@book{Asaba2013,
  title = {Gender, Power and Local Water Governance in Rural {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Asaba, Richard Bagonza},
  date = {2013},
  publisher = {{National University of Ireland, Maynooth (Ireland)}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::thesis,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
  file = {Asaba2013_Gender, power and local water governance in rural Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WRASMP5W/Asaba2013_Gender, power and local water governance in rural Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Atamanov2022,
  title = {Uganda {{Poverty Assessment}} : {{Strengthening Resilience}} to {{Accelerate Poverty Reduction}} ({{English}})},
  date = {2022},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
  url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099135006292235162/P17761605286900b10899b0798dcd703d85},
  abstract = {The share of Uganda’s population that lives below the poverty line has fluctuated over the last seven years, greatly influenced by shocks that have tested the resilience of the people. About 30 percent of the country’s population was poor in 2019-20, which is comparable to the poverty rate of 30.7 percent in 2012-13. The pattern of fluctuating poverty rates is largely driven by the experience of rural households. There was a surge in the poverty rate between 2012-13 and 2016-17, linked to the drought in 2016-17, followed by improvement in 2019-20 prior to the pandemic, when favorable weather conditions helped lift rural incomes. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed both urban and rural residents into poverty. Inequality, which reflects the extent to which different population groups benefit from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, and affects the transmission of growth into poverty reduction, remained largely unchanged over this period and may even have worsened in urban areas. The rest of this overview presents key findings of the report. The next section synthesizes key facts about Uganda’s poverty reduction experience up to 2020. These facts set the stage for the section that follows examining reasons behind limited progress in poverty reduction. The final section reviews the key policy points for action. The report’s analysis is based on new analysis of available data sources as well as published analytical reports such as the Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (World Bank; International Finance Corporation; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 2021), the Country Economic Memorandum (World Bank 2022), and the previous Poverty Assessment (World Bank 2016).},
  editora = {Atamanov, Aziz Malasquez and Carbonel, Eduardo Alonso and Masaki, Takaaki and Myers, Cara Ann Granguillhome and Ochoa, Rogelio and Sinha, Nistha},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:18Z},
  file = {2022_Uganda Poverty Assessment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YB4DFECH/2022_Uganda Poverty Assessment.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Baulch2012,
  title = {Decomposing the {{Ethnic Gap}} in {{Rural Vietnam}}, 1993–2004},
  author = {Baulch, Bob and Pham, Hung T. and Reilly, Barry},
  date = {2012-03},
  journaltitle = {Oxford Development Studies},
  shortjournal = {Oxford Development Studies},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {87--117},
  issn = {1360-0818, 1469-9966},
  doi = {10.1080/13600818.2011.646441},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality::ethnicity,status::skimmed,topic::rural},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:44:18Z},
  file = {Baulch2012_Decomposing the Ethnic Gap in Rural Vietnam, 1993–2004.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/K4W8VPTE/Baulch2012_Decomposing the Ethnic Gap in Rural Vietnam, 1993–2004.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{Benjamin2004,
  title = {Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural {{Vietnam}} under Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions},
  booktitle = {Economic {{Growth}}, {{Poverty}} and {{Household Welfare}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Benjamin, Dwayne and Brandt, Loren},
  editor = {Glewwe, Paul and Agrawal, Nisha and Dollar, David},
  date = {2004},
  pages = {133--186},
  publisher = {{World Bank}},
  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
  abstract = {https://books.google.de/books?id=jRSuIH1tVqEC\&printsec=frontcover\#v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
  keywords = {inequality::income,topic::modernization,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:54:51Z}
}

@article{Benjamin2017,
  title = {Growth with Equity: Income Inequality in {{Vietnam}}, 2002–14},
  shorttitle = {Growth with Equity},
  author = {Benjamin, Dwayne and Brandt, Loren and McCaig, Brian},
  date = {2017-03},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Economic Inequality},
  shortjournal = {J Econ Inequal},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--46},
  issn = {1569-1721, 1573-8701},
  doi = {10.1007/s10888-016-9341-7},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,index::Gini,index::Theil,inequality::income,status::read,topic::equity},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T19:48:15Z},
  file = {Benjamin2017_Growth with equity.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FQJMZJSG/Benjamin2017_Growth with equity.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Brunori2018,
  title = {Consumption Dynamics and Inequality of Opportunity with an Application to {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Brunori, Paolo and Palmisano, Flaviana and Peragine, Vito},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Review of development economics},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {632--657},
  publisher = {{Wiley Subscription Services, Inc}},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  issn = {1363-6669},
  doi = {10.1111/rode.12357},
  abstract = {This paper proposes the adoption of an opportunity egalitarian perspective to assess and compare growth processes and their distributional implications. To this aim, a set of graphical tools are introduced that allow one to evaluate the role of growth and recessions in the evolution of individuals’ opportunities over time. These tools satisfy the ex post principle of equality of opportunity and represent an extension of the “opportunity growth incidence curve,” a framework proposed by the literature to evaluate growth according to the ex ante principle of equality of opportunity. This measurement framework is applied to evaluate the economic dynamic between 2009 and 2011 in Uganda. The results show that despite a reduction in the real value of household consumption and a surge in outcome inequality, its effects appear to be less dramatic when the ex post equality of opportunity perspective is invoked.},
  copyright = {2017 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
  file = {Brunori2018_Consumption dynamics and inequality of opportunity with an application to Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KYBLB9YI/Brunori2018_Consumption dynamics and inequality of opportunity with an application to Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Bui2019,
  title = {Determinants of {{Rural-Urban Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}: {{Detailed Decomposition Analyses Based}} on {{Unconditional Quantile Regressions}}},
  shorttitle = {Determinants of {{Rural-Urban Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Bui, Thanh P. and Imai, Katsushi S.},
  date = {2019-12-02},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Development Studies},
  shortjournal = {The Journal of Development Studies},
  volume = {55},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2610--2625},
  issn = {0022-0388, 1743-9140},
  doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1536265},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::rural,status::read,topic::rural,topic::urban},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T19:48:10Z},
  file = {Bui2019_Determinants of Rural-Urban Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7GHFRSL8/Bui2019_Determinants of Rural-Urban Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Bui2020,
  title = {Multidimensional {{Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}, 2002–2012},
  author = {Bui, Thi Kim Thanh and Erreygers, Guido},
  date = {2020-04-05},
  journaltitle = {Economies},
  shortjournal = {Economies},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {29},
  issn = {2227-7099},
  doi = {10.3390/economies8020029},
  abstract = {We investigate the evolution of multidimensional inequality of well-being in Vietnam in the period 2002–2012 using household survey data. Our study focuses on four crucial dimensions of human welfare: consumption, education, health and housing. We measure inequality by means of the multidimensional Atkinson index, which belongs to the Atkinson family of relative inequality indices. The choice of the values of two crucial parameters, with respect to the aversion to inequality on the one hand and the degree of substitutability between dimensions on the other hand, has a significant influence on the perceived trends of inequality. We consider different combinations of dimensions (two, three and four dimensions) and a wide variety of values of the parameters, with the aim of arriving at a robust understanding of the extent of inequality in Vietnam. Our results suggest that the level of multidimensional inequality in Vietnam has decreased, albeit that this is not the case for all combinations of the parameter values. Our study shows that looking at multidimensional rather than one-dimensional inequality leads to a richer understanding of the evolution of inequality, and indicates that it is important to be aware of the influence of value judgments on the assessment of inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,index::Atkinson,inequality::education,inequality::health,inequality::housing,topic::consumption,topic::education,topic::health,topic::housing},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:12:31Z},
  file = {Bui2020_Multidimensional Inequality in Vietnam, 2002–2012.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IXPIBKJR/Bui2020_Multidimensional Inequality in Vietnam, 2002–2012.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Cali2014,
  title = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality: Evidence from {{Ugandan}} Districts},
  shorttitle = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality},
  author = {Cali, M.},
  date = {2014-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Geography},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1141--1174},
  issn = {1468-2702, 1468-2710},
  doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbu001},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:13:44Z},
  file = {Cali2014_Trade boom and wage inequality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MPYD83JI/Cali2014_Trade boom and wage inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Canagarajah2001,
  title = {Non-Farm Income, Gender, and Inequality: Evidence from Rural {{Ghana}} and {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Canagarajah, S and Newman, C and Bhattamishra, R},
  date = {2001},
  journaltitle = {Food policy},
  series = {Food Policy},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {405--420},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
  issn = {0306-9192},
  doi = {10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00011-2},
  abstract = {This paper examines how the distribution of earnings in rural Ghana and Uganda differs by income type and by gender. We find that non-farm earnings contribute to rising inequality, but that lower income groups also benefit due to strong overall growth in non-farm earnings. The inequality-inducing effect is driven by self-employment income; wage income, on the other hand, reduces inequality. The tendency of non-farm income to contribute to inequality is greater among female-headed households for whom self-employment is important and non-farm opportunities more constrained. Determinants of non-farm income are estimated and appear to be strongly related to location, education, age, and distance to market. Estimates of the linkages to agriculture in Ghana are weaker than expected, showing the non-farm sector to be functioning more as an alternative activity to agriculture than as a complement.},
  copyright = {2001 Elsevier Science Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
  file = {Canagarajah2001_Non-farm income, gender, and inequality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JKRD3UJR/Canagarajah2001_Non-farm income, gender, and inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Cao2008,
  title = {Urban and Rural Dimensions of Income Inequality in Vietnam},
  author = {Cao, Thi Cam Van and Akita, Takahiro},
  date = {2008},
  series = {Economic {{Development}} \& {{Policy Series}}},
  institution = {{GSIR}},
  keywords = {inequality::income,inequality::rural,status::skimmed,topic::agriculture,topic::modernization,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:17:31Z},
  file = {Cao2008_Urban and rural dimensions of income inequality in vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EXXELF4W/Cao2008_Urban and rural dimensions of income inequality in vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Cling2009,
  title = {The Distributive Impact of {{Vietnam}}'s Accession to the {{WTO}}:},
  shorttitle = {The Distributive Impact of {{Vietnam}}'s Accession to the {{WTO}}},
  author = {Cling, Jean-Pierre and Marouani, Mohamed Ali and Razafindrakoto, Mireille and Robilliard, Anne-Sophie and Roubaud, François},
  date = {2009-11-02},
  journaltitle = {Économie internationale},
  volume = {n° 118},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43--71},
  issn = {1240-8093},
  doi = {10.3917/ecoi.118.0043},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:53:58Z}
}

@article{Cooper2016,
  title = {Rural Household Vulnerability to Climate Risk in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Cooper, Sarah Jane and Wheeler, Tim},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Regional environmental change},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {649--663},
  publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
  location = {{Berlin/Heidelberg}},
  issn = {1436-3798},
  doi = {10.1007/s10113-016-1049-5},
  abstract = {Vulnerability assessment is fundamental for informing adaptation to climate change policy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the vulnerability of rural subsistence farmers in Uganda to climate risk. A mixed methods approach used semi-structured and guided interviews, and participatory techniques to explore perception, livelihood response and socio-economic status. Perception of climate risk varied, with wealthier farmers perceiving drought as highest risk, whilst poorer farmers perceived extreme heavy rainfall. Farmers implemented many general livelihood coping and anticipatory responses (54.7 \%) to perceived impacts from drought, rainfall variability and extreme heavy rainfall. Examples included food storage, livestock maintenance and planting drought-resistant varieties. Other responses (45.3 \%) were specific to individual climatic events, and farmers had no response to cope with rainfall variability. Climate risk was not the only driver of vulnerability. Soil infertility, pests and diseases, and economic instability also sustained decreasing trends in income. Adaptive capacity of households differed with external and internal attributes of sensitivity. Farmers with more land, education, access to governmental extension, a non-farm livelihood, larger households and older age had more capacity to buffer shock through increased assets and entitlements than poorer farmers who were more likely to engage in opportunistic behaviour like casual labouring. Few livelihood responses associated with perceived threat from the climate indicating response to a broader range of stressors. Conclusions determined inequality in livelihood response as a fundamental driver in households’ ability to cope and adapt to climate risk.},
  copyright = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,topic::climate_change},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T15:44:16Z},
  file = {Cooper2016_Rural household vulnerability to climate risk in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8WPKV5IC/Cooper2016_Rural household vulnerability to climate risk in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Dang2019,
  title = {Does {{Horizontal Inequality Matter}} in {{Vietnam}}?},
  author = {Dang, Thi Thu Hoai},
  date = {2019-10},
  journaltitle = {Social Indicators Research},
  shortjournal = {Soc Indic Res},
  volume = {145},
  number = {3},
  pages = {943--956},
  issn = {0303-8300, 1573-0921},
  doi = {10.1007/s11205-018-1896-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::horizontal,inequality::regional},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:13:00Z},
  file = {Dang2019_Does Horizontal Inequality Matter in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RIVNVNEQ/Dang2019_Does Horizontal Inequality Matter in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Datzberger2018,
  title = {Why Education Is Not Helping the Poor. {{Findings}} from {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Datzberger, Simone},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {World development},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {124--139},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.022},
  abstract = {•Education policies, reforms and governance failed to respond to the multidimensional needs of the poor.•Assimilative models are not responsive to the root causes of poverty to really affect social transformation and change.•There is a need for transformative policies that are cross-sectoral and not just designed for the education sector alone.•The political economy context of a country cannot be detached from education sector reforms.•The focus on economic empowerment through education sidelines the role of enhancing the political agency of the poor. Education emerged as a nearly uncontested development strategy to tackle several forms of social, political, economic and geographic inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. When it comes to the case of Uganda, the country represents a striking paradox. Significant investments and policy reforms in education (such as Universal Primary and Secondary Education) since 1997, did not translate into the expected results with regards to poverty reduction through human capital investment. Progress in poverty alleviation is not only stagnant but the role of education therein can be described as ‘modest’ at best. Against this backdrop, this article assesses the following research question: Why did Uganda’s investments and policy reforms in education not uplift the poor? In examining the issue, this article introduces a theoretical framework that contrasts assimilative with transformative approaches in poverty alleviation through education. A rigorous review of Uganda’s education sector plans revealed that current strategies to reduce poverty revolve around a strong assimilation-based development agenda, thereby focusing on three main areas of intervention: (a) increased access to education and retention; (b) improved quality of education; and (c) employment generation through education. The article finds that these assimilative approaches do not have an impact on the political, economic and social structures that cause poverty in the first place. Hence, it concludes that assimilative models in education are highly dependent on transformative approaches. Concretely, change cannot emerge only at the very grassroots level, i.e. through educating society at large, but also has to arise from the systemic level, i.e. government institutions at the local, national and global levels. Methodologically, the analysis draws on qualitative data that was collected in the course of two extensive field research stays in 2015 and 2017. In addition, quantitative data in the form of statistical abstracts inform the analysis.},
  copyright = {2018 Elsevier Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
  file = {Datzberger2018_Why education is not helping the poor.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5LNQ7X6P/Datzberger2018_Why education is not helping the poor.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Do2022,
  title = {Livestock Production and Income Inequality in Rural {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Do, Truong Lam and Nguyen, Trung Thanh and Grote, Ulrike},
  date = {2022-02},
  journaltitle = {Empirical Economics},
  shortjournal = {Empir Econ},
  volume = {62},
  number = {2},
  pages = {409--438},
  issn = {0377-7332, 1435-8921},
  doi = {10.1007/s00181-021-02022-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::agriculture,topic::livestock},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:26:05Z},
  file = {Do2022_Livestock production and income inequality in rural Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ED6YGVJ6/Do2022_Livestock production and income inequality in rural Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ebrahim2021,
  title = {Women’s Economic Empowerment and {{COVID-19}}: The Case of Vulnerable Women with Intersectional Identities in {{Indonesia}} and {{Vietnam}}},
  shorttitle = {Women’s Economic Empowerment and {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Ebrahim, Christine and Jack, Adrienne and Jones, Linda},
  date = {2021-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Enterprise Development and Microfinance},
  shortjournal = {EDM},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {44--56},
  issn = {17551978, 17551986},
  doi = {10.3362/1755-1986.21-00007},
  abstract = {In recent decades, ASEAN has seen significant progress in gender equality and women’s empowerment. However, advances have not been even and vulnerable women with a range of intersectional identities have not benefited to the same extent as more privileged women or their male counterparts. Moreover, despite ASEAN’s much-lauded success in COVID-19 prevention and containment, the economic gains that had been achieved for women and girls are rapidly losing ground. Disruptions in the tourism sector, labour migration, and international trade have had a devastating economic impact on vulnerable populations, while innovations and new implementation approaches have provided some relief for low-income communities. This paper describes the COVID-19 economic fallout for women homeworkers and labour migrants engaged in informal jobs in Indonesia and low-income ethnic minority women in agriculture and tourism sectors in north-west Vietnam. It discusses early experiences and learning on pivoting projects, funded by the Government of Australia, to be COVID-19 responsive and contribute to longer-term recovery.},
  keywords = {inequality::gender,topic::agriculture,topic::covid19,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T13:26:51Z},
  file = {Ebrahim2021_Women’s economic empowerment and COVID-19.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YU72GAUG/Ebrahim2021_Women’s economic empowerment and COVID-19.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Edmonds2006,
  title = {Trade Liberalization and the Allocation of Labor between Households and Markets in a Poor Country},
  author = {Edmonds, Eric V. and Pavcnik, Nina},
  date = {2006-07},
  journaltitle = {Journal of International Economics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of International Economics},
  volume = {69},
  number = {2},
  pages = {272--295},
  issn = {00221996},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2005.05.010},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:54:29Z}
}

@article{Esaku2021,
  title = {Does the Shadow Economy Increase Income Inequality in the Short- and Long-Run? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Esaku, Stephen},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Cogent economics \& finance},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  publisher = {{Cogent}},
  location = {{London}},
  issn = {2332-2039},
  doi = {10.1080/23322039.2021.1912896},
  abstract = {This paper investigates whether the size of the shadow economy increases income inequality in Uganda. This p3aper applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, to test the long- and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and income inequality. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the size of the shadow economy and income inequality in both the long-run and short-run, all else equal. The results show that a large size of the shadow economy significantly increases income inequality, in both the long- and short-run. This suggests that people who fail to be absorbed into the formal economy face fewer livelihood opportunities, giving them the incentive to operate in the shadow economy as a means of survival, for them and their families since there are fewer chances of success in the formal economy. Our findings suggest that income inequality could be partially driven by increasing informality in the country. The practical implication of these results is that policies aimed at tackling income inequality should also be directed at addressing the underlying factors that drive the shadow economy.},
  copyright = {2021 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. 2021},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
  file = {Esaku2021_Does the shadow economy increase income inequality in the short- and long-run.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SYR6AV8U/Esaku2021_Does the shadow economy increase income inequality in the short- and long-run.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Esaku2021a,
  title = {Does Income Inequality Increase the Shadow Economy? {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Esaku, Stephen},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Development studies research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {147--160},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  location = {{Abingdon}},
  issn = {2166-5095},
  doi = {10.1080/21665095.2021.1939082},
  abstract = {This paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing method to investigate the long- and short-run relationship between the size of the shadow economy and income inequality in Uganda. The findings reveal evidence of the long and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and income inequality. We find that a rise in income inequality significantly increases the size of the shadow economy in Uganda, all else equal. These results are robust to the use of alternative econometric methods. At the policy level, instituting income redistribution policies to uplift the standard of the poor, improving resource allocation to productive sectors of the economy, reforming the tax system and macroeconomic environment, and implementing political and institutional reforms to address corruption could be viable policy options to address informality in Uganda.},
  copyright = {2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group 2021},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
  file = {Esaku2021_Does income inequality increase the shadow economy.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5ZQH59RL/Esaku2021_Does income inequality increase the shadow economy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Fesselmeyer2010,
  title = {Urban-Biased {{Policies}} and the {{Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap}} in {{Vietnam}} in the 1990s: {{URBAN-BIASED POLICIES IN VIETNAM IN THE 1990S}}},
  shorttitle = {Urban-Biased {{Policies}} and the {{Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap}} in {{Vietnam}} in the 1990s},
  author = {Fesselmeyer, Eric and Le, Kien T.},
  date = {2010-06},
  journaltitle = {Asian Economic Journal},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {161--178},
  issn = {13513958},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8381.2010.02034.x},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::rural,status::skimmed,topic::education,topic::urban},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T07:45:26Z},
  file = {Fesselmeyer2010_Urban-biased Policies and the Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AB2Z7CPT/Fesselmeyer2010_Urban-biased Policies and the Increasing Rural-Urban Expenditure Gap in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Fritzen2005,
