From 17644b5cf345df796db0cde8023f47f3f3dbb33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Mon, 5 Sep 2022 12:11:16 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] library: Add Uganda refugee camp sources --- inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib | 377 +++++++++++++++++++- notes/uganda/2208161616_literature-water.md | 18 + 2 files changed, 390 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib b/inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib index a4d3f4b..8eb2053 100644 --- a/inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib +++ b/inputs/libraries/afd-dev-research.bib @@ -116,6 +116,57 @@ Assessment.pdf}, } +@article{Bako2021, + title = {Towards Attaining the Recommended {{Humanitarian Sphere Standards}} + of Sanitation in {{Bidibidi}} Refugee Camp Found in {{Yumbe District + }}, {{Uganda}}}, + author = {Bako, Zaitun and Barakagira, Alex and Nabukonde, Ameria}, + date = {2021-12}, + journaltitle = {Journal of International Humanitarian Action}, + shortjournal = {Int J Humanitarian Action}, + volume = {6}, + number = {1}, + pages = {17}, + issn = {2364-3412, 2364-3404}, + doi = {10.1186/s41018-021-00105-8}, + abstract = {Abstract Adequate sanitation is one of the most important + aspects of community well-being. It reduces the rates of + morbidity and severity of various diseases like diarrhea, + dysentery, and typhoid among others. A study about toward the + attainment of the recommended Humanitarian Sphere Standards on + sanitation in Bidibidi refugee camp, Yumbe District, was + initiated. A total of 210 households distributed in Bidibidi + refugee camp were randomly selected and one adult person + interviewed to assess the accessibility of different sanitation + facilities, and to explore the sanitation standards of the + sanitation facilities in relation to the recommended Humanitarian + Sphere Standards in the area. Pit latrines, hand washing + facilities, and solid waste disposal areas as reported by 81.4\%, + 86.7\%, and 51.9\% of the respondents respectively, are the main + sanitation facilities accessed in the refugee camp. Despite their + accessibility, the standards of the pit latrines, hand washing, + and solid waste disposal facilities are below the recommended + standards, which might have contributed to the outbreak of + sanitation related diseases (χ 2 = 19.66, df = 1, P = 0.05) in + Bidibidi refugee camp. The respondents in the study area were + aware that the presence of the sanitation-related diseases was + because of the low-level sanitation practices in place (χ 2 = + 4.54, df = 1, P = 0.05). The inaccessibility to some sanitation + facilities by some respondents was found to be related to their + low level of education (χ 2 = 130.37, df = 1, P = 0.05). This + implies that the sanitation facilities in Bidibidi refugee camp + need to be redesigned and improved especially the pit latrines + and the solid waste disposal facilities in order to meet the + minimum Humanitarian Sphere Standards. Also, there should be more + provision of taps with flowing water in the camp for effective + washing practices to minimize the spread of sanitation-related + diseases.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::refugee,topic::water}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/C8A3WUM2/Bako2021_Towards attaining the + recommended Humanitarian Sphere Standards of sanitation.pdf}, +} + @article{Barry2020, title = {Pay-as-You-Go Contracts for Electricity Access: {{Bridging}} the “Last Mile” Gap? {{A}} Case Study in {{Benin}}}, @@ -353,6 +404,71 @@ Inequality in Vietnam, 2002–2012.pdf}, } +@article{Calderon-Villarreal2022, + title = {Social and Geographic Inequalities in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene + Access in 21 Refugee Camps and Settlements in {{Bangladesh}}, {{ + Kenya}}, {{Uganda}}, {{South Sudan}}, and {{Zimbabwe}}}, + author = {Calderón-Villarreal, Alhelí and Schweitzer, Ryan and Kayser, + Georgia}, + date = {2022-12}, + journaltitle = {International Journal for Equity in Health}, + shortjournal = {Int J Equity Health}, + volume = {21}, + number = {1}, + pages = {27}, + issn = {1475-9276}, + doi = {10.1186/s12939-022-01626-3}, + abstract = {Abstract Introduction Many refugees face challenges accessing + water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. However, there is + limited literature on WASH access for refugee populations, + including for menstrual health services. Unmet WASH access needs + may therefore be hidden, amplifying morbidity and mortality risks + for already vulnerable refugee populations. The aim of this study + was therefore to quantitatively analyze WASH access among refugee + camps, with a focus on households with women of reproductive age. + Methods This was a cross-sectional study that utilized the + Standardized