rewards. In highly prestigious occupations, women performed equally, but were rewarded significantly lower than men. Only a higher representation of female executives at the industry level enabled women to reverse the gender gap in rewards and performance evaluations. Our configurational analysis also revealed that some occupation-, industry-, and job-level attributes of the work context jointly contributed to differences in rewards and performance evaluations.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,review::meta,sample::snowballing} } @@ -27395,7 +27395,7 @@ no PI} } @article{Kalet2020, - title = {The {{Challenges}}, {{Joys}}, and {{Career Satisfaction}} of {{Women Graduates}} of the {{Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program}} 1973{\textendash}2011}, + title = {The {{Challenges}}, {{Joys}}, and {{Career Satisfaction}} of {{Women Graduates}} of the {{Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program}} 1973--2011}, author = {Kalet, Adina and Lusk, Penelope and Rockfeld, Jennifer and Schwartz, Kate and Fletcher, Kathlyn E. and Deng, Rebecca and Bickell, Nina A.}, year = {2020}, month = aug, @@ -27423,7 +27423,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0143005X}, doi = {10.1136/jech.55.4.246}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {OBJECTIVE This study examined whether neighbourhood level socioeconomic variables have an independent effect on reported child behaviour problems over and above the effect of individual level measures of socioeconomic status. DESIGN AND SETTING Multilevel analysis of cross sectional survey data relating individual level child behavioural problems and parental measures of socioeconomic status with neighbourhood level measures of socioeconomic deprivation in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Children born in the years 1990{\textendash}1991 attending the second grade of normal kindergarten schools in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. Out of 1417 eligible 5{\textendash}7 year olds, the parents of 734 children (51.8\%) agreed to participate. MAIN RESULTS Child behaviour problems were more frequent in families of low parental occupation and education (F=14.51, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001; F=12.20, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001, respectively) and in families living in deprived neighbourhoods (F=13.26, df 2, 722, p{$<$}0.001). Multilevel random effects regression analysis showed that the effect of neighbourhood level deprivation remained after adjustment for individual level socioeconomic status (B over three levels of deprivation: 1.36; 95\%CI=0.28, 2.45). CONCLUSIONS Living in a more deprived neighbourhood is associated with higher levels of child problem behaviour, irrespective of individual level socioeconomic status. The additional effect of the neighbourhood may be attributable to contextual variables such as the level of social cohesion among residents.}, + abstract = {OBJECTIVE This study examined whether neighbourhood level socioeconomic variables have an independent effect on reported child behaviour problems over and above the effect of individual level measures of socioeconomic status. DESIGN AND SETTING Multilevel analysis of cross sectional survey data relating individual level child behavioural problems and parental measures of socioeconomic status with neighbourhood level measures of socioeconomic deprivation in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Children born in the years 1990--1991 attending the second grade of normal kindergarten schools in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. Out of 1417 eligible 5--7 year olds, the parents of 734 children (51.8\%) agreed to participate. MAIN RESULTS Child behaviour problems were more frequent in families of low parental occupation and education (F=14.51, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001; F=12.20, df 3, 721, p{$<$}0.001, respectively) and in families living in deprived neighbourhoods (F=13.26, df 2, 722, p{$<$}0.001). Multilevel random effects regression analysis showed that the effect of neighbourhood level deprivation remained after adjustment for individual level socioeconomic status (B over three levels of deprivation: 1.36; 95\%CI=0.28, 2.45). CONCLUSIONS Living in a more deprived neighbourhood is associated with higher levels of child problem behaviour, irrespective of individual level socioeconomic status. The additional effect of the neighbourhood may be attributable to contextual variables such as the level of social cohesion among residents.}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -27478,7 +27478,7 @@ no PI} } @article{Kalysh2016, - title = {Help or Hindrance? {{Work}}{\textendash}Life Practices and Women in Management}, + title = {Help or Hindrance? {{Work}}--Life Practices and Women in Management}, shorttitle = {Help or Hindrance?}, author = {Kalysh, Kateryna and Kulik, Carol T. and Perera, Sanjeewa}, year = {2016}, @@ -27665,7 +27665,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0020-7292, 1879-3479}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.08.021}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To report on Phase 1 of an operations research study designed to reduce postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)-related morbidity and mortality in rural Ghana. Methods Phase 1 of the study{\textemdash}which included a needs assessment, community sensitization, implementation of blood collection drapes, training of service providers, and baseline data collection{\textemdash}comprised preliminary work to prepare for misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. Seventy-four primary healthcare providers were trained on safe-motherhood practices, use of blood collection drapes, and data collection. Baseline data were collected from 275 women regarding home deliveries, who attended the deliveries, incidence of PPH, and use of blood collection drapes. Results Blood collection drapes were used at 67.6\% of deliveries, increasing to 88.5\% over the final 6 months of Phase 1. Community health extension workers (CHEWs) were present at 57.1\% of all deliveries but attendance increased to 86.9\% during the last 6 months of Phase 1. Overall, 96.0\% of deliveries resulted in healthy outcomes for the mother; 4.0\% of births had complications. Conclusion The preliminary work conducted in Phase 1 of the study was crucial in guiding misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. However, challenges existed, including inadequate community sensitization, low home-birth attendance by CHEWs, and data collection problems.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To report on Phase 1 of an operations research study designed to reduce postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)-related morbidity and mortality in rural Ghana. Methods Phase 1 of the study---which included a needs assessment, community sensitization, implementation of blood collection drapes, training of service providers, and baseline data collection---comprised preliminary work to prepare for misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. Seventy-four primary healthcare providers were trained on safe-motherhood practices, use of blood collection drapes, and data collection. Baseline data were collected from 275 women regarding home deliveries, who attended the deliveries, incidence of PPH, and use of blood collection drapes. Results Blood collection drapes were used at 67.6\% of deliveries, increasing to 88.5\% over the final 6 months of Phase 1. Community health extension workers (CHEWs) were present at 57.1\% of all deliveries but attendance increased to 86.9\% during the last 6 months of Phase 1. Overall, 96.0\% of deliveries resulted in healthy outcomes for the mother; 4.0\% of births had complications. Conclusion The preliminary work conducted in Phase 1 of the study was crucial in guiding misoprostol distribution in Phase 2. However, challenges existed, including inadequate community sensitization, low home-birth attendance by CHEWs, and data collection problems.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27683,7 +27683,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0894-9867, 1573-6598}, doi = {10.1002/jts.22565}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland ( N = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD was 17.7\% ( n = 184), 95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%], and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5\%) and depression (53.8\%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19{\textendash}related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress. , Resumen Spanish Abstracts by Asociaci{\'o}n Chilena de Estr{\'e}s Traum{\'a}tico (ACET) Problemas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Irlanda TEPT DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 La prevalencia del trastorno por estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico (TEPT) en lo que respecta a las experiencias de las personas en la pandemia de COVID-19 a{\'u}n no se ha determinado. Este estudio se realiz{\'o} para determinar las tasas de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 en la poblaci{\'o}n general irlandesa, el nivel de comorbilidad con depresi{\'o}n y ansiedad, y los factores de riesgo sociodemogr{\'a}ficos asociados con el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19. Una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de adultos de la poblaci{\'o}n general de la Rep{\'u}blica de Irlanda ( N = 1,041) complet{\'o} medidas de autoinforme de todas las variables del estudio. La tasa de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 fue del 17.7\% ( n = 184), IC del 95\% [15.35\%, 19.99\%] y hubo un alto nivel de comorbilidad con ansiedad generalizada (49.5\%) y depresi{\'o}n (53.8\%). Cumplir con el requisito de diagn{\'o}stico para el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 se asoci{\'o} con una edad m{\'a}s joven, sexo masculino, vivir en una ciudad, vivir con ni{\~n}os, riesgo percibido moderado y alto de infecci{\'o}n por COVID-19 y detecci{\'o}n positiva de ansiedad o depresi{\'o}n. Los s{\'i}ntomas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19 son comunes en la poblaci{\'o}n general. Nuestros resultados muestran que los profesionales de la salud responsables de responder a la pandemia de COVID-19 deben esperar encontrar de forma rutinaria s{\'i}ntomas y preocupaciones relacionados con el estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico. , 抽象 Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS) 簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯 Posttraumatic stress problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland Traditional Chinese 標題: 在COVID-19疫情下, 愛爾蘭的創傷後壓力問題 撮要: 跟個人的2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)疫情體驗相關的創傷後壓力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出愛爾蘭普遍人口當中, COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率、抑鬱症及焦慮症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相關PTSD有關的社會人口風險因素。樣本由愛爾蘭共和國的成人普遍人口組成 (N = 1,041), 具全國代表性。他們完成了對所有研究變量的自評測量。COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率為17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 廣泛性焦慮症(49.5\%)及抑鬱症(53.8\%)的共病水平為高。符合患COVID-19相關的PTSD, 跟以下因素有關:年齡較小、性別為男性、住在市區、與小孩同住、對於染上COVID-19的感知風險為中至高, 及焦慮症及抑鬱症篩檢結果為陽性。普遍人口當中, 與COVID-19疫情相關的創傷後壓力症狀普遍。我們的結果反映, 負責應對COVID-19疫情的醫療人員應預期會時常遇到人士有創傷後壓力相關的症狀及問題。 Simplified Chinese 标题: 在COVID-19疫情下, 爱尔兰的创伤后压力问题 撮要: 跟个人的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情体验相关的创伤后压力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出爱尔兰普遍人口当中, COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率、抑郁症及焦虑症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相关PTSD有关的社会人口风险因素。样本由爱尔兰共和国的成人普遍人口组成 (N = 1,041), 具全国代表性。他们完成了对所有研究变量的自评测量。COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率为17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 广泛性焦虑症(49.5\%)及抑郁症(53.8\%)的共病水平为高。符合患COVID-19相关的PTSD, 跟以下因素有关:年龄较小、性别为男性、住在市区、与小孩同住、对于染上COVID-19的感知风险为中至高, 及焦虑症及抑郁症筛检结果为阳性。普遍人口当中, 与COVID-19疫情相关的创伤后压力症状普遍。我们的结果反映, 负责应对COVID-19疫情的医疗人员应预期会时常遇到人士有创伤后压力相关的症状及问题。}, + abstract = {Abstract The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19--related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19--related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland ( N = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19--related PTSD was 17.7\% ( n = 184), 95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%], and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5\%) and depression (53.8\%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19--related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress. , Resumen Spanish Abstracts by Asociaci{\'o}n Chilena de Estr{\'e}s Traum{\'a}tico (ACET) Problemas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Irlanda TEPT DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 La prevalencia del trastorno por estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico (TEPT) en lo que respecta a las experiencias de las personas en la pandemia de COVID-19 a{\'u}n no se ha determinado. Este estudio se realiz{\'o} para determinar las tasas de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 en la poblaci{\'o}n general irlandesa, el nivel de comorbilidad con depresi{\'o}n y ansiedad, y los factores de riesgo sociodemogr{\'a}ficos asociados con el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19. Una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de adultos de la poblaci{\'o}n general de la Rep{\'u}blica de Irlanda ( N = 1,041) complet{\'o} medidas de autoinforme de todas las variables del estudio. La tasa de TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 fue del 17.7\% ( n = 184), IC del 95\% [15.35\%, 19.99\%] y hubo un alto nivel de comorbilidad con ansiedad generalizada (49.5\%) y depresi{\'o}n (53.8\%). Cumplir con el requisito de diagn{\'o}stico para el TEPT relacionado con COVID-19 se asoci{\'o} con una edad m{\'a}s joven, sexo masculino, vivir en una ciudad, vivir con ni{\~n}os, riesgo percibido moderado y alto de infecci{\'o}n por COVID-19 y detecci{\'o}n positiva de ansiedad o depresi{\'o}n. Los s{\'i}ntomas de estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico relacionados con la pandemia de COVID-19 son comunes en la poblaci{\'o}n general. Nuestros resultados muestran que los profesionales de la salud responsables de responder a la pandemia de COVID-19 deben esperar encontrar de forma rutinaria s{\'i}ntomas y preocupaciones relacionados con el estr{\'e}s postraum{\'a}tico. , 抽象 Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS) 簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯 Posttraumatic stress problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland Traditional Chinese 標題: 在COVID-19疫情下, 愛爾蘭的創傷後壓力問題 撮要: 跟個人的2019冠狀病毒病(COVID-19)疫情體驗相關的創傷後壓力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出愛爾蘭普遍人口當中, COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率、抑鬱症及焦慮症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相關PTSD有關的社會人口風險因素。樣本由愛爾蘭共和國的成人普遍人口組成 (N = 1,041), 具全國代表性。他們完成了對所有研究變量的自評測量。COVID-19相關的PTSD的患病率為17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 廣泛性焦慮症(49.5\%)及抑鬱症(53.8\%)的共病水平為高。符合患COVID-19相關的PTSD, 跟以下因素有關:年齡較小、性別為男性、住在市區、與小孩同住、對於染上COVID-19的感知風險為中至高, 及焦慮症及抑鬱症篩檢結果為陽性。普遍人口當中, 與COVID-19疫情相關的創傷後壓力症狀普遍。我們的結果反映, 負責應對COVID-19疫情的醫療人員應預期會時常遇到人士有創傷後壓力相關的症狀及問題。 Simplified Chinese 标题: 在COVID-19疫情下, 爱尔兰的创伤后压力问题 撮要: 跟个人的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情体验相关的创伤后压力症(PTSD), 其患病率仍有待研究。本研究旨在找出爱尔兰普遍人口当中, COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率、抑郁症及焦虑症共病的水平, 以及跟COVID-19相关PTSD有关的社会人口风险因素。样本由爱尔兰共和国的成人普遍人口组成 (N = 1,041), 具全国代表性。他们完成了对所有研究变量的自评测量。COVID-19相关的PTSD的患病率为17.7\% (n =184) (95\% CI [15.35\%, 19.99\%]), 广泛性焦虑症(49.5\%)及抑郁症(53.8\%)的共病水平为高。符合患COVID-19相关的PTSD, 跟以下因素有关:年龄较小、性别为男性、住在市区、与小孩同住、对于染上COVID-19的感知风险为中至高, 及焦虑症及抑郁症筛检结果为阳性。普遍人口当中, 与COVID-19疫情相关的创伤后压力症状普遍。我们的结果反映, 负责应对COVID-19疫情的医疗人员应预期会时常遇到人士有创伤后压力相关的症状及问题。}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -27835,7 +27835,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0003-1224, 1939-8271}, doi = {10.1177/000312240206700404}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Four major explanations for employment segregation{\textemdash}skill deficits, worker preferences, economic and organizational structure, and stereotyping/queuing{\textemdash}are assessed using a diverse and overlapping set of predictors: general skills and training, product market structure, race- and sex-typed tasks and conditions, desirable employment and growth rates, and links to other labor market actors. A two-stage measurement and analytic strategy controls for relevant worker-level factors. Data from the 1990 census PUMs are analyzed to measure the employment segregation of black women, black men, and white women in relation to white men across 1,917 labor market positions, net of human capital, family structure, geographic residence and labor supply. Archival data provide measures of variables characterizing labor market positions. Stereotyping and queuing explanations are broadly consistent with nearly all results, while a worker preference approach applies to somewhat fewer predictors and is largely but not wholly compatible with their effects. A skill deficits explanation applies to, and is supported by, a narrow set of findings, while the economic and organizational structure explanations are restricted in their relevance and receive limited support.}, + abstract = {Four major explanations for employment segregation---skill deficits, worker preferences, economic and organizational structure, and stereotyping/queuing---are assessed using a diverse and overlapping set of predictors: general skills and training, product market structure, race- and sex-typed tasks and conditions, desirable employment and growth rates, and links to other labor market actors. A two-stage measurement and analytic strategy controls for relevant worker-level factors. Data from the 1990 census PUMs are analyzed to measure the employment segregation of black women, black men, and white women in relation to white men across 1,917 labor market positions, net of human capital, family structure, geographic residence and labor supply. Archival data provide measures of variables characterizing labor market positions. Stereotyping and queuing explanations are broadly consistent with nearly all results, while a worker preference approach applies to somewhat fewer predictors and is largely but not wholly compatible with their effects. A skill deficits explanation applies to, and is supported by, a narrow set of findings, while the economic and organizational structure explanations are restricted in their relevance and receive limited support.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27853,7 +27853,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0309-1317, 1468-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00549.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Social and territorial structures form intricate relations that transcend a social stratification or spatial focus. Territorial features and geographic displacements are structuring principles for society, as societal features and social change effect the structure and use of territory. Based on our examination of the conceptual and theoretical links between spatial and social mobility, we propose a concept that represents a new form of inequality. Termed `motility', this construct describes the potential and actual capacity of goods, information or people to be mobile both geographically and socially. Three major features of motility {\textemdash} access, competence and appropriation {\textemdash} are introduced. In this article, we focus on conceptual and theoretical contributions of motility. In addition, we suggest a number of possible empirical investigations. Motility presents us with an innovative perspective on societal changes without prematurely committing researchers to work within structuralist or postmodern perspectives. More generally, we propose to revisit the fluidification debate in the social sciences with a battery of questions that do not begin and end with whether or not society is in flux. Instead, we introduce a field of research that takes advantage of the insights from competing paradigms in order to reveal the social dynamics and consequences of displacements in geographic and social space. Les structures sociales et territoriales forment des relations complexes qui d{\'e}passent toute stratification sociale ou convergence spatiale. Les caract{\'e}ristiques territoriales et d{\'e}placements g{\'e}ographiques sont, pour la soci{\'e}t{\'e}, des principes structurants, tout comme les caract{\'e}ristiques soci{\'e}tales et le changement social font na{\^i}tre la structure et l'usage d'un territoire. A partir d'un examen des liens conceptuels et th{\'e}oriques entre les mobilit{\'e}s spatiale et sociale, cet article propose un concept traduisant une nouvelle forme d'in{\'e}galit{\'e}: appel{\'e}`motilit{\'e}', il d{\'e}crit le potentiel et l'aptitude r{\'e}elle des marchandises, informations ou individus {\`a}{\^e}tre mobiles sur un plan tant g{\'e}ographique que social. Trois traits essentiels de la motilit{\'e}{\textemdash} acc{\`e}s, comp{\'e}tence et appropriation {\textemdash} sont pr{\'e}sent{\'e}s. Si l'article s'attache aux contributions conceptuelles et th{\'e}oriques de la motilit{\'e}, il sugg{\`e}re aussi plusieurs axes possibles d'{\'e}tudes empiriques. La motilit{\'e} offre une perspective novatrice sur les changements soci{\'e}taux, sans engager pr{\'e}matur{\'e}ment les travaux de recherches sur des rails structuralistes ou post-modernes. Plus g{\'e}n{\'e}ralement, il s'agit de revisiter le d{\'e}bat sur la fluidification en sciences sociales {\`a} l'aide d'une batterie de questions qui, ni au d{\'e}but ni {\`a} la fin, ne demande si la soci{\'e}t{\'e} est fluctuante ou non. En revanche, l'article propose un domaine de recherches qui exploite les r{\'e}flexions tir{\'e}es de paradigmes concurrents afin de r{\'e}v{\'e}ler la dynamique sociale et les cons{\'e}quences des d{\'e}placements dans l'espace g{\'e}ographique et social.}, + abstract = {Social and territorial structures form intricate relations that transcend a social stratification or spatial focus. Territorial features and geographic displacements are structuring principles for society, as societal features and social change effect the structure and use of territory. Based on our examination of the conceptual and theoretical links between spatial and social mobility, we propose a concept that represents a new form of inequality. Termed `motility', this construct describes the potential and actual capacity of goods, information or people to be mobile both geographically and socially. Three major features of motility --- access, competence and appropriation --- are introduced. In this article, we focus on conceptual and theoretical contributions of motility. In addition, we suggest a number of possible empirical investigations. Motility presents us with an innovative perspective on societal changes without prematurely committing researchers to work within structuralist or postmodern perspectives. More generally, we propose to revisit the fluidification debate in the social sciences with a battery of questions that do not begin and end with whether or not society is in flux. Instead, we introduce a field of research that takes advantage of the insights from competing paradigms in order to reveal the social dynamics and consequences of displacements in geographic and social space. Les structures sociales et territoriales forment des relations complexes qui d{\'e}passent toute stratification sociale ou convergence spatiale. Les caract{\'e}ristiques territoriales et d{\'e}placements g{\'e}ographiques sont, pour la soci{\'e}t{\'e}, des principes structurants, tout comme les caract{\'e}ristiques soci{\'e}tales et le changement social font na\^{\i}tre la structure et l'usage d'un territoire. A partir d'un examen des liens conceptuels et th{\'e}oriques entre les mobilit{\'e}s spatiale et sociale, cet article propose un concept traduisant une nouvelle forme d'in{\'e}galit{\'e}: appel{\'e}`motilit{\'e}', il d{\'e}crit le potentiel et l'aptitude r{\'e}elle des marchandises, informations ou individus {\`a}{\^e}tre mobiles sur un plan tant g{\'e}ographique que social. Trois traits essentiels de la motilit{\'e}--- acc{\`e}s, comp{\'e}tence et appropriation --- sont pr{\'e}sent{\'e}s. Si l'article s'attache aux contributions conceptuelles et th{\'e}oriques de la motilit{\'e}, il sugg{\`e}re aussi plusieurs axes possibles d'{\'e}tudes empiriques. La motilit{\'e} offre une perspective novatrice sur les changements soci{\'e}taux, sans engager pr{\'e}matur{\'e}ment les travaux de recherches sur des rails structuralistes ou post-modernes. Plus g{\'e}n{\'e}ralement, il s'agit de revisiter le d{\'e}bat sur la fluidification en sciences sociales {\`a} l'aide d'une batterie de questions qui, ni au d{\'e}but ni {\`a} la fin, ne demande si la soci{\'e}t{\'e} est fluctuante ou non. En revanche, l'article propose un domaine de recherches qui exploite les r{\'e}flexions tir{\'e}es de paradigmes concurrents afin de r{\'e}v{\'e}ler la dynamique sociale et les cons{\'e}quences des d{\'e}placements dans l'espace g{\'e}ographique et social.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -27884,7 +27884,7 @@ no PI} } @article{Kausto2008, - title = {Partial Sick Leave{\textemdash}Review of Its Use, Effects and Feasibility in the {{Nordic}} Countries}, + title = {Partial Sick Leave---Review of Its Use, Effects and Feasibility in the {{Nordic}} Countries}, author = {Kausto, Johanna and Miranda, Helena and Martimo, Kari-Pekka and {Viikari-Juntura}, Eira}, year = {2008}, month = aug, @@ -27987,7 +27987,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0364-2313, 1432-2323}, doi = {10.1007/s00268-015-3332-x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Compared with male surgeons, women have less success advancing their careers and are underrepresented in leadership positions in surgery. The purpose of this study is to identify the qualifications necessary to become leaders in surgery and the career barriers faced by women surgeons in various cultural environments. Methods A survey was performed with women surgeons in Japan, USA, Finland, and Hong Kong, China, to assess various barriers faced by women surgeons in the respective countries. To develop appropriate survey tool, a preliminary questionnaire was distributed to leaders in surgery and also in various organizations worldwide. Results The response rate was 23 \% with 225 of 964 survey returned. Japanese women surgeons identify lacked family support as impeding a successful surgical career. US women surgeons feel more latent gender discrimination. Finnish women surgeons are less likely to need to sacrifice work{\textendash}life balance, when holding leadership positions. Women surgeons worldwide are highly motivated to develop their career and agree the percentage of women surgeons in leadership positions should be increased. Conclusions Women surgeons in different countries perceive different challenges. We must develop strategies and should not hesitate to negotiate to overcome these issues to reach leadership positions in surgery. This may be accomplished through networking worldwide to improve current conditions and obstacles.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Compared with male surgeons, women have less success advancing their careers and are underrepresented in leadership positions in surgery. The purpose of this study is to identify the qualifications necessary to become leaders in surgery and the career barriers faced by women surgeons in various cultural environments. Methods A survey was performed with women surgeons in Japan, USA, Finland, and Hong Kong, China, to assess various barriers faced by women surgeons in the respective countries. To develop appropriate survey tool, a preliminary questionnaire was distributed to leaders in surgery and also in various organizations worldwide. Results The response rate was 23 \% with 225 of 964 survey returned. Japanese women surgeons identify lacked family support as impeding a successful surgical career. US women surgeons feel more latent gender discrimination. Finnish women surgeons are less likely to need to sacrifice work--life balance, when holding leadership positions. Women surgeons worldwide are highly motivated to develop their career and agree the percentage of women surgeons in leadership positions should be increased. Conclusions Women surgeons in different countries perceive different challenges. We must develop strategies and should not hesitate to negotiate to overcome these issues to reach leadership positions in surgery. This may be accomplished through networking worldwide to improve current conditions and obstacles.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -28129,7 +28129,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0895-3309}, doi = {10.1257/jep.26.2.141}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire{\textemdash}and 15 times more likely to give birth as a teen compared to a teenage girl in Switzerland. We examine teen birth rates alongside pregnancy, abortion, and ``shotgun'' marriage rates as well as the antecedent behaviors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We demonstrate that variation in income inequality across U.S. states and developed countries can explain a sizable share of the geographic variation in teen childbearing. Our reading of the totality of evidence leads us to conclude that being on a low economic trajectory in life leads many teenage girls to have children while they are young and unmarried. Teen childbearing is explained by the low economic trajectory but is not an additional cause of later difficulties in life. Surprisingly, teen birth itself does not appear to have much direct economic consequence. Our view is that teen childbearing is so high in the United States because of underlying social and economic problems. It reflects a decision among a set of girls to ``drop-out'' of the economic mainstream; they choose nonmarital motherhood at a young age instead of investing in their own economic progress because they feel they have little chance of advancement.}, + abstract = {Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire---and 15 times more likely to give birth as a teen compared to a teenage girl in Switzerland. We examine teen birth rates alongside pregnancy, abortion, and ``shotgun'' marriage rates as well as the antecedent behaviors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We demonstrate that variation in income inequality across U.S. states and developed countries can explain a sizable share of the geographic variation in teen childbearing. Our reading of the totality of evidence leads us to conclude that being on a low economic trajectory in life leads many teenage girls to have children while they are young and unmarried. Teen childbearing is explained by the low economic trajectory but is not an additional cause of later difficulties in life. Surprisingly, teen birth itself does not appear to have much direct economic consequence. Our view is that teen childbearing is so high in the United States because of underlying social and economic problems. It reflects a decision among a set of girls to ``drop-out'' of the economic mainstream; they choose nonmarital motherhood at a young age instead of investing in their own economic progress because they feel they have little chance of advancement.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -28452,7 +28452,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0045-0766, 1440-1630}, doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1630.2005.00475.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background and Aims:\hspace{0.6em} Work plays an important role in adults' well-being, irrespective of health status. Vocational rehabilitation can enable people with mental illness to return to open employment. A narrative approach was used to explore how individuals with a mental illness made sense of their work-related experiences. Methods and Results:\hspace{0.6em} Four Clubhouse members in open employment for at least 6~months completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, from which narratives were created to reveal events, significant persons and actions that assisted these individuals to resume work. Woven into the participants' stories were four `impelling forces' contributing to a sense-of-self as a worker. These impelling forces were: support from significant others, the personal meaning of work, experiences within the Clubhouse programme, and the ongoing struggle with illness. Implications for occupational therapy practice are discussed. Conclusion:\hspace{0.6em} The findings of this study urge occupational therapists and others to provide opportunities to provide on-going support to people with a mental illness who seek paid employment.}, + abstract = {Background and Aims:{\enspace} Work plays an important role in adults' well-being, irrespective of health status. Vocational rehabilitation can enable people with mental illness to return to open employment. A narrative approach was used to explore how individuals with a mental illness made sense of their work-related experiences. Methods and Results:{\enspace} Four Clubhouse members in open employment for at least 6~months completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, from which narratives were created to reveal events, significant persons and actions that assisted these individuals to resume work. Woven into the participants' stories were four `impelling forces' contributing to a sense-of-self as a worker. These impelling forces were: support from significant others, the personal meaning of work, experiences within the Clubhouse programme, and the ongoing struggle with illness. Implications for occupational therapy practice are discussed. Conclusion:{\enspace} The findings of this study urge occupational therapists and others to provide opportunities to provide on-going support to people with a mental illness who seek paid employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -28540,7 +28540,7 @@ no PI} } @article{Kerr2002, - title = {Sex-{{Based Occupational Segregation}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{State Bureaucracies}}, 1987{\textendash}97}, + title = {Sex-{{Based Occupational Segregation}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{State Bureaucracies}}, 1987--97}, author = {Kerr, Brinck and Miller, Will and Reid, Margaret}, year = {2002}, month = jan, @@ -28551,7 +28551,7 @@ no PI} issn = {0033-3352, 1540-6210}, doi = {10.1111/0033-3352.00195}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Is the extent of sex-based occupational segregation in U.S. state bureaucracies related to agency policy missions? Drawing on arguments by Lowi (1985), we contend that levels of sex-based occupational segregation in state bureaucracies vary depending on whether an agency's policy mission is distributive, regulatory, or redistributive. We employ data on the distribution of administrative and professional employees by sex in several types of state agencies across all 50 states for 1987{\textendash}97. Our findings indicate high levels of occupational segregation among administrative cadres in agencies with distributive and regulatory policy commitments; however, professional workforces in these agencies have become less gender segregated over time. We find no evidence of occupational segregation among administrative and professional workforces in redistributive agencies. We argue that researchers need to examine the relationship between glass walls and other kinds of sex-based employment impediments, such as glass ceilings.}, + abstract = {Is the extent of sex-based occupational segregation in U.S. state bureaucracies related to agency policy missions? Drawing on arguments by Lowi (1985), we contend that levels of sex-based occupational segregation in state bureaucracies vary depending on whether an agency's policy mission is distributive, regulatory, or redistributive. We employ data on the distribution of administrative and professional employees by sex in several types of state agencies across all 50 states for 1987--97. Our findings indicate high levels of occupational segregation among administrative cadres in agencies with distributive and regulatory policy commitments; however, professional workforces in these agencies have become less gender segregated over time. We find no evidence of occupational segregation among administrative and professional workforces in redistributive agencies. We argue that researchers need to examine the relationship between glass walls and other kinds of sex-based employment impediments, such as glass ceilings.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -29670,7 +29670,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {1479-5868}, doi = {10.1186/1479-5868-9-147}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Major life events are associated with a change in daily routine and could thus also affect habitual levels of physical activity. Major life events remain largely unexplored as determinants of older adults' participation in physical activity and sports. This study focused on two major life events, widowhood and retirement, and asked whether these major life events were associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports participation. Methods Data from the first (1992{\textendash}93) and second (1995{\textendash}96) wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), a prospective cohort study among Dutch adults aged 55 and older, were used. Change in marital status and employment status between baseline and follow-up was assessed by self-report. Time spent in MVPA (min/d) and sports participation (yes/no) was calculated based on the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association of retirement and widowhood with MVPA and sports participation was assessed in separate multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses, respectively. Results Widowhood - N=136 versus 1324 stable married- was not associated with MVPA (B= 3.5 [95\%CI:-57.9;64.9]) or sports participation (OR= 0.8 [95\%CI:0.5;1.3]). Retired participants (N= 65) significantly increased their time spent in MVPA (B= 32.5 [95\%CI:17.8;47.1]) compared to participants who continued to be employed (N= 121), but not their sports participation. Age was a significant effect modifier (B= 7.5 [90\%CI:-1.1;13.8]), indicating a greater increase in MVPA in older retirees. Discussion Our results suggest that the associations found varied by the two major life events under investigation. MVPA increased after retirement, but no association with widowhood was seen.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Major life events are associated with a change in daily routine and could thus also affect habitual levels of physical activity. Major life events remain largely unexplored as determinants of older adults' participation in physical activity and sports. This study focused on two major life events, widowhood and retirement, and asked whether these major life events were associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports participation. Methods Data from the first (1992--93) and second (1995--96) wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), a prospective cohort study among Dutch adults aged 55 and older, were used. Change in marital status and employment status between baseline and follow-up was assessed by self-report. Time spent in MVPA (min/d) and sports participation (yes/no) was calculated based on the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association of retirement and widowhood with MVPA and sports participation was assessed in separate multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses, respectively. Results Widowhood - N=136 versus 1324 stable married- was not associated with MVPA (B= 3.5 [95\%CI:-57.9;64.9]) or sports participation (OR= 0.8 [95\%CI:0.5;1.3]). Retired participants (N= 65) significantly increased their time spent in MVPA (B= 32.5 [95\%CI:17.8;47.1]) compared to participants who continued to be employed (N= 121), but not their sports participation. Age was a significant effect modifier (B= 7.5 [90\%CI:-1.1;13.8]), indicating a greater increase in MVPA in older retirees. Discussion Our results suggest that the associations found varied by the two major life events under investigation. MVPA increased after retirement, but no association with widowhood was seen.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -29803,8 +29803,8 @@ policy recc: } @article{Konrad2012, - title = {Is Using Work{\textendash}Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move? {{An}} Examination of Women, Men, Lone Parents, and Parents with Partners}, - shorttitle = {Is Using Work{\textendash}Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move?}, + title = {Is Using Work--Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move? {{An}} Examination of Women, Men, Lone Parents, and Parents with Partners}, + shorttitle = {Is Using Work--Life Interface Benefits a Career-limiting Move?}, author = {Konrad, Alison M. and Yang, Yang}, year = {2012}, month = nov, @@ -29815,7 +29815,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {0894-3796, 1099-1379}, doi = {10.1002/job.1782}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Summary Using a large national sample based on Workplace and Employee Survey data collected by Statistics Canada in 2001 and 2002, we examined the effects of employee usage of seven organizational work{\textendash}life interface benefits on promotions. Analysis predicted promotions in 2002 when number of promotions received by 2001 were controlled. The main effect of using work{\textendash}life interface benefits on promotions was positive, indicating that using these benefits is not a career-limiting move. Gender, presence of young children, and marital status interacted with the use of work{\textendash}life interface benefits. Single parents benefitted less than other employees from using work{\textendash}life interface options. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ongoing positive effects of conservation of time and energy resources for employees outweigh the initial short-term negative effects of signaling and stigmatization. Copyright {\copyright} 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, + abstract = {Summary Using a large national sample based on Workplace and Employee Survey data collected by Statistics Canada in 2001 and 2002, we examined the effects of employee usage of seven organizational work--life interface benefits on promotions. Analysis predicted promotions in 2002 when number of promotions received by 2001 were controlled. The main effect of using work--life interface benefits on promotions was positive, indicating that using these benefits is not a career-limiting move. Gender, presence of young children, and marital status interacted with the use of work--life interface benefits. Single parents benefitted less than other employees from using work--life interface options. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ongoing positive effects of conservation of time and energy resources for employees outweigh the initial short-term negative effects of signaling and stigmatization. Copyright {\copyright} 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -30018,7 +30018,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {1758-0846, 1758-0854}, doi = {10.1111/aphw.12234}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism{\textendash}collectivism, and perceived stress. Methods We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020. Results Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.