
@report{Adhvaryu2018,
  ids = {Adhvaryu2018a},
  title = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}: {{Returns}} to {{On-the-job Soft Skills Training}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Kala, Namrata and Nyshadham, Anant},
  date = {2018-02},
  number = {24313},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  doi = {10.3386/w24313},
  abstract = {We evaluate the causal impacts of on-the-job soft skills training on the productivity, wages, and retention of female garment workers in India. The program increased women’s extraversion and communication, and spurred technical skill upgrading. Treated workers were 20 percent more productive than controls post-program. Wages rise very modestly with treatment (by 0.5 percent), with no differential turnover, suggesting that although soft skills raise workers’ marginal products, labor market frictions are large enough to create a substantial wedge between productivity and wages. Consistent with this, the net return to the firm was large: 258 percent eight months after program completion.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial on the benefits of an on-the-job soft skills training for female garment workers in India.\\
The study finds that there are significant increases in productivity after the training program, but those do not translate into increased earnings or job retention.\\
The productivity increases stem from soft-skill upgrading which also furthers positive increases in technical skills, and there are spillover effects for untreated workers on the same production line.\\
However, the study argues the productivity increases translate to negligible effects on earnings and job retention due to market imperfections allowing most gains to be captured by the firm instead.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Adhvaryu2018_The Skills to Pay the Bills.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VDH653HW/Adhvaryu2018_The Skills to Pay the Bills.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ahmed2019,
  ids = {WOS:000480793100007},
  title = {Impacts of Vocational Training for Socio-Economic Development of Afghan Refugees in Labor Markets of Host Societies in Baluchistan},
  author = {Ahmed, Aziz},
  date = {2019-08},
  journaltitle = {Journal of International Migration and Integration},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {751--768},
  issn = {1488-3473},
  doi = {10.1007/s12134-018-0627-4},
  abstract = {Afghan refugees have been living for 35 years, since the start of the imposed war on Afghanistan in 1979, in host societies of Baluchistan and other parts of Pakistan. Repatriation has been started, yet no study has been conducted to explore their labor market skill acquisition for impacting their socio-economic status in the host communities. This paper examines vocational training of Afghan refugees impacting upon their socio-economics of earnings, employability, labor market-evolved perceptions about livelihood earnings, discrimination, and working aptitude in local markets of selected districts of Baluchistan. Field survey from a sample of 157 vocationally trained individuals has been conducted through a full-fledged questionnaire by using two-stage stratified sampling techniques to produce the first ever labor market data for Afghan refugees. Descriptive analysis shows cascading impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of Afghan refugees. The findings of frequency distribution highlight that vocational skills have positive impacts upon earnings, employment status, and working aptitudes. The results also show discrimination, constraints in earnings and employability, career counseling, lower educational level, and tough competition for Afghan refugees for getting socio-economic benefits in the labor markets of host communities. The findings may be helpful for giving insights to policy formulation and recommendations for Afghans' repatriation program to Afghanistan and recent waves of immigrants and refugee influx and accommodations faced by South Asian and European countries these days.},
  eissn = {1874-6365},
  unique-id = {WOS:000480793100007},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Pakistan,done,region::AP},
  note = {A study on the impacts of vocational training for Afghan refugees living in Baluchistan, to analyze the effects on earnings and employment status.\\
Generally, it finds the outcomes of vocational training to increase the employment of the refugees, as do the earned wages for those employed.\\
Additionally, the study finds vocational training lead to an increase in start-up creation and, important for a minority population, also increased socio-economic cohesion.\\
The second stage questionnaire was undertaken after the participants had received between one and 24 months of vocational training.\\
There have been no attempts to go beyond the findings of the questionnaire answers itself in the study, so no evaluation can be made on the impacts outside of the participants self-perception and demographic status.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ahmed2019_Impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of afghan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EFVS9CEG/Ahmed2019_Impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of afghan.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ajefu2019,
  ids = {WOS:000461483600007},
  title = {Impact of Shocks on Labour and Schooling Outcomes and the Role of Public Work Programmes in Rural India},
  author = {Ajefu, Joseph Boniface and Abiona, Olukorede},
  date = {2019-06-03},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies},
  volume = {55},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1140--1157},
  issn = {0022-0388},
  doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1464146},
  abstract = {The effectiveness of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) on rural labour market dynamics in India has been widely debated in the literature. However, the impact of the NREGS on non-agricultural labour market and children schooling outcomes in reference to exogenous rainfall shock is unclear from the existing literature. This paper exploits the Indian National Sample Survey and rainfall measures from the precipitation archive of the University of Delaware to investigate the role of the NREGS in the labour market and schooling outcomes of children during shocks. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we focus on disaggregated shock specification and find a shock-cushioning pattern for the NREGS during negative shocks. However, there is an excess demand for labour during positive shock periods resulting from exposure to the NREGS. The implication is that the excess informal labour market opportunity translates to a reduction in school engagement for children. These findings summarily distinguish the role of the NREGS during positive and negative shocks respectively.},
  eissn = {1743-9140},
  orcid-numbers = {Ajefu, Joseph/0000-0001-6333-3708 Abiona, Olukorede/0000-0002-1696-4475},
  unique-id = {WOS:000461483600007},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study using administrative data for annual rain fall statistics to evaluate the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on its participants' labor market engagement during periods of positive and negative shocks.\\
It finds that during negative shocks, NREGS provided a cushioning effect on participants' households by providing a stabilizing employment opportunity.\\
There is an increased engagement of women during positive shocks.\\
During positive shocks, however, with exposure to NREGS there was a possible reduction in educational engagement for children visible, with a decrease in school enrolment for children aged 13-16 years.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ajefu2019_Impact of shocks on labour and schooling outcomes and the role of public work.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/STXCE29T/Ajefu2019_Impact of shocks on labour and schooling outcomes and the role of public work.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Beam2016,
  ids = {Beam2016a,WOS:000373419500003},
  title = {Do Job Fairs Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Impact of Job-Fair Attendance},
  author = {Beam, Emily A.},
  date = {2016-05},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {32--40},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.004},
  abstract = {I estimate the causal impact of attending a job fair on employment outcomes and labor market perceptions, using a randomized encouragement design to induce individuals in the rural Philippines to attend a nearby job fair for domestic and overseas work. Attending a job fair matters: though it does not facilitate direct matches with a job fair employer, attendance leads to a large increase in reported formal sector employment and in the likelihood of looking for any work outside the region in the months following the job fair. Several overseas recruitment agencies participated in the job fair, and attendance affects individuals' overseas labor market perceptions but does not encourage them to take steps to migrate. These results suggest that job fairs can be important tools for encouraging individuals to move to the formal sector and for conveying information about labor market prospects. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  eissn = {1872-6089},
  orcid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/0000-0002-6540-9435},
  researcherid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/ABC-8743-2021},
  unique-id = {WOS:000373419500003},
  keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::Philippines,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on a randomized control trial for vouchers to a job fair in the Philippines attempting to evaluate the impact on employment outcomes and participants' job search frequency.\\
There was a significant positive increase of formal employment after the job fair, which is, however, mostly not due to direct job matches at the fair but effects increasing the likelihood of employment medium-term after the fair.\\
The study, not having multiple treatment arms, does not make definite statements on the mechanisms of employment increase, but suggests that connection opportunities with other job seekers and information about domestic job search potentials may be the most important factors for it.\\
