Add wos sample results library

02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/b7159355c535be691f47916e902df83a-granell-perez-rafae/info.yaml

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+abstract: 'This study analyses, from the perspective of public economics, the
+
+  Demographic Supplement for Motherhood (CDM) introduced in the Spanish
+
+  Social Security System in 2016. This measure is a supplement added to
+
+  the contributory pension received on retirement, widowhood or disability
+
+  for women who began to receive a pension and who have had two or more
+
+  children. It was introduced with two objectives in mind: to reduce the
+
+  gender gap in pensions and to socially recognise the contribution of
+
+  motherhood to the pension system.
+
+  In this paper, a socioeconomic analysis of this measure is carried out.
+
+  The objectives and issues of this measure are reviewed and its
+
+  distributional effects are analysed. The main source of information are
+
+  data provided by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, in
+
+  particular the Continuous Sample of Working History (MCVL).
+
+  This is a new approach, with the focus being on public economics rather
+
+  than on legal aspects and use of the MCVL data which, for the first
+
+  time, includes measurements related to the CDM.
+
+  The main objectives of this study are: 1) to estimate the impact that
+
+  the CDM has had on the pension system during the first year of
+
+  application; 2) to analyse the differences in treatment it generates;
+
+  and, 3) to assess its distributional effects on the gender gap in
+
+  pensions and on inequality among women. The study finishes with an
+
+  analysis of other equality policies and puts forward the main
+
+  conclusions reached and proposals for alternative measures.
+
+  The results show that the CDM has affected 58.4\% of new female
+
+  pensioners. The women who have benefitted most from this measure are
+
+  those who receive a widow''s pension (50.9\%), followed by retirement
+
+  pension (39.8\%) and disability pension (9.2\%). Their sociodemographic
+
+  characteristics show that 53.4\% of the supplement is paid to mothers
+
+  with 2 children, while women not receiving CDM tend to have higher
+
+  educational levels than those who are in receipt of the supplement. It
+
+  also shows that self-employed workers tend to have more than one child
+
+  and, therefore, receive the CDM in a greater proportion (62.5\%) than
+
+  employed workers (57.5\%). The estimated cost of this measure amounted
+
+  to 64 million euros in 2016 (approximately 0.05\% of the expenditure on
+
+  contributory pensions), a figure that will increase considerably as the
+
+  supplement is extended to future female pensioners.
+
+  Among the main criticisms highlighted by this study is the difference in
+
+  treatment this measure generates. It purports to be a measure which
+
+  acknowledges the value of motherhood yet it discriminates against many
+
+  mothers by excluding women who were pensioners before 2016 and who are
+
+  the most affected, historically, by more unfavourable family and work
+
+  structures. In addition, other categories excluded are mothers with only
+
+  one child, women who took voluntary retirement, women who receive
+
+  non-contributory pensions and women who do not receive any pension.
+
+  Finally, the measure works against the principle of equality between men
+
+  and women, promulgated by the European Union, because it discriminates
+
+  against fathers.
+
+  Another criticism is that the amount of the CDM increases as the pension
+
+  rises and continues to be paid even when the maximum pension is reached.
+
+  This means that those women with higher pensions benefit more from the
+
+  supplement, which is contrary to measures applied in other countries.
+
+  One suggestion to improve the equality of this measure is that the
+
+  supplement should have an upper limit.
+
+  Furthermore, its effect on reducing inequality has been insignificant.
+
+  As a measure of equality between men and women, the CDM has reduced the
+
+  gender gap between new pensioners (2.2\%) but its effect on the whole
+
+  system is very poor (0.22\%). The pension gap between men and women in
+
+  Spain is still very wide at a rate of 29.3\% and much more work needs to
+
+  be done to reduce this gap.
+
+  Finally, a pension system that gives women greater rights for raising
+
+  children can reinforce traditional roles, discouraging mothers from
+
+  entering the formal labour market and fathers from taking a break from
+
+  their professional careers. This is why these measures are being
+
+  questioned by the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of
+
+  equal treatment between mothers and fathers.
+
+  The CDM does not address the causes of the problem of gender
+
+  discrimination. It does not address discrimination in employment nor
+
+  does it offer the support required in the workplace for reconciling
+
+  maternity and paternity leave. It is ineffective as a stimulus to change
+
+  labour behaviour of women because its effect is in the long term and it
+
+  is an outdated measure that can be counterproductive.
+
+  In light of these problems, the priority for the government would be to
+
+  establish authentic equality policies which create opportunities for
+
+  both men and women to develop their full potential. 1) labour market
+
+  policies that eliminate gender differences (access to employment, wages
+
+  and job promotion at work), improving the flexibility and the rationale
+
+  of the working day, and 2) reconciliation policies related to family and
+
+  work life, aimed at all workers, that recognise fathers and mothers as
+
+  having co-responsibility for childcare.
+
+  The following measures are proposed to reduce the gender gap in
+
+  pensions:
+
+  a) Replace the current CDM with an additional contribution period per
+
+  child or a fixed amount supplement, in recognition of the period of time
+
+  dedicated to bringing up children.
+
+  If contribution years were added for accessing the pension, the number
+
+  of women with contributory pensions would increase. To avoid the same
+
+  negative aspects already highlighted, it should be implemented in a way
+
+  that covers all kind of pensions and gives greater support to mothers of
+
+  children with disabilities.
+
+  b) Improve non-contributory (universal) pensions, which are those of
+
+  lesser value. This measure would increase the number of women with
+
+  pensions in their own right, thereby reducing the coverage gap and the
+
+  pension gap of the total population (including non-pensioners). This
+
+  extension is vital to stop the pension system being a welfare system
+
+  (low coverage) and being outdated and out of touch (excessively linked
+
+  to family relationships).
+
+  Our further studies will be centred on these proposals with data
+
+  provided by the MCVL in future years.'
+affiliation: 'Perez, RG (Corresponding Author), Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
+
+  Granell Perez, Rafael; Salvador Cifre, Concha, Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain.'
+author: Granell Perez, Rafael and Salvador Cifre, Concha
+author-email: 'Rafael.Granell@uv.es
+
+  Concha.Salvador@uv.es'
+author_list:
+- family: Granell Perez
+  given: Rafael
+- family: Salvador Cifre
+  given: Concha
+da: '2023-09-28'
+doi: 10.7203/CIRIEC-E.98.13570
+eissn: 1989-6816
+files: []
+issn: 0213-8093
+journal: CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA
+keywords: Social Security; pensions; gender gap; inequality
+language: Spanish
+month: MAR
+number-of-cited-references: '36'
+orcid-numbers: Granell, Rafael/0000-0002-9040-2382
+pages: 287-322
+papis_id: 609189e1796088545e1ea76058fa5346
+ref: Granellperez2020demographicsupplemen
+researcherid-numbers: Granell, Rafael/K-9704-2017
+times-cited: '0'
+title: Demographic supplement for motherhood within the framework of equality policies.
+  Analysis of objectives, results and outcomes
+type: Article
+unique-id: WOS:000523362600010
+usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
+usage-count-since-2013: '8'
+volume: '98'
+web-of-science-categories: Economics
+year: '2020'