
@article{Barsoum2017,
  ids = {WOS:000396796000007},
  title = {Youth-Focused Active Labour Market Programmes in a Constraining Welfare Regime: {{A}} Qualitative Reading of Programmes in {{Egypt}}},
  author = {Barsoum, Ghada},
  date = {2017-04},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Social Welfare},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {168--176},
  issn = {1369-6866},
  doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12228},
  abstract = {Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) are at the core of welfare regimes in many countries across the world. This study addressed youth-focused ALMPs in Egypt, a country with high youth unemployment and a plethora of programmes ostensibly addressing this issue. Building on interviews with implementers, programme documentation and a publically accessible inventory of programmes in Egypt, the analysis locates ALMPs within the country's overall welfare system and the politics of programme targeting, design, governance and implementation modalities. The legacy of state `protective' policies and the fragmented multiplicity of players within the field constrain the effectiveness and outreach of these programmes. Analysis of implementation modalities also shows that there is a pervasive lack of programme coordination, activity documentation, management for results, and pathways to achieving sustainability and programme institutionalisation.},
  eissn = {1468-2397},
  unique-id = {WOS:000396796000007},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,region::MENA,relevant},
  note = {A qualitative analysis of the four pillars of ALMP working in Egypt, an employment guarantee scheme, vocational training, labor market services, and entrepreneurship promotion.\\
Using a data set on the country's state-run programs and interviews with key implementers, the article generally argues that ALMPs in Egypt operate under a constraining welfare regime which does not effectively employ a 'welfare mix' with productivity generated outside the state such as NGOs, or using community-based relationships and clientelist networks.\\
Insted, the state continues to assume a 'protective' role while neglecting (and complicating) the switch to a 'productive' role.\\
This is most visible in the continued upholding of Egypt's public employment programs under its employment guarantee scheme, though the study also argues for its visibility in few competitive vocational training programs and underfunded labor market services.\\
Only on entrepreneurship promotion is a true oscillation towards 'productivity' visible with micro-lending, entrepreneurial training, and infrastructure and community development schemes generating successes through larger flexibility.\\
Ultimately it argues for constraints on ALMP effectiveness since there is too little documentation of existing program impacts and too large of a focus on the protective role of the state.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Barsoum2017_Youth-focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VJ42JLH9/Barsoum2017_Youth-focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Broecke2013,
  title = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies: {{A}} Look at the {{SIVP}} Programme in {{Tunisia}}},
  shorttitle = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies},
  author = {Broecke, Stijn},
  date = {2013-12},
  journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor Policy},
  shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Policy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9},
  issn = {2193-9004},
  doi = {10.1186/2193-9004-2-9},
  abstract = {Abstract             This paper takes a closer look at Tunisia’s SIVP: an employment subsidy aimed at university graduates and, until recently, the country’s largest active labour market policy. Using a tracer survey of the 2004 graduating cohort, OLS and matching techniques are applied to estimate the relationship between programme participation and the labour market outcomes of participants. Graduates who benefited from the programme appear less likely to be unemployed and considerably more likely to have found a job in the private sector - but this may partly reflect selection into the programme, which is not random.                            JEL classification                          J08, J20},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Tunisia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of the 'SIVP' programme in Tunisia on employment probability and formal employment of its participants.
\par
'SIVP' is an employment subsidy programme and the target group for the study are university graduates looking for their first job after graduation, with the programme having its last follow-up interview 44 months after graduation.
\par
It finds that the programme overall reduces unemployment and increases the chances for being employed in the private sector, two of its stated aims, for its target beneficiaries.
\par
It also finds, however, that the selection into the programme, not being random, is not targeting those most in need well, with individuals most likely to be unemployed 3 months after graduation often having to wait the longest for participation in the programme.
\par
Lastly, it finds that programme participants tend to have a more precarious job (no permanent contract) and be less well remunerated than graduates with a job that did not participate in SIVP.