}, + abstract = {Background To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism--collectivism, and perceived stress. Methods We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020. Results Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -30078,7 +30078,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-10-2013-0076}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanisms by which decisions about others are affected by the information known about them. The authors argue that the availability of information about deep-level attributes diminishes the role of surface-level attributes in how people make decisions about others. The authors posit that individuals will make discriminatory decisions based on surface-level attributes when only this information is available; but, as predicted by the integration-and-learning perspective, the availability of information about deep-level attributes will reduce surface-level attribute discrimination. Although discrimination will not disappear completely, it will shift its focal point toward a person's deep-level attributes. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Data were collected from subjects in two studies, with 52 subjects in Study 1 and 230 in Study 2. Paired-samples t -test and mixed effects GLS regression were used to test the hypotheses. Findings {\textendash} When presented with surface-level attributes of a target person, subjects demonstrated discriminatory behaviors based on race and sex. However, when subjects were presented with surface-level attributes along with deep-level attributes about a target person, subjects made decisions based on deep-level attribute similarities and disregarded surface-level information. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The authors interpret the findings to mean that enhancing information about others shifts favoritism and discrimination based on surface-level attributes to ``deeper'' grounds. Originality/value {\textendash} This study demonstrates how multiple identities and values that individuals possess, and of which they become aware of in others, affect decision-making behavior toward others. It elucidates the mechanisms by which providing individuals with meaningful information about others can help them overcome, or at least reduce, surface-level discriminatory decision making.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanisms by which decisions about others are affected by the information known about them. The authors argue that the availability of information about deep-level attributes diminishes the role of surface-level attributes in how people make decisions about others. The authors posit that individuals will make discriminatory decisions based on surface-level attributes when only this information is available; but, as predicted by the integration-and-learning perspective, the availability of information about deep-level attributes will reduce surface-level attribute discrimination. Although discrimination will not disappear completely, it will shift its focal point toward a person's deep-level attributes. Design/methodology/approach -- Data were collected from subjects in two studies, with 52 subjects in Study 1 and 230 in Study 2. Paired-samples t -test and mixed effects GLS regression were used to test the hypotheses. Findings -- When presented with surface-level attributes of a target person, subjects demonstrated discriminatory behaviors based on race and sex. However, when subjects were presented with surface-level attributes along with deep-level attributes about a target person, subjects made decisions based on deep-level attribute similarities and disregarded surface-level information. Research limitations/implications -- The authors interpret the findings to mean that enhancing information about others shifts favoritism and discrimination based on surface-level attributes to ``deeper'' grounds. Originality/value -- This study demonstrates how multiple identities and values that individuals possess, and of which they become aware of in others, affect decision-making behavior toward others. It elucidates the mechanisms by which providing individuals with meaningful information about others can help them overcome, or at least reduce, surface-level discriminatory decision making.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -30436,7 +30436,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas } @article{Kuo2018, - title = {Gender Role Beliefs, Work{\textendash}Family Conflict, and Father Involvement after the Birth of a Second Child.}, + title = {Gender Role Beliefs, Work--Family Conflict, and Father Involvement after the Birth of a Second Child.}, author = {Kuo, Patty X. and Volling, Brenda L. and Gonzalez, Richard}, year = {2018}, month = apr, @@ -30501,7 +30501,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas issn = {1758-2652, 1758-2652}, doi = {10.7448/IAS.17.1.19232}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) violates women's human rights, and it is a serious public health concern associated with increased HIV risk. SASA!, a phased community mobilization intervention, engages communities to prevent IPV and promote gender equity. The SASA! study assessed the community-level impact of SASA! on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics. Methods Data were collected as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted between 2007 and 2012 in eight communities in Kampala. An adjusted cluster-level intention to treat analysis, compares secondary outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up. The qualitative evaluation explored participants' subjective experience of SASA!. A total of 82 in-depth interviews were audio recorded at follow-up, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Men in intervention communities were significantly more likely than controls to report a broad range of HIV-protective behaviours, including higher levels of condom use (aRR 2.03, 95\% CI 1.22{\textendash}3.39), HIV testing (aRR 1.50, 95\% CI 1.13{\textendash}2.00) and fewer concurrent partners (aRR 0.60, 95\% CI 0.37{\textendash}0.97). They were also more likely to report increased joint decision-making (aRR 1.92, 95\% CI 1.27{\textendash}2.91), greater male participation in household tasks (aRR 1.48, 95\% CI 1.09{\textendash}2.01), more open communication and greater appreciation of their partner's work inside (aRR 1.31, 95\% CI 1.04{\textendash}1.66) and outside (aRR 1.49, 95\% CI 1.08{\textendash}2.06) the home. For women, all outcomes were in the hypothesized direction, but effect sizes were smaller. Only some achieved statistical significance. Women in intervention communities were significantly more likely to report being able to refuse sex with their partners (aRR 1.16, 95\% CI 1.00{\textendash}1.35), joint decision-making (aRR 1.37, 95\% CI 1.06{\textendash}1.78) and more open communication on a number of indicators. Qualitative interviews suggest that shifts operated through broader improvements in relationships, including increased trust and cooperation, participants' greater awareness of the connections between HIV and IPV and their resultant desire to improve their relationships. Barriers to change include partial uptake of SASA!, partner resistance, fear and entrenched previous beliefs. Conclusions SASA! impacted positively on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics at a community level, especially among men. Social change programmes focusing on IPV and gender equity could play an important role in HIV prevention efforts.}, + abstract = {Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) violates women's human rights, and it is a serious public health concern associated with increased HIV risk. SASA!, a phased community mobilization intervention, engages communities to prevent IPV and promote gender equity. The SASA! study assessed the community-level impact of SASA! on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics. Methods Data were collected as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted between 2007 and 2012 in eight communities in Kampala. An adjusted cluster-level intention to treat analysis, compares secondary outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up. The qualitative evaluation explored participants' subjective experience of SASA!. A total of 82 in-depth interviews were audio recorded at follow-up, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Men in intervention communities were significantly more likely than controls to report a broad range of HIV-protective behaviours, including higher levels of condom use (aRR 2.03, 95\% CI 1.22--3.39), HIV testing (aRR 1.50, 95\% CI 1.13--2.00) and fewer concurrent partners (aRR 0.60, 95\% CI 0.37--0.97). They were also more likely to report increased joint decision-making (aRR 1.92, 95\% CI 1.27--2.91), greater male participation in household tasks (aRR 1.48, 95\% CI 1.09--2.01), more open communication and greater appreciation of their partner's work inside (aRR 1.31, 95\% CI 1.04--1.66) and outside (aRR 1.49, 95\% CI 1.08--2.06) the home. For women, all outcomes were in the hypothesized direction, but effect sizes were smaller. Only some achieved statistical significance. Women in intervention communities were significantly more likely to report being able to refuse sex with their partners (aRR 1.16, 95\% CI 1.00--1.35), joint decision-making (aRR 1.37, 95\% CI 1.06--1.78) and more open communication on a number of indicators. Qualitative interviews suggest that shifts operated through broader improvements in relationships, including increased trust and cooperation, participants' greater awareness of the connections between HIV and IPV and their resultant desire to improve their relationships. Barriers to change include partial uptake of SASA!, partner resistance, fear and entrenched previous beliefs. Conclusions SASA! impacted positively on reported HIV-related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics at a community level, especially among men. Social change programmes focusing on IPV and gender equity could play an important role in HIV prevention efforts.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -30546,7 +30546,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas issn = {0355-3140, 1795-990X}, doi = {10.5271/sjweh.3290}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Objectives Retirement from paid work is a major life event facing increasingly large numbers of people in the coming years. We examined trajectories of mental health five years before and five years after old-age and disability retirement using data on purchases of psychotropic drugs. Methods The study included all employees from the City of Helsinki, Finland, retiring between 2000{\textendash}2008 due to old age (N=4456) or disability (N=2549). Purchases of psychotropic drugs were analyzed in 20 3-month intervals before and after retirement using graphical methods and growth curve models. Results Old-age retirement was unrelated to purchases of psychotropic drugs. Among disability retirees, psychotropic medication tripled before retirement. The average increase was 0.95 [95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) 0.73{\textendash}1.16] daily defined doses (DDD) 5{\textendash}1.5 years before retirement; from 1.5 years until retirement it was 5.68 DDD (95\% CI 5.33{\textendash}6.03) for each 3-month interval. After disability retirement, purchases of antidepressants decreased on average by 0.40 DDD (95\% CI 0.57{\textendash}0.23) for each 3-month interval, those of hypnotics and sedatives increased by 0.30 DDD (95\% CI 0.12{\textendash}0.47), and no changes were seen for other psychotropic drugs. The changes before and after retirement were largest among those who retired due to mental disorders and those whose retirement had been granted as temporary. Conclusions While no overall decrease in psychotropic medication after retirement was observed, purchases of antidepressants decreased after disability retirement. Long-term trajectories suggest that disability retirement might be prevented if mental health problems were tackled more efficiently earlier in the pre-retirement period.}, + abstract = {Objectives Retirement from paid work is a major life event facing increasingly large numbers of people in the coming years. We examined trajectories of mental health five years before and five years after old-age and disability retirement using data on purchases of psychotropic drugs. Methods The study included all employees from the City of Helsinki, Finland, retiring between 2000--2008 due to old age (N=4456) or disability (N=2549). Purchases of psychotropic drugs were analyzed in 20 3-month intervals before and after retirement using graphical methods and growth curve models. Results Old-age retirement was unrelated to purchases of psychotropic drugs. Among disability retirees, psychotropic medication tripled before retirement. The average increase was 0.95 [95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) 0.73--1.16] daily defined doses (DDD) 5--1.5 years before retirement; from 1.5 years until retirement it was 5.68 DDD (95\% CI 5.33--6.03) for each 3-month interval. After disability retirement, purchases of antidepressants decreased on average by 0.40 DDD (95\% CI 0.57--0.23) for each 3-month interval, those of hypnotics and sedatives increased by 0.30 DDD (95\% CI 0.12--0.47), and no changes were seen for other psychotropic drugs. The changes before and after retirement were largest among those who retired due to mental disorders and those whose retirement had been granted as temporary. Conclusions While no overall decrease in psychotropic medication after retirement was observed, purchases of antidepressants decreased after disability retirement. Long-term trajectories suggest that disability retirement might be prevented if mental health problems were tackled more efficiently earlier in the pre-retirement period.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Finland,inequality::disability,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -31173,7 +31173,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455}, doi = {10.1287/orsc.2017.1172}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Recent studies find that female-led ventures are penalized relative to male-led ventures as a result of role incongruity or a perceived ``lack of fit'' between female stereotypes and expected personal qualities of business entrepreneurs. We examine whether social impact framing that emphasizes a venture's social{\textendash}environmental welfare benefits, which research has shown to elicit stereotypically feminine attributions of warmth, diminishes these penalties. We initially investigate this proposition in a field study of evaluations of early-stage ventures and find evidence of lessened gender penalties for female-led ventures that are presented using a social impact frame. In a second study, we experimentally validate this effect and show that it is mediated by the effect of social impact framing on perceptions of the entrepreneur's warmth. The effect of social impact frames on venture evaluations did not apply to men, was not a result of perceptions of increased competence, and was not conditional on the gender of evaluators. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that social impact framing increases attributions of warmth for all entrepreneurs but with positive consequences on business evaluation only for female-led ventures, for which increased perceptions of warmth attenuate female entrepreneurs' gender role incongruity. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1172 .}, + abstract = {Recent studies find that female-led ventures are penalized relative to male-led ventures as a result of role incongruity or a perceived ``lack of fit'' between female stereotypes and expected personal qualities of business entrepreneurs. We examine whether social impact framing that emphasizes a venture's social--environmental welfare benefits, which research has shown to elicit stereotypically feminine attributions of warmth, diminishes these penalties. We initially investigate this proposition in a field study of evaluations of early-stage ventures and find evidence of lessened gender penalties for female-led ventures that are presented using a social impact frame. In a second study, we experimentally validate this effect and show that it is mediated by the effect of social impact framing on perceptions of the entrepreneur's warmth. The effect of social impact frames on venture evaluations did not apply to men, was not a result of perceptions of increased competence, and was not conditional on the gender of evaluators. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that social impact framing increases attributions of warmth for all entrepreneurs but with positive consequences on business evaluation only for female-led ventures, for which increased perceptions of warmth attenuate female entrepreneurs' gender role incongruity. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1172 .}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -31285,7 +31285,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas issn = {0143-005X, 1470-2738}, doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-205719}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background With an ageing society and increasing retirement ages, it is important to understand how employability can be promoted in older workers with health problems. The current study aimed to determine whether (1) different chronic health problems predict transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement, and (2) how work-related factors modify these associations. Methods Self-report questionnaire data was used from the Dutch longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation with 3\hspace{0.25em}years of follow-up (2010{\textendash}2013), among employees aged 45{\textendash}64\hspace{0.25em}years (N=8149). The influence of baseline chronic health problems and work-related factors on transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement during follow-up was estimated in a competing risks proportional hazards model. Relative excess risk of transitions due to the interaction between chronic health problems and work-related factors was assessed. Results Severe headache, diabetes mellitus and musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive and psychological health problems predicted an increased risk of disability benefits (HR range 1.78{\textendash}2.79). Circulatory (HR=1.35) and psychological health problems (HR=2.58) predicted unemployment, and musculoskeletal (HR=1.23) and psychological health problems (HR=1.57) predicted early retirement. Work-related factors did not modify the influence of health problems on unemployment or early retirement. Psychosocial work-related factors, especially autonomy, modified the influence of health problems on disability benefits. Specifically, among workers with health problems, higher autonomy, higher support and lower psychological job demands reduced the risk of disability benefits by 82\%, 49\%, and 11\%, respectively. Conclusions All health problems affected disability benefits to a similar extent, but psychological health problems especially predicted unemployment and early retirement. For older workers with health problems, promoting an optimal work environment has the potential to contribute to sustainable employment.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background With an ageing society and increasing retirement ages, it is important to understand how employability can be promoted in older workers with health problems. The current study aimed to determine whether (1) different chronic health problems predict transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement, and (2) how work-related factors modify these associations. Methods Self-report questionnaire data was used from the Dutch longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation with 3\>years of follow-up (2010--2013), among employees aged 45--64\>years (N=8149). The influence of baseline chronic health problems and work-related factors on transitions from paid employment to disability benefits, unemployment and early retirement during follow-up was estimated in a competing risks proportional hazards model. Relative excess risk of transitions due to the interaction between chronic health problems and work-related factors was assessed. Results Severe headache, diabetes mellitus and musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive and psychological health problems predicted an increased risk of disability benefits (HR range 1.78--2.79). Circulatory (HR=1.35) and psychological health problems (HR=2.58) predicted unemployment, and musculoskeletal (HR=1.23) and psychological health problems (HR=1.57) predicted early retirement. Work-related factors did not modify the influence of health problems on unemployment or early retirement. Psychosocial work-related factors, especially autonomy, modified the influence of health problems on disability benefits. Specifically, among workers with health problems, higher autonomy, higher support and lower psychological job demands reduced the risk of disability benefits by 82\%, 49\%, and 11\%, respectively. Conclusions All health problems affected disability benefits to a similar extent, but psychological health problems especially predicted unemployment and early retirement. For older workers with health problems, promoting an optimal work environment has the potential to contribute to sustainable employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::age,inequality::health,inequality::income,out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, note = {does not fall into PI; @@ -31363,7 +31363,7 @@ however data will be very useful to explore channels of health ineq -{$>$} incom issn = {0090-4848, 1099-050X}, doi = {10.1002/hrm.20211}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The retirement of baby boomers along with a smaller cohort group of young people replacing them poses a challenge for employers in the future{\textemdash}where will they find the workers they need? One largely untapped source of human resources is people with disabilities (PWDs). Why have employers mostly ignored this large labor pool? This research used a semistructured interview approach with 38 executives across a broad array of industries and geographic regions to examine why employers don't hire PWDs and what they believe can be done to change this situation. Results show that most employers are not very proactive in hiring PWDs and that most employers hold stereotypical beliefs not supported by research evidence. {\copyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, + abstract = {Abstract The retirement of baby boomers along with a smaller cohort group of young people replacing them poses a challenge for employers in the future---where will they find the workers they need? One largely untapped source of human resources is people with disabilities (PWDs). Why have employers mostly ignored this large labor pool? This research used a semistructured interview approach with 38 executives across a broad array of industries and geographic regions to examine why employers don't hire PWDs and what they believe can be done to change this situation. Results show that most employers are not very proactive in hiring PWDs and that most employers hold stereotypical beliefs not supported by research evidence. {\copyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -31537,7 +31537,7 @@ policy recc: series = {Stellenbosch {{Economic Working Papers}}}, number = {02}, institution = {{University of Stellenbosch}}, - abstract = {{$\bullet$} Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. {$\bullet$} A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. {$\bullet$} Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. {$\bullet$} In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups {\textendash} one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. {$\bullet$} The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large {\textendash} those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. {$\bullet$} This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. {$\bullet$} Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. {$\bullet$} However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. {$\bullet$} Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. {$\bullet$} The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. {$\bullet$} Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. {$\bullet$} We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. {$\bullet$} These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. {$\bullet$} However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners {\textendash} they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.}, + abstract = {{$\bullet$} Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. {$\bullet$} A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. {$\bullet$} Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. {$\bullet$} In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups -- one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. {$\bullet$} The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large -- those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. {$\bullet$} This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. {$\bullet$} Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. {$\bullet$} However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. {$\bullet$} Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. {$\bullet$} The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. {$\bullet$} Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. {$\bullet$} We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. {$\bullet$} These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. {$\bullet$} However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners -- they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.}, keywords = {country::South Africa,group::youth,inequality::age,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy for youth in South Africa, with an analysis of its impacts on earnings, employment probability and overall employment length.\textbf{It finds that beneficiaries were significantly more likely to be employed after both one and two years, as well as positive but insignificant impacts on earnings. \textbf{Additionally, it found a significant increase in accumulated employment length of around 1 month for the treatment cohort after 2 years.\textbf{The results suggest that the usual theory of lowered search costs for firms is a valid channel here, but it also finds responses on the supply side after receiving the voucher.\textbf{While beneficiaries did no change their search behavior, move for employment or increase their overall search intensity, there were comparatively fewer job offers turned down in the treatment group.\textbf{The study suggests this could be due to a potential removal of transport cost barriers to interviews or workplaces, an increased perception of success probabilities, household pressures or more access to job information during voucher provision.}}}}}}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:57:03Z}, @@ -31638,7 +31638,7 @@ policy recc: } @article{Lewis2009, - title = {A {{Major Difference}}?: {{Fields}} of {{Study}} and {{Male}}{\textemdash}{{Female Pay Differences}} in {{Federal Employment}}}, + title = {A {{Major Difference}}?: {{Fields}} of {{Study}} and {{Male}}---{{Female Pay Differences}} in {{Federal Employment}}}, shorttitle = {A {{Major Difference}}?}, author = {Lewis, Gregory B. and {Seong Soo Oh}}, year = {2009}, @@ -31800,8 +31800,8 @@ policy recc: } @article{Lidwall2011, - title = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992{\textendash}2008: The Role of Economic Conditions, Legislation, Demography, Work Environment and Alcohol Consumption}, - shorttitle = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992{\textendash}2008}, + title = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992--2008: The Role of Economic Conditions, Legislation, Demography, Work Environment and Alcohol Consumption}, + shorttitle = {Trends in Long-term Sickness Absence in {{Sweden}} 1992--2008}, author = {Lidwall, Ulrik and Marklund, Staffan}, year = {2011}, month = apr, @@ -31926,7 +31926,7 @@ policy recc: } @article{Lin2013, - title = {Financialization and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Income Inequality}}, 1970{\textendash}2008}, + title = {Financialization and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Income Inequality}}, 1970--2008}, author = {Lin, Ken-Hou and {Tomaskovic-Devey}, Donald}, year = {2013}, month = mar, @@ -32184,7 +32184,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {0014-4029, 2163-5560}, doi = {10.1177/001440290206900105}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {This study investigates the career development process for young women with learning disabilities. Case study methodology was utilized to understand the key elements influencing career choices for young women with learning disabilities who had graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Case study findings revealed three distinct phases of career development that were labeled (a) unsettled, (b) exploratory, and (c) focused. Phases of career development varied along two dimensions{\textemdash}stability of employment and clarity of career goals. Key elements that seemed to influence the phases of career development included individual motivation and personal determination, family support and advocacy, opportunities for career exploration, on-the-job or postsecondary vocational training, and supportive work environments.}, + abstract = {This study investigates the career development process for young women with learning disabilities. Case study methodology was utilized to understand the key elements influencing career choices for young women with learning disabilities who had graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Case study findings revealed three distinct phases of career development that were labeled (a) unsettled, (b) exploratory, and (c) focused. Phases of career development varied along two dimensions---stability of employment and clarity of career goals. Key elements that seemed to influence the phases of career development included individual motivation and personal determination, family support and advocacy, opportunities for career exploration, on-the-job or postsecondary vocational training, and supportive work environments.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32264,7 +32264,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {0964-9425}, doi = {10.1108/09649429910291113}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The experience of women in international management {\textendash} especially within a European context {\textendash} has received little attention in the international human resource management literature. In particular, there is a dearth of empirical research which details the role and career moves of the senior female international manager. The particular focus of this paper is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe. A total of 50 senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The article highlights a number of covert and overt barriers which the interviewees believed limit women's international career opportunities. The findings indicate that it is timely for organisations to face and address the difficulties female managers encounter in their progression to senior managerial positions in order to ensure that future opportunities for progression to senior management is equal to that of their male counterparts.}, + abstract = {The experience of women in international management -- especially within a European context -- has received little attention in the international human resource management literature. In particular, there is a dearth of empirical research which details the role and career moves of the senior female international manager. The particular focus of this paper is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe. A total of 50 senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The article highlights a number of covert and overt barriers which the interviewees believed limit women's international career opportunities. The findings indicate that it is timely for organisations to face and address the difficulties female managers encounter in their progression to senior managerial positions in order to ensure that future opportunities for progression to senior management is equal to that of their male counterparts.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32297,7 +32297,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and link those categories to stereotyped beliefs. In the midst of this growth, the stigma concept has been criticized as being too vaguely defined and individually focused. In response to these criticisms, we define stigma as the co-occurrence of its components{\textendash}labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination{\textendash}and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised. The stigma concept we construct has implications for understanding several core issues in stigma research, ranging from the definition of the concept to the reasons stigma sometimes represents a very persistent predicament in the lives of persons affected by it. Finally, because there are so many stigmatized circumstances and because stigmatizing processes can affect multiple domains of people's lives, stigmatization probably has a dramatic bearing on the distribution of life chances in such areas as earnings, housing, criminal involvement, health, and life itself. It follows that social scientists who are interested in understanding the distribution of such life chances should also be interested in stigma.}, + abstract = {Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and link those categories to stereotyped beliefs. In the midst of this growth, the stigma concept has been criticized as being too vaguely defined and individually focused. In response to these criticisms, we define stigma as the co-occurrence of its components--labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination--and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised. The stigma concept we construct has implications for understanding several core issues in stigma research, ranging from the definition of the concept to the reasons stigma sometimes represents a very persistent predicament in the lives of persons affected by it. Finally, because there are so many stigmatized circumstances and because stigmatizing processes can affect multiple domains of people's lives, stigmatization probably has a dramatic bearing on the distribution of life chances in such areas as earnings, housing, criminal involvement, health, and life itself. It follows that social scientists who are interested in understanding the distribution of such life chances should also be interested in stigma.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -32544,7 +32544,7 @@ policy recc: } @article{Locke2012, - title = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}: {{Changing Strategies}} of {{Rural}}{\textendash}{{Urban Migrants}} to {{Hanoi}}, {{Vietnam}}}, + title = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}: {{Changing Strategies}} of {{Rural}}--{{Urban Migrants}} to {{Hanoi}}, {{Vietnam}}}, shorttitle = {Visiting {{Marriages}} and {{Remote Parenting}}}, author = {Locke, Catherine and Hoa, Nguyen Thi Ngan and Tam, Nguyen Thi Thanh}, year = {2012}, @@ -32688,7 +32688,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280}, doi = {10.1177/0956797611417003}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {People's self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies{\textemdash}specifically, relative levels of economic inequality{\textemdash}play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for self-enhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.}, + abstract = {People's self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies---specifically, relative levels of economic inequality---play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for self-enhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -33369,7 +33369,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {1745-5057, 1745-5065}, doi = {10.1177/17455057221087888}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown as prevention and control measure, forced people globally to limit their movements and to stay at home for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a secondary research by employing a Poisson regression model to estimate the effect of pandemic-led lockdown policy on the change in the number of intimate partner violence-related calls during pandemic using national emergency helpline 999 call logs. Data from January 2019 to May 2020 for 64 districts produced 1088 district-month-year observations which had been used for the main analysis. Results: We found a 46\% decrease in the incidence rate of intimate partner violence-related calls during the pandemic after adjusting for year, month, district fixed-effects{\textemdash}suggesting, non-reporting of the violence might have exacerbated during lockdown. Conclusion: While increasing rate of intimate partner violence is one side of issue, non-reporting of it has received less attention and during the lockdown non-reporting might grow large and have severe health impacts for women.}, + abstract = {Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown as prevention and control measure, forced people globally to limit their movements and to stay at home for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a secondary research by employing a Poisson regression model to estimate the effect of pandemic-led lockdown policy on the change in the number of intimate partner violence-related calls during pandemic using national emergency helpline 999 call logs. Data from January 2019 to May 2020 for 64 districts produced 1088 district-month-year observations which had been used for the main analysis. Results: We found a 46\% decrease in the incidence rate of intimate partner violence-related calls during the pandemic after adjusting for year, month, district fixed-effects---suggesting, non-reporting of the violence might have exacerbated during lockdown. Conclusion: While increasing rate of intimate partner violence is one side of issue, non-reporting of it has received less attention and during the lockdown non-reporting might grow large and have severe health impacts for women.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -33436,7 +33436,7 @@ policy recc: @techreport{Maitrot2017, title = {Poverty and Wellbeing Impacts of Microfinance: {{What}} Do We Know?}, - author = {Ma{\^i}trot, Mathilde and {Ni{\~n}o-Zaraz{\'u}a}, Miguel}, + author = {Ma\^{\i}trot, Mathilde and {Ni{\~n}o-Zaraz{\'u}a}, Miguel}, year = {2017}, number = {2017/190}, address = {{Helsinki}}, @@ -33522,7 +33522,7 @@ policy recc: } @article{Makkar2016, - title = {Impact of Tailored Blogs and Content on Usage of {{Web CIPHER}} {\textendash} an Online Platform to Help Policymakers Better Engage with Evidence from Research}, + title = {Impact of Tailored Blogs and Content on Usage of {{Web CIPHER}} -- an Online Platform to Help Policymakers Better Engage with Evidence from Research}, author = {Makkar, Steve R. and Howe, Megan and Williamson, Anna and Gilham, Frances}, year = {2016}, month = dec, @@ -33563,7 +33563,7 @@ policy recc: } @article{Maldonado2015, - title = {Family Policies and Single Parent Poverty in 18 {{OECD}} Countries, 1978{\textendash}2008}, + title = {Family Policies and Single Parent Poverty in 18 {{OECD}} Countries, 1978--2008}, author = {Maldonado, Laurie C. and Nieuwenhuis, Rense}, year = {2015}, month = oct, @@ -33831,12 +33831,12 @@ policy recc: issn = {2071-2936, 2071-2928}, doi = {10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1226}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Most of South Africa's citizens who live in rural or underserved communities rely on the public health care sector to access quality health care. The value of rural exposure through clinical placements is well documented. Medical schools in South Africa have a responsibility to provide solutions that address the prevailing human resources challenges. Despite this commitment, medical students do not necessarily appreciate their role in resolving South Africa's human resources challenges. This study aimed to assess the factors that influenced the choice of clinical learning sites in a self-selection process undertaken by Wits final year medical students for the compulsory 6-week integrated primary care block rotation.Methods: Qualitative data related to reasons for choice of service learning site were gathered from 524 pre-placement questionnaires completed by final year medical students entering the rotation over a 3-year period (2012{\textendash}2014). Thematic analysis was performed using the MAXQDA software.Results: Eight themes emerged from the study indicating that the majority of participants were in favour of local urban underserved placement. Contextual factors, such as work commitments or family responsibilities, being compromised socially and losing academic standing were the main reasons for seeking urban placement. Good supervision, opportunistic learning, skills development and moral support were reasons for seeking rural placements. Previous voluntary exposure to rural practice or being of rural origin was a strong indicator for uptake of rural placement.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the challenges faced by coordinators in balancing personal and institutional needs with country needs and the contextual factors that must be considered when implementing medical education programmes that respond to social challenges.}, + abstract = {Background: Most of South Africa's citizens who live in rural or underserved communities rely on the public health care sector to access quality health care. The value of rural exposure through clinical placements is well documented. Medical schools in South Africa have a responsibility to provide solutions that address the prevailing human resources challenges. Despite this commitment, medical students do not necessarily appreciate their role in resolving South Africa's human resources challenges. This study aimed to assess the factors that influenced the choice of clinical learning sites in a self-selection process undertaken by Wits final year medical students for the compulsory 6-week integrated primary care block rotation.Methods: Qualitative data related to reasons for choice of service learning site were gathered from 524 pre-placement questionnaires completed by final year medical students entering the rotation over a 3-year period (2012--2014). Thematic analysis was performed using the MAXQDA software.Results: Eight themes emerged from the study indicating that the majority of participants were in favour of local urban underserved placement. Contextual factors, such as work commitments or family responsibilities, being compromised socially and losing academic standing were the main reasons for seeking urban placement. Good supervision, opportunistic learning, skills development and moral support were reasons for seeking rural placements. Previous voluntary exposure to rural practice or being of rural origin was a strong indicator for uptake of rural placement.