diff --git a/scoping_review.qmd b/scoping_review.qmd index 9a1af07..483df1b 100644 --- a/scoping_review.qmd +++ b/scoping_review.qmd @@ -648,30 +648,41 @@ sns.histplot(data=melted_df, y='intervention', hue='Validity', multiple='stack') ## Institutional -| area of policy | findings | channels | -|----------------------:|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| -| minimum wage | mixed evidence for short-/medium-term income inequality impacts | can lead to income compression at higher-earner ends | -| | some evidence for long-term inequality decrease | job loss offsets through higher wages | -| | | some spatial transfer from urban manufacturing sectors to rural agricultural sectors | -| | bad targeting can exacerbate existing inequalities | negative effect on women's hours worked if strong household labour divisions | -| | | low-earners sometimes secondary high-income household earners while low-wage households have no earners at all | -| | potential impact larger for single parents, rural/disadvantaged locations | women more affected if they make up large share of low-wage earners | -| | | | -| paid leave | evidence for significant increase in rtw after childbirth | esp. disadvantaged women benefit due to no prior employer-funded leave | -| | some evidence for positive rtw effects to occur with medium-/long-term time delay | short-term exit but no long-term increase to hiring pattern discrimination | -| | | can exacerbate existing household labour division | -| | mixed evidence for fixed-/short-term contracts counter-acting effect on rtw | fixed-term contracts often insufficiently covered by otherwise applicable labour regulation | -| | | | -| collective bargaining | evidence for decreased income inequality with strong unionisation | stronger collective political power vector enables more equal redistributive policies | -| | | increased probability for employment on formal, standard employment contract | -| | marginal evidence for increased income/representation of women/minorities in workforce/management | internal heterogeneity due to predominantly affecting median part of wage distribution | -| | | self-selection of people joining more unionised enterprises/organisations/sectors | -| | | depending on targeting of concurrent policies can bestow more benefits on men, increasing horizontal inequalit | -| | | ies | -| protective environmental policies | evidence for turn to sustainable energy decreasing spatial inequality | increased employment probability through large-scale rural energy projects | -| | | | -| | mixed evidence for increase of existing inequalities | elite policy capture can exacerbate existing social exclusion & disadvantages | +{{< portrait >}} +| area of policy | findings | channels | +|:----------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| minimum wage | mixed evidence for short-/medium-term income inequality impacts | can lead to income compression at higher-earner ends | +| | some evidence for long-term inequality decrease | job loss offsets through higher wages | +| | | some spatial transfer from urban manufacturing sectors to rural agricultural sectors | +| | bad targeting can exacerbate existing inequalities | negative effect on women's hours worked if strong household labour divisions | +| | | low-earners sometimes secondary high-income household earners while low-wage households have no earners at all | +| | potential impact larger for single parents, rural/disadvantaged locations | women more affected if they make up large share of low-wage earners | +| | | | +| paid leave | evidence for significant increase in rtw after childbirth | esp. disadvantaged women benefit due to no prior employer-funded leave | +| | some evidence for positive rtw effects to occur with medium-/long-term time delay | short-term exit but no long-term increase to hiring pattern discrimination | +| | | can exacerbate existing household labour division | +| | mixed evidence for fixed-/short-term contracts counter-acting effect on rtw | fixed-term contracts often insufficiently covered by otherwise applicable labour regulation | +| | | | +| collective bargaining | evidence for decreased income inequality with strong unionisation | stronger collective political power vector enables more equal redistributive policies | +| | | increased probability for employment on formal, standard employment contract | +| | marginal evidence for increased income/representation of women/minorities in workforce/management | internal heterogeneity due to predominantly affecting median part of wage distribution | +| | | self-selection of people joining more unionised enterprises/organisations/sectors | +| | | depending on targeting of concurrent policies can bestow more benefits on men, increasing horizontal inequalit | +| | | ies | +| protective environmental policies | evidence for decrease in spatial inequality | increased employment probability through large-scale rural energy projects | +| | | | +| | mixed evidence for increase of existing inequalities | elite policy capture can exacerbate existing social exclusion & disadvantages | +| workfare programmes | evidence for decrease of vertical inequality | | +| | evidence for possibility of increased spatial inequalities | bad targeting increases deprivations for already job-deprived areas | +| | evidence for effective outcomes dependent on on prior material equalities | prior inequalities such as land ownership can lead to political capture and less effective policies | +| social protection | evidence for conditional cash transfers producing short- and long-term inequality reduction | production of short-term cash influx | +| | mixed evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities | | +| | evidence for stagnating income replacement rates exacerbating existing vertical inequalities | | +| | healthcare subsidy impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting | | + + +{{< landscape >}} ### Labour laws and regulatory systems @@ -732,7 +743,6 @@ The study is limited in explanatory power through its observational design, not ### Minimum wage laws - @Chao2022, in a study looking at the effects of minimum wage increases on a country's income inequality, analyse the impacts in a sample of 43 countries, both LMIC and HIC. Using a general-equilibrium model, it finds that there are differences between the short-term and long-term effects of the increase: In the short term it leads to a reduction of the skilled-unskilled wage gap, however an increase in unemployment and welfare,