At the same time as there is a formal employment increase, there is a decrease in self-employment to go with it for participants of the job fair.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Beam2016_Do job fairs matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3N79UDU9/Beam2016_Do job fairs matter.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Bhanot2021,
  ids = {WOS:000706989000010},
  title = {Can Community Service Grants Foster Social and Economic Integration for Youth? {{A}} Randomized Trial in {{Kazakhstan}}},
  author = {Bhanot, Syon P. and Crost, Benjamin and Leight, Jessica and Mvukiyehe, Eric and Yedgenov, Bauyrzhan},
  date = {2021-11},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {153},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102718},
  abstract = {Integrating youth into communities and labor markets is a major challenge for developing countries, and incentives for community service are an increasingly popular tool to achieve this goal. We use a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the Kazakhstan Youth Corps (KYC), a program comprising cash grants for community service projects and life skills training, on social capital for a sample of youth aged 18-29. We find little evidence that engaging youth in civic service and training has any positive effects one year post-intervention; there is no shift in attitudinal indices of social capital and no reported increase in volunteering or donations. Moreover, there is no effect of the intervention on secondary outcomes (life skills and human capital), and some evidence of a negative effect of the training-only intervention on the probability of reporting any income-earning activity.},
  article-number = {102718},
  eissn = {1872-6089},
  orcid-numbers = {Leight, Jessica/0000-0002-1691-9682},
  unique-id = {WOS:000706989000010},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Kazakhstan,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial on the outcomes of a combined conditional cash grant and life skills training program aimed at young people in Kazakhstan, analyzing the outcomes on participants' employment probability and life skill acquisition.\\
Generally, the program did not prove useful for building social capital in for beneficiaries and the study found slight possibly negative effects on labor market participation.\\
The negative employment effects may be due to a preference shift to self-employment after the intervention, after which participants may be foregoing other labor market opportunities.\\
At the same time, there is no visible increase in self-employment after the treatment, which the study suggests may be due to additional barriers hindering the switch to self-employment.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Bhanot2021_Can community service grants foster social and economic integration for youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XXVAQS9W/Bhanot2021_Can community service grants foster social and economic integration for youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Bidani2009,
  title = {Evaluating Job Training in Two {{Chinese}} Cities},
  author = {Bidani, Benu and Blunch, Niels-Hugo and Goh, Chor-Ching and O’Leary, Christopher},
  date = {2009-02},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {77--94},
  issn = {1476-5284, 1476-5292},
  doi = {10.1080/14765280802604763},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::China,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the retraining outcomes on employment and earnings of displaced workers in two Chinese cities: Wuhan and Shenyang using propensity score matching on administrative records.\\
The findings show a significant impact on employment probability in Wuhan but not in Shenyang, but a significant impact on earnings in Shenyang but not in Wuhan.\\
While outside factors (different economic baselines) are not completely excluded by the authors, they primarily suggest the content of trainings to be a channel for this dichotomous outcome.\\
Trainings in China were (\textasciitilde 2000) not very quality controlled and no concrete curricula were set resulting in widely diverging trainings in quality, relevance and design, with some being classroom only and some much more focused on practical on-the-job experiences.\\
The key takeaway is to diversify the sources of training between public, nonprofit and commercial enterprises, always with a strict focus on labor demand.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:28:26Z},
  file = {Bidani2009_Evaluating job training in two Chinese cities.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P6DV9MUR/Bidani2009_Evaluating job training in two Chinese cities.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Bose2017,
  ids = {WOS:000402342600017},
  title = {Raising Consumption through India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme},
  author = {Bose, Nayana},
  date = {2017-08},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {245--263},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.010},
  abstract = {The Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is one of the world's largest public works programs aimed at reducing poverty. NREGS guarantees up to a hundred days of employment in public works to rural households that demand work under the program. This is one of the first papers to analyze the impact of NREGS on household wellbeing by focusing on household consumption using national-level data. By focusing on consumption, I am able to assess whether and how household use the program to improve their living standards. I exploit the cross-district rollout of the program to analyze the causal effect on household consumption. Using the Consumption Expenditure Survey data from the National Sample Survey Organization, I conduct a difference-in-difference analysis where the treatment group consists of households in 184 early implementation districts and the control group consists of households in 209 late implementation districts. I find that the program significantly increased household per capita consumption between 6.5\% and 10\%. For the marginalized caste group, the program increased consumption by around 12\%. Therefore, historical and ongoing, discrimination along with other barriers to entry have not prevented this group from benefiting from the program. I further assess the impact on household budget allocation by focusing on various consumption categories. I find that households move toward the higher caloric and more nutritional items, like protein. Finally, for households with children there was significantly greater spending on “child goods” like milk, while in households without children spending on alcohol increased. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  eissn = {1873-5991},
  unique-id = {WOS:000402342600017},
  keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP},
  note = {A study on the impact of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) between 2005 and 2006, analyzing the impact on household consumption through possible additional earnings.\\
In general it finds an increase on household consumption per capita for areas under NREGS and a more significant increase for members of a marginalized group (caste).\\
Since NREGS pays minimum wage, the study finds predominantly women start working under its increased waged labor demand to provide additional income for the household.\\
Households with children increased the spending on 'child goods' (e.g. milk) most significantly while households without children increased spending on alcohol more significantly.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Bose2017_Raising consumption through india's national rural employment guarantee scheme.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SJ9RXUR6/Bose2017_Raising consumption through india's national rural employment guarantee scheme.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Chakravarty2019,
  ids = {WOS:000453623400005},
  title = {Vocational Training Programs and Youth Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Nepal}}},
  author = {Chakravarty, Shubha and Lundberg, Manias and Nikolov, Plamen and Zenker, Juliane},
  date = {2019-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {136},
  pages = {71--110},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.002},
  abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal’s social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home – close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.},
  eissn = {1872-6089},
  orcid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/0000-0001-8069-4900},
  researcherid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/Q-8735-2019},
  unique-id = {WOS:000453623400005},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nepal,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on a vocational training program for youth in Nepal ich which both its impacts on earnings and employment probabilities are analyzed.\\
Generally, it finds an increase in non-farm employment combined with increased monthly earnings, which are mostly driven through young women starting self-employment.\\
The study finds larger impacts than many similar programs in more middle-income situated countries, and puts them down to low baseline educational and non-farm employment levels.\\
Additionally, the possibility for the skills increases to allow women to start working self-employed circumvents some of the restrictive social norms for women in Nepal.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Chakravarty2019_Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/26A4P7FA/Chakravarty2019_Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Chamadia2021,
  ids = {WOS:000632615700001,chamadia2021assessing},
  title = {Assessing the Effectiveness of Vocational Training Programs in {{Pakistan}}: {{An}} Experimental Study},
  author = {Chamadia, Sumaira and Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat},
  date = {2021-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Education and Training},
  volume = {63},
  number = {5},
  pages = {665--678},
  publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}},
  issn = {0040-0912},
  doi = {10.1108/ET-04-2020-0085},