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the challenges faced by coordinators in balancing personal and institutional needs with country needs and the contextual factors that must be considered when implementing medical education programmes that respond to social challenges.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Marcellin2010, - title = {Higher Risk of Unsafe Sex and Impaired Quality of Life among Patients Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Cameroon}}: Results from the {{EVAL}} Survey ({{ANRS}} 12{\textendash}116)}, + title = {Higher Risk of Unsafe Sex and Impaired Quality of Life among Patients Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Cameroon}}: Results from the {{EVAL}} Survey ({{ANRS}} 12--116)}, shorttitle = {Higher Risk of Unsafe Sex and Impaired Quality of Life among Patients Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in {{Cameroon}}}, author = {Marcellin, Fabienne and Bonono, C{\'e}cile-Ren{\'e}e and Blanche, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Carrieri, Maria Patrizia and Spire, Bruno and {Koulla-Shiro}, Sinata}, year = {2010}, @@ -33935,13 +33935,13 @@ policy recc: issn = {0007-1250, 1472-1465}, doi = {10.1192/bjp.176.3.249}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background A recent review suggested an association between using unpublished scales in clinical trials and finding significant results. Aims To determine whether such an association existed in schizophrenia trials. Method Three hundred trials were randomly selected from the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register. All comparisons between treatment groups and control groups using rating scales were identified. The publication status of each scale was determined and claims of a significant treatment effect were recorded. Results Trials were more likely to report that a treatment was superior to control when an unpublished scale was used to make the comparison (relative risk 1.37 (95\% C11.12{\textendash}1.68)). This effect increased when a `gold-standard' definition of treatment superiority was applied (RR 1.94 (95\% C11.35{\textendash}2.79)). In non-pharmacological trials, one-third of `gold-standard' claims of treatment superiority would not have been made if published scales had been used. Conclusions Unpublished scales are a source of bias in schizophrenia trials.}, + abstract = {Background A recent review suggested an association between using unpublished scales in clinical trials and finding significant results. Aims To determine whether such an association existed in schizophrenia trials. Method Three hundred trials were randomly selected from the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register. All comparisons between treatment groups and control groups using rating scales were identified. The publication status of each scale was determined and claims of a significant treatment effect were recorded. Results Trials were more likely to report that a treatment was superior to control when an unpublished scale was used to make the comparison (relative risk 1.37 (95\% C11.12--1.68)). This effect increased when a `gold-standard' definition of treatment superiority was applied (RR 1.94 (95\% C11.35--2.79)). In non-pharmacological trials, one-third of `gold-standard' claims of treatment superiority would not have been made if published scales had been used. Conclusions Unpublished scales are a source of bias in schizophrenia trials.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Marshall2020, - title = {Disparities in {{Burnout}} and {{Satisfaction With Work}}{\textendash}{{Life Integration}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Physicians}} by {{Gender}} and {{Practice Setting}}}, + title = {Disparities in {{Burnout}} and {{Satisfaction With Work}}--{{Life Integration}} in {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Physicians}} by {{Gender}} and {{Practice Setting}}}, author = {Marshall, Ariela L. and Dyrbye, Liselotte N. and Shanafelt, Tait D. and Sinsky, Christine A. and Satele, Daniel and Trockel, Mickey and Tutty, Michael and West, Colin P.}, year = {2020}, month = sep, @@ -33952,7 +33952,7 @@ policy recc: issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000003521}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose To explore the interaction between practice setting (academic practice [AP], private practice [PP]) and gender in relation to physician burnout and satisfaction with work{\textendash}life integration (WLI). Method In 2017, the authors administered a cross-sectional survey of U.S. physicians and characterized rates of burnout and satisfaction with WLI using previously validated and/or standardized tools. They conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the interaction between the included variables. Results Of the 3,603 participants in the final analysis, female physicians reported a higher prevalence of burnout than male physicians in both AP (50.7\% vs 38.2\%, P {$<$} .0001) and PP (48.1\% vs 40.7\%, P = .001). However, the multivariable analysis found no statistically significant gender-based differences in burnout (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.76{\textendash}1.17, P = .60). Women and men in AP were less likely to report burnout than men in PP (OR 0.70, 95\% CI 0.52{\textendash}0.94, P = .01 and OR 0.69, 95\% CI 0.53{\textendash}0.90, P {$<$} .01, respectively); women in PP did not report different burnout rates from men in PP (OR 0.89, 95\% CI 0.68{\textendash}1.16, P = .38). Women in both AP and PP were less likely to be satisfied with WLI than men in PP (OR 0.62, 95\% CI 0.47{\textendash}0.83, P {$<$} .01 and OR 0.75, 95\% CI 0.58{\textendash}0.97, P = .03, respectively); men in AP did not report different satisfaction with WLI than men in PP (OR 1.05, 95\% CI 0.82{\textendash}1.33, P = .71). Conclusions Gender differences in rates of burnout are related to practice setting and other differences in physicians' personal and professional lives. These results highlight the complex relationships among gender, practice setting, and other personal and professional factors in their influence on burnout and satisfaction with WLI.}, + abstract = {Purpose To explore the interaction between practice setting (academic practice [AP], private practice [PP]) and gender in relation to physician burnout and satisfaction with work--life integration (WLI). Method In 2017, the authors administered a cross-sectional survey of U.S. physicians and characterized rates of burnout and satisfaction with WLI using previously validated and/or standardized tools. They conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the interaction between the included variables. Results Of the 3,603 participants in the final analysis, female physicians reported a higher prevalence of burnout than male physicians in both AP (50.7\% vs 38.2\%, P {$<$} .0001) and PP (48.1\% vs 40.7\%, P = .001). However, the multivariable analysis found no statistically significant gender-based differences in burnout (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.76--1.17, P = .60). Women and men in AP were less likely to report burnout than men in PP (OR 0.70, 95\% CI 0.52--0.94, P = .01 and OR 0.69, 95\% CI 0.53--0.90, P {$<$} .01, respectively); women in PP did not report different burnout rates from men in PP (OR 0.89, 95\% CI 0.68--1.16, P = .38). Women in both AP and PP were less likely to be satisfied with WLI than men in PP (OR 0.62, 95\% CI 0.47--0.83, P {$<$} .01 and OR 0.75, 95\% CI 0.58--0.97, P = .03, respectively); men in AP did not report different satisfaction with WLI than men in PP (OR 1.05, 95\% CI 0.82--1.33, P = .71). Conclusions Gender differences in rates of burnout are related to practice setting and other differences in physicians' personal and professional lives. These results highlight the complex relationships among gender, practice setting, and other personal and professional factors in their influence on burnout and satisfaction with WLI.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -34013,7 +34013,7 @@ policy recc: address = {{London}}, doi = {10.1057/978-1-137-51623-7_10}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {This chapter considers the impact of the built environment in generating new forms and locations of poverty and disadvantage. Drawing on evidence from Australia, this chapter investigates the increasing divide in many large and suburbanised cities between residents with access to jobs, services, community and cultural provisions, and those without. A growing body of research indicates the locational disadvantages that residents face living far from the central hubs of employment. Large and sprawling Australian cities such as Melbourne and Sydney demonstrate a pattern of high housing costs in the inner city where there is the largest concentration of the best paying jobs, high levels of public transport provision and access to a multitude of services. In contrast, the most affordable housing can be found in suburbs perhaps 30{\textendash}40 kilometres from the centre, with little transport provision and few employment opportunities. Such places typically have a young family profile, a higher proportion of people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, greater levels of mortgage and personal debt, and are more likely to experience socio-economic disadvantage. This is a new pattern of social division and exclusion, and one that is perhaps less visible than previous patterns of spatialised class divisions. Starting from the premise that access to resources is a key ingredient in avoiding long-term disadvantage, the chapter critically explores a number of dimensions of place as a focus of urban social work. What does this new context mean for social work practice? What challenges and opportunities does it present for social work to respond to alternate forms of poverty and disadvantage? What lessons may be drawn for other cities with similar urban forms?}, + abstract = {This chapter considers the impact of the built environment in generating new forms and locations of poverty and disadvantage. Drawing on evidence from Australia, this chapter investigates the increasing divide in many large and suburbanised cities between residents with access to jobs, services, community and cultural provisions, and those without. A growing body of research indicates the locational disadvantages that residents face living far from the central hubs of employment. Large and sprawling Australian cities such as Melbourne and Sydney demonstrate a pattern of high housing costs in the inner city where there is the largest concentration of the best paying jobs, high levels of public transport provision and access to a multitude of services. In contrast, the most affordable housing can be found in suburbs perhaps 30--40 kilometres from the centre, with little transport provision and few employment opportunities. Such places typically have a young family profile, a higher proportion of people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, greater levels of mortgage and personal debt, and are more likely to experience socio-economic disadvantage. This is a new pattern of social division and exclusion, and one that is perhaps less visible than previous patterns of spatialised class divisions. Starting from the premise that access to resources is a key ingredient in avoiding long-term disadvantage, the chapter critically explores a number of dimensions of place as a focus of urban social work. What does this new context mean for social work practice? What challenges and opportunities does it present for social work to respond to alternate forms of poverty and disadvantage? What lessons may be drawn for other cities with similar urban forms?}, isbn = {978-1-137-51622-0 978-1-137-51623-7}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Australia,inequality::poverty,inequality::spatial,issue::policy,issue::wow,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} @@ -34218,7 +34218,7 @@ policy recc: } @article{MaryWentling2003, - title = {The Career Development and Aspirations of Women in Middle Management {\textendash} Revisited}, + title = {The Career Development and Aspirations of Women in Middle Management -- Revisited}, author = {Mary Wentling, Rose}, year = {2003}, month = sep, @@ -34456,7 +34456,7 @@ does NOT look at results of specific policy interventions} issn = {0031-5826, 1744-6570}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01172.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This study examines the extent to which highly structured job interviews are resistant to demographic similarity effects. The sample comprised nearly 20,000 applicants for a managerial-level position in a large organization. Findings were unequivocal: Main effects of applicant gender and race were not associated with interviewers' ratings of applicant performance nor was applicant{\textendash}interviewer similarity with regard to gender and race. These findings address past inconsistencies in research on demographic similarity effects in employment interviews and demonstrate the value of using highly structured interviews to minimize the potential influence of applicant demographic characteristics on selection decisions.}, + abstract = {This study examines the extent to which highly structured job interviews are resistant to demographic similarity effects. The sample comprised nearly 20,000 applicants for a managerial-level position in a large organization. Findings were unequivocal: Main effects of applicant gender and race were not associated with interviewers' ratings of applicant performance nor was applicant--interviewer similarity with regard to gender and race. These findings address past inconsistencies in research on demographic similarity effects in employment interviews and demonstrate the value of using highly structured interviews to minimize the potential influence of applicant demographic characteristics on selection decisions.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -34829,7 +34829,7 @@ does NOT look at results of specific policy interventions} issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977}, doi = {10.1177/0891243205285371}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {The article focuses on the persistent links between workplace stratification and gender ascription in the organization of flexible high-tech production. Using a comparative case study analysis of three multinational electronics firms in the Philippines, it examines three key organizational factors: firm nationality, product characteristics, and existing labor relations{\textemdash}that help drive variation in the gendering and gendered impact of technological upgrading. It also considers three extra-organizational factors{\textemdash}trends in flexible production, the role of the host state, and gender ideologies{\textemdash}that also influence firm choices. The article assesses the variation in gendered processes and outcomes focusing on the fulfillment of workers' practical needs versus strategic gender interests. The article finds that despite continued variation at the firm level, extra-organizational pressures will likely contribute to continued gender stratification as firms upgrade, leading to the potential masculinization of skilled high-tech work.}, + abstract = {The article focuses on the persistent links between workplace stratification and gender ascription in the organization of flexible high-tech production. Using a comparative case study analysis of three multinational electronics firms in the Philippines, it examines three key organizational factors: firm nationality, product characteristics, and existing labor relations---that help drive variation in the gendering and gendered impact of technological upgrading. It also considers three extra-organizational factors---trends in flexible production, the role of the host state, and gender ideologies---that also influence firm choices. The article assesses the variation in gendered processes and outcomes focusing on the fulfillment of workers' practical needs versus strategic gender interests. The article finds that despite continued variation at the firm level, extra-organizational pressures will likely contribute to continued gender stratification as firms upgrade, leading to the potential masculinization of skilled high-tech work.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -35291,7 +35291,7 @@ Conclusions: } @article{Menon2018, - title = {`{{Ring}}' Your Future, without Changing Diaper {\textendash} {{Can}} Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Address Child Marriage in {{Zambia}}?}, + title = {`{{Ring}}' Your Future, without Changing Diaper -- {{Can}} Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Address Child Marriage in {{Zambia}}?}, author = {Menon, J. A. and Kusanthan, T. and Mwaba, S. O. C. and Juanola, L. and Kok, M. C.}, editor = {Brownie, Sharon Mary}, year = {2018}, @@ -35395,7 +35395,7 @@ Conclusions: publisher = {{The World Bank}}, doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-1039-8}, urldate = {2023-12-26}, - abstract = {Abstract: What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the first question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage differences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so{\textemdash}but it might not actually reverse the region's movement toward less wage inequality.}, + abstract = {Abstract: What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the first question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage differences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so---but it might not actually reverse the region's movement toward less wage inequality.}, isbn = {978-1-4648-1039-8 978-1-4648-1040-4}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::income,out::abstract,region::LAC,review::systematic,sample::snowballing,TODO::review} @@ -35424,7 +35424,7 @@ Conclusions: author = {Meyer, Tanya K. and Bergmark, Regan and Zatz, Marcy and Sardesai, Maya G. and Litvack, Jamie R. and Starks Acosta, Anne}, year = {2019}, month = aug, - journal = {Otolaryngology{\textendash}Head and Neck Surgery}, + journal = {Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, pages = {257--264}, @@ -35477,7 +35477,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality effects (no measures of inequality employed)}, issn = {1478-4491}, doi = {10.1186/s12960-021-00598-9}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Many challenges exist in providing equitable access to rural healthcare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). WHO recommends student exposure to rural clinical rotations to promote interest in rural healthcare. Challenges to rural engagement include lack of adequate infrastructure and staff to lead rural education. This case report highlights key steps in developing a rural rotation program for DRC nursing students. Case presentation To implement a rural rotation (RR) program, ICAP at Columbia University (ICAP) consulted with students, the Ministries of Health (MoH) and Education (MoE), and nursing schools to pilot and expand a rural rotation program. Nursing schools agreed to place students in rural clinics and communities. Key stakeholders collaborated to assess and select rural sites based on availability of nursing mentors, educational resources, security, accessibility, and patient volume. To support this, 85 preceptors from 55 target schools and 30 rural health facilities were trained of which 30 were selected to be ``master trainers''. These master trainers led the remaining 55 preceptors implementing the rural rotation program. We worked with rural facilities to engage community leaders and secure accommodation for students. A total of 583 students from five Lubumbashi schools and two rural schools outside Kinshasa participated across 16 rural sites (298 students in 2018{\textendash}2019 school year and 285 in 2019{\textendash}2020). Feedback from 274 students and 25 preceptors and nursing school leaders was positive with many students actively seeking rural assignments upon graduation. For example, 97\% agreed or strongly agreed that their RR programs had strengthened their educational experience.~Key challenges, however, were long-term financial support (35\%) for rural rotations, adequate student housing (30\%) and advocacy for expanding the rural workforce. Conclusions With nearly 600 participants, this project showed that a RR program is feasible and acceptable in resource-limited settings yet availability of ample student accommodation and increasing availability of rural jobs remain health system challenges. Using a multipronged approach to rural health investment as outlined by WHO over two decades ago remains essential. Attracting future nurses to rural health is necessary but not sufficient to achieve equitable health workforce distribution.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Many challenges exist in providing equitable access to rural healthcare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). WHO recommends student exposure to rural clinical rotations to promote interest in rural healthcare. Challenges to rural engagement include lack of adequate infrastructure and staff to lead rural education. This case report highlights key steps in developing a rural rotation program for DRC nursing students. Case presentation To implement a rural rotation (RR) program, ICAP at Columbia University (ICAP) consulted with students, the Ministries of Health (MoH) and Education (MoE), and nursing schools to pilot and expand a rural rotation program. Nursing schools agreed to place students in rural clinics and communities. Key stakeholders collaborated to assess and select rural sites based on availability of nursing mentors, educational resources, security, accessibility, and patient volume. To support this, 85 preceptors from 55 target schools and 30 rural health facilities were trained of which 30 were selected to be ``master trainers''. These master trainers led the remaining 55 preceptors implementing the rural rotation program. We worked with rural facilities to engage community leaders and secure accommodation for students. A total of 583 students from five Lubumbashi schools and two rural schools outside Kinshasa participated across 16 rural sites (298 students in 2018--2019 school year and 285 in 2019--2020). Feedback from 274 students and 25 preceptors and nursing school leaders was positive with many students actively seeking rural assignments upon graduation. For example, 97\% agreed or strongly agreed that their RR programs had strengthened their educational experience.~Key challenges, however, were long-term financial support (35\%) for rural rotations, adequate student housing (30\%) and advocacy for expanding the rural workforce. Conclusions With nearly 600 participants, this project showed that a RR program is feasible and acceptable in resource-limited settings yet availability of ample student accommodation and increasing availability of rural jobs remain health system challenges. Using a multipronged approach to rural health investment as outlined by WHO over two decades ago remains essential. Attracting future nurses to rural health is necessary but not sufficient to achieve equitable health workforce distribution.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -35796,7 +35796,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality effects (no measures of inequality employed)}, issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1404293111}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Significance This paper makes two contributions to research on the link between the social environment and health. Using data from a birth cohort study, we show that, among African American boys, those who grow up in highly disadvantaged environments have shorter telomeres (at age 9) than boys who grow up in highly advantaged environments. We also find that the association between the social environment and telomere length (TL) is moderated by genetic variation within the serotonin and dopamine pathways. Boys with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document a gene{\textendash}social environment interaction for TL, a biomarker of stress exposure. , Disadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes. This has been attributed, in part, to chronic stress. Telomere length (TL) has been used as a biomarker of chronic stress: TL is shorter in adults in a variety of contexts, including disadvantaged social standing and depression. We use data from 40, 9-y-old boys participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to extend this observation to African American children. We report that exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced TL by age 9 y. We document significant associations between low income, low maternal education, unstable family structure, and harsh parenting and TL. These effects were moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Consistent with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, subjects with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged social environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments.}, + abstract = {Significance This paper makes two contributions to research on the link between the social environment and health. Using data from a birth cohort study, we show that, among African American boys, those who grow up in highly disadvantaged environments have shorter telomeres (at age 9) than boys who grow up in highly advantaged environments. We also find that the association between the social environment and telomere length (TL) is moderated by genetic variation within the serotonin and dopamine pathways. Boys with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document a gene--social environment interaction for TL, a biomarker of stress exposure. , Disadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes. This has been attributed, in part, to chronic stress. Telomere length (TL) has been used as a biomarker of chronic stress: TL is shorter in adults in a variety of contexts, including disadvantaged social standing and depression. We use data from 40, 9-y-old boys participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to extend this observation to African American children. We report that exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced TL by age 9 y. We document significant associations between low income, low maternal education, unstable family structure, and harsh parenting and TL. These effects were moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Consistent with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, subjects with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged social environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -35855,7 +35855,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality effects (no measures of inequality employed)}, issn = {1560-7917}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {On 5 February 2020, in Yokohama, Japan, a cruise ship hosting 3,711 people underwent a 2-week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID-19 post-disembarking. As at 20 February, 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus. We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay-adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections, along with the infections' timeline. The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17.9\% (95\% credible interval (CrI):\,15.5{\textendash}20.2\%). Most infections occurred before the quarantine start.}, + abstract = {On 5 February 2020, in Yokohama, Japan, a cruise ship hosting 3,711 people underwent a 2-week quarantine after a former passenger was found with COVID-19 post-disembarking. As at 20 February, 634 persons on board tested positive for the causative virus. We conducted statistical modelling to derive the delay-adjusted asymptomatic proportion of infections, along with the infections' timeline. The estimated asymptomatic proportion was 17.9\% (95\% credible interval (CrI):\,15.5--20.2\%). Most infections occurred before the quarantine start.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -35920,7 +35920,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} } @article{Mody2013, - title = {The {{{\textsc{W}}}} Orld {{{\textsc{H}}}} Ealth {{{\textsc{O}}}} Rganization {\textsc{{\textendash}}}{{{\textsc{U}}}} Nited {{{\textsc{N}}}} Ations {{{\textsc{P}}}} Opulation {{{\textsc{F}}}} Und {{Strategic Partnership Programme}}'s Implementation of Family Planning Guidelines and Tools in {{{\textsc{A}}}} Sia{\textendash} {{{\textsc{P}}}} Acific Countries}, + title = {The {{{\textsc{W}}}} Orld {{{\textsc{H}}}} Ealth {{{\textsc{O}}}} Rganization {\textsc{--}}{{{\textsc{U}}}} Nited {{{\textsc{N}}}} Ations {{{\textsc{P}}}} Opulation {{{\textsc{F}}}} Und {{Strategic Partnership Programme}}'s Implementation of Family Planning Guidelines and Tools in {{{\textsc{A}}}} Sia-- {{{\textsc{P}}}} Acific Countries}, shorttitle = {The}, author = {Mody, Sheila K. and Ba-Thike, Katherine and Gaffield, Mary E.}, year = {2013}, @@ -36241,7 +36241,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {1948-5506, 1948-5514}, doi = {10.1177/19485506211033748}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Does commitment to allyship from a dominant group member cue identity-safety for women in male-dominated environments? We examine this question by assessing women's perceptions of workplaces that included the presence (vs. absence) of a male ally (Studies 1{\textendash}3) or a female ally (Study 3), and determine the impact of Black versus White allies for Black and White women. Across three studies ( N = 1,032) and an integrative data analysis, we demonstrate that an equality-supportive male ally reduces anticipated isolation and workplace hostility and increases anticipated support, respect, and gender-equality norms for women in general populations (Studies 1 and 2) and women in science, technology, and math (Study 3). These results represent a possible strategy to help retain women in male-dominated fields.}, + abstract = {Does commitment to allyship from a dominant group member cue identity-safety for women in male-dominated environments? We examine this question by assessing women's perceptions of workplaces that included the presence (vs. absence) of a male ally (Studies 1--3) or a female ally (Study 3), and determine the impact of Black versus White allies for Black and White women. Across three studies ( N = 1,032) and an integrative data analysis, we demonstrate that an equality-supportive male ally reduces anticipated isolation and workplace hostility and increases anticipated support, respect, and gender-equality norms for women in general populations (Studies 1 and 2) and women in science, technology, and math (Study 3). These results represent a possible strategy to help retain women in male-dominated fields.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36333,7 +36333,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} institution = {{Health Systems and Quality Improvement}}, doi = {10.1101/2020.10.26.20219352}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objectives To determine the extent and nature of changes in utilisation of healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemic. Design Systematic review Eligibility Eligible studies compared utilisation of services during COVID-19 pandemic to at least one comparable period in prior years. Services included visits, admissions, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Studies were excluded if from single-centres or studied only COVID-19 patients. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and pre-prints were searched, without language restrictions, until August 10, using detailed searches with key concepts including COVID-19, health services and impact. Data analysis Risk of bias was assessed by adapting ROBINS-I and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care tool. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics, graphical figures, and narrative synthesis. Outcome measures Primary outcome was change in service utilisation between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Secondary outcome was the change in proportions of users of healthcare services with milder or more severe illness (e.g. triage scores). Results 3097 unique references were identified, and 81 studies across 20 countries included, reporting on {$>$}11 million services pre-pandemic and 6.9 million during pandemic. For the primary outcome, there were 143 estimates of changes, with a median 37\% reduction in services overall (interquartile range -51\% to -20\%), comprising median reductions for visits of 42\%(-53\% to -32\%), admissions, 28\%(-40\% to -17\%), diagnostics, 31\%(-53\% to -24\%), and for therapeutics, 30\%(-57\% to -19\%). Among 35 studies reporting secondary outcomes, there were 60 estimates, with 27(45\%) reporting larger reductions in utilisation among people with a milder spectrum of illness, and 33 (55\%) reporting no change. Conclusions Healthcare utilisation decreased by about a third during the pandemic, with considerable variation, and with greater reductions among people with less severe illness. While addressing unmet need remains a priority, studies of health impacts of reductions may help health-systems prioritise higher-value care in the post-pandemic recovery. Funding, Study registration No funding was required. PROSPERO: CRD42020203729 Strengths and limitations of this study {\textendash} The review is the first broad synthesis of global studies of pandemic related changes in utilisation across all categories of healthcare services. {\textendash} The review provides novel findings informing design of future studies of pandemic-related changes in utilisation and its impacts. {\textendash} Limitations include the possibility of publication bias and the potential of our eligibility criteria to exclude important data sources such as studies in single-centres and unpublished datasets from health systems. {\textendash} Heterogenous designs and settings precluding meta-analysis.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objectives To determine the extent and nature of changes in utilisation of healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemic. Design Systematic review Eligibility Eligible studies compared utilisation of services during COVID-19 pandemic to at least one comparable period in prior years. Services included visits, admissions, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Studies were excluded if from single-centres or studied only COVID-19 patients. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and pre-prints were searched, without language restrictions, until August 10, using detailed searches with key concepts including COVID-19, health services and impact. Data analysis Risk of bias was assessed by adapting ROBINS-I and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care tool. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics, graphical figures, and narrative synthesis. Outcome measures Primary outcome was change in service utilisation between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Secondary outcome was the change in proportions of users of healthcare services with milder or more severe illness (e.g. triage scores). Results 3097 unique references were identified, and 81 studies across 20 countries included, reporting on {$>$}11 million services pre-pandemic and 6.9 million during pandemic. For the primary outcome, there were 143 estimates of changes, with a median 37\% reduction in services overall (interquartile range -51\% to -20\%), comprising median reductions for visits of 42\%(-53\% to -32\%), admissions, 28\%(-40\% to -17\%), diagnostics, 31\%(-53\% to -24\%), and for therapeutics, 30\%(-57\% to -19\%). Among 35 studies reporting secondary outcomes, there were 60 estimates, with 27(45\%) reporting larger reductions in utilisation among people with a milder spectrum of illness, and 33 (55\%) reporting no change. Conclusions Healthcare utilisation decreased by about a third during the pandemic, with considerable variation, and with greater reductions among people with less severe illness. While addressing unmet need remains a priority, studies of health impacts of reductions may help health-systems prioritise higher-value care in the post-pandemic recovery. Funding, Study registration No funding was required. PROSPERO: CRD42020203729 Strengths and limitations of this study -- The review is the first broad synthesis of global studies of pandemic related changes in utilisation across all categories of healthcare services. -- The review provides novel findings informing design of future studies of pandemic-related changes in utilisation and its impacts. -- Limitations include the possibility of publication bias and the potential of our eligibility criteria to exclude important data sources such as studies in single-centres and unpublished datasets from health systems. -- Heterogenous designs and settings precluding meta-analysis.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36573,7 +36573,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {0002-8282}, doi = {10.1257/aer.96.4.1225}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {This paper addresses the question of how traditional institutions interact with the forces of globalization to shape the economic mobility and welfare of particular groups of individuals in the new economy. We explore the role of one such traditional institution{\textemdash}the caste system{\textemdash}in shaping career choices by gender in Bombay using new survey data on school enrollment and income over the past 20 years. We find that male working-class{\textemdash}lower-caste{\textemdash}networks continue to channel boys into local language schools that lead to the traditional occupation, despite the fact that returns to nontraditional white-collar occupations rose substantially in the 1990s, suggesting the possibility of a dynamic inefficiency. In contrast, lower-caste girls, who historically had low labor market participation rates and so did not benefit from the network, are taking full advantage of the opportunities that became available in the new economy by switching rapidly to English schools.}, + abstract = {This paper addresses the question of how traditional institutions interact with the forces of globalization to shape the economic mobility and welfare of particular groups of individuals in the new economy. We explore the role of one such traditional institution---the caste system---in shaping career choices by gender in Bombay using new survey data on school enrollment and income over the past 20 years. We find that male working-class---lower-caste---networks continue to channel boys into local language schools that lead to the traditional occupation, despite the fact that returns to nontraditional white-collar occupations rose substantially in the 1990s, suggesting the possibility of a dynamic inefficiency. In contrast, lower-caste girls, who historically had low labor market participation rates and so did not benefit from the network, are taking full advantage of the opportunities that became available in the new economy by switching rapidly to English schools.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -36812,7 +36812,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {1559-047X}, doi = {10.1097/BCR.0000000000000156}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {The objective was to determine long-term psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) in young adult survivors of pediatric burns using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II (WHODAS) and the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B). Fifty burn survivors 2.5 to 12.5 years postburn (16{\textendash}21.5 years old; 56\% male, 82\% Hispanic) completed the WHODAS and BSHS-B. The WHODAS measures health and disability and the BSHS-B measures psychosocial and physical difficulties. Scores were calculated for each instrument, and then grouped by years postburn, TBSA, sex, burn age, and survey age to compare the effects of each. Next, the instruments were compared with each other. The WHODAS disability score mean was 14.4 {$\pm$} 2.1. BSHS-B domain scores ranged from 3 to 3.7. In general, as TBSA burned increased, QOL decreased. Female burn survivors, survivors burned prior to school entry, and adolescents who had yet to transition into adulthood reported better QOL than their counterparts. In all domains except Participation, the WHODAS consistently identified more individuals with lower QOL than the BSHS-B. Young adult burn survivors' QOL features more disability than their nonburned counterparts, but score in the upper 25\% for QOL on the BSHS-B. This analysis revealed the need for long-term psychosocial intervention for survivors with larger TBSA, males, those burned after school entry, and those transitioning into adulthood. Both instruments are useful tools for assessing burn survivors' QOL and both should be given as they discern different individuals. However, the WHODAS is more sensitive than the BSHS-B in identifying QOL issues.}, + abstract = {The objective was to determine long-term psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) in young adult survivors of pediatric burns using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II (WHODAS) and the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B). Fifty burn survivors 2.5 to 12.5 years postburn (16--21.5 years old; 56\% male, 82\% Hispanic) completed the WHODAS and BSHS-B. The WHODAS measures health and disability and the BSHS-B measures psychosocial and physical difficulties. Scores were calculated for each instrument, and then grouped by years postburn, TBSA, sex, burn age, and survey age to compare the effects of each. Next, the instruments were compared with each other. The WHODAS disability score mean was 14.4 {\textpm} 2.1. BSHS-B domain scores ranged from 3 to 3.7. In general, as TBSA burned increased, QOL decreased. Female burn survivors, survivors burned prior to school entry, and adolescents who had yet to transition into adulthood reported better QOL than their counterparts. In all domains except Participation, the WHODAS consistently identified more individuals with lower QOL than the BSHS-B. Young adult burn survivors' QOL features more disability than their nonburned counterparts, but score in the upper 25\% for QOL on the BSHS-B. This analysis revealed the need for long-term psychosocial intervention for survivors with larger TBSA, males, those burned after school entry, and those transitioning into adulthood. Both instruments are useful tools for assessing burn survivors' QOL and both should be given as they discern different individuals. However, the WHODAS is more sensitive than the BSHS-B in identifying QOL issues.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::disability,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -36844,7 +36844,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {2731-4383}, doi = {10.1007/s44192-022-00005-2}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract In the current COVID-19 pandemic there are reports of deteriorating psychological conditions among university students in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but very little is known about the gender differences in the mental health conditions on this population. This study aims to assess generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among university students using a gender lens during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based Google forms between May 2020 and August 2020 among 605 current students of two universities in Bangladesh. Within the total 605 study participants, 59.5\% (360) were female. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety disorder was 61.8\% among females and 38.2\% among males. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were 2.21 times more likely to have anxiety compared to males [AOR: 2.21; CI 95\% (1.28{\textendash}53.70); p-value: 0.004] and participants' age was negatively associated with increased levels of anxiety (AOR\,=\,0.17; 95\% CI\,=\,0.05{\textendash}0.57; p \,=\,0.001). In addition, participants who were worried about academic delays were more anxious than those who were not worried about it (AOR: 2.82; 95\% CI 1.50{\textendash}5.31, p \,=\,0.001). These findings of this study will add value to the existing limited evidence and strongly advocate in designing gender-specific, low-intensity interventions to ensure comprehensive mental health services for the young adult population of Bangladesh.}, + abstract = {Abstract In the current COVID-19 pandemic there are reports of deteriorating psychological conditions among university students in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but very little is known about the gender differences in the mental health conditions on this population. This study aims to assess generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among university students using a gender lens during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based Google forms between May 2020 and August 2020 among 605 current students of two universities in Bangladesh. Within the total 605 study participants, 59.5\% (360) were female. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety disorder was 61.8\% among females and 38.2\% among males. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, females were 2.21 times more likely to have anxiety compared to males [AOR: 2.21; CI 95\% (1.28--53.70); p-value: 0.004] and participants' age was negatively associated with increased levels of anxiety (AOR\,=\,0.17; 95\% CI\,=\,0.05--0.57; p \,=\,0.001). In addition, participants who were worried about academic delays were more anxious than those who were not worried about it (AOR: 2.82; 95\% CI 1.50--5.31, p \,=\,0.001). These findings of this study will add value to the existing limited evidence and strongly advocate in designing gender-specific, low-intensity interventions to ensure comprehensive mental health services for the young adult population of Bangladesh.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -37009,7 +37009,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {0008-543X, 1097-0142}, doi = {10.1002/cncr.11363}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract BACKGROUND With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors. METHODS The long-term follow-up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety-four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports. Cancer 2003;10:2554{\textendash}64. {\copyright} 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11363 , Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage). Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, as was having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional support.}, + abstract = {Abstract BACKGROUND With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors. METHODS The long-term follow-up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety-four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports. Cancer 2003;10:2554--64. {\copyright} 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11363 , Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage). Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, as was having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional support.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BIB868LC/Nagarajan et al_2003_Education, employment, insurance, and marital status among 694 survivors of.pdf} @@ -37157,7 +37157,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {0046-2772, 1099-0992}, doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2702}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Despite the fact that women face socially and politically sanctioned disadvantages every day, a large percentage of women and men report that gender discrimination is no longer a problem. Across three studies, which together include over 20,000 participants from 23 countries, we test the hypothesis that denial (vs. acknowledgement) of gender discrimination is associated with higher subjective well-being among women (Studies 1{\textendash}3), and this is because denying gender discrimination promotes the view that the system is fair (Study 1). We further show that this happens above and beyond personal experiences with sexism (Study 1) and that the association is stronger in countries where sexism is relatively high (vs. low; Study 3). We argue that denial of discrimination is an individual-level coping mechanism and that, like other self-group distancing strategies, it may perpetuate gender inequality.}, + abstract = {Abstract Despite the fact that women face socially and politically sanctioned disadvantages every day, a large percentage of women and men report that gender discrimination is no longer a problem. Across three studies, which together include over 20,000 participants from 23 countries, we test the hypothesis that denial (vs. acknowledgement) of gender discrimination is associated with higher subjective well-being among women (Studies 1--3), and this is because denying gender discrimination promotes the view that the system is fair (Study 1). We further show that this happens above and beyond personal experiences with sexism (Study 1) and that the association is stronger in countries where sexism is relatively high (vs. low; Study 3). We argue that denial of discrimination is an individual-level coping mechanism and that, like other self-group distancing strategies, it may perpetuate gender inequality.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -37339,7 +37339,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979390405800102}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Living wage laws are touted as anti-poverty measures. Yet they apply to only a small fraction of workers, most commonly covering only employers with city contracts. The apparent contradiction between broad anti-poverty goals and narrow coverage suggests that goals other than poverty reduction may partly underlie living wage campaigns. This paper considers the hypothesis that living wage laws act to maintain or increase rents among unionized municipal workers. By raising the wages that city contractors would have to pay, living wage laws may reduce the incentives for cities to contract out work that would otherwise be done by unionized municipal employees, hence increasing the bargaining power of municipal unions and leading to higher wages for their members. The evidence presented here, from an analysis of CPS data for 1996{\textendash}2000, indicates that the wages of unionized municipal workers are indeed increased as a result of living wage laws covering contractors.}, + abstract = {Living wage laws are touted as anti-poverty measures. Yet they apply to only a small fraction of workers, most commonly covering only employers with city contracts. The apparent contradiction between broad anti-poverty goals and narrow coverage suggests that goals other than poverty reduction may partly underlie living wage campaigns. This paper considers the hypothesis that living wage laws act to maintain or increase rents among unionized municipal workers. By raising the wages that city contractors would have to pay, living wage laws may reduce the incentives for cities to contract out work that would otherwise be done by unionized municipal employees, hence increasing the bargaining power of municipal unions and leading to higher wages for their members. The evidence presented here, from an analysis of CPS data for 1996--2000, indicates that the wages of unionized municipal workers are indeed increased as a result of living wage laws covering contractors.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -37758,7 +37758,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o pages = {661--684}, publisher = {{Wiley}}, doi = {10.1111/roiw.12240}, - abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975{\textendash}2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, + abstract = {{$<$}jats:title{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/jats:title{$><$}jats:p{$>$}This paper measures trends in global interpersonal inequality during 1975--2010 using data from the most recent version of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). The picture that emerges using `absolute,' and even `centrist' measures of inequality, is very different from the results obtained using standard `relative' inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient or Coefficient of Variation. Relative global inequality has declined substantially over the decades. In contrast, `absolute' inequality, as captured by the Standard Deviation and Absolute Gini, has increased considerably and unabated. Like these `absolute' measures, our `centrist' inequality indicators, the Krtscha measure and an intermediate Gini, also register a pronounced increase in global inequality, albeit, in the case of the latter, with a decline during 2005 to 2010. A critical question posed by our findings is whether increased levels of inequality according to absolute and centrist measures are inevitable at today's per capita income levels. Our analysis suggests that it is not possible for absolute inequality to return to 1975 levels without further convergence in mean incomes among countries. Inequality, as captured by centrist measures such as the Krtscha, could return to 1975 levels, at today's domestic and global per capita income levels, but this would require quite dramatic structural reforms to reduce domestic inequality levels in most countries.{$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CP9LILE2/Niño-Zarazúa et al_2017_Global Inequality.pdf} } @@ -37802,7 +37802,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o } @article{Njamnshi2009a, - title = {Secondary School Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice toward Epilepsy in the {{Batibo Health District}}{\textemdash}{{Cameroon}}}, + title = {Secondary School Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice toward Epilepsy in the {{Batibo Health District}}---{{Cameroon}}}, author = {Njamnshi, Alfred K. and Angwafor, Samuel A. and Jallon, Pierre and Muna, Walinjom F. T.}, year = {2009}, month = may, @@ -37867,7 +37867,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o } @article{Njamnshi2009e, - title = {Public Awareness, Perceptions, and Attitudes with Respect to Epilepsy in {{Ebolowa}} and {{Sangmelima}}{\textemdash}{{Urban Cameroon}}}, + title = {Public Awareness, Perceptions, and Attitudes with Respect to Epilepsy in {{Ebolowa}} and {{Sangmelima}}---{{Urban Cameroon}}}, author = {Njamnshi, Alfred K. and Yepnjio, Faustin N. and Tabah, Earnest N. and Dema, Fid{\`e}le and Angwafor, Samuel A. and Fonsah, Julius Y. and Angwafo, Fru F. and Muna, Walinjom F.T.}, year = {2009}, month = apr, @@ -38017,7 +38017,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727}, doi = {10.1079/PHN2005756}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To study changes in lifestyle in relation to changes in body weight and waist circumference associated with occupational retirement in men. Design A prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. At baseline and at follow-up, questionnaires were completed and body weight and waist circumference were measured. Setting The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands. Subjects In total 288 healthy men aged 50{\textendash}65 years at baseline, who either remained employed or retired over follow-up. Results The effect of retirement on changes in weight and waist circumference was dependent on type of former occupation. Increase in body weight and waist circumference was higher among men who retired from active jobs (0.42 kg year -1 and 0.77 cm year -1 , respectively) than among men who retired from sedentary jobs (0.08 kg year -1 and 0.23 cm year -1 , respectively). Weight gain and increase in waist circumference were associated with a decrease in fruit consumption and fibre density of the diet, with an increase in frequency of eating breakfast, and with a decrease in several physical activities, such as household activities, bicycling, walking and doing odd jobs. Conclusion Retirement was associated with an increase in weight and waist circumference among those with former active jobs, but not among those with former sedentary jobs. Retirement may bring opportunities for healthy changes in diet and physical activity, which could be used in health promotion programmes.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To study changes in lifestyle in relation to changes in body weight and waist circumference associated with occupational retirement in men. Design A prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. At baseline and at follow-up, questionnaires were completed and body weight and waist circumference were measured. Setting The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands. Subjects In total 288 healthy men aged 50--65 years at baseline, who either remained employed or retired over follow-up. Results The effect of retirement on changes in weight and waist circumference was dependent on type of former occupation. Increase in body weight and waist circumference was higher among men who retired from active jobs (0.42 kg year -1 and 0.77 cm year -1 , respectively) than among men who retired from sedentary jobs (0.08 kg year -1 and 0.23 cm year -1 , respectively). Weight gain and increase in waist circumference were associated with a decrease in fruit consumption and fibre density of the diet, with an increase in frequency of eating breakfast, and with a decrease in several physical activities, such as household activities, bicycling, walking and doing odd jobs. Conclusion Retirement was associated with an increase in weight and waist circumference among those with former active jobs, but not among those with former sedentary jobs. Retirement may bring opportunities for healthy changes in diet and physical activity, which could be used in health promotion programmes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -38523,13 +38523,13 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {0731-1214, 1533-8673}, doi = {10.2307/1389574}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {We examine evidence for supply-side explanations of occupational sex segregation, using the 1979{\textendash}93 NLSY. Supply-side explanations, such as those derived from neoclassical economic theory and gender socialization, look to individual characteristics of workers, such as values, aspirations, and roles, to explain occupational outcomes. Contrary to human capital theory, we find no tendency for individuals with early plans for employment intermittency or more actual breaks in employment to work in predominantly female occupations. This suggests that women who anticipate breaks in employment do not choose female occupations because of lower wage penalties for time out of the labor force. A second neoclassical view, from the theory of compensating differentials, posits that women sacrifice some pay for ``mother-friendly'' features of jobs. Consistent with this, white and Latina mothers are in more female jobs than are nonmothers, but the opposite is true for African-American women. The gender socialization perspective posits a long-term effect of gendered attitudes and aspirations formed in youth. Consistent with this, we find that those aspiring to or expecting to work in predominantly female jobs are in more heavily female jobs fourteen years later. Also, for women (but not men), more liberal gender role attitudes predicts working in a more sex-typical occupation. For men (but not women), having had either a father or mother who worked in a female occupation predicts working in a more heavily female occupation.}, + abstract = {We examine evidence for supply-side explanations of occupational sex segregation, using the 1979--93 NLSY. Supply-side explanations, such as those derived from neoclassical economic theory and gender socialization, look to individual characteristics of workers, such as values, aspirations, and roles, to explain occupational outcomes. Contrary to human capital theory, we find no tendency for individuals with early plans for employment intermittency or more actual breaks in employment to work in predominantly female occupations. This suggests that women who anticipate breaks in employment do not choose female occupations because of lower wage penalties for time out of the labor force. A second neoclassical view, from the theory of compensating differentials, posits that women sacrifice some pay for ``mother-friendly'' features of jobs. Consistent with this, white and Latina mothers are in more female jobs than are nonmothers, but the opposite is true for African-American women. The gender socialization perspective posits a long-term effect of gendered attitudes and aspirations formed in youth. Consistent with this, we find that those aspiring to or expecting to work in predominantly female jobs are in more heavily female jobs fourteen years later. Also, for women (but not men), more liberal gender role attitudes predicts working in a more sex-typical occupation. For men (but not women), having had either a father or mother who worked in a female occupation predicts working in a more heavily female occupation.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @article{Okonofua2011, - title = {Advocacy for Free Maternal and Child Health Care in {{Nigeria}}{\textemdash}{{Results}} and Outcomes}, + title = {Advocacy for Free Maternal and Child Health Care in {{Nigeria}}---{{Results}} and Outcomes}, author = {Okonofua, Friday and Lambo, Eyitayo and Okeibunor, John and Agholor, Kingsley}, year = {2011}, month = feb, @@ -38791,7 +38791,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, doi = {10.1177/001979398303600407}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Previous research has suggested that intra-occupational earnings differences are the principal source of the long-standing earnings gap between men and women. Following that line of research, this study examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Drawing on the Quality of Employment Panel, the authors compare the earnings and promotion experience of men and women over the period 1973{\textendash}1977. After controlling for unmeasured differences in job level and constant individual ability in a fixed-effect model, they conclude that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women. Further analysis indicates, however, that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. Although the female/male wage ratio in this sample increased by nearly 6 percent over four years, the increase could have been as much as 9.2 percent if women and men had been held to the same promotion standards.}, + abstract = {Previous research has suggested that intra-occupational earnings differences are the principal source of the long-standing earnings gap between men and women. Following that line of research, this study examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Drawing on the Quality of Employment Panel, the authors compare the earnings and promotion experience of men and women over the period 1973--1977. After controlling for unmeasured differences in job level and constant individual ability in a fixed-effect model, they conclude that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women. Further analysis indicates, however, that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. Although the female/male wage ratio in this sample increased by nearly 6 percent over four years, the increase could have been as much as 9.2 percent if women and men had been held to the same promotion standards.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -38842,7 +38842,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2016.303327}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of the COMmunity of Practice And Safety Support (COMPASS) Total Worker Health intervention for home care workers. Methods. We randomized 16 clusters of workers (n\,=\,149) to intervention or usual-practice control conditions. The 12-month intervention was scripted and peer-led, and involved education on safety, health, and well-being; goal setting and self-monitoring; and structured social support. We collected measures at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, which included workers' experienced community of practice (i.e., people engaged in a common activity who interact regularly for shared learning and improvement). Implementation occurred during 2013 and 2014 in Oregon. Results. In an intent-to-treat analysis, relative to control, the intervention produced significant and sustained improvements in workers' experienced community of practice. Additional significant improvements included the use of ergonomic tools or techniques for physical work, safety communication with consumer{\textendash}employers, hazard correction in homes, fruit and vegetable consumption, lost work days because of injury, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and grip strength. Consumer{\textendash}employers' reports of caregiver safety behaviors also significantly improved. Conclusions. COMPASS was effective for improving home care workers' social resources and simultaneously impacted both safety and health factors.}, + abstract = {Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of the COMmunity of Practice And Safety Support (COMPASS) Total Worker Health intervention for home care workers. Methods. We randomized 16 clusters of workers (n\,=\,149) to intervention or usual-practice control conditions. The 12-month intervention was scripted and peer-led, and involved education on safety, health, and well-being; goal setting and self-monitoring; and structured social support. We collected measures at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, which included workers' experienced community of practice (i.e., people engaged in a common activity who interact regularly for shared learning and improvement). Implementation occurred during 2013 and 2014 in Oregon. Results. In an intent-to-treat analysis, relative to control, the intervention produced significant and sustained improvements in workers' experienced community of practice. Additional significant improvements included the use of ergonomic tools or techniques for physical work, safety communication with consumer--employers, hazard correction in homes, fruit and vegetable consumption, lost work days because of injury, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and grip strength. Consumer--employers' reports of caregiver safety behaviors also significantly improved. Conclusions. COMPASS was effective for improving home care workers' social resources and simultaneously impacted both safety and health factors.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -39047,7 +39047,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o } @article{Ortiz2011, - title = {Global {{Inequality}}: {{Beyond}} the {{Bottom Billion}} {\textendash} {{A Rapid Review}} of {{Income Distribution}} in 141 {{Countries}}}, + title = {Global {{Inequality}}: {{Beyond}} the {{Bottom Billion}} -- {{A Rapid Review}} of {{Income Distribution}} in 141 {{Countries}}}, shorttitle = {Global {{Inequality}}}, author = {Ortiz, Isabel and Cummins, Matthew}, year = {2011}, @@ -39435,8 +39435,8 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o } @article{Ozler2020, - title = {Girl {{Empower}} {\textendash} {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing: {{Impact}} Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in {{Liberia}}}, - shorttitle = {Girl {{Empower}} {\textendash} {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing}, + title = {Girl {{Empower}} -- {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing: {{Impact}} Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in {{Liberia}}}, + shorttitle = {Girl {{Empower}} -- {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing}, author = {{\"O}zler, Berk and Hallman, Kelly and Guimond, Marie-France and Kelvin, Elizabeth A. and Rogers, Marian and Karnley, Esther}, year = {2020}, month = apr, @@ -39504,7 +39504,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {1756-1833}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.i6473}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {For four years in the mid-1970s an unusual experiment took place in the small Canadian town of Dauphin. Statistically significant benefits for those who took part included fewer physician contacts related to mental health and fewer hospital admissions for ``accident and injury.'' Mental health diagnoses in Dauphin also fell. Once the experiment ended, these public health benefits evaporated.1 What was the treatment being tested? It was what has become known as a basic income{\textemdash}a regular, unconditional payment made to each and every citizen. This ground breaking experiment, an early randomised trial in the social policy sphere, ran out of money before full statistical analysisafter a loss of political interest. The link between inequality and poor health outcomes is long established.2 The actual mechanisms behind that link are less understood. The data from the Dauphin study, re-examined by a team from the University of Manitoba in the 2000s, suggest {\dots}}, + abstract = {For four years in the mid-1970s an unusual experiment took place in the small Canadian town of Dauphin. Statistically significant benefits for those who took part included fewer physician contacts related to mental health and fewer hospital admissions for ``accident and injury.'' Mental health diagnoses in Dauphin also fell. Once the experiment ended, these public health benefits evaporated.1 What was the treatment being tested? It was what has become known as a basic income---a regular, unconditional payment made to each and every citizen. This ground breaking experiment, an early randomised trial in the social policy sphere, ran out of money before full statistical analysisafter a loss of political interest. The link between inequality and poor health outcomes is long established.2 The actual mechanisms behind that link are less understood. The data from the Dauphin study, re-examined by a team from the University of Manitoba in the 2000s, suggest {\dots}}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::ubi} } @@ -39610,7 +39610,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {1448-5028}, doi = {10.1071/SH10025}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Background: Early marriage is common in many developing countries, including India. Women who marry early have little power within their marriage, particularly in the sexual domain. Research is limited on women's ability to control their marital sexual experiences. Methods: We identified factors affecting sexual communication among married women aged 16{\textendash}25, in Bangalore, India, and how factors associated with sexual communication differed from those influencing non-sexual agency. We ran ordered logit regression models for one outcome of sexual agency (sexual communication, n\,=\,735) and two outcomes of non-sexual agency (fertility control, n\,=\,735, and financial decision-making, n\,=\,728). Results: Sexual communication was more restricted (83 women (11.3\%) with high sexual communication) than financial decision-making (183 women (25.1\%) with high financial decision-making agency) and fertility control (238 women (32.4\%) with high fertility control). Feeling prepared before the first sexual experience was significantly associated with sexual communication (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.8; 95\% confidence interval (CI)\,=\,1.13{\textendash}2.89). Longer marriage duration (OR 2.13; 95\% CI\,=\,1.42{\textendash}3.20) and having worked pre-marriage (OR 1.38; 95\% CI\,=\,1.02{\textendash}1.86) were also significant. Few other measures of women's resources increased their odds of sexual communication. Education, having children, pre-marital vocational training and marital intimacy were significant for non-sexual outcomes but not sexual communication. Conclusions: Policy-makers seeking to enhance young married women's sexual communication need to consider providing sex education to young women before they marry. More broadly, interventions designed to increase women's agency need to be tailored to the type of agency being examined.}, + abstract = {Background: Early marriage is common in many developing countries, including India. Women who marry early have little power within their marriage, particularly in the sexual domain. Research is limited on women's ability to control their marital sexual experiences. Methods: We identified factors affecting sexual communication among married women aged 16--25, in Bangalore, India, and how factors associated with sexual communication differed from those influencing non-sexual agency. We ran ordered logit regression models for one outcome of sexual agency (sexual communication, n\,=\,735) and two outcomes of non-sexual agency (fertility control, n\,=\,735, and financial decision-making, n\,=\,728). Results: Sexual communication was more restricted (83 women (11.3\%) with high sexual communication) than financial decision-making (183 women (25.1\%) with high financial decision-making agency) and fertility control (238 women (32.4\%) with high fertility control). Feeling prepared before the first sexual experience was significantly associated with sexual communication (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.8; 95\% confidence interval (CI)\,=\,1.13--2.89). Longer marriage duration (OR 2.13; 95\% CI\,=\,1.42--3.20) and having worked pre-marriage (OR 1.38; 95\% CI\,=\,1.02--1.86) were also significant. Few other measures of women's resources increased their odds of sexual communication. Education, having children, pre-marital vocational training and marital intimacy were significant for non-sexual outcomes but not sexual communication. Conclusions: Policy-makers seeking to enhance young married women's sexual communication need to consider providing sex education to young women before they marry. More broadly, interventions designed to increase women's agency need to be tailored to the type of agency being examined.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -39627,7 +39627,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {1545-5009, 1545-5017}, doi = {10.1002/pbc.21226}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Background With increased cure, childhood cancer survivors are reaching adulthood and seeking employment. Host, disease and treatment risk factors may contribute to inability to attain or maintain employment. Procedure The prevalence and risk factors for unemployment were evaluated using self-reported employment history in 10,399 childhood cancer survivors and 3,083 siblings\,{$\geq$}\,age 18 in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Results Among survivors, 5.6\% reported unemployment, compared with 1.2\% of siblings (odds ratio [OR] 3.7; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 2.6, 5.1). Increased risks were observed within all cancer diagnoses. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumor (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.1, 2.1), bone cancer (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.0, 2.1), treatment with {$\geq$}30 Gy cranial radiotherapy (OR 4.0; 95\% CI 2.9, 5.5), female gender (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.2, 1.7) and age\,{$<$}\,4 years at diagnosis (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.1, 1.8) increased risk. Diagnosis of CNS or bone tumor or cranial radiotherapy {$\geq$}30 Gy remained significant after adjusting for treatment, medical late effects, age and gender. Risk of unemployment decreased with attained age (OR (year) 0.89; 95\% CI 0.87, 0.91). Conclusions Compared to siblings, adult childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for unemployment with highest risk defined by diagnosis, treatment and demographic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:104{\textendash}110. {\copyright} 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background With increased cure, childhood cancer survivors are reaching adulthood and seeking employment. Host, disease and treatment risk factors may contribute to inability to attain or maintain employment. Procedure The prevalence and risk factors for unemployment were evaluated using self-reported employment history in 10,399 childhood cancer survivors and 3,083 siblings\,{$\geq$}\,age 18 in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Results Among survivors, 5.6\% reported unemployment, compared with 1.2\% of siblings (odds ratio [OR] 3.7; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 2.6, 5.1). Increased risks were observed within all cancer diagnoses. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumor (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.1, 2.1), bone cancer (OR 1.5; 95\% CI 1.0, 2.1), treatment with {$\geq$}30 Gy cranial radiotherapy (OR 4.0; 95\% CI 2.9, 5.5), female gender (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.2, 1.7) and age\,{$<$}\,4 years at diagnosis (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.1, 1.8) increased risk. Diagnosis of CNS or bone tumor or cranial radiotherapy {$\geq$}30 Gy remained significant after adjusting for treatment, medical late effects, age and gender. Risk of unemployment decreased with attained age (OR (year) 0.89; 95\% CI 0.87, 0.91). Conclusions Compared to siblings, adult childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for unemployment with highest risk defined by diagnosis, treatment and demographic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:104--110. {\copyright} 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -40058,7 +40058,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o } @article{PeetersGrietens2012, - title = {What {{Role Do Traditional Beliefs Play}} in {{Treatment Seeking}} and {{Delay}} for {{Buruli Ulcer Disease}}?{\textendash}{{Insights}} from a {{Mixed Methods Study}} in {{Cameroon}}}, + title = {What {{Role Do Traditional Beliefs Play}} in {{Treatment Seeking}} and {{Delay}} for {{Buruli Ulcer Disease}}?--{{Insights}} from a {{Mixed Methods Study}} in {{Cameroon}}}, shorttitle = {What {{Role Do Traditional Beliefs Play}} in {{Treatment Seeking}} and {{Delay}} for {{Buruli Ulcer Disease}}?}, author = {Peeters Grietens, Koen and Toomer, Elizabeth and Um Boock, Alphonse and {Hausmann-Muela}, Susanna and Peeters, Hans and Kanobana, Kirezi and Gryseels, Charlotte and Ribera, Joan Muela}, editor = {Harpending, Henry}, @@ -40192,7 +40192,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0257193}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 17 th {\textemdash}May 11 th 2020) on violence against women in France. Methods A prospective survey was conducted online between April 2th 2020 and July 5 th 2020. Female respondents were recruited from social media networks using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected three times: during (2{\textendash}19 April) and at the end (11{\textendash}25 May) of the first lockdown, and following the first lockdown (20 June{\textendash} 05 July). Sociodemographic variables, lockdown living conditions, financial impact of COVID, and history of psychiatric disorder were evaluated, together with changes in psychological distress over the lockdown period, and the risk of being assaulted post lockdown. Results Psychological distress was elevated and remained stable for most of the 1538 female respondents during lockdown. More than 7\% of women were affected by physical or sexual violence post lockdown. Unwanted sexual contact accounted for the majority of abuse, but physical and sexual assault were also prevalent. The risk of being abused was higher for participants who had changed anxiety/insomnia symptoms over the lockdown period, and a history of abuse. Discussion Women who experienced changes in anxiety/insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown were at higher risk than others of being assaulted post lockdown, especially when they were already socially vulnerable. While social and psychological factors accounting for these changes warrant further investigation, communication and preventive measures during pandemics should include initiatives tailored to women more vulnerable to violence.}, + abstract = {Background The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 17 th ---May 11 th 2020) on violence against women in France. Methods A prospective survey was conducted online between April 2th 2020 and July 5 th 2020. Female respondents were recruited from social media networks using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected three times: during (2--19 April) and at the end (11--25 May) of the first lockdown, and following the first lockdown (20 June-- 05 July). Sociodemographic variables, lockdown living conditions, financial impact of COVID, and history of psychiatric disorder were evaluated, together with changes in psychological distress over the lockdown period, and the risk of being assaulted post lockdown. Results Psychological distress was elevated and remained stable for most of the 1538 female respondents during lockdown. More than 7\% of women were affected by physical or sexual violence post lockdown. Unwanted sexual contact accounted for the majority of abuse, but physical and sexual assault were also prevalent. The risk of being abused was higher for participants who had changed anxiety/insomnia symptoms over the lockdown period, and a history of abuse. Discussion Women who experienced changes in anxiety/insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown were at higher risk than others of being assaulted post lockdown, especially when they were already socially vulnerable. While social and psychological factors accounting for these changes warrant further investigation, communication and preventive measures during pandemics should include initiatives tailored to women more vulnerable to violence.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -40402,7 +40402,7 @@ migration.}, issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-09-2013-0070}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to highlight how women managers in Swedish higher education (HE) both support and resist policies about equal representation, and to discuss which factors influenced if, and how, these managers took on the role as change agents for gender equality. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The paper draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with 22 women in senior academic management positions (vice-chancellors, pro vice-chancellors, deans and pro deans) in ten Swedish HE institutions. Findings {\textendash} The paper highlights how these women situated themselves in an academic context where gender relations were changing. They supported equal representation policies in their everyday managerial practice and also by accepting management positions that they were nominated and elected to on the basis of such policies. However, they also resisted these policies when they experienced a need to ``protect'' women from being exploited ``in the name of gender equality''. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The paper addresses the call for research on the role of women managers in promoting, or preventing, change towards more gender balanced organizations. The paper builds on a small qualitative study with women only interviews. The study is therefore to be considered as explorative. Practical implications {\textendash} The paper makes a contribution to the research literature in the area of gender and change in academic organizations. The findings highlight how policies have different consequences in different settings and that people use their own (different) experiences when interpreting the effects of these policies. The findings thus show the varying impacts equal representation policies can have on women. Originality/value {\textendash} The discussion in the paper is situated in a unique empirical context characterized by demographic feminization and organizational restructuring. Most international literature on women in HE and in HE management is based on US or UK contexts. Swedish HE therefore provides an interesting setting. The analysis also addresses the call for more research that takes into account the multifaceted character of HE and that discusses disciplinary differences.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to highlight how women managers in Swedish higher education (HE) both support and resist policies about equal representation, and to discuss which factors influenced if, and how, these managers took on the role as change agents for gender equality. Design/methodology/approach -- The paper draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with 22 women in senior academic management positions (vice-chancellors, pro vice-chancellors, deans and pro deans) in ten Swedish HE institutions. Findings -- The paper highlights how these women situated themselves in an academic context where gender relations were changing. They supported equal representation policies in their everyday managerial practice and also by accepting management positions that they were nominated and elected to on the basis of such policies. However, they also resisted these policies when they experienced a need to ``protect'' women from being exploited ``in the name of gender equality''. Research limitations/implications -- The paper addresses the call for research on the role of women managers in promoting, or preventing, change towards more gender balanced organizations. The paper builds on a small qualitative study with women only interviews. The study is therefore to be considered as explorative. Practical implications -- The paper makes a contribution to the research literature in the area of gender and change in academic organizations. The findings highlight how policies have different consequences in different settings and that people use their own (different) experiences when interpreting the effects of these policies. The findings thus show the varying impacts equal representation policies can have on women. Originality/value -- The discussion in the paper is situated in a unique empirical context characterized by demographic feminization and organizational restructuring. Most international literature on women in HE and in HE management is based on US or UK contexts. Swedish HE therefore provides an interesting setting. The analysis also addresses the call for more research that takes into account the multifaceted character of HE and that discusses disciplinary differences.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -40832,7 +40832,7 @@ migration.}, } @article{Pingleton2016, - title = {Silent {{Bias}}: {{Challenges}}, {{Obstacles}}, and {{Strategies}} for {{Leadership Development}} in {{Academic Medicine}}{\textemdash}{{Lessons From Oral Histories}} of {{Women Professors}} at the {{University}} of {{Kansas}}}, + title = {Silent {{Bias}}: {{Challenges}}, {{Obstacles}}, and {{Strategies}} for {{Leadership Development}} in {{Academic Medicine}}---{{Lessons From Oral Histories}} of {{Women Professors}} at the {{University}} of {{Kansas}}}, shorttitle = {Silent {{Bias}}}, author = {Pingleton, Susan K. and Jones, Emily V.M. and Rosolowski, Tacey A. and Zimmerman, Mary K.}, year = {2016}, @@ -40877,7 +40877,7 @@ migration.