
@report{Abebe2017,
  title = {Job Fairs: {{Matching}} Firms and Workers in a Field Experiment in {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel and Falco, Paolo and Franklin, Simon and Quinn, Simon and Shilpi, Forhad},
  date = {2017},
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  number = {8092},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8092},
  abstract = {Do matching frictions affect youth employment in developing countries? This paper studies a randomized controlled trial of job fairs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The job fairs match firms with a representative sample of young, educated job-seekers. The meetings at the fairs create very few jobs: one for approximately 10 firms that attended. The paper explores reasons for this, and finds significant evidence for mismatched expectations: about wages, about firms' requirements, and the average quality of job-seekers. There is evidence of learning and updating of beliefs in the aftermath of the fair. This changes behavior: both workers and firms invest more in formal job search after the fairs.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the effects of a job matching fair in urban Ethiopia on employment probability.\\
It finds that there were very few direct job matches generated from the job fair due to mismatched expectations on wages, skill requirements and the overall quality of applicants.\\
However, the results also suggest a learning process and updating of beliefs both on the part of workers and firms, with an accompanying increase in formal job search afterwards.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Abebe2017_Job fairs.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4AM6SWCG/Abebe2017_Job fairs.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Abebe2021,
  title = {Anonymity or Distance? {{Job}} Search and Labour Market Exclusion in a Growing {{African}} City},
  shorttitle = {Anonymity or Distance?},
  author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel and Falco, Paolo and Franklin, Simon and Quinn, Simon},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {1279--1310},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdaa057},
  abstract = {We conduct a randomized evaluation of two job-search support programs for urban youth in Ethiopia. One group of treated respondents receives a subsidy to cover the transport costs of job search. Another group participates in a job application workshop where their skills are certified and they are given orientation on how to make effective job applications. The two interventions are designed to lower spatial and informational barriers to employment. We find that both treatments significantly improve the quality of jobs that young jobseekers obtain. Impacts are concentrated among women and the least educated. Using rich high-frequency data from a phone survey, we are able to explore the mechanisms underlying the results; we show that while the transport subsidy increases both the intensity and the efficacy of job search, the job application workshop mainly operates through an increase in search efficacy. Both interventions mitigate the adverse effects of spatial constraints on employment outcomes, and the job application workshop alleviates informational asymmetries by helping workers to signal their ability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on either a transport subsidy for job search or a certified job search workshop on youth in urban Ethiopia, to analyze their impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\\
The programs have long-term positive impacts on earnings and modest but insignificant impacts on employment probability.\\
However, they both have significant positive impacts on job quality through an increase in formal employment and the workshop also increases permanent employment significantly, whereas the transport subsidy does so marginally.\\
The study suggests this is due to a reduction in both location constraints, as well as, for the workshop, an alleviation of informational asymmetries for job seekers by allowing them easier signaling of their abilities to employers (through gained skills, and certification effect).\\
There is a quite large heterogeneity in the results, with most effects concentrated on both the least educated and women.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Abebe2021_Anonymity or distance.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QSZ8NE4Q/Abebe2021_Anonymity or distance.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Abebe2021a,
  title = {The {{Selection}} of {{Talent}}: {{Experimental}} and {{Structural Evidence}} from {{Ethiopia}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Selection}} of {{Talent}}},
  author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban},
  date = {2021-06-01},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
  shortjournal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1757--1806},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20190586},
  abstract = {We study how search frictions in the labor market affect firms’ ability to recruit talented workers. In a field experiment in Ethiopia, we show that an employer can attract more talented applicants by offering a small monetary incentive for making a job application. Estimates from a structural model suggest that the intervention is effective because the cost of making a job application is large, and positively correlated with jobseeker ability. We provide evidence that this positive correlation is driven by dynamic selection. In a second experiment, we show that local recruiters underestimate the positive impacts of application incentives. (JEL J23, J24, J31, J64, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial in Ethiopia's Addis Ababa on the impact of offering job application subsidies on the resulting quality (and quantity) of applicants.
\par
It finds that, in general, offering a small subsidy to applicants significantly increases the job applicants pool's quality as well as quantity.
\par
The results are based on a framework of job applicant quality in which high-quality low search-cost individuals leave the pool relatively quickly, leaving equally high-ability but higher search-cost individuals stuck in the pool for longer.
\par
It suggests that the application incentive in form of a small subsidy acts to somewhat offset the search costs the job seekers are facing and thus stimulate their leaving the job seeker pool.
