From 1b8508a8b9f684114ffa86d89d5201c6ae7fb356 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 18:35:06 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] feat(data): Add preliminary extractions for collective action --- 02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib | 451 +++++++++--------- 02-data/processed/prelim/Ahumada2023.yml | 46 ++ 02-data/processed/prelim/Alexiou2023.yml | 45 ++ .../processed/prelim/Cardinaleschi2019.yml | 45 ++ 02-data/processed/prelim/Dieckhoff2015.yml | 46 ++ 02-data/processed/prelim/Ferguson2015.yml | 45 ++ 02-data/supplementary/lib.bib | 451 +++++++++--------- scoping_review.qmd | 34 ++ 8 files changed, 721 insertions(+), 442 deletions(-) create mode 100644 02-data/processed/prelim/Ahumada2023.yml create mode 100644 02-data/processed/prelim/Alexiou2023.yml create mode 100644 02-data/processed/prelim/Cardinaleschi2019.yml create mode 100644 02-data/processed/prelim/Dieckhoff2015.yml create mode 100644 02-data/processed/prelim/Ferguson2015.yml diff --git a/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib b/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib index aaac0ed..498da00 100644 --- a/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib +++ b/02-data/intermediate/SAMPLE.bib @@ -289,6 +289,29 @@ langid = {english} } +@article{Ahumada2023, + type = {Article; Early Access}, + title = {Trade Union Strength, Business Power, and Labor Policy Reform: {{The}} Cases of {{Argentina}} and {{Chile}} in Comparative Perspective}, + author = {Ahumada, Pablo Perez}, + year = {2023 MAR 26 2023}, + journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY}, + doi = {10.1177/00207152231163846}, + abstract = {In this article, I explain why pro-labor reforms succeed or fail. Focusing on the cases of Argentina and Chile, I show that labor reforms are more successful in extending trade union rights when unions successfully build associational power and employers are less able to do so. Consistent with this argument, a quantitative analysis of time-series cross-sectional data from 78 countries suggests that the level of class power disparity is negatively correlated with the extension of workers' collective rights. At the end of the article, I discuss how these results have implications for the study of labor reforms and power resources.}, + affiliation = {Ahumada, PP (Corresponding Author), Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile.}, + author-email = {pabloperez@uchile.cl}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2023}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000956608200001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {3}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SDX6EH7A/Ahumada_2023_Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform.pdf} +} + @article{Akel2022, title = {Violence {{Against Women During COVID-19 Pandemic}}}, author = {Akel, Marwan and Berro, Jana and Rahme, Clara and Haddad, Chadia and Obeid, Sahar and Hallit, Souheil}, @@ -500,6 +523,33 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, langid = {english} } +@article{Alexiou2023, + type = {Article}, + title = {The Impact of Trade Unions and Government Party Orientation on Income Inequality: Evidence from 17 {{OECD}} Economies}, + author = {Alexiou, Constantinos and Trachanas, Emmanouil}, + year = {2023}, + month = apr, + journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES}, + volume = {50}, + number = {3}, + pages = {506--524}, + doi = {10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612}, + abstract = {Purpose Despite the existing conceptual analysis on the impact of trade unions on employees' welfare and the wider economy, the mediating effect of political party orientation (i.e., right, centre and left) on income inequality remains under researched. In this paper, the authors empirically explore the relationship between the nature of political party orientation, trade unions and income inequality. Design/methodology/approach The authors use three different measures of income inequality and dummy variables that capture government party orientation with respect to economic policy for a panel of 17 OECD economies over the period 2000-2016. The authors employ a panel fixed effects approach and the Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) nonparametric covariance matrix estimator. Findings The empirical evidence indicates that strong unions and, to some extent, left party governance, are fundamental institutional elements to combat rising levels of income inequality whilst countries dominated by right-wing political parties appear to exacerbate income inequality. The results pertaining to the impact of centrist parties on income inequality are ambiguous suggesting that a potential fragmentation may exist in their political approach. Originality/value The evidence generated can have significant policy ramifications in alleviating rising levels of income inequality as well in relation to the declining unionization rates observed across advanced economies.}, + affiliation = {Alexiou, C (Corresponding Author), Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Alexiou, Constantinos, Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Trachanas, Emmanouil, Univ Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece.}, + author-email = {constantinos.alexiou@cranfield.ac.uk}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2022}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000774139600001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, + web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, + keywords = {done::prelim,inequality::income,relevant,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/INZ9V9EK/Alexiou_Trachanas_2023_The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality.pdf} +} + @article{Alinaghi2020, type = {Article}, title = {The Redistributive Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase in New Zealand: A Microsimulation Analysis}, @@ -2234,6 +2284,32 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} langid = {english} } +@article{Cardinaleschi2019, + type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, + title = {Effects of Decentralised Bargaining on Gender Inequality: {{Italy}}}, + author = {Cardinaleschi, Stefania and De Santis, Stefano and Schenkel, Marina}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {PANOECONOMICUS}, + volume = {66}, + number = {3, SI}, + pages = {325--346}, + doi = {10.2298/PAN1903325C}, + abstract = {This paper analyses the relation between bargaining regimes and the gender wage gap (GWG), identifying the contribution of individual characteristics. First, a description of the gender disparities in the Italian labour market is presented, using the evidence from the Linked Employer Employees Data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Then, with a particular focus on the different types of collective agreements, various decomposition techniques are employed in order to describe how gender inequality differs across bargaining regimes. Finally, some suggestions are advanced regarding the mix of policies that could reduce the gender wage gap in the labour market.}, + affiliation = {Schenkel, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy. Cardinaleschi, Stefania; De Santis, Stefano, Ist Nazl Stat ISTAT, Rome, Italy. Schenkel, Marina, Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy.}, + author-email = {cardinal@istat.it sdesantis@istat.it Schenkel@uniud.it}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000472695000004}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, + web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Italy,done::prelim,inequality::gender,region::EU,type::collective\_action}, + note = {15th International Conference on Developments in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao, SPAIN, JUN 28-29, 2018}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F8CVLJX5/Cardinaleschi et al_2019_Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality.pdf} +} + @article{Caron2021, type = {Article}, title = {Disability, Employment and Wages: Evidence from {{Indonesia}}}, @@ -3674,6 +3750,31 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, langid = {english} } +@article{Dieckhoff2015, + type = {Article}, + title = {Measuring the Effect of Institutional Change on Gender Inequality in the Labour Market}, + author = {Dieckhoff, Martina and Gash, Vanessa and Steiber, Nadia}, + year = {2015}, + month = mar, + journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY}, + volume = {39}, + pages = {59--75}, + doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001}, + abstract = {This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992-2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities. (C) 2014 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + affiliation = {Dieckhoff, M (Corresponding Author), WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Dieckhoff, Martina, WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Gash, Vanessa, City Univ London, Dept Sociol, London EC1V 0HB, England. Steiber, Nadia, Univ Vienna, Dept Econ Sociol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Steiber, Nadia, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Wittgenstein Ctr Demog \& Global Human Capital, IIASA, VID OAW,WU, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.}, + author-email = {Martina.Dieckhoff@wzb.eu vanessa.gash.1@city.ac.uk nadia.steiber@univie.ac.at}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {10}, + unique-id = {WOS:000350073500005}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {42}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {cite::channels,done::prelim,inequality::gender,inequality::income,region::EU,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MVQT7GFS/Dieckhoff et al_2015_Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour.pdf} +} + @article{Diminic2019, type = {Article}, title = {Caring Hours and Possible Need for Employment Support among Primary Carers for Adults with Mental Illness: {{Results}} from an {{Australian}} Household Survey}, @@ -4658,6 +4759,32 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {country::China,out::abstract,region::AP} } +@article{Ferguson2015, + type = {Article}, + title = {The Control of Managerial Discretion: {{Evidence}} from Unionization's Impact on Employment Segregation}, + author = {Ferguson, John-Paul}, + year = {2015}, + month = nov, + journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY}, + volume = {121}, + number = {3}, + pages = {675--721}, + doi = {10.1086/683357}, + abstract = {Does limiting managers' discretion limit organizations' scope for discrimination? Social-psychological research argues that it limits opportunities to exercise cognitive biases. Organizational research has found that formal personnel practices that establish accountability for workplace diversity have increased women and minority representation in management. However, drawing causal inferences from such studies is complicated because adopting such policies may be endogenous to the firm's wish to hire and promote women and minorities. This study uses unionization elections to conduct a regression-discontinuity test from which stronger causal inferences can be made. It finds that while unionization is associated with more representative workplaces and more women and minorities in management, these effects disappear close to the discontinuity threshold. Most of the effects of unionization on workforce diversity may be attributable to the unobserved drivers of selection into unionization. This has similar implications for the causal effects of diversity policies adopted by managers.