}, pages = {142}, issn = {1475-9276}, doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01479-2}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960{\textendash}1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Persistent income inequality, the increase in precarious employment, the inadequacy of many welfare systems, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have increased interest in Basic Income (BI) interventions. Ensuring that social interventions, such as BI, are evaluated appropriately is key to ensuring their overall effectiveness. This systematic review therefore aims to report on available methods and domains of assessment, which have been used to evaluate BI interventions. These findings will assist in informing future program and research development and implementation. Methods Studies were identified through systematic searches of the indexed and grey literature (Databases included: Scopus, Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest databases, EBSCOhost Research Databases, and PsycINFO), hand-searching reference lists of included studies, and recommendations from experts. Citations were independently reviewed by two study team members. We included studies that reported on methods used to evaluate the impact of BI, incorporated primary data from an observational or experimental study, or were a protocol for a future BI study. We extracted information on the BI intervention, context and evaluation method. Results 86 eligible articles reported on 10 distinct BI interventions from the last six decades. Workforce participation was the most common outcome of interest among BI evaluations in the 1960--1980 era. During the 2000s, studies of BI expanded to include outcomes related to health, educational attainment, housing and other key facets of life impacted by individuals' income. Many BI interventions were tested in randomized controlled trials with data collected through surveys at multiple time points. Conclusions Over the last two decades, the assessment of the impact of BI interventions has evolved to include a wide array of outcomes. This shift in evaluation outcomes reflects the current hypothesis that investing in BI can result in lower spending on health and social care. Methods of evaluation ranged but emphasized the use of randomization, surveys, and existing data sources (i.e., administrative data). Our findings can inform future BI intervention studies and interventions by providing an overview of how previous BI interventions have been evaluated and commenting on the effectiveness of these methods. Registration This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42016051218).}, affiliation = {Pinto, AD (Corresponding Author), Unity Hlth Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Inst, MAP Ctr Urban Hlth Solut, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, AD (Corresponding Author), St Michaels Hosp, Dept Family \& Community Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D.; Perri, Melissa; Pedersen, Cheryl L.; Aratangy, Tatiana; Hapsari, Ayu Pinky; Hwang, Stephen W., Unity Hlth Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Inst, MAP Ctr Urban Hlth Solut, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D., St Michaels Hosp, Dept Family \& Community Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D., Univ Toronto, Dept Family \& Community Med, Fac Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Pinto, Andrew D.; Perri, Melissa; Hwang, Stephen W., Univ Toronto, Dalla Lana Sch Publ Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada. Hwang, Stephen W., Univ Toronto, Div Gen Internal Med, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada.}, author-email = {andrew.pinto@utoronto.ca}, da = {2023-11-02}, @@ -41514,7 +41514,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {0022-2445, 1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00240.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {We use the Philadelphia Survey of Child Care and Work to model the effect of child-care subsidies and other ecological demands and resources on the work hour, shift, and overtime problems of 191 low-income urban mothers. Comparing subsidy applicants who do and do not receive cash payments for child care, we find that mothers who receive subsidies are 21\% less likely to experience at least one work hour{\textendash}related problem on the job. Our results suggest that child-care subsidies do more than allow women to enter the labor force. Subsidies help make it easier for mothers in low-wage labor both to comply with employer demands for additional work hours and to earn the needed wages that accompany them.}, + abstract = {We use the Philadelphia Survey of Child Care and Work to model the effect of child-care subsidies and other ecological demands and resources on the work hour, shift, and overtime problems of 191 low-income urban mothers. Comparing subsidy applicants who do and do not receive cash payments for child care, we find that mothers who receive subsidies are 21\% less likely to experience at least one work hour--related problem on the job. Our results suggest that child-care subsidies do more than allow women to enter the labor force. Subsidies help make it easier for mothers in low-wage labor both to comply with employer demands for additional work hours and to earn the needed wages that accompany them.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -41633,7 +41633,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432}, doi = {10.1111/gwao.12203}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Although some research considers women's participation in traditionally male-dominated jobs as an `undoing' of the gender system, other scholars argue that women's participation in non-traditional roles can actually maintain hegemonic masculinity. Because women have recently entered the funeral industry in unprecedented numbers, the profession offers a unique context to study how women negotiate a sense of belonging in male-dominated fields. I draw on 22 interviews with women in the funeral industry to reveal how gender is done and undone in an occupational context. In what Hughey ( . Social Problems , 57 , 653{\textendash}679) refers to as a `paradox of participation', I argue that women in the funeral industry redefine the image of the ideal funeral director by using gender essentialist logic, which originally acted as a barrier to their entry to the field, to justify their participation. By showing how gender essentialism and egalitarianism can constitute reinforcing logics instead of an opposing binary, this research contributes to the literature concerning women in non-traditional roles.}, + abstract = {Although some research considers women's participation in traditionally male-dominated jobs as an `undoing' of the gender system, other scholars argue that women's participation in non-traditional roles can actually maintain hegemonic masculinity. Because women have recently entered the funeral industry in unprecedented numbers, the profession offers a unique context to study how women negotiate a sense of belonging in male-dominated fields. I draw on 22 interviews with women in the funeral industry to reveal how gender is done and undone in an occupational context. In what Hughey ( . Social Problems , 57 , 653--679) refers to as a `paradox of participation', I argue that women in the funeral industry redefine the image of the ideal funeral director by using gender essentialist logic, which originally acted as a barrier to their entry to the field, to justify their participation. By showing how gender essentialism and egalitarianism can constitute reinforcing logics instead of an opposing binary, this research contributes to the literature concerning women in non-traditional roles.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -41666,7 +41666,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {0033-1538, 1573-9090}, doi = {10.1007/s11125-016-9379-0}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {A girl's success in school{\textemdash}and after leaving school{\textemdash}is determined in part by the characteristics of and factors in her household and community. Many policies and programmes are based on an assumption that early marriage and adolescent pregnancy hamper continued progress toward gender equality in education. While education and age at marriage and pregnancy are positively correlated in many settings, evidence of a causal relationship is more limited. This review focuses on recent trends in policies and programmes on child marriage and adolescent pregnancy, and their effects on gender equality in education globally. It includes case studies from four countries{\textemdash}Bangladesh, Guatemala, Ethiopia, and Kenya{\textemdash}that shed light on the shared underlying factors that drive adolescent girls' risk of child marriage, pregnancy, and premature school leaving. It is clear that decisions about schooling and transitions to adulthood are so closely related that policies and programmes seeking to address any of these outcomes should incorporate all of them.}, + abstract = {A girl's success in school---and after leaving school---is determined in part by the characteristics of and factors in her household and community. Many policies and programmes are based on an assumption that early marriage and adolescent pregnancy hamper continued progress toward gender equality in education. While education and age at marriage and pregnancy are positively correlated in many settings, evidence of a causal relationship is more limited. This review focuses on recent trends in policies and programmes on child marriage and adolescent pregnancy, and their effects on gender equality in education globally. It includes case studies from four countries---Bangladesh, Guatemala, Ethiopia, and Kenya---that shed light on the shared underlying factors that drive adolescent girls' risk of child marriage, pregnancy, and premature school leaving. It is clear that decisions about schooling and transitions to adulthood are so closely related that policies and programmes seeking to address any of these outcomes should incorporate all of them.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::education,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -42001,7 +42001,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {1088-8683, 1532-7957}, doi = {10.1177/1088868320918698}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women's March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South{\textemdash}advantaged group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to participate. We propose that advantaged group members can be motivated to participate in these movements (a) to improve the status of the disadvantaged group, (b) on the condition that the status of their own group is maintained, (c) to meet their own personal needs, and (d) because this behavior aligns with their moral beliefs. We identify potential antecedents and behavioral outcomes associated with these motivations before describing the theoretical contribution our article makes to the psychological literature.}, + abstract = {White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women's March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South---advantaged group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to participate. We propose that advantaged group members can be motivated to participate in these movements (a) to improve the status of the disadvantaged group, (b) on the condition that the status of their own group is maintained, (c) to meet their own personal needs, and (d) because this behavior aligns with their moral beliefs. We identify potential antecedents and behavioral outcomes associated with these motivations before describing the theoretical contribution our article makes to the psychological literature.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -42085,7 +42085,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {1471-244X}, doi = {10.1186/s12888-021-03629-w}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Background The impact of the unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic had triggered new challenges for mental health. This quick survey aimed to identify the mental health status of physicians who served the people during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methodology The cross sectional survey was conducted adopting a quantitative approach and using an online questionnaire through Facebook Platform Group. Data was collected from August-October, 2020, on socio-demographic status, information on COVID-19 and questionnaires about Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 395 participants were enrolled from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Result Our study reported a higher prevalence of depression (55.3\%), anxiety (35.2\%), and stress (48.4\%) among 347 participants. Female physicians were found to have more stress (OR\,=\,2.16, 95\% CI: 1.09 {\textendash} 4.30) compared to the male. Physicians who were previously diagnosed as mentally ill were found to be significantly more depressed (OR\,=\,3.45, 95\% CI: 1.07 {\textendash} 11.10) and stressed (OR\,=\,4.22, 95\% CI: 1.48 {\textendash} 12.02) compared to them who did not. Along with that, having a chronic disease, working in non-government and COVID hospitals significantly contributed to poor mental health outcomes. Conclusion The study findings denoted that, the mental health of physicians was deeply affected by the pandemic situation. The availability of appropriate mental health support will help foster resilience by giving them the ability and confidence to manage crisis moments like the COVID-19 pandemic.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background The impact of the unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic had triggered new challenges for mental health. This quick survey aimed to identify the mental health status of physicians who served the people during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methodology The cross sectional survey was conducted adopting a quantitative approach and using an online questionnaire through Facebook Platform Group. Data was collected from August-October, 2020, on socio-demographic status, information on COVID-19 and questionnaires about Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 395 participants were enrolled from all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Result Our study reported a higher prevalence of depression (55.3\%), anxiety (35.2\%), and stress (48.4\%) among 347 participants. Female physicians were found to have more stress (OR\,=\,2.16, 95\% CI: 1.09 -- 4.30) compared to the male. Physicians who were previously diagnosed as mentally ill were found to be significantly more depressed (OR\,=\,3.45, 95\% CI: 1.07 -- 11.10) and stressed (OR\,=\,4.22, 95\% CI: 1.48 -- 12.02) compared to them who did not. Along with that, having a chronic disease, working in non-government and COVID hospitals significantly contributed to poor mental health outcomes. Conclusion The study findings denoted that, the mental health of physicians was deeply affected by the pandemic situation. The availability of appropriate mental health support will help foster resilience by giving them the ability and confidence to manage crisis moments like the COVID-19 pandemic.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -42244,7 +42244,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {0001-8392, 1930-3815}, doi = {10.1177/0001839217750868}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {To explore when and why workplace training facilitates the retention of first-time workers from historically underrepresented groups in formal employment, I combine ethnographic fieldwork at an Indian garment factory employing first-time women workers, personnel data over a two-year period, and survey data from a sample of new hires. I find that training is effective at preventing first-time women workers from dropping out soon after they are hired when it is conducted by trainers with many years of experience. Rather than focusing only on job-specific skills, training conducted by experienced trainers includes the basic work-readiness skills of self-presentation, interpersonal communication, work{\textendash}life separation, and self-reliance needed to survive at work. I find that first-time women workers quasi-randomly assigned to experienced trainers had about a 20-percent greater probability of being retained after three months, and these workers reported that they felt more ready for work than those assigned to less-experienced trainers. My results imply that for the majority of workers from historically underrepresented groups who are entering the workplace for the first time, training is important to foster their retention, and organizations that focus on both the attributes of the people delivering that training and its content have a greater chance of keeping these workers for the long term.}, + abstract = {To explore when and why workplace training facilitates the retention of first-time workers from historically underrepresented groups in formal employment, I combine ethnographic fieldwork at an Indian garment factory employing first-time women workers, personnel data over a two-year period, and survey data from a sample of new hires. I find that training is effective at preventing first-time women workers from dropping out soon after they are hired when it is conducted by trainers with many years of experience. Rather than focusing only on job-specific skills, training conducted by experienced trainers includes the basic work-readiness skills of self-presentation, interpersonal communication, work--life separation, and self-reliance needed to survive at work. I find that first-time women workers quasi-randomly assigned to experienced trainers had about a 20-percent greater probability of being retained after three months, and these workers reported that they felt more ready for work than those assigned to less-experienced trainers. My results imply that for the majority of workers from historically underrepresented groups who are entering the workplace for the first time, training is important to foster their retention, and organizations that focus on both the attributes of the people delivering that training and its content have a greater chance of keeping these workers for the long term.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -42389,7 +42389,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en pages = {620--642}, publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, doi = {10.1257/jel.20171419}, - abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books{\textemdash}that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, + abstract = {{$<$}jats:p{$>$} As normally measured, ``global inequality'' is the relative inequality of incomes found among all people in the world no matter where they live. Francois Bourguignon and Branko Milanovic have written insightful and timely books on global inequality, emphasizing the role of globalization. The books are complementary: Milanovic provides an ambitious broad-brush picture, with some intriguing hypotheses on the processes at work; Bourguignon provides a deep and suitably qualified economic analysis. This paper questions the thesis of both books---that globalization has been a major driving force of inequality between or within countries. The paper also questions the robustness of the evidence for declining global inequality, and notes some conceptual limitations of standard measures in capturing the concerns of many observers in the ongoing debates about globalization and the policy responses. ( JEL D31, D63, E25, F61, F63) {$<$}/jats:p{$>$}}, langid = {english}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/46HPABAW/Ravallion_2018_Inequality and Globalization.pdf} } @@ -42448,7 +42448,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-10-2012-0088}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to examine the rate of change of men and women's employment as university academic staff in Australia and Japan; and, drawing on quantitative methods, show differences in the rate of change since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. The author also includes a discussion of programmes designed to increase female participation in academic positions to provide background to the existing changes. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Using statistics published by the Ministries of Education of both countries, a time series of female participation at each level of academic staff was constructed. Breakpoint analysis is used to model the changes in the rate of change before and after the legislation was introduced. Findings {\textendash} Both Australia and Japan have seen an increase in female participation rates in academic employment at all levels since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. In addition, the rate of increase of female participation has increased at almost every level of academic staff in both countries between 1970 and 2010. Originality value {\textendash} Through setting out the changes in female participation at individual levels of academic staff in Japan and Australia, this study sets the stage for future qualitative work exploring why differences in the numbers of female and male staff continue. A further use is the provision of a clear data set for use in teaching and policy construction through showing the increases in female participation in academia between 1970 and 2010.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to examine the rate of change of men and women's employment as university academic staff in Australia and Japan; and, drawing on quantitative methods, show differences in the rate of change since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. The author also includes a discussion of programmes designed to increase female participation in academic positions to provide background to the existing changes. Design/methodology/approach -- Using statistics published by the Ministries of Education of both countries, a time series of female participation at each level of academic staff was constructed. Breakpoint analysis is used to model the changes in the rate of change before and after the legislation was introduced. Findings -- Both Australia and Japan have seen an increase in female participation rates in academic employment at all levels since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. In addition, the rate of increase of female participation has increased at almost every level of academic staff in both countries between 1970 and 2010. Originality value -- Through setting out the changes in female participation at individual levels of academic staff in Japan and Australia, this study sets the stage for future qualitative work exploring why differences in the numbers of female and male staff continue. A further use is the provision of a clear data set for use in teaching and policy construction through showing the increases in female participation in academia between 1970 and 2010.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -42679,7 +42679,7 @@ Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for en issn = {1461-6696, 1469-8307}, doi = {10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {COVID-19 and ensuing changes in mobility have altered employment relations for millions of people across the globe. Emerging evidence shows that women may be more severely affected by this change. The pandemic, however, may have an impact beyond the immediate restructuring of employment and shift gender-role attitudes within households as a result of changes in the division of household labor. We analyze a representative sample of respondents in the U.S., Germany, and Singapore and show that transitions to unemployment, reductions in working hours and transitions to working from home have been more frequent for women than for men {\textendash} although not to the same extent across the three countries. We also demonstrate that among couples who had been employed at the start of the pandemic, men express more egalitarian gender-role attitudes if they became unemployed but their partners remained employed, while women express more traditional attitudes if they became unemployed and their partners remained employed. These results indicate that gender-role attitudes might adapt to the lived realities. The long-term consequences will depend on how both men and women experience further shifts in their employment relations as economies recover.}, + abstract = {COVID-19 and ensuing changes in mobility have altered employment relations for millions of people across the globe. Emerging evidence shows that women may be more severely affected by this change. The pandemic, however, may have an impact beyond the immediate restructuring of employment and shift gender-role attitudes within households as a result of changes in the division of household labor. We analyze a representative sample of respondents in the U.S., Germany, and Singapore and show that transitions to unemployment, reductions in working hours and transitions to working from home have been more frequent for women than for men -- although not to the same extent across the three countries. We also demonstrate that among couples who had been employed at the start of the pandemic, men express more egalitarian gender-role attitudes if they became unemployed but their partners remained employed, while women express more traditional attitudes if they became unemployed and their partners remained employed. These results indicate that gender-role attitudes might adapt to the lived realities. The long-term consequences will depend on how both men and women experience further shifts in their employment relations as economies recover.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -42926,7 +42926,7 @@ Innovative aspects of the research: issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.335}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter reviews research on the determinants and consequences of race and sex composition of organizations. Determinants include the composition of the qualified labor supply; employers' preferences, including the qualifications they require; the response of majority groups; and an establishment's attractiveness, size, and recruiting methods. The race and sex composition of an establishment affects workers' cross-group contact; stress, satisfaction, and turnover; cohesion; stereotyping; and evaluation. Composition also affects organizations themselves, including their performance, hiring and promotion practices, levels of job segregation, and wages and benefits. Theory-driven research is needed (a) on the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationships between organizational composition and its determinants and consequences and (b) on the form of the relationships between organizational composition and workers outcomes (e.g., cross-group contact, cohesion, turnover, etc). Research is needed on race and ethnic composition, with a special focus on the joint effects of race and sex.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract{\enspace} This chapter reviews research on the determinants and consequences of race and sex composition of organizations. Determinants include the composition of the qualified labor supply; employers' preferences, including the qualifications they require; the response of majority groups; and an establishment's attractiveness, size, and recruiting methods. The race and sex composition of an establishment affects workers' cross-group contact; stress, satisfaction, and turnover; cohesion; stereotyping; and evaluation. Composition also affects organizations themselves, including their performance, hiring and promotion practices, levels of job segregation, and wages and benefits. Theory-driven research is needed (a) on the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationships between organizational composition and its determinants and consequences and (b) on the form of the relationships between organizational composition and workers outcomes (e.g., cross-group contact, cohesion, turnover, etc). Research is needed on race and ethnic composition, with a special focus on the joint effects of race and sex.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -43076,7 +43076,7 @@ Innovative aspects of the research: } @article{Rijs2012, - title = {The Effect of Retirement and Age at Retirement on Self-Perceived Health after Three Years of Follow-up in {{Dutch}} 55{\textendash}64-Year-Olds}, + title = {The Effect of Retirement and Age at Retirement on Self-Perceived Health after Three Years of Follow-up in {{Dutch}} 55--64-Year-Olds}, author = {Rijs, Kelly J. and Cozijnsen, Rabina and Deeg, Dorly J. H.}, year = {2012}, month = feb, @@ -43087,7 +43087,7 @@ Innovative aspects of the research: issn = {0144-686X, 1469-1779}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X11000237}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {ABSTRACT Health consequences of retirement have not been included in the current public debate about increasing the age at retirement, which might be due to the fact that studies aimed at health consequences of retirement show ambiguous results. The literature indicates that various contextual characteristics might explain conflicting results. The current study examines the effect of retirement and age at retirement (55{\textendash}64 years) on self-perceived health. Characteristics tested for confounding and effect modification were: demographic, health, psychological, job, and retirement characteristics. Subjects were 506 participants in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). After three years, 216 retired and 290 remained employed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show no main effect for retirement compared to continued employment. Modal (59{\textendash}60) retirees were more likely to attain excellent or good self-perceived health (less than good self-perceived health as the reference category). Early (55{\textendash}58) and late (61{\textendash}64) retirees were unaffected by retirement if they did not receive a disability pension. Early and late retirees who received a disability pension were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement. Higher educated were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement, especially at late retirement age, although health selection might explain this result. Finally, mastery possibly acts as an adjustment resource. The paper concludes with a discussion on explanations for the effect of retirement and age at retirement.}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT Health consequences of retirement have not been included in the current public debate about increasing the age at retirement, which might be due to the fact that studies aimed at health consequences of retirement show ambiguous results. The literature indicates that various contextual characteristics might explain conflicting results. The current study examines the effect of retirement and age at retirement (55--64 years) on self-perceived health. Characteristics tested for confounding and effect modification were: demographic, health, psychological, job, and retirement characteristics. Subjects were 506 participants in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). After three years, 216 retired and 290 remained employed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show no main effect for retirement compared to continued employment. Modal (59--60) retirees were more likely to attain excellent or good self-perceived health (less than good self-perceived health as the reference category). Early (55--58) and late (61--64) retirees were unaffected by retirement if they did not receive a disability pension. Early and late retirees who received a disability pension were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement. Higher educated were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement, especially at late retirement age, although health selection might explain this result. Finally, mastery possibly acts as an adjustment resource. The paper concludes with a discussion on explanations for the effect of retirement and age at retirement.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -43441,7 +43441,7 @@ does NOT directly look at LM adjacency markers (but education outcomes)}, number = {2006-14}, institution = {{Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network}}, urldate = {2022-02-10}, - abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment {\textendash} particularly for women {\textendash} indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that {\textendash} for a large fraction of participants {\textendash} the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.}, + abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment -- particularly for women -- indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that -- for a large fraction of participants -- the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:27:50Z}, @@ -43716,7 +43716,7 @@ does NOT directly look at LM adjacency markers (but education outcomes)}, issn = {0276-8739, 1520-6688}, doi = {10.1002/pam.21676}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from an average of three to six weeks for new mothers{\textemdash}with some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children by 10 to 17 percent and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount.}, + abstract = {Abstract This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from an average of three to six weeks for new mothers---with some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children by 10 to 17 percent and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -44238,7 +44238,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1341-9145, 1348-9585}, doi = {10.1002/1348-9585.12339}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Objectives Although gender stereotypes regarding paid work and unpaid work are changing, most wives are responsible for taking care of the family and home in Japan. It is unclear how time spent on housework and childcare has changed between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate how working men and women's responsibilities for housework and childcare changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan depending on work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, and frequency of telecommuting. Methods A cross-sectional analysis ( N ~=~14,454) was conducted using data from an Internet monitoring study (CORoNa Work Project), which was conducted in December 2020. A multilevel logistic model with nested prefectures of residence was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for change in time devoted to housework and childcare among men and women adjusting for age, household income, presence of spouse who work, work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, frequency of telecommuting, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture. Results More women tended to perceive that their time of housework and/or childcare had been changed (increased housework: OR 1.92, 95\% CI [1.71{\textendash}2.16], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased workhours: 1.66 (1.25{\textendash}2.19), P ~{$<~$}.001: increased childcare: OR 1.58, 95\% CI [1.29{\textendash}1.92], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased childcare: 1.11 (0.62{\textendash}2.00), P ~=~.719). Conclusions The time spent by women on housework and childcare changed significantly compared to men during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objectives Although gender stereotypes regarding paid work and unpaid work are changing, most wives are responsible for taking care of the family and home in Japan. It is unclear how time spent on housework and childcare has changed between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate how working men and women's responsibilities for housework and childcare changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan depending on work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, and frequency of telecommuting. Methods A cross-sectional analysis ( N ~=~14,454) was conducted using data from an Internet monitoring study (CORoNa Work Project), which was conducted in December 2020. A multilevel logistic model with nested prefectures of residence was conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for change in time devoted to housework and childcare among men and women adjusting for age, household income, presence of spouse who work, work hours, job type, the number of employees in the workplace, frequency of telecommuting, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture. Results More women tended to perceive that their time of housework and/or childcare had been changed (increased housework: OR 1.92, 95\% CI [1.71--2.16], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased workhours: 1.66 (1.25--2.19), P ~{$<~$}.001: increased childcare: OR 1.58, 95\% CI [1.29--1.92], P ~{$<~$}.001; decreased childcare: 1.11 (0.62--2.00), P ~=~.719). Conclusions The time spent by women on housework and childcare changed significantly compared to men during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -44379,7 +44379,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1057-9230, 1099-1050}, doi = {10.1002/hec.1537}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract This study estimates the effect of job loss on health for near elderly employees based on longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study. Previous studies find a strong negative correlation between unemployment and health. To control for possible reverse causality, this study focuses on people who were laid off for an exogenous reason {\textendash} the closure of their previous employers' business. I find no causal effect of exogenous job loss on various measures of physical and mental health. This suggests that the inferior health of the unemployed compared to the employed could be explained by reverse causality. Copyright {\copyright} 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, + abstract = {Abstract This study estimates the effect of job loss on health for near elderly employees based on longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study. Previous studies find a strong negative correlation between unemployment and health. To control for possible reverse causality, this study focuses on people who were laid off for an exogenous reason -- the closure of their previous employers' business. I find no causal effect of exogenous job loss on various measures of physical and mental health. This suggests that the inferior health of the unemployed compared to the employed could be explained by reverse causality. Copyright {\copyright} 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -44477,7 +44477,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {0042-0980, 1360-063X}, doi = {10.1080/0042098042000214815}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {While policy-makers assert that increased public transit mobility can positively affect employment status for low-income persons, there is little empirical evidence to support this theory. It is generally assumed that public transit can effectively link unemployed, car-less, persons with appropriate job locations{\textemdash}hence the call for more public transit services to assist moving welfare recipients to gainful employment. Thus far, the available evidence is anecdotal, while general patterns of transit access in relationship to labour participation remain relatively unexplored. This analysis examines whether increased transit access is associated with the case status (employment status) of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in the Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and Portland, Oregon metropolitan areas. Individual TANF recipient location data, transit route/stop data and employment location data were used in limited dependent variable regression analyses to predict the employment status of TANF recipients. The results of this analysis indicate that access to fixed-route transit and employment concentrations had virtually no association with the employment outcomes of TANF recipients in the six selected metropolitan areas.}, + abstract = {While policy-makers assert that increased public transit mobility can positively affect employment status for low-income persons, there is little empirical evidence to support this theory. It is generally assumed that public transit can effectively link unemployed, car-less, persons with appropriate job locations---hence the call for more public transit services to assist moving welfare recipients to gainful employment. Thus far, the available evidence is anecdotal, while general patterns of transit access in relationship to labour participation remain relatively unexplored. This analysis examines whether increased transit access is associated with the case status (employment status) of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in the Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; and Portland, Oregon metropolitan areas. Individual TANF recipient location data, transit route/stop data and employment location data were used in limited dependent variable regression analyses to predict the employment status of TANF recipients. The results of this analysis indicate that access to fixed-route transit and employment concentrations had virtually no association with the employment outcomes of TANF recipients in the six selected metropolitan areas.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::US,inequality::income,issue::inequality,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text,type::direct_transfer}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NRD5N2I4/Sanchez2004_Transit_Mobility,_Jobs_Access_and_Low-income_Labour_Participation_in_US.pdf} @@ -44646,7 +44646,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1944-7515, 1944-7558}, doi = {10.1352/1944-7558-123.5.412}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract The low employment rates of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are a major concern. This study examined the effect of postsecondary education on employment atrnd earnings for individuals with ID and the effect of state variation on those outcomes. Rehabilitation Services Administration 911 (RSA-911) files for 2008{\textendash}2013 were analyzed (n = 11,280 individuals with ID). Multilevel modeling techniques were used to understand state variation, such as various economic and programmatic features that influence outcomes. Postsecondary education was associated with increased employment, increased weekly earnings, decreased reliance on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Policy implications are discussed.}, + abstract = {Abstract The low employment rates of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are a major concern. This study examined the effect of postsecondary education on employment atrnd earnings for individuals with ID and the effect of state variation on those outcomes. Rehabilitation Services Administration 911 (RSA-911) files for 2008--2013 were analyzed (n = 11,280 individuals with ID). Multilevel modeling techniques were used to understand state variation, such as various economic and programmatic features that influence outcomes. Postsecondary education was associated with increased employment, increased weekly earnings, decreased reliance on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Policy implications are discussed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -44919,7 +44919,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {0047-2794, 1469-7823}, doi = {10.1017/S0047279413000809}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Following two parental leave reforms in West Germany, this research explores how child care and housework time changed among couples who have just had a child. The reform in 1992 extended the low paid or unpaid parental leave period, whereas the 2007 reform introduced income-dependent compensation and two `daddy months'. This study contributes to the literature by examining different mechanisms on how these reforms were associated with domestic work time in couples. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990{\textendash}2010), the analysis applies ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and difference-in-difference estimations. The findings point to a significant reduction in paternal child care time eighteen to thirty months after childbirth among couples with children born after the 1992 reform. The 2007 reform was associated with increased child care time of fathers in the first year and eighteen to thirty months after the birth. Changes in maternal child care and both partners' housework were not statistically significant. Alterations in maternal and paternal labour market participation, wages and leave taking accounted for most of the observed variations in paternal child care except for eighteen to thirteen months after the 2007 reform. This unexplained variance may point to a normative policy effect.}, + abstract = {Abstract Following two parental leave reforms in West Germany, this research explores how child care and housework time changed among couples who have just had a child. The reform in 1992 extended the low paid or unpaid parental leave period, whereas the 2007 reform introduced income-dependent compensation and two `daddy months'. This study contributes to the literature by examining different mechanisms on how these reforms were associated with domestic work time in couples. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990--2010), the analysis applies ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and difference-in-difference estimations. The findings point to a significant reduction in paternal child care time eighteen to thirty months after childbirth among couples with children born after the 1992 reform. The 2007 reform was associated with increased child care time of fathers in the first year and eighteen to thirty months after the birth. Changes in maternal child care and both partners' housework were not statistically significant. Alterations in maternal and paternal labour market participation, wages and leave taking accounted for most of the observed variations in paternal child care except for eighteen to thirteen months after the 2007 reform. This unexplained variance may point to a normative policy effect.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -45513,7 +45513,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1044-2073, 1538-4802}, doi = {10.1177/1044207318782676}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009{\textendash}2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States.}, + abstract = {In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009--2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -45552,7 +45552,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727}, doi = {10.1017/S1368980017003366}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective Evidence suggests that improvements to the childcare nutrition environment can have a positive impact on child dietary intake. The primary aim of the present study was to assess, relative to usual care, the effectiveness of a multi-strategy implementation intervention in improving childcare compliance with nutrition guidelines. As a secondary aim, the impact on child dietary intake was assessed. Design Parallel-group, randomised controlled trial design. The 6-month intervention was designed to overcome barriers to implementation of the nutrition guidelines that had been identified by applying the theoretical domains framework. Setting Hunter New England region, New South Wales, Australia. Subjects Forty-five centre-based childcare services. Results There were no differences between groups in the proportion of services providing food servings (per child) compliant with nutrition guideline recommendations for all five (5/5) food groups at follow-up (i.e. full compliance). Relative to control services, intervention services were more likely to be compliant with guidelines (OR; 95 \% CI) in provision of fruit (10{$\cdot$}84; 1{$\cdot$}19, 551{$\cdot$}20; P =0{$\cdot$}0024), meat and meat alternatives (8{$\cdot$}83; 1{$\cdot$}55, {\textendash}; P =0{$\cdot$}023), dairy (8{$\cdot$}41; 1{$\cdot$}60, 63{$\cdot$}62; P =0{$\cdot$}006) and discretionary foods (17{$\cdot$}83; 2{$\cdot$}15, 853{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}002). Children in intervention services consumed greater servings (adjusted difference; 95 \% CI) of fruit (0{$\cdot$}41; 0{$\cdot$}09, 0{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}014) and vegetables (0{$\cdot$}70; 0{$\cdot$}33, 1{$\cdot$}08; P \<0{$\cdot$}001). Conclusions Findings indicate that service-level changes to menus in line with dietary guidelines can result in improvements to children's dietary intake. The study provides evidence to advance implementation research in the setting as a means of enhancing child public health nutrition.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective Evidence suggests that improvements to the childcare nutrition environment can have a positive impact on child dietary intake. The primary aim of the present study was to assess, relative to usual care, the effectiveness of a multi-strategy implementation intervention in improving childcare compliance with nutrition guidelines. As a secondary aim, the impact on child dietary intake was assessed. Design Parallel-group, randomised controlled trial design. The 6-month intervention was designed to overcome barriers to implementation of the nutrition guidelines that had been identified by applying the theoretical domains framework. Setting Hunter New England region, New South Wales, Australia. Subjects Forty-five centre-based childcare services. Results There were no differences between groups in the proportion of services providing food servings (per child) compliant with nutrition guideline recommendations for all five (5/5) food groups at follow-up (i.e. full compliance). Relative to control services, intervention services were more likely to be compliant with guidelines (OR; 95 \% CI) in provision of fruit (10{$\cdot$}84; 1{$\cdot$}19, 551{$\cdot$}20; P =0{$\cdot$}0024), meat and meat alternatives (8{$\cdot$}83; 1{$\cdot$}55, --; P =0{$\cdot$}023), dairy (8{$\cdot$}41; 1{$\cdot$}60, 63{$\cdot$}62; P =0{$\cdot$}006) and discretionary foods (17{$\cdot$}83; 2{$\cdot$}15, 853{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}002). Children in intervention services consumed greater servings (adjusted difference; 95 \% CI) of fruit (0{$\cdot$}41; 0{$\cdot$}09, 0{$\cdot$}73; P =0{$\cdot$}014) and vegetables (0{$\cdot$}70; 0{$\cdot$}33, 1{$\cdot$}08; P \<0{$\cdot$}001). Conclusions Findings indicate that service-level changes to menus in line with dietary guidelines can result in improvements to children's dietary intake. The study provides evidence to advance implementation research in the setting as a means of enhancing child public health nutrition.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -45990,7 +45990,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } -@article{Shin2006a, +@article{Shin2006, title = {Fertility, Relative Wages, and Labor Market Decisions: {{A}} Case of Female Teachers}, shorttitle = {Fertility, Relative Wages, and Labor Market Decisions}, author = {Shin, Jaeun and Moon, Sangho}, @@ -46315,7 +46315,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000522}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Objectives To examine the trajectories of physical activity from preretirement to postretirement and to further clarify whether the changes in physical activity are associated with changes in body weight. Design Prospective. Setting French national gas and electricity company (GAZEL cohort). Participants From the original sample of 20\hphantom{,}625 employees, only those retiring between 2001 and 2008 on a statutory basis were selected for the analyses (analysis 1: n=2711, 63\% men; analysis 2: n=3812, 75\% men). Persons with data on at least one preretirement and postretirement measurement of the outcome were selected. Primary and secondary outcome measures All outcome data were gathered by questionnaires. In analysis 1, the annual prevalence of higher physical activity (walking {$\geq$}5\hspace{0.25em}km/week) 4\hspace{0.25em}years before and after retirement was analysed. In analysis 2, changes in leisure-time sport activities (engagement, frequency and manner) from preretirement to postretirement were analysed with simultaneous changes in body weight (kilogram). Results In analysis 1 (n=2711), prevalence estimates for 4\hspace{0.25em}years before and 4\hspace{0.25em}years after retirement showed that higher leisure-time physical activity (walking at least 5\hspace{0.25em}km/week) increased by 36\% in men and 61\% in women during the transition to retirement. This increase was also observed among people at a higher risk of physical inactivity, such as smokers and those with elevated depressive symptoms. In a separate sample (analysis 2, n=3812), change in weight as a function of preretirement and postretirement physical activity was analysed. Weight gain preretirement to postretirement was 0.85 (95\% CI 0.48 to 1.21) to 1.35 (0.79 to 1.90) kg greater among physically inactive persons (decrease in activity or inactive) compared with those physically active (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Retirement transition may be associated with beneficial changes in lifestyle and may thus be a good starting point to preventive interventions in various groups of individuals in order to maintain long-term changes.}, + abstract = {Objectives To examine the trajectories of physical activity from preretirement to postretirement and to further clarify whether the changes in physical activity are associated with changes in body weight. Design Prospective. Setting French national gas and electricity company (GAZEL cohort). Participants From the original sample of 20\hphantom{,}625 employees, only those retiring between 2001 and 2008 on a statutory basis were selected for the analyses (analysis 1: n=2711, 63\% men; analysis 2: n=3812, 75\% men). Persons with data on at least one preretirement and postretirement measurement of the outcome were selected. Primary and secondary outcome measures All outcome data were gathered by questionnaires. In analysis 1, the annual prevalence of higher physical activity (walking {$\geq$}5\>km/week) 4\>years before and after retirement was analysed. In analysis 2, changes in leisure-time sport activities (engagement, frequency and manner) from preretirement to postretirement were analysed with simultaneous changes in body weight (kilogram). Results In analysis 1 (n=2711), prevalence estimates for 4\>years before and 4\>years after retirement showed that higher leisure-time physical activity (walking at least 5\>km/week) increased by 36\% in men and 61\% in women during the transition to retirement. This increase was also observed among people at a higher risk of physical inactivity, such as smokers and those with elevated depressive symptoms. In a separate sample (analysis 2, n=3812), change in weight as a function of preretirement and postretirement physical activity was analysed. Weight gain preretirement to postretirement was 0.85 (95\% CI 0.48 to 1.21) to 1.35 (0.79 to 1.90) kg greater among physically inactive persons (decrease in activity or inactive) compared with those physically active (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions Retirement transition may be associated with beneficial changes in lifestyle and may thus be a good starting point to preventive interventions in various groups of individuals in order to maintain long-term changes.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::age,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -46600,7 +46600,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141048}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern the racial and gender demography of the workplace and the tendency on the part of authority elites to reproduce themselves through both exclusionary and inclusionary processes. Suggestions for future research include additional delineation of these processes based on samples of multiple racial/ethnic groups of men and women and studies that synthesize quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the effects of employer and employee attitudes/preferences and practices on the authority attainment process.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract{\enspace} This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern the racial and gender demography of the workplace and the tendency on the part of authority elites to reproduce themselves through both exclusionary and inclusionary processes. Suggestions for future research include additional delineation of these processes based on samples of multiple racial/ethnic groups of men and women and studies that synthesize quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the effects of employer and employee attitudes/preferences and practices on the authority attainment process.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46618,7 +46618,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {0066-4812, 1467-8330}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00592.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract:\hspace{0.6em} This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Krak{\'o}w, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor-quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in-work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post-socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.}, + abstract = {Abstract:{\enspace} This paper examines the transformations of urban labour markets in two central European cities: Bratislava, Slovakia and Krak{\'o}w, Poland. It highlights the emergence of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation, which together are leading to a reconfiguration of the livelihoods and economic practices of urban households. The focus of the paper is on the growing phenomenon of insecure, poor-quality, contingent labour. It examines the ways in which those who find themselves in, or on the margins of, contingent and insecure labour markets sustain their livelihoods. We ask how such workers and their households negotiate the segmentation of the labour market, the erosion of employment security and the emergence of in-work poverty and explore the diverse economic practices of those who cannot rely solely on formal employment to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between labour market participation and exclusion, and other spheres of economic life, including informal and illegal labour, household social networks, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that post-socialist cities are seeing a reconfiguration of class processes, as the materialities and subjectivities of class are remade and as the meaning of work and the livelihoods different forms of labour can sustain are changing.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46636,7 +46636,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1353-6141, 2040-0209}, doi = {10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00376_2.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Summary Along with the rise of the development effectiveness movement of the last few decades, experimental impact evaluation methods {\textendash} randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental techniques {\textendash} have emerged as a dominant force. While the increased use of these methods has contributed to improved understanding of what works and whether specific projects have been successful, their `gold standard' status threatens to exclude a large body of evidence from the development effectiveness dialogue. In this paper we conduct an evaluation of the impact on child stunting of CARE's SHOUHARDO project in Bangladesh, the first large-scale project to use the rights-based, livelihoods approach to address malnutrition. In line with calls for a more balanced view of what constitutes rigor and scientific evidence, and for the use of more diversified and holistic methods in impact evaluations, we employ a mixed-methods approach. The results from multiple data sources and methods, including both non-experimental and quasi-experimental, are triangulated to arrive at the conclusions. We find that the project had an extraordinarily large impact on stunting among children 6{\textendash}24 months old {\textendash} on the order of a 4.5 percentage point reduction per year. We demonstrate that one reason the project reduced stunting by so much was because, consistent with the rights-based, livelihoods approach, it relied on both direct nutrition interventions and those that addressed underlying structural causes including poor sanitation, poverty, and deeply-entrenched inequalities in power between women and men. These findings have important policy implications given the slow progress in reducing malnutrition globally and that the widely-supported Scaling Up Nutrition initiative aimed at stepping up efforts to do so is in urgent need of guidance on how to integrate structural cause interventions with the direct nutrition interventions that are the initiative's main focus. The evaluation also adds to the evidence that targeting the poor, rather than employing universal coverage, can help to accelerate reductions in child malnutrition. The paper concludes that, given the valuable policy lessons generated, the experience of the SHOUHARDO project merits solid standing in the knowledge bank of development effectiveness. More broadly, it illustrates how rigorous and informative evaluation of complex, multi-intervention projects can be undertaken even in the absence of the randomisation, non-project control groups and/or panel data required by the experimental methods.}, + abstract = {Summary Along with the rise of the development effectiveness movement of the last few decades, experimental impact evaluation methods -- randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental techniques -- have emerged as a dominant force. While the increased use of these methods has contributed to improved understanding of what works and whether specific projects have been successful, their `gold standard' status threatens to exclude a large body of evidence from the development effectiveness dialogue. In this paper we conduct an evaluation of the impact on child stunting of CARE's SHOUHARDO project in Bangladesh, the first large-scale project to use the rights-based, livelihoods approach to address malnutrition. In line with calls for a more balanced view of what constitutes rigor and scientific evidence, and for the use of more diversified and holistic methods in impact evaluations, we employ a mixed-methods approach. The results from multiple data sources and methods, including both non-experimental and quasi-experimental, are triangulated to arrive at the conclusions. We find that the project had an extraordinarily large impact on stunting among children 6--24 months old -- on the order of a 4.5 percentage point reduction per year. We demonstrate that one reason the project reduced stunting by so much was because, consistent with the rights-based, livelihoods approach, it relied on both direct nutrition interventions and those that addressed underlying structural causes including poor sanitation, poverty, and deeply-entrenched inequalities in power between women and men. These findings have important policy implications given the slow progress in reducing malnutrition globally and that the widely-supported Scaling Up Nutrition initiative aimed at stepping up efforts to do so is in urgent need of guidance on how to integrate structural cause interventions with the direct nutrition interventions that are the initiative's main focus. The evaluation also adds to the evidence that targeting the poor, rather than employing universal coverage, can help to accelerate reductions in child malnutrition. The paper concludes that, given the valuable policy lessons generated, the experience of the SHOUHARDO project merits solid standing in the knowledge bank of development effectiveness. More broadly, it illustrates how rigorous and informative evaluation of complex, multi-intervention projects can be undertaken even in the absence of the randomisation, non-project control groups and/or panel data required by the experimental methods.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46689,7 +46689,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {1744-1692, 1744-1706}, doi = {10.1080/17441692.2021.1896765}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Gender norms, roles and relations differentially affect women, men, and non-binary individuals' vulnerability to disease. Outbreak response measures also have immediate and long-term gendered effects. However, gender-based analysis of outbreaks and responses is limited by lack of data and little integration of feminist analysis within global health scholarship. Recognising these barriers, this paper applies a gender matrix methodology, grounded in feminist political economy approaches, to evaluate the gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in four case studies: China, Hong Kong, Canada, and the UK. Through a rapid scoping of documentation of the gendered effects of the outbreak, it applies the matrix framework to analyse findings, identifying common themes across the case studies: financial discrimination, crisis in care, and unequal risks and secondary effects. Results point to transnational structural conditions which put women on the front lines of the pandemic at work and at home while denying them health, economic and personal security {\textendash} effects that are exacerbated where racism and other forms of discrimination intersect with gender inequities. Given that women and people living at the intersections of multiple inequities are made additionally vulnerable by pandemic responses, intersectional feminist responses should be prioritised at the beginning of any crises.}, + abstract = {Gender norms, roles and relations differentially affect women, men, and non-binary individuals' vulnerability to disease. Outbreak response measures also have immediate and long-term gendered effects. However, gender-based analysis of outbreaks and responses is limited by lack of data and little integration of feminist analysis within global health scholarship. Recognising these barriers, this paper applies a gender matrix methodology, grounded in feminist political economy approaches, to evaluate the gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in four case studies: China, Hong Kong, Canada, and the UK. Through a rapid scoping of documentation of the gendered effects of the outbreak, it applies the matrix framework to analyse findings, identifying common themes across the case studies: financial discrimination, crisis in care, and unequal risks and secondary effects. Results point to transnational structural conditions which put women on the front lines of the pandemic at work and at home while denying them health, economic and personal security -- effects that are exacerbated where racism and other forms of discrimination intersect with gender inequities. Given that women and people living at the intersections of multiple inequities are made additionally vulnerable by pandemic responses, intersectional feminist responses should be prioritised at the beginning of any crises.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -46724,7 +46724,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {0033-3352, 1540-6210}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00775.x}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Occupational segregation in government employment is an important issue in public administration. Occupation determines pay and benefits, and when women have greater access to quality jobs{\textemdash}especially in the public sector{\textemdash}this promotes their economic, social, and political advancement. This research addresses two questions: (1) What changes have occurred to alter ``glass walls'' across departmental functions? (2) What impact does departmental function have on the salary of women? The findings reveal that although occupational segregation has decreased over the past two decades in Michigan's bureaucracy, it is still prevalent. Gender-based occupational segregation is linked to departmental function. Redistributive departments have much lower levels of occupational segregation than other functional categories. Mean salary is also linked to departmental mission, with distributive departments having both the highest mean salary and the highest level of occupational segregation. Salary differentials across departmental functions are becoming smaller over time. Overall, women appear to be most successful, both financially and career-wise, in historically male-dominated fields.}, + abstract = {Occupational segregation in government employment is an important issue in public administration. Occupation determines pay and benefits, and when women have greater access to quality jobs---especially in the public sector---this promotes their economic, social, and political advancement. This research addresses two questions: (1) What changes have occurred to alter ``glass walls'' across departmental functions? (2) What impact does departmental function have on the salary of women? The findings reveal that although occupational segregation has decreased over the past two decades in Michigan's bureaucracy, it is still prevalent. Gender-based occupational segregation is linked to departmental function. Redistributive departments have much lower levels of occupational segregation than other functional categories. Mean salary is also linked to departmental mission, with distributive departments having both the highest mean salary and the highest level of occupational segregation. Salary differentials across departmental functions are becoming smaller over time. Overall, women appear to be most successful, both financially and career-wise, in historically male-dominated fields.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47146,7 +47146,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} issn = {0964-9425}, doi = {10.1108/09649429510077421}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Poses the question: do women have different leadership styles from those of men? With the current and projected impact of women-led business on the world{$\prime$}s economies, this question is an important one. Surprisingly, however, there is an insignificant amount of empirical research into this leadership-gender debate {\textendash} most of the contemporary literature is purely conceptual. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to initiate scientific inquiry of this topic. An exploratory investigation of a sample of women business owners and managers was conducted to examine their leadership styles. From this preliminary study, utilizing the qualitative research methodology of content analysis, a heuristic model of female leadership is developed.}, + abstract = {Poses the question: do women have different leadership styles from those of men? With the current and projected impact of women-led business on the world{$\prime$}s economies, this question is an important one. Surprisingly, however, there is an insignificant amount of empirical research into this leadership-gender debate -- most of the contemporary literature is purely conceptual. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to initiate scientific inquiry of this topic. An exploratory investigation of a sample of women business owners and managers was conducted to examine their leadership styles. From this preliminary study, utilizing the qualitative research methodology of content analysis, a heuristic model of female leadership is developed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47541,7 +47541,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} issn = {0968-6673, 1468-0432}, doi = {10.1111/gwao.12264}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Women continue to earn less than their male counterparts globally. Scholars and feminist activists have suggested a partial explanation for this gender gap in earnings could be women's limited access to power structures at the workplace. Using the linked employer{\textendash}employee data of the Workplace Employment Relations Study 2004{\textendash}2011, this article asks what happens to the gender gap in earnings among non-managerial employees when the share of women in management at the workplace increases. The findings, based on workplace-fixed time-fixed effects regression models, suggest that workplace-level increases in the share of women in management are associated with decreases of the non-managerial gender gap in earnings. This effect appears to be largely unrelated to changes in equality and diversity policies, family-friendly arrangements and support for carers at the workplace.}, + abstract = {Women continue to earn less than their male counterparts globally. Scholars and feminist activists have suggested a partial explanation for this gender gap in earnings could be women's limited access to power structures at the workplace. Using the linked employer--employee data of the Workplace Employment Relations Study 2004--2011, this article asks what happens to the gender gap in earnings among non-managerial employees when the share of women in management at the workplace increases. The findings, based on workplace-fixed time-fixed effects regression models, suggest that workplace-level increases in the share of women in management are associated with decreases of the non-managerial gender gap in earnings. This effect appears to be largely unrelated to changes in equality and diversity policies, family-friendly arrangements and support for carers at the workplace.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47644,7 +47644,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} } @article{Strauser2010, - title = {Vocational Services Associated with Competitive Employment in 18{\textendash}25 Year Old Cancer Survivors}, + title = {Vocational Services Associated with Competitive Employment in 18--25 Year Old Cancer Survivors}, author = {Strauser, David and Feuerstein, Michael and Chan, Fong and Arango, Juan and Da Silva Cardoso, Elizabeth and Chiu, Chung-Yi}, year = {2010}, month = jun, @@ -47744,7 +47744,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} } @article{Stutzman2020, - title = {Support for Rural Practice: Female Physicians and the Life{\textendash}Career Interface}, + title = {Support for Rural Practice: Female Physicians and the Life--Career Interface}, shorttitle = {Support for Rural Practice}, author = {Stutzman, Kimberly and Karpen, Ruth and Naidoo, Pragna and Toevs, Sarah and Weidner, Amanda and Baker, Ed and Schmitz, David}, year = {2020}, @@ -47919,7 +47919,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648}, doi = {10.1111/jan.12884}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Aim To describe the enablers and barriers working women experience in continuing breast milk feeding after they return to work postpartum in urban Malaysia. Background In Malaysia, urban working women have low rates of breastfeeding and struggle to achieve the recommended 6~months exclusive breastfeeding. Design A qualitative enquiry based on a phenomenological framework and multiple methods were used to explore women's experiences in depth. Methods Multiple qualitative methods using face-to-face interview and participant diary were used. Data collection took place in urban suburbs around Penang and Klang Valley, Malaysia from March{\textendash}September 2011. Participants were 40 employed women with infants less than 24~months. Findings Only 11 of the participants worked from home. Based on the women's experiences, we categorized them into three groups: `Passionate' women with a strong determination and exclusively breastfed for 6~months, `Ambivalent' women who initiated breastfeeding, but were unable to sustain exclusive breastfeeding after returning to work and `Equivalent' women who introduced infant formula prior to returning to work. Conclusion Passion and to a lesser extent intention, influenced women's choice. Women's characteristics played a greater role in their infant feeding outcomes than their work environment.}, + abstract = {Abstract Aim To describe the enablers and barriers working women experience in continuing breast milk feeding after they return to work postpartum in urban Malaysia. Background In Malaysia, urban working women have low rates of breastfeeding and struggle to achieve the recommended 6~months exclusive breastfeeding. Design A qualitative enquiry based on a phenomenological framework and multiple methods were used to explore women's experiences in depth. Methods Multiple qualitative methods using face-to-face interview and participant diary were used. Data collection took place in urban suburbs around Penang and Klang Valley, Malaysia from March--September 2011. Participants were 40 employed women with infants less than 24~months. Findings Only 11 of the participants worked from home. Based on the women's experiences, we categorized them into three groups: `Passionate' women with a strong determination and exclusively breastfed for 6~months, `Ambivalent' women who initiated breastfeeding, but were unable to sustain exclusive breastfeeding after returning to work and `Equivalent' women who introduced infant formula prior to returning to work. Conclusion Passion and to a lesser extent intention, influenced women's choice. Women's characteristics played a greater role in their infant feeding outcomes than their work environment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47954,7 +47954,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} issn = {0019-4662, 2631-617X}, doi = {10.1177/00194662211023845}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left severe impact on livelihood, security and health of informal sector workers, especially domestic workers, majority of whom are women. Being least organised and lacking institutional support, domestic workers are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and human rights violations, and the pandemic has aggravated the situation. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 260 domestic workers from three cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai and Kochi with focus on working conditions, livelihood and household dynamics, health scenario and state support during the pandemic. The data was substantiated with qualitative inputs from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 domestic workers across the cities. In the results, widespread job loss is reported among domestic workers during March{\textendash}June 2020 along with drastically reduced income and increased workload. About 57\% domestic workers reported stigma and discrimination at workplace, and 40\% worked without any safety measures. Incidence of domestic violence at home, increased work burden at home, issues in access to health care, etc., were reported. The study findings point out the urgent need to have a national-level policy and state support specifically targeting women domestic workers, without which the situation of poverty, health hazards and social exclusion will continue to exist. JEL Code: J4, J46}, + abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left severe impact on livelihood, security and health of informal sector workers, especially domestic workers, majority of whom are women. Being least organised and lacking institutional support, domestic workers are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and human rights violations, and the pandemic has aggravated the situation. Telephonic interviews were conducted with 260 domestic workers from three cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai and Kochi with focus on working conditions, livelihood and household dynamics, health scenario and state support during the pandemic. The data was substantiated with qualitative inputs from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 domestic workers across the cities. In the results, widespread job loss is reported among domestic workers during March--June 2020 along with drastically reduced income and increased workload. About 57\% domestic workers reported stigma and discrimination at workplace, and 40\% worked without any safety measures. Incidence of domestic violence at home, increased work burden at home, issues in access to health care, etc., were reported. The study findings point out the urgent need to have a national-level policy and state support specifically targeting women domestic workers, without which the situation of poverty, health hazards and social exclusion will continue to exist. JEL Code: J4, J46}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::India,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } @@ -48036,7 +48036,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention, nor effects of/on inequality itse } @article{Suzan-Monti2011, - title = {Individual and {{Structural Factors Associated With HIV Status Disclosure}} to {{Main Partner}} in {{Cameroon}}: {{ANRS}} 12-116 {{EVAL Survey}}, 2006{\textendash}2007}, + title = {Individual and {{Structural Factors Associated With HIV Status Disclosure}} to {{Main Partner}} in {{Cameroon}}: {{ANRS}} 12-116 {{EVAL Survey}}, 2006--2007}, shorttitle = {Individual and {{Structural Factors Associated With HIV Status Disclosure}} to {{Main Partner}} in {{Cameroon}}}, author = {{Suzan-Monti}, Marie and Blanche, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Bil{\'e}, Paule and {Koulla-Shiro}, Sinata and {Abu-Zaineh}, Mohammad and Marcellin, Fabienne and Boyer, Sylvie and Carrieri, Maria Patrizia and Spire, Bruno}, year = {2011}, @@ -48447,8 +48447,8 @@ main findings: } @article{TenBrummelhuis2012, - title = {A Resource Perspective on the Work{\textendash}Home Interface: {{The}} Work{\textendash}Home Resources Model.}, - shorttitle = {A Resource Perspective on the Work{\textendash}Home Interface}, + title = {A Resource Perspective on the Work--Home Interface: {{The}} Work--Home Resources Model.}, + shorttitle = {A Resource Perspective on the Work--Home Interface}, author = {Ten Brummelhuis, Lieke L. and Bakker, Arnold B.}, year = {2012}, month = oct, @@ -48521,7 +48521,7 @@ main findings: issn = {0020-7292, 1879-3479}, doi = {10.1002/ijgo.13566}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Objective To assess the incidence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the prenatal care clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, among pregnant women from 31 August to 2 November 2020. Participants were interviewed using Open Data Kit. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors. Results Among the 464 pregnant women, 33 (7.1\%) reported IPV during pregnancy, and among these 24 (72.7\%) reported emotional violence, 16 (48.5\%) reported sexual violence, and 10 (30.3\%) reported physical violence. Among the study participants, only 8 (1.7\%) were screened for IPV. IPV was reported 3.27 times more often by women who reported that their partner chewed Khat compared with those women whose partner did not (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.45{\textendash}7.38), and 1.52 times more often women who reported that their partner drank alcohol compared with those women whose partner did not (aOR 1.52; 95\% CI 1.01{\textendash}2.28). Conclusion Very few women were screened for IPV. Partners drinking alcohol and chewing Khat are significantly positively associated with IPV during pregnancy. IPV screening should be included in the national management protocol of obstetric cases of Ethiopia. , Very few women were screened for intimate partner violence during pregnancy, a finding that has implications for policy moving forward.}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective To assess the incidence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the prenatal care clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, among pregnant women from 31 August to 2 November 2020. Participants were interviewed using Open Data Kit. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors. Results Among the 464 pregnant women, 33 (7.1\%) reported IPV during pregnancy, and among these 24 (72.7\%) reported emotional violence, 16 (48.5\%) reported sexual violence, and 10 (30.3\%) reported physical violence. Among the study participants, only 8 (1.7\%) were screened for IPV. IPV was reported 3.27 times more often by women who reported that their partner chewed Khat compared with those women whose partner did not (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.45--7.38), and 1.52 times more often women who reported that their partner drank alcohol compared with those women whose partner did not (aOR 1.52; 95\% CI 1.01--2.28). Conclusion Very few women were screened for IPV. Partners drinking alcohol and chewing Khat are significantly positively associated with IPV during pregnancy. IPV screening should be included in the national management protocol of obstetric cases of Ethiopia. , Very few women were screened for intimate partner violence during pregnancy, a finding that has implications for policy moving forward.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -49026,7 +49026,7 @@ does NOT look at PI} } @article{Torre2014, - title = {Income Inequality and Population Health: {{An}} Analysis of Panel Data for 21 Developed Countries, 1975{\textendash}2006}, + title = {Income Inequality and Population Health: {{An}} Analysis of Panel Data for 21 Developed Countries, 1975--2006}, shorttitle = {Income Inequality and Population Health}, author = {Torre, Roberta and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, year = {2014}, @@ -49664,7 +49664,7 @@ inequality: issn = {1040-2446}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000003574}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {In nearly all walks of life, leadership sets the tone for what gets done, who does it, and how it is achieved. In 2020, the top ranks of academic medicine have not yet attained gender parity{\textemdash}an aspirational goal set 7 years ago in this journal as ``50:50 by 2020,'' and a vital aim for the United States' productivity and innovation as a leader in biomedical research. Parity in academic leadership for women and other groups underrepresented in science and medicine will seed the culture change necessary for inclusive excellence: environments in which individuals from all backgrounds thrive in their pursuit of new knowledge to benefit human health. In this Invited Commentary, the author describes the National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) current system-wide framework and tools for creating cultures of inclusive excellence through a set of guiding principles and integrated strategies. Successful efforts will recognize that individually focused solutions are necessary but not sufficient for institutional culture change. In keeping with a systems approach are implementing accountability and transparency; establishing clear metrics of inclusion, diversity, and equity; tracking and evaluating such metrics; as well as tying these metrics to institutional reward systems. These essential steps to institutional culture transformation require strong partnerships between NIH and the academic community. The author argues that with committed vision, focus, and energy, success is attainable, and soon.