\par
Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced applicants.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-30T11:38:48Z},
  file = {Abebe2021_The Selection of Talent.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/G7GYL8HG/Abebe2021_The Selection of Talent.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Abel2020,
  ids = {WOS:000545344200002},
  title = {The Value of Reference Letters: {{Experimental}} Evidence from South Africa},
  author = {Abel, Martin and Burger, Rulof and Piraino, Patrizio},
  date = {2020-07},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {40--71},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20180666},
  abstract = {We show that reference letters from former employers alleviate information frictions in a-low-skill labor market, improving applicant screening and gender equity. A resume audit study finds that using a reference letter in the application increases callbacks by 60 percent. Women drive the effect. Letters are effective because they provide valuable information about workers' skills that employers use to select applicants of higher ability. A second experiment, which encourages job seekers to obtain and use a reference letter, finds consistent results. In particular, reference letters raise job interviews and employment for women.},
  eissn = {1945-7790},
  unique-id = {WOS:000545344200002},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the effects of utilizing reference letters for job applications in urban South Africa, analyzing the impact on employment probability.\\
It finds no significant impact for the overall study sample, comprised of both men and women, but a significant increase on job callbacks, job interviews and employment probability for women in the short-/medium-term.\\
It also finds that providing the participants with information on the advantages of attaching a reference letter to applications increases their probability of getting such a letter.\\
It posits that information asymmetries on the labor market hinder the correct functioning of human capital theory, whereby reference letters directly disclose skill information and have a signaling effect on employers.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Abel2020_The value of reference letters.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WMZ6WYYB/Abel2020_The value of reference letters.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Akintola2015,
  ids = {WOS:000356662000007},
  title = {Public Works Programme and Primary Health Care in {{South Africa}}: {{Creating}} Jobs for Health Systems Strengthening?},
  author = {Akintola, Olagoke},
  date = {2015-09-03},
  journaltitle = {Development Southern Africa},
  volume = {32},
  number = {5},
  pages = {623--638},
  issn = {0376-835X},
  doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2015.1044073},
  abstract = {This paper examines employment and skills training for community caregivers within the expanded public works programme in South Africa. The paper argues that, as currently conceptualised, the skills and learnership programmes for community caregivers fail to take full advantage of the prevailing labour market realities. Therefore, the paper argues for strategic reconceptualisation of the programme to include learnerships for community caregivers that impart more mid-level to higher-level skills to meet current and future labour market demands particularly in primary health care. This, it is argued, will address the scarcity of skills in the health sector of the economy. Furthermore, the proposed programme will simultaneously have positive impacts on unemployment, the primary health care system and the socio-economic well-being of community caregivers.},
  eissn = {1470-3637},
  unique-id = {WOS:000356662000007},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A qualitative study on the 'Expanded Public Works Programme' and specifically 'Home and Community Based Care' within it in South Africa, a public works program connected with vocational training, looking at its effectiveness of unemployment reduction and possible constraining factors.\\
Generally, it finds that the program has some success in reducing unemployment for low-skilled unemployed, it has lead to very minimal poverty reduction for participants' households.\\
Primarily the study argues this is due to the skills training provided not matching skills required on the labor market, with the learnership program not adapted to the realities of South Africa's (sectorial) labor demands.\\
It looks at a demand-led proposal to improve the programs by putting more emphasis on skills building and improving training quality to allow participants to subsequently secure better employment.\\
Especially for more middle-skill healthcare service labor demand the program is otherwise completely unsuited.\\
It thus argues that the public works program should be taken from a focus on short-term employment to one creating possibilities for longer-term jobs and careers.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Akintola2015_Public works programme and primary health care in South Africa.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DEZ7WAVL/Akintola2015_Public works programme and primary health care in South Africa.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Alfonsi2020,
  ids = {WOS:000590695200008},
  title = {Tackling Youth Unemployment: {{Evidence}} from a Labor Market Experiment in Uganda},
  author = {Alfonsi, Livia and Bandiera, Oriana and Bassi, Vittorio and Burgess, Robin and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi and Vitali, Anna},
  date = {2020-11},
  journaltitle = {Econometrica},
  volume = {88},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2369--2414},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA15959},
  abstract = {We design a labor market experiment to compare demand- and supply-side policies to tackle youth unemployment, a key issue in low-income countries. The experiment tracks 1700 workers and 1500 firms over four years to compare the effect of offering workers either vocational training (VT) or firm-provided training (FT) for six months in a common setting where youth unemployment is above 60\%. Relative to control workers, we find that, averaged over three post-intervention years, FT and VT workers: (i) enjoy large and similar upticks in sector-specific skills, (ii) significantly improve their employment rates, and (iii) experience marked improvements in an index of labor market outcomes. These averages, however, mask differences in dynamics: FT gains materialize quickly but fade over time, while VT gains emerge slowly but are long-lasting, leading VT worker employment and earning profiles to rise above those of FT workers. Estimating a job ladder model of worker search reveals the key reason for this: VT workers receive significantly higher rates of job offers when unemployed, thus hastening their movement back into work. This likely stems from the fact that the skills of VT workers are certified and therefore can be demonstrated to potential employers. Tackling youth unemployment by skilling youth using vocational training pre-labor market entry therefore appears to be more effective than incentivizing firms through wage subsidies to hire and train young labor market entrants.},
  eissn = {1468-0262},
  unique-id = {WOS:000590695200008},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial study on the effects of either vocational training or an internship (as on-the-job training) and an employment subsidy on earnings, employment probability and overall skills development.\\
It finds that, while the subsidy had no significant impact on earnings, both types of training significantly increased employment rates, earnings and generated skill developments.\\
However, it also found a wide heterogeneity in the results: \\
Firm-provided training (through the internship) showed relatively quick results on earnings and employment which slowly dissipated after 3 years, while vocational training results increase and surpass the other training long-term.\\
The study suggests this is both due to an overall increased skill development for both types, but a certificate effect on the labor market for the vocational training which meant quicker job offers for the beneficiaries.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Alfonsi2020_Tackling youth unemployment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZUKTRVE3/Alfonsi2020_Tackling youth unemployment.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@dataset{Bassi2019,