  abstract = {Purpose The major objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of the technical and vocational training courses imparted to generate employment or enhance the productivity of participants. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in the province of Sindh, Pakistan by adopting a quasi-experimental approach. The experiment was conducted on 105 individuals-with the age group of 20-25-distributed between the treatment group and the control group. The data collected through the experiment were analyzed by applying a paired-sample t-test, independent sample t-test and one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The findings of this study show statistically significant higher monthly earnings of Rs14, 223 after the training intervention program. Findings also exhibit a significant difference in monthly earnings between the control and the treatment groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can provide useful input to policymakers while devising the policies regarding technical education and vocational training (TVET) and to the international donors in assessing the impact of the training initiatives. Originality/value This study presents experimental-driven evidence on the role of technical education and vocational training in improving the labor market outcomes.},
  earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021},
  eissn = {1758-6127},
  orcid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/0000-0003-1207-6427},
  researcherid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/AAF-5693-2019},
  unique-id = {WOS:000632615700001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Pakistan,done,no-access,region::AP},
  note = {A study on the impact of TVET programmes in Pakistan on the effects of individual earnings for participants.\\
It finds that participants generally have an increase in earnings after the program, which the study argues is due to Pakistan's overall low level of income and the programme selection for especially rural youth.\\
It sees potential dangers to its external validity since it follows a very specific institute selection for its analyzed program: that of an institute offering only training programs very highly demanded by the industry.\\
It leads the study to conclude that the country should focus its efforts on similarly in-demand training curricula, though it sees its limitations in neither differentiating between genders nor private and public institutions for a broader analysis.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Chamadia2021_Assessing the effectiveness of vocational training programs in Pakistan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DJMRMN4X/Chamadia2021_Assessing the effectiveness of vocational training programs in Pakistan.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Chaure2021,
  ids = {WOS:000694637500001},
  title = {The Right to Work and to Live: {{The}} Implications of {{India}}'s {{NREGS}} Program for Missing Women},
  author = {Chaure, Trupti and Hicks, Daniel},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Social Science Quarterly},
  volume = {102},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2528--2551},
  issn = {0038-4941},
  doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12993},
  abstract = {Objective Limited economic opportunity for women reduces their household bargaining power and the economic value of daughters, amplifying son preference. This paper studies India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), the largest workfare program in the world. Methods In a setting where the gender gap in employment and wages are sizeable, NREGS represented both an income shock and a large relative improvement in the labor market for women. We use the staggered rollout of NREGS to show that districts that implemented the program earlier experienced an improvement in child sex ratios in favor of girls. Results We find that impacts exist only in rural areas, not in the urban counterparts of the same district, where NREGS did not operate. Furthermore, effects are larger in middle-income and upper income districts and districts with the most skewed initial sex ratios, results which are inconsistent with an alternative selection story. Finally, the effects appear only for rural youth sex ratios, not for adult sex ratios, suggesting endogenous migration is not driving the results. Conclusion Our results suggest that the adoption of NREGS may have decreased pressures associated with sex selection in India, lessening skewed sex ratios in rural areas.},
  earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2021},
  eissn = {1540-6237},
  orcid-numbers = {Hicks, Daniel/0000-0002-1722-4970},
  unique-id = {WOS:000694637500001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP},
  note = {A study on the effects of India's employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on gender discrimination by looking at sex ratio preferences in affected areas.\\
The study argues limited economic opportunity for women also reduces their household bargaining power and thus, and with it the economic value of daughters, which may be affected through NREGS.\\
It finds a significant improvement in child sex ratios towards females in districts affected by the NREGS rollout, however, only in urban districts was the effect significant.\\
Possible channels of affecting the outcome were decreased sex selection pressures through improved female labor market opportunities given by NREGS, as well as a reduction in income constraints, more resilience toward external shock events, or an impacted attitude towards daughters.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Chaure2021_The right to work and to live.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5JR7WBBI/Chaure2021_The right to work and to live.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{cheema2014good,
  title = {Do Good Intentions Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on How Citizens Respond to Promises of Government Service Delivery},
  author = {Cheema, Ali and Khwaja, Asim I. and Naseer, Farooq and Shapiro, Jacob N.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {{{CID Working Paper Series}}},
  number = {280},
  institution = {{Harvard University}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  abstract = {Can government programs that fail to deliver still influence citizen behavior? Large literatures in political science and economics study the effect of various government programs on how citizens engage with the state. A tacit assumption in many of these papers is that citizens value government programs proportionally to the amount of money spent. Yet there is tremendous heterogeneity in the mapping between spending and how much value citizens actually get from a program. And even programs that do not work may still reflect substantial government investments, thereby informing citizens' beliefs about how much weight the government places on their welfare. Using a large-scale randomized evaluation of a vocational training program in southern Punjab we provide evidence that good intentions might matter; citizens offered a program that almost no one used voted for the ruling party at higher rates in subsequent elections if offered multiple training vouchers than if only offered one. Men who received the training offer became more socially engaged and used government services at higher rates. Women had the opposite reaction. These results have implications for theories of civic engagement.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevance::unsure,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of a vocational training subsidy in Pakistan which, by participation rate should be seen as a failed intervention, on the perception of its target population, as well as their political participation and future use of government services.\\
It finds that even for ostensibly failed ALMPs the societal outcome can still be significant, with higher political voting favor for the ruling party, as well as additionally increased pro-social engagement and government service use.\\
While these findings apply to men in the study, women had the opposite outcome, with a decrease in both.\\
The study suggests this gender heterogeneity may stem from the value of courses on offer during the failed ALMP program being primarily targeted, designed for and by, men and (inadvertently or otherwise) proving inadequate for women's welfare.\\
Thus, the perception of attempts to meet social welfare goals by the government might be as important as the actual outcomes of its programs, in people's perception.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Cheema2014_Do good intentions matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5HLSQ3U8/Cheema2014_Do good intentions matter.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Choe2015,
  ids = {Choe2011,Choe2015a,WOS:000350031200015,flores2011dropouts},
  title = {Do Dropouts with Longer Training Exposure Benefit from Training Programs? {{Korean}} Evidence Employing Methods for Continuous Treatments},
  author = {Choe, Chung and Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Lee, Sang-Jun},
  date = {2015-03},
  journaltitle = {Empirical Economics},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {849--881},
  publisher = {{IZA Discussion Paper}},
  issn = {0377-7332},
  doi = {10.1007/s00181-014-0805-y},
  abstract = {Failure of participants to complete training programs is pervasive in existing active labor market programs, both in developed and developing countries. From a policy perspective, it is of interest to know if dropouts benefit from the time they spend in training since these programs require considerable resources. We shed light on this issue by estimating the average employment effects of different lengths of exposure by dropouts in a Korean job training program, and contrasting it to the ones by program completers. To do this, we employ methods to estimate effects from continuous treatments using the generalized propensity score, under the assumption that selection into different lengths of exposure is based on a rich set of observed covariates. We find that dropouts with longer exposures exhibit higher employment probabilities one year after receiving training, but only after surpassing a threshold of exposure of about 12-15 weeks. In contrast, program completers exhibit higher returns from their time of exposure to the program than dropouts, but these tend to decline for longer program durations.},