WASH Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Survey. + A total of 5632 household questionnaires were completed by the + United Nations Refugee Agency in 2019 in 21 refugee camps and + settlements in Bangladesh, Kenya, South Sudan, Uganda, and + Zimbabwe. WASH access (14 items) and social and geographic + stratifiers were analyzed at the household-level including the + refugee camp, country of the settlement, having women of + reproductive age, members with disability/elderly status, and + household size. We calculated frequencies, odds ratios, and + performed bivariate and multivariate analyses to measure + inequalities. We developed a Female WASH Access Index to + characterize WASH access for households with women of + reproductive age. Results Most refugee households had high levels + of access to improved water (95\%), low levels of access to waste + disposal facility (64\%) and sanitation privacy (63\%), and very + low access to basic sanitation (30\%) and hand hygiene facility + (24\%). 76\% of households with women of reproductive age had + access to menstrual health materials. WASH access indicators and + the Female WASH Access Index showed large inequalities across + social and geographic stratifiers. Households with disabled or + elderly members, and fewer members had poorer WASH access. + Households with women of reproductive age had lower access to + basic sanitation. Conclusions Large inequalities in WASH access + indicators were identified between refugee sites and across + countries, in all metrics. We found high levels of access to + improved water across most of the refugee camps and settlements + studied. Access to basic hygiene and sanitation, sanitation + privacy, waste disposal, and menstrual health materials, could be + improved across refugee sites. Households with women of + reproductive age, with 4+ members, and without members with + disability/elderly status were associated with higher WASH + access. The female WASH access index piloted here could be a + useful tool to quickly summarize WASH access in households with + women of reproductive age.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Bangladesh,country::Kenya,country::South Sudan, + country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::refugee,topic::water}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HXMCVQ5J/Calderon-Villarreal2022_Social + and geographic inequalities in water, sanitation and hygiene access + in.pdf}, +} + @article{Cali2014, title = {Trade Boom and Wage Inequality: Evidence from {{Ugandan}} Districts }, @@ -1371,6 +1487,64 @@ Done.pdf}, } +@article{Kyozira2021, + title = {Integration of the {{UNHCR Refugee Health Information System}} into + the {{National Health Information Management System}} for {{Uganda}} + }, + author = {Kyozira, Caroline and Kabahuma, Catherine and Mpiima, Jamiru}, + date = {2021-09}, + journaltitle = {Health Information Management Journal}, + shortjournal = {HIM J}, + volume = {50}, + number = {3}, + pages = {149--156}, + issn = {1833-3583, 1833-3575}, + doi = {10.1177/1833358319887817}, + abstract = {Background: The Uganda Government, together with development + partners, has provided continuing support services (including + protection, food, nutrition, healthcare, water and sanitation) to + refugee-hosting Districts to successfully manage refugees from + different neighbouring countries in established settlements. This + service has increased the need for timely and accurate + information to facilitate planning, resource allocation and + decision-making. Complexity in providing effective public health + interventions in refugee settings coupled with increased funding + requirements has created demands for better data and improved + accountability. Health data management in refugee settings is + faced with several information gaps that require harmonisation of + the Ugandan National Health Management Information System (UHMIS) + and United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) Refugee + Health Information System (RHIS). This article discusses the + rationale for harmonisation of the UNHCR RHIS, which currently + captures refugee data, with the UHMIS. It also provides insights + into how refugee health data management can be harmonised within + a country’s national health management information system. + Method: A consultative meeting with various stakeholders, + including the Ugandan Ministry of Health, district health teams, + representatives from UNHCR, the United Nations Children Education + Fund (UNICEF), United States Government and civil society + organisations, was held with an aim to review the UHMIS and UNHCR + RHIS health data management systems and identify ways to + harmonise the two to achieve an integrated system for monitoring + health service delivery in Uganda. Results: Several