  title = {Screening and {{Signaling Non-Cognitive Skills}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Uganda}}},
  shorttitle = {Information {{Frictions}} in the {{Labor Market}}},
  author = {Bassi, Vittorio and Nansamba, Aisha},
  date = {2019},
  number = {19-08},
  publisher = {{AEA RCT Registry}},
  doi = {10.1257/rct.1005-2.0},
  abstract = {This project studies the labor market matching process between young workers and firms in Uganda. We focus on three core aspects of this process. First, we study the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in determining the labor market outcomes of young workers; second, we examine whether asymmetric information on the skills of youth that first enter the labor market is a significant source of inefficiency in terms of reduced employment opportunities and mismatch; third, we study whether an intervention improving the signal to potential employers on the skills of job market entrants reduces the asymmetric information problem and limits the related inefficiencies. We carry out this analysis through a randomized control trial in the Ugandan labor market. Our intervention exogenously improves the signals employers receive about a given young worker’s non-cognitive skills, and hence is intended to reduce information asymmetries during the recruitment process. We then trace the impacts this has on worker and firm outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,program::job market services,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the effect of soft-skill certificate disclosure on both employers and employees in Uganda, trying to analyze impacts on earnings and employment probability for workers.\\
It finds that the disclosure of soft-skill certifications has a significant positive impact on high abilities employer beliefs of the skill of their matched worker and no resulting downward updating for lower skills, whereas there is no belief updating impact on low ability employers.\\
On workers, the disclosed certification has the effect of positively updating their outside options and the effect is symmetric between employees and employers, meaning only when faced with a high ability employer will an employee also update their beliefs.\\
In the sample, there was a positive selection on soft skills since the skill assessment would be disclosed to firms and workers with higher skills self-selected more for participation knowing this.\\
There is a significant increase in the employment probability for middle-skill workers, but the study models potentially negative effects for low-skill workers.\\
No overall significant increases on earnings were visible but conditional on employment earnings increases become significant, lead by those of high-skill workers.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:24:47Z},
  file = {Bassi2017_Information Frictions in the Labor Market.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B4SQDWUC/Bassi2017_Information Frictions in the Labor Market.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Blattman2018,
  ids = {Blattman2018a},
  title = {The Long-Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: {{Nine-year}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}'s {{Youth Opportunities Program}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Long Term Impacts}} of {{Grants}} on {{Poverty}}},
  author = {Blattman, Christopher and Fiala, Nathan and Martinez, Sebastian},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {287--304},
  doi = {10.1257/aeri.20190224},
  abstract = {In 2008, Uganda granted hundreds of small groups \$400/person to help members start individual skilled trades. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised earnings by 38\% (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). We return after 9 years to find these start-up grants acted more as a kick-start than a lift out of poverty. Grantees' investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption. Grants had lasting impacts on assets, skilled work, and possibly child health, but had little effect on mortality, fertility, health or education.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A follow-up study to an experimental study on the Ugandan 'Youth Opportunities Program', which gave business start-up cash grants in 2008 to analyze its effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption over time.\\
It finds that, while the effects were large and significant initially, after beginning to decrease over the 4 year mark, after 9 years all effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption have become insignificant.\\
There are some modest sustained effects on the possession of assets and the probability of being in skilled work for the treatment group.\\
The study suggests that the cash grants thus acted as a quick infusion to alleviate credit constraints on the poor youth, but over time the control group breached this barrier through individual saving past the minimal capital for start-up creation, leading the authors to assume a more complex interaction with other barriers is or becomes important.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Blattman2018_The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CJHUHHXD/Blattman2018_The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Blattman2019,
  ids = {Blattman2019a},
  title = {Impacts of {{Industrial}} and {{Entrepreneurial Jobs}} on {{Youth}}: 5-{{Year Experimental Evidence}} on {{Factory Job Offers}} and {{Cash Grants}} in {{Ethiopia}}},
  shorttitle = {Impacts of {{Industrial}} and {{Entrepreneurial Jobs}} on {{Youth}}},
  author = {Blattman, Christopher and Dercon, Stefan and Franklin, Simon},
  date = {2019-04},
  number = {25788},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  doi = {10.3386/w25788},
  abstract = {We study two interventions for underemployed youth across five Ethiopian sites: a \$300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Despite significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year, after five years we see nearly complete convergence across all groups and outcomes. Shortrun increases in productivity and earnings from the grant dissipate as recipients exit their micro-enterprises. Adverse effects of factory work on health found after one year also appear to be temporary. These results suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the divergences of earnings, productivity and individual welfare when participating in a program of (unconditional) cash grants and business training or labor market services (job offers for industrial work conferred through job matching) for predominantly women in Ethiopia.\\
Short-term it finds that the cash grant significantly increased earnings and the industrial job offer significantly decreased personal welfare (with lowered health).\\
However, medium- to long-term these effects disappeared over 1 year, and at the 5 year mark there was no significant variation on earnings, productivity or welfare visible.\\
For the industrial job offer there was also high attrition, since one third of people quit within the first month and most participants quit within a year, which the study suggests hints at especially young people using the low-skill industrial job more as a safety net than a plan for long-term employment.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Blattman2019_Impacts of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Jobs on Youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YDACKERA/Blattman2019_Impacts of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Jobs on Youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Brooks2018,
  title = {Mentors or Teachers? {{Microenterprise}} Training in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Brooks, Wyatt and Donovan, Kevin and Johnson, Terence R.},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {196--221},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20170042},
  keywords = {country::Kenya,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A random control trial on the impacts of business training on the earnings outcomes for female micro-entrepreneurs in urban Kenya.
\par
It finds that, while general formal business training has no significant impact on earnings, participation in a mentorship program does have a significant positive impact.