}, + affiliation = {Ferguson, JP (Corresponding Author), Stanford Grad Sch Business, 518 Mem Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ferguson, John-Paul, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, + author-email = {jpferg@stanford.edu}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {11}, + unique-id = {WOS:000365306100001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {34}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {cite::channels,done::prelim,inequality::racial,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JQAA5BDS/Ferguson_2015_The control of managerial discretion.pdf} +} + @techreport{Field2019, title = {On {{Her Own Account}}: {{How Strengthening Women}}'s {{Financial Control Affects Labor Supply}} and {{Gender Norms}}}, shorttitle = {On {{Her Own Account}}}, @@ -7373,6 +7500,30 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} langid = {english} } +@article{JulietaRodriguez2018, + type = {{Article}}, + title = {{Female union exclusions: The deepening of gender inequalities in labor world and institutions of union power}}, + author = {Julieta Rodriguez, Tania and Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea}, + year = {2018}, + month = nov, + journal = {DERECHO Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES}, + number = {20}, + pages = {33--47}, + abstract = {What explains the distance between women participation in labor market and women participation in power spaces? To what extent is the exercise of gender equality possible in structures that reinforce socialization in traditional feminine roles such as trade unions? In this paper we study the forms of women participation in unions and the conditions for equal practices of access to management and decision spaces, understood as the right to participate in management in institutional spheres that crystallize circuits of power building and reproduction. First, we analyze how the separation of public and private spheres made the sexual division of labor. Secondly, we ask ourselves in what way the androcentric condition of Law operates by constructing that unique way of being a woman, traversed by various axes of subordination that reinforces the stratification in society. Third, from a critical perspective on gender justice and the full exercise of women's citizenship, we investigate the distance between women participation in highly feminized work areas and their presence in power institutions that reinforce sexist practices, such as unions. Finally, we include the experience of the women's assemblies that took place towards the International Strike on March 8, 2018 to think about aspects of the exercise of power from a feminist perspective.}, + affiliation = {Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Genero \& Derecho, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UNLP, Derechos Humanos, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Fac Derecho, Sociol Jurid, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.}, + author-email = {rodrigueztaniaj@gmail.com mariandrea.cc@gmail.com}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {spanish}, + research-areas = {Government \& Law}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000467014900003}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, + web-of-science-categories = {Law}, + keywords = {issue::language,method::qualitative,TODO::full-text,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5KLZG6HK/Julieta Rodriguez_Cuellar Camarena_2018_Female union exclusions.pdf} +} + @article{Kabeer2018, title = {The {{Contested Relationship Between Paid Work}} and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}: {{Empirical Analysis}} from {{Bangladesh}}}, shorttitle = {The {{Contested Relationship Between Paid Work}} and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}}, @@ -8702,6 +8853,30 @@ however data will be very useful to explore channels of health ineq -{$>$} incom keywords = {inequality::spatial} } +@article{Lopez-Garcia2022, + type = {Article}, + title = {Asymmetries to Be Resolved: Women Trade Unionists in the Social Welfare System}, + author = {{Lopez-Garcia}, Irene Maria}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {DEBATES EN SOCIOLOGIA}, + number = {55}, + pages = {139--161}, + doi = {10.18800/debatesensociologia.202202.006}, + abstract = {In Spain, the role of women within trade unions is little known. The purpose of this article is to describe the asymmetrical position of many women with respect to that of men in different facets of the life trajectory, that is, in the reproductive, productive and trade union work. It particularly analyzes the expressions of these inequalities in women who opted for professions in the field of social welfare and trade unionism, in the specific areas of health, education and social services. Traditionally feminized spaces and professions, in which their equivalence is not shown in the affiliation and leader-ship of trade union organizations.With the intention of understanding these manifestations, life history is used under the qualita-tive approach, a technique that allows transcending individual narratives to a collective experience. During the analysis, in which their biographies are traversed from domestic to professional places, it is observed how in the exercise of their union action converge those dynamics that have been legiti-mizing, over time, this gender differentiation. These are reiterated both in their formulas of internal trade union organization and in their participation strategies on employment and the labor market.}, + affiliation = {L{\'o}pez-Garc{\'i}a, IM (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain. Lopez-Garcia, Irene Maria, Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain.}, + author-email = {irene.lopez@uca.es}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000961549600006}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {cite::framework,country::Spain,inequality::gender,issue::language,method::qualitative,region::EU,TODO::full-text,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/J4Q2SV9B/Lopez-Garcia_2022_Asymmetries to be resolved.pdf} +} + @article{Loureiro2020, type = {Article}, title = {Class Inequality and Capital Accumulation in {{Brazil}}, 1992-2013}, @@ -10708,6 +10883,33 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o langid = {english} } +@article{Pencavel2022, + type = {Article}, + title = {Wage Differentials, Bargaining Protocols, and Trade Unionism in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Labor Markets}, + author = {Pencavel, John}, + year = {2022}, + month = jan, + journal = {ILR REVIEW}, + volume = {75}, + number = {0019793920928962}, + pages = {139--167}, + doi = {10.1177/0019793920928962}, + abstract = {Income inequality in the United States has been lower in periods when trade unionism has been strong. Using observations on wages by occupation, by geography, and by gender in collective bargaining contracts from the 1940s to the 1970s, patterns in movements of wage differentials are revealed. As wages increased, some contracts maintained relative wage differentials constant, some maintained absolute differences in wages constant, others combined these two patterns, and some did not reveal an obvious pattern. The patterns persisted even as price inflation increased in the 1970s. The dominant pattern implies a reduction in inequality as usually measured.}, + affiliation = {Pencavel, J (Corresponding Author), Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Pencavel, John, Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, + author-email = {Pencavel@stanford.edu}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + earlyaccessdate = {JUN 2020}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000537155300001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, + web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor}, + keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6C63CKGV/Pencavel_2022_Wage differentials, bargaining protocols, and trade unionism in.pdf} +} + @article{Pensiero2017, type = {Article}, title = {In-House or Outsourced Public Services? {{A}} Social and Economic Analysis of the Impact of Spending Policy on the Private Wage Share in {{OECD}} Countries}, @@ -13565,6 +13767,31 @@ inequality: keywords = {out::title} } +@article{vanDamme2014, + type = {Article}, + title = {The Dynamic Relationships between Union Dissolution and Women's Employment: {{A}} Life-History Analysis of 16 Countries}, + author = {{van Damme}, Maike and Kalmijn, Matthijs}, + year = {2014}, + month = nov, + journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH}, + volume = {48}, + pages = {261--278}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.06.009}, + abstract = {The specialization theory from Gary Becker is often used to explain the effect of women's work on the risk of divorce. The main argument is that women with little work experience have higher economic costs to exit marriage. Using the Fertility and Family Surveys, we test for 16 countries to what extent women's employment increases the risk of separation. We also more directly examine the role of economic exit costs in separation by investigating the effect of separated women's work history during the union on women's post-separation employment. The results imply that Becker was right to some extent, especially in contexts with little female employment support. However, in settings where women's employment opportunities are more ample, sociological or psychological theories have probably more explanatory power to explain the causes and consequences of union dissolution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, + affiliation = {van Damme, M (Corresponding Author), CEPS INSTEAD KULeuven, 3 Ave Fonte, L-4364 Esch Sur Alzette, Luxembourg. van Damme, Maike; Kalmijn, Matthijs, Tilburg Univ, Dept Sociol, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.}, + author-email = {maikevd2011@gmail.com m.kalmijn@uva.nl}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {16}, + unique-id = {WOS:000341068900019}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {47}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MJGEFIWP/van Damme_Kalmijn_2014_The dynamic relationships between union dissolution and women's employment.pdf} +} + @article{VanDerHeide2013, title = {Is Retirement Good for Your Health? {{A}} Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies}, shorttitle = {Is Retirement Good for Your Health?}, @@ -18056,7 +18283,9 @@ outcome variables are absolute, not looking at INEQUALITY outcomes (only income unique-id = {WOS:000261208000002}, usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {6}, - web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor} + web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor}, + keywords = {out::abstract}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P9ZDKHYY/Zullo_2008_Union membership and political inclusion.pdf} } @article{WOS:000262435800005, @@ -23300,30 +23529,6 @@ looks at qualitative estimation of terminations from workplace due to pregnancy keywords = {out::title} } -@article{WOS:000341068900019, - type = {Article}, - title = {The Dynamic Relationships between Union Dissolution and Women's Employment: {{A}} Life-History Analysis of 16 Countries}, - author = {{van Damme}, Maike and Kalmijn, Matthijs}, - year = {2014}, - month = nov, - journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH}, - volume = {48}, - pages = {261--278}, - doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.06.009}, - abstract = {The specialization theory from Gary Becker is often used to explain the effect of women's work on the risk of divorce. The main argument is that women with little work experience have higher economic costs to exit marriage. Using the Fertility and Family Surveys, we test for 16 countries to what extent women's employment increases the risk of separation. We also more directly examine the role of economic exit costs in separation by investigating the effect of separated women's work history during the union on women's post-separation employment. The results imply that Becker was right to some extent, especially in contexts with little female employment support. However, in settings where women's employment opportunities are more ample, sociological or psychological theories have probably more explanatory power to explain the causes and consequences of union dissolution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, - affiliation = {van Damme, M (Corresponding Author), CEPS INSTEAD KULeuven, 3 Ave Fonte, L-4364 Esch Sur Alzette, Luxembourg. van Damme, Maike; Kalmijn, Matthijs, Tilburg Univ, Dept Sociol, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.}, - author-email = {maikevd2011@gmail.com m.kalmijn@uva.nl}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {16}, - unique-id = {WOS:000341068900019}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {47}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract} -} - @article{WOS:000341379700001, type = {Article}, title = {Fertility Decline and Women's Status Improvement in China}, @@ -23967,30 +24172,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {cite::channels,country::Ghana,inequality::age,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::SSA} } -@article{WOS:000350073500005, - type = {Article}, - title = {Measuring the Effect of Institutional Change on Gender Inequality in the Labour Market}, - author = {Dieckhoff, Martina and Gash, Vanessa and Steiber, Nadia}, - year = {2015}, - month = mar, - journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY}, - volume = {39}, - pages = {59--75}, - doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001}, - abstract = {This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992-2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities. (C) 2014 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, - affiliation = {Dieckhoff, M (Corresponding Author), WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Dieckhoff, Martina, WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Gash, Vanessa, City Univ London, Dept Sociol, London EC1V 0HB, England. Steiber, Nadia, Univ Vienna, Dept Econ Sociol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Steiber, Nadia, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Wittgenstein Ctr Demog \& Global Human Capital, IIASA, VID OAW,WU, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.