\par
The study concludes that, while the programme is in line with international cost-benefit assumptions of employment subsidy programmes, it loses a large part of its effectiveness to deadweight losses due to its bad targeting.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:06:50Z},
  file = {Broecke2013_Tackling graduate unemployment in North Africa through employment subsidies.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F5UR5RFN/Broecke2013_Tackling graduate unemployment in North Africa through employment subsidies.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Chatri2021,
  ids = {WOS:000666885300001},
  title = {Micro-Econometric Evaluation of Subsidized Employment in Morocco: {{The}} Case of the “{{Idmaj}}” Program},
  author = {Chatri, Abdellatif and Hadef, Khadija and Samoudi, Naima},
  date = {2021-12},
  journaltitle = {Journal for Labour Market Research},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2510-5019},
  doi = {10.1186/s12651-021-00300-5},
  abstract = {This paper aims to assess the impact of the Moroccan wage subsidy program “Idmaj”. It applies the propensity score matching method to the data from a survey conducted by the Ministry of Labour on a sample of eligible individuals. Our results suggest that wage subsidies in Morocco have a positive but marginally significant effect on reducing unemployment and improving employment and a significant negative impact on wages. It also highlights some heterogeneous effects of the program, particularly on women. Finally, it appears that the program did not serve as a stepping stone to higher-paying, high-quality work and, in contrast, it had a stigmatizing effect on beneficiaries.},
  article-number = {17},
  eissn = {2510-5027},
  orcid-numbers = {samoudi, Naima/0000-0003-3164-0249},
  unique-id = {WOS:000666885300001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Morocco,done,region::MENA,relevant},
  note = {A study using propensity score matching on the employment subsidy program 'Idmaj' in Morocco to analyze its impact on earnings and employment probability. \\
It finds that, while there is a marginally positive effect on employment probability through the program, there is a more significant negative impact on earnings of beneficiaries.\\
There is also a large heterogeneity with the program having a larger positive employment effect on young people (18-24 years old) and women, but also having a larger negative earnings effect on women and people aged 25-34 years.\\
In both cases, the collateral tends to exceed positive gains, and may be caused due to a stigmatizing effect under which employers consider beneficiaries less productive due to receiving the subsidy and thus less likely to consider beneficiaries for higher wages.\\
Lastly, there is also less likelihood for being covered by social security for men and beneficiaries of the program aged 25-34 years.\\
Thereby, the program can also not be considered a stepping stone toward higher-skill jobs and higher wages, which was one of its original objectives.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Chatri2021_Micro-econometric evaluation of subsidized employment in morocco.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DV8VLDBV/Chatri2021_Micro-econometric evaluation of subsidized employment in morocco.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{El-Hamidi2006,
  ids = {WOS:000243025500004},
  title = {General or Vocational Schooling? {{Evidence}} on School Choice, Returns, and `sheepskin' Effects from {{Egypt}} 1998},
  author = {El-Hamidi, Fatma},
  date = {2006-06},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Policy Reform},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {157--176},
  issn = {1384-1289},
  doi = {10.1080/13841280600772861},
  abstract = {In general, vocational education does not lead to higher wages. However, in some countries, labor markets are characterized by employment growth and skill shortages. In these, vocational schooling has produced higher wages and returns on investment than general education. Using 1998 Egyptian household survey, the study adds evidence to the debate on relative benefits of vocational education and of general education at the secondary level. The findings suggest that providing general education to the workforce followed by on-the-job training would provide the most benefit.},
  unique-id = {WOS:000243025500004},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,program::training,region::MENA},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {El-Hamidi2006_General or vocational schooling.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JQG3W5MF/El-Hamidi2006_General or vocational schooling.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Elsayed2021,
  ids = {WOS:000689512800002},
  title = {Empowering Women in Conservative Settings: {{Evidence}} from an Intervention in Rural {{Egypt}}},
  author = {Elsayed, Ahmed and Namoro, Soiliou Daw and Roushdy, Rania},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Review of Economics of the Household},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1007/s11150-021-09576-5},
  abstract = {We evaluate the impact of a large-scale intervention in the conservative setting of rural Egypt which attempts to relax human capital constraints for women by offering vocational, business and life skills training across 30 villages in the south of the country. Relative to women in the control villages, the intervention increased women's labor force participation and their likelihood to engage in self-employment and formal wage employment. Moreover, business knowledge and future business aspirations increased for treated women. We find positive spillover effects within treated villages for the intentions to set up businesses but no similar effects on actual labor market outcomes.},
  earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2021},
  eissn = {1573-7152},
  unique-id = {WOS:000689512800002},
  keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,group::women,program::training,region::MENA,relevant},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Elsayed2021_Empowering women in conservative settings.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UP6LD958/Elsayed2021_Empowering women in conservative settings.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Groh2015,
  title = {Testing the Importance of Search Frictions and Matching through a Randomized Experiment in {{Jordan}}},
  author = {Groh, Matthew and McKenzie, David and Shammout, Nour and Vishwanath, Tara},
  date = {2015-12},
  journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor Economics},
  shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Econ},
  volume = {4},
  number = {7},
  issn = {2193-8997},
  doi = {10.1186/s40172-015-0022-8},
  abstract = {Abstract             We test the role of search and matching frictions in explaining the high unemployment of tertiary-educated youth in Jordan through a randomized experiment. Firms and job candidates were provided with a job-matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity of an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. The results suggest voluntary unemployment in this context arises from preferences over non-wage job attributes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Jordan,done,program::job market services,region::MENA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on job matching for university graduates through an intermediary after a psychometric pre-secreening process in Jordan wants to analyze its effects on the resulting employment probability and earnings.\\
Although over 1000 successful matches were made the resulting number of mediated jobs kept was very small (9), with employers rejecting to offer an interview in 55\% of matched cases but also offering a job to 54\% of people interviewed.\\
Candidates rejected 28\% of invitation offers and either rejected job offers or quit within the first month 83\% of the time.\\