  title = {Vietnam Inequality Report 2005: {{Assessment}} and Policy Choices},
  author = {Fritzen, Scott and Brassard, Caroline and Bui, Thi Minh Tam},
  date = {2005},
  institution = {{DFID Vietnam}},
  location = {{Hanoi}},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::,review::synthesis},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T18:06:03Z},
  file = {Fritzen2005_Vietnam inequality report 2005.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Z4A2KQWV/Fritzen2005_Vietnam inequality report 2005.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{HoNgocSon2013Vart,
  title = {Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change in the Northern Mountainous Region of {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Son, Ngoc Ho},
  date = {2013},
  abstract = {Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the world. Therefore, adaptation is increasingly seen as both a necessary and urgent response. However, little is known in terms of who are the most vulnerable and how adaptation will take place. This thesis examines vulnerability and resilience to climate variability and change among communities in the northern mountainous region (NMR) of Vietnam which have been identified as among the most vulnerable communities in Vietnam. The conceptual framework of this thesis draws on the linkage between vulnerability, adaptive capacity and resilience through which to gain a better understanding of vulnerability, adaptation and resilience to climate change in Vietnam's NMR. I adopt a participatory approach to vulnerability assessment using community villages as case studies and using drought, flood and cold weather snaps as study events. The case study of the human-natural system is located in the Ba Be district of Bac Kan province in the NMR of Vietnam. Data were collected in the field from July 2009 to February 2010. Primary data in the form of interviews, focus groups and community workshops, and field observations, as well as insights from local and regional decision-makers, resource managers, scientists and secondary data in the form of published and unpublished literature are used to investigate how communities manage and experience climate-related risks. This study found that households and communities in the NMR are vulnerable to multiple stresses. The main socio-econmic determinants of local vulnerability include poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, ethnicity and community. The interaction of climate risks and local vulnerability factors threatens to overwhelm their resilience. Therefore, this thesis argues that adaptation needs to be rooted in both reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience of communities. The central approach is to increase the adaptive capacity of communities to become resilient in the context of change and uncertainty. It will be more fruitful if policy interventions focus on improving adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities rather than providing specific solutions to uncertain future climates. Addressing fundamental livelihood and development problems and strengthening social, economic, and environmental resilience will make it easier for local communities to respond to climatic risks, whether they are droughts, floods or cold snaps. Another key conclusion is that communities that learn to live with change and uncertainty become resilient. The insights emphasize the importance of learning, information exchange, reflection, innovation, and anticipation, all of which are key elements of the adaptation process. Source: TROVE},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,topic::climate_change},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T11:52:53Z}
}

@article{HongVoDuc2021TDoG,
  title = {The Determinants of Gender Income Inequality in Vietnam: {{A}} Longitudinal Data Analysis},
  author = {Hong Vo, Duc and Van, Loan Thi-Hong and Tran, Dai Binh and Vu, Tan Ngoc and Ho, Chi Minh},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Emerging markets finance \& trade},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {198--222},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  location = {{Abingdon}},
  issn = {1540-496X},
  abstract = {Despite a great effort from the Vietnamese government, women in Vietnam have generally been at the disadvantaged position to access education and development opportunities. As a result, the wage gaps between men and women exist. This study is conducted to investigate the gender income inequality in Vietnam in the 2004-2016 period using data from Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS). The results indicate that the gender pay gap in Vietnam has decreased during the research period. Empirical findings also indicate that education, ethnicity, economic sectors, and geographic areas are main determinants causing wage differentials in Vietnam. Additionally, the gender pay gap, with the focus on the so-called "Within inequality", is heterogeneous across the wage distribution using unconditional quantile regression approach. In particular, the gender pay gap is shown to be higher at the top and the bottom quantiles of the wage distribution, indicating that inequality is more severe among low-paid and high-paid wage earners. These findings suggest that the government's policies should focus on encouraging education and improving the national economy creating more jobs for women to reduce gender wage gap in Vietnam.},
  copyright = {Copyright © Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::gender},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:26:42Z},
  file = {Hong Vo2021_The determinants of gender income inequality in vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EFB6LJVX/ContentServer.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Hudson2021,
  title = {Self-Stated Recovery from Flooding: {{Empirical}} Results from a Survey in {{Central Vietnam}}},
  author = {Hudson, Paul and Pham, My and Hagedoorn, Liselotte and Thieken, Annegret H and Lasage, R and Bubeck, Philip},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Journal of flood risk management},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--15},
  publisher = {{Blackwell Publishing Ltd}},
  location = {{Oxford, UK}},
  issn = {1753-318X},
  abstract = {Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self-stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression-based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community inThua Thien-Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process-related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress-resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio-environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.},
  copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,topic::climate_change,topic::flooding},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:10:08Z},
  file = {Hudson2021_Self-stated recovery from flooding.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AUV5KVF6/Hudson2021_Self-stated recovery from flooding.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{HuynhPhuongT.A.2014Wdva,
  title = {Women's Differentiated Vulnerability and Adaptations to Climate-Related Agricultural Water Scarcity in Rural {{Central Vietnam}}},
  author = {Huynh, Phuong T. A. and Resurreccion, Bernadette P.},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Climate and development},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {226--237},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {1756-5529},
  abstract = {This field-based study applies a mixed methods approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative analyses to investigate the differences in women's vulnerability and adaptations to climate-related agricultural water scarcity in Ky Nam commune, Central Vietnam. The study highlights the heterogeneity of women as a group and their intersectional dynamics as they adapt to increasing agricultural water scarcity on their rural livelihoods. The findings show that social differences including gender, class, household headship, age and stage of life shape women's differentiated experiences in vulnerability in access to water, to forestland and credit; in turn mark their adaptation differentiation to climate-related agricultural water scarcity. It also stresses that existing development policies can cause inequality in resource access in practice, running the risk of further marginalizing certain groups of women, especially female heads of household. Meanwhile, the current National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change of Vietnam is blind to issues of women's differentiated vulnerability and adaptive capacity. This study suggests that if these current development and adaptation measures do not pay proper attention to differentiated gender experience, it is likely to exacerbate the vulnerabilities of those affected, particularly female heads of household, rather than help them. In addition, these development and climate programmes have to be redesigned to accommodate more context-specific policies instead of one-size-fits-all packages that will effectively address women's (and men's) differential needs and unequal relations and circumstances.},
  copyright = {2014 Taylor \& Francis 2014},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality::environmental,inequality::gender,next,topic::climate_change,topic::river},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T13:53:06Z},
  file = {Huynh2014_Women's differentiated vulnerability and adaptations to climate-related.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8GCHSZTY/Huynh2014_Women's differentiated vulnerability and adaptations to climate-related.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Imai2011,
  title = {Poverty, Inequality and Ethnic Minorities in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Imai, Katsushi S. and Gaiha, Raghav and Kang, Woojin},
  date = {2011-05},
  journaltitle = {International Review of Applied Economics},
  shortjournal = {International Review of Applied Economics},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {249--282},
  issn = {0269-2171, 1465-3486},
  doi = {10.1080/02692171.2010.483471},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,next},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T07:27:59Z},
  file = {Imai2011_Poverty, inequality and ethnic minorities in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4HH88HQY/Imai2011_Poverty, inequality and ethnic minorities in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Imbert2013,
  title = {Decomposing the {{Labor Market Earnings Inequality}}: {{The Public}} and {{Private Sectors}} in {{Vietnam}}, 1993–2006},
  shorttitle = {Decomposing the {{Labor Market Earnings Inequality}}},
  author = {Imbert, Clément},
  date = {2013-01-01},
  journaltitle = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55--79},
  issn = {1564-698X, 0258-6770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhs009},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,status::skimmed,topic::modernization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T07:27:54Z},
  file = {Imbert2013_Decomposing the Labor Market Earnings Inequality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FXT2NQW3/Imbert2013_Decomposing the Labor Market Earnings Inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Jafino2021,
  title = {Accounting for Multisectoral Dynamics in Supporting Equitable Adaptation Planning: {{A}} Case Study on the Rice Agriculture in the Vietnam Mekong Delta},
  author = {Jafino, B.A and Kwakkel, J.H and Klijn, F and Dung, Nguyen Viet and van Delden, Hedwig and Haasnoot, Marjolijn and Sutanudjaja, Edwin H},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Earth's future},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  publisher = {{Wiley}},
  issn = {2328-4277},
  abstract = {The need for explicitly considering equity in climate change adaptation planning is increasingly being recognized. However, evaluations of adaptation often adopt an aggregated perspective, while disaggregation of results is important to learn about who benefits when and where. A typical example is adaptation of rice agriculture in the Vietnam Mekong Delta (VMD). Efforts focused on flood protection have mainly benefitted large-scale farmers while harming small-scale farmers. To investigate the distributional consequences of adaptation policies in the VMD, we assess both aggregate total output and equity indicators, as well as disaggregated impacts in terms of district-level farming profitability. Doing so requires an adequate representation of the multisectoral dynamics between the human and biophysical systems which influence farming profitability. We develop a spatially explicit integrated assessment model that couples inundation, sedimentation, soil fertility and nutrient dynamics, and behavioral land-use change and farming profitability calculation. We find that inter-district inequality responds in a non-linear way to climatic and socio-economic changes and choices of adaptation policies. The patterns of who wins and who loses could change substantially when a different policy is implemented or if a slightly different uncertain future materializes. We also find that there is no simple ranking of alternative adaptation policies, so one should make trade-offs based on agreed preferences. Accounting for equity implies exploring the distribution of outcomes over different groups over a range of uncertain futures. Only by accounting for multisectoral dynamics can planners anticipate the equity consequences of adaptation and prepare additional measures to aid the worse-off actors.},
  copyright = {info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,topic::agriculture,topic::climate_change,topic::river},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:10:09Z},
  file = {Jafino2021_Accounting for multisectoral dynamics in supporting equitable adaptation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q9YPVAP2/Jafino2021_Accounting for multisectoral dynamics in supporting equitable adaptation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Jagger2012,
  title = {Environmental Income, Rural Livelihoods, and Income Inequality in Western {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Jagger, Pamela},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Forests, trees and livelihoods},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {70--84},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis Group}},