}, - author-email = {Martina.Dieckhoff@wzb.eu vanessa.gash.1@city.ac.uk nadia.steiber@univie.ac.at}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {10}, - unique-id = {WOS:000350073500005}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {42}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::EU,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000350086800009, type = {Article}, title = {Income Inequality and the Tax Structure: {{Evidence}} from Developed and Developing Countries}, @@ -25387,31 +25568,6 @@ no PI} web-of-science-categories = {Development Studies; Economics} } -@article{WOS:000365306100001, - type = {Article}, - title = {The Control of Managerial Discretion: {{Evidence}} from Unionization's Impact on Employment Segregation}, - author = {Ferguson, John-Paul}, - year = {2015}, - month = nov, - journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY}, - volume = {121}, - number = {3}, - pages = {675--721}, - doi = {10.1086/683357}, - abstract = {Does limiting managers' discretion limit organizations' scope for discrimination? Social-psychological research argues that it limits opportunities to exercise cognitive biases. Organizational research has found that formal personnel practices that establish accountability for workplace diversity have increased women and minority representation in management. However, drawing causal inferences from such studies is complicated because adopting such policies may be endogenous to the firm's wish to hire and promote women and minorities. This study uses unionization elections to conduct a regression-discontinuity test from which stronger causal inferences can be made. It finds that while unionization is associated with more representative workplaces and more women and minorities in management, these effects disappear close to the discontinuity threshold. Most of the effects of unionization on workforce diversity may be attributable to the unobserved drivers of selection into unionization. This has similar implications for the causal effects of diversity policies adopted by managers.}, - affiliation = {Ferguson, JP (Corresponding Author), Stanford Grad Sch Business, 518 Mem Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ferguson, John-Paul, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, - author-email = {jpferg@stanford.edu}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {11}, - unique-id = {WOS:000365306100001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {34}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::racial,out::abstract,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000365374800003, type = {Article}, title = {Is Capital Deepening Process Male-Biased? {{The}} Case of {{Turkish}} Manufacturing Sector}, @@ -32718,29 +32874,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} note = {1st Forum on Studies of Society (FSS) International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, Craiova, ROMANIA, MAR 31, 2016} } -@article{WOS:000467014900003, - type = {{Article}}, - title = {{Female union exclusions: The deepening of gender inequalities in labor world and institutions of union power}}, - author = {Julieta Rodriguez, Tania and Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea}, - year = {2018}, - month = nov, - journal = {DERECHO Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES}, - number = {20}, - pages = {33--47}, - abstract = {What explains the distance between women participation in labor market and women participation in power spaces? To what extent is the exercise of gender equality possible in structures that reinforce socialization in traditional feminine roles such as trade unions? In this paper we study the forms of women participation in unions and the conditions for equal practices of access to management and decision spaces, understood as the right to participate in management in institutional spheres that crystallize circuits of power building and reproduction. First, we analyze how the separation of public and private spheres made the sexual division of labor. Secondly, we ask ourselves in what way the androcentric condition of Law operates by constructing that unique way of being a woman, traversed by various axes of subordination that reinforces the stratification in society. Third, from a critical perspective on gender justice and the full exercise of women's citizenship, we investigate the distance between women participation in highly feminized work areas and their presence in power institutions that reinforce sexist practices, such as unions. Finally, we include the experience of the women's assemblies that took place towards the International Strike on March 8, 2018 to think about aspects of the exercise of power from a feminist perspective.}, - affiliation = {Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Genero \& Derecho, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UNLP, Derechos Humanos, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Fac Derecho, Sociol Jurid, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.}, - author-email = {rodrigueztaniaj@gmail.com mariandrea.cc@gmail.com}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {spanish}, - research-areas = {Government \& Law}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000467014900003}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, - web-of-science-categories = {Law}, - keywords = {cite::channels,method::qualitative,out::abstract,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000467019900010, type = {Article}, title = {Role of Age and Health in Perceptions of Returning to Work: A Qualitative Study}, @@ -33443,31 +33576,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::generational,inequality::health,relevant,review::narrative,TODO::review} } -@article{WOS:000472695000004, - type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, - title = {Effects of Decentralised Bargaining on Gender Inequality: {{Italy}}}, - author = {Cardinaleschi, Stefania and De Santis, Stefano and Schenkel, Marina}, - year = {2019}, - journal = {PANOECONOMICUS}, - volume = {66}, - number = {3, SI}, - pages = {325--346}, - doi = {10.2298/PAN1903325C}, - abstract = {This paper analyses the relation between bargaining regimes and the gender wage gap (GWG), identifying the contribution of individual characteristics. First, a description of the gender disparities in the Italian labour market is presented, using the evidence from the Linked Employer Employees Data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Then, with a particular focus on the different types of collective agreements, various decomposition techniques are employed in order to describe how gender inequality differs across bargaining regimes. Finally, some suggestions are advanced regarding the mix of policies that could reduce the gender wage gap in the labour market.}, - affiliation = {Schenkel, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy. Cardinaleschi, Stefania; De Santis, Stefano, Ist Nazl Stat ISTAT, Rome, Italy. Schenkel, Marina, Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy.}, - author-email = {cardinal@istat.it sdesantis@istat.it Schenkel@uniud.it}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000472695000004}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, - web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Italy,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::EU,type::collective\_action}, - note = {15th International Conference on Developments in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao, SPAIN, JUN 28-29, 2018} -} - @article{WOS:000472705800016, type = {Article}, title = {Household Livelihood Diversification and Gender: {{Panel}} Evidence from Rural {{Kenya}}}, @@ -36946,33 +37054,6 @@ no LM adjacency} keywords = {inequality::racial,out::title} } -@article{WOS:000537155300001, - type = {Article}, - title = {Wage Differentials, Bargaining Protocols, and Trade Unionism in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Labor Markets}, - author = {Pencavel, John}, - year = {2022}, - month = jan, - journal = {ILR REVIEW}, - volume = {75}, - number = {0019793920928962}, - pages = {139--167}, - doi = {10.1177/0019793920928962}, - abstract = {Income inequality in the United States has been lower in periods when trade unionism has been strong. Using observations on wages by occupation, by geography, and by gender in collective bargaining contracts from the 1940s to the 1970s, patterns in movements of wage differentials are revealed. As wages increased, some contracts maintained relative wage differentials constant, some maintained absolute differences in wages constant, others combined these two patterns, and some did not reveal an obvious pattern. The patterns persisted even as price inflation increased in the 1970s. The dominant pattern implies a reduction in inequality as usually measured.}, - affiliation = {Pencavel, J (Corresponding Author), Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Pencavel, John, Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, - author-email = {Pencavel@stanford.edu}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - earlyaccessdate = {JUN 2020}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000537155300001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, - web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor}, - keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, - file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6C63CKGV/Pencavel_2022_Wage differentials, bargaining protocols, and trade unionism in.pdf} -} - @article{WOS:000537156700001, type = {Article}, title = {National Family Policies and Mothers' Employment: {{How}} Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries}, @@ -44490,33 +44571,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {country::India,region::AP,TODO::abstract} } -@article{WOS:000774139600001, - type = {Article}, - title = {The Impact of Trade Unions and Government Party Orientation on Income Inequality: Evidence from 17 {{OECD}} Economies}, - author = {Alexiou, Constantinos and Trachanas, Emmanouil}, - year = {2023}, - month = apr, - journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES}, - volume = {50}, - number = {3}, - pages = {506--524}, - doi = {10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612}, - abstract = {Purpose Despite the existing conceptual analysis on the impact of trade unions on employees' welfare and the wider economy, the mediating effect of political party orientation (i.e., right, centre and left) on income inequality remains under researched. In this paper, the authors empirically explore the relationship between the nature of political party orientation, trade unions and income inequality. Design/methodology/approach The authors use three different measures of income inequality and dummy variables that capture government party orientation with respect to economic policy for a panel of 17 OECD economies over the period 2000-2016. The authors employ a panel fixed effects approach and the Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) nonparametric covariance matrix estimator. Findings The empirical evidence indicates that strong unions and, to some extent, left party governance, are fundamental institutional elements to combat rising levels of income inequality whilst countries dominated by right-wing political parties appear to exacerbate income inequality. The results pertaining to the impact of centrist parties on income inequality are ambiguous suggesting that a potential fragmentation may exist in their political approach. Originality/value The evidence generated can have significant policy ramifications in alleviating rising levels of income inequality as well in relation to the declining unionization rates observed across advanced economies.}, - affiliation = {Alexiou, C (Corresponding Author), Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Alexiou, Constantinos, Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Trachanas, Emmanouil, Univ Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece.}, - author-email = {constantinos.alexiou@cranfield.ac.uk}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2022}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000774139600001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, - web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {inequality::income,relevant,TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, - file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/INZ9V9EK/Alexiou_Trachanas_2023_The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality.pdf} -} - @article{WOS:000774285600007, type = {Article}, title = {Trends of Amenable Deaths Due to Healthcare within the {{European Union}} Countries. {{Exploring}} the Association with the Economic Crisis and Education}, @@ -49154,28 +49208,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {out::title} } -@article{WOS:000956608200001, - type = {Article; Early Access}, - title = {Trade Union Strength, Business Power, and Labor Policy Reform: {{The}} Cases of {{Argentina}} and {{Chile}} in Comparative Perspective}, - author = {Ahumada, Pablo Perez}, - year = {2023 MAR 26 2023}, - journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY}, - doi = {10.1177/00207152231163846}, - abstract = {In this article, I explain why pro-labor reforms succeed or fail. Focusing on the cases of Argentina and Chile, I show that labor reforms are more successful in extending trade union rights when unions successfully build associational power and employers are less able to do so. Consistent with this argument, a quantitative analysis of time-series cross-sectional data from 78 countries suggests that the level of class power disparity is negatively correlated with the extension of workers' collective rights. At the end of the article, I discuss how these results have implications for the study of labor reforms and power resources.}, - affiliation = {Ahumada, PP (Corresponding Author), Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile.}, - author-email = {pabloperez@uchile.cl}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2023}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000956608200001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {3}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000956915600001, type = {Article}, title = {Facilitators and Barriers Associated with Breastfeeding among Mothers Attending Primary Healthcare Facilities in {{Mpumalanga}}, {{South Africa}}}, @@ -49250,29 +49282,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {out::title} } -@article{WOS:000961549600006, - type = {Article}, - title = {Asymmetries to Be Resolved: Women Trade Unionists in the Social Welfare System}, - author = {{Lopez-Garcia}, Irene Maria}, - year = {2022}, - journal = {DEBATES EN SOCIOLOGIA}, - number = {55}, - pages = {139--161}, - doi = {10.18800/debatesensociologia.202202.006}, - abstract = {In Spain, the role of women within trade unions is little known. The purpose of this article is to describe the asymmetrical position of many women with respect to that of men in different facets of the life trajectory, that is, in the reproductive, productive and trade union work. It particularly analyzes the expressions of these inequalities in women who opted for professions in the field of social welfare and trade unionism, in the specific areas of health, education and social services. Traditionally feminized spaces and professions, in which their equivalence is not shown in the affiliation and leader-ship of trade union organizations.With the intention of understanding these manifestations, life history is used under the qualita-tive approach, a technique that allows transcending individual narratives to a collective experience. During the analysis, in which their biographies are traversed from domestic to professional places, it is observed how in the exercise of their union action converge those dynamics that have been legiti-mizing, over time, this gender differentiation. These are reiterated both in their formulas of internal trade union organization and in their participation strategies on employment and the labor market.}, - affiliation = {L{\'o}pez-Garc{\'i}a, IM (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain. Lopez-Garcia, Irene Maria, Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain.}, - author-email = {irene.lopez@uca.es}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000961549600006}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::framework,country::Spain,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::EU,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000962388800001, type = {Article}, title = {Racial Inequality in Frictional Labor Markets: {{Evidence}} from Minimum Wages}, diff --git a/02-data/processed/prelim/Ahumada2023.yml b/02-data/processed/prelim/Ahumada2023.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b35f74d --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/prelim/Ahumada2023.yml @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +author: Ahumada, P. P. +year: 2023 +title: "Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective" +publisher: International Journal of Comparative Sociology +uri: https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846 +pubtype: article +discipline: sociology + +country: global +period: +maxlength: +targeting: +group: +data: + +design: +method: +sample: +unit: +representativeness: +causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: +limitations: +observation: + - intervention: collective action (unionization) + institutional: 1 + structural: 0 + agency: 0 + inequality: income + type: # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: political power + findings: more unequal distribution of + channels: + direction: # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: EXTRACTION HAD TO CODE CLASS POWER INEQUALITY AS INCOME BASED INEQUALITY +annotation: | + A study on the effects of unequal distributions of political power on the extent and provision of collective labour rights. + It is a combination of quantitative global comparison with qualitative case studies for Argentina and Chile. + It finds that, for societies in which power is more unequally distributed, collective bargaining possibilities are more limited and weaker. + It suggests that, aside from a less entrenched trade unionization in the country, the primary channel for the its weakening are that existing collective labour rights are often either restricted or disregarded outright. + Employers were restricted in their ability to effectively conduct lobbying, and made more vulnerable to what the authors suggest are 'divide-and-conquer' strategies by government with a strongly entrenched trade unionization, due to being more separate and uncoordinated. + A limit is the strong institutional context of the two countries which makes generalizable application of its underlying channels more difficult to the overarching quantitative analysis of inequality outcomes. diff --git a/02-data/processed/prelim/Alexiou2023.yml b/02-data/processed/prelim/Alexiou2023.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a12f5b --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/prelim/Alexiou2023.yml @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +author: Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E. +year: 2023 +title: "The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies" +publisher: Journal of Economic Studies +uri: https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612 +pubtype: article +discipline: economics + +country: global +period: +maxlength: +targeting: +group: +data: + +design: +method: +sample: +unit: +representativeness: +causal: # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: power resources theory +limitations: can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc +observation: + - intervention: collective action (trade unionization) + institutional: 1 + structural: 1 + agency: 0 + inequality: income; gender + type: # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: Gini coeff + findings: unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality + channels: redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality + direction: # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: +annotation: | + A study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality. + It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions. + It also suggests that in contexts of weaker unionization, post-redistribution income inequality is higher, thus also fostering unequal redistributive policies. + Lastly, it finds positive relations between right-wing orientation of a country's government and its income inequality, with more mixed results for centrist governments pointing to potential fragmentations in their redistributive policy approaches. + The study is mostly limited in not being able to account for individual drivers (or barriers) and can thus not disaggregate for the effects for example arbitration or collective bargaining. diff --git a/02-data/processed/prelim/Cardinaleschi2019.yml b/02-data/processed/prelim/Cardinaleschi2019.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3be61e --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/prelim/Cardinaleschi2019.yml @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +author: Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M. +year: 2019 +title: "Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy" +publisher: Panoeconomicus +uri: https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C +pubtype: article +discipline: economics + +country: Italy +period: +maxlength: +targeting: +group: +data: + +design: +method: +sample: +unit: +representativeness: +causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: +limitations: +observation: + - intervention: collective action (collective bargaining) + institutional: 1 + structural: 1 + agency: 0 + inequality: gender + type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: income shares + findings: collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects + channels: occupational segregation into feminized industries + direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: +annotation: | + A study on the wage gap in the Italian labour market, looking especially at the effects of collective negotiation practices. + It finds that the Italian labour market's wage gap exists primarily due to occupational segregation between the genders, with women often working in more 'feminized' industries, and not due to educational lag by women in Italy. + It also finds that collective negotiation practices targeting especially managerial representation and wages do address the gender pay gap, but only marginally significantly. + The primary channel for only marginal significance stems from internal heterogeneity in that only the median part of wage distributions is significantly affected by the measures. + Instead, the authors recommend a stronger mix of policy approaches, also considering the human-capital aspects with for example active labour-market policies targeting it. diff --git a/02-data/processed/prelim/Dieckhoff2015.yml b/02-data/processed/prelim/Dieckhoff2015.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a003393 --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/prelim/Dieckhoff2015.yml @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +author: Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N. +year: 2015 +title: "Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market" +publisher: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility +uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001 +pubtype: article +discipline: sociology + +country: global +period: +maxlength: +targeting: +group: +data: + +design: +method: +sample: +unit: +representativeness: +causal: # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: +limitations: averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights +observation: + - intervention: collective action (unionization) + institutional: 0 + structural: 1 + agency: 0 + inequality: gender + type: # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: employment + findings: men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease + channels: increased standard employment contract probability + direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES +annotation: | + A study on the effect of trade unionization in European labour markets, with a specific emphasis on its effects on gender inequalities. + It finds, first of all, that increased unionization is related to the probability of being employed on a standard employment contract for both men and women. + It also finds no evidence that men seem to carry increased benefits from increased unionization, although in combination with temporary contract and family policy re-regulations, men do seem to experience greater benefits than women. + At the same time women's employment under standard contracts does not decrease, such that there is no absolute detrimental effect for either gender. + It does, however, pose the question of the allocation of relative benefits between the genders through unionization efforts. + The study is limited in that, by averaging outcomes across European nations, it can not account for nation-specific labour market contexts or gender disaggregations. diff --git a/02-data/processed/prelim/Ferguson2015.yml b/02-data/processed/prelim/Ferguson2015.