1. Alkadry, M. G., & Tower, L. E. (2006). Unequal pay: The role of gender. Public Administration Review, 66, 888-898.
2. Alkadry, M. G., & Tower, L. E. (2014). Women in public service: Barriers, challenges, and opportunities. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
3. Arulampalam, W., Alison, B. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 60, 163-186.
4. Balcik, B., Iravani, S., & Smilowitz, K. (2010). A review of equity in nonprofit and public sector: A vehicle routing perspective. In J. J. Cochran (Ed.), Wiley encyclopedia of operations research and management science, pp 1-12. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
5. Bertrand, M., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). The gender gap in top corporate jobs. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 55, 3-21.
6. Byron, R. A. (2010). Discrimination, complexity, and the public/private sector question. Work and Occupations, 37, 435-475.
7. Choudhury, S. (1993). Reassessing the male-female wage differential: A fixed effects approach. Southern Economic Journal, 60, 327-340. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, 42. U.S.C. 2000e- (1), (2).
8. Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vannema, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80, 655-681.
9. Cronwell, C., & Kellough, J. E. (1994). Women and minorities in federal government agencies: Examining new evidence from panel data. Public Administration Review, 54, 265-270.
10. Diprete, T. A. (1989). The Bureaucratic labor market: The case of the federal civil service. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
11. Dobbin, F., Sutton, J., Meyer, J., & Scott, W. R. (1993). Equal opportunity law and the construction of internal labor markets. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 396-427.
12. England, P., Farkas, G., Stanek, B., & Dou, K. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review, 53, 544-558.
13. Frederickson, H. G. (2010). Social equity and public administration: Origins, developments and approaches. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
14. Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social science research. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
15. Gobillon, L., Meurs, D., & Roux, S. (2015). Estimating gender differences in access to jobs. Journal of Labor Economics, 33, 317-363.
16. Huffman, M. L., & Cohen, P. N. (2004). Occupational segregation and the gender gap in workplace authority: National versus local labor markets. Sociological Forum, 19, 121-147.
17. Kaufman, R. L. (2002). Assessing alternative perspectives on race and sex employment segregation. American Sociological Review, 67, 547-572.
18. Kluegel, J. (1978). The causes and cost of racial exclusion from job authority. American Sociological Review, 43, 285-301.
19. Landau, J. (1995). The relationship of race and gender to managers’ ratings of promotion potential. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 391-400.
20. Light, A., & Ureta, M. (1995). Early-career work experience and gender wage differentials. Journal of Labor Economics, 13, 121-154.
21. Llorens, J. J., Wegner, J. B., & Kellough, J. E. (2008). Choosing public sector employment: The impact of wages on the representation of women and minorities in state bureaucracies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18, 397-413.
22. Newman, M. A. (1994). Gender and Lowi’s thesis: Implications for career advancement. Public Administration Review, 54, 277-284.
23. O’Neill, J. (1985). Trends in women’s work, education, and family building. Journal of Labor Economics, 3, S91-S116.
24. Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic review in the social sciences: A practical guide. Malden, Oxford and Carlton: Blackwell,
25. Reskin, B. F., McBrier, D. B., & Kmec, J. A. (1999). The determinants and consequences of workplace sex and race composition. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 335-361.
26. Riggs, F. (1970). Administrative reform and political responsiveness: A theory of dynamic balancing. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
27. Smith, R. A. (2002). Race, gender, and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 509-542.
28. Smith, S. P. (1976). Government wage differentials by sex. The Journal of Human Resources, 11, 185-199.
29. Tomaskovic-Devey, D., & Skaggs, S. (1999). An establishment-level test of the statistical discrimination hypothesis. Work and Occupations, 26, 422-445.
30. U.S. Department of Labor. (1991). A report on the glass ceiling initiative. Washington, DC: Author.
31. Wise, L. R. (1990). Social equity in civil service systems. Public Administration Review, 50, 567-575.
32. Wright, E. O., Baxter, J., & Birkelund, G. E. (1995). The gender gap in workplace authority: A cross-national study. American Sociological Review, 60, 407-435.
33. Xiu, L., & Gunderson, M. (2014). Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Quantile regression decomposition of the gender pay gap in China. International Journal of Manpower, 35, 306-326.
34. Zeng, Z. (2011). The myth of the glass ceiling: Evidence from a stock-flow analysis of authority attainment. Social Science Research, 40, 312-325. Systematic Review References The Pay Gap Studies
35. Alkadry, M. G., & Tower, L. E. (2006). Unequal pay: The role of gender. Public Administration Review, 66, 888-898.
36. Arulampalam, W., Alison, B. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 60, 163-186.
37. Etienne, J., & Narcy, M. (2010). Gender wage differentials in the French Nonprofit and For-profit sectors: Evidence from quantile regression. Annals of Economics and Statistics, 99(100), 67-90.