  issn = {1472-8028},
  doi = {10.1080/14728028.2012.698846},
  abstract = {The contribution of forest and wild products to the rural economy is typically undervalued in standard socioeconomic surveys. In this paper, we analyze the contribution of forests and other wild areas to the subsistence and cash incomes of rural households for a large sample of households in western Uganda (N = 521) and explore the role of these typically underestimated income sources in interhousehold measures of income inequality. We find that households in rural Uganda derive 26\% of total household income from forests and other wild areas including fallows, agricultural lands, wetlands, grasslands, and shrub land. In general, households in the lower income quartiles are more dependent on forest and wild products for subsistence income, whereas wealthier households are more engaged in the sale of higher value forest products for cash income. Forests, fallows, and agricultural lands are the most important sources of environmental income for households in western Uganda. Income from forest and wild products plays an important role in reducing income inequality between households. The loss of this income due to deforestation and environmental degradation has implications for rural livelihood portfolios and for the well-being of relatively poor households.},
  copyright = {Copyright Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC 2012},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
  file = {Jagger2012_Environmental income, rural livelihoods, and income inequality in western Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JWE37R5N/Jagger2012_Environmental income, rural livelihoods, and income inequality in western Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Karpouzoglou2019,
  title = {Unearthing the Ripple Effects of Power and Resilience in Large River Deltas},
  author = {Karpouzoglou, Timos and Dang Tri, VAN Pham and Ahmed, Farhana and Warner, Jeroen and Hoang, Long and Nguyen, Thanh Binh and Dewulf, Art},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Environmental science \& policy},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {{Elsevier Ltd}},
  issn = {1462-9011},
  doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.011},
  abstract = {•Delta interventions to manage flood risk can amplify power and social inequalities.•The power dimensions of delta interventions tends to be overlooked.•Resilience in deltas needs to transition towards a situated and negotiated frame.•Power considerations need to inform a more holistic understanding of delta resilience. Historically, flood resilience in large river deltas has been strongly tied to institutional and infrastructural interventions to manage flood risk (such as building of embankments and drainage structures). However, the introduction of infrastructural works has inevitably brought unforeseen, major consequences, such as biodiversity and accelerated land subsidence, endangering the fertile characteristics that made them interesting places to live in in the first place. These ripple effects have sparked, a reconsideration of what deltas are, questioning the very separation and control between nature and culture, and how deltas are to be dealt with. These effects have further sparked changing modalities of power that tend to be overlooked by delta and resilience scholars alike. As a result, there is a real risk that future interventions to increase resilience, will in fact amplify unequal power relations in deltas as opposed to alleviating them. If the system as a whole has achieved some level of flood resilience (partly due to the flood defence mechanisms in place), does infrastructure have a differential effect on people’s mobility under flood conditions? Are some groups experiencing less rather than more security, as water accumulates in some places but not others? This paper presents theoretical insights on the relationship between power and resilience in delta regions supported by two case studies, the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta in Bangladesh and the Mekong delta in Vietnam.},
  copyright = {2019 The Authors},
  issue = {March 2018},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::,status::skimmed,topic::river},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:10:09Z},
  file = {Karpouzoglou2019_Unearthing the ripple effects of power and resilience in large river deltas.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/24YV5JI5/Karpouzoglou2019_Unearthing the ripple effects of power and resilience in large river deltas.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Kozel2014,
  title = {Well {{Begun}} but {{Not Yet Done}}: {{Progress}} and {{Emerging Challenges}} for {{Poverty Reduction}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Kozel, Valerie J.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {Equity and {{Development}}},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
  url = {https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20074},
  keywords = {inequality::ethnicity,inequality::income,inequality::regional,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:52:30Z},
  file = {Kozel2014_Well Begun but Not Yet Done.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HBSGJ5K7/Kozel2014_Well Begun but Not Yet Done.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Le2019,
  title = {Trade Liberalisation, Poverty, and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}: A Quantile Regression Approach},
  shorttitle = {Trade Liberalisation, Poverty, and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Le, Minh Son and Su, Jen-Je and Nguyen, Jeremy},
  date = {2019-08-02},
  journaltitle = {Applied Economics},
  shortjournal = {Applied Economics},
  volume = {51},
  number = {36},
  pages = {3971--3981},
  issn = {0003-6846, 1466-4283},
  doi = {10.1080/00036846.2019.1588943},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::modernization,topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:28:33Z},
  file = {Le2019_Trade liberalisation, poverty, and inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3S5CUK6U/Le2019_Trade liberalisation, poverty, and inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Le2021,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Foreign Direct Investment}} on {{Income Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Le, Quoc Hoi and Do, Quynh Anh and Pham, Hong Chuong and Nguyen, Thanh Duong},
  date = {2021-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Economies},
  shortjournal = {Economies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  issn = {2227-7099},
  doi = {10.3390/economies9010027},
  abstract = {Foreign direct investments (FDI) is an important determinant of economic growth. FDI does not only contribute to the growth and economic development but also affects income through contributing to economic development and the impact on employment and salary structure of developing countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of FDI on income inequality in Vietnam. This study is the first attempt to examine the impact of FDI on income inequality under the constraints of the institution and education levels. To address the potential endogeneity problem, this study adopts Genernalized Method of Moment (GMM) model to conduct the estimation. A two-step GMM model with robust standard errors is used in the study. Empirical results show that FDI tends to increase income inequality in Vietnam and the existence of a non-linearity relationship between FDI and income inequality is also validated. Moreover, the study finds that the effects of FDI on income inequality are different depending on the level of education and institutions of the host provinces in Vietnam. The results of this study imply that, in order to ensure sustainable development, Vietnam’s policies should focus on improving the quality of economic governance and the administrative reform efforts of the government of the provinces and cities. Besides, policies should focus on increasing investment in public education and improving human capital, which not only can reduce income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::FDI},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:29:07Z},
  file = {Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RJ3NP2U8/Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Le2021a,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Foreign Direct Investment}} on {{Income Inequality}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Le, Quoc Hoi and Do, Quynh Anh and Pham, Hong Chuong and Nguyen, Thanh Duong},
  date = {2021-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Economies},
  shortjournal = {Economies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27},
  issn = {2227-7099},
  doi = {10.3390/economies9010027},
  abstract = {Foreign direct investments (FDI) is an important determinant of economic growth. FDI does not only contribute to the growth and economic development but also affects income through contributing to economic development and the impact on employment and salary structure of developing countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of FDI on income inequality in Vietnam. This study is the first attempt to examine the impact of FDI on income inequality under the constraints of the institution and education levels. To address the potential endogeneity problem, this study adopts Genernalized Method of Moment (GMM) model to conduct the estimation. A two-step GMM model with robust standard errors is used in the study. Empirical results show that FDI tends to increase income inequality in Vietnam and the existence of a non-linearity relationship between FDI and income inequality is also validated. Moreover, the study finds that the effects of FDI on income inequality are different depending on the level of education and institutions of the host provinces in Vietnam. The results of this study imply that, in order to ensure sustainable development, Vietnam’s policies should focus on improving the quality of economic governance and the administrative reform efforts of the government of the provinces and cities. Besides, policies should focus on increasing investment in public education and improving human capital, which not only can reduce income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows.},
  langid = {english},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:36:07Z},
  file = {Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DIRG96MR/Le2021_The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Income Inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Le2022,
  title = {Growth, Inequality and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}: {{How}} Did Trade Liberalisation Help the Poor, 2002–2008},
  shorttitle = {Growth, Inequality and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Le, Nga Van T. and Hoang, Trung Xuan and Tran, Tuyen Quang},
  date = {2022-01},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Social Welfare},
  shortjournal = {Int J Soc Welfare},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1},
  pages = {86--99},
  issn = {1369-6866, 1468-2397},
  doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12482},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::modernization,topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:28:57Z},
  file = {Le2022_Growth, inequality and poverty in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L8HM9TCJ/Le2022_Growth, inequality and poverty in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{Lipton1977,
  title = {Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development},
  shorttitle = {Why Poor People Stay Poor},
  author = {Lipton, Michael},
  date = {1977},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  isbn = {978-0-674-95238-6},
  pagetotal = {467},
  keywords = {topic::poverty,topic::urban},
  note = {Includes index},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T10:33:15Z}
}

@article{Lwanga-Ntale2014,
  title = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}: {{Issues}} for Discussion and Further Research},
  shorttitle = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Lwanga-Ntale, Charles},
  date = {2014-12},
  journaltitle = {Development},
  shortjournal = {Development},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {601--617},
  issn = {1011-6370, 1461-7072},
  doi = {10.1057/dev.2015.44},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,index::Gini,inequality::income,status::skimmed,topic::consumption,topic::poverty},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T14:15:15Z},
  file = {Lwanga-Ntale2014_Inequality in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WRXL7XN9/Lwanga-Ntale2014_Inequality in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{McCaig2011,
  title = {Exporting out of Poverty: {{Provincial}} Poverty in {{Vietnam}} and {{U}}.{{S}}. Market Access},
  shorttitle = {Exporting out of Poverty},
  author = {McCaig, Brian},
  date = {2011-09},
  journaltitle = {Journal of International Economics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of International Economics},
  volume = {85},
  number = {1},
  pages = {102--113},
  issn = {00221996},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.05.007},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality::rural,topic::poverty,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:55:26Z},
  file = {McCaig2011_Exporting out of poverty.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/94NXHFS2/McCaig2011_Exporting out of poverty.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{McCaig2013,
  title = {Moving out of {{Agriculture}}: {{Structural Change}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  shorttitle = {Moving out of {{Agriculture}}},
  author = {McCaig, Brian and Pavcnik, Nina},
  date = {2013-11},
  number = {w19616},
  pages = {w19616},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  doi = {10.3386/w19616},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::modernization,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:32:18Z},
