1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. WHO; 2016:64.
 
2. Boniol M, McIsaac M, Xu L, Wuliji T, Diallo K, Campbell J. Gender Equity in the Health Workforce: Analysis of 104 Countries. WHO; 2019.
 
3. Economou JS. Gender bias in biomedical research. Surgery. 2014; 156(5):1061-1065. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2014.07.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2014.07.005
 
4. Dhatt R, Theobald S, Buzuzi S, et al. The role of women's leadership and gender equity in leadership and health system strengthening. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom. 2017;2:e8. doi:10.1017/gheg.2016.22
https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2016.22
 
5. Hay K, McDougal L, Percival V, et al. Disrupting gender norms in health systems: making the case for change. Lancet. 2019;393(10190):25352549. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30648-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30648-8
 
6. Women in Global Health. Tweet from Women in Global Health. https:// www.womeningh.org/. Accessed May 13, 2019. Published 2019.
 
7. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Offices in Countries, Territories and Areas. WHO; 2016.
 
8. van Daalen KR, Bajnoczki C, Chowdhury M, et al. Symptoms of a broken system: the gender gaps in COVID-19 decision-making. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(10):e003549. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003549
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003549
 
9. Freizer S, Azcona G, Berevoescu I, Cookson TP. COVID-19 and Women's Leadership: From an Effective Response to Building Back Better. UN Women; 2020.
 
10. Global Health 50/50. The Global Health 50/50 Report 2018. London: Global Health 50/50; 2018. https://globalhealth5050.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/03/GH5050-Report-2018_Final.pdf.
 
11. The Global Health 50/50 Report 2019: Equality Works. London: Global Health 50/50; 2019. https://globalhealth5050.org/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/Equality-Works.pdf.
 
12. The Global Health 50/50 Report 2020: Power, Privilege and Priorities. London: Global Health 50/50; 2020. https://globalhealth5050.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/03/Power-Privilege-and-Priorities-2020-GlobalHealth-5050-Report.pdf.
 
13. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender. https://www.who.int/ health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1. Accessed October 14, 2020.
 
14. George A. Human Resources for Health: A Gender Analysis. Background Paper Prepared for the Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network and the Health Systems Knowledge Network of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health Background to the Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network. World Health Organization; 2007:57. https://www.who.int/social_determinants/ resources/human_resources_for_health_wgkn_2007.pdf.
 
15. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization; 2008.
 
16. Weber AM, Cislaghi B, Meausoone V, et al. Gender norms and health: insights from global survey data. Lancet. 2019;393(10189):2455-2468. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30765-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30765-2
 
17. Larson E, George A, Morgan R, Poteat T. 10 Best resources on… intersectionality with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(8):964-969. doi:10.1093/heapol/czw020
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw020
 
18. Gopaldas A. Intersectionality 101. Journal of Public Policy Marketing. 2013;32(1 suppl):90-94. doi:10.1509/jppm.12.044
https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.12.044
 
19. Thackwell N, Swartz L, Dlamini S, Phahladira L, Muloiwa R, Chiliza B. Race trouble: experiences of Black medical specialist trainees in South Africa. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2016;16(1):31. doi:10.1186/ s12914-016-0108-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0108-9
 
20. van Rensburg HC. South Africa's protracted struggle for equal distribution and equitable access-still not there. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12:26. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-12-26
https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-26
 
21. Filby A, McConville F, Portela A. What prevents quality midwifery care? a systematic mapping of barriers in low and middle income countries from the provider perspective. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0153391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153391
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153391
 
22. Newman C. Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12:25. doi:10.1186/14784491-12-25
https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-25
 
23. 3rd Global Forum on Human Resources for Health. The Recife Political Declaration on Human Resources for Health: Renewed Commitments towards Universal Health Coverage. http://www.who. int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/kampala_declaration/en/. Accessed May 13, 2019.
 
24. Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J. 2009;26(2):91108. doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
 
25. Muraya KW, Govender V, Mbachu C, Uguru NP, Molyneux S. 'Gender is not even a side issue…it's a non-issue': career trajectories and experiences from the perspective of male and female healthcare managers in Kenya. Health Policy Plan. 2019;34(4):249-256. doi:10.1093/heapol/czz019
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz019
 
26. Shung-King M, Gilson L, Mbachu C, et al. Leadership experiences and practices of South African health managers: what is the influence of gender?-a qualitative, exploratory study. Int J Equity Health. 2018; 17(1):148. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0859-0
 
27. Tominc P, Šebjan U, Širec K. Perceived gender equality in managerial positions in organizations. Organizacija. 2017;50(2):132-149. doi:10.1515/orga-2017-0009
https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0009
 
28. Acosta DA, Lautenberger DM, Castillo-Page L, Skorton DJ. Achieving Gender Equity Is Our Responsibility: Leadership Matters. Acad Med. 2020;95(10):1468-1471. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610
https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003610
 
29. Vong S, Ros B, Morgan R, Theobald S. Why are fewer women rising to the top? a life history gender analysis of Cambodia's health workforce. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):595. doi:10.1186/s12913-0194424-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4424-3
 
30. Kodagoda T. Working long hours and its impact on family life: experiences of women professionals and managers in Sri Lanka. Indian J Gend Stud. 2018;25(1):108-126. doi:10.1177/0971521517738432
https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521517738432
 
31. Zeinali Z, Muraya K, Govender V, Molyneux S, Morgan R. Intersectionality and global health leadership: parity is not enough. Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0367-3
 