\par
The authors argue this suggests an important categorical difference between different types of training information:
\par
whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more localized and specific knowledge imparted in the apprenticeship programme leads to significant impacts.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:43:44Z},
  file = {Brooks2018_Mentors or teachers.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/N9KVQJ8P/Brooks2018_Mentors or teachers.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{brudevold2017firm,
  title = {A Firm of One's Own: {{Experimental}} Evidence on Credit Constraints and Occupational Choice},
  author = {Brudevold-Newman, Andrew Peter and Honorati, Maddalena and Jakiela, Pamela and Ozier, Owen W.},
  date = {2017},
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  number = {7977},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers – even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Kenya,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study conducted on a combination of cash grants and vocational training for young women in Kenya, with an emphasis on analyzing its earnings impacts over time.\\
It finds that both receiving just a cash grant or a cash grant and vocational training significantly increased short-term earnings, but these earnings impacts dissipated at the second year mark after the treatment.\\
The findings suggest that there are more barriers a sustained impact than just a credit constrained poverty trap overall, but women wishing to begin their business were still mostly constrained by savings initially.\\
While the group receiving a grant and training had larger impacts, the group only receiving a cash grant was more cost effective.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Brudevold-Newman2017_A firm of one's own.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6U8T3D9E/Brudevold-Newman2017_A firm of one's own.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Cho2013,
  ids = {Cho2013a},
  title = {Gender {{Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Training}}: {{Constraints}} on {{Women}} and {{Drop-Out Behavior}}},
  shorttitle = {Gender {{Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Training}}},
  author = {Cho, Yoonyoung and Kalomba, Davie and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq and Orozco, Victor},
  date = {2013-07},
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  number = {6545},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6545},
  abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs—a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature—and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Malawi,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial on a vocational training and internship program in Malawi targeting poor, mostly rural, youth as a vulnerable group, trying to analyze its effects on participants' post-program earnings, hours worked, but also skill acquisition and individual welfare assessments.\\
Generally, there were no significant impacts on either earnings or hours worked after the program, which is an issue with the foregone earnings opportunity costs of participating in the program itself.\\
Any earnings effect measured could be attributed to the increased skills imparted by the program, as well as increased awareness of higher paying job opportunities through the internship network of employers.\\
It finds a stark heterogeneity between the genders, with women dropping out more often and being generally more constrained in the conditions they are participating under and less likely to receive financial support during or a paid job offer after training from their trainers or master-craftspersons.\\
The program increased individual welfare assessments, but much larger increase for men than for women. \\
Men were also more likely to receive more training due to taking training time from their hours in self-employment, whereas women were more constrained primarily due to family obligations.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:08:33Z},
  file = {Cho2013_Gender Differences in the Effects of Vocational Training.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WT9DAM7L/Cho2013_Gender Differences in the Effects of Vocational Training.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{crepon2019direct,
  title = {Direct and Indirect Effects of Subsidized Dual Apprenticeships},
  author = {Crépon, Bruno and Premand, Patrick},
  date = {2019},
  series = {Discussion {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {12793},
  institution = {{Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)}},
  abstract = {Traditional apprenticeships based on private arrangements are widespread in developing countries. Public interventions have attempted to address failures in the apprenticeship markets to expand access or improve training quality. Subsidized dual apprenticeships have the potential to address financial constraints for youths and firms' inability to commit to provide general skill training. This paper analyzes the impact of subsidized dual apprenticeships combining on-the-job and theoretical training in Côte d'Ivoire. We set up an experiment that simultaneously randomized whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship, and whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled with formal apprentices. We document direct effects for youths and indirect effects for firms, such as whether they substitute between traditional and subsidized apprentices. In the short run, youths increase their human capital investments and we observe a net entry of apprentices into firms. Substitution effects are limited: the intervention creates 0.74 to 0.77 new position per subsidized apprentice. The subsidy offsets forgone labor earnings. Four years after the start of the experiment, treated youths perform more complex tasks and their earnings are higher by 15 percent. We conclude that subsidized dual apprenticeships expand access to training, upgrade skills and improve earnings for youths without crowding out traditional apprentices.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ivory Coast,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the effects of dual apprenticeships (internship, vocational training and subsidy component) on earnings and job creation for youth in Côte d'Ivoire.\\
It finds that subsidized apprenticeships overall create new job positions, as well as being able to offset foregone earnings for participating youth.\\
After 4 years participants had a significant positive impact on earnings, as well as on the complexity of tasks they pursued.\\
The study suggests this is due to allowing a quicker return on participants' increased human capital by removing apprenticeship opportunity costs through the subsidy.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Crepon2019_Direct and indirect effects of subsidized dual apprenticeships.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B89SQBZZ/Crepon2019_Direct and indirect effects of subsidized dual apprenticeships.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Darkwah2013,
  ids = {WOS:000338705200003},
  title = {Keeping Hope Alive: {{An}} Analysis of Training Opportunities for {{Ghanaian}} Youth in the Emerging Oil and Gas Industry},
  author = {Darkwah, Akosua K.},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {International Development Planning Review},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {119--134},
  issn = {1474-6743},
  doi = {10.3828/idpr.2013.9},
  abstract = {Over the last decade-and-a-half, African youth have been the target of much scholarly attention. Faced with poor access to education and high levels of unemployment, many researchers have explored the ways in which they make sense of these dual realities. Relatively little attention has been paid to the ways in which the introduction of active labour market policies, specifically labour market targeted skills training, fundamentally reconfigures the lived experience of African youth. This paper seeks to fill that gap. It draws on interviews with both training officials and participants in a specific training programme, which has been set up to provide youth with oil-related skills training, so as to interrogate its place in terms of youth transitions to employment. In the tradition of Robert Merton (1968) and others, I argue that this training programme serves the latent function of keeping hope alive in a context where the prospects for decent jobs in the oil and gas industry are, at best, slim. While blighted hope - in the words of Bourdieu (1984) - gives these youth a reason for living, ultimately, the government needs to do more to ensure that citizens reap the benefits, as far as employment in the oil and gas industry is concerned.},
  eissn = {1478-3401},
  unique-id = {WOS:000338705200003},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ghana,done,group::youth,program::training,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A qualitative study using long-form interviews to analyze the outcomes for participants of a vocational training program in Ghana.\\
It finds that generally while the training creates some hope in its recipients, as well as increases in future expectations for the actual labor market outcomes there was no increase in employment probability for its interview partners.\\