challenges + facing refugee-hosting district health teams with regard to + health data management were identified, including data collection + , analysis and reporting. There was unanimous agreement to + prioritise an integrated data management system and harmonisation + of national refugee stakeholder data requirements, guided by key + recommendations developed at the meeting. Conclusion: This + article outlines a proposed model that can be used to harmonise + the UNHCR RHIS with the UHMIS. The national refugee stakeholder + data requirements have been harmonised, and Uganda looks forward + to achieving better health data quality through a more + comprehensive national UHMIS to inform policy planning and + evidence-based decision-making.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::refugee,topic::water}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/M9FTQ6TN/Kyozira2021_Integration of the + UNHCR Refugee Health Information System into the National.pdf}, +} + @article{Le2019, title = {Trade Liberalisation, Poverty, and Inequality in {{Vietnam}}: A Quantile Regression Approach}, @@ -1509,6 +1683,73 @@ note = {Includes index}, } +@article{Logie2021, + title = {Exploring Resource Scarcity and Contextual Influences on Wellbeing + among Young Refugees in {{Bidi Bidi}} Refugee Settlement, {{Uganda}} + : Findings from a Qualitative Study}, + shorttitle = {Exploring Resource Scarcity and Contextual Influences on + Wellbeing among Young Refugees in {{Bidi Bidi}} Refugee + Settlement, {{Uganda}}}, + author = {Logie, Carmen H. and Okumu, Moses and Latif, Maya and Musoke, + Daniel Kibuuka and Odong Lukone, Simon and Mwima, Simon and + Kyambadde, Peter}, + date = {2021-12}, + journaltitle = {Conflict and Health}, + shortjournal = {Confl Health}, + volume = {15}, + number = {1}, + pages = {3}, + issn = {1752-1505}, + doi = {10.1186/s13031-020-00336-3}, + abstract = {Abstract Background Contextual factors including poverty and + inequitable gender norms harm refugee adolescent and youths’ + wellbeing. Our study focused on Bidi Bidi refugee settlement that + hosts more than 230,000 of Uganda’s 1.4 million refugees. We + explored contextual factors associated with wellbeing among + refugee adolescents and youth aged 16–24 in Bidi Bidi refugee + settlement. Methods We conducted 6 focus groups ( n \,=\,3: women + , n \,=\,3: men) and 10 individual interviews with young refugees + aged 16–24 living in Bidi Bidi. We used physical distancing + practices in a private outdoor space. Focus groups and individual + interviews explored socio-environmental factors associated with + refugee youth wellbeing. Focus groups were digitally recorded, + transcribed verbatim, and coded by two investigators using + thematic analysis. Analysis was informed by a social contextual + theoretical approach that considers the interplay between + material (resource access), symbolic (cultural norms and values), + and relational (social relationships) contextual factors that can + enable or constrain health promotion. Results Participants + included 58 youth (29 men; 29 women), mean age was 20.9 (range + 16–24). Most participants (82.8\%, n \,=\,48) were from South + Sudan and the remaining from the Democratic Republic of Congo + (17.2\% [ n \,=\,10]). Participant narratives revealed the + complex interrelationships between material, symbolic and + relational contexts that shaped wellbeing. Resource constraints + of poverty, food insecurity, and unemployment (material contexts) + produced stress and increased sexual and gender-based violence + (SGBV) targeting adolescent girls and women. These economic + insecurities exacerbated inequitable gender norms (symbolic + contexts) to increase early marriage and transactional sex + (relational context) among adolescent girls and young women. + Gendered tasks such as collecting water and firewood also + increased SGBV exposure among girls and young women, and this was + exacerbated by deforestation. Participants reported negative + community impacts (relational context) of COVID-19 that were + associated with fear and panic, alongside increased social + isolation due to business, school and church closures. + Conclusions Resource scarcity produced pervasive stressors among + refugee adolescents and youth. Findings signal the importance of + gender transformative approaches to SGBV prevention that + integrate attention to resource scarcity. These may be + particularly relevant in the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings signal + the importance of developing health enabling social contexts with + and for refugee adolescents and youth.