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..200dcb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/processed/prelim/Ferguson2015.yml @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +author: Ferguson, J.-P. +year: 2015 +title: "The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation" +publisher: American Journal of Sociology +uri: https://doi.org/10.1086/683357 +pubtype: article +discipline: sociology + +country: United States +period: +maxlength: +targeting: implicit +group: women workers +data: + +design: quasi-experimental +method: +sample: +unit: +representativeness: +causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal + +theory: +limitations: most of effects may be caused by unsobservables +observation: + - intervention: collective action (unionization) + institutional: 0 + structural: 1 + agency: 1 + inequality: gender + type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal + indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative + measures: employment + findings: stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant + channels: possible self-selection into unionization + direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos + significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg + +notes: +annotation: | + A study on the effects of a more unionized workforce in the United States, on the representation of women and minorities in the management of enterprises. + It finds that while stronger unionization is associated both with more women and more minorities represented in the overall workforce and in management, this effect is only marginally significant. + Additionally, there are drivers which may be based on unobservables and not a direct effect --- + it may be a selection effect of more unionized enterprises. + It uses union elections as its base of analysis, and thus can not exclude self-selection effects of people joining more heavily unionized enterprises rather than unionization increasing representation in its conclusions. diff --git a/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib b/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib index 66e5b2c..69ef7e0 100644 --- a/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib +++ b/02-data/supplementary/lib.bib @@ -289,6 +289,29 @@ langid = {english} } +@article{Ahumada2023, + type = {Article; Early Access}, + title = {Trade Union Strength, Business Power, and Labor Policy Reform: {{The}} Cases of {{Argentina}} and {{Chile}} in Comparative Perspective}, + author = {Ahumada, Pablo Perez}, + year = {2023 MAR 26 2023}, + journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY}, + doi = {10.1177/00207152231163846}, + abstract = {In this article, I explain why pro-labor reforms succeed or fail. Focusing on the cases of Argentina and Chile, I show that labor reforms are more successful in extending trade union rights when unions successfully build associational power and employers are less able to do so. Consistent with this argument, a quantitative analysis of time-series cross-sectional data from 78 countries suggests that the level of class power disparity is negatively correlated with the extension of workers' collective rights. At the end of the article, I discuss how these results have implications for the study of labor reforms and power resources.}, + affiliation = {Ahumada, PP (Corresponding Author), Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile.}, + author-email = {pabloperez@uchile.cl}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2023}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000956608200001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {3}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SDX6EH7A/Ahumada_2023_Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform.pdf} +} + @article{Akel2022, title = {Violence {{Against Women During COVID-19 Pandemic}}}, author = {Akel, Marwan and Berro, Jana and Rahme, Clara and Haddad, Chadia and Obeid, Sahar and Hallit, Souheil}, @@ -500,6 +523,33 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, langid = {english} } +@article{Alexiou2023, + type = {Article}, + title = {The Impact of Trade Unions and Government Party Orientation on Income Inequality: Evidence from 17 {{OECD}} Economies}, + author = {Alexiou, Constantinos and Trachanas, Emmanouil}, + year = {2023}, + month = apr, + journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES}, + volume = {50}, + number = {3}, + pages = {506--524}, + doi = {10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612}, + abstract = {Purpose Despite the existing conceptual analysis on the impact of trade unions on employees' welfare and the wider economy, the mediating effect of political party orientation (i.e., right, centre and left) on income inequality remains under researched. In this paper, the authors empirically explore the relationship between the nature of political party orientation, trade unions and income inequality. Design/methodology/approach The authors use three different measures of income inequality and dummy variables that capture government party orientation with respect to economic policy for a panel of 17 OECD economies over the period 2000-2016. The authors employ a panel fixed effects approach and the Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) nonparametric covariance matrix estimator. Findings The empirical evidence indicates that strong unions and, to some extent, left party governance, are fundamental institutional elements to combat rising levels of income inequality whilst countries dominated by right-wing political parties appear to exacerbate income inequality. The results pertaining to the impact of centrist parties on income inequality are ambiguous suggesting that a potential fragmentation may exist in their political approach. Originality/value The evidence generated can have significant policy ramifications in alleviating rising levels of income inequality as well in relation to the declining unionization rates observed across advanced economies.}, + affiliation = {Alexiou, C (Corresponding Author), Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Alexiou, Constantinos, Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Trachanas, Emmanouil, Univ Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece.}, + author-email = {constantinos.alexiou@cranfield.ac.uk}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2022}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000774139600001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, + web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, + keywords = {done::prelim,inequality::income,relevant,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/INZ9V9EK/Alexiou_Trachanas_2023_The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality.pdf} +} + @article{Alinaghi2020, type = {Article}, title = {The Redistributive Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase in New Zealand: A Microsimulation Analysis}, @@ -2283,6 +2333,32 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} langid = {english} } +@article{Cardinaleschi2019, + type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, + title = {Effects of Decentralised Bargaining on Gender Inequality: {{Italy}}}, + author = {Cardinaleschi, Stefania and De Santis, Stefano and Schenkel, Marina}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {PANOECONOMICUS}, + volume = {66}, + number = {3, SI}, + pages = {325--346}, + doi = {10.2298/PAN1903325C}, + abstract = {This paper analyses the relation between bargaining regimes and the gender wage gap (GWG), identifying the contribution of individual characteristics. First, a description of the gender disparities in the Italian labour market is presented, using the evidence from the Linked Employer Employees Data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Then, with a particular focus on the different types of collective agreements, various decomposition techniques are employed in order to describe how gender inequality differs across bargaining regimes. Finally, some suggestions are advanced regarding the mix of policies that could reduce the gender wage gap in the labour market.}, + affiliation = {Schenkel, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy. Cardinaleschi, Stefania; De Santis, Stefano, Ist Nazl Stat ISTAT, Rome, Italy. Schenkel, Marina, Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy.}, + author-email = {cardinal@istat.it sdesantis@istat.it Schenkel@uniud.it}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000472695000004}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, + web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Italy,done::prelim,inequality::gender,region::EU,type::collective\_action}, + note = {15th International Conference on Developments in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao, SPAIN, JUN 28-29, 2018}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F8CVLJX5/Cardinaleschi et al_2019_Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality.pdf} +} + @article{Caron2021, type = {Article}, title = {Disability, Employment and Wages: Evidence from {{Indonesia}}}, @@ -3762,6 +3838,31 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, langid = {english} } +@article{Dieckhoff2015, + type = {Article}, + title = {Measuring the Effect of Institutional Change on Gender Inequality in the Labour Market}, + author = {Dieckhoff, Martina and Gash, Vanessa and Steiber, Nadia}, + year = {2015}, + month = mar, + journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY}, + volume = {39}, + pages = {59--75}, + doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001}, + abstract = {This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992-2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities. (C) 2014 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + affiliation = {Dieckhoff, M (Corresponding Author), WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Dieckhoff, Martina, WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Gash, Vanessa, City Univ London, Dept Sociol, London EC1V 0HB, England. Steiber, Nadia, Univ Vienna, Dept Econ Sociol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Steiber, Nadia, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Wittgenstein Ctr Demog \& Global Human Capital, IIASA, VID OAW,WU, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.}, + author-email = {Martina.Dieckhoff@wzb.eu vanessa.gash.1@city.ac.uk nadia.steiber@univie.ac.at}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {10}, + unique-id = {WOS:000350073500005}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {42}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {cite::channels,done::prelim,inequality::gender,inequality::income,region::EU,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MVQT7GFS/Dieckhoff et al_2015_Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour.pdf} +} + @article{Diminic2019, type = {Article}, title = {Caring Hours and Possible Need for Employment Support among Primary Carers for Adults with Mental Illness: {{Results}} from an {{Australian}} Household Survey}, @@ -4754,6 +4855,32 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {country::China,out::abstract,region::AP} } +@article{Ferguson2015, + type = {Article}, + title = {The Control of Managerial Discretion: {{Evidence}} from Unionization's Impact on Employment Segregation}, + author = {Ferguson, John-Paul}, + year = {2015}, + month = nov, + journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY}, + volume = {121}, + number = {3}, + pages = {675--721}, + doi = {10.1086/683357}, + abstract = {Does limiting managers' discretion limit organizations' scope for discrimination? Social-psychological research argues that it limits opportunities to exercise cognitive biases. Organizational research has found that formal personnel practices that establish accountability for workplace diversity have increased women and minority representation in management. However, drawing causal inferences from such studies is complicated because adopting such policies may be endogenous to the firm's wish to hire and promote women and minorities. This study uses unionization elections to conduct a regression-discontinuity test from which stronger causal inferences can be made. It finds that while unionization is associated with more representative workplaces and more women and minorities in management, these effects disappear close to the discontinuity threshold. Most of the effects of unionization on workforce diversity may be attributable to the unobserved drivers of selection into unionization. This has similar implications for the causal effects of diversity policies adopted by managers.