The main argument thus rests on Bourdieu's theory of unfulfilled wishes over time transforming into 'frustrated promise' before the training then makes this frustration useful potential by substituting it with a 'blighted hope'.\\
It provides this to its trainees who, on this hope-lead basis work hard toward reaching training goals but, looking at the broader picture, are not guaranteed any employment after through factors outside their control such as training quality and, perhaps even more important, existing labor demand.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Darkwah2013_Keeping hope alive.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NGDC4VY6/Darkwah2013_Keeping hope alive.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ebuenyi2020,
  ids = {WOS:000586015500008},
  title = {Challenges of Inclusion: {{A}} Qualitative Study Exploring Barriers and Pathways to Inclusion of Persons with Mental Disabilities in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Programmes in {{East Africa}}},
  author = {Ebuenyi, Ikenna D. and Rottenburg, Esther S. and Bunders-Aelen, Joske F. G. and Regeer, Barbara J.},
  date = {2020-02-13},
  journaltitle = {Disability and Rehabilitation},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  pages = {536--544},
  issn = {0963-8288},
  doi = {10.1080/09638288.2018.1503729},
  abstract = {Purpose: To explore barriers and pathways to the inclusion of persons with mental and intellectual disabilities in technical and vocational education and training programmes in four East African countries, in order to pave the way to greater inclusion. Materials and methods: An explorative, qualitative study including 10 in-depth interviews and a group discussion was conducted with coordinators of different programmes in four East African countries. Two independent researchers coded the interviews inductively using Atlas.ti. The underlying framework used is the culture, structure, and practice model. Results: Barriers and pathways to inclusion were found in the three interrelated components of the model. They are mutually reinforcing and are thus not independent of one another. Barriers regarding culture include negative attitudes towards persons with mental illnesses, structural barriers relate to exclusion from primary school, rigid curricula and untrained teachers and unclear policies. Culture and structure hence severely hinder a practice of including persons with mental disabilities in technical and vocational education and training programmes. Pathways suggested are aiming for a clearer policy, more flexible curricula, improved teacher training and more inclusive attitudes. Conclusions: In order to overcome the identified complex barriers, systemic changes are necessary. Suggested pathways for programme coordinators serve as a starting point.},
  eissn = {1464-5165},
  orcid-numbers = {Ebuenyi, Ikenna/0000-0002-3329-6296 Bunders, Joske/0000-0002-0007-6430 Regeer, Barbara/0000-0002-9044-9367},
  researcherid-numbers = {Regeer, Barbara/M-1207-2018},
  unique-id = {WOS:000586015500008},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,country::Kenya,country::Rwanda,country::Uganda,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A qualitative study on the barriers to inclusion of mentally disabled persons in technical and vocational training in Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda, to see what is hindering them being a stronger target group for the programs.\\
It uses a three pillar model of culture, structure and practice as well as their interrelations as its framework of integration or exclusion.\\
It finds that there are interrelated barriers along all three pillars, with negative attitude toward persons with disabilities being a cultural barrier, the resulting legislative exclusion from primary school, confrontation with untrained teachers and rigid curricula posing a structural barrier, and both coming together to exclude them from the practice of technical/vocational education.\\
It suggests more up-to-date information on mental disability, an implementation of affirmative action and policy of inclusion, as well as a combination of tailor-made curricula and more specific teacher training.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ebuenyi2020_Challenges of inclusion.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4VRKXN9H/Ebuenyi2020_Challenges of inclusion.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Franklin2018,
  ids = {franklin2014job},
  title = {Location, {{Search Costs}} and {{Youth Unemployment}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Transport Subsidies}}},
  author = {Franklin, Simon},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {128},
  number = {614},
  pages = {2353--2379},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12509},
  abstract = {Do high search costs affect the labour market outcomes of jobseekers living far away from jobs? I randomly assign transport subsidies to unemployed youth in urban Ethiopia. Treated respondents increase job search intensity and are more likely to find good, permanent, jobs. Subsidies also induce a short‐term reduction in temporary work. I use a high‐frequency phone call survey to track the trajectory of search behaviour over time to show that the subsidies significantly increased job search intensity and the use of formal search methods. The evidence suggests that cash constraints cause young people to give up looking for good jobs too early.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,program::transport subsidy,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the impact of a transport subsidy for urban job searchers in Ethiopia, to analyze its impacts on employment probability and job quality of beneficiaries.\\
It splits its sample into two treatment groups, with one being sampled from people already looking for vacancies at a job board in the city center (active searchers, and on average more highly skilled) and people living in the periphery of the city (fewer active searchers, on average less highly skilled).\\
It finds that for both groups, the program significantly increased the short-term job quality, but with a more lasting effect on lower-skilled job searchers.\\
For the lower-skilled group it also finds a significant increase in employment probability and formal employment.\\
The results largely dissipate over time, but do show some persistence.\\
The study suggests that youth often gives up its job search early due to cash constraints, often resulting from prior location constraints.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Franklin2015_Location, search costs and youth unemployment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AGEHVYQ4/Franklin2015_Location, search costs and youth unemployment.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Go2010,
  ids = {WOS:000283552200001},
  title = {Wage Subsidy and Labour Market Flexibility in South Africa},
  author = {Go, Delfin S. and Kearney, Marna and Korman, Vijdan and Robinson, Sherman and Thierfelder, Karen},
  date = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies},
  volume = {46},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1481--1502},
  issn = {0022-0388},
  doi = {10.1080/00220380903428456},
  abstract = {We use a general equilibrium model to analyse the employment effects and fiscal cost of a wage subsidy in South Africa. We capture the structural characteristics of the labour market with several labour categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences. The employment impact depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labour are complements in production. The impact is improved by supporting policies, but the gains remain modest if the labour market is rigid.},
  article-number = {PII 928635542},
  unique-id = {WOS:000283552200001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevance::unsure},
  note = {A study using a general equilibrium labor market model as well as a more micro-level household impact modeling to estimate the impact of an employment subsidy on South African unemployment reduction probabilities, as well as general earnings effects.\\
It predicts a positive but modest impact on employment with an increase in employment primarily for low-/semi-skilled labor, accompanied by reductions in poverty and inequality.\\
It also finds that the employment impacts majorly depend on the elasticity of substitution of the factors of production, primarily the relationship of skilled and unskilled labor.\\
If both are rigid complements in production, which the study suggests they are due to South Africa's lack of labor market flexibility, it may lead to an overall labor demand/supply rigidity which greatly hinders the impact of such an employment subsidy.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Go2010_Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GDFFVMKX/Go2010_Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Hicks2013,
  title = {Vocational Education in {{Kenya}}: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation among Youth},
  author = {Hicks, Joan Hamory and Kremer, Michael and Mbiti, Isaac and Miguel, Edward},
  date = {2013},
  institution = {{International Growth Centre}},
  keywords = {country::Kenya,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in the 'Technical and Vocational Vouchers Program' in Kenya, analyzing its effects on participants' earnings, employment probability and resulting job quality.