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::refugee,topic::water}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PEAXZ8P9/Logie2021_Exploring resource + scarcity and contextual influences on wellbeing among young.pdf}, +} + @article{Lwanga-Ntale2014, title = {Inequality in {{Uganda}}: {{Issues}} for Discussion and Further Research}, @@ -1662,7 +1903,7 @@ url = { http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/449741576097502078/Challenges-to-Inclusive-Growth-A-Poverty-and-Equity-Assessment-of-Djibouti }, - keywords = {country::Djibouti,topic::poverty}, + keywords = {country::Djibouti,status::skimmed,topic::poverty}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/64DR8Z8S/Mendiratta2019_Challenges to Inclusive Growth.pdf}, } @@ -1678,10 +1919,9 @@ url = { http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/272691596006234817/The-Multi-Dimensional-Nature-of-Poverty-in-Djibouti }, - keywords = {country::Djibouti,topic::poverty}, - file = { - /home/marty/Zotero/storage/TU49848D/The-Multi-Dimensional-Nature-of-Poverty-in-Djibouti.pdf - }, + keywords = {country::Djibouti,status::skimmed,topic::poverty}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TU49848D/Mendiratta2020_The + Multi-Dimensional Nature of Poverty in Djibouti.pdf}, } @article{MinhHo2021, @@ -1727,6 +1967,77 @@ SPENDING ON EDUCATION AFFECT PROVINCIAL INCOME INEQUALITY IN.pdf}, } +@article{Monje2020, + title = {A Prolonged Cholera Outbreak Caused by Drinking Contaminated Stream + Water, {{Kyangwali}} Refugee Settlement, {{Hoima District}}, {{ + Western Uganda}}: 2018}, + shorttitle = {A Prolonged Cholera Outbreak Caused by Drinking Contaminated + Stream Water, {{Kyangwali}} Refugee Settlement, {{Hoima + District}}, {{Western Uganda}}}, + author = {Monje, Fred and Ario, Alex Riolexus and Musewa, Angella and + Bainomugisha, Kenneth and Mirembe, Bernadette Basuta and Aliddeki, + Dativa Maria and Eurien, Daniel and Nsereko, Godfrey and Nanziri, + Carol and Kisaakye, Esther and Ntono, Vivian and Kwesiga, Benon and + Kadobera, Daniel and Bulage, Lilian and Bwire, Godfrey and Tusiime, + Patrick and Harris, Julie and Zhu, Bao-Ping}, + date = {2020-12}, + journaltitle = {Infectious Diseases of Poverty}, + shortjournal = {Infect Dis Poverty}, + volume = {9}, + number = {1}, + pages = {154}, + issn = {2049-9957}, + doi = {10.1186/s40249-020-00761-9}, + abstract = {Abstract Background On 23 February 2018, the Uganda Ministry of + Health (MOH) declared a cholera outbreak affecting more than 60 + persons in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, Hoima District, + bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We investigated + to determine the outbreak scope and risk factors for transmission + , and recommend evidence-based control measures. Methods We + defined a suspected case as sudden onset of watery diarrhoea in + any person aged ≥ 2\,years in Hoima District, 1 February–9 May + 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with Vibrio cholerae + cultured from a stool sample. We found cases by active community + search and record reviews at Cholera Treatment Centres. We + calculated case-fatality rates (CFR) and attack rates (AR) by + sub-county and nationality. In a case-control study, we compared + exposure factors among case- and control-households. We estimated + the association between the exposures and outcome using + Mantel-Haenszel method. We conducted an environmental assessment + in the refugee settlement, including testing samples of stream + water, tank water, and spring water for presence of fecal + coliforms. We tested suspected cholera cases using cholera rapid + diagnostic test (RDT) kits followed by culture for confirmation. + Results We identified 2122 case-patients and 44 deaths (CFR\,=\, + 2.1\%). Case-patients originating from Demographic Republic of + Congo were the most affected (AR\,=\,15/1000). The overall attack + rate in Hoima District was 3.2/1000, with Kyangwali sub-county + being the most affected (AR\,=\,13/1000). The outbreak lasted 4 + months, which was a multiple point-source. Environmental + assessment showed that a stream separating two villages in + Kyangwali Refugee Settlement was a site of open defecation for + refugees. Among three water sources tested, only stream water was + feacally-contaminated, yielding {$>$}\,100\,CFU/100\,ml. Of 130 + stool samples tested, 124 (95\%) yielded V. cholerae by culture . + Stream water was most strongly associated with illness (odds + ratio [ OR ]\,=\,14.2, 95\% CI : 1.5–133), although tank water + also appeared to be independently associated with illness ( OR \, + =\,11.6, 95\% CI : 1.4–94). Persons who drank tank and stream + water had a 17-fold higher odds of illness compared with persons + who drank from other sources ( OR \,=\,17.3, 95\% CI : 2.2–137). + Conclusions Our investigation demonstrated that this was a + prolonged cholera outbreak that affected four sub-counties and + two divisions in Hoima District, and was associated with drinking + of contaminated stream water. In addition, tank water also + appears to be unsafe. We recommended boiling drinking water, + increasing latrine coverage, and provision of safe water by the + District and entire High Commission for refugees.