  file = {McCaig2013_Moving out of Agriculture.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/N6FT2KCY/McCaig2013_Moving out of Agriculture.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{McCaig2014,
  title = {Export {{Markets}} and {{Labor Allocation}} in a {{Low-income Country}}},
  author = {McCaig, Brian and Pavcnik, Nina},
  date = {2014-09},
  number = {w20455},
  pages = {w20455},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  doi = {10.3386/w20455},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::modernization,topic::trade_liberalization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:35:02Z},
  file = {McCaig2014_Export Markets and Labor Allocation in a Low-income Country.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Y52395K2/McCaig2014_Export Markets and Labor Allocation in a Low-income Country.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{McCaig2015,
  title = {Informal {{Employment}} in a {{Growing}} and {{Globalizing Low-Income Country}}},
  author = {McCaig, Brian and Pavcnik, Nina},
  date = {2015-05-01},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
  shortjournal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {5},
  pages = {545--550},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.p20151051},
  abstract = {We document several facts about workforce transitions from the informal to the formal sector in Vietnam, a fast growing, industrializing, and low-income country. First, younger workers, particularly migrants, are more likely to work in the formal sector and stay there permanently. Second, the decline in the aggregate share of informal employment occurs through changes between and within birth cohorts. Third, younger, educated, male, and urban workers are more likely to switch to the formal sector than other workers initially in the informal sector. Poorly educated, older, female, rural workers face little prospect of formalization. Fourth, formalization coincides with occupational upgrading.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::formality,topic::modernization},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:52:16Z},
  file = {Informal Employment in a Growing and Globalizing Low-Income Country:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B9PDGNH5/mccaig2015.pdf.pdf:application/pdf;zAppendix.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WXU5WNWQ/zAppendix.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{MinhHo2021,
  title = {{{DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON EDUCATION AFFECT PROVINCIAL INCOME INEQUALITY IN VIETNAM}}?},
  author = {Minh Ho, Chi and Thai-Thuong Le, Quan and The Vo, Anh and Hong Vo, Duc and Thi-Thieu Ha, Dao},
  date = {2021-06-01},
  journaltitle = {The Singapore Economic Review},
  shortjournal = {Singapore Econ. Rev.},
  volume = {66},
  number = {04},
  pages = {1105--1123},
  issn = {0217-5908, 1793-6837},
  doi = {10.1142/S0217590820490065},
  abstract = {This study is conducted to examine the effect on income inequality of government spending on education across 63 provinces in Vietnam. The generalized method of moments (GMM) regression technique is used to address potential endogeneity in the model caused by income inequality and inequality in government spending on education. Income inequality is proxied by both the Gini coefficient and the Theil index. Inequality in government spending on education in Vietnam is estimated using a novel entropic approach, which decomposes the inequality into two components: “within-province” inequality and “between-province” inequality. Data for the period from 2010 to 2016 are used. Our empirical findings are summarized as follows. First, “within-province” inequality accounts for a substantial portion of inequality in government spending on education. This means that although the Vietnamese national government has done well in terms of allocating spending on education across 63 provinces, inequality in education spending appears across districts within provinces. Second, both total inequality of government spending on education and its two components are positively associated with income inequality across provinces. As such, reducing differences in government spending on education across provinces and across districts within provinces is an effective mechanism for reducing income inequality across provinces and across districts within provinces in Vietnam.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::education},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:29:32Z},
  file = {Minh Ho2021_DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON EDUCATION AFFECT PROVINCIAL INCOME INEQUALITY IN.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EMUDX7L5/Minh Ho2021_DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON EDUCATION AFFECT PROVINCIAL INCOME INEQUALITY IN.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Mottet2009,
  title = {L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam) : mise en perspective des forces et faiblesses de la gestion du risque d’inondation.},
  shorttitle = {L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam)},
  author = {Mottet, Éric and Roche, Yann},
  date = {2009-01-08},
  journaltitle = {VertigO},
  shortjournal = {vertigo},
  issn = {1492-8442},
  doi = {10.4000/vertigo.7782},
  issue = {Volume 8 Numéro 3},
  langid = {french},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::flooding,topic::river},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T11:31:51Z},
  file = {Mottet2009_L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam).pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NAZTWGZW/Mottet2009_L’urbanisation de la ville de Ninh Binh dans le delta du fleuve rouge (Vietnam).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Mulogo2018,
  title = {Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Availability at Rural Health Care Facilities in Southwestern {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Mulogo, Edgar Mugema and Matte, Micheal and Wesuta, Andrew and Bagenda, Fred and Apecu, Richard and Ntaro, Moses},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Journal of environmental and public health},
  volume = {2018},
  publisher = {{Hindawi}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:57Z},
  file = {Mulogo2018_Water, sanitation, and hygiene service availability at rural health care.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P4LYXIC5/Mulogo2018_Water, sanitation, and hygiene service availability at rural health care.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nagasha2019,
  title = {Effect of Climate Variability on Gender Roles among Communities Surrounding {{Lake Mburo National Park}}, {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Nagasha, Judith Irene and Mugisha, Lawrence and Kaase-Bwanga, Elizabeth and Onyuth, Howard and Ocaido, Michael},
  date = {2019-02-18},
  journaltitle = {Emerald Open Research},
  shortjournal = {Emerald Open Res},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {7},
  issn = {2631-3952},
  doi = {10.12688/emeraldopenres.12953.1},
  abstract = {Background:               Climate change has been increasingly recognized as a global crisis with effects on gender roles. Recently, communities surrounding Lake Mburo national park, Uganda have been experiencing frequent severe droughts. It was against this background that this study was designed to understand effect of climate change on gender roles.                                         Methods:               This cross sectional study reviewed the effect of climate change on men and women’s gender roles using a pragmatic research paradigm based on a thematic review model using participatory methods and a structured questionnaire.                                         Results:               The study found that men and women’s gender roles were altered during extreme dryness. Men played their roles sequentially focusing on one single productive role, while women played their roles simultaneously, balancing the demands of each role with their limited available time. Effect of climate change variability affected productive roles more in Kiruhura district than Isingiro district. There was migration of both men and women in search for water and pasture livestock in Kiruhura district which distorted gender roles of women. Consequently, women and children had a heavier load and were the most people affected by climate change effects.                                         Conclusion:               Gender roles of communities surrounding Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda were affected and altered by the effects of climate change variability. Therefore, institutions offering climate services to local communities should consider gender in decision making, access to resources, information and knowledge.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,inequality::gender,level::local,next,topic::climate_change,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T14:15:15Z},
  file = {Nagasha2019_Effect of climate variability on gender roles among communities surrounding.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VS54U4XB/Nagasha2019_Effect of climate variability on gender roles among communities surrounding.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Naiga2015,
  title = {Challenging Pathways to Safe Water Access in Rural {{Uganda}}: {{From}} Supply to Demand-Driven Water Governance},
  author = {Naiga, Resty and Penker, Marianne and Hogl, Karl},
  date = {2015},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of the Commons},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
  file = {Naiga2015_Challenging pathways to safe water access in rural Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8MLNSETL/Naiga2015_Challenging pathways to safe water access in rural Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Naiga2018,
  title = {Conditions for Successful Community-Based Water Management: Perspectives from Rural {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Naiga, Resty},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {international journal of Rural management},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {110--135},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Sage India: New Delhi, India}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:57Z},
  file = {Naiga2018_Conditions for successful community-based water management.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4YUD22W9/Naiga2018_Conditions for successful community-based water management.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@thesis{Natuhwera2019,
  title = {Rights of Women to Property, a Case Study of {{Isingiro}} District, {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Natuhwera, Justus},
  date = {2019},
  institution = {{Kampala international University, School of Law}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,irrelevant::thesis,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
  file = {Natuhwera2019_Rights of women to property, a case study of Isingiro district, Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9VNT58MW/Natuhwera2019_Rights of women to property, a case study of Isingiro district, Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nguyen2007,
  title = {A Quantile Regression Decomposition of Urban–Rural Inequality in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Binh T. and Albrecht, James W. and Vroman, Susan B. and Westbrook, M. Daniel},
  date = {2007-07},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {83},
  number = {2},
  pages = {466--490},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.04.006},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::rural,status::skimmed,topic::education},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T07:32:17Z},
  file = {Nguyen2007_A quantile regression decomposition of urban–rural inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WN23U92I/Nguyen2007_A quantile regression decomposition of urban–rural inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nguyen2018,
  title = {Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}: {{Nguyen AND Pham}} - {{{\emph{ECONOMIC GROWTH}}}}{\emph{, }}{{{\emph{INEQUALITY}}}}{\emph{, }}{{{\emph{AND POVERTY IN VIETNAM}}}}},
  shorttitle = {Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Cuong V. and Pham, Nguyet M.},
  date = {2018-05},
  journaltitle = {Asian-Pacific Economic Literature},
  shortjournal = {Asia Pac Econ Lit.},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45--58},
  issn = {08189935},
  doi = {10.1111/apel.12219},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,topic::modernization,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:30:48Z},
  file = {Nguyen2018_Economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7JLMIQA8/Asian-Pac Economic Lit - 2018 - Nguyen - Economic growth  inequality  and poverty in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nguyen2019,
  title = {Energy Transition, Poverty and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Trung Thanh and Nguyen, Thanh-Tung and Hoang, Viet-Ngu and Wilson, Clevo and Managi, Shunsuke},
  date = {2019-09},
  journaltitle = {Energy Policy},
  shortjournal = {Energy Policy},
  volume = {132},
  pages = {536--548},
  issn = {03014215},
  doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.001},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::,topic::energy,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:37:26Z},
  file = {Nguyen2019_Energy transition, poverty and inequality in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BS8J9JT6/Nguyen2019_Energy transition, poverty and inequality in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nguyen2020,
  title = {Essays on Housing Affordability and Housing Quality Dilemmas in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Phuong},
  date = {2020},
