From aa911646231f89e788324d504efad6d36986b09a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Sat, 20 Aug 2022 16:43:25 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Fix Gini description Vietnam --- _drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd | 19 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/_drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd b/_drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd index 81005ae..e1c2ec1 100644 --- a/_drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd +++ b/_drivers-of-inequality-vietnam.qmd @@ -1,9 +1,3 @@ - - ## Vietnam ----- @@ -30,7 +24,7 @@ On the other hand, Le et al. [-@Le2021] suggest a slight increase in overall inc At the same time, the ones most affected by poverty through welfare inequalities stay unaltered, as do largely the primary factors accompanying it: There is severe persistent poverty among ethnic minorities in Vietnam [@Baulch2012], concomitant with low education and skills, more prevalent dependency on subsistence agriculture, physical and social isolation, specific disadvantages which become linked to ethnic identities and a greater exposure to natural disasters and risks [@Kozel2014]. -The country's overall estimated Gini coefficient fluctuates between 0.42 and 0.44 between the years 2010 and 2018, with the highest inequality in the the Central Highlands in 2016, +The country's overall estimated Gini coefficient for income per capita fluctuates between 0.42 and 0.44 between the years 2010 and 2018, with the highest inequality in the the Central Highlands in 2016, though absolute income may be rising, with the top quintile having 9.2 times the income of the lowest quintile in 2010 and 9.8 times in 2016 [@Le2021]. Economic inequality and poverty in Vietnam thus underlies an intersectional focus, between ethnic minorities, regional situations, rural-urban divides and gendered lines, one which exogenous shocks can rapidly exacerbate as the example of the COVID-19 pandemic has recently shown [@Ebrahim2021]. @@ -67,7 +61,9 @@ rural inequality indeed increased over this time. Wage income and family business income were the main drivers of overall inequality in 2002 (accounting for over 30% of income but 60% of inequality) and remittances add a small share on top, which, while decreased in effect (risen to 42% of total income), remain majorly correlated with income distributions and thus income inequality. -@Bui2019 confirm this with a Gini coefficient of 0.36 to 0.39 between 2008 and 2010 which, decomposed into Theil indices for between rural and urban and within rural sectors show that rural-urban inequalities are smaller and decreasing, while within-rural inequalities are large and increasing. +@Bui2019 confirm this with a per capita income Gini coefficient of 0.36 to 0.39 between 2008 and 2010 which, +decomposed into Theil indices for between rural and urban and within rural sectors show that rural-urban inequalities are smaller and decreasing, +while within-rural inequalities are large and increasing. Thus, while the study points to both more prevalent and equally distributed labor markets and wage labor opportunities, these effects apply to the overall population and not just within-rural inequalities which are driven in large part by ethnicity, education and environmental factors. @@ -149,3 +145,10 @@ which in turn threaten to increase economic inequalities for both the rural popu Women in rural areas experience worse mobility and fewer economic opportunities and are thus less able to adapt to environmental degradation. While inequality as an aggregate is kept relatively low Vietnam's growth rate, both ethnic minorities and the rural female population are thus at risk of being left behind economically. + + +