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,status::skimmed,topic::refugee,topic::water}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CGVFN6AB/Monje2020_A prolonged cholera + outbreak caused by drinking contaminated stream water,.pdf}, +} + @article{Mormul2016, title = {Ethio‑{{Djiboutian}} Relations in the 21st Century – towards New African Cooperation}, @@ -2650,6 +2961,62 @@ of drought on household food security in South-western Uganda.pdf}, } +@report{UNHCR2020, + title = {Nakivale {{Settlement}} Profile}, + author = {UNHCR}, + date = {2020}, + number = {HS/029/20E}, + institution = {{United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees}}, + location = {{Geneva}}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::refugee}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2NPXANQ6/UNHCRNakivale Settlement + profile.pdf}, +} + +@report{UNHCR2022, + title = {Uganda Refugee Emergency: {{Situation}} Report}, + author = {UNHCR}, + date = {2022-08}, + series = {Inter-{{Agency Situation Report}}}, + institution = {{United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees}}, + location = {{Geneva}}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,topic::refugee}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LX2SGCK9/UNHCR2022_Uganda refugee + emergency.pdf}, +} + +@dataset{UNU-WIDER2022, + title = {World {{Income Inequality Database}} ({{WIID}}) {{Companion}} – {{ + Version}} 30 {{June}} 2022}, + author = {{UNU-WIDER}}, + date = {2022-06-30}, + publisher = {{United Nations University World Institute for Development + Economics Research}}, + doi = {10.35188/UNU-WIDER/WIIDcomp-300622}, + abstract = {The WIID Companion reports annual country and global per capita + income distributions at the percentile level.}, + langid = {english}, +} + +@dataset{UNU-WIDER2022a, + title = {World {{Income Inequality Database}} ({{WIID}}) – {{Version}} 30 {{ + June}} 2022}, + author = {{UNU-WIDER}}, + date = {2022-06-30}, + publisher = {{United Nations University World Institute for Development + Economics Research}}, + doi = {10.35188/UNU-WIDER/WIID-300622}, + abstract = {WIID provides the most comprehensive set of income inequality + statistics available. With this current WIID version, the + observations now reach the year 2019 and covers 200 countries + (including historical entities) with over 20,000 data points in + total. There are now more than 3,700 unique country-year + observations in the database.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Benin,country::Djibouti,country::Ethiopia, + country::Uganda,country::Vietnam}, +} + @article{VanDePoel2009, title = {What Explains the Rural-Urban Gap in Infant Mortality: {{Household} } or Community Characteristics?}, diff --git a/notes/uganda/2208161616_literature-water.md b/notes/uganda/2208161616_literature-water.md index 558b747..3433c56 100644 --- a/notes/uganda/2208161616_literature-water.md +++ b/notes/uganda/2208161616_literature-water.md @@ -118,3 +118,21 @@ * general access to improved drinking water 87% urban, 74% rural (19/20); with only small amounts of inequality (75/74 rural poor/nonpoor; 76/90 poor/nonpoor) * but very little access to improved sanitation 39% urban, 25% urban; 19% rural poor, 29% nonpoor; 22% urban poor, 43% urban nonpoor (19/20) + + +### [x] Logie2021 - Resource scarcity and sexual/gender based violence + +* experiment in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement regarding gender based violence against girls/young women +* experience higher levels of viol. as food, water, firewood scarcity increases + +### [ ] Calderon-Villarreal2022 + +* cross-sectional study analyzing water, sanitation, hygiene access (WASH) services in refugee populations in Uganda, Kenya, Bangladesh, South Sudan +* finds that most households overall had access to improved water (95%), they had low levels of access to waste disposal facility (64%), sanitation privacy (63%), very low access to basic sanitation (30%) and hand hygiene facility (24%) +* households with disabled or elderly members or fewer members had poorer access to WASH +* large inequalities between refugee sites and across countries: + * Kyangwali refugee camp only 67% of refugees have access to improved water, and 46% of improved sanitation service facilities; sanitation privacy at only 8% + * other Uganda camps fare better + * 83% (or 87? re-read!) access to improved water supply in Ugandan refugee camps - seems too high compared to average access? + +### [ ] Kyozira2021 - integration of UNHCR Refugee health information system into national health management system of Uganda