  abstract = {The housing affordability problem is a profound and increasing challenge facing policy-makers in the developing world, where poor households are the most vulnerable to problems arising from a shortage of affordable and adequate housing. In Vietnam, the housing market has undergone fundamental changes driven by widening income inequality, increasing urbanisation and decreasing household size. The housing price-to-income ratio, a measure of housing affordability, is currently at an unprecedentedly high level. Vietnam's experience is impacted by a number of elements such as rapidly rising costs of housing, unequal income distribution, speculative activities, constraints in land supply and housing finance, housing market structure, and the regulatory environment. Over three studies, this thesis carries out the econometric analysis of secondary data to explore mechanisms underlying housing affordability in Vietnam and its flow-on effects on household well-being. Noticing that the distribution of income plays a crucial role in explaining the housing affordability problem, the first study analyses the influence of income inequality on a number of housing outcomes, including housing price-to-income ratio, housing values, and household choices of housing type and housing conditions in Vietnam's urban areas. It does so by employing data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey as well as district-level data from the Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam from 2010 to 2016. The estimated results demonstrate that rising income inequality, measured by the Gini coefficient at the district level, is associated with rising housing cost burden and a substitution effect towards consuming poor-quality housing resulting from a lack of housing affordability. The findings of this study provide deep insights into the long-lasting existence of informal and self-built housing in Vietnam, which is predominantly in sub-standard forms and frequently lack essential amenities. Next, the second study measures the effects of poor housing conditions on occupants' physical and mental health. This study employs the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) data from 2008 to 2016. Empirical findings from this chapter indicate that living in deprived housing conditions is associated with a higher number of sick days within a year, worsening mental well-being and a more inferior self-reported health status of the occupants. The estimated results also show that the intensity of deprived housing conditions, measured by an increase in the number of housing problems, tends to worsen all health outcomes considered. These results provide a better understanding of the role of a dwelling's structural and sanitary conditions on individuals' health and have important implications for public policies. The third study examines the role of housing conditions in enhancing households' resilience to natural disasters. This study separately looks at three of the most frequently occurring natural disasters in Vietnam, which include floods, droughts, and typhoons. This study also uses data from the VARHS. The findings from this chapter make a significant contribution to the literature on natural disasters by analysing the link between the physical attributes of housing and the probability of achieving full recovery post a disaster. In particular, the empirical findings suggest that those living in substandard houses are not only more vulnerable to disasters but take longer to recover. Source: TROVE},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::housing},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:16:52Z},
  file = {NGUYEN2020_Essays on housing affordability and housing quality dilemmas in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FD3NAYXR/NGUYEN2020_Essays on housing affordability and housing quality dilemmas in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{NguyenAnThinh2020Drtc,
  title = {Diversified Responses to Contemporary Pressures on Sloping Agricultural Land: {{Thai}} Farmer’s Perception of Mountainous Landscapes in Northern {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Nguyen, An Thinh and Hens, Luc},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Environment, development and sustainability},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {5411--5429},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  location = {{Dordrecht}},
  issn = {1387-585X},
  doi = {10.1007/s10668-020-00822-x},
  abstract = {Mountains cover approximately three quarters of the Vietnam, mainly in the north, west, and central parts of the country. Among the 38 ethnic minorities inhabiting the northern mountains of Vietnam, the Thai population is the second largest. Cultural landscapes and traditional agricultural uplands shaped by the Thai have a long history and represent a mosaic of paddy and vegetable fields along rivers and springs, forests and plantations of trees on slopes. This pattern is now changing significantly, which results in a diversification of the fields shaped by Thai farmers. This study deals with understanding the pressures driving the changes, the new state of the upland agriculture, and the way the Thai of the Son Thinh mountain (Yen Bai, Vietnam) respond to sustain their upland farming systems. Land quality indicators (LQIs) are identified using the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework. Sixty completed questionnaires with 65 closed questions each using a five-point Likert scale were collected in 2016. The results show that Thai farmers nowadays apply a wider-scale solutions to deal with the sustainability of agricultural upland on the slopes as compared to a limited number of traditional farming techniques that were used in the past. Climate change hazards (floods, droughts, landslides, extreme cold, and flash floods), the scarcity of irrigation water, and agricultural land put pressure on the slopes. The most noticeable socioeconomic impacts are migration, population growth, and unstable input and output prices. The most considerable changes in the state of the land quality are soil erosion, land degradation, and local cultivation practices. Modifying cultivation options, applying soil conservation practices, improving indigenous techniques, and implementing agricultural land use policies are the most significant responses to modify land use and its pressures. Responses of the Thai farmers on sustainable sloping land use are put in a structural model with a horizontal diversification strategy. Recommendations concern mainstreaming the local indigenous knowledge on agricultural land use, land management policies, and implementing the LQIs based on PSR framework for sustainable land use planning on the slopes in Vietnam.},
  copyright = {Springer Nature B.V. 2020},
  langid = {english},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:01:22Z},
  file = {Nguyen2020_Diversified responses to contemporary pressures on sloping agricultural land.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7A3JX6JC/Nguyen2020_Diversified responses to contemporary pressures on sloping agricultural land.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{OECD2013,
  title = {Co-Operation {{Report}} 2013 : Ending Poverty.},
  author = {OECD},
  date = {2013},
  publisher = {{OECD Publishing}},
  location = {{Paris}},
  url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/dcr-2013-en},
  abstract = {The Development Co-operation Report (DCR) 2013 explores what needs to be done to achieve rapid and sustainable progress in the global fight to reduce poverty. The world is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving the proportion of people whose income is less than USD 1.25 a day. Nonetheless, we are far from achieving the overarching MDG goal of eradicating extreme poverty. While we have learned much about what works in terms of reducing poverty, ""getting to zero"" remains a challenge in the face of the intractable difficulties of reaching those mired in extr},
  isbn = {92-64-20101-7},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Staff Corporate Author}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:28Z},
  file = {OECD2013_Co-operation Report 2013.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AN7SU5YY/OECD2013_Co-operation Report 2013.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment2013,
  title = {Global Food Security: Challenges for the Food and Agricultural System},
  shorttitle = {Global Food Security},
  editor = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation {and} Development},
  date = {2013},
  location = {{Paris}},
  isbn = {978-92-64-19536-3 978-92-64-19534-9},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {162},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,topic::agriculture,topic::food},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:11:26Z},
  file = {Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development2013_Global food security.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KKZDH3D8/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development2013_Global food security.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{Osabuohien2020,
  title = {The {{Palgrave}} Handbook of Agricultural and Rural Development in {{Africa}}},
  editor = {Osabuohien, Evans},
  date = {2020},
  publisher = {{Palgrave Macmillan}},
  location = {{Cham, Switzerland}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-41513-6},
  isbn = {978-3-030-41513-6 978-3-030-41512-9 978-3-030-41515-0},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {649},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T17:13:55Z}
}

@article{PhamNgaThanhThi2021Nhea,
  title = {Natural Hazard's Effect and Farmers' Perception: {{Perspectives}} from Flash Floods and Landslides in Remotely Mountainous Regions of {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Pham, Nga Thanh Thi and Nong, Duy and Garschagen, Matthias},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {The Science of the total environment},
  volume = {759},
  pages = {142656--142656},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V}},
  location = {{Netherlands}},
  issn = {0048-9697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142656},
  abstract = {Understanding perceptions of indigenous people toward natural disasters is essential in social and environmental research to facilitate further studies in investigating the impacts of the events, as well as in examining the adaptive strategies and having implications for policymakers and relevant institutional bodies. We took this essential feature to study the perceptions of local people toward the two common natural disasters: flash floods and landslides. We selected the case study in three communes (An Binh, An Thinh, and Dai Son) in Van Yen district, Yen Bai province in Vietnam. This is because flash floods and landslides are two frequent natural disasters that highly adversely affect these areas where major poor ethnic minority communities reside. We conducted six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and household surveys (405 households) in 2016. The results showed that a decline in productivity, a decrease in income, more hard-working conditions, and an increase in daily expenses were the most observed impacts of these natural disasters in the communes. The analysis also revealed that almost 45\% of farmers perceived an increasing trend in the frequency and impacts of flash floods and landslides over the past 15 years. A Multinomial Logit (MNL) model was used to analyze the determinants of farmers' awareness of flash floods and landslides, which indicated that farmers' perceptions of flash floods and landslides are associated with socio-economic characteristics, such as gender, agricultural experience, ethnic groups, climate information, and household income conditions. We suggested that local governments should pay more attention to strengthen farmers' awareness to help improve perceptions of local people toward common natural disasters so that they would gain better adaptive capacities and become more sustainable, which are in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. [Display omitted] •Farmers' cognition on flash floods and landslides in Vietnam is examined.•Multinomial Logit models are used for investigating indigenous farmers' perceptions.•Local farmers' awareness varies across different agro-ecological areas.•Socioeconomic features are determining forces in explaining farmers' awareness.•Findings can be the references for policy-making in regions with similar conditions.},
  copyright = {2020 Elsevier B.V.},
  langid = {english},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:00:59Z},
  file = {Pham2021_Natural hazard's effect and farmers' perception.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TLWQQZEI/Pham2021_Natural hazard's effect and farmers' perception.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Rietveld2022,
  title = {Predictable Patterns of Unsustainable Intensification},
  author = {Rietveld, Anne M and Groot, Jeroen CJ and van der Burg, Margreet},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2022},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  pages = {461--477},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
  file = {Rietveld2022_Predictable patterns of unsustainable intensification.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZHCW8S4D/Rietveld2022_Predictable patterns of unsustainable intensification.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Sempewo2021,
  title = {Assessing Willingness to Pay for Water during the {{COVID-19}} Crisis in {{Ugandan}} Households},
  author = {Sempewo, Jotham Ivan and Kisaakye, Peter and Mushomi, John and Tumutungire, Martin Dahlin and Ekyalimpa, Ronald},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Social Sciences \& Humanities Open},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {100230},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:34Z},
  file = {Sempewo2021_Assessing willingness to pay for water during the COVID-19 crisis in Ugandan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZJVIT5DE/Sempewo2021_Assessing willingness to pay for water during the COVID-19 crisis in Ugandan.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Sempewo2021a,
  title = {The Impact of {{COVID-19}} on Households’ Water Use in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Sempewo, Jotham Ivan and Mushomi, John and Tumutungire, Martin Dahlin and Ekyalimpa, Ronald and Kisaakye, Peter},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Water Supply},
  volume = {21},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2489--2504},
  publisher = {{IWA Publishing}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::covid19,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:35Z},