}, + abstract = {In nearly all walks of life, leadership sets the tone for what gets done, who does it, and how it is achieved. In 2020, the top ranks of academic medicine have not yet attained gender parity---an aspirational goal set 7 years ago in this journal as ``50:50 by 2020,'' and a vital aim for the United States' productivity and innovation as a leader in biomedical research. Parity in academic leadership for women and other groups underrepresented in science and medicine will seed the culture change necessary for inclusive excellence: environments in which individuals from all backgrounds thrive in their pursuit of new knowledge to benefit human health. In this Invited Commentary, the author describes the National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) current system-wide framework and tools for creating cultures of inclusive excellence through a set of guiding principles and integrated strategies. Successful efforts will recognize that individually focused solutions are necessary but not sufficient for institutional culture change. In keeping with a systems approach are implementing accountability and transparency; establishing clear metrics of inclusion, diversity, and equity; tracking and evaluating such metrics; as well as tying these metrics to institutional reward systems. These essential steps to institutional culture transformation require strong partnerships between NIH and the academic community. The author argues that with committed vision, focus, and energy, success is attainable, and soon.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49748,7 +49748,7 @@ inequality: issn = {0004-0894, 1475-4762}, doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00799.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural{\textendash}urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.}, + abstract = {Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural--urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49852,7 +49852,7 @@ inequality: issn = {0170-8406, 1741-3044}, doi = {10.1177/0170840610380812}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Gender research has made a call for more transparency and accountability in academic recruitment and selection in order to overcome the inequality practices that have led to an underrepresentation of women among full professors. This paper provides insight into the multiple ways in which the notions of transparency and accountability are put into practice in academic recruitment and selection, and how this has enhanced {\textemdash} or hindered {\textemdash} gender equality. The methods employed consist of a qualitative content analysis of seven recruitment and selection protocols, interviews with 64 committee members, and an analysis of 971 appointment reports of full professors in the Netherlands. Our analysis contributes to the study of organizations in three respects. First, it shows that recruitment and selection processes are characterized by bounded transparency and limited accountability at best. Second, it explains that the protocols that should ensure transparency and accountability remain paper tigresses, because of the micropolitics and gender practices that are part and parcel of recruitment and selection. Third, it contributes to gender equality theory in organization theory by showing how a myriad of gender practices simultaneously increases and counteracts gender equality measures in academia.}, + abstract = {Gender research has made a call for more transparency and accountability in academic recruitment and selection in order to overcome the inequality practices that have led to an underrepresentation of women among full professors. This paper provides insight into the multiple ways in which the notions of transparency and accountability are put into practice in academic recruitment and selection, and how this has enhanced --- or hindered --- gender equality. The methods employed consist of a qualitative content analysis of seven recruitment and selection protocols, interviews with 64 committee members, and an analysis of 971 appointment reports of full professors in the Netherlands. Our analysis contributes to the study of organizations in three respects. First, it shows that recruitment and selection processes are characterized by bounded transparency and limited accountability at best. Second, it explains that the protocols that should ensure transparency and accountability remain paper tigresses, because of the micropolitics and gender practices that are part and parcel of recruitment and selection. Third, it contributes to gender equality theory in organization theory by showing how a myriad of gender practices simultaneously increases and counteracts gender equality measures in academia.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49970,7 +49970,7 @@ inequality: issn = {0012-1622, 1469-8749}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03020.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {The aim of this study was to: (1) assess work participation among young adults with spina bifida, (2) identify problems perceived in finding employment, and (3) examine which determinants are related to work participation. This cross-sectional study was a follow-up study to the Adolescents with SPina bifida In the Netherlands (ASPINE) study. Data regarding work participation and problems finding employment were collected with questionnaire developed by the authors. Data on disease characteristics were taken from the ASPINE database. Responses of 136 participants were analyzed (77 females, 59 males; mean age 26 years 1 month [SD 3y1mo], range 21{\textendash}32y). Twenty participants had spina bifida occulta and 116 had spina bifida aperta, 96 of whom also had hydrocephalus. Work participation rate was 62.5\%, of which 22.4\% was in a sheltered workplace. Significant determinants of having paid work for at least 1 hour a week were: level of education, level of lesion, hydrocephalus, IQ, functional independence, and ambulation. Significant determinants of full-time employment were the same, plus sex and type of spina bifida. In a multivariate backward logistic regression analysis, however, only level of education remained a significant predictor of work participation. Sex, level of education, and self-care independence were significant predictors of full-time employment. This study shows the importance of educational support and self-care independence training for children with spina bifida.}, + abstract = {The aim of this study was to: (1) assess work participation among young adults with spina bifida, (2) identify problems perceived in finding employment, and (3) examine which determinants are related to work participation. This cross-sectional study was a follow-up study to the Adolescents with SPina bifida In the Netherlands (ASPINE) study. Data regarding work participation and problems finding employment were collected with questionnaire developed by the authors. Data on disease characteristics were taken from the ASPINE database. Responses of 136 participants were analyzed (77 females, 59 males; mean age 26 years 1 month [SD 3y1mo], range 21--32y). Twenty participants had spina bifida occulta and 116 had spina bifida aperta, 96 of whom also had hydrocephalus. Work participation rate was 62.5\%, of which 22.4\% was in a sheltered workplace. Significant determinants of having paid work for at least 1 hour a week were: level of education, level of lesion, hydrocephalus, IQ, functional independence, and ambulation. Significant determinants of full-time employment were the same, plus sex and type of spina bifida. In a multivariate backward logistic regression analysis, however, only level of education remained a significant predictor of work participation. Sex, level of education, and self-care independence were significant predictors of full-time employment. This study shows the importance of educational support and self-care independence training for children with spina bifida.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -49988,7 +49988,7 @@ inequality: issn = {2040-7149}, doi = {10.1108/EDI-09-2017-0180}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose Women remain underrepresented in academic STEM, especially at the highest ranks. While much attention has focused on early-career attrition, mid-career advancement is still largely understudied and undocumented. The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender differences in advancement to full professor within academic STEM at a mid-size public doctoral university in the western USA, before and after the National Science Foundation (NSF)-ADVANCE Program (2003{\textendash}2008). Design/methodology/approach Using faculty demographics and promotion data between 2008 and 2014, combined with faculty responses to two waves of a climate survey, the magnitude and longevity of the impact of ADVANCE on mid-career faculty advancement across gender is evaluated. Findings This study documents increased representation of women in all ranks within the STEM colleges, including that of full professor due to ADVANCE efforts. It also demonstrates the role of greater gender awareness and formalization of procedures in reducing the variability in the time as associate professor until promotion to full professor for all faculty members, while also shrinking gender disparities in career attainment. As a result of the codification of the post-tenure review timeline toward promotion, more recently hired faculty are promoted more swiftly and consistently, irrespective of gender. Post-ADVANCE, both male and female faculty members express a greater understanding of and confidence in the promotion process and no longer see it as either a hurdle or source of gender inequality in upward career mobility. Research limitations/implications While data were collected at a single university, demographics and career experiences by women mirror those at other research universities. This study shows that within a given institution-specific governance structure, long-lasting effects on faculty career trajectories can be achieved, by focusing efforts on creating greater transparency in expectations and necessary steps toward promotion, by reducing barriers to information flown, by standardizing and codifying the promotion process, and by actively engaging administrators as collaborators and change agents in the transformation process. Originality/value This study addresses mid-career dynamics and potential mechanisms that explain gender gaps in the promotion to full professor, a largely understudied aspect of gender disparities in career attainment within STEM. It shows how institutional policy changes, intended to alleviate gender disparities, can benefit the career trajectories of all faculty members. Specifically, this study highlights the crucial role of codifying procedures and responsibilities in neutralizing subjectivity and inconsistencies in promotion outcomes due to varying departmental climates.}, + abstract = {Purpose Women remain underrepresented in academic STEM, especially at the highest ranks. While much attention has focused on early-career attrition, mid-career advancement is still largely understudied and undocumented. The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender differences in advancement to full professor within academic STEM at a mid-size public doctoral university in the western USA, before and after the National Science Foundation (NSF)-ADVANCE Program (2003--2008). Design/methodology/approach Using faculty demographics and promotion data between 2008 and 2014, combined with faculty responses to two waves of a climate survey, the magnitude and longevity of the impact of ADVANCE on mid-career faculty advancement across gender is evaluated. Findings This study documents increased representation of women in all ranks within the STEM colleges, including that of full professor due to ADVANCE efforts. It also demonstrates the role of greater gender awareness and formalization of procedures in reducing the variability in the time as associate professor until promotion to full professor for all faculty members, while also shrinking gender disparities in career attainment. As a result of the codification of the post-tenure review timeline toward promotion, more recently hired faculty are promoted more swiftly and consistently, irrespective of gender. Post-ADVANCE, both male and female faculty members express a greater understanding of and confidence in the promotion process and no longer see it as either a hurdle or source of gender inequality in upward career mobility. Research limitations/implications While data were collected at a single university, demographics and career experiences by women mirror those at other research universities. This study shows that within a given institution-specific governance structure, long-lasting effects on faculty career trajectories can be achieved, by focusing efforts on creating greater transparency in expectations and necessary steps toward promotion, by reducing barriers to information flown, by standardizing and codifying the promotion process, and by actively engaging administrators as collaborators and change agents in the transformation process. Originality/value This study addresses mid-career dynamics and potential mechanisms that explain gender gaps in the promotion to full professor, a largely understudied aspect of gender disparities in career attainment within STEM. It shows how institutional policy changes, intended to alleviate gender disparities, can benefit the career trajectories of all faculty members. Specifically, this study highlights the crucial role of codifying procedures and responsibilities in neutralizing subjectivity and inconsistencies in promotion outcomes due to varying departmental climates.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -50025,7 +50025,7 @@ inequality: } @article{VanRensburg2014, - title = {South {{Africa}}'s Protracted Struggle for Equal Distribution and Equitable Access {\textendash} Still Not There}, + title = {South {{Africa}}'s Protracted Struggle for Equal Distribution and Equitable Access -- Still Not There}, author = {Van Rensburg, Hendrik Cj}, year = {2014}, month = dec, @@ -50117,7 +50117,7 @@ inequality: } @article{Varekamp2011a, - title = {Effect of Job Maintenance Training Program for Employees with Chronic Disease {\textendash} a Randomized Controlled Trial on Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Fatigue}, + title = {Effect of Job Maintenance Training Program for Employees with Chronic Disease -- a Randomized Controlled Trial on Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Fatigue}, author = {Varekamp, Inge and Verbeek, Jos H and De Boer, Angela and Van Dijk, Frank Jh}, year = {2011}, month = jul, @@ -50280,7 +50280,7 @@ inequality: issn = {0012-1622, 1469-8749}, doi = {10.1111/dmcn.12158}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new intervention to improve work participation of young adults with physical disabilities, addressing (1) implementation and costs and (2) preliminary effectiveness. Method Twelve young adults with physical disabilities (six males, six females; age 19{\textendash}28y, median age 21y 6mo) participated in a 1-year multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation intervention. In a pre{\textendash}post intervention design, we assessed implementation and costs as well as preliminary effectiveness in terms of employment and occupational performance using questionnaires and interviews. We tested pre{\textendash}post differences with the M cNemar test for proportions and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for scores on occupational performance; p -values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Additionally, we assessed work participation at follow-up after 2 years and 3~years. Results The intervention was implemented in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic for young adults. The median cost per participant for 1~year was {\texteuro}3128, which is an equivalent to the cost of 72 contact hours per participant. Post intervention, and at 2 years and 3~years follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of participants were employed (8/12 post vs 2/12 pre-intervention; p {$<$}0.05), with the ratio of those in paid to unpaid employment being 4:4, 5:3, and 7:1 respectively. Participants showed improved occupational performance in work, self-care, and leisure. Interpretation Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of the intervention are promising. Employed participants seemed to have achieved suitable and continuous employment. , This article is commented on by Murphy on pages 683{\textendash}684 of this issue.}, + abstract = {Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new intervention to improve work participation of young adults with physical disabilities, addressing (1) implementation and costs and (2) preliminary effectiveness. Method Twelve young adults with physical disabilities (six males, six females; age 19--28y, median age 21y 6mo) participated in a 1-year multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation intervention. In a pre--post intervention design, we assessed implementation and costs as well as preliminary effectiveness in terms of employment and occupational performance using questionnaires and interviews. We tested pre--post differences with the M cNemar test for proportions and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for scores on occupational performance; p -values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Additionally, we assessed work participation at follow-up after 2 years and 3~years. Results The intervention was implemented in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic for young adults. The median cost per participant for 1~year was {\texteuro}3128, which is an equivalent to the cost of 72 contact hours per participant. Post intervention, and at 2 years and 3~years follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of participants were employed (8/12 post vs 2/12 pre-intervention; p {$<$}0.05), with the ratio of those in paid to unpaid employment being 4:4, 5:3, and 7:1 respectively. Participants showed improved occupational performance in work, self-care, and leisure. Interpretation Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of the intervention are promising. Employed participants seemed to have achieved suitable and continuous employment. , This article is commented on by Murphy on pages 683--684 of this issue.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -50350,7 +50350,7 @@ inequality: issn = {0020-7640, 1741-2854}, doi = {10.1177/0020764020934508}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background: The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians. Aim: The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire. Results: In total, 25\%, 28\% and 11.6\% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.91; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.072{\textendash}3.418) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.03; 95\% CI: 1.045{\textendash}3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR\,=\,2.17; 95\% CI: 1.317{\textendash}3.589), employment status (OR\,=\,1.77; 95\% CI: 1.002{\textendash}3.141) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.62; 95\% CI: 1.361{\textendash}5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR\,=\,3.42; 95\% CI: 1.544{\textendash}7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.}, + abstract = {Background: The severe outbreak of COVID-19 has affected the mental health of Indians. Aim: The objective of this article was to find the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress and their socio-demographic correlates among Indian population during the lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. A total of 354 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Depression, anxiety and stress were measured using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), a 21-item self-reported questionnaire. Results: In total, 25\%, 28\% and 11.6\% of the participants were moderate to extremely severely depressed, anxious and stressed, respectively. Binary logistic regressions indicated employment status (odds ratio (OR)\,=\,1.91; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.072--3.418) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.03; 95\% CI: 1.045--3.945) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; gender (OR\,=\,2.17; 95\% CI: 1.317--3.589), employment status (OR\,=\,1.77; 95\% CI: 1.002--3.141) and binge drinking (OR\,=\,2.62; 95\% CI: 1.361--5.048) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms; and binge drinking (OR\,=\,3.42; 95\% CI: 1.544--7.583) was significantly associated with stress symptoms. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety and stress among Indian population during the lockdown were prevalent. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, mental health of citizens needs the urgent attention of the Indian government and mental health experts. Further large-scale studies should be conducted on different professions and communities such as health care professionals and migrant workers and incorporate other mental health indicators.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -50439,7 +50439,7 @@ inequality: issn = {1362-0436}, doi = {10.1108/CDI-02-2013-0022}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} Few studies have focussed on the situation of employees with physical disabilities from the perspective of human resources management {\textendash} in particular on the career development expectations of this group. The purpose of this paper is to meet this need by focussing on individuals with physical disabilities in Andalusia (Spain). It analyzes three key aspects: whether the perception of discrimination is related to the perception of inequity due to their disabilities, with this relationship being moderated by gender; whether these perceptions of inequality and discrimination lead to feelings of dissatisfaction with the employing organization; and whether the perception of discrimination mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and job dissatisfaction. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Using the theoretical framework of organizational justice, regression analysis is applied to test the hypotheses in a population of 459 employed people with physical disabilities. Findings {\textendash} The results show that perceived discrimination is due to perceived inequity when peers who do not have a disability are used as comparative reference; however, this relationship is not moderated by gender. These perceptions of inequity and discrimination cause individuals to feel dissatisfaction in organizations, and a mediating effect is found for the perception of discrimination in professional development opportunities. The control variables considered, age and education, are not significant in the relationships studied. Originality/value {\textendash} An original and valued model is proposed to explain job dissatisfaction among employees with physical disabilities and the possibility of perceiving a dual disadvantage, in their possibilities for professional development. The model links together three variables that have not previously been linked all together in the literature {\textendash} perceived inequity, perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability, and dissatisfaction {\textendash} highlighting that perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and dissatisfaction. This model can also examine whether a dual disadvantage is perceived owing to an individual's being a woman and having a disability, considering gender as a variable that moderates the relationship between perceived inequity and perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- Few studies have focussed on the situation of employees with physical disabilities from the perspective of human resources management -- in particular on the career development expectations of this group. The purpose of this paper is to meet this need by focussing on individuals with physical disabilities in Andalusia (Spain). It analyzes three key aspects: whether the perception of discrimination is related to the perception of inequity due to their disabilities, with this relationship being moderated by gender; whether these perceptions of inequality and discrimination lead to feelings of dissatisfaction with the employing organization; and whether the perception of discrimination mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and job dissatisfaction. Design/methodology/approach -- Using the theoretical framework of organizational justice, regression analysis is applied to test the hypotheses in a population of 459 employed people with physical disabilities. Findings -- The results show that perceived discrimination is due to perceived inequity when peers who do not have a disability are used as comparative reference; however, this relationship is not moderated by gender. These perceptions of inequity and discrimination cause individuals to feel dissatisfaction in organizations, and a mediating effect is found for the perception of discrimination in professional development opportunities. The control variables considered, age and education, are not significant in the relationships studied. Originality/value -- An original and valued model is proposed to explain job dissatisfaction among employees with physical disabilities and the possibility of perceiving a dual disadvantage, in their possibilities for professional development. The model links together three variables that have not previously been linked all together in the literature -- perceived inequity, perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability, and dissatisfaction -- highlighting that perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability mediates the relationship between perceived inequity and dissatisfaction. This model can also examine whether a dual disadvantage is perceived owing to an individual's being a woman and having a disability, considering gender as a variable that moderates the relationship between perceived inequity and perceived discrimination on the grounds of disability.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Spain,inequality::disability,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::snowballing} } @@ -50734,7 +50734,7 @@ uses cash benefit to identify `increased need' sample but is not impact study fo @article{Wacquant1999, title = {Urban {{Marginality}} in the {{Coming Millennium}}}, - author = {Wacquant, Lo{\"i}c}, + author = {Wacquant, Lo\"{\i}c}, year = {1999}, month = sep, journal = {Urban Studies}, @@ -50784,7 +50784,7 @@ uses cash benefit to identify `increased need' sample but is not impact study fo } @article{Wagner2014, - title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Family Socioeconomic Status}} on the {{Post}}{\textendash}{{High School Outcomes}} of {{Youth With Disabilities}}}, + title = {The {{Influence}} of {{Family Socioeconomic Status}} on the {{Post}}--{{High School Outcomes}} of {{Youth With Disabilities}}}, author = {Wagner, Mary M. and Newman, Lynn A. and Javitz, Harold S.}, year = {2014}, month = may, @@ -50795,7 +50795,7 @@ uses cash benefit to identify `increased need' sample but is not impact study fo issn = {2165-1434, 2165-1442}, doi = {10.1177/2165143414523980}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study{\textendash}2, this study considers (a) the extent to which the socioeconomic status (SES) of youth with disabilities predicted their likelihood of high school graduation, postsecondary education enrollment, and employment; (b) the extent to which other individual and family factors mediated the SES{\textendash}outcome relationships; and (c) other factors that significantly explained outcome variations for youth with disabilities. Results show that SES had a statistically significant but relatively small effect on outcomes, to a sizable extent the effect of SES was mediated by other factors, and many of the covariates in the analyses (e.g., disability type and severity, gender, race/ethnicity) had their own significant relationships with outcomes that contribute to our understanding of variations in them.}, + abstract = {Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study--2, this study considers (a) the extent to which the socioeconomic status (SES) of youth with disabilities predicted their likelihood of high school graduation, postsecondary education enrollment, and employment; (b) the extent to which other individual and family factors mediated the SES--outcome relationships; and (c) other factors that significantly explained outcome variations for youth with disabilities. Results show that SES had a statistically significant but relatively small effect on outcomes, to a sizable extent the effect of SES was mediated by other factors, and many of the covariates in the analyses (e.g., disability type and severity, gender, race/ethnicity) had their own significant relationships with outcomes that contribute to our understanding of variations in them.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing}, note = {looks at LM adjacent outcomes, inequality, socio-economic determinants; @@ -50831,7 +50831,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.543}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature on the apparently negative effects of income inequality on population health. Various hypotheses are identified and described that explain the empirically observed association between measures of income inequality and population health. We have concluded that data from aggregate-level studies of the effect of income inequality on health, i.e. studies at the population and community (e.g. state) levels, are largely insufficient to discriminate between competing hypotheses. Only individual-level studies have the potential to discriminate between most of the advanced hypotheses. The relevant individual-level studies to date, all on U.S. population data, provide strong support for the ``absolute-income hypothesis,'' no support for the ``relative-income hypothesis,'' and little or no support for the ``income-inequality hypothesis.'' Results that provide some support for the income-inequality hypothesis suggest that income inequality at the state level affects mainly the health of the poor. There is only indirect evidence for the ``deprivation hypothesis,'' and no evidence supports the ``relative-position hypothesis.'' Overall, the absolute-income hypothesis, although {$>$}20 years old, is still the most likely to explain the frequently observed strong association between population health and income inequality levels.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract{\enspace} This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature on the apparently negative effects of income inequality on population health. Various hypotheses are identified and described that explain the empirically observed association between measures of income inequality and population health. We have concluded that data from aggregate-level studies of the effect of income inequality on health, i.e. studies at the population and community (e.g. state) levels, are largely insufficient to discriminate between competing hypotheses. Only individual-level studies have the potential to discriminate between most of the advanced hypotheses. The relevant individual-level studies to date, all on U.S. population data, provide strong support for the ``absolute-income hypothesis,'' no support for the ``relative-income hypothesis,'' and little or no support for the ``income-inequality hypothesis.'' Results that provide some support for the income-inequality hypothesis suggest that income inequality at the state level affects mainly the health of the poor. There is only indirect evidence for the ``deprivation hypothesis,'' and no evidence supports the ``relative-position hypothesis.'' Overall, the absolute-income hypothesis, although {$>$}20 years old, is still the most likely to explain the frequently observed strong association between population health and income inequality levels.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51454,7 +51454,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} issn = {1935-1682}, doi = {10.2202/1935-1682.2938}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract In this paper, we consider three U.S. public policies that potentially influence the work decisions of mothers of infants{\textemdash}parental leave laws, exemptions from welfare work requirements, and child care subsidies for low-income families. We estimate the effects of these policies on the timing of work participation after birth, and on a range of outcomes in the subsequent four years, using a group difference-in-difference technique suitable for analysis of cross-sectional data. We find that the three policies affect early maternal work participation, but obtain no evidence of significant consequences for child well-being.}, + abstract = {Abstract In this paper, we consider three U.S. public policies that potentially influence the work decisions of mothers of infants---parental leave laws, exemptions from welfare work requirements, and child care subsidies for low-income families. We estimate the effects of these policies on the timing of work participation after birth, and on a range of outcomes in the subsequent four years, using a group difference-in-difference technique suitable for analysis of cross-sectional data. We find that the three policies affect early maternal work participation, but obtain no evidence of significant consequences for child well-being.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51702,7 +51702,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} issn = {1949-8357, 1949-8349}, doi = {10.4300/JGME-D-11-00267.1}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Abstract Background Women in medicine report many gender-specific barriers to their career success and satisfaction, including a lack of mentors and role models. The literature calls for innovative strategies to enhance mentorship for women in medicine. Objective To describe the content, perceived value, and ongoing achievements of a mentoring program for women in emergency medicine. Methods The program offered mentoring for female faculty and residents in an academic emergency medicine department. Volunteers participated in group mentoring sessions using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring. Sessions focused on topics specific to women in medicine. An anonymous, electronic survey was sent to women who participated during 2004{\textendash}2010 to assess the perceived value of the program and to collect qualitative feedback. Preliminary achievements fulfilling the program's goals were tracked. Results A total of 46 women (64\%) completed the survey. The results showed a positive perceived value of the program (average, 4.65 on a 5-point Likert scale) in providing mentors and role models (4.41), in offering a supportive environment (4.39), in providing discussions pertinent to both personal (4.22) and professional development (4.22), while expanding networking opportunities (4.07). Notable achievements included work on the creation of a family leave policy, establishing lactation space, collaboration on projects, awards, and academic advancement. Conclusion This innovative model for mentoring women is perceived as a valuable asset to the academic department and residency. It offers the unique combination of expanding a female mentor pool by recruiting alumni and using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring.}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Women in medicine report many gender-specific barriers to their career success and satisfaction, including a lack of mentors and role models. The literature calls for innovative strategies to enhance mentorship for women in medicine. Objective To describe the content, perceived value, and ongoing achievements of a mentoring program for women in emergency medicine. Methods The program offered mentoring for female faculty and residents in an academic emergency medicine department. Volunteers participated in group mentoring sessions using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring. Sessions focused on topics specific to women in medicine. An anonymous, electronic survey was sent to women who participated during 2004--2010 to assess the perceived value of the program and to collect qualitative feedback. Preliminary achievements fulfilling the program's goals were tracked. Results A total of 46 women (64\%) completed the survey. The results showed a positive perceived value of the program (average, 4.65 on a 5-point Likert scale) in providing mentors and role models (4.41), in offering a supportive environment (4.39), in providing discussions pertinent to both personal (4.22) and professional development (4.22), while expanding networking opportunities (4.07). Notable achievements included work on the creation of a family leave policy, establishing lactation space, collaboration on projects, awards, and academic advancement. Conclusion This innovative model for mentoring women is perceived as a valuable asset to the academic department and residency. It offers the unique combination of expanding a female mentor pool by recruiting alumni and using a mosaic of vertical and peer mentoring.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51938,7 +51938,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} issn = {0309-2402, 1365-2648}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Aim.\hspace{0.6em} The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process. Background.\hspace{0.6em} Recent evidence-based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non-experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated. Discussion.\hspace{0.6em} A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review. Conclusion.\hspace{0.6em} An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence-based practice initiatives.}, + abstract = {Aim.{\enspace} The aim of this paper is to distinguish the integrative review method from other review methods and to propose methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method to enhance the rigour of the process. Background.{\enspace} Recent evidence-based practice initiatives have increased the need for and the production of all types of reviews of the literature (integrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative reviews). The integrative review method is the only approach that allows for the combination of diverse methodologies (for example, experimental and non-experimental research), and has the potential to play a greater role in evidence-based practice for nursing. With respect to the integrative review method, strategies to enhance data collection and extraction have been developed; however, methods of analysis, synthesis, and conclusion drawing remain poorly formulated. Discussion.{\enspace} A modified framework for research reviews is presented to address issues specific to the integrative review method. Issues related to specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analysing data, and presenting the results are discussed. Data analysis methods of qualitative research are proposed as strategies that enhance the rigour of combining diverse methodologies as well as empirical and theoretical sources in an integrative review. Conclusion.{\enspace} An updated integrative review method has the potential to allow for diverse primary research methods to become a greater part of evidence-based practice initiatives.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -52299,7 +52299,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} issn = {0891-2432, 1552-3977}, doi = {10.1177/0891243213490232}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {When women work in male-dominated professions, they encounter a ``glass ceiling'' that prevents their ascension into the top jobs. Twenty years ago, I introduced the concept of the ``glass escalator,'' my term for the advantages that men receive in the so-called women's professions (nursing, teaching, librarianship, and social work), including the assumption that they are better suited than women for leadership positions. In this article, I revisit my original analysis and identify two major limitations of the concept: (1) it fails to adequately address intersectionality; in particular, it fails to theorize race, sexuality, and class; and (2) it was based on the assumptions of traditional work organizations, which are undergoing rapid transformation in our neoliberal era. The glass escalator assumes stable employment, career ladders, and widespread support for public institutions (e.g., schools and libraries){\textemdash}which no longer characterize the job market today. Drawing on my studies of the oil and gas industry and the retail industry, I argue that new concepts are needed to understand workplace gender inequality in the 21st century.}, + abstract = {When women work in male-dominated professions, they encounter a ``glass ceiling'' that prevents their ascension into the top jobs. Twenty years ago, I introduced the concept of the ``glass escalator,'' my term for the advantages that men receive in the so-called women's professions (nursing, teaching, librarianship, and social work), including the assumption that they are better suited than women for leadership positions. In this article, I revisit my original analysis and identify two major limitations of the concept: (1) it fails to adequately address intersectionality; in particular, it fails to theorize race, sexuality, and class; and (2) it was based on the assumptions of traditional work organizations, which are undergoing rapid transformation in our neoliberal era. The glass escalator assumes stable employment, career ladders, and widespread support for public institutions (e.g., schools and libraries)---which no longer characterize the job market today. Drawing on my studies of the oil and gas industry and the retail industry, I argue that new concepts are needed to understand workplace gender inequality in the 21st century.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {method::qualitative,out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -74521,7 +74521,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} volume = {23}, number = {718}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-023-15620-z}, - abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014.MethodsThe study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014.ResultsThe study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95\% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95\% CI: 3.4{\textendash}3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95\% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4\% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education.ConclusionThe lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.}, + abstract = {BackgroundGlobally, fertility has declined in the last three decades. In sub-Saharan Africa Including Kenya, this decline started more recent and at a slower pace compared to other regions. Despite a significant fertility decline in Kenya, there are disparities in intra- and interregional fertility. Reduction in lifetime fertility has health benefits for both the mother and child, thus it is important to improve women and children health outcomes associated with high fertility. The study, therefore evaluated the factors associate with change in lifetime fertility among married women of reproductive age in Kenya between 2003 and 2014.MethodsThe study used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) datasets of 2003, 2008 and 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the mean number of children ever born and to assess the change in fertility across different factors. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to study the relationship between number of children ever born (lifetime fertility) and independent variables. A Poisson-based multivariate decomposition for the nonlinear response model was performed to identify and quantify the contribution of demographic, socioeconomic and reproductive correlates, to the change in lifetime fertility between 2003 and 2014.ResultsThe study included 3,917, 4,002, and 7,332 weighted samples of women of reproductive age in 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The mean number of children born declined from 3.8 (95\% CI: 3.6-3.9) in 2003 to 3.5 (95\% CI: 3.4--3.7) in 2008 and 3.4 (95\% CI: 3.3-3.4) in 2014 (p = 0.001). The expected number of children reduced with the age at first sexual intercourse, the age at first marriage across the survey years, and household wealth index. Women who had lost one or more children in the past were likely to have increased number of children. The changes in the effects of women's characteristics between the surveys explained 96.4\% of the decline. The main contributors to the change in lifetime fertility was the different in women level of education.ConclusionThe lifetime fertility declined by one-tenth between 2003 and 2014; majorly as a result of the effects of characteristics of women in terms of level of education. These highlights a need to implement education policies that promotes women education focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. Continuous strengthening of the healthcare systems (access to quality antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postpartum care) to reduce child mortality is essential.}, affiliation = {Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Ghent, Fac Med \& Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth \& Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium. Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, J (Corresponding Author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, POB 3027000100, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, James; Gatimu, Samwel Maina; Temmerman, Marleen; Luchters, Stanley, Univ Ghent, Fac Med \& Hlth Sci, Dept Publ Hlth \& Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium. Orwa, James, Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Orwa, James, Aga Khan Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, POB 3027000100, Nairobi, Kenya. Gatimu, Samwel Maina, Diabetic Foot Fdn Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. Ariho, Paulino, Makerere Univ, Sch Stat \& Planning, Dept Populat Studies, Kampala, Uganda. Temmerman, Marleen, Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women \& Child Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. Luchters, Stanley, Ctr Sexual Hlth \& HIV AIDS Res CeSHHAR, Harare, Zimbabwe. Luchters, Stanley, Liverpool Sch Trop Med LSTM, Liverpool, Lancashire, England.}, author-email = {orwa.ariaro35@gmail.com}, da = {2023-11-02}, @@ -76690,7 +76690,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0309-1317, 1468-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00526.x}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Rapid urban growth in China has been accompanied by rising social inequality and marginalization of disadvantaged social groups such as laid-off workers of the state-owned enterprises and rural migrants. The Chinese government has officially acknowledged the existence of `marginal groups' and prioritized combating the new urban poverty as an urgent task to eliminate the root of potential social instability. This article proposes the concept of `poverty of transition' from the institutional change perspective to examine how the `new' urban poverty is created by the disjuncture between the old and new institutions. Specifically, the poverty of transition suggests that the main cause of the new poverty is structural, i.e. economic restructuring and the release of redundant workers previously hidden inside the workplace, and the increasing migrant population who are excluded from the formal urban institutions. A sizable underclass is now under formation in the sense that they are institutionally detached from mainstream urban society. To close the disjuncture between the marketization of labourers and the transition in welfare provisions requires more than just a policy of poverty relief; instead it requires a fundamental vision of the new `citizenship' in the Chinese city. En Chine, la rapide croissance urbaine s'est accompagn{\'e}e d'une aggravation de l'in{\'e}galit{\'e} sociale et d'une marginalisation des groupes sociaux d{\'e}favoris{\'e}s tels que les ex-employ{\'e}s des entreprises nationalis{\'e}es et les migrants ruraux. Le gouvernement a officiellement reconnu l'existence de `groupes marginaux' et annonc{\'e} comme une priorit{\'e} la lutte contre la nouvelle pauvret{\'e} urbaine afin d'{\'e}liminer cette source potentielle d'instabilit{\'e} sociale. L'article propose le concept de `pauvret{\'e} de transition' dans une perspective d'{\'e}volution institutionnelle, afin d'examiner comment la `nouvelle' pauvret{\'e} urbaine na{\^i}t de la rupture entre institutions anciennes et nouvelles. Notamment, ce concept sugg{\`e}re que la cause premi{\`e}re de la nouvelle pauvret{\'e} est structurelle, autrement dit {\'e}mane de la restructuration {\'e}conomique et du d{\'e}gagement des ouvriers en surnombre pr{\'e}c{\'e}demment dissimul{\'e}s sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi que de la population migrante croissante, exclue des institutions urbaines officielles. Une classe inf{\'e}rieure consid{\'e}rable est en cours de formation au sens que ses membres sont isol{\'e}s institutionnellement de la soci{\'e}t{\'e} urbaine normale. Combler cette rupture entre la marchandisation des ouvriers et la transition des mesures sociales exige, davantage qu'une simple politique publique d'aide aux pauvres, une vision fondamentale de la nouvelle `citoyennet{\'e}' dans les villes chinoises.}, + abstract = {Rapid urban growth in China has been accompanied by rising social inequality and marginalization of disadvantaged social groups such as laid-off workers of the state-owned enterprises and rural migrants. The Chinese government has officially acknowledged the existence of `marginal groups' and prioritized combating the new urban poverty as an urgent task to eliminate the root of potential social instability. This article proposes the concept of `poverty of transition' from the institutional change perspective to examine how the `new' urban poverty is created by the disjuncture between the old and new institutions. Specifically, the poverty of transition suggests that the main cause of the new poverty is structural, i.e. economic restructuring and the release of redundant workers previously hidden inside the workplace, and the increasing migrant population who are excluded from the formal urban institutions. A sizable underclass is now under formation in the sense that they are institutionally detached from mainstream urban society. To close the disjuncture between the marketization of labourers and the transition in welfare provisions requires more than just a policy of poverty relief; instead it requires a fundamental vision of the new `citizenship' in the Chinese city. En Chine, la rapide croissance urbaine s'est accompagn{\'e}e d'une aggravation de l'in{\'e}galit{\'e} sociale et d'une marginalisation des groupes sociaux d{\'e}favoris{\'e}s tels que les ex-employ{\'e}s des entreprises nationalis{\'e}es et les migrants ruraux. Le gouvernement a officiellement reconnu l'existence de `groupes marginaux' et annonc{\'e} comme une priorit{\'e} la lutte contre la nouvelle pauvret{\'e} urbaine afin d'{\'e}liminer cette source potentielle d'instabilit{\'e} sociale. L'article propose le concept de `pauvret{\'e} de transition' dans une perspective d'{\'e}volution institutionnelle, afin d'examiner comment la `nouvelle' pauvret{\'e} urbaine na\^{\i}t de la rupture entre institutions anciennes et nouvelles. Notamment, ce concept sugg{\`e}re que la cause premi{\`e}re de la nouvelle pauvret{\'e} est structurelle, autrement dit {\'e}mane de la restructuration {\'e}conomique et du d{\'e}gagement des ouvriers en surnombre pr{\'e}c{\'e}demment dissimul{\'e}s sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi que de la population migrante croissante, exclue des institutions urbaines officielles. Une classe inf{\'e}rieure consid{\'e}rable est en cours de formation au sens que ses membres sont isol{\'e}s institutionnellement de la soci{\'e}t{\'e} urbaine normale. Combler cette rupture entre la marchandisation des ouvriers et la transition des mesures sociales exige, davantage qu'une simple politique publique d'aide aux pauvres, une vision fondamentale de la nouvelle `citoyennet{\'e}' dans les villes chinoises.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::framework,country::China,inequality::poverty,inequality::spatial,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76784,7 +76784,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0143-7720}, doi = {10.1108/IJM-01-2012-0017}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the male-female pay gap in China varies across the pay distribution and to provide evidence on the factors that influence that gap. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The authors use the Recentered Influence Function modification of quantile regressions to estimate how the male-female pay gap varies across the pay distribution. The authors also decompose the pay gaps at different quantiles of the pay distribution into differences in endowments of wage determining characteristics and differences in the returns for the same characteristics. The analysis is based on data from the Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China survey. Findings {\textendash} The authors find evidence of a sticky floor (large pay gaps at the bottom of the pay distribution) and some limited and weaker evidence of a glass ceiling (large pay gaps at the top of the distribution). This pattern prevails based on the overall pay gap as well as on the adjusted or net gap that reflects differences in the pay that males and females receive when they have the same pay determining characteristics. The pattern largely reflects the coefficients or unexplained differences across the pay distribution. Factors influencing the pay gap and how they vary across the pay distribution are discussed. The variation highlights considerable heterogeneity in the Chinese labour market with respect to how pay is determined and different characteristics are rewarded, implying that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution. Social implications {\textendash} At the bottom of the pay distribution most of the lower pay of females reflects their lower returns to job tenure, experience and a greater negative effect of family responsibilities on females' wages, and to a lesser extent their lower level of education, less likelihood of being CPP members and their concentration in lower paying occupations. At the top of the pay distribution most of their lower pay reflects their lower returns on education, job tenure and work experience, and to a lesser extent their lower levels of experience and lower likelihood of being in managerial and leadership positions. Originality/value {\textendash} The paper systematically examines the male-female pay gap and its determinants throughout the pay distribution in China, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution and not capture the considerable heterogeneity in that labour market.}, + abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the male-female pay gap in China varies across the pay distribution and to provide evidence on the factors that influence that gap. Design/methodology/approach -- The authors use the Recentered Influence Function modification of quantile regressions to estimate how the male-female pay gap varies across the pay distribution. The authors also decompose the pay gaps at different quantiles of the pay distribution into differences in endowments of wage determining characteristics and differences in the returns for the same characteristics. The analysis is based on data from the Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China survey. Findings -- The authors find evidence of a sticky floor (large pay gaps at the bottom of the pay distribution) and some limited and weaker evidence of a glass ceiling (large pay gaps at the top of the distribution). This pattern prevails based on the overall pay gap as well as on the adjusted or net gap that reflects differences in the pay that males and females receive when they have the same pay determining characteristics. The pattern largely reflects the coefficients or unexplained differences across the pay distribution. Factors influencing the pay gap and how they vary across the pay distribution are discussed. The variation highlights considerable heterogeneity in the Chinese labour market with respect to how pay is determined and different characteristics are rewarded, implying that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution. Social implications -- At the bottom of the pay distribution most of the lower pay of females reflects their lower returns to job tenure, experience and a greater negative effect of family responsibilities on females' wages, and to a lesser extent their lower level of education, less likelihood of being CPP members and their concentration in lower paying occupations. At the top of the pay distribution most of their lower pay reflects their lower returns on education, job tenure and work experience, and to a lesser extent their lower levels of experience and lower likelihood of being in managerial and leadership positions. Originality/value -- The paper systematically examines the male-female pay gap and its determinants throughout the pay distribution in China, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions that focus only on the mean of the distribution can mask important differences across the full pay distribution and not capture the considerable heterogeneity in that labour market.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -76828,7 +76828,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0247959}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Objective To describe how men and women divided childcare and housework demands during the height of the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK, and whether these divisions were associated with worsening mental health during the pandemic. Background School closures and homeworking during the Covid-19 crisis have resulted in an immediate increase in unpaid care work, which draws new attention to gender inequality in divisions of unpaid care work. Methods Data come from the wave 9 (2017{\textendash}19) of Understanding Society and the following April (n = 15,426) and May (n = 14,150) waves of Understanding Society Covid-19 study. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at both before and during the lockdown, and unpaid care work was measured during the lockdown. Linear regression models were used. Results Women spent much more time on unpaid care work than men during lockdown, and it was more likely to be the mother than the father who reduced working hours or changed employment schedules due to increased time on childcare. Women who spent long hours on housework and childcare were more likely to report increased levels of psychological distress. Working parents who adapted their work patterns increased more psychological distress than those who did not. This association was much stronger if he or she was the only member in the household who adapted their work patterns, or if she was a lone mother. Fathers increased more psychological distress if they reduced work hours but she did not, compared to neither reducing work hours. Conclusion There are continued gender inequalities in divisions of unpaid care work. Juggling home working with homeschooling and childcare as well as extra housework is likely to lead to poor mental health for people with families, particularly for lone mothers.}, + abstract = {Objective To describe how men and women divided childcare and housework demands during the height of the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK, and whether these divisions were associated with worsening mental health during the pandemic. Background School closures and homeworking during the Covid-19 crisis have resulted in an immediate increase in unpaid care work, which draws new attention to gender inequality in divisions of unpaid care work. Methods Data come from the wave 9 (2017--19) of Understanding Society and the following April (n = 15,426) and May (n = 14,150) waves of Understanding Society Covid-19 study. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at both before and during the lockdown, and unpaid care work was measured during the lockdown. Linear regression models were used. Results Women spent much more time on unpaid care work than men during lockdown, and it was more likely to be the mother than the father who reduced working hours or changed employment schedules due to increased time on childcare. Women who spent long hours on housework and childcare were more likely to report increased levels of psychological distress. Working parents who adapted their work patterns increased more psychological distress than those who did not. This association was much stronger if he or she was the only member in the household who adapted their work patterns, or if she was a lone mother. Fathers increased more psychological distress if they reduced work hours but she did not, compared to neither reducing work hours. Conclusion There are continued gender inequalities in divisions of unpaid care work. Juggling home working with homeschooling and childcare as well as extra housework is likely to lead to poor mental health for people with families, particularly for lone mothers.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76947,7 +76947,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11791-9}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Abstract Introduction Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May{\textendash}June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. Results The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6\% ( n \,=\,84), 26.1\% ( n \,=\,53), and 21.2\% of the subjects ( n \,=\,43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women. Conclusion According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May--June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. Results The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6\% ( n \,=\,84), 26.1\% ( n \,=\,53), and 21.2\% of the subjects ( n \,=\,43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women. Conclusion According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -76981,7 +76981,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0004-3591, 1529-0131}, doi = {10.1002/1529-0131(200006)13:3<168::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-R}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Objective To provide estimates of the frequency with which persons 51 to 61 years of age with musculoskeletal conditions receive workplace accommodations from their employers and to determine if the receipt of such accommodations is associated with higher rates of employment two years later. Methods The estimates derive from the Health and Retirement Survey, a national probability sample of 8,781 respondents who were interviewed both in 1992 and 1994 and who were between the ages of 51 and 61 years, of whom 5,495 reported one or more musculoskeletal conditions. We tabulated the frequency of accommodations provided in 1992 and then estimated the impact of accommodations and demographic and medical characteristics on 1994 employment status, using logistic regression. Results In 1992, about 14.40 million persons aged 51{\textendash}61 years reported a musculoskeletal condition. Of these, 1.32 million (9.2\%) reported a disability and were employed, the target population for accommodations. Overall, fewer than 1 in 5 persons with musculoskeletal conditions who had a disability and were employed indicated that they had received any form of accommodation on their current jobs. Although no form of accommodation was reported with great frequency, the most commonly used ones included getting someone to help do one's job (12.1\%), scheduling more breaks during the work day (9.5\%), changing the time that the work day started and stopped (6.3\%), having a shorter work day (5.6\%), getting special equipment (5.3\%), and changing the work tasks (5.3\%). Persons with one or more accommodations in 1992, however, were no more likely to be working in 1994 than those with none. Only one specific accommodation{\textemdash}getting someone to help do one's job{\textemdash}was associated with a higher rate of employment in 1994. Conclusions Receipt of employment accommodations occurred infrequently, and was not generally associated with an improvement in the employment rate of persons with musculoskeletal conditions and disabilities.}, + abstract = {Objective To provide estimates of the frequency with which persons 51 to 61 years of age with musculoskeletal conditions receive workplace accommodations from their employers and to determine if the receipt of such accommodations is associated with higher rates of employment two years later. Methods The estimates derive from the Health and Retirement Survey, a national probability sample of 8,781 respondents who were interviewed both in 1992 and 1994 and who were between the ages of 51 and 61 years, of whom 5,495 reported one or more musculoskeletal conditions. We tabulated the frequency of accommodations provided in 1992 and then estimated the impact of accommodations and demographic and medical characteristics on 1994 employment status, using logistic regression. Results In 1992, about 14.40 million persons aged 51--61 years reported a musculoskeletal condition. Of these, 1.32 million (9.2\%) reported a disability and were employed, the target population for accommodations. Overall, fewer than 1 in 5 persons with musculoskeletal conditions who had a disability and were employed indicated that they had received any form of accommodation on their current jobs. Although no form of accommodation was reported with great frequency, the most commonly used ones included getting someone to help do one's job (12.1\%), scheduling more breaks during the work day (9.5\%), changing the time that the work day started and stopped (6.3\%), having a shorter work day (5.6\%), getting special equipment (5.3\%), and changing the work tasks (5.3\%). Persons with one or more accommodations in 1992, however, were no more likely to be working in 1994 than those with none. Only one specific accommodation---getting someone to help do one's job---was associated with a higher rate of employment in 1994. Conclusions Receipt of employment accommodations occurred infrequently, and was not generally associated with an improvement in the employment rate of persons with musculoskeletal conditions and disabilities.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -77017,7 +77017,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {0301-2212}, doi = {10.2224/sbp.2011.39.1.129}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Using Izmir, Turkey as a case study the risk factors leading children to work in the streets were identified. Participants in the study were 226 children working in the streets, average age 10.35{$\pm$}2.21 who worked 6.8{$\pm$}2.11 hours per day. The great majority of the children were boys (90.2\%), 77.9\% were of primary school age; two-thirds of the children were working to provide an economic contribution to the family; 86.6\% were from a large family; 78.8\% were from a family that migrated to a big city. Almost all did not find working in the street safe; and nearly half were not hopeful about the future. It was established that frequent problems in the children's families include poverty, unemployment, poor education, having a large family, poor family functioning, migration, limited possibilities of shelter, and domestic violence, including the beating of wives and children. Although nearly all the children still lived with their families, a small percentage of the children (5.8\%) had begun living permanently on the streets and then cut ties with their families. A significant relationship was found between living on the streets and the age of the child, the father's education, and the father's use of alcohol.}, + abstract = {Using Izmir, Turkey as a case study the risk factors leading children to work in the streets were identified. Participants in the study were 226 children working in the streets, average age 10.35{\textpm}2.21 who worked 6.8{\textpm}2.11 hours per day. The great majority of the children were boys (90.2\%), 77.9\% were of primary school age; two-thirds of the children were working to provide an economic contribution to the family; 86.6\% were from a large family; 78.8\% were from a family that migrated to a big city. Almost all did not find working in the street safe; and nearly half were not hopeful about the future. It was established that frequent problems in the children's families include poverty, unemployment, poor education, having a large family, poor family functioning, migration, limited possibilities of shelter, and domestic violence, including the beating of wives and children. Although nearly all the children still lived with their families, a small percentage of the children (5.8\%) had begun living permanently on the streets and then cut ties with their families. A significant relationship was found between living on the streets and the age of the child, the father's education, and the father's use of alcohol.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -77290,7 +77290,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} issn = {1478-4491}, doi = {10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {There has been a welcome emphasis on gender issues in global health in recent years in the discourse around human resources for health. Although it is estimated that up to 75\% of health workers are female (World Health Organization, Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030, 2016), this gender ratio is not reflected in the top levels of leadership in international or national health systems and global health organizations (Global Health 50/50, The Global Health 50/50 report: how gender responsive are the world's leading global health organizations, 2018; Clark, Lancet, 391:918{\textendash}20, 2018). This imbalance has led to a deeper exploration of the role of women in leadership and the barriers they face through initiatives such as the WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030, the UN High Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, the Global Health 50/50 Reports, Women in Global Health, and \#LancetWomen. These movements focus on advocating for increasing women's participation in leadership. While efforts to reduce gender imbalance in global health leadership are critical and gaining momentum, it is imperative that we look beyond parity and recognize that women are a heterogeneous group and that the privileges and disadvantages that hinder and enable women's career progression cannot be reduced to a shared universal experience, explained only by gender. Hence, we must take into account the ways in which gender intersects with other social identities and stratifiers to create unique experiences of marginalization and disadvantage.}, + abstract = {There has been a welcome emphasis on gender issues in global health in recent years in the discourse around human resources for health. Although it is estimated that up to 75\% of health workers are female (World Health Organization, Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030, 2016), this gender ratio is not reflected in the top levels of leadership in international or national health systems and global health organizations (Global Health 50/50, The Global Health 50/50 report: how gender responsive are the world's leading global health organizations, 2018; Clark, Lancet, 391:918--20, 2018). This imbalance has led to a deeper exploration of the role of women in leadership and the barriers they face through initiatives such as the WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030, the UN High Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, the Global Health 50/50 Reports, Women in Global Health, and \#LancetWomen. These movements focus on advocating for increasing women's participation in leadership. While efforts to reduce gender imbalance in global health leadership are critical and gaining momentum, it is imperative that we look beyond parity and recognize that women are a heterogeneous group and that the privileges and disadvantages that hinder and enable women's career progression cannot be reduced to a shared universal experience, explained only by gender. Hence, we must take into account the ways in which gender intersects with other social identities and stratifiers to create unique experiences of marginalization and disadvantage.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -77480,7 +77480,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi issn = {2517-729X}, doi = {10.1136/gpsych-2020-100260}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Backgroud COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of local medical and nursing staff. Aim We used wearable pulse oximeters to monitor and screen the medical and nursing staff working in hospitals designated for COVID-19 in the Wuhan area. This study aimed to establish a reliable basis to provide sleep intervention for the medical and nursing staff. Methods Thirty medical and nursing staff members with symptoms of insomnia were instructed to wear medical ring-shaped pulse oximeters to monitor their sleep overnight. We also used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Chinese version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to evaluate the severity of insomnia and mental health status, respectively, for each participant. Results Among the 30 participants, only 26 completed the screening. Ten cases (38.5\%) demonstrated moderate to severe sleep apnoea{\textendash}hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) when using an oxygen desaturation index {$\geq$}15 times/hour as the cut-off value. Participants with comorbid moderate to severe SAHS had significantly higher ISI and SRQ scores (p values 0.034 and 0.016, respectively) than those in the insomnia group. Correlation analysis revealed that ISI was positively correlated with total sleep time (TST) (r=0.435, p=0.026), and negatively correlated with deep sleep (r=-0.495, p=0.010); furthermore, patient SRQ scores were positively correlated with TST, sleep efficiency (SE) and REM (rapid eyes movement) sleep \% (r=0.454 and 0.389, 0.512; p=0.020, 0.050 and 0.008, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that SRQ-20 and sex were risk factors for insomnia with comorbid SAHS, and their OR values were 1.516 and 11.56 (95\% CI 1.053 to 2.180 and 1.037 to 128.9), respectively. Conclusion Medical and nursing staff with insomnia showed clear signs of comorbid sleep apnoea attributable to stress. The wearable pulse oximeters accurately monitored the participants' breathing when asleep.}, + abstract = {Backgroud COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of local medical and nursing staff. Aim We used wearable pulse oximeters to monitor and screen the medical and nursing staff working in hospitals designated for COVID-19 in the Wuhan area. This study aimed to establish a reliable basis to provide sleep intervention for the medical and nursing staff. Methods Thirty medical and nursing staff members with symptoms of insomnia were instructed to wear medical ring-shaped pulse oximeters to monitor their sleep overnight. We also used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Chinese version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to evaluate the severity of insomnia and mental health status, respectively, for each participant. Results Among the 30 participants, only 26 completed the screening. Ten cases (38.5\%) demonstrated moderate to severe sleep apnoea--hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) when using an oxygen desaturation index {$\geq$}15 times/hour as the cut-off value. Participants with comorbid moderate to severe SAHS had significantly higher ISI and SRQ scores (p values 0.034 and 0.016, respectively) than those in the insomnia group. Correlation analysis revealed that ISI was positively correlated with total sleep time (TST) (r=0.435, p=0.026), and negatively correlated with deep sleep (r=-0.495, p=0.010); furthermore, patient SRQ scores were positively correlated with TST, sleep efficiency (SE) and REM (rapid eyes movement) sleep \% (r=0.454 and 0.389, 0.512; p=0.020, 0.050 and 0.008, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that SRQ-20 and sex were risk factors for insomnia with comorbid SAHS, and their OR values were 1.516 and 11.56 (95\% CI 1.053 to 2.180 and 1.037 to 128.9), respectively. Conclusion Medical and nursing staff with insomnia showed clear signs of comorbid sleep apnoea attributable to stress. The wearable pulse oximeters accurately monitored the participants' breathing when asleep.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -77502,7 +77502,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi } @article{Ziebarth2013, - title = {Long-Term Absenteeism and Moral Hazard{\textemdash}{{Evidence}} from a Natural Experiment}, + title = {Long-Term Absenteeism and Moral Hazard---{{Evidence}} from a Natural Experiment}, author = {Ziebarth, Nicolas R.}, year = {2013}, month = oct, @@ -77632,7 +77632,7 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi issn = {24058440}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05057}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic essentially imposes psychological effects on people. As the pandemic progresses, people experience psychological trauma gradually, which can change over time. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among Bangladeshi people four months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bangladeshi citizens aged {$\geq$}18 years from June 1 to June 10, 2020. The participants completed an online questionnaire examining socio-demographic variables and COVID-19 related factors, along with the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21. A total of 1146 respondents have been included in the study. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM Statistics version 22.0. Results The prevalence of moderate to the extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress was 47.2\%, 46.0\%, and 32.5\%, respectively, with no significant gender differences. The prevalence of anxiety and stress was significantly higher in participants aged {$>$}30 than in participants aged 18{\textendash}30 years. Daily follow up COVID-19 related news, having COVID-19 symptoms so far, having contact (direct or indirect) with COVID-19 infected person, and fear of infection were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions Sizable proportions of participants had depression, anxiety and stress four months after the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. The findings of this study underscores the need for strategies aimed at reducing these psychological sufferings in Bangladeshi people in the context of COVID-19.}, + abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic essentially imposes psychological effects on people. As the pandemic progresses, people experience psychological trauma gradually, which can change over time. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among Bangladeshi people four months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bangladeshi citizens aged {$\geq$}18 years from June 1 to June 10, 2020. The participants completed an online questionnaire examining socio-demographic variables and COVID-19 related factors, along with the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21. A total of 1146 respondents have been included in the study. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM Statistics version 22.0. Results The prevalence of moderate to the extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress was 47.2\%, 46.0\%, and 32.5\%, respectively, with no significant gender differences. The prevalence of anxiety and stress was significantly higher in participants aged {$>$}30 than in participants aged 18--30 years. Daily follow up COVID-19 related news, having COVID-19 symptoms so far, having contact (direct or indirect) with COVID-19 infected person, and fear of infection were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions Sizable proportions of participants had depression, anxiety and stress four months after the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. The findings of this study underscores the need for strategies aimed at reducing these psychological sufferings in Bangladeshi people in the context of COVID-19.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @@ -77649,13 +77649,13 @@ main barriers: increased likelihood for women to take on 'dual burdens' professi issn = {2059-7908}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007666}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {Introduction Secondary school closures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 may have amplified the negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and schooling outcomes of vulnerable adolescent girls. This study aimed to measure pandemic-related effects on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among school-going girls in Kenya. Methods We report longitudinal findings of 910 girls in their last 2 years of secondary school. The study took place in 12 secondary day schools in rural western Kenya between 2018 and 2021. Using a causal-comparative design, we compared SRH and schooling outcomes among 403 girls who graduated after completion of their final school examinations in November 2019 pre-pandemic with 507 girls who experienced disrupted schooling due to COVID-19 and sat examinations in March 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effect of COVID-19-related school closures and restrictions on all outcomes of interest and on incident pregnancy. Results At study initiation, the mean age of participants was 17.2 (IQR: 16.4{\textendash}17.9) for girls in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 17.5 (IQR: 16.5{\textendash}18.4) for girls in the COVID-19 cohort. Girls experiencing COVID-19 containment measures had twice the risk of falling pregnant prior to completing secondary school after adjustment for age, household wealth and orphanhood status (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=2.11; 95\% CI:1.13 to 3.95, p=0.019); three times the risk of school dropout (aRR=3.03; 95\% CI: 1.55 to 5.95, p=0.001) and 3.4 times the risk of school transfer prior to examinations (aRR=3.39; 95\% CI: 1.70 to 6.77, p=0.001) relative to pre-COVID-19 learners. Girls in the COVID-19 cohort were more likely to be sexually active (aRR=1.28; 95\% CI: 1.09 to 1.51, p=0.002) and less likely to report their first sex as desired (aRR=0.49; 95\% CI: 0.37 to 0.65, p{$<$}0.001). These girls reported increased hours of non-school-related work (3.32 hours per day vs 2.63 hours per day in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, aRR=1.92; 95\% CI: 1.92 to 2.99, p=0.004). In the COVID-19 cohort, 80.5\% reported worsening household economic status and COVID-19-related stress was common. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic deleteriously affected the SRH of girls and amplified school transfer and dropout. Appropriate programmes and interventions that help buffer the effects of population-level emergencies on school-going adolescents are warranted. Trial registration number NCT03051789 .}, + abstract = {Introduction Secondary school closures aimed at limiting the number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 may have amplified the negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and schooling outcomes of vulnerable adolescent girls. This study aimed to measure pandemic-related effects on adolescent pregnancy and school dropout among school-going girls in Kenya. Methods We report longitudinal findings of 910 girls in their last 2 years of secondary school. The study took place in 12 secondary day schools in rural western Kenya between 2018 and 2021. Using a causal-comparative design, we compared SRH and schooling outcomes among 403 girls who graduated after completion of their final school examinations in November 2019 pre-pandemic with 507 girls who experienced disrupted schooling due to COVID-19 and sat examinations in March 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted generalised linear mixed models were used to investigate the effect of COVID-19-related school closures and restrictions on all outcomes of interest and on incident pregnancy. Results At study initiation, the mean age of participants was 17.2 (IQR: 16.4--17.9) for girls in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 17.5 (IQR: 16.5--18.4) for girls in the COVID-19 cohort. Girls experiencing COVID-19 containment measures had twice the risk of falling pregnant prior to completing secondary school after adjustment for age, household wealth and orphanhood status (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=2.11; 95\% CI:1.13 to 3.95, p=0.019); three times the risk of school dropout (aRR=3.03; 95\% CI: 1.55 to 5.95, p=0.001) and 3.4 times the risk of school transfer prior to examinations (aRR=3.39; 95\% CI: 1.70 to 6.77, p=0.001) relative to pre-COVID-19 learners. Girls in the COVID-19 cohort were more likely to be sexually active (aRR=1.28; 95\% CI: 1.09 to 1.51, p=0.002) and less likely to report their first sex as desired (aRR=0.49; 95\% CI: 0.37 to 0.65, p{$<$}0.001). These girls reported increased hours of non-school-related work (3.32 hours per day vs 2.63 hours per day in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, aRR=1.92; 95\% CI: 1.92 to 2.99, p=0.004). In the COVID-19 cohort, 80.5\% reported worsening household economic status and COVID-19-related stress was common. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic deleteriously affected the SRH of girls and amplified school transfer and dropout. Appropriate programmes and interventions that help buffer the effects of population-level emergencies on school-going adolescents are warranted. Trial registration number NCT03051789 .}, langid = {english}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } @article{Zwerling2003, - title = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement}}, 1994{\textendash}1995:}, + title = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}: {{National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement}}, 1994--1995:}, shorttitle = {Workplace {{Accommodations}} for {{People}} with {{Disabilities}}}, author = {Zwerling, Craig and Whitten, Paul S. and Sprince, Nancy L. and Davis, Charles S. and Wallace, Robert B. and Jd, Peter Blanck and Heeringa, Steven G.}, year = {2003},