}, + affiliation = {Ferguson, JP (Corresponding Author), Stanford Grad Sch Business, 518 Mem Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ferguson, John-Paul, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, + author-email = {jpferg@stanford.edu}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {11}, + unique-id = {WOS:000365306100001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {34}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {cite::channels,done::prelim,inequality::racial,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JQAA5BDS/Ferguson_2015_The control of managerial discretion.pdf} +} + @techreport{Field2019, title = {On {{Her Own Account}}: {{How Strengthening Women}}'s {{Financial Control Affects Labor Supply}} and {{Gender Norms}}}, shorttitle = {On {{Her Own Account}}}, @@ -7620,6 +7747,30 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c langid = {english} } +@article{JulietaRodriguez2018, + type = {{Article}}, + title = {{Female union exclusions: The deepening of gender inequalities in labor world and institutions of union power}}, + author = {Julieta Rodriguez, Tania and Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea}, + year = {2018}, + month = nov, + journal = {DERECHO Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES}, + number = {20}, + pages = {33--47}, + abstract = {What explains the distance between women participation in labor market and women participation in power spaces? To what extent is the exercise of gender equality possible in structures that reinforce socialization in traditional feminine roles such as trade unions? In this paper we study the forms of women participation in unions and the conditions for equal practices of access to management and decision spaces, understood as the right to participate in management in institutional spheres that crystallize circuits of power building and reproduction. First, we analyze how the separation of public and private spheres made the sexual division of labor. Secondly, we ask ourselves in what way the androcentric condition of Law operates by constructing that unique way of being a woman, traversed by various axes of subordination that reinforces the stratification in society. Third, from a critical perspective on gender justice and the full exercise of women's citizenship, we investigate the distance between women participation in highly feminized work areas and their presence in power institutions that reinforce sexist practices, such as unions. Finally, we include the experience of the women's assemblies that took place towards the International Strike on March 8, 2018 to think about aspects of the exercise of power from a feminist perspective.}, + affiliation = {Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Genero \& Derecho, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UNLP, Derechos Humanos, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Fac Derecho, Sociol Jurid, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.}, + author-email = {rodrigueztaniaj@gmail.com mariandrea.cc@gmail.com}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {spanish}, + research-areas = {Government \& Law}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000467014900003}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, + web-of-science-categories = {Law}, + keywords = {issue::language,method::qualitative,TODO::full-text,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5KLZG6HK/Julieta Rodriguez_Cuellar Camarena_2018_Female union exclusions.pdf} +} + @article{Kabeer2018, title = {The {{Contested Relationship Between Paid Work}} and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}: {{Empirical Analysis}} from {{Bangladesh}}}, shorttitle = {The {{Contested Relationship Between Paid Work}} and {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}}, @@ -9035,6 +9186,30 @@ policy recc: keywords = {inequality::spatial} } +@article{Lopez-Garcia2022, + type = {Article}, + title = {Asymmetries to Be Resolved: Women Trade Unionists in the Social Welfare System}, + author = {{Lopez-Garcia}, Irene Maria}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {DEBATES EN SOCIOLOGIA}, + number = {55}, + pages = {139--161}, + doi = {10.18800/debatesensociologia.202202.006}, + abstract = {In Spain, the role of women within trade unions is little known. The purpose of this article is to describe the asymmetrical position of many women with respect to that of men in different facets of the life trajectory, that is, in the reproductive, productive and trade union work. It particularly analyzes the expressions of these inequalities in women who opted for professions in the field of social welfare and trade unionism, in the specific areas of health, education and social services. Traditionally feminized spaces and professions, in which their equivalence is not shown in the affiliation and leader-ship of trade union organizations.With the intention of understanding these manifestations, life history is used under the qualita-tive approach, a technique that allows transcending individual narratives to a collective experience. During the analysis, in which their biographies are traversed from domestic to professional places, it is observed how in the exercise of their union action converge those dynamics that have been legiti-mizing, over time, this gender differentiation. These are reiterated both in their formulas of internal trade union organization and in their participation strategies on employment and the labor market.}, + affiliation = {L{\'o}pez-Garc{\'i}a, IM (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain. Lopez-Garcia, Irene Maria, Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain.}, + author-email = {irene.lopez@uca.es}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000961549600006}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {cite::framework,country::Spain,inequality::gender,issue::language,method::qualitative,region::EU,TODO::full-text,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/J4Q2SV9B/Lopez-Garcia_2022_Asymmetries to be resolved.pdf} +} + @article{Loureiro2020, type = {Article}, title = {Class Inequality and Capital Accumulation in {{Brazil}}, 1992-2013}, @@ -11057,6 +11232,33 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o langid = {english} } +@article{Pencavel2022, + type = {Article}, + title = {Wage Differentials, Bargaining Protocols, and Trade Unionism in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Labor Markets}, + author = {Pencavel, John}, + year = {2022}, + month = jan, + journal = {ILR REVIEW}, + volume = {75}, + number = {0019793920928962}, + pages = {139--167}, + doi = {10.1177/0019793920928962}, + abstract = {Income inequality in the United States has been lower in periods when trade unionism has been strong. Using observations on wages by occupation, by geography, and by gender in collective bargaining contracts from the 1940s to the 1970s, patterns in movements of wage differentials are revealed. As wages increased, some contracts maintained relative wage differentials constant, some maintained absolute differences in wages constant, others combined these two patterns, and some did not reveal an obvious pattern. The patterns persisted even as price inflation increased in the 1970s. The dominant pattern implies a reduction in inequality as usually measured.}, + affiliation = {Pencavel, J (Corresponding Author), Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Pencavel, John, Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, + author-email = {Pencavel@stanford.edu}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + earlyaccessdate = {JUN 2020}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, + times-cited = {0}, + unique-id = {WOS:000537155300001}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, + web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor}, + keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6C63CKGV/Pencavel_2022_Wage differentials, bargaining protocols, and trade unionism in.pdf} +} + @article{Pensiero2017, type = {Article}, title = {In-House or Outsourced Public Services? {{A}} Social and Economic Analysis of the Impact of Spending Policy on the Private Wage Share in {{OECD}} Countries}, @@ -14056,6 +14258,31 @@ inequality: keywords = {out::title} } +@article{vanDamme2014, + type = {Article}, + title = {The Dynamic Relationships between Union Dissolution and Women's Employment: {{A}} Life-History Analysis of 16 Countries}, + author = {{van Damme}, Maike and Kalmijn, Matthijs}, + year = {2014}, + month = nov, + journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH}, + volume = {48}, + pages = {261--278}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.06.009}, + abstract = {The specialization theory from Gary Becker is often used to explain the effect of women's work on the risk of divorce. The main argument is that women with little work experience have higher economic costs to exit marriage. Using the Fertility and Family Surveys, we test for 16 countries to what extent women's employment increases the risk of separation. We also more directly examine the role of economic exit costs in separation by investigating the effect of separated women's work history during the union on women's post-separation employment. The results imply that Becker was right to some extent, especially in contexts with little female employment support. However, in settings where women's employment opportunities are more ample, sociological or psychological theories have probably more explanatory power to explain the causes and consequences of union dissolution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, + affiliation = {van Damme, M (Corresponding Author), CEPS INSTEAD KULeuven, 3 Ave Fonte, L-4364 Esch Sur Alzette, Luxembourg. van Damme, Maike; Kalmijn, Matthijs, Tilburg Univ, Dept Sociol, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.}, + author-email = {maikevd2011@gmail.com m.kalmijn@uva.nl}, + da = {2023-11-02}, + langid = {english}, + research-areas = {Sociology}, + times-cited = {16}, + unique-id = {WOS:000341068900019}, + usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, + usage-count-since-2013 = {47}, + web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, + keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MJGEFIWP/van Damme_Kalmijn_2014_The dynamic relationships between union dissolution and women's employment.pdf} +} + @article{VanDerHeide2013, title = {Is Retirement Good for Your Health? {{A}} Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies}, shorttitle = {Is Retirement Good for Your Health?}, @@ -18562,7 +18789,9 @@ outcome variables are absolute, not looking at INEQUALITY outcomes (only income unique-id = {WOS:000261208000002}, usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {6}, - web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor} + web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor}, + keywords = {out::abstract}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P9ZDKHYY/Zullo_2008_Union membership and political inclusion.pdf} } @article{WOS:000262435800005, @@ -23806,30 +24035,6 @@ looks at qualitative estimation of terminations from workplace due to pregnancy keywords = {out::title} } -@article{WOS:000341068900019, - type = {Article}, - title = {The Dynamic Relationships between Union Dissolution and Women's Employment: {{A}} Life-History Analysis of 16 Countries}, - author = {{van Damme}, Maike and Kalmijn, Matthijs}, - year = {2014}, - month = nov, - journal = {SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH}, - volume = {48}, - pages = {261--278}, - doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.06.009}, - abstract = {The specialization theory from Gary Becker is often used to explain the effect of women's work on the risk of divorce. The main argument is that women with little work experience have higher economic costs to exit marriage. Using the Fertility and Family Surveys, we test for 16 countries to what extent women's employment increases the risk of separation. We also more directly examine the role of economic exit costs in separation by investigating the effect of separated women's work history during the union on women's post-separation employment. The results imply that Becker was right to some extent, especially in contexts with little female employment support. However, in settings where women's employment opportunities are more ample, sociological or psychological theories have probably more explanatory power to explain the causes and consequences of union dissolution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, - affiliation = {van Damme, M (Corresponding Author), CEPS INSTEAD KULeuven, 3 Ave Fonte, L-4364 Esch Sur Alzette, Luxembourg. van Damme, Maike; Kalmijn, Matthijs, Tilburg Univ, Dept Sociol, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.