  file = {Sempewo2021_The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CHMK2BB6/Sempewo2021_The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Sen2021,
  title = {Farmers’ Barriers to the Access and Use of Climate Information in the Mountainous Regions of {{Thừa Thiên Huế}} Province, {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Sen, Le Thi Hoa and Bond, Jennifer and Dung, Nguyen Tien and Hung, Hoang Gia and Mai, Nguyen Thi Hong and Phuong, Huynh Thi Anh},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Climate services},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {100267-},
  publisher = {{Elsevier B.V}},
  issn = {2405-8807},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cliser.2021.100267},
  abstract = {Climate change is a major challenge to rural livelihoods in Vietnam, particularly in remote and mountainous areas. Access and use of climate information is considered vital to households’ and communities’ adaptive capacity. This research employed a survey to investigate barriers to the access, and use of, formal climate change information among two groups of farmers (ethnic minority and Kinh) in mountainous areas of Thừa Thiên Huế province, Vietnam. Adopting a logit model, the results show that the main barriers were: 1) farmers’ lack of trust of formal climate-related services; 2) farmers’ lack of perceived risk from climate change; and 3) difficulties in balancing climate adaptation and economic benefits of new interventions. Ethnicity was not a barrier, as all farmers looked for climate information from informal channels (friends, neighbors, market actors) rather than from formal channels (agricultural departments, television, radio), although cultural issues such as language did act as a barrier. This research recommends strengthening the networks and interactions between market actors and government staff with local people, through direct communication and adaptation demonstrations. Formal and informal climate information channels should be integrated to effectively combine local resources and indigenous knowledge with advanced technologies, to support farmers’ sustainable and robust climate adaptation responses. Further, the research found that while farmers have access to devices, such as smart phones, they prefer to use these for entertainment rather than climate information. The implications of the study therefore are that any future network or communication activities should be in local languages and note the limitations of using devices for information dissemination.},
  copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,status::skimmed,topic::agriculture,topic::climate_change},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:17:20Z},
  file = {Sen2021_Farmers’ barriers to the access and use of climate information in the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TE5D79FK/Sen2021_Farmers’ barriers to the access and use of climate information in the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Son2020,
  title = {Community Adaptation and Climate Change in the {{Northern Mountainous Region}} of {{Vietnam}}: {{A}} Case Study of Ethnic Minority People in {{Bac Kan Province}}},
  shorttitle = {Community Adaptation and Climate Change in the {{Northern Mountainous Region}} of {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Son, Ho and Kingsbury, Aaron},
  date = {2020-01-02},
  journaltitle = {Asian Geographer},
  shortjournal = {Asian Geographer},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {33--51},
  issn = {1022-5706, 2158-1762},
  doi = {10.1080/10225706.2019.1701507},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::environmental,status::skimmed,topic::climate_change},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T12:06:21Z},
  file = {Son2020_Community adaptation and climate change in the Northern Mountainous Region of.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CBYPLX4P/Son2020_Community adaptation and climate change in the Northern Mountainous Region of.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ssewanyana2012,
  title = {Poverty and Inequality Dynamics in {{Uganda}}: {{Insights}} from the {{Uganda}} National {{Panel Surveys}} 2005/6 and 2009/10},
  shorttitle = {Poverty and Inequality Dynamics in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Ssewanyana, Sarah and Kasirye, Ibrahim},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{Unknown}},
  doi = {10.22004/AG.ECON.148953},
  abstract = {While Uganda has made significant efforts in reducing the proportion of individuals and households living below the absolute poverty line, nearly 10 percent of the households continue to live in persistent or chronic poverty with significant differences across geographical areas. Of all households classified aspoor in 2009/10, nearly 49 percent were chronically poor households and as such the poor are not a homogenous group. Compared to 1992-99 period, households in Uganda were found to be more vulnerable to poverty in the period 2005/6-2009/10. These observed changes in the nature and patterns of poverty dynamics in Uganda require government to move away from universal poverty reduction interventions that continue to treat the poor as a homogenous group. Otherwise, Uganda’s achievement of the first millennium development goal of halving extreme income poverty earlier than 2015 might not be sustainable.The paper also examines the drivers of income inequality and finds that education remains the key determinant of income inequality. At the same time, income differences between regions are narrowing suggesting an indication of regional convergence on average income. While government’s fiscal targeting of the lagging areas and rural areas might explain the observed convergence in average income across geographical areas, there are other emerging development challenges that require further refinement for the current targeting. Access to public extension programs such as the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS), which are intended to enhance agricultural production and productivity is skewed to well-to-do households and not evenly distributed across region. Similar observations are noted in terms of access to community infrastructure. There is also need to ensure that the benefit of economic growth reach the poorest in a way that expands their opportunities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,index::Gini,index::Theil,inequality::education,inequality::income,status::skimmed},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T17:37:27Z},
  file = {Ssewanyana2012_Poverty and inequality dynamics in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B4AJQX4A/Ssewanyana2012_Poverty and inequality dynamics in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Takahashi2007,
  title = {Sources of Regional Income Disparity in Rural {{Vietnam}}: {{Oaxaca-blinder}} Decomposition},
  author = {Takahashi, Kazushi},
  date = {2007},
  series = {{{IDE Discussion Papers}}},
  number = {95},
  institution = {{Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization}},
  abstract = {This paper investigates determinants of regional income disparity in rural Vietnam, with special emphasis placed on the roles of human capital and land. We apply a decomposition method, suggested by Oaxaca and Blinder. We found that returns to assets rather than endowments, especially those of human capital, are one of the leading factors to account for income differences across regions. We also found that substantial improvements of returns to human capital in the Red River delta region are a driving force to catch up with Mekong River delta region. Unexpectedly, differences in land endowment do not strongly correlate with regional income disparity because better access to land in a region was partially offset by lower returns.},
  keywords = {inequality::environmental,inequality::regional,status::skimmed,topic::education,topic::river},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:32:18Z},
  file = {TakahashiSources of regional income disparity in rural Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KFCNGEDE/TakahashiSources of regional income disparity in rural Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{Taylor2004,
  title = {Social Inequality in {{Vietnam}} and the Challenges to Reform},
  editor = {Taylor, Philip},
  date = {2004},
  series = {Vietnam Update Series},
  publisher = {{Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}},
  location = {{Singapore}},
  abstract = {Social inequalities have grown during Vietnam's transition to a market-based economy, even as average incomes have increased and the number of people living in poverty has lessened. Do widening social rifts - between rich and poor, urban and rural communities and along regional, gender and ethnic lines - have the potential to undermine Vietnam's liberal reforms and its integration with its region? How has the socialist state responded to these challenges? Based on research and analysis of recent conditions, Social Inequality in Vietnam and the Challenges to Reform offers detailed descriptions of disparities in income, spatial access, gender, ethnicity and status, addressing their causes and consequences. The eleven chapters in this book illustrate the changing ways in which people have accumulated wealth, social and cultural capital in Vietnam's move from a socialist to a market-oriented society. They assemble data from the Northern Uplands to the Mekong delta to explore geographic variability in patterns of social differentiation. Offering critical insights into state policy, the chapters assess the adequacy of government responses and outline local responses and informal solutions to social disadvantage. This book features a diverse mix of theoretical and methodological approaches and bridges some of the disciplinary and institutional divides that have impeded understanding of inequality in Vietnam. The wide range of themes it covers will make it a sought-after resource for those interested in contemporary Vietnam and the effects of liberal reforms, globalization and post-socialist development strategies.},
  eventtitle = {Vietnam {{Update Conference}}},
  isbn = {978-981-230-275-5 978-981-230-254-0},
  pagetotal = {392},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-14T11:11:08Z}
}

@article{ThanhThiPham2020,
  title = {Vulnerability Assessment of Households to Flash Floods and Landslides in the Poor Upland Regions of {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Thanh Thi Pham, Nga and Nong, Duy and Raghavan Sathyan, Archana and Garschagen, Matthias},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Climate Risk Management},
  shortjournal = {Climate Risk Management},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {100215},
  issn = {22120963},
  doi = {10.1016/j.crm.2020.100215},
  langid = {english},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T15:00:30Z},
  file = {Thanh Thi Pham2020_Vulnerability assessment of households to flash floods and landslides in the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VZJ2IRQK/Thanh Thi Pham2020_Vulnerability assessment of households to flash floods and landslides in the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ThuLe2014,
  title = {Inequality in {{Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards}}, 1993-2006},
  author = {Thu Le, Huong and Booth, Alison L.},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Review of Income and Wealth},
  shortjournal = {Review of Income and Wealth},
  volume = {60},
  number = {4},
  issn = {00346586},
  doi = {10.1111/roiw.12051},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {inequality::rural,status::skimmed,topic::education},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T07:37:20Z},
  file = {Thu Le2014_Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VYQT833H/Thu Le2014_Inequality in Vietnamese Urban-Rural Living Standards, 1993-2006.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@incollection{Tolo2014,
  title = {Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Subsistence Agriculture, Climate Risk Management, and Mitigation of Community Vulnerability in Changing Climate, Lake {{Victoria}} Basin: A Case Study of {{Rakai}} and {{Isingiro}} Districts, {{Uganda}}},
  booktitle = {Nile River Basin},
  author = {Tolo, Casim Umba and Majule, Enock Amos and Lejju, Julius Bunny},
  date = {2014},
  pages = {451--473},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:35Z},
  file = {Tolo2014_Local and indigenous knowledge systems in subsistence agriculture, climate risk.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/U472PGND/Tolo2014_Local and indigenous knowledge systems in subsistence agriculture, climate risk.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Twongyirwe2019,
  title = {Perceived Effects of Drought on Household Food Security in {{South-western Uganda}}: {{Coping}} Responses and Determinants},
  shorttitle = {Perceived Effects of Drought on Household Food Security in {{South-western Uganda}}},
  author = {Twongyirwe, Ronald and Mfitumukiza, David and Barasa, Bernard and Naggayi, Barbara R. and Odongo, Hannington and Nyakato, Viola and Mutoni, Grace},
  date = {2019-06},
  journaltitle = {Weather and Climate Extremes},
  shortjournal = {Weather and Climate Extremes},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {100201},
  issn = {22120947},
  doi = {10.1016/j.wace.2019.100201},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,level::local,next},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T14:15:15Z},
  file = {Twongyirwe2019_Perceived effects of drought on household food security in South-western Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KLIPN9XR/Twongyirwe2019_Perceived effects of drought on household food security in South-western Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vandeVen2021,
  title = {Living Income Benchmarking of Rural Households in Low-Income Countries},
  author = {van de Ven, Gerrie W. J. and de Valenca, Anne and Marinus, Wytze and de Jager, Ilse and Descheemaeker, Katrien K. E. and Hekman, Willem and Mellisse, Beyene Teklu and Baijukya, Frederick and Omari, Mwantumu and Giller, Ken E.},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2021-06},
  journaltitle = {FOOD SECURITY},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {729--749},
  issn = {1876-4517},
  doi = {10.1007/s12571-020-01099-8},