\par
Participants were randomly assigned either to receive a voucher to receive training in a public institution or free choice of training in a public or private institution, with a control group receiving no vouchers.
\par
The study also included a cross-cutting sampling of providing future labour market information to training participants, though there were no significant outcomes of this cross-cutting intervention.
\par
Overall it finds limited evidence for an increase in earnings, but for workers engaged in wage work it finds a significant increase in wage earnings.
\par
On the other hand, there are no significant changes on employment probability itself and no significant impacts on participants' job quality, except for a lower probability of carrying a full time employment.
\par
The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some participants the duration between training end and data collection was only a few months, so some impacts may not have developed past the possibility for short term evaluation.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:03:52Z},
  file = {Hicks2013_Hicks, Joan Hamory, Michael Kremer, Isaac Mbiti, Edward Miguel.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P8PCIVGD/Hicks2013_Hicks, Joan Hamory, Michael Kremer, Isaac Mbiti, Edward Miguel.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{honorati2015impact,
  ids = {Honorati2015},
  title = {The Impact of Private Sector Internship and Training on Urban Youth in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Honorati, Maddalena},
  date = {2015},
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  number = {7404},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-7404},
  abstract = {This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank’s Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). The results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. The evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program’s benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. The program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants’ opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).},
  keywords = {area::urban,citation_checked,country::Kenya,done,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the 'Kenya Youth Empowerment Program' which combines vocational training and internships, trying to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability of participants.\\
The study created two treatment groups, one only receiving 2 weeks of life skills training, another receiving the same training, vocational training and on-the-job training through an internship, and a control group receiving no training.\\
It finds that solely participating in the life skills training had no significant impacts on any outcomes.\\
Participating in the full treatment, however, significantly increased participants' employment probability and earnings.\\
It finds some heterogeneity, with larger earnings effects for women and older men, as well as that the program selected for a more highly educated target group than its ostensible goal.\\
The program was cost effective for both men and women.\\
While the female sample has to be taken with some caution due to a possible bias through its high attrition rate, it suggested that women finishing the program are more likely to open a bank account and accumulate savings.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Honorati2015_The impact of private sector internship and training on urban youth in Kenya.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IRNNVW8J/Honorati2015_The impact of private sector internship and training on urban youth in Kenya.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Levinsohn2014,
  ids = {WOS:000338001900012},
  title = {Prospective Analysis of a Wage Subsidy for {{Cape Town}} Youth},
  author = {Levinsohn, James and Pugatch, Todd},
  date = {2014-05},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {108},
  pages = {169--183},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.02.006},
  abstract = {Persistently high youth unemployment is one of the most pressing problems in South Africa. We prospectively analyze an employer wage subsidy targeted at youth, a policy recently enacted by the South African government to address the issue. Recognizing that a credible estimate of the policy's impact requires a model of the labor market that itself generates high unemployment in equilibrium, we estimate a structural search model that incorporates both observed heterogeneity and measurement error in wages. Using the model to simulate the policy, we find that a R1000/month wage subsidy paid to employers leads to an increase of R596 in mean accepted wages and a decrease of 12 percentage points in the share of youth experiencing long-term unemployment. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  eissn = {1872-6089},
  orcid-numbers = {Pugatch, Todd/0000-0003-0127-2289},
  researcherid-numbers = {Pugatch, Todd/Q-3757-2019},
  unique-id = {WOS:000338001900012},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Levinsohn2014_Prospective analysis of a wage subsidy for Cape Town youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AAYX5W9Z/Levinsohn2014_Prospective analysis of a wage subsidy for Cape Town youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Levinsohn2014a,
  title = {Wage Subsidies and Youth Employment in {{South Africa}}:  {{Evidence}} from a Randomised Control Trial},
  author = {Levinsohn, James and Rankin, Neil and Roberts, Gareth and Schöer, Volker},
  date = {2014},
  series = {Stellenbosch {{Economic Working Papers}}},
  number = {02},
  institution = {{University of Stellenbosch}},
  url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/szawpaper/wpapers207.htm},
  abstract = {• Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. • A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. • Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. • In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups – one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. • The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large – those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. • This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. • Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. • However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. • Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. • The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. • Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. • We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. • These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. • However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners – they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,group::youth,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy for youth in South Africa, with an analysis of its impacts on earnings, employment probability and overall employment length.\\
It finds that beneficiaries were significantly more likely to be employed after both one and two years, as well as positive but insignificant impacts on earnings. \\
Additionally, it found a significant increase in accumulated employment length of around 1 month for the treatment cohort after 2 years.\\
The results suggest that the usual theory of lowered search costs for firms is a valid channel here, but it also finds responses on the supply side after receiving the voucher.\\
While beneficiaries did no change their search behavior, move for employment or increase their overall search intensity, there were comparatively fewer job offers turned down in the treatment group.\\
The study suggests this could be due to a potential removal of transport cost barriers to interviews or workplaces, an increased perception of success probabilities, household pressures or more access to job information during voucher provision.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:57:03Z},
  file = {Levinsohn2014_Wage subsidies and youth employment in South Africa.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8427MY3M/Levinsohn2014_Wage subsidies and youth employment in South Africa.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Mengistae2001,
  ids = {WOS:000169648900001},
  title = {Skill Formation and Job Matching Effects in Wage Growth in {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Mengistae, Taye},
  date = {2001-03},
  journaltitle = {Journal of African Economies},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--36},