  eissn = {1435-8921},
  orcid-numbers = {Choe, Chung/0000-0002-5173-9644},
  unique-id = {WOS:000350031200015},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Korea,done,program::training,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Choe2015_Do dropouts with longer training exposure benefit from training programs.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TAWR8ADC/Choe2015_Do dropouts with longer training exposure benefit from training programs.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Das2021,
  ids = {WOS:000624897400004},
  title = {Training the Disadvantaged Youth and Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Das, Narayan},
  date = {2021-03},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {149},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102585},
  abstract = {This paper estimates the effects of a youth training program in Bangladesh on labor market outcomes. The program, organized as a randomized controlled trial , provides on-the-job and classroom training to disadvantaged unemployed youth. ITT results show that six months after the intervention, on-the-job training increases labor market participation by 16 percentage points and earnings by 23\%. The effect on employment declines in the long-run, after 22 months, but the effect on earnings is sustained as the program induces a shi f t from casual work to wage employment. Adding classroom training over on-the-job training has no short term effect on aggregate employment and earnings but it has more sustained effect .},
  eissn = {1872-6089},
  unique-id = {WOS:000624897400004},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bangladesh,done,group::youth,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study for a randomized control trial of vocational training effects on the earnings and employment probability of youth in Bangladesh.\\
The study focuses on differentiating between the effects of classroom and on-the-job training, with on-the-job training providing significant short-term effects for both employment and earnings but with employment effects dropping off over long-term (22 months after program end).\\
This, the study contends, implies an overall increase of productivity due to on-the-job training, and a sustained shift from casual to formal work.\\
On-the-job training also had a stronger employment effect for women and a stronger earnings effect for men, due to women generally shifting from casual to self-employment work and men from casual to formal wage employment.\\
Classroom training did not have significant short-term effect on employment, and while no statistically significant difference between treatments is found, it did lead to a slightly more sustained effect on aggregate earnings and employment long-term.\\
Short-term, classroom training had a slight detrimental effect on male employment due to a generally lower uptake of the combined program by men.\\
It concluded in a cost-benefit analysis that combined training was deemed cost-inefficient while on-the-job training could be scaled up cost-efficiently.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Das2021_Training the disadvantaged youth and labor market outcomes.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5BNUJRPY/Das2021_Training the disadvantaged youth and labor market outcomes.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{deMel2012,
  title = {One-Time Transfers of Cash or Capital Have Long-Lasting Effects on Microenterprises in {{Sri Lanka}}},
  author = {de Mel, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {335},
  number = {6071},
  pages = {962--966},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1212973},
  keywords = {country::Sri Lanka,done,program::cash grant,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study in Sri Lanka which evaluates the effects of cash grants on the long-term earnings of micro-entrepreneurs.
\par
It finds that, for male-owned microenterprises, continued increased earnings could still be seen 5 years after the initial cash grant.
\par
It also finds a large gender heterogeneity however, with female-owned microenterprises showing similar earnings to the control group.
\par
The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the business to the household and female-lead microenterprises being more likely situated in industries with low economies of scale.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:12:02Z},
  file = {de Mel2012_One-time transfers of cash or capital have long-lasting effects on.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/93YL227I/de Mel2012_One-time transfers of cash or capital have long-lasting effects on.pdf:application/pdf;experimental_summary.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/A4J4DB22/experimental_summary.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{deMel2019,
  title = {Labor Drops: {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Return to Additional Labor in Microenterprises},
  author = {de Mel, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {26565519},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {202--235},
  publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
  issn = {19457782, 19457790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20170497},
  abstract = {A field experiment in Sri Lanka provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor benefits such firms and whether a short-term subsidy can have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics 4 years after treatment, we find that firms increased employment during the subsidy period. Treated firms were more likely to survive, but there was no lasting impact on employment and no effect on profitability or sales either during or after the subsidy period. There is some heterogeneity in effects; the subsidies have a more durable effect on manufacturers.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Sri Lanka,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {de Mel2019_Labor drops.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q4B7HPXC/de Mel2019_Labor drops.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Denisova2010,
  title = {Are {{Retraining Programs}} a {{Panacea}} for the {{Russian Labor Market}}?},
  author = {Denisova, I. and Kartseva, M.},
  date = {2010-05-01},
  journaltitle = {Problems of Economic Transition},
  shortjournal = {Problems of Economic Transition},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--16},
  issn = {1061-1991},
  doi = {10.2753/PET1061-1991530101},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the earnings and employment probability outcomes of a vocational (re)training program targeted at unemployed in two regions of Russia.\\
The study finds no significant impacts on either earnings or employment probability overall.\\
However, there was quite some heterogeneity within those results, with disabled people in one of the two regions having significant increases to both employment and earnings.\\
Also in the same region, older beneficiaries that were aged over 45 years had a marginally positive impact on employment probability, while younger beneficiaries under 25 had a marginally negative impact on employment probabilities.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:20:49Z},
  file = {Denisova2010_Are Retraining Programs a Panacea for the Russian Labor Market.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HTL8N3G8/Denisova2010_Are Retraining Programs a Panacea for the Russian Labor Market.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Do2020,
  ids = {WOS:000542060800052},
  title = {Impact of Vocational Training on Wages of Ethnic Minority Labors in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Do, Ha Thi Hai and Mai, Cuong Ngoc and Mai, Anh Ngoc and Nguyen, Nui Dang and Pham, Toan Ngoc and Le, Huong Thi Thu and Tran, Manh Dung and Vu, Tri Tuan},
  date = {2020-06},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business},
  volume = {7},
  number = {6},
  pages = {551--560},
  issn = {2288-4637},
  doi = {10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.551},
  abstract = {This research investigates the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in emerging countries; Vietnam is the case study. The study uses secondary data from 2014 to 2018 collected through Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS) conducted by the General Statistics Office. In order to analyze the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority areas in Vietnam, this research creates ethnic area variables. According to Vietnamese regulations, ethnic areas are communes of 51 different provinces, inhabited by ethnic minority people. The statistics from VHLSS in 2018, show that the proportion of labors of working age with a certificate was 22.5\%. The research employs Heckman Sample Selection Model to estimate the impact of vocation training on wage of labors in ethnic minority areas. The results show that vocational training plays a crucial role in improving the wages of ethnic minorities and has a positive impact. However, apart from the achieved outcomes, vocational training and job creation for ethnic minorities are not without limitations and shortcomings. Based on the findings, some recommendations to ethnic minority labors, enterprises and the Government are proposed to encourage participation in vocational training for the purpose of promoting the efficiency of the labor market.},
  eissn = {2288-4645},
  unique-id = {WOS:000542060800052},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Vietnam,done,group::minorities,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure},
  note = {A study on the effects of vocational training in ethnic minority areas in Vietnam on workers' earnings.\\
It finds that generally vocational training brings an increase in higher wage opportunities for workers due to increasing the general technical qualifications of workers.\\
Compared between the genders, the same vocational training level brought more wages to female workers than to male workers, which is explained due to male workers preferring temporary labor over more permanent factory work which female workers engage in more prominently.\\