  abstract = {The extreme poverty line is the most commonly used benchmark for poverty, set at US\$ 1.90 by the World Bank. Another benchmark, based on the Anker living wage methodology, is the remuneration received for a standard work week necessary for a worker to meet his/her family's basic needs in a particular place. The living wage concept has been used extensively to address incomes of plantation workers producing agricultural commodities for international markets. More recently intense discussion has emerged concerning the `living income' of smallholder farmers who produce commodities for international supply chains on their own land. In this article we propose a simple method that can be used in all types of development projects to benchmark a rural `living income'. We launch the Living Income Methodology, as adapted from the Living Wage Methodology, to estimate the living income for rural households. In any given location this requires about one week of fieldwork. We express it per adult equivalent per day (AE/day) and data collection is focused on rural households and their immediate surroundings. Our three case studies showed that in 2017 in Lushoto District, rural Tanzania, the living income was US\$ PPP 4.04/AE/day, in Isingiro District, rural Uganda, 3.82 and in Sidama Zone, rural Ethiopia, 3.60. In all cases, the extreme poverty line of US\$ PPP 1.90 per capita per day is insufficient to meet the basic human rights for a decent living in low-income countries. The Living Income Methodology provides a transparent local benchmark that can be used to assess development opportunities of rural households, by employers in rural areas, including farmers hiring in labour, while respecting basic human rights on a decent living. It can be used to reflect on progress of rural households in low-income countries on their aspired path out of poverty. It further provides a meaningful benchmark to measure progress on Sustainable Development Goal 1, eliminating poverty, and 2, zero hunger and sustainable food systems, allowing for consideration of the local context.},
  earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2020},
  eissn = {1876-4525},
  orcid-numbers = {Giller, Ken E/0000-0002-5998-4652 Mellisse, Beyene Teklu/0000-0001-5779-0742 van de Ven, Gerrie/0000-0001-5693-0280 Descheemaeker, Katrien/0000-0003-0184-2034},
  researcherid-numbers = {Mellisse, Beyene/AHB-8424-2022 Giller, Ken E/K-2799-2012 Descheemaeker, Katrien/F-3041-2010},
  unique-id = {WOS:000573406200001},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,level::local,status::skimmed,topic::poverty},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:25:57Z},
  file = {van de Ven2021_Living income benchmarking of rural households in low-income countries.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WWZJBHZB/van de Ven2021_Living income benchmarking of rural households in low-income countries.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vandeWalle2001,
  title = {Sources of Ethnic Inequality in {{Viet Nam}}},
  author = {van de Walle, Dominique and Gunewardena, Dileni},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2001-06},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {65},
  number = {1},
  pages = {177--207},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00133-X},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,status::skimmed,topic::rural},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:20:02Z},
  file = {van de Walle2001_Sources of ethnic inequality in Viet Nam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LDMZ9SGR/van de Walle2001_Sources of ethnic inequality in Viet Nam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vandeWalle2004,
  title = {Is the Emerging Non-Farm Market Economy the Route out of Poverty in {{Vietnam}}?},
  author = {van de Walle, Dominique and Cratty, Dorothyjean},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2004-06},
  journaltitle = {The Economics of Transition},
  shortjournal = {Economics of Transition},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {237--274},
  issn = {0967-0750, 1468-0351},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0967-0750.2004.00178.x},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::income,status::skimmed,topic::modernization,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T08:55:47Z},
  file = {van de Walle2004_Is the emerging non-farm market economy the route out of poverty in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GHYIGV7U/van de Walle2004_Is the emerging non-farm market economy the route out of poverty in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{VASS2006,
  title = {Vietnam {{Poverty Update Report}} 2006: {{Poverty}} and {{Poverty Reduction}} in {{Vietnam}} 1993-2004},
  author = {VASS},
  date = {2006},
  institution = {{Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences}},
  location = {{Hanoi}},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T09:55:50Z}
}

@report{VASS2011,
  title = {Poverty {{Reduction}} in {{Vietnam}}: {{Achievements}} and {{Challenges}}},
  author = {VASS},
  date = {2011},
  institution = {{Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences}},
  location = {{Hanoi}},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,topic::poverty},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T12:15:41Z},
  file = {VASS2011_Poverty Reduction in Vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TMVA9NCG/VASS2011_Poverty Reduction in Vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Walker2021,
  title = {Role of Women in Economic Development: {{A}} Comparison of the Development Trajectories in Ethiopia and Uganda},
  author = {Walker, Ally and Kulkarni, Kishore G},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of developing areas},
  volume = {55},
  number = {2},
  pages = {387--396},
  publisher = {{Tennessee State University}},
  location = {{Nashville}},
  issn = {1548-2278},
  doi = {10.1353/jda.2021.0026},
  abstract = {Historically, women's contributions to the economic, political, and social well-being of a society have been dramatically devalued. It is only in the last fifty years that the thinking towards the role of women has shifted. Today, there is general global consensus that female empowerment is "smart economics" and that gender equality has a positive effect on economic growth and human development. The inverse relationship, that economic growth has a positive effect on advancing gender equality is more controversial and understudied. To gain a broader picture of the role of women in economic development, as well as a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between economic growth and gender equality, this paper situates women within the human development paradigm and first explores the notion of economic empowerment. A discussion of the importance of women's empowerment to economic development follows. With this framework laid, the context of economic development and gender equity in East Africa is explored, followed by two specific case studies of Ethiopia and Uganda. This paper draws several conclusions about the role of women in the economic development trajectories of Ethiopia and Uganda, namely that discrimination and marginalization of women in Ethiopia and Uganda has limited both women's roles economic development and impeded their human development. In the Ethiopian and Ugandan economies, women do not participate in high growth sectors and a majority of women, if employed, work in the agriculture sector with substantially unequal access and control over productive resources. In both nations, girls are expected to attend less school than boys, resulting in lower literacy compared with their male counterparts. In health, life expectancy has improved substantially in both Ethiopia and Uganda and girls have a higher life expectancy than boys at birth. Despite said advances, fertility rates remain astronomically high in both Ethiopia and Uganda, which curbs (sustained) economic growth potential and women's empowerment. This evidence suggests that if Ethiopia and Uganda significantly increase economic and educational opportunities for women, while maintaining gains in healthcare, fertility rates will decrease and more sustained economic growth can occur, which will ultimately have positive gains for women's empowerment and for development.},
  copyright = {COPYRIGHT 2021 Tennessee State University},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Uganda},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T10:58:29Z},
  file = {Walker2021_Role of women in economic development.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7AQXA3SR/Walker2021_Role of women in economic development.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{WorldBank2012,
  title = {Vietnam Poverty Assessment: Well Begun, Not yet Done - {{Vietnam}}'s Remarkable Progress on Poverty Reduction and the Emerging Challenges ({{English}}).},
  author = {WorldBank},
  date = {2012},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
  url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/563561468329654096/2012-Vietnam-poverty-assessment-well-begun-not-yet-done-Vietnams-remarkable-progress-on-poverty-reduction-and-the-emerging-challenges},
  editora = {Badiani-Magnusson, Reena C. and Baulch, Bob and Brandt, Loren and Vu, Dat Hoang and Nguyen, Giang Tam and Gibson, John and Giles, John T. and Hinsdale, Ian Palmer and Hung, Pham Manh and Kozel, Valerie J. and Lanjouw, Peter F. and Marra, Marleen and Ngoc, Vu Van and Phuong, Nguyen Thi and Schuler, Paul Joseph and Thang, Nguyen Chien and Hoang, Thanh Xuan and Le, Trung Dang and Tung, Phung Duc and Cuong, Nguyen Viet and Vu, Linh Hoang and Wells Dang, Andrew},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:55:50Z},
  file = {Badiani-Magnusson2012_Vietnam poverty assessment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KC72ZFUP/Badiani-Magnusson2012_Vietnam poverty assessment.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{WorldBank2016,
  title = {Uganda {{Poverty Assessment Report}} 2016},
  author = {WorldBank},
  date = {2016},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
  url = {https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/381951474255092375-0010022016/Uganda-Poverty-Assessment-Report-2016},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T15:22:46Z},
  file = {WorldBank2016_Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NUGTKD2Y/WorldBank2016_Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{WorldBank2022,
  title = {Uganda - {{Learning Poverty Brief}}},
  author = {WorldBank},
  date = {2022},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  location = {{Washington, D.C.}},
  url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099021407212243534/IDU01dbf45100704f046410bb6f03c4c1cb85588},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,next},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:05:49Z},
  file = {WorldBank2022_Uganda - Learning Poverty Brief.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ILZVZJLF/WorldBank2022_Uganda - Learning Poverty Brief.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Yikii2017,
  title = {Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity in Wetland Adjacent Areas of {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Yikii, Fred and Turyahabwe, Nelson and Bashaasha, Bernard},
  date = {2017},
  journaltitle = {Agriculture \& food security},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--12},
  publisher = {{BioMed Central}},
  keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::water},
  groups = {uganda},
  timestamp = {2022-08-16T18:26:35Z},
  file = {Yikii2017_Prevalence of household food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas of Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/43YUJHEM/Yikii2017_Prevalence of household food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas of Uganda.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ylipaa2019,
  title = {Climate Change Adaptation and Gender Inequality: {{Insights}} from Rural Vietnam},
  author = {Ylipaa, Josephine and Gabrielsson, Sara and Jerneck, Anne},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland)},
  volume = {11},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2805-},
  publisher = {{MDPI AG}},
  location = {{Basel}},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su11102805},
  abstract = {Vietnam is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change impacts, especially from extreme weather events such as storms and floods. Thus, climate change adaptation is crucial, especially for natural resource-dependent farmers. Based on a qualitative research approach using a feminist political ecology lens, this article investigates gendered patterns of rural agrarian livelihoods and climate adaptation in the province of Thái Bình. In doing so, we identify differentiated rights and responsibilities between female and male farmers, leading to unequal opportunities and immobility for females, making them more vulnerable to climate impacts and threatening to reduce their capacity to adapt. This research also shows that demands on farmers to contribute to perpetual increases in agricultural output by the state poses a challenge, since farming livelihoods in Vietnam are increasingly becoming feminised, as a result of urbanisation and devaluation of farming. Past and present national strategies and provincial implementation plans linked to climate change do not consider the burden affecting rural female farmers, instead the focus lies on addressing technical solutions to adaptation. With little attention being paid to an increasingly female workforce, existing gender inequalities may be exacerbated, threatening the future existence of rural livelihoods and the viability of Vietnam’s expansion into global markets.},
  copyright = {2019. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::gender,status::skimmed,topic::climate_change},
  groups = {vietnam},
  timestamp = {2022-08-15T16:10:09Z},
  file = {Ylipaa2019_Climate change adaptation and gender inequality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5RH9PBTL/Ylipaa2019_Climate change adaptation and gender inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;}
@comment{jabref-meta: grouping:
0 AllEntriesGroup:;
1 StaticGroup:uganda\;0\;1\;0x8a8a8aff\;\;;
1 StaticGroup:vietnam\;0\;1\;0x8a8a8aff\;\;;
}