  issn = {0963-8024},
  doi = {10.1093/jae/10.1.1},
  abstract = {This paper analyses production and labour market data on manufacturing firms in Ethiopia in order to test for skill formation and job-matching effects in wage growth. Estimated age and job seniority profiles of relative marginal productivity and relative wages indicate that both on-the-job skill formation and job matching are significant sources of the growth of productivity and wages with time in the labour market. However, there is also evidence that job matching is by far the more important of the two sources.},
  unique-id = {WOS:000169648900001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,program::job market services,program::training,region::SSA,relevance::unsure},
  note = {A study on the possibility and eventual outcome of on-the-job learning and job matching on workers' productivity and earnings.\\
It finds that both on-the-job learning and job matching have a significant positive impact on both earnings and productivity over time, with specific skill increases being the primary learning source of within-job increases but a smaller fraction on increases than job matching overall.\\
Both skill increases and job-matching account at least for some of the in-between jobs earnings increases over a workers' labor market experience.\\
Job-matching may however be significantly more important to both earnings and productivity of a worker over time. \\
It also finds that the rate of improvement for both outcomes increases until 15 years of experience and slowly decreases above 16 years, though still keeping consistently higher than baseline estimations.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Mengistae2001_Skill formation and job matching effects in wage growth in Ethiopia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CPNMX3MM/Mengistae2001_Skill formation and job matching effects in wage growth in Ethiopia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Okumu2019,
  ids = {WOS:000479949200001},
  title = {Technical and Vocational Education and Training in {{Uganda}}: {{A}} Critical Analysis},
  author = {Okumu, Ibrahim Mike and Bbaale, Edward},
  date = {2019-11},
  journaltitle = {Development Policy Review},
  volume = {37},
  number = {6},
  pages = {735--749},
  issn = {0950-6764},
  doi = {10.1111/dpr.12407},
  abstract = {This article undertakes a diagnostic study of the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sub-sector in Uganda, with a view to characterizing the sub-sector and identifying its potential strengths and weakness. We undertook a cross-sectional pre-survey of purposively selected key stakeholders in the TVET sub-sector. We selected performance indicators following their importance in influencing the TVET reform process. Both qualitative and quantitative data was solicited from the stakeholders. Quantitative data was collected through stakeholder-specific structured questionnaires, whilst qualitative data was collected through desk review and field visits, individual focused interviews and focus group discussions. Our findings indicate that financing and planning constraints have resulted in poor quality equipment, under- and ill-trained staff, limited adoption of a competence-based education and training (CBET) curriculum, not to mention the supervision inadequacies of TVET institutions. Besides, the limited TVET sub-sector interaction with the private sector has incapacitated TVET curriculum development to nurture skills demanded by the private sector. Furthermore, backward technology use in the private sector has equally inhibited the success of student attachment programmes. Finally, legal ambiguities have perpetuated a qualification jungle and overlapping curricula.},
  earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2019},
  eissn = {1467-7679},
  orcid-numbers = {Okumu, Ibrahim/0000-0001-9652-675X},
  unique-id = {WOS:000479949200001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A qualitative study with a small quantitative component in a questionnaire reviewing the quality of existing vocational training offerings in Uganda. \\
It finds that generally, there is little adaptation to private sector labor skill demands.\\
Training effectiveness is hampered by poor quality equipment, under- or ill-trained staff and limited adoption of competence-based curricula.\\
In the country there is also an inadequate supervision of the individual training institutions since TVET institutions are splintered and operate semi-autonomously from any centralized state offering.\\
Lastly, moving into the offering of on-the-job components of a training it finds again that such internship possibilities are generally hampered by poor quality equipment in the private sector not being able to prepare trainees for working with the required technology.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Okumu2019_Technical and vocational education and training in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZKF9UI2G/Okumu2019_Technical and vocational education and training in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Patel2020,
  ids = {WOS:000580051200012},
  title = {Evidence of Non-Economic Indicators as Markers of Success for Youth in Youth Employability Programs: {{Insights}} from a {{South African}} Study},
  author = {Patel, Leila and Graham, Lauren and Chowa, Gina},
  date = {2020-11},
  journaltitle = {Children and Youth Services Review},
  volume = {118},
  issn = {0190-7409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105404},
  abstract = {Evaluation studies of youth employment programs prioritize employment and earnings outcomes and use these indicators to determine what labor market interventions are most successful. Evidence from pre and post data of a cluster randomized controlled longitudinal study, consisting of 1 892 youth between 18 and 25 years who participated in Youth Employability Programs (YEPs) in South Africa, confirms the importance of the inclusion of non-economic indicators to measure success for youth. This study provides evidence that non-economic markers of success such as job-search resilience, self-esteem, self-efficacy and future orientation are potentially important in the transition to employment in the longer term and points to the need for more evaluations that use these markers to predict youth's success in employment. The findings further suggest that these non-economic outcomes, which were conceptualized as intermediary outcomes, can influence how young people manage the increasingly protracted and difficult transition to work. The study enlarges our understanding of the non-linear and protracted pathways of youth transitions to work in a development context, and how to best support youth in this transition period. These findings have implications for rethinking YEP evaluation outcomes that could lead to adaptive programming and management of interventions.},
  article-number = {105404},
  eissn = {1873-7765},
  orcid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/0000-0002-7125-9859},
  researcherid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/A-9329-2017},
  unique-id = {WOS:000580051200012},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,group::youth,region::SSA,relevance::unsure},
  note = {A study on the non-economic outcomes of youth training programs in South Africa, focusing on the effects on participants' individual welfare (with self-esteem and self-efficacy measurements), skills acquisition and job-search resilience.\\
It finds that the programs had a significant sustained positive impact on self-efficacy and self-esteem and a positive but insignificant increase in the future orientation of participants, as well as a significantly increased job-search resilience after the program.\\
It also finds that including a financial capability component into the training was correlated with larger positive personal outcomes overall, but the study design did not allow for causal explanation of the training components on their own.\\
It argues that such a nurturing role of youth employment programs as 'critical delivery systems' is an important empowering resource for the complexity of youth transition to work, especially in high unemployment environments.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Patel2020_Evidence of non-economic indicators as markers of success for youth in youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RISMGI7D/Patel2020_Evidence of non-economic indicators as markers of success for youth in youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ramgutty2021study,
