Add wos sample results library

02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/52fdd1faf8b6f13e162ea250c0165101-cislaghi-beniamino/info.yaml

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+abstract: 'BackgroundAlmost nowhere in the world do women participate as much as
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+  men in the labor force. Despite differences in countries'' economic,
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+  social and cultural contexts, gender norms-unwritten rules of acceptable
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+  actions for men and women-have been found to affect women''s labor
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+  participation across contexts. Gender norms include those regulating who
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+  takes care of children, who is expected to earn more, and in which
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+  sectors men and women should work. Importantly, norms affect access to
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+  labor markets at times of scarcity: when there''s only work for one,
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+  gender norms can dictate whether a woman or man gets the job. Advocates
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+  of equal labor force participation point to evidence that employment can
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+  contribute to people''s health and well-being; yet the evidence is mixed
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+  and contradictory, and mostly comes from high-income countries. In
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+  restrictive normative contexts in which women are assigned the role of
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+  family caretaker, full time employment (FTE) might be particularly
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+  burdensome. At the same time, the literature lacks a cross-country
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+  analysis of how gender norms affect women''s FTE and their health when
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+  employed full time, despite qualitative research providing clear
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+  evidence of the influence of gender norms on labor participation. AimsIn
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+  this paper we examine: (1) how gender norms affect women''s access to FTE
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+  across 97 countries; (2) associations between FTE and women''s
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+  self-reported health self-rated (SRH) across different normative
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+  contexts (i.e., countries where it is common vs. uncommon for women to
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+  stay home); and (3) how women''s FTE and gender norms changed over time
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+  in four countries. DataWe used time-series data from the World Values
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+  Survey and European Values Survey conducted in over 100 countries
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+  between 1981 and 2014. Both surveys attempt to capture norms, beliefs
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+  and values in addition to sociodemographic information among a
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+  nationally representative adult population in each country. The sample
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+  for the cross-sectional analyses (aims 1 and 2) included 97 countries
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+  and 131,132 respondents. The sample for aim 3 included data from
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+  Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan. VariablesOur outcome of interest
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+  was pro-equality norms in the context of access to the labor market for
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+  women. Respondents were asked ``if jobs are scarce, men should have more
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+  right to a job than women do?{''''}. Response options included no, neither
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+  or yes. We created a binary variable to represent pro-equality norms. We
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+  included employment status and SRH as exposures of interest. AnalysisWe
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+  used individual-level data to generate on-average and sex-stratified
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+  estimates of the outcome and exposures for each country, at each time
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+  point. We estimated the percentage of all respondents, of women, and of
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+  men who held pro-equality norms (believe that men should not have more
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+  right to a job than women), the percentage who were employed full time,
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+  and the average level of SRH. To measure gender inequality in FTE, we
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+  also estimated the absolute difference in FTE between women and men for
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+  each country at each time point. First, we conducted descriptive,
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+  cross-sectional ecological analyses using one survey per country from
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+  wave 5 or 6 (whichever was most recent) to examine associations between
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+  pro-equality norms and employment status as a proxy for associations
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+  between norms and the context of employment in each country. We also
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+  examined associations between pro-equality norms and SRH.
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+  We then specified adjusted logistic regression models with controls for
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+  age, sex and education to examine associations between pro-equality
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+  norms and employment status. To examine if the relationship between FTE
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+  and SRH varied by normative context, we grouped countries in quartiles
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+  of pro-equality norms. Finally, we conducted descriptive ecological
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+  analyses of the relationship between pro-equality norms and employment
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+  status over time in four countries. ResultsObjective 1: Gender norms
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+  intersect with socio-cultural contexts in determining women''s FTE. While
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+  in some countries gender norms aligned positively with women''s access to
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+  employment (i.e., more equal norms matched more equality in FTE), in
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+  Eastern Europe and South America we observed a mismatch. In Eastern
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+  Europe we found strong norms against equal access but small sex
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+  differences in FTE. In South America, we observed a stark difference in
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+  FTE favoring men, despite positive gender norms promoting women''s paid
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+  employment. Objective 2: We found the association between SRH and FTE to
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+  vary across normative contexts. For instance, while in Scandinavian
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+  countries it was protective to be a woman in FTE and harmful not to work
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+  full-time, we found the opposite effect in Middle Eastern countries.
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+  Objective 3: We found a general tendency to move toward greater equality
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+  in norms and FTE over time everywhere in the world. However, political
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+  and economic events can generate variations over time and setbacks in
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+  progress toward equality.We specifically looked at 4 countries:
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+  Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan and assessed the effects of
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+  economic, political and national legislative changes on FTE over time.
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+  ImplicationsThis paper contributes to the conversation on tensions
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+  between universal justice and contextual factors affecting one''s health.
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+  To achieve purposeful and global universal health and justice, policy
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+  makers and global health practitioners must design effective,
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+  context-relevant interventions that are deeply and transparently
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+  informed by the values they embody. As we strive to achieve global
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+  gender equality, its meanings and purposes will vary across contexts in
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+  ways that demand people-led conversations and interventions.'
+affiliation: 'Cislaghi, B (Corresponding Author), London Sch Hyg \& Trop Med, Dept
+  Global Hlth \& Dev, London, England.
+
+  Cislaghi, Beniamino; Bhatia, Amiya; Horanieh, Nour, London Sch Hyg \& Trop Med,
+  Dept Global Hlth \& Dev, London, England.
+
+  Hallgren, Emma Sofia Thonander, Stanford Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Palo
+  Alto, CA USA.
+
+  Weber, Ann M., Univ Nevada, Sch Community Hlth Sci, Reno, NV USA.
+
+  Darmstadt, Gary L., Stanford Univ, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Stanford, CA USA.'
+article-number: '689815'
+author: Cislaghi, Beniamino and Bhatia, Amiya and Hallgren, Emma Sofia Thonander and
+  Horanieh, Nour and Weber, Ann M. and Darmstadt, Gary L.
+author-email: ben.cislaghi@lshtm.ac.uk
+author_list:
+- family: Cislaghi
+  given: Beniamino
+- family: Bhatia
+  given: Amiya
+- family: Hallgren
+  given: Emma Sofia Thonander
+- family: Horanieh
+  given: Nour
+- family: Weber
+  given: Ann M.
+- family: Darmstadt
+  given: Gary L.
+da: '2023-09-28'
+doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.689815
+files: []
+issn: 1664-1078
+journal: FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
+keywords: 'gender equality; gender norms; women empowerment; full-time employment;
+
+  self-reported health (SRH)'
+keywords-plus: 'WOMEN; UNEMPLOYMENT; FAMILY; PAY; DISCRIMINATION; INEQUALITY;
+
+  PERCEPTION; EDUCATION; MANAGERS; FEMINISM'
+language: English
+month: MAY 31
+number-of-cited-references: '85'
+orcid-numbers: Darmstadt, Gary/0000-0002-7522-5824
+papis_id: 4e3ead09a850c09d7a6f1e44bb03c8b3
+ref: Cislaghi2022gendernorms
+researcherid-numbers: 'Darmstadt, Gary/AAU-7488-2020
+
+  '
+times-cited: '3'
+title: 'Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country
+  Analysis of the World Values Survey'
+type: Article
+unique-id: WOS:000816371100001
+usage-count-last-180-days: '7'
+usage-count-since-2013: '18'
+volume: '13'
+web-of-science-categories: Psychology, Multidisciplinary
+year: '2022'