The study makes the caveat, however, that vocational training in the minority areas may not be meeting market demand, which leads to a stark reduction in the potential productivity increases and vocational training more associated with regional practices is a recommendation to increase its effectiveness.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Do2020_Impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DHWTFXUL/Do2020_Impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Freire2018,
  ids = {WOS:000454066800002},
  title = {Wage Subsidies and the Labor Supply of Older People: {{Evidence}} from {{Singapore}}'s Workfare Income Supplement Scheme},
  author = {Freire, Tiago},
  date = {2018-12},
  journaltitle = {Singapore Economic Review},
  volume = {63},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1101--1139},
  issn = {0217-5908},
  doi = {10.1142/S0217590815500964},
  abstract = {An increasing body of literature considers population aging and labor markets, focusing on the dynamics of older workers' labor market participation. Singapore introduced the Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) scheme in 2007, targeting low-income, older workers. Previous studies show that labor force participation drops significantly after the age of 45. We examine whether a wage subsidy program can increase the labor supply of these older workers. Using Hong Kong as a control group in a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach, we find that this program increased labor force participation for women aged 60-64 by 3.1-5.5\% points, but had no statistically significant impact on the labor supply of men.},
  eissn = {1793-6837},
  orcid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/0000-0001-7840-7431},
  researcherid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/C-1035-2018},
  unique-id = {WOS:000454066800002},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Singapore,done,group::older,program::wage subsidy,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Freire2018_WAGE SUBSIDIES AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF OLDER PEOPLE.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CDMECZ3N/Freire2018_WAGE SUBSIDIES AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF OLDER PEOPLE.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ghosh2019,
  ids = {WOS:000495889900001},
  title = {Paid Work, Unpaid Care Work and Women's Empowerment in {{Nepal}}},
  author = {Ghosh, Anweshaa and Chopra, Deepta},
  date = {2019-10-02},
  journaltitle = {Contemporary South Asia},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {471--485},
  issn = {0958-4935},
  doi = {10.1080/09584935.2019.1687646},
  abstract = {Employment and work surveys in Nepal have shown a high concentration of women in certain occupations, being flexible, low paid and requiring low skill. In the far-western region (Jumla District, Karnali Zone), the Government of Nepal provides employment to women and men through a public works programme, the Karnali Employment Programme (KEP). This paper assesses the empowerment potential of the KEP and similar employment programmes, and questions whether paid work leads to economic empowerment for women. It provides a glimpse into work patterns in low-income families in Nepal, and juxtaposes the goal of women's economic empowerment through entry into the labour market with their lived realities and needs. The paper uses ILO's Decent Work framework to argue that two key aspects are critical for women's empowerment through paid work: firstly, quality; and secondly, a positive balance between paid work, unpaid work and care work.},
  earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2019},
  eissn = {1469-364X},
  unique-id = {WOS:000495889900001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nepal,done,group::women,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A qualitative study on the impact of the 'Karnali Employment Programme', a public works program in Nepal on female empowerment, specifically through the improvement of job quality and remuneration available to women.\\
At its basis it uses the ILO Decent Work framework to argue for a direct relationship between job quality, balance of paid, unpaid and care work, and individual empowerment.\\
It finds that, ultimately the program does not provide significant increase in job quality, or resulting empowerment, due to the type of work not enhancing human capital, general workplace conditions, missing social protection, and no regard being taken for additional unpaid carework (i.e. no childcare provisions).\\
The concrete channels these issues become noticeable are the lack of flexible work timings, lighter work for pregnant women, childcare facilities and any possibilities for organization, to enact coherent social changes.\\
Lastly, there are too few hours of work paid through the program for the formal wage equality to significantly impact earnings, especially with the additional hours of unpaid care work still required of the women.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ghosh2019_Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/G5D39R93/Ghosh2019_Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Gine2014,
  title = {Money or Ideas? {{A}} Field Experiment on Constraints to Entrepreneurship in Rural {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Giné, Xavier and Mansuri, Ghazala},
  date = {2014},
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  number = {6959},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  keywords = {country::Pakistan,done,program::cash grant,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {An experimental control trial on the effect of either business training or a large cash grant on the earnings potential of micro-entrepreneurs in rural Pakistan.
\par
It finds that the business training has significant positive impacts on earnings as well as business knowledge and firm survival, while the large cash grant carries no significant impact.
\par
The authors suggest that this shows that possible borrowing constraints may already be satisfied through the normal credit loan possibility in the country.
\par
While the business training has positive effects, it is overall still not cost-effective, which may be one reason why few microfinance institutions are offering it.
\par
Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their business knowledge similarly to men but not seeing the same significant positive impacts on earnings, which the authors suggest in turn depends more on their ability to exercise independent agency.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-29T10:11:13Z},
  file = {Gine2014_Money or ideas.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8KFWWVTR/Gine2014_Money or ideas.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Hirshleifer2016,
  ids = {Hirshleifer2016a,almeida2012impact},
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Vocational Training}} for the {{Unemployed}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Turkey}}},
  author = {Hirshleifer, Sarojini and McKenzie, David and Almeida, Rita and Ridao-Cano, Cristobal},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {126},
  number = {597},
  pages = {2115--2146},
  publisher = {{[Oxford University Press, Royal Economic Society, Wiley]}},
  issn = {00130133, 14680297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12211},
  abstract = {We use a randomised experiment to evaluate Turkey's vocational training programmes for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. The average impact of training on employment is positive but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than programme officials and applicants expected. Over the first year, training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and these positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Turkey,done,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial studying the short- and medium-term impacts of vocational training for the unemployed in Turkey, analyzing its effects on employment probability and job quality.\\
In general it finds that the programs, short-term (first year), have a positive impact on both employment probability and the job quality of participants, but this effect dissipates after roughly three years.\\
The study also suggests that private courses may offer better results due to being more responsive to labor market and employer demands, and operating with more competition which requires a quality increase in their program.\\
A cost-benefit analysis deems the programs' benefits not exceeding their costs with the dissipating medium-term impacts.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Hirshleifer2016_The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MBQVYHEU/Hirshleifer2016_The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Hoy2019,
  ids = {Hoy2019b,RePEc:vrs:izajdm:v:10:y:2019:i:1:p:1839-59:n:3},
  title = {The Marginal Benefit of an Active Labor Market Program Relative to a Public Works Program: {{Evidence}} from Papua New Guinea},
  author = {Hoy, Christopher and Darian, Naidoo},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Development and Migration},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1839--1859},
  doi = {10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003},
  abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9–12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.},
  keywords = {active labor market policy,citation_checked,country::Papa New Guinea,done,lmp::active,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of a variety of ALMP (public works, vocational training, job matching and an employment subsidy) on both employment probability and job quality of youth in Papua New Guinea versus solely providing them with the public works opportunity.\\
It finds that completion of the more comprehensive ALMP had a significant positive impact on being formally employed within 9-12 months as opposed to only participating in the public works, but no other changes in job quality were measurable.\\
The channel this difference manifested itself through was entirely 20\% of participants of ALMP staying with the employer they were placed at through the measures.\\