}, - author-email = {maikevd2011@gmail.com m.kalmijn@uva.nl}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {16}, - unique-id = {WOS:000341068900019}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {47}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,out::abstract} -} - @article{WOS:000341379700001, type = {Article}, title = {Fertility Decline and Women's Status Improvement in China}, @@ -24473,30 +24678,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {cite::channels,country::Ghana,inequality::age,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::SSA} } -@article{WOS:000350073500005, - type = {Article}, - title = {Measuring the Effect of Institutional Change on Gender Inequality in the Labour Market}, - author = {Dieckhoff, Martina and Gash, Vanessa and Steiber, Nadia}, - year = {2015}, - month = mar, - journal = {RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY}, - volume = {39}, - pages = {59--75}, - doi = {10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001}, - abstract = {This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992-2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities. (C) 2014 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, - affiliation = {Dieckhoff, M (Corresponding Author), WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Dieckhoff, Martina, WZB Berlin Social Sci Ctr, Res Unit Skill Format \& Labour Markets, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Gash, Vanessa, City Univ London, Dept Sociol, London EC1V 0HB, England. Steiber, Nadia, Univ Vienna, Dept Econ Sociol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Steiber, Nadia, Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Wittgenstein Ctr Demog \& Global Human Capital, IIASA, VID OAW,WU, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.}, - author-email = {Martina.Dieckhoff@wzb.eu vanessa.gash.1@city.ac.uk nadia.steiber@univie.ac.at}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {10}, - unique-id = {WOS:000350073500005}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {42}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::EU,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000350086800009, type = {Article}, title = {Income Inequality and the Tax Structure: {{Evidence}} from Developed and Developing Countries}, @@ -25893,31 +26074,6 @@ no PI} web-of-science-categories = {Development Studies; Economics} } -@article{WOS:000365306100001, - type = {Article}, - title = {The Control of Managerial Discretion: {{Evidence}} from Unionization's Impact on Employment Segregation}, - author = {Ferguson, John-Paul}, - year = {2015}, - month = nov, - journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY}, - volume = {121}, - number = {3}, - pages = {675--721}, - doi = {10.1086/683357}, - abstract = {Does limiting managers' discretion limit organizations' scope for discrimination? Social-psychological research argues that it limits opportunities to exercise cognitive biases. Organizational research has found that formal personnel practices that establish accountability for workplace diversity have increased women and minority representation in management. However, drawing causal inferences from such studies is complicated because adopting such policies may be endogenous to the firm's wish to hire and promote women and minorities. This study uses unionization elections to conduct a regression-discontinuity test from which stronger causal inferences can be made. It finds that while unionization is associated with more representative workplaces and more women and minorities in management, these effects disappear close to the discontinuity threshold. Most of the effects of unionization on workforce diversity may be attributable to the unobserved drivers of selection into unionization. This has similar implications for the causal effects of diversity policies adopted by managers.}, - affiliation = {Ferguson, JP (Corresponding Author), Stanford Grad Sch Business, 518 Mem Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ferguson, John-Paul, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, - author-email = {jpferg@stanford.edu}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {11}, - unique-id = {WOS:000365306100001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {34}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::racial,out::abstract,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000365374800003, type = {Article}, title = {Is Capital Deepening Process Male-Biased? {{The}} Case of {{Turkish}} Manufacturing Sector}, @@ -33224,29 +33380,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} note = {1st Forum on Studies of Society (FSS) International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, Craiova, ROMANIA, MAR 31, 2016} } -@article{WOS:000467014900003, - type = {{Article}}, - title = {{Female union exclusions: The deepening of gender inequalities in labor world and institutions of union power}}, - author = {Julieta Rodriguez, Tania and Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea}, - year = {2018}, - month = nov, - journal = {DERECHO Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES}, - number = {20}, - pages = {33--47}, - abstract = {What explains the distance between women participation in labor market and women participation in power spaces? To what extent is the exercise of gender equality possible in structures that reinforce socialization in traditional feminine roles such as trade unions? In this paper we study the forms of women participation in unions and the conditions for equal practices of access to management and decision spaces, understood as the right to participate in management in institutional spheres that crystallize circuits of power building and reproduction. First, we analyze how the separation of public and private spheres made the sexual division of labor. Secondly, we ask ourselves in what way the androcentric condition of Law operates by constructing that unique way of being a woman, traversed by various axes of subordination that reinforces the stratification in society. Third, from a critical perspective on gender justice and the full exercise of women's citizenship, we investigate the distance between women participation in highly feminized work areas and their presence in power institutions that reinforce sexist practices, such as unions. Finally, we include the experience of the women's assemblies that took place towards the International Strike on March 8, 2018 to think about aspects of the exercise of power from a feminist perspective.}, - affiliation = {Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Rodriguez, TJ (Corresponding Author), UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Julieta Rodriguez, Tania, UBA, Fac Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Genero \& Derecho, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UNLP, Derechos Humanos, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cuellar Camarena, Maria Andrea, UBA, Fac Derecho, Sociol Jurid, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.}, - author-email = {rodrigueztaniaj@gmail.com mariandrea.cc@gmail.com}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {spanish}, - research-areas = {Government \& Law}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000467014900003}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, - web-of-science-categories = {Law}, - keywords = {cite::channels,method::qualitative,out::abstract,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000467019900010, type = {Article}, title = {Role of Age and Health in Perceptions of Returning to Work: A Qualitative Study}, @@ -33949,31 +34082,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::generational,inequality::health,relevant,review::narrative,TODO::review} } -@article{WOS:000472695000004, - type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, - title = {Effects of Decentralised Bargaining on Gender Inequality: {{Italy}}}, - author = {Cardinaleschi, Stefania and De Santis, Stefano and Schenkel, Marina}, - year = {2019}, - journal = {PANOECONOMICUS}, - volume = {66}, - number = {3, SI}, - pages = {325--346}, - doi = {10.2298/PAN1903325C}, - abstract = {This paper analyses the relation between bargaining regimes and the gender wage gap (GWG), identifying the contribution of individual characteristics. First, a description of the gender disparities in the Italian labour market is presented, using the evidence from the Linked Employer Employees Data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Then, with a particular focus on the different types of collective agreements, various decomposition techniques are employed in order to describe how gender inequality differs across bargaining regimes. Finally, some suggestions are advanced regarding the mix of policies that could reduce the gender wage gap in the labour market.}, - affiliation = {Schenkel, M (Corresponding Author), Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy. Cardinaleschi, Stefania; De Santis, Stefano, Ist Nazl Stat ISTAT, Rome, Italy. Schenkel, Marina, Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci Econ \& Stat, Udine, Italy.}, - author-email = {cardinal@istat.it sdesantis@istat.it Schenkel@uniud.it}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000472695000004}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, - web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Italy,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::EU,type::collective\_action}, - note = {15th International Conference on Developments in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao, SPAIN, JUN 28-29, 2018} -} - @article{WOS:000472705800016, type = {Article}, title = {Household Livelihood Diversification and Gender: {{Panel}} Evidence from Rural {{Kenya}}}, @@ -37452,33 +37560,6 @@ no LM adjacency} keywords = {inequality::racial,out::title} } -@article{WOS:000537155300001, - type = {Article}, - title = {Wage Differentials, Bargaining Protocols, and Trade Unionism in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Labor Markets}, - author = {Pencavel, John}, - year = {2022}, - month = jan, - journal = {ILR REVIEW}, - volume = {75}, - number = {0019793920928962}, - pages = {139--167}, - doi = {10.1177/0019793920928962}, - abstract = {Income inequality in the United States has been lower in periods when trade unionism has been strong. Using observations on wages by occupation, by geography, and by gender in collective bargaining contracts from the 1940s to the 1970s, patterns in movements of wage differentials are revealed. As wages increased, some contracts maintained relative wage differentials constant, some maintained absolute differences in wages constant, others combined these two patterns, and some did not reveal an obvious pattern. The patterns persisted even as price inflation increased in the 1970s. The dominant pattern implies a reduction in inequality as usually measured.}, - affiliation = {Pencavel, J (Corresponding Author), Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Pencavel, John, Stanford Univ, Dept Econ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.