While the study theorized that the job matching would lower search costs on both sides, it finds that employers might not profit majorly from lowered search costs (already easily filling vacancies) and candidates having a high reservation utility with many offered jobs ultimately deemed undesirable for the following characteristics: \\
considered monotonous/hard work/tiring, conflicting with gender norms, carrying prestige/social costs.\\
With no significant impact on employment probability or earnings, the study therefore finds job matching for its university educated sample not positively impactful.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:35:06Z},
  file = {Groh2015_Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MRAF2LQA/Groh2015_Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Groh2016,
  title = {Do {{Wage Subsidies Provide}} a {{Stepping-Stone}} to {{Employment}} for {{Recent College Graduates}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}} in {{Jordan}}},
  author = {Groh, Matthew and Krishnan, Nandini and McKenzie, David and Vishwanath, Tara},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {98},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {24917030},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {488--502},
  publisher = {{The MIT Press}},
  issn = {00346535, 15309142},
  doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00584},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were assigned to receive a wage subsidy voucher. The wage voucher led to a 38 percentage point increase in employment in the short run, but the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant after the voucher period has expired. The extra job experience gained as a result of the wage subsidy does not provide a stepping-stone to new jobs for these recent graduates, which appears to be due to productivity levels not rising above a binding minimum wage.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Jordan,done,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the impact of employment subsidy for female graduates of community colleges in Jordan to analyze the effects on employment probability and earnings.\\
While there was a significant impact on short-term employment probability and earnings, this effect dropped of medium-term (survey 4 months after voucher period end) to insignificant impact levels and stays insignificant long-term.\\
The study finds that after expiry of the vouchers the employees, though gaining on-the-job experience through their subsidized work period, are not found productive enough by employers to be kept on, with a binding minimum wage which prevents employment at wage levels that would be commensurate with their productivity.\\
The voucher use itself, however, is substantially higher than in similar wage subsidy studies, with 50\% of vouchers handed out used and the larger relative portion of those used outside the capital city.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Groh2016_Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5IEPY4E2/Groh2016_Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Marouani2010,
  ids = {WOS:000279633400002},
  title = {More Jobs for University Graduates: {{Some}} Policy Options for {{Tunisia}}},
  author = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali},
  date = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Applied Economics Letters},
  volume = {17},
  number = {10},
  pages = {933--937},
  issn = {1350-4851},
  doi = {10.1080/13504850802599466},
  abstract = {The combination of demographic factors and an increase in education has caused a significant rise of university graduates' unemployment in the Middle-East and North Africa regions. This article provides a prospective cost-effectiveness analysis of the impact of alternative labour market policies using a dynamic general equilibrium model. The model allows for an endogenous determination of unemployment through a multisectoral efficiency wage setting mechanism. The main finding is that a wage subsidy targeted at highly skilled intensive sectors is more effective than tax reductions or investment subsidies. However, wage subsidies are not enough to reduce unemployment significantly. Other policy options need to be considered.},
  article-number = {PII 912347703},
  orcid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/0000-0002-9052-1517},
  researcherid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/AAV-5017-2020},
  unique-id = {WOS:000279633400002},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Tunisia,done,group::youth,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA},
  note = {A modeling of the effect of wage subsidies versus tax reductions or investment subsidies with the help of a dynamic general equilibrium model.\\
It finds that, between the three options, an employment subsidy is the optimum choice.\\
However even so, employment subsidies alone do not produce a significantly positive impact in the model and are recommended to be supported by other policy choices.\\
On the increasing labor demand side, the policy recommendations are an increased research-development, public or private, or the promotion of more highly skilled labor intensive service exports.\\
On the decreasing labor supply side, the recommendations are increasing skilled laborers study time to counteract the recent introduction of shorter study periods in Tunisia, or encouraging skilled laborers to migrate.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Marouani2010_More jobs for university graduates.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VQ4SHXY5/Marouani2010_More jobs for university graduates.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{premand2012entrepreneurship,
  title = {Entrepreneurship Training and Self-Employment among University Graduates: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Trial in {{Tunisia}}},
  author = {Premand, Patrick and Brodmann, Stefanie and Almeida, Rita and Grun, Rebekka and Barouni, Mahdi},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper},
  number = {6285},
  abstract = {In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills, expanded networks, and affected a range of behavioral skills. Participation in the entrepreneurship track also heightened graduates optimism toward the future shortly after the Tunisian revolution.},
  keywords = {country::Tunisia,done,program::training,region::MENA,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in an entrepreneurship training programme track for university graduate students, to analyse its effects on participants' employment probability, earnings, job quality, and self-employment probability.
\par
It finds, foremost, that self-employment has been significantly increased after the intervention, though the change remains small (1-4pct.) in absolute terms.
\par
The overall employment rate remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from waged employment to self-employment, and there was no change in job quality registered (firm size, earnings, formality).
\par
The channels through which this self-employment change takes place are an increase in business skills, networking effects, a changed mindset toward entrepreneurial activities and a stronger individual outlook to the future.
\par
Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for entering the private sector, but not the public sector which the study suggests may be due to the job security and earnings offered by the public sector, and sees as potentially important for future labour market policy considerations.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Premand2012_Entrepreneurship training and self-employment among university graduates.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WWNB2IGE/Premand2012_Entrepreneurship training and self-employment among university graduates.pdf:application/pdf}
}