Those not staying at their assigned employer had no significant increase in employment probability, which suggests that employers use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk and low-effort way of hiring new employees.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Hoy2019_The marginal benefit of an active labor market program relative to a public.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZBZ6DCIH/Hoy2019_The marginal benefit of an active labor market program relative to a public.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Jain2019,
  ids = {WOS:000453497900021},
  title = {Barriers to Skill Acquisition: {{Evidence}} from {{English}} Training in {{India}}},
  author = {Jain, Tarun and Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha},
  date = {2019-02},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {314--325},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.011},
  abstract = {Skill development is viewed as an escape from the low education - high unemployment trap in developing countries. Despite investments in skill development programs, participation and completion rates in many programs remain low. We investigate factors that prevent individuals from acquiring spoken English, a skill with potentially high returns in the labour market. Using data from a field experiment in India, we find that offering subsidies increases the probability of participating in a spoken English training program. Simultaneously, distance to the training center, pre-existing knowledge of spoken English, and past enrolment in a similar course act as significant barriers to take-up. These findings suggest that multidimensional policy solutions are required to overcome barriers to skill development in developing countries. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  orcid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/0000-0003-0247-4069},
  researcherid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/R-9003-2019},
  unique-id = {WOS:000453497900021},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevance::unsure},
  note = {take-up of English courses was lower if individuals spoke Urdu at home but family characteristics (religion, gender, caste, household size or assets) had no influence\\
Annotation\\
A study on college undergraduate population living in Hyderabad, India, who were selected, based on self-reported ability to speak English and their ambitions to improve English skills, to randomly receive full (100\%), partial (50\%), or no (0\%) subsidy towards the cost of a spoken English language program. \\
The distance to training centers posed a significant barrier to take-up, as did a previous enrolment in a similar course.\\
People receiving a subsidy were significantly more likely to participate in the program with the effect of the full subsidy also being significantly different from partial subsidy, indicating an economic barrier to program participation as well.\\
Policy recommendations center around the location of skill training centers in close proximity of an individual's radius of daily routine (in this case, close to the college), creating efficient program targeting through prior skill screening to filter out pre-existing high quality skills or prior participation in training programs.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Jain2019_Barriers to skill acquisition.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AXENM4I4/Jain2019_Barriers to skill acquisition.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Jensen2012,
  title = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions?},
  author = {Jensen, Robert},
  date = {2012-05},
  journaltitle = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {127},
  number = {2},
  pages = {753--792},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs002},
  abstract = {Do labor market opportunities for women affect marriage and fertility decisions? We provided three years of recruiting services to help young women in randomly selected rural Indian villages get jobs in the business process outsourcing industry. Because the industry was so new at the time of the study, there was almost no awareness of these jobs, allowing us in effect to exogenously increase women's labor force opportunities from the perspective of rural households. We find that young women in treatment villages were significantly less likely to get married or have children during this period, choosing instead to enter the labor market or obtain more schooling or postschool training. Women also report wanting to have fewer children and to work more steadily throughout their lifetime, consistent with increased aspirations for a career.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,group::rural,group::women,program::job market services,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:51:19Z},
  file = {Jensen2012_Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/96KLMPZR/Jensen2012_Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Kuchakov2021,
  ids = {WOS:000736377000001},
  title = {{{COVID-19}} Wage Subsidies and {{SME}} Performance: {{Evidence}} from {{Russia}}},
  author = {Kuchakov, Ruslan and Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Applied Economics Letters},
  issn = {1350-4851},
  doi = {10.1080/13504851.2021.2020209},
  abstract = {We study the effects of COVID-19 wage subsidies offered to Russian SMEs. This programme disbursed over USD400m of monthly grants to cover wage bills to firms in COVID-affected industries under the condition of retaining employment in 2020. In a triple difference design we find no effects of such grants on survival, employment, or profitability of firms in the affected industries by early 2021.},
  earlyaccessdate = {DEC 2021},
  eissn = {1466-4291},
  orcid-numbers = {Ruslan, Kuchakov/0000-0001-5757-410X},
  researcherid-numbers = {Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy/AAG-4908-2019},
  unique-id = {WOS:000736377000001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects on the employer side of employment subsidies in Russia, analyzing the resulting employment, profitability and firm survival.\\
It is done in the wake of the economic shock of COVID-19, under which a program in Russia was started subsidizing SMEs ({$<$}250 employees) with a minimum wage grant for retaining 90\% of their work force.\\
It finds that there are no significant effects on either of firm survival or profitability and it also did not affect employee's probability of remaining employed.\\
The study argues an optimal subsidy should incentivize firms toward the socially optimal decision of shutting down or remaining open, depending on the shadow price of labor, shock permanence and re-opening costs and subsidy targeting should follow this logic to off-set shocks just enough to stay in business.\\
However, with the limited amount of information available to policy implementers (program used primary industry code) and the overall limited scope possible for the Russian subsidy program this was not able to be done here, for example targeting firms that were not planning to reduce employment in the first place.\\
The study authors instead recommend to implement a universal wage subsidy program which is not targeted by being conditioned on being in specific affected industries.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Kuchakov2021_COVID-19 wage subsidies and SME performance.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RT9MHSKW/Kuchakov2021_COVID-19 wage subsidies and SME performance.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Lee2019,
  ids = {WOS:000486322100008},
  title = {The Effects and Challenges of Vocational Training in {{Korea}}},
  author = {Lee, Jong-Wha and Han, Jong-Suk and Song, Eunbi},
  date = {2019-07-05},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Training Research},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {96--111},
  issn = {1448-0220},
  doi = {10.1080/14480220.2019.1639272},
  abstract = {This paper explores whether training programs were effective in improving labor market performance of individuals, in particular wages and employment probability, in South Korea. The regression analyses using the data from Korean respondents in the Program for the International Assessment of Adults Competencies (PIAAC) survey show the strong positive effects of vocational training programs on earnings as well as on employment probability of individuals, while controlling for education, experience, and literacy skills as a proxy for unobserved ability, as well as occupation and industry. Moreover, the effects of job-training tend to be larger in older cohorts. These results suggest that against challenges posed by rapidly aging population and emergence of technological breakthroughs, Korea should promote vocational training activities and life-long learning programs, especially to the elderly.},
  orcid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/0000-0002-3152-4961 Song, Eunbi/0000-0002-7659-5878},
  researcherid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/I-1076-2016 Song, Eunbi/AAW-6340-2021},
  unique-id = {WOS:000486322100008},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Korea,done,program::training,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Lee2019_The effects and challenges of vocational training in Korea.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4WAU6NQ7/Lee2019_The effects and challenges of vocational training in Korea.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Li2022,
  ids = {WOS:000744879800001},
  title = {Land Inequality and Workfare Policies},
  author = {Li, Yanan and Sunder, Naveen},
  date = {2022},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies},
  issn = {0022-0388},
  doi = {10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362},
  abstract = {This paper contributes to the relatively scant literature on the impacts of inequality on the efficacy of public works programmes. We study this in the context of India. In particular, we examine the effect of land inequality on the implementation of the world's largest workfare programme - the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Our OLS estimates demonstrate that the concentration of land ownership reduces the efficacy of NREGA. An instrumental variable (IV) analysis, where we use the historical land tenure system as an IV for contemporaneous land inequality, further corroborates our findings. This negative relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that public work schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labour market, thereby incentivising big landlords to use their political power to oppose such programmes. We exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs or by caste or religious differences. This study suggests that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for power asymmetries, could hinder effective implementation of development policies.},