32. Alwazzan L, Rees CE. Women in medical education: views and experiences from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Med Educ. 2016; 50(8):852-865. doi:10.1111/medu.12988
https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12988
 
33. Ioannidou E, Letra A, Shaddox LM, et al. Empowering Women Researchers in the New Century: IADR's Strategic Direction. Adv Dent Res. 2019;30(3):69-77. doi:10.1177/0022034519877385
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519877385
 
34. Tlaiss HA. Women in healthcare: barriers and enablers from a developing country perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2013; 1(1):23-33. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05
https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.05
 
35. Williams CL. The Glass Escalator, Revisited: Gender Inequality in Neoliberal Times, SWS Feminist Lecturer. Gender & Society. 2013; 27(5):609-629. doi:10.1177/0891243213490232
https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243213490232
 
36. George A. Nurses, community health workers, and home carers: gendered human resources compensating for skewed health systems. Global Public Health. 2008;3(Sup 1):75-89. doi:10.1080/17441690801892240
https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690801892240
 
37. Chua V, Mathews M, Loh YC. Social capital in Singapore: gender differences, ethnic hierarchies, and their intersection. Soc Networks. 2016;47:138-150. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.004
 
38. Percival V, Dusabe-Richards E, Wurie H, Namakula J, Ssali S, Theobald S. Are health systems interventions gender blind? examining health system reconstruction in conflict affected states. Global Health. 2018;14(1):90. doi:10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0401-6
 
39. Morgan R, Hawkins K, Lundine J. The foundation and consequences of gender bias in grant peer review processes. CMAJ. 2018; 190(16):E487-E488. doi:10.1503/cmaj.180188
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180188
 
40. Gupta GR, Oomman N, Grown C, et al. Gender equality and gender norms: framing the opportunities for health. Lancet. 2019;393(10190):2550-2562. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30651-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30651-8
 
41. South Africa Demographics Profile. IndexMundi website. https://www. indexmundi.com/south_africa/demographics_profile.html. Accessed May 13, 2019. Published 2018.
 
42. World Health Organization (WHO). Working for Health and Growth: Investing in the Health Workforce. Report of the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. WHO; 2016.
 
43. Horton R. Advancing women in science, medicine and global health. Lancet. 2019;393(10171):493-610.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30239-9
 
44. Gender Equality, Norms, and Health. The Lancet. https://www. thelancet.com/series/gender-equality-norms-health. Accessed January 30, 2020.
 
45. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender Equity Hub. https://www. who.int/hrh/network/GHWN-GEH-ToR.pdf?ua=1. Accessed October 16, 2020.
 
46. Wittenberg-Cox A. Women Leaders' Competence on COVID: The Proof. Forbes. September 8, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ avivahwittenbergcox/2020/09/08/women-leaders-competence-oncovid-the-proof/. Accessed October 16, 2020.
 
47. United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG). Women's Leadership for the Post COVID-19 Era: A Call to Action from Local and Regional Governments Leaders. https://www.uclg.org/sites/default/files/ uclgwomen_calltoaction_en.pdf. Accessed October 16, 2020.
 
48. George AS, Amin A, GarcÍa-Moreno C, Sen G. Gender equality and health: laying the foundations for change. Lancet. 2019;393(10189):2369-2371. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30987-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30987-0
 
49. World Health Organization (WHO). Gender Transformative Approaches in the Health and Social Workforce. http://www.who.int/hrh/news/2018/ gender-transform-approaches-in-health-social_workforce-webinar/ en/. Accessed October 16, 2020. Published 2018.
 
50. Downs JA, Reif LK, Hokororo A, Fitzgerald DW. Increasing women in leadership in global health. Acad Med. 2014;89(8):1103-1107. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000369
https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000369
 
51. Gronn P. Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadersh Q. 2002; 13(4):423-451. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00120-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00120-0
 
52. Gilson L. Trust and the development of health care as a social institution. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(7):1453-1468. doi:10.1016/s02779536(02)00142-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00142-9
 
53. Javadi D, Vega J, Etienne C, Wandira S, Doyle Y, Nishtar S. Women who lead: successes and challenges of five health leaders. Health Syst Reform. 2016;2(3):229-240. doi:10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471
https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2016.1225471
 
54. Zeinali Z. Women in health systems leadership-demystifying the labyrinth. In: Morgan R, Hawkins K, Dhatt R, Manzoor M, eds. Women and Global Health Leadership - Power and Transformation. Springer; 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84498-1_18
 
55. Langer A, Meleis A, Knaul FM, et al. Women and health: the key for sustainable development. Lancet. 2015;386(9999):1165-1210. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60497-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4
 
56. GH50/50 How-To: Develop Family-Friendly Workplace Policies. Global Health 50/50 website. https://globalhealth5050.org/updates/document/ gh5050-how-to-develop-family-friendly-workplace-policies/. Accessed October 17, 2020.
 
57. Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5
 
58. Hancock AM. Empirical intersectionality: a tale of two approaches. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:95-132. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_5
 
59. Hankivsky O, Grace D, Hunting G, et al. An intersectionality-based policy analysis framework: critical reflections on a methodology for advancing equity. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:133-166. doi:10.1007/978-3319-98473-5_6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_6
 
60. Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS. Introduction: bringing intersectionality to public policy. In: Hankivsky O, Jordan-Zachery JS, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Intersectionality in Public Policy. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:1-28. doi:10.1007/9783-319-98473-5_1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98473-5_1
