# Summary of study findings

written into 02-data/supplementary/findings-*.csv tables

## Institutional

### Labour laws / regulatory systems

policies:

- universal paid leave (maternal) [@Broadway2020]
- paid leave (maternal) [@Dustmann2012]
- paid leave (maternal) [@Mun2018]
- contract formality regulation [@Davies2022]

findings:

- universal paid leave can significantly increase rtw [@Broadway2020]
- positive rtw effects often show with medium-/long-term time-delay [@Broadway2020]
- long-term leave periods (36months) may decrease positive wage,rtw,children's educational outcomes [@Dustmann2012]
- paid leave does not increase female hiring pattern discrimination [@Mun2018]
- short-term/fixed contracts can significantly decrease female rtw after maternity [@Davies2022]
= for equality?

channels:

- disadvantaged mothers benefit through supplanting employer-funded leave [@Broadway2020]
- maternal leave programs can reinforce existing household labor gender divisions [@Mun2018]
- fixed-term contracts can have insufficient cover for otherwise applicable laws [@Davies2022]

inequalities:

- gender Broadway2020 Dustmann2012 Mun2018 Davies2022

number:

Broadway2020 + national
Dustmann2012 - national
Mun2018 + Japanese
Davies2022 + UK-high ED

### Protective environmental policies

policies:

energy sector sustainability work [@Kuriyama2021]

findings:

- emphasis on sustainable industries can decrease spatial inequality especially for rural regions [@Kuriyama2021]
- targeting important to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities [@Stock2021]

channels:

- additional employment probability through rural energy projects [@Kuriyama2021]
- social exclusion through elite capture of policies [@Stock2021]

inequalities:

- spatial Kuriyama2021
- gender Stock2021

number:

Kuriyama2021 + Japanese-EnergySector
Stock2021 - India-case-study


### Minimum wage laws

policies:

- minimum wage introduction [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
- minimum wage increase [@Alinaghi2020] [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019] [@Sotomayor2021]

findings:

- short-term decreased income inequality [@Sotomayor2021]
- long-term decreased wage inequality [@Chao2022] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
- negligible impact on wage inequality [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@Sotomayor2021]
- larger impacts for single parents [@Alinaghi2020]
- larger impacts for rural/disadvantaged areas [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
- specifically targeting disadvanteged/low-earner households important for positive equality effects [@Alinaghi2020]
- can lead to income-compression at high-earner end [@Wong2019]
- may reinforce gender wage gap [@Wong2019]
- may decrease gender wage gap [@Militaru2019]

channels:

- exit from urban manufacturing, reinforcing rural agricultural sectors [@Chao2022]
- reaching many low-wage earners as secondary high-income household earners, but often low-wage households no wage earners at all -> bad targeting [@Alinaghi2020]
- many women make up lower-earners, larger effect [@Militaru2019]
- have negative effect on women's hours worked depending on household care/waged work division [@Wong2019]
- job loss offset through higher wages [@Sotomayor2021]

inequalities:

- income [@Chao2022] [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] [@Wong2019] [@Sotomayor2021] [@Militaru2019]
- spatial [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
- gender [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019]

number:

Chao2022 - global
Alinaghi2020 + national
Wong2019 + national(economicgrowth)
Gilbert2001 + national(specific to Britain)
SilveriaNeto2011 + national
Militaru2019 - national
Sotomayor2021 + national

### Collective bargaining

policies:

- unionisation [@Alexiou2023] [@Ferguson2015]
- collective negotiation practices [@Cardinaleschi2015]

findings:

- strong unionisation strongly related to decreasing income inequality [@Alexiou2023]
- marginally positive relation to increased representation of women & minorities [@Ferguson2015]
- marginally positive relation to closing gender pay gap [@Cardinaleschi2015]

channels:

- redistribution of political power through collective mobilisation [@Alexiou2023]
- reciprocal relationship with distribution of political power [@Ahumada2023]
- fostering more vertically equal redistributive policies [@Alexiou2023]
- possible self-selection of minorities into more unionised enterprises [@Ferguson2015]
- predominantly median part of wage distribution affected by collective negotiation [@Cardinaleschi2015]

inequalities:

- income [@Alexiou2023] [@Cardinaleschi2015] [@Ahumada2023]
- gender [@Ferguson2015] [@Cardinaleschi2015]
- racial [@Ferguson2015]

number:

Alexiou2023 - national
Ferguson2015 - national
Cardinaleschi2015 - national
Ahumada2023 - national (less generalizable)

### Workfare programmes

policies:

- workfare programme [@Whitworth2021] [@Li2022]

findings:

- workfare programmes can engender vertical inequality reduction while worsening spatial inequalities [@Whitworth2021]
- higher job-provision outcomes may be achieved in contexts of lower prior material inequalities [@Li2022]

channels:

- job-deprived areas can experience further deprivations if not specifically targeted
- land-ownership inequalities can increase inequality of political power, lead to political capture

inequalities:

- spatial [@Whitworth2021]
- income [@Li2022]

number:

Whitworth2021 - subnational, rural
Li2022 - national census

### Social protection

policies:

- social assistance [@Wang2016]
- conditional cash transfer [@Debowicz2014]
- childcare subsidies [@Hardoy2015]
- healthcare subsidy [@Carstens2018]

findings:

- real social income benefit levels generally rising [@Wang2016]
- stagnating/decreasing income replacement rates may exacerbate existing inequalities [@Wang2016]
- conditional cash transfers can produce both short-term and long-term positive income equality effects [@Debowicz2014]
- evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities and increasing female labour force participation [@Hardoy2015]
- healthcare subsidies impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting [@Carstens2018]

channels:

- benefit levels not being linked to wages can widen schisms between income groups [@Wang2016]
- cash-influx lifts credit constraint effects in short-term [@Debowicz2014]
- conditioning transfers on school attendance can generate decreased educational inequalities in long-term [@Debowicz2014]
- childcare subsidy correct targeting can especially affect lower-income households through lifting credit constraints [@Hardoy2015]
- subsidies which depend on not being able to participate in labour market may generate benefit trap [@Carstens2018]

inequalities:

- income [@Wang2016] [@Debowicz2014]
- gender [@Hardoy2015]

number:

Wang2016 - regional (national census-constructed datasets)
Debowicz2014 - national (survey)
Hardoy2015 + (DID) national (census)
Carstens2018





policies:

findings:

channels:

inequalities:

number:

###  Identified limitations/missing

- regional distribution?
- causal/correlational