  earlyaccessdate = {JAN 2022},
  eissn = {1743-9140},
  unique-id = {WOS:000744879800001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of land ownership concentration on the employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in India, by analyzing the resulting earnings and proliferation of NREGS itself.\\
It looks at this concentration in more general terms as a proxy for power asymmetry between potential employers and employees.\\
It finds that a concentration of land ownership in a region generally decreases or impedes the proliferation of NREGS since landlords use their political power to oppose the program.\\
It suggests this is primarily due the potential of NREGS to impact wages which is opposed by landlords to minimize rural bargaining power.\\
The channel that NREGS have to affect rural earnings in this way is through a de-facto enforcement of minimum wages laws, by providing an alternative to more informal work if no minimum wages are obeyed.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Li2022_Land inequality and workfare policies.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/X39EIHDT/Li2022_Land inequality and workfare policies.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Maitra2017,
  title = {Learning and Earning: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Learning and Earning},
  author = {Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha},
  date = {2017-04},
  journaltitle = {Labour Economics},
  shortjournal = {Labour Economics},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {116--130},
  issn = {09275371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.007},
  abstract = {Our paper presents the economic returns from participating in a subsidized vocational education program for women residing in low-income households in India. We combine pre-intervention data with two rounds of post-intervention data in an experimental framework to quantify the 6- and 18-month treatment effects of the program. The 6-month treatment effects indicate that women who were offered the vocational education program are 6\% points more likely to be employed, 4\% points more likely to be self-employed, work 2.5 additional hours per week, and earn 150\% more per month than women in the control group. Using a second round of follow-up data collected 18 months after the intervention, we find that the 6-month treatment effects are all sustained over the medium run. Finally, cost-benefit analysis indicates that the program costs can be recovered with less than four years of employment. Overall our findings suggest that vocational education may serve to be a promising avenue through which young women can contribute to their household welfare.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,group::women,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial studying the impacts of, and the barriers to, vocational training participation for women in urban India, evaluating the effects on earnings, employment probability, the probability of being self-employed and hours worked.\\
It finds that a subsidized vocational training significantly positively impacted employment probability and hours worked, and had a large significant impact on earnings for the women.\\
The results of this occurred short-term and sustained over the medium-term as well (6 and 18 months after the program ended).\\
It suggests that primarily direct skill accumulation lead to the necessary knowledge and productivity for improved labor force participation and neither a strong change in behavior nor a certificate effect for employers were the primary changes.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:01:18Z},
  file = {Maitra2017_Learning and earning.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NKLVZBGN/Maitra2017_Learning and earning.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Merfeld2018,
  ids = {WOS:000453623400009},
  title = {Spatially Heterogeneous Effects of a Public Works Program},
  author = {Merfeld, Joshua D.},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {136},
  pages = {151--167},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.10.007},
  abstract = {Most research on labor market effects of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme focuses on outcomes at the district level. This paper shows that such a focus masks substantial spatial heterogeneity: treated villages located near untreated areas see smaller increases in casual wages than treated villages located farther from untreated areas. Spatial differences in implementation or program leakages do not appear to drive this spatial heterogeneity. The effects of the program on private-sector employment display similar intra-district heterogeneity and these effects on employment are highly correlated with the effect on wages. Overall, these results suggest that worker mobility leads a district-level focus to underestimate the true effect of the program on wages. Quantifying this underestimate using two separate methods produces very similar results; the overall effect on wages appears to be approximately twice as large as district-level estimates suggest.},
  eissn = {1872-6089},
  unique-id = {WOS:000453623400009},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the earnings and employment impacts of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in multiple rural districts, focusing especially on the spatial distribution of possible spill-over effects and the effects of surrounding areas on the treated zone.\\
It finds a large spatial heterogeneity between such outcomes with treated villages that are located closer to untreated areas having smaller positive impacts on earnings than treated villages that are located farther from untreated areas.\\
It suggests that since NREGS acts as a de-facto minimum wage enforcement, it increases labor bargaining power and this effect is not limited to directly treated zones.\\
Thus, on the other hand, wage in untreated districts increases more when they are closer to treated districts, an effect which may lead many studies that focus on the district level to underestimate the true effects of the Indian NREGS.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Merfeld2018_Spatially heterogeneous effects of a public works program.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/26MW9YKI/Merfeld2018_Spatially heterogeneous effects of a public works program.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nivorozhkin2005,
  ids = {10.2307/23601613,WOS:000233415700014},
  title = {An Evaluation of Government-Sponsored Vocational Training Programmes for the Unemployed in Urban {{Russia}}},
  author = {Nivorozhkin, Anton},
  date = {2005-11},
  journaltitle = {Cambridge Journal of Economics},
  volume = {29},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1053--1072},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  issn = {0309-166X},
  doi = {10.1093/cje/bei087},
  abstract = {This is the first study on the effects of active labour market programs such as training in Russia. We use the data from the official unemployment register combined with information from the follow-up survey in a large industrial city in the year 2000. The method of propensity score matching was applied to learn whether participation in the training programmes increased the monthly salaries of participants. The findings suggest that individuals tend to benefit from the participation in the training programmes. However, one year later, this effect disappeared.},
  eissn = {1464-3545},
  unique-id = {WOS:000233415700014},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,lmp::active,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study in on a vocational re-training program in Russia, analyzing its impact on earnings for participants.\\
The program is aimed at workers having become displaced after labor market restructuring in Russia made their skills as state-enterprise workers obsolete and now aims to allow them to reallocate their labor back into the new market environment.\\
It finds that the program generally positively impacted participants' earnings short-term but the effects disappeared after one year.\\
It suggests this is due to a certificate effect, with the training helping workers signify their skills to new employers better than those that did not receive training, but after beginning employment non-participants also reveal their skills and the difference in wages diminishes.\\
Lastly, the sample comes from a single city with predominantly industrial sectors and the heterogeneity in the sample is significant with women having less positive earnings impact than men.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Nivorozhkin2005_An evaluation of government-sponsored vocational training programmes for the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/H2RKQNVS/Nivorozhkin2005_An evaluation of government-sponsored vocational training programmes for the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Novotny2013,
  ids = {WOS:000325987700004},
  title = {A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Impacts of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: {{A}} Tale from Tamil Nadu},
  author = {Novotný, Josef and Kubelková, Jana and Joseph, Vanishree},
  date = {2013-11},
  journaltitle = {Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {322--341},
  issn = {0129-7619},
  doi = {10.1111/sjtg.12037},
  abstract = {This paper provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme using a case study from rural Tamil Nadu. Drawing on structured interviews in households and semi-structured interviews with local employers and officials, we analyse the effects of the workfare scheme when it is widely and properly implemented. We distinguish between different conceptualizations of the work scheme as a means of welfare provision, labour market policy and intervention directed towards other objectives. We found that the goals of the scheme were fulfilled unevenly in the given context. Among other findings, we show that positive effects on the welfare of participating and non-participating households were accompanied by adverse effects on the local economy and negligible impact on out-migration for work.},