38. Jarrell, S., & Stanley, T. D. (2004). Declining bias and gender wage discrimination? A meta-regression analysis. The Journal of Human Resources, 39, 828-838.
39. Miller, P. W. (2009). The gender pay gap in the US: Does sector make a difference? Journal of Labor Research, 30, 52-74.
40. Shih, J. (2006). Circumventing discrimination: Gender and ethnic strategies in Silicon Valley. Gender & Society, 20, 177-206.
41. Stanley, T. D., & Jarrell, S. B. (1998). Gender wage discrimination bias? A metaregression analysis. The Journal of Human Resources, 33, 947-973.
42. Weichselbaumer, D., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19, 479-511. Workplace Authority Studies
43. Alkadry, M. G., & Tower, L. E. (2011). Covert pay discrimination: How authority predicts pay differences between women and men. Public Administration Review, 71, 740-750.
44. Bygren, M., & Gähler, M. (2012). Family formation and men’s and women’s attainment of workplace. Social Forces, 90, 795-816.
45. Elliott, J. R., & Smith, R. A. (2004). Race, gender, and workplace power. American Sociological Review, 69, 365-386.
46. Huffman, M. L. (1995). Organizations, internal labor market policies, and gender inequality in workplace supervisory authority. Sociological Perspectives, 38, 381-397.
47. Huffman, M. L., & Cohen, P. N. (2004). Occupational segregation and the gender gap in workplace authority: National versus local labor markets. Sociological Forum, 19, 121-147.
48. Jacobs, J. A. (1992). Women’s entry into management: Trends in earnings, authority, and values among salaried managers [Special issue]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 282-301.
49. Jaffee, D. (1989). Gender inequality in workplace autonomy and authority. Social Science Quarterly, 70, 375-390.
50. Kraus, V., & Yonay, Y. P. (2000). The effect of occupational sex composition on the gender gap in workplace authority. Social Science Research, 29, 583-605. Lewis, G. B. (1986a). Race, sex and supervisory Authority in federal white collar employment. Public Administration Review, 48, 700-707.
51. McGuire, G. M., & Reskin, B. F. (1993). Authority hierarchies at work: The impacts of race and sex. Gender & Society, 7, 487-506.
52. Rosenfield, R. A., Van Buren, M. E., & Kalleberg, A. L. (1998). Gender differences in supervisory authority: Variation among advanced industrialized democracies. Social Science Research, 27, 23-49.
53. Smith, R. A. (2012). Money, benefits, and power: A test of the glass ceiling and glass escalator hypotheses. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639, 149-172. Wolf, W. C., & Fligstein, N. D. (1979a). Sex and authority in the workplace: The causes of sexual inequality. American Sociological Review, 44, 235-252. Wolf, W. C., & Fligstein, N. D. (1979b). Sexual stratification: Differences in power in the work setting. Social Forces, 58, 94-107. Hiring and Promotion Studies
54. Albrecht, J., Björklund, A., & Vroman, S. (2003). Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? Journal of Labor Economics, 21, 145-177.
55. Arulampalam, W., Alison, B. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 60, 163-186.
56. Bagues, M. F., & Esteve-Volart, B. (2010). Can gender parity break the glass ceiling? Evidence from a repeated randomized experiment. The Review of Economic Studies, 77, 1301-1328.
57. Bain, O., & Cummings, W. (2000). Academe’s glass ceiling: Societal, professional/ organizational, and institutional barriers to the career advancement of academic women. Comparative Education Review, 44, 493-514.
58. Baldwin, J. N. (1996). Female promotions in male-dominant organizations: The case of the United States Military. The Journal of Politics, 58, 1184-1197.
59. Baxter, J., & Wright, E. O. (2000). The glass ceiling hypothesis: A comparative study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia. Gender & Society, 2, 275-294.
60. Bertrand, M., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). The gender gap in top corporate jobs. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 55, 3-21.
61. Bjerk, D. (2008). Glass ceilings or sticky floors? Statistical discrimination in a dynamic model of hiring and promotion. The Economic Journal, 118, 961-982.
62. Budig, M. J. (2002). Male advantage and the gender composition of jobs: Who rides the glass escalator? Social Problems, 49, 258-277.
63. Bullard, A. M., & Wright, D. S. (1993). Circumventing the glass ceiling: Women executives in American state governments. Public Administration Review, 53, 189-202.
64. Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2014). Above the glass ceiling: When are women and racial/ethnic minorities promoted to CEO? Strategic Management Journal, 35, 1080-1089.
65. Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vannema, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80, 655-681.
66. Davies-Netzley, S. A. (1998). Women above the glass ceiling: Perceptions on corporate mobility and strategies for success. Gender & Society, 12, 339-355.
67. Dolan, J. (2004). Gender equity: Illusion or reality for women in the federal executive service? Public Administration Review, 64, 299-308.
68. Fain, J. R. (2011). Breaking the glass ceiling: Slow progress ahead. Contemporary Economic Policy, 29, 56-66.
69. Gayle, G. L., Golan, L., & Miller, R. A. (2012). Gender differences in executive compensation and job mobility. Journal of Labor Economics, 30, 829-872.
70. Gobillon, L., Meurs, D., & Roux, S. (2015). Estimating gender differences in access to jobs. Journal of Labor Economics, 33, 317-363.
71. Gorman, E. H., & Kmec, J. A. (2009). Hierarchical rank and women’s organizational mobility: Glass ceilings in Corporate Law firms. American Journal of Sociology, 114, 1428-1474.
72. Guthrie, D., & Roth, L. M. (1999). The state, courts, and equal opportunities for female CEOs in U.S. organizations: specifying institutional mechanisms. Social Forces, 78, 511-542.
73. Landau, J. (1995). The relationship of race and gender to managers’ ratings of promotion potential. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 391-400. Lewis, G. B. (1986b). Gender and promotions: Promotion chances of White men and women in federal white-collar employment. The Journal of Human Resources, 21, 406-419.
74. Lewis, G. B. (1997). Race, sex, and performance ratings in the federal service. Public Administration Review, 57, 479-489.
75. Mani, B. G. (1999). Challenges and opportunities for women to advance in the federal civil service: Veterans’ preference and promotions. Public Administration Review, 59, 523-534.
76. Morgan, L. A. (1998). Glass-ceiling effect or Cohort effect? A longitudinal study of the gender earnings gap for engineers, 1982 to 1989. American Sociological Review, 63, 479-493.
77. Naff, K. C. (1994). Through the glass ceiling: Prospects for the advancement of women in the federal civil service. Public Administration Review, 54, 507-514.
78. Olson, C. A., & Becker, B. E. (1983). Sex discrimination in the promotion process. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 36, 624-641.
79. Oritz, S. Y., & Roscigno, J. R. (2009). Discrimination, women, and work: Process and variations by race and class. The Sociological Quarterly, 50, 336-359.
80. Peterson, T., & Saporta, I. (2004). The opportunity structure for discrimination. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 852-901.
81. Powell, G. N., & Butterfield, D. A. (1994). Investigating the “glass ceiling” phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 68-86.
82. Pynes, J. E. (2000). Are women underrepresented as leaders of Nonprofit organization? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 20, 35-49.
83. Shih, J. (2006). Circumventing discrimination: Gender and ethnic strategies in Silicon Valley. Gender & Society, 20, 177-206.
84. Smith, R. A. (2012). Money, benefits, and power: A test of the glass ceiling and glass escalator hypotheses. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639, 149-172.
85. Weinberger, C. J. (2011). In search of the glass ceiling: gender and earnings growth among U.S. college graduations in the 1990s. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 64, 949-980.
86. Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the “female” professions. Social Problems, 39, 253-267.
87. Xiu, L., & Gunderson, M. (2014). Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Quantile regression decomposition of the gender pay gap in China. International Journal of Manpower, 35, 306-326.
88. Yamagata, H., Yeh, K. S., Stewman, S., & Dodge, H. (1997). Sex segregation and glass ceilings: A comparative statics model of women’s career opportunities in the federal government over a quarter of a century. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 566-632.
89. Zeng, Z. (2011). The myth of the glass ceiling: Evidence from a stock-flow analysis of authority attainment. Social Science Research, 40, 312-325. Representation Studies
90. Adams, R. B., & Funk, P. (2012). Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter? Management Science, 58, 219-235.
91. Baron, J. N., Mittman, B. S., & Newman, A. E. (1991). Targets of opportunity: Organizational and environmental determinants of gender integration within the California civil service, 1979-1985. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 1362-1401.
92. Bellas, M. L. (1994). Comparable worth in Academia: The effects on faculty salaries of the sex composition and labor-market conditions of academic disciplines. American Sociological Review, 59, 807-821.
93. Bertrand, M., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). The gender gap in top corporate jobs. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 55, 3-21.
94. Blair-Loy, M. (1999). Career patterns of executive women in Finance: An optimal matching analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 1346-1397.