}, - author-email = {Pencavel@stanford.edu}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - earlyaccessdate = {JUN 2020}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000537155300001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {2}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, - web-of-science-categories = {Industrial Relations \& Labor}, - keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, - file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6C63CKGV/Pencavel_2022_Wage differentials, bargaining protocols, and trade unionism in.pdf} -} - @article{WOS:000537156700001, type = {Article}, title = {National Family Policies and Mothers' Employment: {{How}} Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries}, @@ -44996,33 +45077,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {country::India,region::AP,TODO::abstract} } -@article{WOS:000774139600001, - type = {Article}, - title = {The Impact of Trade Unions and Government Party Orientation on Income Inequality: Evidence from 17 {{OECD}} Economies}, - author = {Alexiou, Constantinos and Trachanas, Emmanouil}, - year = {2023}, - month = apr, - journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC STUDIES}, - volume = {50}, - number = {3}, - pages = {506--524}, - doi = {10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612}, - abstract = {Purpose Despite the existing conceptual analysis on the impact of trade unions on employees' welfare and the wider economy, the mediating effect of political party orientation (i.e., right, centre and left) on income inequality remains under researched. In this paper, the authors empirically explore the relationship between the nature of political party orientation, trade unions and income inequality. Design/methodology/approach The authors use three different measures of income inequality and dummy variables that capture government party orientation with respect to economic policy for a panel of 17 OECD economies over the period 2000-2016. The authors employ a panel fixed effects approach and the Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) nonparametric covariance matrix estimator. Findings The empirical evidence indicates that strong unions and, to some extent, left party governance, are fundamental institutional elements to combat rising levels of income inequality whilst countries dominated by right-wing political parties appear to exacerbate income inequality. The results pertaining to the impact of centrist parties on income inequality are ambiguous suggesting that a potential fragmentation may exist in their political approach. Originality/value The evidence generated can have significant policy ramifications in alleviating rising levels of income inequality as well in relation to the declining unionization rates observed across advanced economies.}, - affiliation = {Alexiou, C (Corresponding Author), Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Alexiou, Constantinos, Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England. Trachanas, Emmanouil, Univ Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece.}, - author-email = {constantinos.alexiou@cranfield.ac.uk}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2022}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Business \& Economics}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000774139600001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {3}, - web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {inequality::income,relevant,TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action}, - file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/INZ9V9EK/Alexiou_Trachanas_2023_The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality.pdf} -} - @article{WOS:000774285600007, type = {Article}, title = {Trends of Amenable Deaths Due to Healthcare within the {{European Union}} Countries. {{Exploring}} the Association with the Economic Crisis and Education}, @@ -49660,28 +49714,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {out::title} } -@article{WOS:000956608200001, - type = {Article; Early Access}, - title = {Trade Union Strength, Business Power, and Labor Policy Reform: {{The}} Cases of {{Argentina}} and {{Chile}} in Comparative Perspective}, - author = {Ahumada, Pablo Perez}, - year = {2023 MAR 26 2023}, - journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY}, - doi = {10.1177/00207152231163846}, - abstract = {In this article, I explain why pro-labor reforms succeed or fail. Focusing on the cases of Argentina and Chile, I show that labor reforms are more successful in extending trade union rights when unions successfully build associational power and employers are less able to do so. Consistent with this argument, a quantitative analysis of time-series cross-sectional data from 78 countries suggests that the level of class power disparity is negatively correlated with the extension of workers' collective rights. At the end of the article, I discuss how these results have implications for the study of labor reforms and power resources.}, - affiliation = {Ahumada, PP (Corresponding Author), Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. Ahumada, Pablo Perez, Univ Chile, Ave Cap Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago 7800284, Chile.}, - author-email = {pabloperez@uchile.cl}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2023}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000956608200001}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {3}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {TODO::abstract,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000956915600001, type = {Article}, title = {Facilitators and Barriers Associated with Breastfeeding among Mothers Attending Primary Healthcare Facilities in {{Mpumalanga}}, {{South Africa}}}, @@ -49756,29 +49788,6 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {out::title} } -@article{WOS:000961549600006, - type = {Article}, - title = {Asymmetries to Be Resolved: Women Trade Unionists in the Social Welfare System}, - author = {{Lopez-Garcia}, Irene Maria}, - year = {2022}, - journal = {DEBATES EN SOCIOLOGIA}, - number = {55}, - pages = {139--161}, - doi = {10.18800/debatesensociologia.202202.006}, - abstract = {In Spain, the role of women within trade unions is little known. The purpose of this article is to describe the asymmetrical position of many women with respect to that of men in different facets of the life trajectory, that is, in the reproductive, productive and trade union work. It particularly analyzes the expressions of these inequalities in women who opted for professions in the field of social welfare and trade unionism, in the specific areas of health, education and social services. Traditionally feminized spaces and professions, in which their equivalence is not shown in the affiliation and leader-ship of trade union organizations.With the intention of understanding these manifestations, life history is used under the qualita-tive approach, a technique that allows transcending individual narratives to a collective experience. During the analysis, in which their biographies are traversed from domestic to professional places, it is observed how in the exercise of their union action converge those dynamics that have been legiti-mizing, over time, this gender differentiation. These are reiterated both in their formulas of internal trade union organization and in their participation strategies on employment and the labor market.}, - affiliation = {L{\'o}pez-Garc{\'i}a, IM (Corresponding Author), Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain. Lopez-Garcia, Irene Maria, Univ Cadiz, Dept Derecho Trabajo \& Segur Social, Cadiz, Spain.}, - author-email = {irene.lopez@uca.es}, - da = {2023-11-02}, - langid = {english}, - research-areas = {Sociology}, - times-cited = {0}, - unique-id = {WOS:000961549600006}, - usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, - usage-count-since-2013 = {0}, - web-of-science-categories = {Sociology}, - keywords = {cite::framework,country::Spain,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::EU,type::collective\_action} -} - @article{WOS:000962388800001, type = {Article}, title = {Racial Inequality in Frictional Labor Markets: {{Evidence}} from Minimum Wages}, diff --git a/scoping_review.qmd b/scoping_review.qmd index 56c2cb8..10cad2a 100644 --- a/scoping_review.qmd +++ b/scoping_review.qmd @@ -780,6 +780,40 @@ It also finds significantly positive impacts on the human capital of the childre This suggests childcare costs being removed through a quasi-subsidy reducing the required childcare time burden on mothers, increasing parental agency and employment choices. Some limitations to the study include a relatively small overall sample size, as well as employment effects becoming insignificant when the effect is measured on randomization alone (without an additional instrumental variable). +### Unionization and collective action + +@Alexiou2023 study on the effects of both political orientation of governments' parties and a country's trade unionization on its income inequality. +It finds that, generally, strong unionization is strongly related to decreasing income inequality, most likely through a redistribution of political power through collective mobilization in national contexts of stronger unions. +It also suggests that in contexts of weaker unionization, post-redistribution income inequality is higher, thus also fostering unequal redistributive policies. +Lastly, it finds positive relations between right-wing orientation of a country's government and its income inequality, with more mixed results for centrist governments pointing to potential fragmentations in their redistributive policy approaches. +The study is mostly limited in not being able to account for individual drivers (or barriers) and can thus not disaggregate for the effects for example arbitration or collective bargaining. + +@Ferguson2015 conducts a study on the effects of a more unionized workforce in the United States, on the representation of women and minorities in the management of enterprises. +It finds that while stronger unionization is associated both with more women and more minorities represented in the overall workforce and in management, this effect is only marginally significant. +Additionally, there are drivers which may be based on unobservables and not a direct effect --- +it may be a selection effect of more unionized enterprises. +It uses union elections as its base of analysis, and thus can not exclude self-selection effects of people joining more heavily unionized enterprises rather than unionization increasing representation in its conclusions. + +@Cardinaleschi2019 study the wage gap in the Italian labour market, looking especially at the effects of collective negotiation practices. +It finds that the Italian labour market's wage gap exists primarily due to occupational segregation between the genders, with women often working in more 'feminized' industries, and not due to educational lag by women in Italy. +It also finds that collective negotiation practices targeting especially managerial representation and wages do address the gender pay gap, but only marginally significantly. +The primary channel for only marginal significance stems from internal heterogeneity in that only the median part of wage distributions is significantly affected by the measures. +Instead, the authors recommend a stronger mix of policy approaches, also considering the human-capital aspects with for example active labour-market policies targeting it. + +@Dieckhoff2015 undertake a study on the effect of trade unionization in European labour markets, with a specific emphasis on its effects on gender inequalities. +It finds, first of all, that increased unionization is related to the probability of being employed on a standard employment contract for both men and women. +It also finds no evidence that men seem to carry increased benefits from increased unionization, although in combination with temporary contract and family policy re-regulations, men do seem to experience greater benefits than women. +At the same time women's employment under standard contracts does not decrease, such that there is no absolute detrimental effect for either gender. +It does, however, pose the question of the allocation of relative benefits between the genders through unionization efforts. +The study is limited in that, by averaging outcomes across European nations, it can not account for nation-specific labour market contexts or gender disaggregations. + +@Ahumada2023 on the other hand create a study on the effects of unequal distributions of political power on the extent and provision of collective labour rights. +It is a combination of quantitative global comparison with qualitative case studies for Argentina and Chile. +It finds that, for societies in which power is more unequally distributed, collective bargaining possibilities are more limited and weaker. +It suggests that, aside from a less entrenched trade unionization in the country, the primary channel for the its weakening are that existing collective labour rights are often either restricted or disregarded outright. +Employers were restricted in their ability to effectively conduct lobbying, and made more vulnerable to what the authors suggest are 'divide-and-conquer' strategies by government with a strongly entrenched trade unionization, due to being more separate and uncoordinated. +A limit is the strong institutional context of the two countries which makes generalizable application of its underlying channels more difficult to the overarching quantitative analysis of inequality outcomes. + ## Structural ### Trade liberalization