  eissn = {1467-9493},
  orcid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/0000-0001-9556-7162 Joseph, Vanishree/0000-0002-0017-4751},
  researcherid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/B-2691-2013 Novotny, Josef/D-8499-2013},
  unique-id = {WOS:000325987700004},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Tamil Nadu, a single region in south India, on earnings and the local economy.\\
It finds generally positive impacts on welfare both of participating and non-participating households in the region, however also some adverse effects on the local economy.\\
First, the wages from NREGS constitute a notable part of household budgets in the first round which then puts upward pressure on private sector wages in a second round, also positively affecting non-participating household earnings.\\
However, the private sector wage hikes may adversely affect local farmers, especially small-scale farmers in the region.\\
Lastly, the scheme, due to the prevalence of its use by women, also significantly decreases relative gender wage disparity in the region.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Novotny2013_A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the mahatma gandhi national.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IQV5PX7X/Novotny2013_A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the mahatma gandhi national.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ozdamar2021,
  ids = {WOS:000631520900001},
  title = {The Effect of the 2008 Employment Support Programme on Young Men's Labour Market Outcomes in {{Turkey}}: {{Evidence}} from a Regression Discontinuity Design},
  author = {Ozdamar, Oznur and Giovanis, Eleftherios and Dağlıoğlu, Cansu and Gerede, Cemaleddin},
  date = {2021-06},
  journaltitle = {Manchester School},
  volume = {89},
  number = {3},
  pages = {276--296},
  issn = {1463-6786},
  doi = {10.1111/manc.12362},
  abstract = {Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.},
  earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021},
  eissn = {1467-9957},
  orcid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/0000-0002-7492-7461},
  researcherid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/AAX-5634-2020},
  unique-id = {WOS:000631520900001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Turkey,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of an employment subsidy program in Turkey evaluating its impact on earnings, employment probability and the probability of a formal or permanent contract.\\
It finds a positive but not significant impact on employment probabilities with a more significant impact for younger men, while there was no impact on earnings and no impact on the prevalence of permanent contracts.\\
Since it finds its most significant impact on being formally employed full time, the study suggests that the subsidy program rather increased the formalization of existing jobs than create new employment opportunity and economic activity.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Ozdamar2021_The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B33DKA8T/Ozdamar2021_The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Scandizzo2009,
  ids = {WOS:000265235300006},
  title = {Option Values, Switches, and Wages: {{An}} Analysis of the Employment Guarantee Scheme in India},
  author = {Scandizzo, Pasquale and Gaiha, Raghav and Imai, Katsushi},
  date = {2009-05},
  journaltitle = {Review of Development Economics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {248--263},
  issn = {1363-6669},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9361.2008.00484.x},
  abstract = {Consistent with real option theory, the authors argue that the value of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in rural India and its impact on workers' behavior does not depend so much on its income supplementation as on enlargement of opportunities in the uncertain local labor market. The choice between the EGS and other activities is modeled in a dynamic optimization framework, taking into account a fixed wage rate and certainty of employment under the EGS and a stochastic wage rate under other activities. Specifically, volatility of wages in the rural labor markets has important implications for switches into the EGS and for concomitant welfare effects. Under such conditions, the higher the EGS wage, the greater is its attractiveness to relatively skilled and affluent workers, and for those already in it to continue. These and related predictions of the model are validated by panel data estimation.},
  orcid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/0000-0001-7989-8914 Scandizzo, Pasquale/0000-0002-8824-3589},
  researcherid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/I-3595-2015},
  unique-id = {WOS:000265235300006},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Scandizzo2009_Option values, switches, and wages.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4D3H4EDW/Scandizzo2009_Option values, switches, and wages.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Stuken2020,
  ids = {WOS:000609243300005},
  title = {Evaluating the Effectiveness of Employment Assistance Measures: {{Case}} of {{Russian}} State Employment Centers},
  author = {Stuken, Tatiana and Korzhova, Olga},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Strategic Management},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {44--53},
  issn = {1821-3448},
  doi = {10.5937/StraMan2004044S},
  abstract = {Russia is currently implementing the national project “Labor productivity and employment support”, which is a set of measures aimed at developing employment infrastructure and introducing organizational and technological innovations to support employment, including standard solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of state employment centers. This project defines the strategic directions of state regulation of the Russian labor market. This article deals with the issues of the population's demand for the services of employment centers, including not only registering as unemployed but also receiving public services to assist in finding a suitable job, vocational training, psychological support, etc. The study is based on the Russian labor force survey and microdata of employment centers for 2019 (more than 24,000 observations). Based on the data from the labor force survey, conclusions are drawn about the demand for the state employment centers' services among various groups of the population and about typical combinations of applying to the employment service with other job search channels. The analysis of regional microdata made it possible to evaluate the performance of employment centers based on information about the socio-demographic characteristics of the unemployed, the duration of the unemployment status, the fact of receiving benefits, the services received and the reasons for de-registration. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are made about the ways to improve the work of the state employment centers.},
  eissn = {2334-6191},
  orcid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/0000-0001-6005-9678},
  researcherid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/H-6777-2016 Korzhova, Olga/G-2441-2017},
  unique-id = {WOS:000609243300005},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,lmp::active,region::AP},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Stuken2020_Evaluating the effectiveness of employment assistance measures.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3UEDVDVR/Stuken2020_Evaluating the effectiveness of employment assistance measures.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Vandenberg2021,
  ids = {WOS:000710338800002},
  title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in the {{Philippines}}},
  author = {Vandenberg, Paul and Laranjo, Jade},
  date = {2021-11},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Educational Development},
  volume = {87},
  issn = {0738-0593},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102501},
  abstract = {The paper analyzes the labor market outcomes of graduates of post-secondary technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Philippines. Using household data for 2015-2016, the results show significantly higher wages for TVET graduates relative to those who entered the job market with a secondary school education or below. However, individuals who both trained in TVET and pursued tertiary (university) education tend to have a lower wage than those with secondary school education or below. This counterintuitive result may be partly explained by the tendency for such dual-level individuals to complete the lowest level of TVET. Graduates of TVET are found more likely to be employed compared to individuals who only studied at secondary school or below as well as those who studied at the tertiary level.},
  article-number = {102501},
  eissn = {1873-4871},
  unique-id = {WOS:000710338800002},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Philippines,done,lmp::active,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure},
  note = {A study on vocational training in the Philippines, analyzing its impact on earnings and employment probability of participants.\\
It finds that training graduates had a positive impact on their employment probability and received higher wages compared to only having a secondary education without the training.\\
However, it also finds that training graduates with previous tertiary education tended to have lower wages than graduates with only secondary previous education.\\
The study suggests this is due to graduates with tertiary education having a tendency to only complete a short period of tertiary training and the lowest level of their vocational training, also suggesting a link between training duration and graduate earnings.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Vandenberg2021_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TQQCYJZZ/Vandenberg2021_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines.pdf:application/pdf}
}