95. Blau, F. D., & Beller, A. H. (1988). Trends in earnings differentials by gender, 19711981. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 41, 513-529.
96. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (1994). Rising wage inequality and the U.S. gender gap. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 23-28.
97. Blum, T., Fields, D. L., & Goodman, J. S. (1994). Organization-level determinants of women in management. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 241-268.
98. Bridges, W. P., & Nelson, R. L. (1989). Markets in hierarchies: Organizational and market influences on gender inequality in a State pay system. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 616-658.
99. Budig, M. J. (2002). Male advantage and the gender composition of jobs: Who rides the glass escalator? Social Problems, 49, 258-277.
100. Cech, E. A., & Blair-Loy, M. (2010). Perceiving glass ceilings? Meritocratic versus structural explanations of gender inequality among women in science and technology. Social Problems, 57, 371-397.
101. Cohen, P. N. (2001). Race, class, and labor markets: The White working class and racial composition of U.S. Metropolitan areas. Social Science Research, 30, 146-169.
102. Connell, R. (2006). Glass ceilings or Gendered institutions? Mapping the gender regimes of Public sector worksites. Public Administration Review, 66, 837-849.
103. Cronwell, C., & Kellough, J. E. (1994). Women and minorities in federal government agencies: Examining new evidence from panel data. Public Administration Review, 54, 265-270.
104. Dixon, J., & Seron, C. (1995). Stratification in the legal profession: Sex, sector, and salary. Law & Society Review, 29, 381-412.
105. England, P., Farkas, G., Stanek, B., & Dou, K. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review, 53, 544-558.
106. Filer, R. K. (1985). Male-female wage differences: The importance of compensating differentials. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 38, 426-437.
107. Gagliarducci, S., & Paserman, M. D. (2015). The effect of female leadership on establishment and employee outcomes: Evidence from linked employer-employee data. Research in Labor Economics, 41, 343-375.
108. Halaby, C. N. (1979). Job-specific sex differences in organizational reward attainment: Wage discrimination vs. rank segregation. Social Forces, 58, 108-127.
109. Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Long-term trends in occupational segregation by sex. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 160-173.
110. Kelly, R. M., & Newman, M. (2001). The gendered bureaucracy. Women & Politics, 22(3), 1-33.
111. Kerr, B., Miller, W., & Reid, M. (2002). Sex-based occupational segregation in U.S. State Bureaucracies, 1987-97. Public Administration Review, 62, 412-423.
112. Kilbourne, B. S., England, P., Farkas, G., Beron, K., & Weir, D. (1994). Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of White women and men. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 689-719.
113. Lewis, G. B. (1988). Progress towards Racial and Sexual Equality in Genderal Civil Service?. Public Adminisatrtion Review, 48, 700-707.
114. Lewis, G. B. (1998). Continuing progress toward racial and gender pay equality in the federal. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 18(2), 23-40.
115. Lewis, G. B., & Soo Oh, S. (2009). A major difference? Fields of study and male– female pay differences in federal employment. The American Review of Public Administration, 39, 107-124.
116. Long, J. E. (1976). Employment discrimination in the federal sector. The Journal of Human Resources, 11, 86-97.
117. McKay, S. C. (2006). Hard drives and glass ceilings: Gender stratification in hightech production. Gender & Society, 20, 207-235.
118. Meier, K. J., Pennington, M. S., & Eller, W. S. (2005). Race, sex, and Clarence Thomas: Representation change in the EEOC. Public Administration Review, 65, 171-179.
119. Montgomery, E., & Wascher, W. (1987). Race and gender wage inequality in services and manufacturing. Industrial Relations, 26, 284-290.
120. Okamoto, D., & England, P. (1999). Is there a supply side to occupational sex segregation? Sociological Perspectives, 42, 557-582.
121. Polachek, S. W. (1981). Occupational self-selection: A human capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 63, 60-69.
122. Pynes, J. E. (2000). Are women underrepresented as leaders of nonprofit organization? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 20, 35-49.
123. Sapienza, P. (2010). Discussion of self-selection and the forecasting abilities of female equity analysts. Journal of Accounting Research, 48, 437-443.
124. Sneed, B. G. (2007). Glass wall in state bureaucracies: Examining the difference departmental functions can make. Public Administration Review, 67, 880-891.
125. Solberg, E., & Laughlin, T. (1995). The gender pay gap, fringe benefits, and occupational crowding. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 48, 692-708.
126. Tam, T. (1997). Sex segregation and occupational gender inequality in the United States: Devaluation or specialized training? American Journal of Sociology, 102, 1652-1692.