  title = {A Study into the Effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme ({{YEP}}) in {{Mauritius}}},
  author = {Ramgutty, Harsha Toshini and Sanmukhiya, Chintamanee},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {The European Journal of Social \& Behavioural Sciences},
  publisher = {{European Publisher}},
  doi = {10.15405/ejsbs.304},
  abstract = {Youth employment programmes are used as a means of developing employability skills through a wage subsidy strategy. This study examines the effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme (YEP) in Mauritius in terms of the trainee’s satisfaction of YEP, his/her belief that YEP would help him/her to get a job and the odds of actually being employed once the programme is over. The Human Capital Theory is used to describe the transformation process through which YEP increases youth employability. Data was randomly collected among 214 individuals who were either currently or had previously been on the programme. All logistic models fitted the data well with correct classifications ranging from 70\% to 92.5\%. None of the demographic factors predicted the effectiveness of YEP. Trainees’ satisfaction was predicted by the sector of work placement, quality of programme, field of study and recommendations. Trainees’ beliefs were predicted by the number of interviews, duration of unemployment prior to the programme, whether internship matched their fields of study, nature of employment and quality of the programme. However, the nature of employment and salary were the only factors that predicted the odds of actually being employed. The YEP in Mauritius may require major restructuration to cater for trainees outside the field of social sciences. Although the YEP has failed to provide the adequate support and a satisfying experience, its contribution cannot be underestimated. An evaluation of the programme should be carried out at shorter intervals to detect major loopholes so that these may be resolved in time.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Mauritius,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A questionnaire study on the effects of vocational training and an internship under the 'Youth Employment Programme' of Mauritius, to analyze the impacts on employment probability and a participants' individual welfare.\\
It finds that the most significant factors of the training satisfaction of the participants and their estimation of their own employability are the quality of the program, sector of work placement and the nature of work.\\
All except those in field of social science had an overall lower satisfaction with the program, lower still for those previously unemployed.\\
There is no significant impact of program quality on employability.\\
It suggests that there is a too large focus on administrative and clerical jobs, but the program can also work as a facilitator through the number of interviews participated in by a participant, increasing the interview experience.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ramgutty2021_A study into the effectiveness of the youth employment programme ( YEP) in.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T3KNP2TE/Ramgutty2021_A study into the effectiveness of the youth employment programme ( YEP) in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ranchhod2016,
  ids = {WOS:000378424600002},
  title = {Estimating the Short Run Effects of {{South Africa}}'s Employment Tax Incentive on Youth Employment Probabilities Using a Difference-in-Differences Approach},
  author = {Ranchhod, Vimal and Finn, Arden},
  date = {2016-06},
  journaltitle = {South African Journal of Economics},
  volume = {84},
  number = {2},
  pages = {199--216},
  issn = {0038-2280},
  doi = {10.1111/saje.12121},
  abstract = {South Africa's Employment Tax Incentive (ETI) came into effect on the 1st of January 2014, with the objective of reducing the substantial national youth unemployment rate. Under the ETI, firms are eligible to claim a deduction from their taxes due, for the portion of their wage bill that is paid to certain groups of youth employees. We utilise several waves of nationally representative data and implement a difference-in-differences methodology at the individual level, in order to identify the effects of the ETI on youth employment probabilities in the short run. Our primary finding is that the ETI did not have any statistically significant and positive effects on youth employment probabilities. The point estimate from our preferred regression is -0.005 and the 95\% confidence interval is from -0.017 to 0.006. We also find no evidence that the ETI has resulted in an increase in the level of churning in the labour market for youth. Thus, any decrease in tax revenues that arise from the ETI are effectively accruing to firms which, collectively, would have employed as many youth even in the absence of the ETI.},
  eissn = {1813-6982},
  unique-id = {WOS:000378424600002},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant},
  note = {A study on the employment subsidy program of South Africa trying to analyze the impact of the tax incentives on youth employment probabilities and 'churn' in the labor market, proxied through employment length.\\
It finds no significant positive effects on employment probability or on job turnover in the youth labor market, in fact almost all outcomes on employment probability are consistently negative but not significant.\\
The results suggest no impact on the employment rate for youth, with subsidies possibly accruing to firms which did not change their hiring patterns.\\
Some suggested reasons for this are the value of the subsidy being too low to significantly alter search costs for firms, the program's targeting at medium to large sized formal sector firms decreasing potential, people making decisions over hiring not being affected by the subsidy's value, or potential outcomes only manifesting after a longer time-frame.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ranchhod2016_Estimating the short run effects of south africa's employment tax incentive on.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CPVV2P65/Ranchhod2016_Estimating the short run effects of south africa's employment tax incentive on.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Rijkers2010,
  ids = {WOS:000275993200007},
  title = {Who Benefits from Promoting Small Enterprises? {{Some}} Empirical Evidence from {{Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Rijkers, Bob and Laderchi, Caterina Ruggeri and Teal, Francis},
  date = {2010-04},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  volume = {38},
  number = {4},
  pages = {523--540},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.007},
  abstract = {The Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Development Program (AAIHDP) aims to tackle the housing shortage and unemployment that prevail in Addis Ababa by deploying and supporting small enterprises to construct low-cost housing using technologies novel for Ethiopia. The motivation for such support is predicated on the view that small firms create more jobs per unit of investment by virtue of being more labor intensive and that the jobs so created are concentrated among the low-skilled and hence the poor. To assess whether the program has succeeded in biasing technology adoption in favor of labor and thereby contributed to poverty reduction, the impact of the program on technology usage, labor intensity, and earnings is investigated using a unique matched workers-firms dataset, the Addis Ababa Construction Enterprise Survey (AACES), collected specifically for the purpose of analyzing the impact of the program. We find that program firms do not adopt different technologies and are not more labor intensive than nonprogram firms. There is an earnings premium for program participants, who tend to be relatively well educated, which is heterogeneous and highest for those at the bottom of the earnings distribution. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  unique-id = {WOS:000275993200007},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,program::public works,region::SSA,relevance::unsure},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Rijkers2010_Who benefits from promoting small enterprises.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2IZ5UEVH/Rijkers2010_Who benefits from promoting small enterprises.pdf:application/pdf}
}


